71-31,257
MAHJOORY, Ramez, 1934CLAY MINERALOGY OF SOME LITHO- AND
TOPOSEQUENCES OF SOILS IN MICHIGAN.
Michigan State University, Ph.D., 1971
Agriculture, soil science

University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan

CLAY MINERALOGY OF SOME L IT H O - AND
TOPOSEQUENCES OF SOILS

IN MICHIGAN

By
Ramez M a h j o o r y

A THESIS
Submi t t e d t o
M ich ig an S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y
p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f the requirem ents
f o r the degree o f
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
D e p a r t m e n t o f C rop an d S o i l
1971

S cienc es

PLEASE NOTE:

Some Pages have I n d i s t i n c t
p rin t.
Filmed as r e c e i v e d .
UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS

ABSTRACT
CLAY MINERALOGY OF SOME L I T H O - AND
TOPOSEQUENCES OF S O IL S IN M ICHIG AN
By R a m e z M a h j o o r y

To s t u d y

th e

in te rre la tio n s h ip

c la y m in e ra ls ,

s o ils

The e i g h t

s e rie s

th ree

s o il

h o rizo n

a n a ly s e s

of

s a m p les ,

q u a n tita tiv e

of
to

w hich

s o ils

near

the

be

s o il

w e a th e rin g ,

it

fin e

suggested
th e

c la y

w ith

was
and

m ica

X -ray

la rg e ly

have

form ed.

s u rface

le a c h in g

in

each

th e

An

in v e rs e

co n ten ts,

fo llo w in g

a n a ly s e s

fo r

of

and c h e m ic a l
q u a lita tiv e

and

p res en t.

is

th e m a jo r

fa m ilie s .

s o il

th e

M e c h a n ic a l

m in e ra ls

from

s e le c te d .

Miam i

used

m ica

of

and

Its

c la y

o rig in

m in e ra l

is

th e p a re n t m a te r ia l

fro m

The amount o f m ic a

decreases

p ro file

ch em ical

because o f

and e l u v i a t i o n .
in c re as es

f i n e - t e x t u r e d " s o i 1s .

in

d ra in a g e

35% c l a y ) ,

d iffra c tio n

th at

in h e rite d
been

than

w ere

c la y

found

members

c la y ).

fin e -lo a m y

The a m o u n t o f m i c a
loamy t o

(m ore

fra c tio n s

in te rn a l

topo sequ en ces w e re

in c lu d e d

(0-15%

m easurem ent o f

In g e n e r a l ,
component

M o rle y

and S p in k s

the

th ree

s tu d ie d

toposequences:

(18-35% c l a y )
s o il

w ith in

of

from

T h is

is

c o a rs e -tex tu red

thru

a s s o c ia te d

in c re a s in g

w ith

parent m a te ria ls .
re la tio n s h ip

p a rtic u la rly

In

betw een

i 11ite

p o o rly -d ra in e d

and v e r m i c u l i t e

s o ils

suggests

th at

fin e -

Ramez M ah jo o ry

v e rm ic u lite

is an a l t e r a t i o n

The v e r m i c u l i t e c o n t e n t
s e r i e s and a l s o w i t h
be a t t r i b u t e d

to

product o f

increases

d ep th

in those s o i l s .

in t h e C h o r i z o n o f M o r l e y

in S p in k s

illu v ia tio n ,

ill? te

( w e l 1- d r a in e d ) .

to the

in s i t u

c u l i t e under w e l l - d r a i n e d c o n d i t i o n s ,

T his;m ay

fo rm atio n

of verm i­

or to v a r i a b i l i t y

in the

parent m a te r ia ls .
The w e a t h e r i n g p r o d u c t s o f m ic a
in flu e n ce of
lea ch in g ,

in tern al

d rain ag e.

and s l i g h t l y

acid

in s o i l s

Poor d r a i n a g e ,

to n eu tral

B ro o ks to n s e r i e s ) are a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
2:1

la ttic e

randomly

c la y m inerals

s o il

i n t e r s t r a t i f i e d m in erals

W eathering

mica than

in b e t t e r d r a i n e d s o i l s

in s o i l s .

fin e -te x tu re d

p o o r l y d r a i n e d Jeddo s o i l

o f expandable

l a t t i c e m in erals

The

v e rm ic u lite .

i n h e r i t a n c e more mica th a n

its

th e kinds o f a l t e r a ­
A l o w e r pH i n

d id not

the

favor the fo rm atio n

and t h e w e a t h e r i n g p r o d u c t s

i n t e r s t r a t i f i e d m i n e r a l s as

to p o s e q u e n c e .

l o w e r amounts o f

a r e o f " m ix e d " m i n e r a l o g y ,

t i o n products o f c l a y m in e r a ls

C la y s a r e " i l l i t i c "

in B rookston

in t h e same t o p o s e q u e n c e .

The e n v i r o n m e n t o f w e a t h e r i n g a f f e c t s

and c h l o r i t i z e d

in

as c h l o r i t e - v e r m i c u l I t e o r

t h e p o t a s s iu m d e p l e t i o n and g i v e s

c h ie fly

re a c tio n (as

th e fo rm a tio n o f expandable

increases

in t h e s e s o i l s

in e ffic ie n t

as v e r m i c u l i t e s , s m e c t i t e s and

i 11ite -c h lo r ite -m o n tm o r i1I o n i t e .

clays

vary under th e

i 11i t e - c h l o r it e

are

or v e r m i c u l i t e

The Jeddo s e r i e s c o n t a i n s by
b e t t e r d ra in e d as so c ia ted s o i l s .

f o r Jeddo and a l l

t h e members o f M o r l e y

Ramez M a h j o o r y

Somewhat p o o r l y
T h etfo rd ,
w ith

w ith

s lig h tly

m o re c a t i o n

textu red

d rain ed c o n d itio n s
a c id

exchange c a p a c it y

so mew hat p o o r l y - d r a i n e d

T he f o r m a t i o n

o f exp an dable

chi o r i t iz e d - v e r m i c u 1i t e

p o ta s s iu m d e p l e t i o n ,

In
is

in

the w e l l - d r a i n e d

clays

in

s o ils

M iam i

in

i 11ite -

c la y
a c id

s o ils

was

s e rie s .

t h a t m ica

through a m ixed
c o n d itio n .

the s u rfa c e h o rizo n s

and S p i n k s

The

in te n s ity ,

i t was f o u n d

in a r e l a t i v e l y

fin e r

B lo u n t.

d r a in e d S pinks

an d c h l o r i t e - l i k e

c h lo rite

th e

those c o n d i t i o n s .

the w e a th e rin g

b etter

d ra in ed

stage

d is c re te

the

in

c la ys

as d i s c r e t e

in

c o n s i s t e n t m i n e r a 1o g i c a 1 d i f f e r e n c e
d r a i n e d s o i 1s .

C o n o v e r and

enhanced

than

M o rle y ,

in S p i n k s o r

is

co n se q u en tly

i 11ite -c h lo rite
of

la ttic e

textu red

produces

in te rs tra tifie d

to a c h l o r i t e

T he e x i s t e n c e

s o ils ,

re a c tio n ,

random ly

th e case o f w e ll

a lte re d

la y e r

T hetford

2:1

than

the co arse

and

c h lo rite -m o n tm o ri1Io n ite

g rea ter

to n e u tra l

in

of

is c o n s i d e r e d a

between p o o r l y and w e l l -

To
The Memory
Of
My Father

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The au thor wishes to express his s i n c e r e g r a t i t u d e to his
major p r o f e s s o r Dr. E. P. W h it e s id e f o r the p a t i e n t guidance
and h e l p f u l suggestions throughout the course o f t h i s study
and p r e p a r a t i o n o f the manuscript.
He a l s o wishes to thank Dr. Max M. Mortland f o r h is
h e l p f u l suggestions
Appreciation
committee:

in i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f the X - r a y di f f r a c t i o n s .

is extended to the o th e r members o f the guidance

Dr. R. L.

Cook, Dr. R. J.

Science and Dr. R. E h r l i c h ,

Kunze p ro fessors o f S o il

Pro fe sso r o f Geology f o r t h e i r

v a l u a b l e comments.
The Graduate A s s i s t a n t s h i p o f f e r e d to the author by the
Michigan S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y
S p ecia l

thanks

is g r a t e f u l l y acknowledged.

is expressed to my devoted w i f e S h i r i n ,

for

her s a c r i f i c e and understanding throughout the years o f graduate
study.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter

Page

I

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................

I

II

LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................

4

O r i g i n and Occurrence o f Clay M i n e r a ls
in Sol I s ....................................................................................

4

Weathering o f C l a y M i n e r a ls

6

in S o i l s ....................

Some Mechanisms o f W e a t h e r i n g .................................

III

I n f lu e n c e o f I n t e r n a l Drainage in
Weathering o f C l a y M i n e r a l s .....................................

12

MATERIALS AND METHODS............................................................

18

A.

S e l e c t i o n o f S o i l s ...................................................

18

B.

C o l l e c t i o n o f S a m p l e s ..........................................

18

C.

S o il P r o f i l e D e s c r i p t i o n s

...................

21

1. Morley Toposequence..........................................

21

2. Miami Toposequence ..........................................

29

3. Spi nks Toposequence..........................................

38

S ta tis tic a l

.....................................

46

LABORATORY PROCEDURES............................................................

49

Mechanical Analyses o f S o i l Samples ...................

49

Pre tre atm en t f o r M i n e r a l o g i c a l A n a ly s is and
Clay S e p a r a t i o n .................................................................

50

X -ray D i f f r a c t i o n ............................................................

51

Cation Exchange C a p a c ity o f C la y , I t s
Reduction by Potassium F i x a t i o n and
C a l c u l a t i o n o f Vermicul i te* C o n t e n t ........................

52

D.
IV

9.

Evaluations

•

•

i i

Chapter

V

Page
T o t a l Potassium Analyses o f Clay and
C a l c u l a t i o n o f Mica C o n t e n t .....................................

5A

pH D e t e r m i n a t i o n s ............................................................

55

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .........................................................

56

1.

Mechanical Analyses o f S o i l Samples . . .

56

2.

X - r a y D i f f r a c t i o n Analyses of Clay
F r a c t i o n ..........................................................................

66

C a t io n Exchange C a p a c i t y , I t s Reduction
by Potassium F i x a t i o n and C a l c u l a t i o n
o f V e r m i c u l i t e Contents .....................................

89

T o ta l Potassium Analyses and C a l c u l a t i o n
o f Mica C o n te n ts ........................................................

103

SUMMARY AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS.......................................

117

3.

A.
VI
V II
V III
IX

CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................... 122
ADDITIONAL RESEARCH NEEDED ................................................

126

.......................................................................

128

LITERATURE CITED

L I S T OF TABLES

T ab le
1
2
3

k

5

6

7

8

9
10

11
12

Page
Drainage c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and p are n t m a t e r i a l s
o f s o i l s s t u d i e d .....................................................................

19

Comparison o f f i e l d and l a b o r a t o r y t e x t u r e s
and pHs o f s o i l h o r i z o n s ...................................................

M

P a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n as percen tage o f
a c i d i n s o l u b l e miner al m a t t e r in Morley
toposequence....................................

57

P a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n , as percentage o f
a c i d i n s o l u b l e mineral m a t t e r , in Miami
toposequence. ..........................................................................

61

P a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n , as percen tage o f
a c i d i n s o l u b l e m in eral m a t t e r s , in T h e t f o r d
and Spinks s o i l s .....................................................................

6A

Catio n exchange c a p a c i t i e s o f the c l a y
f r a c t i o n s in the Morley toposequence and
t h e i r v e r m i c u l i t e c o n t e n t s ..............................................

90

R a t io s o f c l a y or v e r m i c u l i t e in B2 and Ap
horizons o f the Morley toposequence and the
Jeddo s e r i e s ..............................................................................

9A

Cation exchange c a p a c i t i e s o f the c l a y
f r a c t i o n s in the Miami toposequence and
t h e i r v e r m i c u l i t e c o n t e n t s ..............................................

96

Percent c l a y and v e r m i c u l i t e r a t i o s in B2 and
Ap horizons o f Miami toposequence ............................

98

Cation exchange c a p a c i t i e s o f the c l a y
f r a c t i o n s in the Spinks toposequence and the
v e r m i c u l i t e c o n t e n t s ............................................................

99

R a t io s o f c l a y or v e r m i c u l i t e in the B2 and
Ap horizons o f the Spinks toposequence...................

10 2

T o t a l K and i 11i t e contents o f the c l a y
f r a c t i o n s in the Morley toposequence.......................

10A

T a b le
13
14
15
16
17

Page
The r a t i o o f % i 1 1 i t e in c l a y o f B2 /Ap and
C i - 2 /Ap h o r iz o n s in th e M orley toposequence .

.

105

T o t a l K and i l l i t e co n te n ts o f the c l a y
f r a c t i o n s in the Miami t o p o s e q u e n c e ...................,

109

The r a t i o o f % i l l i t e in c l a y o f B2 /Ap and
C/Ap h o riz o ns in the Miami toposequence . . . .

110

T o t a l potassium and i l l i t e co n ten ts o f the
c l a y f r a c t i o n s in the Spinks toposequence . . .

113

The r a t i o o f % i l l i t e in c l a y o f B/A horiz o ns
in th e Spinks toposequence...................................................

v

114

L I S T OF FIGURES

F ig u r e
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Page
X - r a y t r a c i n g s o f <, 2 c l a y f r a c t i o n s o f
the i n d i c a t e d horizons o f the Jeddo
p r o f i l e ............................................................. . . . . . .

73

X-ray tra c in g s of < 2 / * c la y fr a c tio n s of
the i n d i c a t e d horiz ons o f th e Blount
p r o f i l e .......................

74

X-ray tracings o f z 2 > » c la y fra c tio n s of
the i n d i c a t e d horizons o f th e M o rley
p r o f i l e .........................................................................................

74

X-ray tra c in g s o f < 2p clay f r a c t i o n s of
the i n d i c a t e d horiz ons o f th e Brookston
p r o f i l e .........................................................................................

80

X - r a y t r a c i n g s o f < 2^ c l a y f r a c t i o n s o f
the i n d i c a t e d horizons o f the Conover
p r o f i l e ..........................................................................

8l

X-ray tracings o f< 2 > n c la y f ra c tio n s of
the i n d i c a t e d horiz ons o f t h e Miami
p r o f i l e .........................................................................................

81

X-ray tracin gs of^2yi*c1ay f r a c t io n s o f
th e i n d i c a t e d horizons o f the T h e t f o r d
p r o f i l e .........................................................................................

85

X-ray tracin gs o f < 2 ^ cla y f r a c tio n s o f
th e i n d i c a t e d horizons o f th e Spinks
p r o f i l e ........................................................................................

85

vi

INTRODUCTION

Clay m in e r a ls ,
w eathering o f s o il
ing t h e p h y s i c a l
p e rm e a b ility ,
s o ils

b e i n g t h e most
m in erals,

and c h e m ic a l

a e ra tio n ,

im portant products o f

are o f vast

im p o rtan ce

behavior o f s o i l s .

h o r i z o n and s t r u c t u r a l

depend on t h e amount and k i n d o f c l a y s

Water

developm ent o f

in t h e s o i l .

ion exchange p r o p e r t i e s o f c l a y m i n e r a l s a f f e c t
p l a n t s and a r e o f g r e a t fu nd am en tal

in c o n t r o l l ­

The

t h e gro w th o f

and p r a c t i c a l

im p ortan ce

in

s o i 1 f e r t i 1i z a t io n .
Although
th e

d r a i n a g e o f s o i l s appears t o be one o f

in te n s ity factors c o n tro llin g

re a c tio n s ,
and

in te rn al

its

s tu d ie s o f the

re la tio n

t h e r a t e o f ch em ical w e a t h e r i n g

i n f l u e n c e o f d r a i n a g e on w e a t h e r i n g

t o f o r m a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t c l a y m i n e r a l s have

been f e w .
The a u t h o r ' s
fyin g ,

exp erie n c e d uring p r a c t i c a l

d e s c r i b i n g and mapping s o i l s

tra in in g

in c l a s s i ­

in S o u t h e r n M i c h ig a n d u r i n g

19 6 5 -7 0 mapping seasons s t r o n g l y su g g e st t h a t d i f f e r e n c e s
in te rn al

drainage o f s o i l s

ac co u n t f o r most o f t h e
These p r o f i l e

d e v e lb p e d fro m a g i v e n p a r e n t m a t e r i a l

l o c a l l y observable s o il

use and management o f t h e s e s o i l s

fo r a g ric u ltu ra l

o r suburban uses o f

C l a y m i n e r a l o g y has r e c e n t l y ,
in to s o il

p ro file

d iffe ren c e

d iffe re n c e s a re asso ciated w ith d iffe re n c e s

and o t h e r r u r a l

c la s s ific a tio n

in t h e

production

land.
1965',

been d i r e c t l y

in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a t

1

in t h e

introduced

the f a m il y

2

level

in the new S o il

Taxonomy ( 6 4 ) and i t

to g e t h e r w i t h o t h e r f e a t u r e s ,
categorical
m in e r a ls

levels.

is a l s o employed,

to d i f f e r e n t i a t e taxa a t o t h e r

A c c o rd in g ly a d e t a i l e d study o f c l a y

in s o i l s d eriv ed from the same, and d i s s i m i l a r pare n t

m aterials,

and t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p to degree o f

d ra in a g e in the va rio us toposequences' w i l l
c a n t l y to a b e t t e r understanding o f s o i l

internal

contribute s i g n i f i ­

g en es is , s o i l

c la s s i­

f i c a t i o n and s o i l management.
The composition and kind o f c l a y m i n e r a l s m ig ht:
( 1 ) be d i f f e r e n t among members o f a s o i l

toposequence;

( 2 ) be d i f f e r e n t among v a rio u s toposequences; e . g .

so ils

w i t h i n a 1ithosequence and
(3)

i n f l u e n c e the management and c l a y m i n e r a l o g i c a l
c la s s ific a tio n of s o ils

in the f a m i l y l e v e l

acco rding

to modern s o i l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n system.
This

i n v e s t i g a t i o n was designed to t e s t and e v a l u a t e the f o r e ­

going hypoth esis .

In o rd e r to compare the s o i l c l a y m in e r a ls

v a rio u s group o f s o i l s ,
(fin e ;

three t e x t u r a l l y d i f f e r e n t

f o l l o w i n g f i e l d and l a b o r a t o r y

and

To determin e the v a r i a t i o n

in c l a y m in e r a ls under the i n f l u e n c e o f

1.

toposequences

f i n e - l o a m y and sandy) w i t h d i f f e r e n t a g r i c u l t u r a l

land use p r o p e r t i e s were s t u d i e d .

in

internal

d ra in a g e the

i n v e s t i g a t i o n s were used.

A p p r o p r ia t e sampling s i t e s were s e l e c t e d ac cord ing to
drainag e v a r i a t i o n s
d ra i n e d )

(w ell,

somewhat p o o r l y and p o o r l y

in each o f t h r e e toposequences.

Whe word 11toposequence" is chosen in t h i s study instead o f
" ca ten a" commonly used in the U.S. l i t e r a t u r e .

3

2.

A ll

h o riz o n s o f s o i l s

under study were sampled to a depth

o f 60 inches.
3.

Mechanical an aly ses o f samples were made t o o b t a i n p a r t i c l e
s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n s as perc en tag e o f m in e r a l m a t t e r .

4.

P a r t i c l e s iz e f r a c t i o n a t i o n to obtain

5.

X - r a y d i f f r a c t i o n a n a ly s t s of cla y samples f o r q u a l i t a t i v e
i d e n t if ic a tio n of soil

6.

clays.

Chemical an alyses o f c l a y f r a c t i o n
ment o f c l a y m in e r a l s

the c l a y f r a c t i o n s .

in th e s o i l

f o r q u a n t i t a t i v e measure­
samples.

II.

LITERATURE REVIEW

O r i g i n and O c c u r re n c e o f C l a y M i n e r a l s

T h e r e have been r e l a t i v e l y

few a t t e m p t s

i n f l u e n c e o f d r a i n a g e and to p o g ra p h y on s o i l
m in eralo g ica l

to study the
g e n e s i s fro m a

stan d p o in t.

M itch ell
categ o ries

in S o i l s

(46)

grouped c l a y m i n e r a l s

based on t h e i r o r i g i n :

parent m a te r ia l;

a lte re d

in s o i l s

in to three

i n h e r i t e d w i t h o u t change fro m

fro m m i n e r a l s o f s i m i l a r s t r u c t u r e ;

s y n t h e s i z e d fro m t h e d i s s o l v e d and amorphous p r o d u c t s o f
w eather ing.
A c c o r d i n g t o M. L.
in p a r t been
column and

Jackson ( 3 0 )

i n h e r i t e d as m i n e r a l s

in p a r t

the q u a tern a ry clays

fro m rocks o f

formed p e d o g e n i c a l 1y .

d e p o t a s s i c a t e d th ro u g h
mosaic o f e x p a n s i b l e

have

the e n t i r e

g eo lo g ic

I n h e r i t e d m icas have been

l e a c h i n g and thus have y i e l d e d a m i x e d -

layer s ilic a t e s

and mica

remnants o r c o r e s .

The v a l e n c e c h a r g e o f t h e l a y e r s have been lo w e r e d by w e a t h e r i n g .
A llu m in a tio n

(d is iIic a tio n )

l ea ch ed s o i l s ,

has t r a n s f o r m e d c l a y s

and has r e s u l t e d

c h l o r i t i c m o n tm o riI I o n i t e ,

in

in a c t i v e l y

in te rg ra d e p h i 1l o s 11tc a te s ,

v e r m i c u l i t e and k a o l i n i t e .

d rained s o ils e l u v ia t io n o f s i l i c a

and v a r i o u s b a s i c c a t i o n s

( K , Na, Ca„ Mg) has ta k e n p l a c e fro m t h e e n t i r e solum
d eg re es

In w e l l

as a f u n c t i o n o f t i m e d u r i n g

the q u a t e r n a r y .

In d i f f e r e n t

5

R i c h a n d Thomas
t h e g ro u p c h l o r i t e ,

(56)

p o in te d out

illite

(m ic a ),

f r o m o n e member t o a n o t h e r
exchange,

h y d ro ly s is ,

th at

the a l t e r a t i o n

v e rm ic u lite

in v o lv e a d d itio n

and m o n t m o r i 1 I o n i t e

o f H+

an d m ech an ism s c a u s i n g

w ith in

ions,

g ains o r

c a tio n

losses o f

n e g a tiv e charges.
Jackson,

et

a l.

(25)

charge o f d io c ta h e d r a l

proposed t h a t

m icas

to M i t c h e l l ,

mo re a b u n d a n t

(h ig h

Mg)

in F e,

e ith e r

an e x c h a n g e o f H+ f o r

in s o i l

concluded

clays

th at

v e rm ic u lite ,
s ite

than

secondary

the

which a r e ,

in s o i l s
an d

A ccording

K+ .

s ta b ility ,

of

zonal

Jackson

(28)

is ,

suggested

seems t o be much mo re
type.

s m e c tite ,

He a l s o
such as

k a o lin ite

and h a l l o y -

o f m o d era tely w eathered p a re n t

C h ern o z em ,

P ra irie ,

Gray-Brown

Podzols.

t o Grim

are

members

may o c c u r

(2 0 ),

Gray-Brown

P o dsolic s o i l s

l e a c h i n g an d some downward movement o f c o l l o i d s ,

o rg a n ic acid s

acco rd in g

H y d ro x yla tio n

l a y e r - s i 1 ic a te m in erals

in c l a y s

in n e g a t i v e

trio c ta h e d ra l

trio c ta h e d ra I

secondary c h l o r i t e ,

p o d zo lic s o ils

of

than

type v e rm u c u lite

a r e m o st a b u n d a n t

m a te ria ls

m ild

in s o i l s

because o f w e a th e rin g

the d io c to h e d ra l

common

in A l )

re d u c tio n

f r o m h y d r o x y I a t io n o r d e a l u m i n a t i o n .

in e f f e c t ,
th at

(h ig h

the

too f e e b l e

to cause a p p r e c ia b le

show v e r y
but

the

d is in te g ra tio n

the s i 1 i c a t e s .
C o n sid erin g c la y m in eral

and J a c k s o n

(1 3 ),

m o n t m o r 11 I o n i t e

d is trib u tio n

F r a n z m e i e r and W h i t e s i d e

( a p p a r e n t l y w e a th e re d from

in sandy s o i l s ,
(18)

Brown

showed t h a t

illite ,

v e rm ic u lite ,

6

and c h l o r i t e )

Is

th e d om inant c l a y m i n e r a l

present

In th e A2-

h o r i z o n s o f some N o r t h e r n W i s c o n s i n an d N o r t h e r n M i c h i g a n p o d z o l s .
Sawhney ( 6 1 )
layers

d es crib ed

th e fo rm a tio n

in e x p a n d a b l e c l a y m i n e r a l s w i t h

th e expansion c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
m ontm ori1 I o n i t e "

o f aluminum

th e consequent

He s u g g e s t e d

and c h l o r i t i z e d

v e rm ic u lite

the

in te r­
lo s s

of

term " c h l o r i t i z e d

f o r such c l a y

m i ne r a 1s .
Beavers,
southern

et a l.

Illin o is

ex ten t,

c h lo rite

g la c ia l

tills

(8 ),

s o ils
are

in

th e ir

concluded

study o f c la y m in e ra ls
th at

the p r in c ip a l

the a v a i l a b l e

concerns s o i l

d evelopm ent.

(26)

and s o i l

t h e most c o m p l e t e

the ca lc a re o u s

in s o i l s

d atio n

and

w ith in

the sphere o f

in S o i l s

is

lite ra tu re

in te rp re ta tio n s

th at

who d e f i n e d w e a t h e r i n g as

a g e n c ie s.

les se r

h a v e don e t h e m o s t d e t a i l e d w o r k on

w e a t h e r i n g and much o f

c la y m in erals

In

to a

o f W is co nsin ag e .

s c ie n tis ts

One o f

and,

c la y m in e ra ls

W eath ering o f C lay M in e r a ls

S o il

illite

in

in c o m p o s itio n w h ic h

on w e a t h e r i n g

o f w eathering

of

p r o p o s e d by J a c k s o n and Sherman
t h e changes
take p la c e

in d e g r e e o f c o n s o l i in

the e a r t h 's

crust

i n f l u e n c e o f a t m o s p h e r i c and h y d r o s p h e r i c

7

J a c k s o n and o t h e r s
sequence o f c l a y - s i z e
co n sists

of

th irte e n

(24)

have worked o u t a w e a t h e r in g

fra c tio n s
stages;

In s o i l s

and s e d i m e n t s w h i c h

t h e more s o l u b l e and e a s i l y
*

w e a th e re d substances appear
set

fo rth

m a te ria l

in

the f i r s t

t h e c o n c e p t t h a t one m i n e r a l
o f o thers

re a c tio n s

th a t a re presented

the m in e ra ls

in J a c k s o n ' s

illite

in te rs tra tifie d

type,

in

T he y a l s o

the w e a th e rin g

are

re v e rs ib le

the p resen t

in te rm e d ia te stages
m in e ra ls

stages.

may be t h e p a r e n t

in s u c c e s s i v e s t a g e s o f

s e q u e n c e and t h a t w e a t h e r i n g
The r e s u l t s

fiv e

in n a t u r e .

s tu d y em phasize
7 through 9*

and c h l o r i t e ,

and m o n t -

m o r i1lo n i t e .
The w e a t h e r i n g

s e q u e n c e p r o p o s e d by J a c k s o n e t

and J a c k s o n an d Sherman
m ic a

(26)

i n t e r m e d i a t e —> a l u m i n u s

W hite e t

a l.

(77)

involved

the

a l.

tra n s itio n ,

(24)

m ic a— >

c h l o r i t e —> k a o l i n i t e — > g i b b s i t e .

have found e v id e n c e s u p p o r t in g

th is w eath erin g

sequence.
A w eath erin g
d eriv ed

from

these s o i l s ,

s e q u e n c e was f o u n d f o r c l a y m i n e r a l s

I 11in o ian -ag e
illite

tills

w eathered

i 1 I i t e - m o n t m o r i 1 I o n i t e mixed
Jackson e t
o th er s im ila r

a l.

t h r o u g h an

d e p o ta s s ic a t io n ,

(4)

d e s i1ic a tio n .
to

(2)

K e lle r

m i n e r a l s may b e g i n w i t h

(1 5 ).

In

in te rm e d ia te stage o f

la y e rs .

a ttrib u te

la y e r s i li c a t e s

(1)

A cco rd ing

(25)

by O r o s t e and T h a r i n

in s o i l s

to

t h e w e a t h e r i n g o f m ic a and

the f o ll o w i n g

h y d ro x y la tio n ,. (3 )

(35 ),
illite ;

chem ical

re a c tio n s

d e a l u m i n a t i o n , and

d is c u s s io n o f w e a th e rin g o f c la y
t h i s means

it

may b e g i n w i t h

8

b io tite

and m u s c o v i t e b ec au se t h e y can be c o n s t i t u e n t s o f

B i o t i t e may a l t e r

to c h l o r i t e ,

d e p e n d in g upon c o n d i t i o n s
R o l f e and J e f f r i e s

h y d ro b io tite ,

or v e rm ic u lite

of a lte ra tio n .

(57)

w rote

th at

"mica w e a t h e r in g

e s s e n t i a l l y a process o f potassium d e p l e t i o n " .
of

re la tiv e

Miami

s o il

p ro po rtion s o f c la y m in erals
p ro file

w eath erin g

by T h o rp e t a l .

t o v e r m i c u l i t e and

in

(70)

turn

lower d e p th s .

re a c tiv ity

is

is

The d i s t r i b u t i o n

in t h e h o r i z o n s o f a
suggests

th at

illite

to m ontm oriI I o n i t e .

t h e A and u p p e r B h o r i z o n s m o n t m o r i 1 I o n i t e
s i z e and g r e a t e r

illite .

b ec a u s e o f

r e n d e r e d m o b i l e and

its

is

In
sm all

removed t o

As a r e s u l t v e r m i c u l i t e and t o some e x t e n t

k a o l i n i t e accum ulate

in t h e c l a y f r a c t i o n

of

t h e A2 and A3-B1

tra n s itio n .

Some o f t h e m o n t m o r i 1 I o n i t e was o r i g i n a l l y

in t h e t i l l ,

some has been fo rm e d by w e a t h e r i n g o f o t h e r c l a y

m in e ra ls ,

is

and some is b e i n g f e d

in to

present

t h e s y s t e m by w e a t h e r i n g

o f prim ary m in e r a ls .
W h ittig ,
and c h l o r i t e
lite

L.

0.

and M. L .

Ja ck son

(79)

concluded t h a t

in t h e C h o r i z o n s w e r e fo u n d t o w e a t h e r

and m o n tm o rin w i t h

v e r y sandy s o i l s

p ro xim ity

to the s o i l

o f N o rth e rn W isconsin

severe.

They a l s o s u g g e s t e d ,

fic a tio n

of

la y e r s i l i c a t e s

to ve rm ic u ­

surface

in w h i c h

the occurrence o f

illite

in

le a c h in g

two
is

in te rs tra ti­

in b i n a r y - r e g u l a r and b i n a r y - t e r n a r y ,

and q u a t e r n a r y - r a n d o m m i x t u r e s .
B rad ley

(10)

has

in d ic a te d

th a t d u rin g d ia g e n e s is

t h a t have been changed d u r i n g w e a t h e r i n g

(illite

clays

and c h l o r i t e

9

-

w hich

change

back t o

th e ir

p e rs is t;
a n d /o r

to exp an d in g
o rig in a l

th ese

typ e

types

stru ctu res

hydroxyl

w eathered
m in e ra ls

is

M urray

in itia tin g

th e

decrease
the

the
in

basal

is

th e

th e

of

illite

c h lo rite .

in

sh eets,

a n d /o r w a te r .
from

iro n

in te n s ity

p la n e s

-

p o rtio n s

th e

o x id a tio n
in

stru c tu re

causes a d e c re a s e
betw een

K.

and

thus

iro n ,

stru c tu res
magnesium ,

concluded

in

of

ferro us

t h e most a b u n d a n t c l a y

s o il

iro n

p ro file s .

in

and

and c h l o r i t e .

T h is

the

magnesium a n d / o r

to

the

o x id a tio n
the

in tro d u c tio n

may t h e n

by

d iffra c tio n s

c h a rg e w h ich weakens

a llo w in g

illite

becomes

evid en ced

X -ra y

The

the o c ta h e d ra l

p o s itio n s
Is

th a t mon

t h e most h i g h l y

change from c h l o r i t e

These s o l u t i o n s
or

of

d is r u p t e d as

th e n e t

revert

th e m a rin e e n v iro n m e n t.

are

b ro ad en in g o f

illite

iro n ,

m in eral

th e o c ta h e d ra l

is

to

s k e le ta l

L e in in g e r

and c h l o r i t e

mechanism f o r

When

o x id iz e d ,

illite

tend

o f W e ath erin g

and R.

unw eathered

m o n tm o ri1 I o n i t e
la y e rs .

(50)

from

t h e most a b u n d a n t c l a y

p o rtio n ;
in

th e ir

accom odate f e r r o u s

i o n s when a v a i l a b l e

H.

m o rilIo n ite

c la y m in e ra ls ),

because

Some M e c h a n i s m s

H.

I

of

iro n

s o lu tio n s

ions

T h i s m e c h a n i s m w o u l d p r o d u c e an e x p a n d i n g

of

bonds

re m o v e p o t a s s i u m
hydroxyl

fro m

ions

from
type c la y

mi n e r a 1.
A cco rd in g
c h lo rite

in

the

to

J.

L.

s h a le s

H a rris o n
are

and H.

p ro g re s s iv e ly

H.

M urray

a lte re d

(21)
under

illite
th e

and

10

in flu e n c e o f w e a th e rin g
the

c ry s ta llite s ,

re s u ltin g

m echanism by w h ic h
c la y c o n ta in in g
in

by th e

w ater

in c re a s e

s ize

of

e x p an d a b le

in a m i x e d - l a y e r

la y e rs

or

the

ion

is

are

the

changed

e ith e r

ion

th e

la y e r

to

of

iro n
in

The K ion

Because o f

s ilic a te

The

p o ta s s iu m

bonds w i l l

w ith in

to m ix e d -la y e r

o x id a tio n

re p la ce m en t o f

o f w e a th e rin g .

la y e rs

s tru c tu re .

t h r o u g h mass a c t i o n .

hydronium

w o u ld go th ro u g h

of

and c h l o r i t e

la y e rs

hyd ro niu m

decreases w it h
and b i g g e r

illite

ex p an dable

the o c ta h e d ra l

ill ite

by f o r m a t i o n

p o la r

n atu re

be w e a k e n e d and

cause ex p an d in g

mi n e r a l s •
B.
of

G.

re le a s e

of

w e a th e rin g

fix e d

d u rin g

illite

re p la c e d

s a tis fie d
su cc e s siv e
b in d

R.

io n s

except

c h ie fly

th e u n its

co u ld

R.

th a t

crys tal

to g eth er

to

E.

re s u lt

be removed

of

th e m in e r a l,

of

the m o n tm o ri1 I o n i t e

G rim

about

and

the

u n its .

fro m

should

(19)

15% o f

co n clu d e d
of

of

is

th e

loss

th at

e x te n t

of

the

s im ila r

th e s ilic o n

re s u ltin g

betw een

excess

s ilic a

th e
of

charge

T he p o t a s s i u m
th e ir

th a t

illite

if

ions

s u ffic ie n t

th a t

in

of

p o s itio n s

charges

e x p a n s io n .

are

of
a p p a re n tly
C o n s id e rin g

and

illite ,

of

th e

K

w it h o u t m arked d e c o m p o s itio n

be s t r u c t u r a l l y

s e rie s

to

sheets

b e t w e e n m o n t m o r i 11 o n i t e

has p o s t u l a t e d

it

(17)

be a f u n c t i o n

p re v e n tin g

s im ila rity

W h ite (7 6 )

M o rtla n d

may be t h e

by K ions

illite

M.

w e a th e rin g .

by a l u m i n u m ,

th e s t r u c t u r a l
J.

T h is

s tru c tu re ,

m o n tm o r i 11 on i t e
are

and M.

K appears

of m ic a .

th e m in e ra l
The

E llis

e q u iv a le n t

( b e id e l 11t e ) .

to

S tan d fo rd

a member
(66 )

e

11

In d ic a te d
so lu b le

th at

K to

" tra p p in g "
la ttic e

t h e a c t i v e mechanism

in s o lu b le ,

o f K ions

d iffic u lty

b etw ee n

the

c l a y s when t h e s e c l a y s

and t h e n d r i e d .
s u s c e p tib ility
and B a v e r

The s i z e o f
to f i x a t i o n

(52 ).

U s u a lly

are

re p la c e a b le

Wear and W h i t e
fix a tio n

They p r e s e n t e d

u n it

fo rm s

is

the

s h e e ts o f expanding

tre a te d w ith

s o lu b le

potassium

t h e K ion p r o b a b l y a c c o u n t s

by t h i s

process a c c o rd in g

t h e CEC o f

th e system

fo r

t o Page

is d e c r e a s e d by

to the K co n verted

agreed w it h

the

the c o n tra c tio n

idea

to

t h a t potassiu m

o f an e x p a n d e d

su p po rting X -ra y e v id e n c e .

B a rs h a d

la ttic e .

(6)

has

r e p o r t e d on t h e n a t u r e o f p o t a s s i u m an d ammonium f i x a t i o n
v e r m i c u l i t e and r e p o r t e d
re s p o n s ib le f o r a

th a t v e rm ic u lite

la rg e p a rt o f

M, M. M o r t l a n d e t a l .
s u p p l i e d as
re a d ily

corresponding
a lte re d

by

are

in s o i l s .

th at

b i o t i t e when

K t o g r o w i n g w h e a t p l a n t s was
A decrease

in K c o n t e n t and a

in CEC w e r e o b s e r v e d as b i o t i t e was

to v e r m i c u l i t e .

G. W.

Kunze and C.

c h a ra c te ris tic s

J e ffrie s
as

those s o i l - c l a y s

l i n e when s a t u r a t e d w i t h
o f K.

D.

o f c la y m in e ra ls

and s u g g e s t e d t h a t

fix e rs

concluded

to v e r m ic u lit e .

increase

type m in e ra ls

the f i x a t i o n

(48)

th e o n ly source o f

a lte re d

its

form s.

(73)

occured w ith

o f co n versio n o f

re p la c e a b le

la ttic e

an amount a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u i v a l e n t
d iffic u lty

in p r o c e s s

a d iv a le n t

Those s o i l - c l a y s

(38)

s tu d ie d

re la te d

the X -ra y

to potassium f i x a t i o n

w h i c h showed a s t r o n g
c a tio n were

w h i c h showed

re la tiv e ly

little

10 A °
h igh

o r no s h i f t i n g

12

of

the

w ith

larg e r

basal

K w ere found

In flu e n c e o f

J.

concluded

th at

m a te ria ls

in

In te rn a l

re s tric te d

The

is

tills

illite .

p rim a rily

s o ils w ith
J.

m in erals
member o f

poor

in

Thus, w e a t h e r i n g
of

in flu e n c e o f
th e M idwest

compone nt o f

and f i n e - t e x t u r e d

to a l t e r a t i o n

parent

s e d im e n ta ry

re a c tio n s

rocks

are

th e micaceous m i n e r a l s

to

and m o n t m o r i 1 I o n i t e .

t o p o g r a p h y and d r a i n a g e
of

in te rn a l

re fle c te d

in

an d m o n t m o r i l l -

th e m icaceous m i n e r a l s .

d r a in a g e have a h ig h e r p r o p o r t i o n

to m ontm oriI I o n i t e
in te rn a l

is

the v e r m ic u l i t e

from th e w e a t h e r in g o f

Johnson and C.

in

the upper h o riz o n s

t h a n do

d rain ag e.
D.

J e ffrie s

(33)

s tu d ie d

o f ea ch h o r i z o n o f a p o o r l y d r a i n e d
th e Allenwood c a te n a developed

P e n n sy lv an ia.
was:

g en esis

the

o r c o m p l e t e l y e x p a n d i n g p r o d u c t s whose c h a r a c ­

h a v i n g good

of v e rm ic u lite

L.

study o f

resem ble those o f v e r m i c u l i t e

re s u ltin g

o f p o ta ss iu m .

in W e a t h e r i n g o f C l a y M i n e r a l s

t h e d o m in a n t c l a y m i n e r a l

in flu e n c e o f

P ro file s

low f i x e r s

in t h e i r

t h e p r o p o r t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n
o n ite

10 a n g s t r o m s when s a t u r a t e d

and t o p o g r a p h y on s o i l

produce p a r t i a l l y
te ris tic s

D rainage

(78)

the g la c ia l

th e M idw est,

toward

t o be r e l a t i v e l y

L. W hite e t a l .

parent m a te ria l

of

spacing

the c la y

and a w e l l - d r a i n e d

in deep g l a c i a l

till

in

In b o t h d r a i n a g e members t h e w e a t h e r i n g s e q u e n c e

13

M ica

( 1 1 1 1 t e ) — > M ica

in te rm e d ia te — » V e rm ic u lite

> C h lo rite

1 i ke m a t e r i a 1

A p p a re n tly
of

th is

re s u lt

d ra in a g e

w e a th e rin g
th ey

pronounced
d ra in a g e

found
in

c o n d itio n s
sequence

the

c o n tro lle d

in

exten t

th e

th e

degree o f

two s o i l s

o f w e a th e rin g

th e w e ll-d r a in e d

in h ib ite d

th e

in v e s tig a te d .

of

i 11ite

member a n d c o n c l u d e d

fo rm a tio n

of

ex p ressi<

v e rm ic u lite

in

to

be m o re

th a t
th e

As a

poor

lo w er

h o rizo n s .
H olow aychuk
co n clu d ed

th a t

a s s o c ia te d
c o n ta in
J.

(22 )

in

s o ils

re g io n s

been s u b j e c t e d

Jr.

under poo rer

et

th a t

of

t h e M iam i

P o d z o lic

d ra in a g e

(23)

in

s o ils

the

c o n d itio n s

s tu d y in g

o f M em ph is c a t e n a

th e

caten a,

o f m o n t m o r i 11 o n i t e .

a l.

p ro p e rtie s

out

s o ils

th e G ray-B row n

q u a n titie s

B. H u t c h e s o n ,

c la y m in e ra lo g ic a l

s tu d y in g

of

d evelo p ed

a p p re c ia b le

Kentucky p o i n t e d

a fte r

ch em ical

s o ils

so m e w ha t p o o r l y - d r a i n e d

t o more s e v e r e w e a t h e r i n g

an d

le a c h in g

and

o f W estern
s o ils

have

than

b ettei

d r a 1ned membe r s .
The pH o f

a m a te ria l

and

the w a te rs

to have a m arked e f f e c t

on

w e a th e rin g .

a c id ity

In c re a s in g

th e w e a th e r in g
Mohr
in te rn a l

(47)

ra te

fu n c tio n

has v e r y

d ra in a g e

D rain a g e c o n t r o ls

to

the

th e

rate

p as sin g

and n a t u r e

was a s s i g n e d

by J a c k s o n e t

e ffe c tiv e ly
le a c h in g

brought

fa c to r

t h e movement o f w a t e r

through

of

out

th e

sig n

in

(2 4 ).
th e

i m p o r t a n c e of

and w e a t h e r i n g
in

appe«

ch em ical

a p o s itiv e

a l.

it

s o il.

In

re a c tio n s
ra p id

1**

movement downward t h e k a o l i n i z a t i o n
o f w ea th e rin g ,
s o il

w ould g i v e
N.

E.

h o rizo n s
th at

whereas
ris e

Smeck,

l a r g e amount o f

(62)

a 17 .7A °,

when g l y c O l a t e d ) , w e r e f o u n d

on an

and R u s s e l

(*tl)

in d ic a te d

(m o n tm ori1I o n i t e

clays

that

c a ten a were
B id w ell

of

in

t h e Miami

the o r i g i n a l
in h e rite d

and Page
catena

(9),

s h a le .

in

th e ir

produced

members o f

t h e c a t e n a as a r e s u l t o f

in

the B h o rizo n s o f

the constancy o f

in

evidence f o r

th e ir

t h e r e has been

m in eral

in te rn a l

d rain ag e

presence o f m ontm ori1 i o n i t e

in a l l

the d i f f e r e n t

however,

s a m p les s u g g e s t

s o ils

found.

and Pa ge ,

lik e ly

fo rm a tio n processes a r e

that s o il

t o bre akdown o f m i n e r a l s
a ll

the s o i l s

enrichm ent

s tu d ie d ,

and

th at

have had a s m a l l

o f c la y m in erals

is

little

b etw ee n d i f f e r e n t

e f f e c t on t y p e s
it

A ccording to

B id w ell
lea d in g

and f o r m a t i o n o f new c l a y m i n e r a l s

sin ce

in c l a y and a l s o

in

the c la y m in e ra ls

t h e p o o r l y d r a i n e d members,

illitic

d rain ag e d if f e r e n c e s

that

type o f c la y m in e ra l

The s l i g h t

to a l t e r

the c la y m in e ra ls

study o f

in O h i o c o n c l u d e d
in

in a

from th e p a r e n t m a t e r i a l .

d iffe re n c e

d iffe re n c e s .

Thus

but

h o rizo n s .

co n tained

d r a i n a g e c a t e n a had n o t been s u f f i c i e n t l y w e a t h e r e d
c la y m in e ra ls

g ro u p

h orizo n s

in t h e M o r l e y a r g i l l i e

found t h a t

im pervious

group.

o f W estern Ohio

d -sp ac in g

type

th e g en esis o f a r g i l l i e

in C e l i n a a r g i l l i e

these c la y s were not ap p aren t
M a rtin

in s t u d y i n g

and M o r l e y s o i l s

the c la y s w it h

ra in fa ll

to m in e r a ls o f m ontm ori1I o n i t e

et a l.

in C e l i n a

w o u l d be t h e d o m i n a n t

th e B h o rizo n s o f a l l
the c la y

in

sa m p les show

has a h i g h e r e x c h a n g e

15

c a p a c ity

th an

th e

c la y

fro m

o th e r

h o riz o n s

of

th e

in d iv id u a l

p r o f i 1e s .
D ra in a g e
s o ils

in

in flu e n c e d

Fran ce,

w eathered

to

th e m ic a w e a t h e r in g

a c c o rd in g

v e rm ic u lite

stag e

in

s o ils

d ra in e d

s o ils

it

w ea th e re d

d ra in a g e
1.

to

c la y

In te rn a l
th e

th e

M il lo t

th rough

m e d ia te

S u m m a rizin g

to

w ith

open
to

in

d ra in a g e

s o il.

In

w o u ld

be

th e

la rg e

amount

w o u ld

g iv e

d ra in a g e ,

on

s o ils

ra p id

w hereas

re la tio n s h ip
it

several

M ica
in te r­

in

th e

typ e

ra in fa ll

of

p o o rly

in te rn a l

h a s ~been f o u n d
movement o f

movement

d o m in a n t

ris e

(*t5 ).

a m ic a -v e rm ic u lite

c o n tro ls

of

G am ez

in

m o n tm o ri1 I o n i t e .

lite ra tu re

m in e ra ls

and

product

downward

of

th a t:
w ate r

in

k a o lin iz a tio n

w e a th e rin g ,

on

an

im p e rv io u s

to m in e ra ls

of

th e

w hereas
s o il

m o n t m o r i 11 o n i t e

group.
2.

In

re g io n s

of

th e

G ray-B row n

a s s o c ia te d

s o ils

c o n d itio n s

c o n ta in

P o d z o lic

d e v e lo p e d

under

a p p re c ia b le

s o ils

poor

th e

d ra in a g e

q u a n titite s

of

m o n t­

m o r i 11 o n i t e .
3.

P ro file s

h a v in g

p ro p o rtio n
upper

of

good

in te rn a l

v e rm ic u lite

h o riz o n s

th an

d ra in a g e

have

a h ig h e r

to m o n tm o ri1 I o n i t e

do s o i l s

w ith

poor

d -s p a c in g

when

g ly c o la te d

in

th e

in te rn a l

dra i nage.
4.

C la y s

w ith

a

mor i l I o n i t e

1 7 .7

A°

group)

w ere

fo u n d

in

a rg il lie

(m o n t­

h o riz o n s

16

o f C e lin a ,
a rg il lie
5.

but

these c la y s were not a p p a re n t

h o rizo n s

h av e been s u b j e c t e d

more s e v e r e w e a t h e r i n g and l e a c h i n g

6.

M ica w eathers

to

than b e t t e r

a toposequence.

to v e r m ic u lit e

in te rm e d ia te
w hereas,

of

the

o f M o rley.

Somewhat p o o r l y - d r a i n e d s o i l s

d rain ed s o ils

in

stage

through a m i c a - v e r m i c u l i t e

in s o i l s

in p o o r l y d r a i n e d

w i t h open d r a i n a g e ,
s o ils

i t w eathers

to

montmor i 1 Io n i t e .
7.

T h e r e has been
c la y m in eral

little

d iffe re n c e

produced

in t y p e o f

b etw ee n d i f f e r e n t members o f a t o p o ­

s e q u e n c e as a r e s u l t o f
d iffe re n c e s .

There

m o n t m o r i I 1o n i t e

th e ir

in te rn a l

is a s l i g h t

evidence

in th e B h o rizo n s o f

d r a i n e d members.

d rain ag e
o f more

the p o o rly

O therw ise cla ys c o n ta in e d

in a

d r a i n a g e c a t e n a had n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y w e a t h e r e d
a lte r

the

o rig in a l

c la y

in h e rite d

to

from th e p a r e n t

m a t e r i a 1s .
In t h e a u t h o r ' s
lite ra tu re

co n ce rn in g th e

c la y m in erals
type
as

of

in s o i l s .

c la y m ineral

a re s u lt of

to a few

o p inio n

th e ir

in v e s tig a to rs

th ere

is no m a j o r c o n t r a d i c t i o n

re la tio n s h ip
The

betwee n
in te rn a l
m ight

in d ic a tio n

of
of

in te rn a l

d rain ag e

little

d iffe re n c e

in
to
in

d i f f e r e n t members o f a t o p o s e q u e n c e
d rain ag e d if f e r e n c e s , acco rd ing
be t h e r e s u l t o f :

17

(a)

in a cc u rate

chem ical

e s p e c ia lly
of
(b )

c la y s ;

im proper
of

necessary

of

in m e a s u r in g

of

c la y

c a tio n

exchange c a p a c ity

E x te n s iv e
in

of

pedons

s o il

id e n tify in g

th e

m o rp h o lo g y and g e n e s is

to

th e

recent

in m o r e d e f i n i t i v e

s o il

c la y

develop m ents

m in e ra ls

to d ay,

fo rm a tio n

c la y m in e ra ls
C o n s id e rin g

lo c a l

the

co n ce rn in g

the

processes,

o t h e r members

to g e th e r

id e n tific a tio n

tec h n iq u es

cause f o r

of

and o t h e r

m in or c o n t r a d i c t i o n s

in flu e n c e

of

in te rn a l

by b r e a k d o w n a n d a l t e r a t i o n

th e

in m o s t e l u v i a t e d

the

s im ila r

d iffe re n c e s
in

(e .g .

the

of

c lim a te ,

of

of

s o il

s o il

fo rm in g

topography

d ra in a g e )

d iffe re n t

h o riz o n s .

facto rs

p aren t m a te ria l
of

as

on

t h e members

in

p ro d u cin g

among s o i l s

c la y

of

new a n d d i f f e r e n t

illu v ia te d

in flu e n c e

in te rn a l

fo rm a tio n

fo rm a tio n
an d

e ffe c ts

(fo re s t),

toposequence,

m o st e f f e c t i v e
soi 1.

re la tin g

in v e s tig a tio n

d iffra c tio n

w ould cause

v e g e ta tio n

o f a s o il

is

on c l a y m i n e r a l s .

p rim a ry m in e ra ls

tim e,

by X - r a y

p r o c e d u r e s may b e

lite ra tu re

S o il

toposequence

a toposequence.

w ith

d rain ag e

a

pedon and

c la y m in eral

in

in

m apping e x p e r i e n c e

Im proved methods o f

q u a n tita tiv e

sam ples

or

id e n tific a tio n

s o ils .

its

a n a ly s e s

m in e ra ls

w ould

be

in e a c h

M l.

A.

S electio n
F ie ld

of

MATERIALS AND METHODS

S o ils

investig atio n s

s i x mapping seasons
study

(1965-70)

Michigan

to

s p e cific

ch a racteristics

According
of

internal

roles
is

in

th eir

so ils

w ith

m ineralogy)

is

in

but

in

conditions.

B.

of

Eight

the

of

during

in S o u t h e r n

him self w ith

was
of

found

so ils

so ils

w ith in

intern al

in T a b l e

year,

th eir

1,

Poorly
areas

leaching

so ils
tables

and

processes

Im portant
drainag<

fab ric

(e .g .,

w ell

m ainly

so il

and
drained,

clay

areas

saturated w ith

therefore

are

w ater

reducing

l o c a t e d on

are

That

toposequences

drained

g en erally

are

degree

toposequence.

Texture,
of

the

Degree o f

(texture,

drainage

and w i t h

drained

a

that

have

and mana gem en t.

low w a t e r

and

o xidizing

soil

texture

depressional

Well

of w ater

C o llection

or

w ith

counties

in d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n

shown

low f l a t

soil

producing

it

and p o o r l y - d r a i n e d ) .

long p e r io d s

movement

experience

same p a r e n t m a t e r i a l

as

author

in te rre latio n sh ip s .

and t h e

im portant

slopes,

and

d iffe re n t

for

steeper

several

and f a m i l i a r i z e

separating

the

from each o t h e r
located

in

c la s s ific a tio n

s o me wha t p o o r l y
content,

so ils

fie ld

drainage

in flu e n tia l

is,

the

to

w e r e c o n d u c t e d by t h e

sub­

re la tiv e ly
the

v e rtic a l

enhanced w h i l e

conditions.

Samples

series,

included
18

in

three

toposequences

(M orley,

T a b l e 1.

Dr a i n a g e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s o f s o i l s s t u d i e d

drainage

Pa r e n t
material

Sample
l o c a t ion
(county)

Pewamo T y p i c
Argiaquol1
(Humic G l e y )

P

0-1

Glaciated ( l a t e
Wisconson T i l l ) ,
s i l t y c l a y loam
c a 1 ca reous

Cl i nt on

Blount, A e r i e
Ochraqualf
(Gray-Brown
Podzolic)

SWP

0-2

Glaciated
( L a t e Wi sconsi n
T ill), silty
c l a y loam,
calcareous

St.

Clair

Morley, Typic
Hapludalf
(Gray-Brown
Podzolic)

W

6

Glaciated
St.
( L a t e Wi sconsi n
T i l l ) , c l a y loam 9
calcareous

Clair

Br ookst on, T y p i c
Argiaquol1
(Humic Gl e y )

P

0-1

Glaciated
( L a t e Wi sconsi n
T i l l ) , loam,
calcareous

Ingham

Conover, U d o l l i c

SWP

2

Glaciated

C l i n ton

Soil se rie s ,
sub-group
G r e a t s o i l group

Mo r l e y
"fin e" family
( 3 5 -6 0 % clay)

Miami
"fine-loamy" family
( 18- 35% c l a y )

1n t e r n a l

Sl ope
percent

S o i l toposequence
and f a m i l y t e x t u r e

Ochraqualf (Gray-

(Late Wisconsin

T i l l ) , loam,
calcareous

Brown P o d z o l i c )

MI am! ,

Typ i c

Hapludalf
(Gray-Brown

Podzolic)

w

3

Glaciated (Late

Wisconsin T i l l ) ,
loam,

calcareous’

1 ngham

T ab l e 1, c o n t .

S o i l toposequence
and f a m i l y t e x t u r e

Soil series,
sub-group
Great s o i l group

Internal
dra inage

Sl ope
percent

Pa r e n t
mat er i a l

Spinks
"sandy" f a m i l y
(0-15% c l a y )

T h e t f o r d , Aquic
Arenic Hapludalf
(Gray-Brown
Podzolic)

SWP

2

Glaciated
Washtenaw
( E a r l y Wi sconsi n
T i l l ) , Sand,
dH 6 . 2 - 8 . 2

Spi nks ,
Psammentic
H a p lu d a lf (GravBrown P o d z o l i c )

W

6

Glaciated
Washtenaw
(E arly WisconsinT111),
loamy sands
or Sands, wi th
t e x t u r a l gands,
dH 5 . 5 - 6 . 2

Jeddo, A e r i e
O c h r a qu a l f
(Humic Gl ey)

P

0-1

T i l l or
St.
lucustrine
si 1 t y c l a y loam,
cal car eous

Jeddo
" fin e " family
35-60% c l a y

P
= Poorly-drained
SWP « Somewhat p o o r l y - d r a i n e d ( o r i m p e r f e c t l y d r a i n e d )
W
a Wei 1- d r a i n e d

Sample
location
(county)

Clair

21

Miami,

Spinks),

counties,
in T a b l e

located

in S t .

respectively,

were considered

in each

d r a i n a g e and t h i s

or

purposes.

parent m a te r ia ls

A soil
feet

that

sections,
p it

th is

included

in a n o t h e r
affect

three

in o n e

the c la y

series

six

feet

and t h e

Manual

that

(63),

except

the horizons

and a t o t a l

of

mechanical,

chemical

Soil

as

52 s a m p l e s w e r e

P ro file

The s o i l

ISCC-NBS c o l o r

o f each s o i l

th eir

d iffe re n t
fam ily

1.

f e e t w ide,

in each s o i l

urban

toposequence

content o f

to standard conventions

C.

shown

in degree o f

t o p o s e q u e n c e by h a v i n g

described according

A ll

s t u d y as

t h e i r ma na g eme n t f o r

as shown by T a b l e

about

d ee p was dug

affects

The s o i l s

from the s o i l s

control

in

toposequence were d i f f e r e n t

internal

d iffe r

I ngham an d W a s h t e n a w

1.

The s o i l s

rural

C lair,

long and s i x

so ils

in

were

the S o il

Survey

names w e r e u s e d .

p r o f i l e w e r e sampled s e p a r a t e l y

taken

to

the

and c l a y m i n e r a l o g i c a l

laboratory

for

and a n a l y s e s

as n e e d e d .

Descriptions

p ro file

descriptions

as w r i t t e n

in

the f i e l d

were

follow s:
1.

Morley

The M o r l e y
includes w e ll
drained

Toposequence
toposequence c o n s is ts

o f a drainage

an d m o d e r a t e l y w e l l - d r a i n e d

B l o u n t an d p o o r l y - d r a i n e d

Morley,

Pewamo s e r i e s

sequence

that

somewhat p o o r l y -

o f Gray-Brown

22

P o d z o l i c z o n e d e v e l o p e d on c a l c a r e o u s
loam g l a c i a l

till

o c c u r on n e a r l y
plains

m aterials
level

They d i f f e r

f r o m t h e Mi ami

clay

till

in having f i n e r

and

loam t o c l a y

These s o i l s
and t i l l

vegetations.

toposequence

loam r a t h e r

textured

l oam t o c l a y

s lo p in g moraines

hardwood f o r e s t

in s i l t y

clay

o f Wisconsin age.

to s tro n g ly

under deciduous

s ilty

than

(fine

in b e i n g d e v e l o p e d
loam t o s i l t

clay

loam

loam t o c l a y )

B2 t

hor i z o n s .
In o r d e r

t o compar e c l a y m i n e r a l s

a neutral

reaction w ith

reaction,

in p o o r ly

poorly

drained

occuring

those o c c u r r i n g

drained s i t e s ,

in s o i l

by t h e S o i l

L a b o r a t o r y f r o m two s i t e s ,

one

and t h e

The Pewamo

Conservation S e rv ic e ,
in C l i n t o n

having

h a v i n g an a c i d

t h e Pewamo s e r i e s

J e ddo s e r i e s w e r e b o t h s t u d i e d .

s e r i e s was s t u d i e d

in s o i l

B e lts v ille

C o u n t y and one

in

Shiawassee County.
The Je d do s e r i e s
more a c i d

d iffe rs

s o l a and b e i n g

from the

leached o f

Jeddo S i l t
Jeddo s e r i e s

is a p o o r l y

lime

in S t .

is v e r y s l o w o r ponded.
Natural

vegetation

C lair

drained s o il

depths.

o f elm,

(Humic-Gley)

plains w ith

County.

Perm eability

consists

to g re a te r

in h a v i n g

Loam

on g r o u n d m o r a i n e s and d e p r e s s e d t i l l
or concave slo pe s

Pewamo s e r i e s

nearly

Surface w ater
is slow

ash,

developed
level

runoff

to very slow.

s o f t m a p l e a n d swamp

23

w h i t e oak f o r e s t .

Crop p r o d u c t i o n

w o r k a b i l i t y and a c i d s o i l
of

Jeddo s i l t

idle f ie ld
N.

R.

loam,

located

T.

8

of

the north-spu th

west f i e l d

15 E .

ditch

conditions.

on 0* 1

lim ited

C lair

road d i t c h and

was sampl ed

o f SW 1 / 4 ,

County,
270

by w e t n e s s ,

poor

A representative p r o f ile

percent slope,

in t h e NW 1 / 4 ,

in S t .

is

in an

o f s e c tio n 35,

The s i t e

is

150 f e e t e a s t

f e e t n o r t h from the e a s t -

in a l i n e o p p o s i t e a s i n g l e

la r g e oak t r e e ,

and was d e s c r i b e d as f o l l o w s :
HorIzon

Dept h
( inches)

Ap

0-7"

D e s c r i p t ion
S i l t loam; d a r k g r a y (10YR 4 / 1 ) ; v e r y
we a k , medium, s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y
s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e when m o i s t , p l a s t i c
when w e t ; v e r y s t r o n g l y a c i d ; a b r u p t ,
smooth b o u n d a r y .

®21 q

7-11"

S i l t y c l a y loam; g r a y ( 5Y 5 / 1 ) m a t r i x ,
w i t h few, f i n e , d i s t i n c t m o t t l i n g s o f
l i g h t o l i v e brown ( 2 . 5 Y 5 / 4 ) and s t r o n g
brown ( 7 . 5 Y R 5 / 6 ) ; m o d e r a t e , medium,
a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f i r m when
m o i s t , p l a s t i c when w e t ; v e r y s t r o n g l y
a c i d ; c l e a r wavy
boundary.

B22g

11-21"

C o a r s e s i l t y c l a y ; g r a y (5Y 5 / 1 ) w i t h
common, f i n e , p r o m i n e n t m o t t l i n g s o f
y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 5 / 6 ) and s t r o n g
brown ( 7 . 5 Y R 5 / 6 ) ; m o d e r a t e , medium,
p r is m a t ic b rea kin g to ang ular blocky
s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y f i r m when m o i s t , p l a s t i c
when w e t ; v e r y s t r o n g l y a c i d ; c l e a r
wavy
boundary.

2k

H o r i zon

Depth
( in c h e s )

Descr i p t ion

B2 3 t

2 1 - 38"

C l a y ; s t r o n g brown ( 7 . 5 Y R 5 / 6 ) w i t h
ma n y , f i n e , p r o m i n e n t m o t t l i n g s o f
g r a y t o o l i v e brown ( 2 . 5 Y 5 / 1 - 4 / 4 )
on p e d e x t e r i o r s ; g r a y ( 10YR 5 / 1 ) c l a y
f i l m s o f 2 mm t h i c k n e s s a r e on a i l ped
s u r f a c e s , w i t h common f i n e d i s t i n c t
m o t t l i n g s o f ( 10YR 5 / 6 ) on t h e c l a y
f i l m s ; w e a k , medi um p r i s m a t i c b r e a k i n g
t o w e a k , medi um a n d c o a r s e a n g u l a r
b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y f i r m when m o i s t ,
p l a s t i c when w e t ; s t r o n g l y a c i d ; c l e a r
wavy
boundary.

B3

38-51"

F i n e s i l t y c l a y loam t o s i l t y c l a y ,
w i t h a b o u t 2 - 5 % g r a v e l and s h a l e ;
o l i v e brown ( 2 . 5 Y k / k ) , w i t h many,
f i n e , prominent m o ttlin g s o f gray
( 2 . 5 Y 5 / 0 t o 10YR 5 / 1 ) t o y e l l o w i s h
b r own (10YR 5 / 6 ) ; 1 / 2 t o 2 " t h i c k
c l a y f l o w s in t h e c r a c k s and a l o n g t h e
p r i s m ped f a c e s o c c u p i e d a b o u t k0% o f
t h is horizon ( t h e t e x t u r e o f c la y flows
is s i l t y c l a y to c l a y ) ; v e r y weak,
me di um, p r i s m a t i c b r e a k i n g t o w e a k ,
medi um a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; p l a s t i c
when w e t , v e r y f i r m when m o i s t ; n e u t r a l ;
c l e a r wavy
boundary.

51-57"

S i l t y c l a y l o a m, w i t h 2 - 5 % g r a v e l ; o l i v e
brown ( 2 . 5 Y k / k ) , many medi um p r o m i n e n t
m o t t l i n g s ; wide ( 1 / 2 - 1 . 5 inch) gray
( 1 0 Y R 5 / 1 ) c l a y ' f l o w s , a l o n g c r a c k s and
r o o t c h a n n e l s and on some ped f a c e s ,
occupied about 6 0 % o f the h o riz o n ; ( t h e
t e x t u r e o f c l a y flo w s is s i l t y c l a y ) ;
v e r y w e a k , me d i u m, p r i s m a t i c b r e a k i n g
t o w e a k , medi um, s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y
s t r u c t u r e ; p l a s t i c when w e t and f i r m
when m o i s t ; m i l d l y a l k a l i n e .

25

D e p th
( in c h e s )

H o r 1z o n

C2

57-64"

A dditional
6

D e s c r i p t io n

horizon

F i n e s i l t l o a m t o s i l t y c l a y l oa m;
o l i v e br o wn ( 2 . 5 Y k / k ) , w i t h c o a r s e
t o medium, p r o m i n e n t , m o t t l i n g s o f
? r a y (10YR 5 / 1 ) ; v e r y t h i c k g r a y
2.5Y 5 /0 ) c la y flows w ith s i l t y c la y
t e x t u r e ; f i n e g r a n u la r to massive
s t r u c t u r e ; p l a s t i c when w e t and f i r m
when m o i s t ; m i l d l y a l k a l i n e .

notes:
contains

about

Manganese c o n c r e t i o n s
horizons.
than

in

are

Clay c a v it y

the

as a f i n e ,

3%

fillin g s

illitic

mesic A e r ie

series

g ently

is

sloping

throughout

have

B3 a n d u p p e r h o r i z o n s .

The B l o u n t
to

a n d some b l a c k

scattered

Blount

level

gravel

larger
This

areas

to m o d era tely

slow.

Blount

are

0 to 2 percent
NW 1 / 4 o f
County,

NE 1 / 4 ,

Michigan

16 00 f e e t

from

d e s c r i b e d as

so ils

was d e c i d u o u s

slope,

3,

245

the co rn e r o f

fo llo w s:

forest

in a c u l t i v a t e d

(about

is

in

the

C

cla ss ified

T.
feet

7N .,

P erm eability

of

p ro file

1 5 E,

south o f

M etcalf

to

in

slow

farm ing.

of

beech,

Blount

l oa m,

t h e NW 1 / 4 ,

in S t .

M etcalf

and K i l g o r e

p la in s.

is

sugar maple,

fie ld ,
R.

an d o c c u p i e s

undulating

important

A representative

section

p ed on

on b r o a d g e n t l y
slow.

o a k and h i c k o r y .

diam eters

s o me w h a t p o o r l y - d r a i n e d

i s medi um t o

elm,

B and C

Loam

runoff

vegetation

the

fragm ents.

O chraqualf.

Surface w ater

Natural

shale

C lair

Road an d
R o a d s ) was

of

26

H o r iz o n

Depth
( Inches)

D e s c r ip t io n

0 - 8'

Loam; d a r k g r a y i s h brown ( 10YR 4 / 2 ,
m o i s t ) o r g r a y i s h brown ( 10YR 5 / 2 , d r y ) ;
w e a k , medi um, s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y b r e a k i n g
i n t o m o d e r a t e , medi um, g r a n u l a r s t r u c t u r e ,
f r i a b l e ; s t r o n g l y a c i d ; a b r u p t , smoot h
bounda r y.

A2

8 - 1 1 it

C o a r s e c l a y loam t o l oam; g r a y i s h brown
t o l i g h t o l i v e brown ( 2 . 5 Y 5 / 3 ) w i t h
f e w , f i n e , f a i n t , y e l l o w i s h brown
( 1 0 Y R 5 / 6 ) m o t t l e s ; m o d e r a t e , f i n e and
medi um, s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y g r a d i n g t o
th in ,
medium p l a t y s t r u c t u r e ; f i r m ;
s t r o n g l y a c i d ; a b r u p t , smooth b o u n d a r y .

B2 1 t

U -14"

S i l t y c l a y l oam; y e l l o w i s h brown
( 1 0 YR 5 / 6 ) w i t h f e w , medi um, f a i n t
o l i v e g r a y ( 5Y 5 / 2 ) m o t t l e s ; some s i l t y ,
g r a y ped s u r f a c e s ; m o d e r a t e , medi um,
a n g u la r blocky s t r u c t u r e ; f ir m ; s tr o n g ly
a c i d ; c l e a r , smooth b o u n d a r y .

B2 2 t

14-21"

S i l t y c l a y l oam; y e l l o w i s h brown
( 1 0 YR 5 / 6 ) w i t h f e w , medi um, f a i n t
o l i v e g r a y (5Y 5 / 2 ) m o t t l e s ; m o d e r a t e ,
medium p r i s m a t i c b r e a k i n g i n t o m o d e r a t e ,
medi um, a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; g r a y
c l a y f i l m s on ped s u r f a c e s ; v e r y f i r m ;
s t r o n g l y a c i d ; few l im e c o n c r e t i o n s ;
c l e a r , smooth b o u n d a r y .

B231

21 -29"

F i n e s i l t y c l a y l oam; y e l l o w i s h brown
( 1 0 Y R 5 / 6 ) w i t h m o d e r a t e , medi um,
d i s t i n c t o l i v e gray to d ark g ray
( 5 Y 5 / 2 t o 5Y 4 / 1 ) m o t t l e s ; m o d e r a t e ,
coarse, p r is m a tic breaking in to moderate
coarse, an gular blocky s t r u c t u r e ; very
f i r m ; g r a y c l a y f i l m s on ped s u r f a c e s ;
n e u t r a l ; v e r y f ew l i m e c o n c r e t i o n s ;
c l e a r , smooth b o u n d a r y .

27

H or i zon

D e p th
( i nches)

D e scr i p t io n

29-37"

S i l t y c l a y l oam; o l i v e brown ( 2 . 5 Y
4 / 4 ) w i t h f e w , me di um, d i s t i n c t g r a y
(5Y 5 / 1 ) m o t t l e s ; m o d e r a t e , c o a r s e
p r i s m a t i c b r e a k i n g i n t o w e a k and
moderate, coarse, an g u la r blocky
s t r u c t u r e ; very fir m ; gray c la y
c o a t i n g s on ped s u r f a c e s ; m i l d l y
a l k a l i n e , few lim e c o n c r e t i o n s ;
g r a d u a l , wavy b o u n d a r y .

Cl

37-47"

S i l t y c l a y l oam; o l i v e brown ( 2 . 5 Y
4 / 4 ) w i t h many, me di um, f a i n t g r a y
(5Y 5 / 1 ) m o t t l e s ; weak to m oderate,
c o a r s e , p r i s m a t i c b r e a k i n g i n t o weak,
coarse, angular blocky s t r u c t u r e ;
ve ry f i r m ; gray to w h i t e c l a y co atings
on ped s u r f a c e s ; m o d e r a t e l y a l k a l i n e ;
some l i m e c o n c r e t i o n s ; g r a d u a l , wavy
boundary.

c2

47-63"

S i l t y c l a y l oam; o l i v e brown ( 2 . 5 Y
4 / 4 ) w i t h many, medi um, f a i n t ,
y e l l o w i s h brown t o l i g h t y e l l o w i s h
brown (10YR 5 / 6 t o 2 . 5 Y 6 / 4 ) m o t t l e s ;
massive s t r u c t u r e ; m o d era tely a l k a l i n e .

C lassificatio n :
This

pedon

is c l a s s i f i e d

as a f i n e ,

illitic ,

mesic,

Aerie

O chraqualfs.
M o r l e y Loam
The M o r l e y s e r i e s
drained s o ils ,
areas

consists

o f w ell

and m o d e r a t e l y w e l l -

occupying g e n t ly

sloping

to moderately

on t h e m o r a i n e s and t i l l
Surface water

the steepness o f

runoff

plains.

i s medium t o v e r y

the s lo p e .

steep

Perm eability

r a p i d d e p e n d i n g on

is m o d e ra te ly slow

to

28

slow.

The n a t u r a l

o a k an d h i c k o r y .
6

l

to

NE

12 p e r c e n t

1/A,

of

SE

vegetation

A represen tative
slopes,

1/A,

of

the n o r th -s o u th

Township,
Hor izon
Ap

of

St.

C lair

Depth
( jnches)
0-5.5"

of

15,

T.

and V i n c e n t
fence
County,

sugar maple,

p ro file

in a c u l t i v a t e d

Section

south o f Highway M-136
west

consists

7M.,

o f Morley

fie fd ,
R.

In

16E.,

along V in c e n t
M ichigan,

was

loam,

t h e NE

(about

Road J u n c t i o n
Road)

beech,
on

1/A,

500

feet

an d 2 5 f e e t
in C lyd e

d e s c r i b e d as

fo llow s:

D e s c r i p t ion
Loam; v e r y d a r k g r a y i s h brown ( 10 Y R
3 / 2 ) ; w e a k , medi um t o s t r o n g g r a n u l a r
an d s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ;
f r i a b l e ; neutral re ac tio n ; abrupt
s mo o t h b o u n d a r y .

A2

5.5-8"

Loam t o s i l t l oa m; br o wn ( 1 0 Y R 5 / 3 )
when m o i s t a n d p a l e brown ( 1 0 Y R 6 / 3 )
when d r y ; w e a k , m o d e r a t e , s u b a n g u l a r
blocky s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e ; s l i g h t l y
a c i d ; c l e a r , smooth b o u n d a r y .

B S- A

8-11,5"

Loam t o c o a r s e c l a y l oa m; brown ( 10 Y R
5 / 3 ) a n d d a r k br own ( 7 . 5 YR A / A ) ; w e a k ,
moderate, subangular blocky s t r u c t u r e ;
f r i a b l e to fir m ; s l i g h t l y a c id ; c le a r
wavy boundary.

B2 t

11.5-20"

F i n e c l a y l oam t o c o a r s e c l a y ; br own
( 1 0 Y R A / 3 ) t o d a r k br own ( 7 . SYR A / A ) ;
c l a y c o a t i n g s o f d a r k g r a y i s h br own
( 1 0 Y R A / 2 ) on m o s t o f t h e p ed f a c e s ;
weak, coarse p r is m a t ic b rea kin g in to
m o d e r a t e , medi um a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e
v e r y f i r m ; m i l d l y a l k a l i n e ; c l e a r s moo t h
boundary.

29

D e p th
( In c h e s )

H or iz o n

D e s c r i p t io n

b3

20-24"

C l a y loam; y e l l o w i s h brown ( 10YR 5 / 4 ) ,
w i t h c l a y c o a t i n g s o f d a r k brown
( 7 . 5 Y R 4 / 4 - 4 / 2 ) on most ped f a c e s ;
v e ry weak, co a rs e , p r i s m a t i c b reaking
i n t o w e a k , medi um, a n g u l a r b l o c k y
structure; firm ; m ildly a lk a lin e ; clear
wavy b o u n d a r y .

Cl

24-28"

F i n e l oam; brown (10YR 5 / 3 ) ; w e a k ,
p la ty s tr u c tu r e ; firm ; calcareous;
c l e a r smooth b o u n d a r y .

c2

28-35"

C l a y loam; brown (10YR 5 / 3 ) , w i t h l i g h t
b r o w n i s h g r a y (10YR 6 / 2 ) l i m e c o n c r e t i o n s
w e a k , f i n e , a n g u l a r b l o c k y t o we a k ,
coarse, p la t y s t r u c t u r e , firm ; calcareous

C3

35-W

C l a y l oam; brown (10YR 5 / 3 ) , w i t h c l a y
c o a t i n g s o f g r a y (10YR 6 / 1 ) ; w e a k ,
co arse, p l a t y s t r u c t u r e ; moist f i r m , hard
when d r y ; m o d e r a t e l y a l k a l i n e .

T h i s pedon c l a s s i f i e s
2.

Miami

The Miami
includes
Celina,

as a f i n e ,

toposequence c o n s i s t s

the w e l l - d r a i n e d

Miami,

Typic H a p lu d a lf.

t

d e v e l o p e d on c l a c a r e o u s
t h e Miami

of

sequence t h a t

Co n ov er and

the p o o rly -

t h e G r a y - Br o w n P o d z o l i c z o n e ,

loam o r s i l t

loam t i l l

toposequence a r e b r o a d ly

s o u t h e r n M i c h i g a n on n e a r l y
plains.

o f a drainage

the m o d erately w e l l - d r a i n e d

t h e somewhat p o o r l y - d r a i n e d

Members o f

mesic,

Topos eq u en ce

d r a i n e d Brookston s e r i e s

and t i l l

illitic ,

medium

level

to s tro n g ly

o f Wisconsin age.
distribu ted

in

s l o p i n g moraines

They d e v e l o p e d u n d e r d e c i d u o u s

hardwood

forest

30

vegetation
where

and a r e

found

on

now u s e d m a i n l y

the

steeper

so ils
is

Brookston

developed

very

slow

to

of

elm ,

consists

used m a i n l y
permanent

fo r

series

pasture

feet

in

north

Township,

H o r i zon

of

the

p ro file
fie ld ,

center

Ingham C o u n ty ,
Depth
( j nches)

fla t

till

and ash

o r woodlots

a c u ltiv a te d

p o o rly-d rain ed

P erm e ab ility

production

A rep resen tative
slope,

to

s o f t m aple,
crop

production

except

Loam

comprises

on d e p r e s s e d
ponded.

crop

slopes.

Brookston
The

for

of

slow.

Surface

N atural

trees.

Brookston

and a s m a ll

proportion

where
of

is

p la in s .

(Hum ic-Gley)

located

M ichigan,

veg etatio n
s o ils

are

for

undrained.

Brookston

section

runoff

500

33,
was

T.

loam,
feet

0-1

percent

west

and 250

R.

2W .f D elh i

3N .,

described

as

fo llo w s :

D escr i p t ion

Ap

0-1 I"

Loam; v e r y d a r k b r o w n ( 1 0 Y R 2 / 2 ) ; w e a k
medium, s u b a n g u l d r b l o c k y , b r e a k i n g
i n t o w ea k, medium, g r a n u l a r s t r u c t u r e ;
f r i a b l e ; s l i g h t l y a c i d ; a b r u p t smooth
boundary.

B2 1 g t

11-15"

C l a y loam; d a r k g r a y (10YR A / I ) ,
m o t t l e d w i t h b r o w n i s h y e l l o w (10YR
6 / 6 ),
m o t t l e s a r e common, m e d i u m , a n d
d i s t i n c t ; v e r y d a r k g r a y i s h b r o wn
( 1 0 Y R 3 / 2 ) c o a t i n g s o c c u r on v e r t i c a l
ped f a c e s ; w ea k, medium, s u b a n g u l a r
blocky s t r i c t u r e ; fir m ; s l i g h t l y a c id
t o n e u t r a l ; c l e a r wavy b o u n d a ry .

31

H o r i zon

Depth
( Inches)

D e s c r i p t ion

B2 2 g t

15-19"

C l a y loam; l i g h t b r o w n i s h g r a y ( 2 . 5 Y
6 / 2 ) , m o t t l e d w i t h brownish y e l lo w
(10YR 6 / 6 ) and s t r o n g brown ( 7 . 5 Y R
5 / 6 ) , m o t t l e s a r e common, medium and
d i s t i n c t ; d a r k g r a y ( 1 0 YR V I ) t o g r a y
(10YR 5 / 1 ) c l a y f i l m s a r e p r e s e n t on
v e r t i c a l ped f a c e s ; we a k , medium,
p r i s m a t i c b r e a k i n g i n t o we a k , medium,
ang ular blocky s t r u c t u r e ; very f i r m ;
s l i g h t l y a c i d t o n e u t r a l ; c l e a r wavy
boundary.

B2 3 g t

19-25"

C l a y loam; g r a y i s h brown ( 2 . 5 Y 5 / 2 ) ,
m o t t l e d w i t h b r o w n i s h y e l l o w (10YR 6 / 6 )
and y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 5 / 6 ) , m o t t l e s
a r e common, medium and d i s t i n c t ; g r a y
(10YR 5 / 1 ) c l a y c o a t i n g s a r e p r e s e n t on
t h e peds; we a k , c o a r s e , a n g u l a r b l o c k y
s t r u c t u r e ; very fir m ; n e u t r a l; c le a r
wavy b o u n d a r y .

B3g

25-34"

Coar se c l a y loam; l i g h t b r o w n i s h g r a y
(2.5Y 6 / 2 ) , mottled w ith yellowish
brown (10YR 5 / 8 ) , m o t t l e s a r e common,
medium and d i s t i n c t ; g r a y (10YR 5 / 1 )
c l a y c o a t i n g s and t h i n c l a y f i l m s a r e
p r e s e n t on t h e p e d s ; w e a k , c o a r s e ,
ang ular blocky s t r u c t u r e ; f i r m ; n e u tra l
t o m i l d l y a l k a l i n e ; c l e a r wavy b o u n d a r y .

34-48"

Loam; y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 5 / 6 ) , m o t t l e d
w i t h g r a y i s h brown (10YR 5 / 2 ) , m o t t l e s
a r e f e w , f i n e , d i s t i n c t ; g r a y i s h brown
( 2 . 5 Y 5 / 2 ) c l a y c o a t i n g s a r o u n d t h e ped
f a c e s ; w e a k , medium, p T a t y and wea k,
medium, a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f i r m ;
moderately a l k a l i n e .

32

D e p th

H o r i zon

( inches)

C2

48-63"

D e s c r i p t I on
Sandy loam t o loam; y e l l o w i s h brown
(10YR 5 / 4 ) m o t t l e d w i t h b r o w n i s h y e l l o w
(10YR 6 / 6 ) and a f e w , f i n e , t o c o a r s e
f a i n t t o d i s t i n c t , g r a y i s h brown
(10YR 5 / 2 ) m o t t l e s ; t h i c k c l a y f i l l i n g s
in c a v i t i e s ; weak, t h i c k , p l a t y b r e a k i n g
i n t o weak, f i n e , s u b a n g u l a r b lo c k y
s tru c tu re ; firm ; moderately a l k a l i n e .

T h i s pedon i s c l a s s i f i e d
A r g i a q u o l 1.

as f i n e - l o a m y ,

mixed,

mesic T yp ic

C o n ov er Loam
The C o n o v e r s e r i e s
developed

in c a l c a r e o u s

to g e n tly

sloping

(0 -6

consists

o f somewhat p o o r l y - d r a i n e d

loam o r s i l t
percent

slope)

loam t i l l ;
till

on n e a r l y

plains

so ils

level

and m o r a i n e s

in s o u t h e r n M i c h i g a n .
Surface water
varies

runoff

from moderate

is m o d e r a t e l y h i g h .
drainage

to m oderately slow.
These s o i l s

i s n e e de d f o r

A representative
slope,

County,

section

Michigan,

8

Water h old in g

capacity

a r e s e a s o n a l l y w e t and a r t i f i c i a l

dependable crop p in g .
p ro file

in a c u l t i v a t e d

SW 1 / 4 o f

i s medium t o s l o w and p e r m e a b i l i t y

, T.

field ,
7N.,

o f Conov er

l oam,

on 4 p e r c e n t

l o c a t e d a t SE c o r n e r o f SE 1 / 4 o f
R.

1W.,

Ovid Township,

was d e s c r i b e d as f o l l o w s :

Clinton

33

H o r iz o n

D e p th
( in c h e s )

Descr ip tIo n

Ap

0-8"

Loam; d a r k b r o wn t o brown ( 1 0 Y R 4 / 3 )
w i t h y e l l o w i s h br own ( 1 0 Y R 5 / 6 )
adm ixture o f u n d erly in g horizon;
m o d e r a t e , medium, s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y
b r e a k i n g i n t o m o d e r a t e , m e d i u m, g r a n u l a r
s tr u c tu r e ; f r i a b l e s l i g h t l y acid ; abrupt
s moo t h b o u n d a r y .

B £■ A

8-12"

Loam; s t r o n g br own ( 7 . 5 Y R 5 / 6 ) ; a b o u t
2 0 % o f A2 c o a t i n g s o f p i n k i s h g r a y
( 10 Y R 6 / 2 ) ; m o d e r a t e , c o a r s e , s u b a n g u l a r
b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f i r m when m o i s t a n d
s l i g h t l y p l a s t i c when w e t ; n e u t r a l ;
c l e a r smooth b o u n d a r y .

B2 t

12-18"

C l a y l oa m ; s t r o n g br own ( 7 . 5 Y R 5 / 6 ) ,
m o t t le d w i t h l i g h t brownish gray
( 10 Y R 6 / 2 ) ; c l a y c o a t i n g s o f brown t o
d a r k br own ( 7 . 5 Y R k / k ) ; s t r o n g , m e d i u m,
subangular blocky s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e
when m o i s t a n d s l i g h t l y p l a s t i c when
w e t ; n e u t r a l ; c l e a r s moot h b o u n d a r y .

B2 2

18-26"

C l a y l o a m ; y e l l o w i s h br own ( 10 Y R S / k )
m o t t l e d w i t h ma ny , me d i u m, d i s t i n c t
g r a y i s h b r o wn ( 10 Y R 5 / 2 ) a n d common,
medi um d i s t i n c t y e l l o w i s h br o wn ( 10 YR
5 / 8 ) m ottles;
c l a y c o a t i n g s o f brown
t o d a r k b r o wn ( 7 . 5 Y R k / Z ) c o l o r s a r e
p r e s e n t on t h e p e d s ; m o d e r a t e , c o a r s e ,
subangular blocky s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e ,
when m o i s t a n d s l i g h t l y p l a s t i c when
w e t ; s l i g h t l y a c i d ; c l e a r , s moot h
boundary.

B3

26-33"

F i n e l o a m , t o c o a r s e c l a y l oa m; brown
( 10 Y R 5 / 3 ) , w i t h g r a y i s h br own ( 10YR
5 / 2 ) o f ped e x t e r i o r s , m o t t l e d w i t h
y e l l o w i s h b r o wn ( 10 Y R 5 / 8 ) a n d g r a y i s h
br own ( 1 0 Y R 5 / 2 ) , m o t t l e s a r e many,
medium, d i s t i n c t ; c l a y c o a t i n g s o f
br own t o d a r k br own ( 7 . 5 Y R k / 2 ) ; w e a k ,
c o a rse , subangular blocky s t r u c t u r e ;

34

D ep th
( in c h e s )

H o r 1z o n

Descr ip tio n

f r i a b l e when m o i s t and s l i g h t l y p l a s t i c
when w e t ; n e u t r a l ; c l e a r , smooth
bou nd a r y .
C

33-40"

Thi s pedon c l a s s i f i e s

Loam; y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 5 / 8 ) m o t t l e d
w i t h y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR S / 4 - 5 / 6 )
and l i g h t br o wn i sh g r a y (10YR 6 / 2 ) ;
m o t t l e s a r e many, c o a r s e , p r o m i n e n t ;
ma s s i ve o r wea k, c o a r s e , s u b a n g u l a r
b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ; f r i a b l e when m o i s t
and s l i g h t l y p l a s t i c when w e t ; m i l d l y
alkaline.
as a f i n e - l o a m y ,

Miami
The Miami
?n l i m y ,
nearly

series

loam o r s i l t

level

mixed, mesic Aquic H a p l u d a l f J

Loam

is co mp r i s ed o f w e l l - d r a i n e d s o i l s
loam,

glacial

till

m aterials.

developed

They occupy

t o s t r o n g l y s l o p i n g a r e a s on m o r a i ne s and t i l l

plains

in s o u t h e r n M i c h i g a n ,
The s u r f a c e w a t e r

runoff

is medium t o

r a p i d dependi ng on

the steepness o f s l o p e .
Natural
oaks,

b ee ch ,

v e g e t a t i o n c o n s i s t s o f de c i d uo u s f o r e s t ,
sugar maple,

and h i c k o r y .

m a j o r use o f g e n t l e s l o p e s ,

chiefly

Crop p r o d u c t i o n

the s t e e p e r slopes a r e

is t h e

in per manent

pasture or woodlots.
A r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p r o f i l e o f Miami
MSU f a r m
1W.,

loam, on 3% s l o p e ,

in t h e NW 1 / 4 o f SW 1 / 4 o f s e c t i o n 3 1 ,

T.

4N.,

on t h e

R.

Ingham C o u n t y , M i c h i g a n , was d e s c r i b e d as f o l l o w s :

Conover i s c l a s s i f i e d c u r r e n t l y as " U d o l l i c O c h r a q u a l f " a t
sub-group l e v e l .
T h i s p a r t i c u l a r pedon i s e q u i v a l e n t t o C e l i n a
( f i n e - l o a m y v a r i a n t ) as a mapping i n c l u s i o n in C l i n t o n Co u n t y .

the

35

H or i zon

D e p th
( In ch e s)

D e s c r i p t I on

0 - 9 ii

C o a r s e loam t o sandy loam; d a r k g r a y i s h
brown t o v e r y d a r k g r a y i s h brown (10YR
4 / 2 - 3 / 2 ) ; w e a k , medium, s u b a n g u l a r
b l o c k y ; b r e a k i n g i n t o m o d e r a t e and
s t r o n g , medium, g r a n u l a r s t r u c t u r e ;
f r i a b l e ; s l i g h t l y a c i d ; a b r u p t smooth
boundary.

9.5-14"

Sandy loam; brown (10YR 5 / 3 ) ; w i t h some
1 i g h t b r o w n i s h g r a y (10YR 6 / 2 ) c o a t e d B]
f r a g m e n t s ; w e a k , f i n e t o medium, s u b ­
a n g u l a r b l o c k y b r e a k i n g i n t o wea k,
fin e , granular s tru c tu re ; f r ia b le ;
s l i g h t l y a c i d ; a b r u p t wavy b o u n d a r y .

Bl

14-18"

Loam; r e d d i s h brown (5YR 4 / 4 ) ; some
c l a y c o a t i n g s o f d a r k r e d d i s h brown
(5YR 3 / 4 ) , most (25%) v e r t i c a l s u r f a c e s
w i t h brown c o l o r (10YR 5 / 3 ) A 2 i n t e r ­
f i n g e r i n g ; m o d e r a t e , medium t o c o a r s e ,
an g ular blocky b reaking in to moderate,
f i n e , a n g u lar to subangular blocky
s tru c tu re ; firm ; s l i g h t l y acid; gradual,
wavy b o u n d a r y .

B2 1 1

18-26"

C l a y loam; brown ( 7 . 5 Y R 5 / 4 ) , w i t h many
c l a y c o a t i n g s o f brown t o d a r k brown
(10YR 4 / 2 ) ; m o d e r a t e t o s t r o n g , c o a r s e ,
an g ular to subangular blocky breaking
in to moderate, f i n e , ang ular blocky
s tru c tu re ; firm ; s l i g h t l y acid; d iffu s e
smooth b o u n d a r y .

B2 2

26-33.5 n

C o a r s e c l a y loam; y e l l o w i s h brown m a t r i x
(10YR 5 / 4 ) w i t h f ew c l a y c o a t i n g s o f
brown t o d a r k brown (10YR 4 / 2 ) c o l o r ;
we a k , c o a r s e , s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k s t r u c t u r e ;
f i r m ; n e u t r a l ; d i f f u s e smooth b o u n d a r y .

Ap

36

H o riz o n

D e p th
( In c h e s )

Ba

33.5-38"

S a nd y l oam; r e d d i s h brown (SYR k / k ) ,
w i t h a b o u t 30% o f brown ( 10YR 5 / 3 )
m o t t l e s ; w e a k , medi um, s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y
s t r u c t u r e ; firm to f r i a b l e ; abrupt
smoot h b o u n d a r y ; m o d e r a t e l y a l k a l i n e .

C

38+

S a n d y l oam; brown ( 10YR 5 / 3 ) ; m o d e r a t e ,
coarse, p la ty s tru c tu re ; f r i a b l e ;
moderate1y a 1 ka1 In e .

This

D e s c rip tio n

pedon c l a s s i f i e s a s a f i n e - l o a m y ,

mixed,

mesic G lo s s o b o ric

2

H apludalf.
3.

Spinks

Toposequence

The S p i n k s
includes

toposequence c o n s i s t s

the w e ll

drained

O t t o k e e and somewhat
Brown P o d z o l i c
l oamy s a n d o r
and S p i n k s

of

horizons

used m a i n l y

for

in

h av e an a r g i l l i e
th eir

1/8

to

this

of

s a n dy
6

plains

the Grayor neutral
The T h e t f o r d

study.

horizo n which c o n s is ts
loam ( t e x t u r a l

inches

r i d g e s and t e r r a c e s

the t i l l

soils

o f Wisconsin age.

in

of a

bands),

Bt

thickness.

t o p o s e q u e n c e members o c c u p y

low bea ch

ways b o r d e r i n g

d rift

sampled

l oamy sand o r

The S p i n k s
sloping

were

ranging from

Thetford

that

drained

They d e v e l o p e d on c a l c a r e o u s

sandy g l a c i a l

series

moderately w ell

poorly drained

region.

These s o i l s
series

Spinks,

o f a d r a i n a g e sequence

level

in t h e o l d

to s tr o n g ly
g lacial

in southern M ic h ig a n .

drainage-

They a r e

c r o p s and p a s t u r e .

^Mi ami i s c l a s s i f i e d c u r r e n t l y as " T y p i c H a p l u d a l f " a t t h e
sub-group l e v e l .
T h i s p a r t i c u l a r pedon i s e q u i v a l e n t t o M a r l e t t e
as a m a p p i n g i n c l u s i o n i n I ngham C o u n t y .

37

Thetford

The T h e t f o r d

series

w hich occupy n e a r l y
till

p la ins,

Slopes

level

to

outwash p l a i n s

is m o d e r a te ly

slope,

located

in

32,

3S .,

7E .,

Michigan,

R.

p ro file

t h e SW 1 / 4 ,
Y p silanti

was d e s c r i b e d as
Depth
( inches)

so me wha t p o o r l y - d r a i n e d

depressional

range from 0 to 4 p e r c e n t .

A representative

H o r i zon

comprises

lake p la in s ,

and p e r m e a b i l i t y

T.

Loamy Sand

areas
and

so ils,

on m o r a i n e s ,

lake

Surface w ater

beaches.
runoff

is

slow

rapid.
of

Thetford

SE 1 / 4 ,

NE

Township,

l oamy s a n d ,
1/4,

0-4

SW 1 / 4 o f

percent

section

Washtenaw C o u n t y ,

follow s:

D e s c r i p t ion

Ap

0 - 10 "

Loamy s a n d ; d a r k brown ( 10 YR 3 / 3 , m o i s t )
and brown ( 1 0 Y R 5 / 3 , d r y ) ; w e a k , medi um,
granular s tru c tu r e ; very f r i a b l e ;
s l i g h t l y a c i d ; a b r u p t , s moot h b o u n d a r y .

Bhi

10-15"

Loamy s a n d ; y e l l o w i s h brown ( 10YR 5 / 6 ) ,
w i t h f e w , f i n e , f a i n t , s t r o n g brown
(7.5YR 5 / 6 ) m o t t l e s ; weak, c o a rs e , sub­
an gular blocky s t r u c t u r e ; very f r i a b l e ;
medi um a c i d ; a b r u p t s moo t h b o u n d a r y .

B i2

15-24"

Loamy s a n d ; p a l e brown ( 10 YR 6 / 3 ) ,
w i t h many, c o a r s e , d i s t i n c t s t r o n g
brown ( 7 . 5 Y R 5 / 6 ) m o t t l e s ; w e a k ,
coarse, subangular blocky s tr u c tu r e ;
f r i a b l e ; medi um a c i d ; c l e a r w a v y
boundary.

38

D e p th
( i nches)

H o r i zon

De sc r i p t ion

2 4 - 2 8 ii

A 12 1
and
B' 2 1 1

Loamy s a n d ; v e r y p a l e brown ( 10 Y R 7 / 3 )
w i t h many, c o a r s e , d i s t i n c t , g r a y i s h
brown (10YR 5 / 2 ) m o t t l e s , w i t h s t r o n g
brown ( 7 . SYR 5 / 6 ) t h i n
s a n d y l oam b a n d s .
A 1 2 1 i s s i n g l e g r a i n ; an d l o o s e ; B ' 2 1 t
is m o d erate, c o a r s e , a n g u l a r b lo c k y ;
f r i a b l e ; w i t h c l a y b r i d g i n g o f sand
g r a i n s and t h i c k d i s c o n t i n u o u s c l a y f l o w s ;
s l i g h t l y a c i d ; c l e a r wavy b o u n d a r y .

ii

Loamy s a n d ; v e r y p a l e brown ( 10 Y R 7 / 3 ) ;
w i t h many, c o a r s e , d i s t i n c t g r a y i s h
brown ( 2 . SY 5 / 2 ) m o t t l e s ; A * 2 2 i s s i n g l e
g r a i n and l o o s e ; B ' 2 2 t i s s a n d y l oam t o
l oam; y e l l o w i s h brown ( 10YR 5 / 4 ) w i t h
many, c o a r s e , d i s t i n c t g r a y i s h brown
(2.5 Y 5 /2 ) m o ttle s ; massive; very f r i a b l e ;
s l i g h t l y a c i d ; c l e a r wavy b o u n d a r y .

A ' 22
and
B' 2 2 t

28-35

Cl

35-42"

S a n d ; y e l l o w i s h brown ( 1 0 Y R 5 / 6 ) , w i t h
common, c o a r s e , f a i n t , l i g h t o l i v e brown
(2 .5 Y 5 /4 ) m o ttle s ; s i n g l e g r a in ; loose;
s l i g h t l y a c i d ; c l e a r wavy b o u n d a r y .

C2

42-60"

Sa n d ; y e l l o w i s h brown ( 10 Y R 5 / 4 ) , w i t h
common medium f a i n t , l i g h t b r o w n i s h g r a y
(2.5 Y 6 / 2 ) m o ttle s ; s in g le g r a in ; loose;
m o d e r a t e l y a l k a l i n e ; c l e a r wavy b o u n d a r y .

The c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

of

this

pedon

is

a sandy,

mixed,

mesic A q u o l l i c

Arenic H a p lu d a lf.
Spinks
The Spinks
gently

sloping

These s o i l s

series

Loamy Sand

consists

of w ell-d rained

t o s t e e p a r e a s on m o r a i n e s

h a v e a pH a b o v e 5 . 6

in

so ils

w h ic h occupy

an d o u t w a s h p l a i n s .

the s o la ;

rapid

perm eability;

39

surface water
steepness o f

runoff

i s s l o w t o v e r y s l o w d e p e n d i n g on t h e

the slope.

A representative p r o f ile

from a c u l t i v a t e d f i e l d ,

on

6

j

percent slo pe,

located

i n t h e SW 1 / 4 ,

NW 1 / 4 ,

section 32,

3S.,

7E.,

T o w n s h i p , Washtenaw

Count y,

Horizon

T.

Michigan,

R.

Y psilanti

NE

1/4,

SW 1 / 4 o f

i s d e s c r i b e d as f o l l o w s :

De pt h
( inches)

D e sc r i pt ion

Ap

0 - 8"

Loamy s a n d ; d a r k brown ( 10YR 4 / 3 ) ;
we a k , medium, g r a n u l a r s t r u c t u r e ; v e r y
f r i a b l e ; s t r o n g l y a c i d; a b r u p t smooth
boundary.

B2 i r

8 - 12 "

Loamy s a n d ; s t r o n g brown ( 7 . 5 Y R 5 / 8 ) ;
we a k , medium, s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y b r e a k i n g
i n t o we a k , medium, g r a n u l a r s t r u c t u r e ;
v e r y f r i a b l e ; medium a c i d ; c l e a r wavy
boundary.

B3

12- 20"

Sand; b r o w n i s h y e l l o w (10YR 6 / 6 ) ;
s i n g l e g r a i n s t r u c t u r e ; very f r i a b l e
t o l o o s e ; medium a c i d ; c l e a r wavy
boundary.

A 1 2 B 12 1 1

20-37"

Sand ( A ' 2 ) w i t h sandy loam t o f i n e
loamy sand bands ( B ' 2 t ) ; y e l l o w i s h
brown (10YR 5 / 4 ) w i t h s t r o n g brown
( 7 . 5 Y R 5 / 6 ) bands o f B 12 1 h o r i z o n s t h a t
a r e 0 . 2 t o 2 i nc he s t h i c k , o f t e n wavy
o r d i s c o n t i n u o u s and i n c r e a s i n g in
thickness w it h depth.
The A ' 2 h o r i z o n s
have c l e a r wavy b o u n d a r i e s and s i n g l e
g r a i n s t r u c t u r e ; t h e B ' 2 t h o r i z o n s have
w e a k , f i n e t o medium, s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y
s t r u c t u r e ; medium a c i d .

AO

D e p th
(1 nches)

H or i zon

A '2 B '2 2 t

D e s c r i p t i on

S a n d , l i g h t y e l l o w i s h brown (10YR 6 / A )
A ' 2 horizons w ith s in g le g ra in s t r u c t u r e
and c l e a r wavy b o u n d a r y ; loam o r f i n e
loamy s a n d , brown t o d a r k brown ( 7 . 5 Y R
A / 2 ) B 1 2 2 t h o r i z o n s w h i c h o c c u r in
bands t h i c k e r t h a n i n t h e h o r i z o n a b o v e ,
bands a r e d i s c o n t i n u o u s w i t h wea k,
medium, s u b a n g u l a r b l o c k y s t r u c t u r e ;
n eu tral.

37-60"

The c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

of

this

pedon

is sandy, mix ed ,

m e s i c Psamment i c

H apludalf.
The s o i l
were d e s c r ib e d
and pHs

p ro file

descriptions

in t h e f i e l d .

a bove a r e w r i t t e n

A comparison o f

( u s i n g a T r u o g - H e l 1 i ge pH k i t )

by m e c h a n i c a l

analyses

for

texture,

la b o ra to ry w ith a glass

electrode

(using a i r - d r y

i s shown

samples)

The r e s u l t s
textures

in

with

:

1

in

the

the

results

textures
obtained

in t h e

, s o i l : w a t e r suspensions

in T a b l e 2 .

o f comparisons o f f i e l d

and pHs me a s u r e d

the f i e l d

and pHs me as ur ed
1

as t h e s o i l s

textures

and pHs w i t h

l a b o r a t o r y a r e summar i zed as

f o 1 1ows:
a - Texture
1 - E ig h ty -e ig h t percent of
w ith

textures

the f i e l d
mechanical

obtained

textures

in t h e

the f i e l d

laboratory.

are also closely

analyses.

textures

are

The r e m a i n i n g

related w ith

the

identical
12% o f

results

of

Table 2.

Hor i z on

Comparison o f f i e l d and l a b o r a t o r y t e x t u r e s and pHs o f s o i l

Depth
( i nches)

Texture
M eld

h o r i z o ns

pH
Laboratory

field
moist

Laboratory
( 1 : 1, a i r
dry)

D itt,

Jeddo s i 1 1 1oam
Ap
B2 1 g
B2 2 g
B23t
B3
B3 ( c l a y
flow)
Cl
Cl(clay
flow)
C2
C2 ( c l a y
flow)

38-51

S i l t 1 oam
S i 1 t y c l a y loam
Coarse s i 1t y c l a y
Cl ay
Coarse c l a y

51 - 5 7

Cl ay loam

0-7
7-11
11-21
21-38

57-64

Cl ay loam

S i 1 t y c l a y loam
S i l t y c l a y loam
Coarse s i l t y c l a y
Cl ay
F i n e s i 1t y c l a y
loam t o coar se
s i 1ty clay
S i 1ty clay
S i 1 ty clay

loam

S i 1ty clay
F i ne s i l t 1oam
to s i 1ty clay
loam
S i 1ty clay

5.3
5.3
5.5
5.5
7.0

4.6
4.6
4.7
5.2
7.2

-.3
+ .2

8.0

7.1
7.7

-.3

8.0

7.8
7.8

-.2

7.5

-.7
-.7
-.8

T a b le 2 , cont
Hori zon

Depth
( i nches)

Texture
Field

pH

Laboratory

Field
moi st

Laboratory
( 1 : 1, air
dry)

D iff.

Bl ount loam
Ap

0-8
8-11

a2
b 21

t

11

- 14

S2 2 t

14-21

B23t

2T-29

Cl
C2

29 - 37
37- 47
47- 63

Loam
Coarse c l a y
loam
S i 1ty clay
loam
Si 1t y c l a y
loam
F i n e s i 1t y c l a y
loam
S i 1 t y c l a y loam
Si 1 t y d a y loam
S i 1 t y c l a y loam

Loam
Loam

5.6
5.8

5. 1
5. 1

-.5
-.7

Cl ay loam

5.8

5.0

-.8

Cl ay loam

5.6

5.2

-.4

Cl ay

7.2

7.0

-.2

S i 1ty clay
S i 1 t y c l a y loam
S i 1t y c l a y loam

7.5

7.7
7.9
7.9

+ .2

8.0
8.0

-.1
-.1

Mor l ey loam
Ap
B&A

0-5.5
5.5-8
8-11.5

B2 t

11. 5-20

b3
Cl
C2
C3

20-24

a2

24- 28
28- 35
35-44

Loam
Loam
Loam t o c l a y
loam
F i n e c l a y loam
C 1 ay 1 oam
Fi n e loam
Cl ay loam

Loam
Loam t o s i l t 1oam
Coarse c l a y loam
t o loam
F i n e c l a y loam
t o coarse c l a y
Cl ay loam
Cl ay loam
Cl ay loam

C lay

C lay

loam

loam

7. 3
6.5

6.8

-.5

6.5

6.8

6.0

.0
-.8

7.4

7.0

-.4

8.0

7.7
7.9

-.3

8.0
8.0
8.0

8.0
8.0

-.1
.0
.0

T a b le 2, cont

Horizon

Depth
( inches)

T e x tu re
L a b o r a t o ry

F ield

pH
F ie ld
Laboratory
m o ist
(1:1, a ir
_________ d r y )

Dif^f.

Brookston loam

B23

19-25

C lay loam

25-34
34 -4 8
48 -6 3

Coarse c l a y 1oam
Loam
Loam

-

-

Cl
C2
C2 ( c l a y
flow)

Loam
Loam
Loam to coarse
c l a y loam
Loam t o coarse
c l a y loam
S i l t 1oam to 1oam
Loam
Sandy loam t o loam
Loam

6.3
6.5
7.0

6.2
6.5
7.0

-.1
.0
.0

7.5

-.3

7.5
8.2
8.2

7.7
8.0
8.0
7.8

+ .2
-.2
-.2

Loam
6.5
Loam
6.8
Clay loam
7.0
F in e loam t o
6.2
c o ars e c l a y loam
F in e loam to
c o ars e c l a y loam
Loam
8.0

6.0

-.5

.

Loam
Clay loam
C lay loam

CM

0-11
11-15
15-19

1—

Ap
B21gt
®22gt

Conover loam
Ap
B&A
B2t
B22

0-8
8-12
12-18
18-26

Loam
Loam
Clay loam
C lay loam

B3

26-33

Loam

C

33-40

Loam

-

5.9

-.3

4P

7.7

-.3

Table 2,

Horizon

co n t

Depth
( inc he s)

Texture
Laboratory

F ie ld

M i am i
Ap

0-9 .5

Coarse loam

A2
Bl

9 .5 -1 4
14-18

Sandy loam
Loam

B21t
B22

18 -26
2 6 -33.5

C l a y loam
Coarse c l a y

B3
C

33 .5-38
38+

Sandy loam
Sandy loam

pH

loam

F ie ld
moist

Laboratory
(1:1. a ir
dry)

b iff.

1oam

Coarse loam t o
sandy loam
Loam
F i n e loam t o
coarse c la y
loam
C l a y loam
F i n e loam t o
coarse c la y
loam
Loam
Sandy loam t o
loam

Thetford

7.0
6.5
6.5

6 .4

-.6

.
-

6 .5
7.5

7.3

-.2

8 .0
8 .0

7.8

-.2

■e-tr

loamy sand

Ap
Bhi r

0-10
10 -15

Loamy sand
Loamy sand

Loamy sand
-

6 .2
6 .4

5.4
5.7

-.8
-.7

b 12

15-24

Loamy sand

-

6 .4

6 .0

-.4

A 121
B12 1 1

24-28

Loamy sand +
sandy loam

Sandy loam

6 .5

6 .2

-.3

A ' 22
and
B' 2 2 t

28-35

Loamy sand +
f i n e sandy
loam

Loamy sand

6.5

6 .2

-.3

Cl
C2

35-42
42-60

Sand
Sand

Sand

6 .5
8 .5

6 .5
8.2

.0
-.3

Tab l e 2, c o n t .

Hor i zon

Depth
( inches)

Texture
Field

Laboratory

pH
Field
mo i s t

Laboratory
B iff.
( 1 : 1. air
dry)
_
___

Spinks loamy sand
0-8
8-12
12-20

Loamy sand
Loamy sand
Sand

Loamy sand
Loamy sand

A 12
B21t

20-37

Sand + loamy
f i n e sand

A 12
B' 2 2 t

37-60

Sand + loamy
f i n e sand

Ap
B2ir

6.0
5.5
6.0

5.4
5.7
5.8

-.6
+ .2
-.2

Loamy sand

6 .1

5.9

-.2

Sand

6.0

6.0

.0

-

46

2

result

-

T he u s e o f

standard

i n mo r e a c c u r a t e

texture

fie ld

samples

determ ination

in
of

the

fie ld

soil

would

texture.

b - pH
pH

comparisons

In g e n e r a l ,
w ith

the

t h e method o f

samples.

surface

and

the

soil

laboratory

on 4 8 s a m p l e s ,

samples

determ ination

In most o f

in t h e f i e l d

are av ailab le

show g r e a t e r

than

the

p ro file s ,

subsoil

Table

.

pH d i f f e r e n c e s
and C h o r i z o n

d iffe ren c es

increases w it h

2

in p H 's measured

proxim ity

to

the s o il

surface.
The f o l l o w i n g
1.

67% o f

relationships

t h e samples

corresponding
2.

33% o f

the

lower

than

lower

laboratory

horizons,
content,
condition

0.

S ta tis tic a l
Each

d uplicate

showed a

pH v a l u e s ,

may be a t t r i b u t e d
ap p lic atio n
in

the

t

in T a b l e

0.3

pH u n i t

2:
of

the

pH v a l u e s .
range o f

the corresponding

of

fie ld
mostly
to

0.4

to 0 .8

pH v a l u e s .
in

the

pH u n i t
These

surface

the o rg a n ic m a tte r

fe rtilize rs

and a i r - d r i e d

laboratory,

Evaluations

laboratory
in

evident

are w ith in

fie ld

samples

are

th is

of data o b ta in e d .

determ ination

study,

to

of

fa c ilita te

The p e r c e n t a g e s

of

cla y m inerals

was made

the s t a t i s t i c a l

in

evaluation

v e r m i c u l i t e a n d m i c a shown

h7

in t a b l e s

6

,

8

,

10

and

12

,

1 *t,

16,

values o f d u p lic a te determ in ation s
In o r d e r
differences
and

to s t a t i s t i c a l l y

o f clay minerals

in a s s o c i a t e d s o i l s

Analyses o f

level

(K ■ 0.05)

if

are

t h e mean

sample.

the s i g n i f i c a n t

in ea ch h o r i z o n o f a s o i l

o f ea ch

b e t we e n

in each c l a y

evaluate

p ro file

t o p o s e q u e n c e t h e method o f

V a r i a n c e was a p p l i e d

The d i f f e r e n c e

respectively,

Nested

t o c a l c u l a t e an LSD v a l u e .

two means

is s i g n i f i c a n t

the observed d i f f e r e n c e s

at

t h e 5%

exceed the

c o r r e s p o n d i n g LSD v a l u e .
Equations

for

computations o f a nested analyses o f v a r ia n c e

and t h e L e a s t S i g n i f i c a n t

Differences

a r e as f o l l o w s :

Degree o f freedom
( d . f . )________

Source o f v a r i a n c e

t

S o i1 prof iles

Sums o f s q u a r e s
( S S ) _________
SSj

-1

Mean'Squares
im

SS t

IT T
Hor i z o n / p r o f 1 1e

x

( n i -1)

-

ssE

VE

1=1

Duplicates/horizon
Total
t = number o f s o i l

t
X
U

SSs

----------------- F T T ---------------------

S Sy

SSs

p ro files

n£ = number o f h o r i z o n / p r o f i l e
n^j

= number o f d u p l i c a t e s / h o r i z o n

N = Total

MSr
MS i

w

ni
i . ( n > • -1 )=Vg
j =l
W

1

SSE

i ________

number o f o b s e r v a t i o n s

MS$ = v a r i a n c e » ( s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n ) ^

sd

Vc

MSS

48

1

/

2

MSq

LSD = t * l f

The v a l u e o f

r/

(0 .05 ,

t

Is o b t a in e d

Vs)

V

MSs
— 2—
2

from s ta n d a rd

t

tables

^Based on l e c t u r e n o t e s f o r S t a t i s t i c s 4 2 3 a n d p e r s o n a l
c o m m u n i c a t i o n w i t h D r . C. C r e s s , P r o f e s s o r o f S t a t i s t i c s i n
the D e p a r t m e n t o f Crop and S o i l S c i e n c e s .

IV.

LABORATORY PROCEDURES

Mechanical

Mechanical
to a c c u ra te ly

analyses

cla ss ify

Analyses

of

the

for

is

described

inorganic

tro lle d

p articles

10 gms.

was t r e a t e d w i t h
m atter.

of

0,5

titratio n
up t o

w ith

of

according

of

each a i r

and s o l u b l e

d is tille d

the mechanical
A sieving

(27);

then

procedure

sedim entation

fractions

dried

soil

( H 2 O2 )
were

shaking

procedure
con­

Law.
(< 2.

mm p o r t i o n )

r e mo v e d by a d d i n g
room t e m p e r a t u r e ,
50 f i l t e r

paper.

was a c c o m p l i s h e d

t h e pH o f

as d e s c r i b e d

this

sampling a t

sample

t h r o u g h No.

fraction s

in

to destroy organic

overnight a t

water

used

the

by J a c k s o n

th e samples

soil

by
suspension

in S o il

for

24 hours

in

shaker.

0 . 0 5 mm. was a c c o m p l i s h e d
ml.

p ip ette

in o r d e r

horizons.

an alysis

to Stokes'

O.IN^ NaOH an d m e a s u r i n g

Analysis

soil

as a s e d i m e n t a t i o n

salts

the m ineral

t h e end p o i n t o f 8 . 3 ,

Chemical

the

which u t i l i z e s

N. HC1, d i g e s t i n g

then washing w i t h
Dispersion

Day ( 1 4 )

hydrogen p e r o x id e

Carbonates

of

p a rtic le -s ize

R.

d e p t h s an d t i m e s

B rie fly ,

150 m l .

by P.

Samples

samples w ere ac co m p lis h e d

texture

T h e p i p e t t e me t h o d o f
study

soil

o f S o il

for

segregating

p artic le s

coarser

t h r o u g h a 3 0 0 mesh s i e v e

cylin d er.

In o r d e r

s a m p l e s o f < 5C^M/C2(^m, < ^ w e r e

45

to separate
taken

out

into a
s ilt

of

than
1,000

and c l a y

the sedim entation

50

c y l i n d e r by p i p e t t e a t c o n t r o l l e d
to S t o k e s '

d e p t h s and t i m e s a c c o r d i n g

Law.

The sand f r a c t i o n a t i o n was a c c o m p l i s h e d by u s i n g a n e s t o f
sieves

in a m e c h a n i c a l

shaker.

Pre-treatment fo r M ineralogical
and C l a y S e p a r a t i o n
Removal
and f r e e
ca l

of soluble salts

iron oxides

Analysis

and c a r b o n a t e s ,

has p r o v e n a d v a n t a g e o u s

organic m atter,
f o r most m i n e r a l o g i ­

studies.
P r o c e d u r e s used

in t h i s

study are described

A n a l y s t s Advanced C o u r s e ( J a c k s o n ,
Analvsis

(Jackson,

Soluble s a lts
sodium a c e t a t e

1 9 6 9 ) and

in S o i l

in S o i l

Chemi cal

Chemi cal

1958.
and c a r b o n a t e s w e r e

( NaC 2 H 3

02

. 3 H2 0 ,

IN,

removed by t r e a t m e n t w i t h

136 g .

per

lite r)

adjusted

t o pH 5 w i t h a c e t i c a c i d u s i n g a g l a s s e l e c t r o d e .
O r g a n i c m a t t e r was
The a g g r e g a t i n g e f f e c t
persion o f

the s o i l

Removal
p arallel

of

removed by u s i n g h y d r o g e n p e r o x i d e
of organic m atter prevents

iron oxides

is

to a l l o w f o r a g r e a t e r

o rie n ta tio n o f clay p a rtic le s

and r e l e a s e o f

(1),

iron-

as m o d i f i e d by Mehra and

( ^ 3 ) was used t o remove t h e f r e e
Sodium c i t r a t e

degree o f

The sodi um d i t h i o n i t e - c i t r a t e - b i c a r b o n a t e

method o f A g u i l e r a and Jackson

s a mp l es .

complete d i s ­

samples.

c l o g g e d ex cha nge s i t e s .

Jackson

( H 2 O2 ) .

s e r v e s as

iron oxides

in t h e c l a y

the c h e la t in g agent f o r

51

ferrous
the

and f e r r i c

so lutio n

ferrous

w h ile

of

persed.

iron.

p a rtic le
the

reduces

the

iron

size

separation,

of

less

were

siphoning

to

mo re c l a y was

A N orelco

out

depth

X-ray

scanning

of

the

th is

set

at

was

rotated

buffers
to

the

S u ita b le
condition

were

by S t o k e s '
repeated

30°

clay

size

obtained
The c l a y

hours

by

tim e.

w ide-range

goniom eter,

o rien ted
a

samples

tungsten

was

used

the

copper

at

to

2°

(29)

k ilo v o lts

on c e r a m i c

fila m e n t

filte r
K«*c \

35

out

8rown
and

p la tes .

and a co p pe r

ra d ia tio n

ra d ia tio n
the

and

of

of

1.5^ A°,

g o n i o m e t e r was

per m inute,

and

the

sample

(20).

amounts

of

deposited

by

Law f o r < 2jx p a r t i c l e s

a second

20 m i l l i a m p e r e s

speed o f

21

and d i s ­

D iffra ctio n

contained

than

after

a p p li­

the

was

c y lin d e r.

th e n e c e s s a r y measurements

a scanning
to

to

filte r

s h o rte r w avelengths
To o b t a i n

fra c tio n

c y lin d er

was

u n it w ith

p a ra lle l

tube

A n ickel

This

determ ined

needed

was a d j u s t e d

The X - r a y
target.

after

w e r e p e r f o r m e d on

2 m icron.

X-ray

for

samples,

1000 cc s e d i m e n t a t i o n

taken

the

analyses

than

in a

fraction s

recorder,

the

above p r e t r e a t m e n t s , w ere N a - s a t u r a t e d

sedim entation

used

The sodium b i c a r b o n a t e

sodium d i t h i o n i t e

M ln eralo g ical

fractio n s

If

the

of

form.

For
cation

forms

clay

in a d i s p e r s e d

on p o r o u s

ceram ic

sodium s a t u r a t e d

p lates

according

52

to

th e method o f

o rien ts

the

o f most o f
X-rays

p la te
the

more

X -ray

K in ter
shaped

d iffra c tio n

four
of

the

p a ra lle l

the

treatm ent

the

la ttic e

tracin gs

clay

This
so

technique

that

in

a co n dition

were

recorded

the
to

001, p l a n e s

d iffra c t

o rien ted

were

and

samples

were

then

then

heated

to

for
and

550°

ve rm ic u lite

structure

of

for

then

heated

co llap ses

used

M g-saturated,

k a o lin ite

for

to

300°

C and

and

the

X-rayed.
second

m in erals.

the q u a l i t a t i v e

C

These

id e n tific a tio n

m in erals.

C atio n
by P o t a s s i u m

Exchange C a p a c it y o f C la y , I t s R e d u ctio n
F i x a t i o n and C a l c u l a t i o n o f V e r m i c u l i t e C o n te n t

The q u a n t i t a t i v e
by

are

The p l a t e s

and X - r a y e d

heat

X -ray

p a rtic le s ,

patterns

specim ens.

two h o u rs

destroys

clay

(36).

in te n s ely.

K -saturated

The f i r s t

Diamond

c la y m inerals

g 1y c e r o l - s o l v a t e d ,

for

and

d eterm in ation

t h e method A le x ia d e s

and

Jackson

of

v e rm ic u lite

(3)

b rie fly

was

accom plish

described

as

f o 11o w s :
The c a t i o n - e x c h a n g e
suspension
oxide
tube

co n tainin g

free,
is

CaC0 3

determ ined

ca p ac ity

about

free

clay

(CEC)

100-mg.
sample

by w a s h i n g

fiv e

in

tim es w it h

The e x c e s s

s a lt

H2 O a n d

tim es

99% m e t h a n o l ;

w ith

an a l i q u o t

org an ic

placed

sa tu ratio n .
fiv e

was

of

of

m atter

a 20-ml

free,

fin a lly

iron

cen trifu g e

CaCl2,

r e m o v e d by w a s h i n g
and

of

for

Ca

once w it h

the

Ca was

53

exchanged w i t h
so lutio n.
flask

Mg by f i v e

The e x t r a c t

d ilu te d

is

washing o f

iO m l .

transfered

to a

t o mark w i t h

approxim ately

and t h e e x c h a n g e a b l e Ca c o n t e n t
metry.

T he d e t e r m i n e d Ca

the o v e n -d ry sample,
T h e same ( o r
times w i t h
and f i v e
heated

is

N, KC1 , e x c e s s

potassium

is

in o r d e r

K is

e x p r e s s e d as m . e .

by f l a m e
per

fix

determined
100 g .

photo­

100 g .

sample

is

of

th en washed

The K s a t u r a t e d

five

sample

t o d e h y d r a t e and c o l l a p s e

to

solution

as CEC ( C a / M g ) .

K.

The r e m a i n i n g

by f i v e w a s h i n g s w i t h

per

volum etric

removed by w a s h i n g o n c e w i t h

99% m e t h a n o l .

replaced

The d i s p l a c e d

100-mg.

MgCl2

N MgCl2

0 .5

determined

designated

salt

1 10° C o v e r n i g h t

of v e r m ic u lite

100 ml

i s e x p r e s s e d as m . e .

separate)

times w i t h

to

and

is

each o f

the

N, NH4 CI

the o ve n -d ry

is

layers

exchangeable
so lutio n.

by f l a m e p h o t o m e t r y a n d
of

H2 O

sample,

is
designated

as CEC ( K / N H i * ) .
The d i f f e r e n c e
in terlayer

charge o f

Considering
of

standard

sample

is

between

verm icu lite

the v a lu e o f

verm icu lite

given

these

by:

two CEC v a l u e s
in

that

15^ m . e .

the v e r m ic u lite

% V erm icu lite

gives

the

p artic u lar

clay

/100

the charge

g for

percent

of

sample.

the cla y

» CEC ( C a / M g ) - C E C ( K / N H z * )

x

--------------------------- r 5 5 ------------------------

In o r d e r

to avoid

flame emission
(a)

in d e t e r m i n i n g

t h e m e t h o d was m o d i f i e d

The e x t r a c t
in a

d iffic u ltie s

100

and a l s o

-ml

as

the sta nd a rd

volum etric

Ca a n d K by

fo llo w in g :
solutions

f l a s k were d i l u t e d

of

Ca

t o mark

100

54

w ith

approxim ately

0,5

N MgCl2 and

Lanthanum1 s o l u t i o n s .

T h e Ca was

on a P e r k i n - E I m e r M o d e l

2 0

-ml

then

of

the

determined

303 A to m ic A b s o r p t i o n

spectrophotom eter.
(b)

T he K was d e t e r m i n e d
(Instead

of

in

I N NH4C1)

I N N HZfAC ,
by f l a m e

pH7 s o l u t i o n

e m i s s i o n on a Col ema n

flame photom eter.
T o t a l P o t a s s i u m A n a l y s e s o f C l a y and
C a l c u l a t i o n o f Mica Content
(Q uantitative
The
P ratt

total

(54)

in

K of

method,

and a m o u n t s o f

Determ ination
the N a -c la y
an d p r o v i d e s

illitic

the m in e r a lo g ic a l
On 0 , 5

for

d ig estio n .

s ilic a te
w ith

gm.

of

fractio n

oven-dry

and

decomposes

acid

silic a te s

(HF)

by t h e

index

therefore

1 ml

of

to
it

by P.

F.

the presence
is

helpful

1 : 5 H 2 SO4 was a d d e d

and s t r u c t u r a l

m i n e r a l s was a c c o m p l i s h e d

h yd ro flo u ric

determined

s o ils .

samples,

D e silic atio n

is

a general

m inerals;

study o f

1111t e )

destruction

by t wo s u c c e s s i v e

on a h o t p l a t e .
reaction

of

of

treatm ents

H ydroflu oric

F w ith

Si

acid

t o f o r m S i FA

1 P r e p a r e d by d i s s o l v i n g 5 8 . 6 5 gm. L a 2 0 * i n a p p r o x i m a t e l y
2 5 0 mi s c o n c e n t r a t e d HCl a n d d i l u t i n g t o 1 l i t e r w i t h d i s t i l l e d
water.

55

which
The

is

v o la tile

r e s i d u e was

in a s o l u t i o n
ensure

removed f r o m

of

the

then

K solutions
by a f l a m e

in

the

presence

of

strong

the

p latin um

c ru c ib le

10 0 CC o f w a t e r

ar i d 5 ml

of

complete o x id a tio n

to dryness
heated,

when h e a t e d

of

r e s i d u e was

filte re d

into

w e r e made up

in

a

up

1 0 0 ml
0 . 1 N HC1

into

A fter

100 ml,'

vo lu m etric
and

by d i s s o l v i n g

concentrated

o rg an ic m a tte r.

taken

acids.

0

HNO3

to

evaporating

.1N

fla s k .

HC1#
Standard

K c o n t e n t was m e a s u r e d

photometer.
pH D e t e r m i n a t i o n s

T h e pH d e t e r m i n a t i o n s
of a ir

dry

pH M e t e r .

so il

m aterial

w e r e made on

w ith

a

Beckman

1:1

so il

Zerom atic

w ater
glass

suspensions
electro d e

V.

1.

Mechanical

Analvses

Mechanical
determine
size

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

o f S o i 1 Sa mp l e s

analyses

the percentage o f

analysis

T a b l e 3 shows

the

horizons

textural

l e a c h i n g and i l l u v i a t i o n ,

the B h o rizo n

o f each s o i l , o r

later

study,

in t h i s

eluviation
increases

takes

place

fa lls

the " f i n e "

between

35

loss

dealing
so ils.

Jeddo,

increases

in

the

toward C

the accumulation o f c la y
ra tio

that

as w i l l

a small

drained

amount o f

J e d do b u t

the e l u v i a t i o n

the Morley

toposequence.

o f each s o i l

and 60 p e r c e n t ,

placing

these s o ils

to

t h e new S o i l

fraction

decreases

the C h o rizo n s ,

from the s u r f a c e

horizon

i n d i c a t i n g mo r e a c i d

ch iefly

carbonates,

soluble

because o f

56

less

Taxonomy

Table 3.

salts

in

in

(1971).

in each o f

soil

in

be d i s c u s s e d

section

toward

increases

of

P article

the co n tro l

fa m ily according

from s u r f a c e

solution

in

of

decreases

d r a i n e d members o f

content

The a mou n t o f s a n d
soils

in p o o r l y

clay

then

B/ A c l a y

is a p p a r e n t

toward b e t t e r

The a v e r a g e c l a y
series

it

in problems

analyses

T he a mou n t o f

Considering

fraction s.

c la s s ific a tio n

o f mechanical

so ils .

in each s o i l .

size

r e s e a r c h method

and

results

and M o r l e y

B because o f

the various

is a v a l u a b l e

w ith w e a th e ring , genesis

Blount,

by t h e p i p e t e me t h o d w e r e u se d t o

the

three

The p e r c e n t

toward

the C

the C horizo ns,

leaching w ith

increasing

depth.

T a b le 3 .

P a r tic le s iz e d is t r ib u t io n
in M o r le y to p o se q u e n c e

Horizon

Depth
(inches)

%
Gravel

Clay
L lM

as p e r c e n t a g e

o f a c id

m a tte r

S ilt
fine
s ilt

coarse
silt
20-50/'

Jeddo s i l t
*Ap

in s o lu b le m in e ra l

-

total
silt

T o t a l Sand

Solution
Loss

loam

0-7

1.5

33.7

33.3

13.6

47.0

19. 3

6.3

B2 1 g

7-11

0 .8

38.7

33.4

11.2

44.6

16.7

5.3*

* B2 2 t

11-21

2.5

42.3

31.7

11.8

43.5

14.2

2.5

21-38

9.3

48.0

33.1

4.9

38.0

14.0

8.4

*b3

38- 51

14.2

40. 1

36.6

8.1

45 . 1

14.8

6

<b3

Cl ay f l o w

47.8

28.1

12.9

40.9

11. 3

3.9)

*Cl

51-57

10.1

29.9

29.9

28.2

58. 1

12.1

11 . 5

*(C 1

Cl ay f l o w

2 .2

45.9

31.8

10.8

42.7

11.4

4.0

57-64

6.9

27.0

27.0

31.5

58.5

14 . 5

15.3*

C l ay f l o w

-

44.6

31.4

11.7

43.2

12.2

4.0

B2 3 t

C2
( C2

-

. 1*

Bl ount loam
*Ap

0-8

5.6

14. 6

26.7

12.8

39.6

45.9

6 .6

*A2

8-11

6.1

19.0

29.3

13.8

43 . 1

37.9

3.3*

7

33.5

29.5

9.7

39.2

27.3

S.h

*82

It

11 - 14

T a b le

3,

Hor i zon

c o n t.

Depth
( inches)

%
Gravel

Cl av
Clfi

S ilt
fine
silt

coarse
silt
20 -50*

total
silt

T o t a l Sand
? 5 0 /r <2tnm

Solution
Loss

B2 2 t

14-21

8

30.6

23.3

12.2

35.6

33.8

3.1#

*B23t

21-29

5.5

53.3

4.0

21.4

25.4

21.4

3.0

b3

29-37

9.2

,43.6

35.4

13 . 7

49. 1

7.2

19. 5

*C,

37-47

16. 3

38.2

36.2

10. 5

46.7

15.2

1 2 . 2#

c2

47 - 6 3

9.2

33.0

49.0

2.5

51.5

14. 6

33.0

Mo r i e v loam
4.7

18. 8

32.9

16. 2

49. 1

32. 1

6.5

10.4

19.2

37.3

14.3

51.6

29.2

3.3#

5.2

27.6

16. 0

32.9

48.9

23.5

1. 9

> 1. 5-20

14.1

40.4

30.2

9.2

39.4

20.1

4.1#

20-24

* 8.9

37.5

27.2

11.2

38.5

• 24.0

28.5

Cl

24 - 28

11. 3

34.7

28.7

8.9

37.6

27.7

47.7

*d

28 - 35

' 7.9

31.9

27.0

11.1

38.1

29.9

15.5 #

35-44

13.2

33. 1

.26.1

15. 6

41.7

25.2

49.0

*Ap
*A2
B&A
* B2 t
B3

c3

0-5.5
5.5-8
8-11.5

^Samples o f t hese h o r i z o n s were used f o r chemical and m i n e r a l o g i c a l
# A n a l y s i s o f t h ese h o r i z o n s wer e run in d u p l i c a t e .

analyses.

59

The a v e r a g e a m o u n t o f
C horizons
and 3 7 . 4 ,

of

Considering

member o f

the M orley

to

investigate

to

the

the

form ation

analyses o f

from

Maryland,

instead o f

of

13.4

by

in

the

to

22.6

two Pewamo s o i l
Comparing

sand,

the C h o rizo n s
the

and Pewamo
considering

of

T he

were

20,

B lo u n t and M o r l e y

is a p p a r e n t

of

in h a v i n g mo r e s i l t

of
and

for

th is
less

the

soil

and

acid

study

the

Service

insoluble

s ilt
as

the

B e lts v ille ,

s o ils .
of

the

and c l a y

o f M orley,

it

The

resp ectively.

presented

b asis.

Jeddo s e r i e s ,
from

in

C horizons

sand,

soluble

in o r d e r

o f mechanical

Blount

p ro file s ,

d iffe r

drained

from M ic h ig a n ,

parent m a te ria ls

on a n a c i d

data o b ta in ed

the C h o rizo n s

the

poorly

45 and 35 p e r c e n t ,

a v e r a g e amounts o f

s im ila rity

results

in

Jeddo

pH c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

C onservation

and c l a y

the

d r a i n e d me mb e r ,

this

lower

the Morley

s ilt

p ro files

these w it h

its

s im ila rity

horizons.

(the

in

t w o Pewamo s o i l s

w e r e compared w i t h

a v e r a g e a mou n t o f

series

of

the S o il

or

the

toposequence,

t h e Pewamo

clay m inerals.
of

testin g

as a p o o r l y

toposequence)

C horizons

is

among s o i l s

the M orley

re latio n sh ip

s a m p l e d an d a n a l y z e d

that

constituents

varies

analyses

included o r i g i n a l l y

was c o n s i d e r e d

Table 3,

and M o r l e y

source m a t e r ia ls

t h e members o f

s e r i e s was n o t
it

Blount

use o f m e c h a n i c a l

the p are n t or

but

s o lu b le m ineral

resp ectively.

A major
of

Jeddo,

acid

in
in
Blount

However,
is

apparent

Blount

constituents.

and M o r l e y

60

As
drained

indicated

in

Jeddo s e r i e s ,

m orphological
co llected

from

the c la y

chem ically

indicate

the

flow

is

to

in

correspond

the
to

that

for

of

k shows

this

of

percent

but

the horizon

.

2

,

content

the

control

section

percent,

placing

these s o i l s

W ith

depth,

leaching
each s o l

and
1

t h e a mou n t o f
illu v ia tio n ,

s o ils .

clay

of

the

into

samples

the

flow

samples

located.
the

B2

lower

analyses

in

the

increases

then decreases

series

horizons.

of

fa lls

"fine-loam y"
in

the

B,

t

flo c cu la tio n

T he a v e r a g e a mount o f

each s o i l

3

clay

between

fam ily.

because o f

toward C h o riz o n

in

.

T he a mou n t o f
p ro file

flow ing

in

accum ulative

pH b e t w e e n
caused

total
pH

the flow

they a re

o f mechanical

C o n o v e r a n d M i ami

18-35

the

apparently

results

in

the c l a y

in w h i c h

from suspensions
the

loss and a l s o

clay

and

in T a b l e 3

c o a r s e and

t h e most c l a y

in

horizon

presented

fin e,

t h e pH o f

a re a major

Samples w e r e

Data

The a mou n t o f

7

the p o o rly

subsoil

s o il.

solution

the B23t o r

to

the

of

in each c o r r e s p o n d i n g

Br ooks t o n ,
in

in

percent c la y ;

p ro file

5 .2

p artic le s

Table

flows

th e sharp change

and B3 h o r i z o n s ,
clay

sand;

soil

A ccordingly

of

of

samples.

that

description

and m e c h a n i c a l l y .

total

three cla y

horizon

flow

s im ila rity

percent

sim ilar

the c la y

c h a rac teris tic

analyzed

s ilt;

the p r o f i l e

remains

sand f r a c t i o n

alm ost c o n sta n t.

in

the horizons

o f each

soil

T a b le 4 .

Ho r i z o n

P a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n , as p e r c e n t a g e o f
m a t t e r , in Miam i T o pse q u e n ce

Depth
( i nches)

%
Gravel

Cl ay
<2 ju

a c id

in s o lu b le m in e ra l

total
silt

Total
Sand
5 6 /1 2mm

% Solu­
tion
Loss

S ilt
2 - 5 J*
(v.f.si.)

5-20 M
( f . s i .)

20-50X
( c . s i .)

Brookston loam
20.4

15.7

36. 1

47.3

5.0

-

23. 1

13. 2

36.3

40. 1

4.8

25.4

-

18. 8

15. 5

34.3

40.3

3.2

8.5

25. 1

-

19.1

11. 6

30.7

44.2

4.4

25-3**

17. 2

17. 8

-

17.9

12 . 0

29.8

52.4

10.8

Cl

34-48

11 . 9

14.4

-

13. 5

30.8

44.3

41.3

25.4

*C2

48 - 6 3

15. 3

17. 5

-

18. 6

9.9

28.4

54.0

38.6*

(C2

Cl ay f l ow

22.0

-

9.2

25.5

34.6

43.3

13 . 5

0-U

20.0

16. 6

®21g

11-15

13.3

23.6

* ®2 2g t

15- 19

18.4

8231

19-25

* B3g

*Ap

Conover l o a m ^
15. 0

6.5

16.9

19.9

43.2

41.7

m

24.0

7.2

13. 7

14. 6

35.4

40.6

-

12- 18

-

28.4

11.4

8.6

13.4

33.3

38.2

-

*B22

18-26

-

27.2

6.5

12.9

13.9

33.3

39.5

-

26- 33

26.1

5.8

11. 7

12. 6

30.2

43.7

-

83

*c,

33-**0

22.7

5.8

14.1

15. 5

35.4

41.9

-

*Ap

0-8

B&A

8-12

B2 t

-

*

T a b le 4,

Hor i z on

co n t.

Depth
( inches)

%
Gravel

Cl ay
*2*

( c . s i .)

Total
s ilt

Total
Sand
5Q>* 2 mm

S ilt
2-5/>
( v . f . s i .)
Miami

5-20/
(f.sT .)

2 6 -^0/

% Solu­
tion
Loss

loam^

*Ap

0-9

m

10.1

6 .2

17.2

16.4

39.9

50.0

a2

9-14

-

15.3

7.1

13. 5

16.4

37.0

47.7

-

14- 18

-

24.0

6.7

12.7

12.3

31.7

44.7

-

B2 1 t

18-26

-

28.6

6.7

11.2

11.6

29.5

41.8

-

★B2 2

26 - 3 3

-

24.2

5.5

11.6

12.4

29.5

46.3

-

B3

33-38

-

20.5

1.3

16. 8

12.6

30.7

48.8

-

*c

38+

■*

17.6

5.4

12.7

12. 3

30.5

51.9

-

®1

#The mechanical a n a l y s e s o f Conover and Miami s o i l s were done by Mr. D. F. Amos.
^Samples o f t hese h o r i z o n s wer e used f o r chemi cal and m i n e r a l o g i c a l a n a l y s e s .
^Analyses o f t hese h o r i z o n s were run in d u p l i c a t e .

63

The

percent

toward

the

s a lts,

c h ie fly

so lu tio n

C horizo n

in

loss

increases

Brooks to n ,

carbonates,

in

the

the

amount

from

the

in d icatin g
C h orizo n,

su rfa ce -so il

more a c i d
because

so lu b le

of

less

leach in g .
Comparing
in

the

Table
in

C h orizons
4,

the

it

is

parent

com parable.
Miami
thus

of

are

5 shows

it

resu lts

a rg il lie

bands w i t h

textural
1y

B,

and

p lacin g

in

the
of

h o rizo n ,

inches

3

in

sectio n

a rg il lie

s ilt

of

as

sand,

Conover

s im ila r

th is

s o il

clay

fra c tio n

presented

in

s ilt,

clay

and

and Miami

that

from

of

and

are

t h e members
parent

clo se ly

of

the

m a te ria l,

toposequence.

m echanical

an alyses

of

the

p ro file s .

th in

an

range

concluded

of

content

control

the

is

concept

operations

sand,

toposequence,

d erived

the

of

Brookston,

low c l a y

the

f am i

th at

Therefore,

the

Miami

The

exceeds
a

m a terial

and S p i n k s

sam pling

for

the

apparent

supporting

Thetford

in

of

toposequence

T able

the

average

so me A j B 2 t
sandy

fie ld .

does

to tal

in d iv id u a lly
these

p o rtio n

of

Although

Spinks
the

h orizo n s

s o ils

not

they
in

the

the

meet

th ic kn es s

of

in d icate

the

is

order

due

to

horizo n

low c l a y
the

in
content

requirem ent

arg il lie
the
of

m ixing

bands

existence

"a lfis o l",

of
sandy

.

The h i g h e s t
A *21 B • 2 1 l ay©i " o f
m a terial

of

th at

amount

of

Thetford
so il

as

cla y
and

shown

is

in

low est
in

a

four

amount

Tab le

5.

Inch
is

in

th ic k
the

(24-28")
parent

T ab l e 5.

P a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n , as p e r c en t ag e o f a c i d
m a t t e r s , in T h e t f o r d and Spinks s o i l s #

Hor i zon

Depth
( inches)

%
Gravel

Cl av^
<2f

i n s o l u b l e mi n er al

Total
silt

Total
Sand
5Q/< 2 mm

S ilt
2-5/1
( v .f .s i .)

-20/
( f . s i .)

5

20-5Q*
( c . s i .)

% Solu­
tion
Loss

T h e t f o r d loamv sand
*Ap

0-10

-

6.4

-

7.7

6 .2

13 . 9

79.7

0.1

Bhir

10-15

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

B12

15- 24

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

24-28

_

6.5

4.7

11.2

72.1

-2.5 *

0.7

2.4

3. 1

91.2

-3.5 *

*A'

21

16 . 70

*

6

*

8

*2 1 t

*A '22
&

5.7

28 - 3 5

B«2 2 t
Cl

35-42

-

-

-

-

-

*c 2

42-60

-

3.3

-

9.9

0.5

Spinks

m

-

1.4

95.3

4.2

-

loamy sand

*Ap

0-8

-

5.5

-

5.0

3.7

8.7

85.8

-3.0 *

* B2 i r

8-12

-

7.0

-

5.9

4.2

10.1

82.9

-6 .8

12-20

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

b3

-

*

T a b le

5,

Horizon

c o n t.

Depth
( i nches)

%
Gravel

Clay*
<2M
2-5 j i
( v . f .s i . )

Total
silt

Total
Sand
50/* 2 mm

S ilt
5 - 2 0 ,/*
( f . s i .)

20-50/*
( c . s i .)

% Solu­
tion
Loss

* A ■2 6 12 1 t

20-37

-

4.8

5.0

3.6

8 .6

86.6

-5.3 *

* A ' 2 B*22 t

37-60

-

4.0

0.7

0 .8

1.5

94.5

- 5.6 *

#Ana1yses

in d u p l i c a t e s by Mr . Rober t Hubbard g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t

♦Samples o f t he s e h o r i z o n s wer e used f o r chemi cal

in S o i l

Science.

and m i n e r a l o g i c a l a n a l y s e s .

^Al t hough t h e low c l a y c o n t e n t in t h e c o n t r o l s e c t i o n does not meet t h e r e q u i r e me n t s
o f an a r g i l l i e h o r i z o n , t h e t o t a l t h i c k n e s s e s o f c l a y bands wer e s u f f i c i e n t t o
p l a c e t h e s e s o i l s in " a l f i s o l " as i n d i c a t e d in t h e p r o f i l e d e s c r i p t i o n s .
^Negative values

i n d i c a t e g ai ns due t o H2 O2 t r e a t m e n t and e r r o r s o f d e t e r m i n a t i o n s .

66

2*

X-ray

D iffractio n

Anal vs i s
General

The f o l l o w i n g
X-ray

d iffra c tio n

p rincip les
analyses

of

E xistence o f sm ectites
when t h e c l a y s
(0

01

)

a r e Mg,

reflectio ns

thickness

peaks d e c r e a s e
K -saturatlon

p a rtia lly

in a l l

the

fractions.
18 A ° d i f f r a c t i o n s ,
solvated.

because o f

the s i l i c a t e

or s h if t

The

varying

sheets.

toward

Sm ectite

10 A ° a f t e r

treatm ents.

D isc re te c h lo ri te
persisting

diffu se

between

intensity

and h e a t

interp retin g

s a t u r a t e d and g l y c e r o l

layers

th eir

the c la y

in

i s shown by a b o u t

are usually

of water

are u tiliz e d

four

is

indicated

treatm ents,

by a b o u t
however,

dehydrated causing a decrease

in

14.2 A° peaks,
at

550°C

the

it

is

in ten sity

of

14.2 A° r e f l e c t i o n .
Verm iculi te

is

indicated

by a

t o a 10 A ° p e a k upon K - s a t u r a t i o n
The

illitic

spacings o f about

m inerals
10 A °

14.2 A° peak which
and h e a t

o r mica a r e

in a l l

four

treatm ents.

In te rs tra tifie d

ch lo rite

or verm iculite-m ontm oriI Io n ite

asymmetrical
the

10.1

inten sity

by s h i f t i n g

of

over

the mica peak.

A° peak.

Upon K - s a t u r a t i o n

c a u s i n g an

increase

(001)

The e v i d e n c e o f
and

shown by t h e

14,2 A° c h l o r i t e - v e r m i c u l i t e
10 A ° ,

by t h e i r

m i n e r a l s as c h l o r i t e - v e r m i c u l i t e
is

sh ifted

treatm ents.

id entified

randomly

is

in

and h e a t

treatments

peak decreases
the

in ten sity

of

67

Presence o f d i s c r e t e
is

i n d i c a t e d by 7 . 1

k a o l 1n i t e

in a l l

soils

A° ( 0 0 1 ) and 3 . 5 8 A ° ( 0 0 2 )

wh i c h d i s a p p e a r w i t h 5 5 0 ° C h e a t
The t h i r d o r d e r s o f

in t h i s

basal

study

reflections

treatment.

the c h l o r i t e o r v e r m i c u l i t e

basal

s p a c i n g a t 4 . 7 A ° a r e someti mes e v i d e n t as a d o u b l e p e a k w i t h
I

(002)

mi c a ( 5 . 0 0 A ° ) .
The f o u r t h o r d e r c h l o r i t e o r v e r m i c u l i t e

3 . 5 6 A° ( 0 0 4 )
order

reflection

indicated

as a d o u b l e p ea k w i t h

by

second

kaolini te.
Quartz

this

basal

is

in

project

in a l l

four

t h e c l a y sampl es o f a l l

soils

investigated

in

is shown by 4 . 2 $ A ° and 3 . 3 4 A° peaks p e r s i s t i n g
treatments.

The t h i r d o r d e r

i 11it e overlaps

the

s t r o n g e r 3 . 3 4 A° q u a r t z p e a k .

Morley
The f o l l o w i n g

t op o s e q u e n c e and Jeddo

interpretation

of X-ray

d iffractio n

a r e common t o Jeddo and t h e M o r l e y t o p o s e q u e n c e as
in f i g u r e s
The

1

,

2

, and

intensity of

3

indicated

.
the

14.2 A° c h l o r i t e o r v e r m i c u l i t e peaks,

when M g - s a t u r a t e d and g l y c e r o l
tion

analyses

p l u s 3 0 0 ° C o r 55 0° C h e a t

solvated,
treatments,

decreases w i t h
with

K-satura­

reinforcement

68

o f an a s y m m e t r i c
mica p eak

10.1

increases

decreases.

some v e r m i c u l i t e

the sample o r p erhaps
Double peaks,

of

A°

(001)

and 3 0 0 ° C h e a t

(strong

ve rm ic u lite
A°

(002)

solvated

some k a o l i n i t e

the Morley

The e x i s t e n c e

in

the

10 A °

and t h e
indicates

the

illitic

m inerals.

5.00 A°)
also

in

w ith

th ird

support

the

an d m i c a .
re fle ctio n s

p e rs is t w ith

b u t d i s a p p e a r on 5 5 0 ° C h e a t

the e x is t e n c e o f
member o f

w ith

of

in te rs tra tifie d

(weak 4 . 7 0 A ° )

and 3 . 5 8

M g - s a t u r a t e d an d g l y c e r o l

treatm ent
condition

in te rs tra tifie d

or

in te n s ity

and c h l o r i t e

or c h lo r it e

existence o f c h l o r it e
The 7 . 1

This

second o r d e r mica

order verm icul i t e

The

toward 550 C° h e a t

asymmetric s i t u a t i o n
existence of

A° mica peak.

the

K -saturation

treatm ent

tested

when

indicating

horizons

o f each

indicated

by 4 . 2 6

toposequence.

of quartz

A ° and 3 . 3 4 A ° p e a k s ,

in each s o i l

persisting

in a l l

is

treatm ents.

Jeddo S e r i e s
Ap h o r i z o n

-

the

in ten sity

M g - s a t u r a t e d and g l y c e r o l
heat

treatments

indicating

(Figure

or v e r m ic u li t e

solvated

reinforcem ent

the e x is te n c e

verm icu lite

decreases

w ith

of

some

T he

(001)

decreases

o f an a s y m m e t r i c 10.1

in te rs tratified
A°

in a d o u b l e p e a k p o s i t i o n w i t h

(0

K -saturation

re flectio n

in ten sity

of

and 3 0 0 °C h e a t ,

when

in K - s a t u r a t i o n

4.7

toward

1).

of

14.2 A°

A° peak

ch lo rite
(003)
02

and

and

c h lo rite

) mica

and d is a p p e a r s w i t h

69

550°C h e a t
cul i t e

treatm ent

and/or

existence o f
indicated
3.58 A°

the

ind icatin g

(004)

14.2

some v e r m i ­

the sample.
t h e sample

T he

is a l s o

as a d o u b l e p e a k w i t h

t o be t h e same as

A° peak s h i f t s

(Sawhney,

horizon

to a broad

I960).

The

550°C h e a t

is

sim ilar

intense

t h e same p e a k s

than

10.1

in

the

10.1

upon

A° peak,

and

(003)

reflectio n s

treatm ents.
but

the

is w eaker,

t o B3 ,

but

in ten sity

however

in o v e r l y i n g

the

of
10.1

14.2 A° c h l o r i t e

a r e mo r e

in ten sified

i n d i c a t i n g mor e c h l o r i t i z e d

parent m a te ria l

of

the

Jeddo s o i l

p ro file .
In g e n e r a l
symmetrical
increase

the strong

p o sitio n

i n a mo u n t o f

10.1

A ° mica peaks

f r o m Ap t o w a r d C h o r i z o n ,
illitic

A°

horizons.

the

A ° mica peaks

I n B3 h o r i z o n

and m i c a

(001)

t o B2 2

is s i m i l a r

and a l s o

t h e Ap b u t ,

i n v e r m i c u l i t e as c h l o r i t i z e d

or verm icu lite

horizon

or v e r m ic u lit e

verm icu lite

in

re fle ctio n

h o riz o n appears

i s mo r e

T he Cj

than

A°

in

of

k a o lin ite .

A° c h l o r i t e

mica p ea k

Indication

or verm icu lite

disappear w it h

The B3

the

verm icu lite

A1- i n t e r l a y e r i n g

verm icu lite,

14.2

ch lo rite

(002)

heating,

almost

ch lo ritize d

by a 3 . 5 6

The B2 2

supporting

m inerals.

increase

th eir

revealing

the

70

Blount S e rie s
T h e Ap an d A 2 h o r i z o n s
patterns

ind icatin g

in te rs tra tific a tio n

or v e r m ic u lit e w ith

mica,

p e a k s when M g - s a t u r a t e d
in ten sity

of

14.2

treatm ents.

The

because o f

in

of

order

d iffra c tio n

14.2

solvated,

decrease w ith

K -satu ratio n ,

th ird

X-ray

A° c h l o r i t e

asymmetric

and g l y c e r o l

A° peaks

1 0 .0 A° mica peaks

show s i m i l a r

1 0 .0 A° mica
Figure

or

heat

ve rm ic u lite

t h a n s e c o n d o r d e r m i c a when M g - s a t u r a t e d

an d g l y c e r o l

but

0 2

its*

in te n sity

treatm ents.
Blount

Blount

However

than

stronger

(001)

(003)

(in

c h lo rite

in

th e sample

Blount.
is

also

weaker

14.2 A °.

verm icu lite
p o sitio n .
but
mor e

the

than

or

verm icu lite

ve rm ic u lite

indicated

is

The B2 3

horizon
of

is

(002)

of

stronger

solvated

in subsequent

1 4 . 2 A ° peaks

of

Jeddo and a l s o
(0

0 2

) mica

in

because o f

c h lo rite
A°

is

(004)

or

mo r e

ve rm icu lite

re fle c tio n

as

ka o lin ite .
to

(0

t h e A2 w i t h

02

of

horizons.

the

) mica

shows s i m i l a r

1 4 . 2 A ° an d

the o v e r ly in g

in

probably

in ten sity
the

) mica

than

by 3 . 4 6

sim ilar

than

(0

stronger

The e x i s t e n c e

A lso ,-th e

is w eaker

in ten sity

or

3.58 A°

horizon

than

re la tiv e ly

peak p o s i t i o n )

a d ouble peak w i t h
T h e B2 1

the

c h lo rite

double

verm icu lite
in

becomes w e a k e r

T he

reinforcem ent of

3 0 0 ° C and 5 5 0 ° C

c h lo rite

2.

exception

(003)

c h lo rite

in a d o u b le
X-ray

1 0 . 0 A ° peaks

a
or

peak

patterns
are

of

to

B2 1

re la tiv e ly

71

The C2 h o r i z o n

is s i m i l a r

a s y m m e t r i c and more

t o B2 1

intensified

but

indicates

less

1 0 . 0 A ° m i c a peaks as shown

in F i g u r e 2,
In g en er al

t h e mi c a p ea ks a r e

p o o r l y d r a i n e d Jeddo i n d i c a t i n g

less

less

intensified

M litic

than

in t h e

m inerals.

Morley Series
The w e l l

drained Morley s o il

o t h e r members o f
(a)
in a l l

the catena

series

is d i f f e r e n t

f r om t h e

because:

in t h e Ap and A 2 h o r i z o n s

the

1 4 . 2 A° peak p e r s i s

t r e a t m e n t s as a r e s u l t o f d i s c r e t e

c h l o r i t i c minerals

per haps because o f more l e a c h i n g .
(b)

in t h e Ap and A 2 h o r i z o n s

is n o t p r e s e n t
as

i t was
(c)

cal

th e 3 . 5 6 A° ( 0 0 4 )

in a d o u b l e p e a k w i t h 3 . 5 8 A ° ( 0 0 2 )

ch lorite

kao lin ite

in t h e Jeddo and B l o u n t s u r f a c e h o r i z o n s .
i n t h e B and C h o r i z o n s

revealing a d if f e r e n t

and B l o u n t s o i l s .

situation

from those o f

The 1 4 . 2 A° peaks

weaken o r d i s a p p e a r

in K and h e a t

discrete v e rm ic u lite.

Ho w e v e r ,

order c h l o r i t e

or v e r m i c u l i t e

2 nd

in a l l

o r d e r mi c a

t h e m i c a peaks a r e more s y m m e t r i ­

in

t h e Jeddo

t h e B and C h o r i z o n s

treatments

showi ng some

the p e r s i s t e n c e o f

third

in a double peak p o s i t i o n w i t h

treatments a ls o

indicate

the e x i s t e n c e o f

72

Figure

1

X -ra y t r a c in g s o f ^ 2 / i c l a y f r a c t i o n s o f the
i n d i c a t e d h o r i z o n s o f t h e Jeddo p r o f i l e ,
T reatmen t s :
(1) M g-saturated, glycerol solvated;
( 2 ) K - s a t u r a t e d and h e a t e d t o 300OC;
( 3 ) K - s a t u r a t e d an d h e a t e d t o 5 5 0 ° C .
Scale

Figure

2

3

is

8

X -ra y t r a c in g s o f * 2 / * c l a y f r a c t i o n s o f the
in d ic a te d h orizons o f the Blount p r o f i l e .
Treatm ents:
(1) M g -s a tu ra te d , g ly c e ro l soT^ated;
( 2 ) K - s a t u r a t e d ana h e a t e d t o 3 0 0 ° C ;
( 3 ) K - s a t u r a t e d and h e a t e d t o 5 5 0 ° C .
Scale

Figure

factor

factor

is

8

X -r a y t r a c i n g s o f c 2 , * c l a y f r a c t i o n s o f the
in d ic a te d horizons of the Morley p r o f i l e .
T reatments:
(1) M g-saturated, g lycerol solvated;
( 2 ) K - s a t u r a t e d a n d h e a t e d t o 300OC;
( 3 ) K - s a t u r a t e d and h e a t e d t o 5 5 0 ° C .
Scale

factor

is

8

134 A

JEDDO

A

2
3

2

*

Figure

1

7*t

I . 3.561
, 5.00A
3.34 A . /
4.26 A

I0.00&

18.7A

3.34 A

.

Iw

7.1 A

4.26 A

jiw

_14.24 A .fte

^

J

A

2*26

Figure

2

F ig ure

3

75

small

amount s o f

ch lo rite,

d iscrete c h lo r it ic

verm icu lite

in t h e

m i n e r a l s and

B and C h o r i z o n s as shown

I n summary t h e f o l l o w i n g model
m ineralogical
influence of
I
Chi.
V
1
Chi.
or
V
1
Chi.
V
1

d ifferences
d iffe re n t

+

I

+

+

V
C hi.

K

this

internal

in F i g u r e 3.

is suggested t o v i s u a l i z e

toposequence under

the

drainage condition s:

poorly-drained

Jeddo s e r i e s

+ 1 + K somewhat p o o r l y - d r a i n e d
Blount s e rie s

+ C h i. + 1 + K

+ V
Chi.

+

in

in te rs tratified

A horizon
Wei 1 - d r a i ne d
Morley s e rie s

V
Chi.

+ V s t r o n g + C h i . weak + K
C horizon

C hi. - chlori te
1 - i 11 i t e

K ■ kaoli n i te
V - verm iculi te
Miami

The f o l l o w i n g
are

common f o r

in F i g u r e s
The
treatment

4,

interpretations

of X -ray d i f f r a c t i o n analyses

e a c h member o f t h e Miami t o p o s e q u e n c e as shown

5 and

6

.

1 4 . 2 A° peaks a l m o s t
revealing

i n members o f

toposequence

the

t h e Mi ami

d i s a p p e a r on K - s a t u r a t i o n and h e a t

existence of
toposequence.

some d i s c r e t e v e r m i c u l i t e

76

The a s y m m e t r i c b a s a l
i n Ap h o r i z o n s ,
fied

i

11

i te,

The
solvated,
of

indicates

of

the e x is te n c e

chi o r i te or v e r m ic u li t e

1 0 .0 A° mica peak
condition

in a l l

th e mica peak g r a d u a l l y

c o n s titu e n t m inerals
hea t

re fle ctio n

1 0 , 0 A ° mica peak
of

randomly

in te rs tra ti­

clay m in e ra ls .

is weak

in M g - s a t u r a t e d t g l y c e r o l

surface

horizons.

increases

decreases

as

But,

th e peak

in subsequent

the

in te n s ity

in te n s ity

K -saturation

of
an d

t r e a tmen t s .
Do ubl e peaks o f

c u lite

an d c h l o r i t e

p a rtia lly

second o r d e r m i c a w i t h
sometimes

persis

d i s a p p e a r on 5 5 0 ° C h e a t

in a l l

d ue

th ird

order verm i­

treatm ents,

but

to v e r m ic u lit e - c h lo r it e - m i c a

i n t e r s t r a t i f i c a t ion.
The 7 . 1

A°

(001)

and 3 . 5 8

s a t u r a t e d and g l y c e r o l
300°C h e a t ,

(002)

persis

b u t d i s a p p e a r on 5 5 0 ° C h e a t

the e x is te n c e
member o f

solvated

A°

o f some k a o l i n i t e

t h e Mi ami

the

when Mg -

on K - s a t u r a t i o n
treatm ent,
tested

and

indicating

horizons

of

each

toposequence.

The e x i s t e n c e o f q u a r t z
A° an d 3 . 3 4 A ° pe a k s

in

reflectio n s

in each s o i l

p ersisting

in a l l

is

indicated

by 4 . 2 6

treatm ents.

Br ooks t o n s e r i e s
I n Ap h o r i z o n m o n t m o r i 1 I o n i t e s
are

indicated

by

1 8 . 7 A ° and

an d c h l o r i t e

14.2 A° peaks,

or v e rm ic u lite

respectively,

when

77

M g-saturated

and g l y c e r o l

an d c h l o r i t e

or ve rm ic u lite

heat

treatm ents

Considerable

solvated.
peaks

rein fo rcin g

randomly

The

In te n s ity

decrease w ith

an a s y m m e t r i c

in te rs tra tifie d

10.1

o f montmor11Ioni

K saturatio n

an d

A° mica peak.

c h lo rite

and/or

verm iculite-m ontm ori1 Io n ite

and c h l o r i t e - v e r m i c u l i t e

is

in

by t h e a s y m m e t r i c a l

A° peak.

the

sample,

The
heating

indicated

in te n s ity
and

ch lo rite
peak o f

as

of

10 A ° m i c a p e a k

indicates

the e x is te n c e

and v e r m i c u l i t e
(0

0 2

) mica,

(0

0 3

300°C and K - s a t u r a t i o n
supporting

as

shown

increases

o f mica

in

Figure

) verm ic u lite

but

10.1

or

toward

t h e e x i s t e n c e o f some c h l o r i t e ,

550°C

in te rs tra tifie d
4.

w ith

The d o u b l e

c h lo rite

disappears w ith

present

persists

550°C h eat

upon

treatm ent,

verm icu1 it e

and

mica.
The X - r a y
sim ilar

pattern

t o Ap b u t

14.2

d iscrete
In

horizon,

peak

&22g h o r i z o n

a slig h t

A ° p e a k upon h e a t i n g

in te rs tra tifie d
mica

in

an d v e r m i c u l i t e

verm ic u lite
B3

clay

indicates

o f montmori1 Io n it e
strong

of

in

this

slig h t

peaks.

shows

in ten sity

Disappearance o f

the e x is te n c e

than

in

is

ind icated .

of

some

14 .2 A °

The

a n d some
10.0 A°

the above h o r iz o n s .

o f montmori1I o n i t e

tence o f weak asym m etrical

the

evidence o f m ontm ori1I o n i t e ,

i s mo r e s y m m e t r i c a l
trace

in

is

horizon.

c h 1o r i t e - v e r m i c u 1 i t e

In C h o r i z o n ,

increase

(15-19")

peak

(in

is

shown.

P ersis­

a ll

four

treatm ents)

78

indicates

the e x is te n c e o f

in te rs tratified

small

chi o r i t e - v e r m i c u l i t e .

In c re a s in g symmetrical
a c c o u n t e d f o r more
m ineralogical

illitic

d ifferen ce

As a r e s u l t ,
is

f o u n d up t o

d is c r e te c h l o r i t e and/or

minerals

10. 1

A ° mi c a p e a k

is

in t h e C h o r i z o n as a m a j o r

b e t w e e n t h e C and u p p e r h o r i z o n s .

a c o n s i d e r a b l e amount o f e x p a n d a b l e m i n e r a l s

19"

in c re a s in g depth

position o f

depth,

in

the

but t h e i r q u a n tity
and C h o r i z o n s o f

83

decreases w i t h
Brooks ton as shown

by F i g u r e A.

Co n o v e r and Mi ami

series

Some d i s c r e t e c h l o r i t e
series

as

indicated

treatm ents,
intensity
toward a

of

by 1A. 2 A ° p e a k s ,

Figure 6.
the

is shown

in t h e Ap h o r i z o n o f Miami
almost s t a b l e

Upon K - s a t u r a t i o n and h e a t i n g ,

1A. 2 A ° p e a k d e c r e a s e s

by p a r t i a l l y

1 0 . 0 A° a s y m m e t r ic a l mica peak,

in terstratified

ch lorite-verm iculite

Co n o v e r and Mi ami

in a l l

in

four

the
sh iftin g

i n d i c a t i n g some r a nd o ml y
t h e Ap h o r i z o n s o f

the

so ils.

A d o u b l e p e a k o f wea k second o r d e r mi c a and t h i r d o r d e r
v e rm ic u lite or c h l o r it e ,
shifts

when M g - s a t u r a t e d and g l y c e r o l

solvated,

t o w a r d a 2nd o r d e r mi c a p e a k on K - s a t u r a t i o n and h e a t

treatm ents,

Figures 5,

6

revealing

some c h l o r I t e - v e r m i c u l i t e

t h e e x i s t e n c e o f mi c a and

i n b ot h s e r i e s .

79

F i g u r e U,

X -ra y tra cin g s o f * 2 / i c l a y f r a c t i o n s o f the
i n d i c a t e d h o riz o n s o f the Brookston p r o f i l e .
Treatments:
(1) Mg-saturated, glycerol so lvated ;
( 2 ) K - s a t u r a t e d an a h e a t e d t o 3 0 0 ° C ;
( 3 ) K - s a t u r a t e d and h e a t e d t o 5 5 0 ° C .
S c a l e f a c t o r is 4 f o r
f o r the o t h e r s .

B2 2 g h o r i z o n

and

8

Figure 5.

X -ray tra c in g s o f * 2 / » c l a y f r a c t i o n s o f the
i n d i c a t e d h o r i z o n s o f t h e Co n o v e r p r o f i l e .
Treatments:
(1) Mg-saturated, glycerol solvated;
( 2 ) K - s a t u r a t e d and h e a t e d t o 3 0 0 ° C ;
( 3 ) K - s a t u r a t e d and h e a t e d t o 5 5 0 ° C .
Scale fa c to r

Figure

6

.

is

16.

X -ray tra cin gs o f< 2 /* f r a c t i o n o f the
i n d i c a t e d h o r i z o n s o f t h e Mi ami p r o f i l e .
Treatments:
(1) Mg-saturated, glycerol solvated;
( 2 ) K - s a t u r a t e d and h e a t e d t o 3 0 0 ° C ;
( 3 ) K - s a t u r a t e d and h e a t e d t o 5 5 0 ° C .
S c a l e f a c t o r is
f o r the o t h e r s .

8

f o r Ap h o r i z o n

and

16

80

3.56 A

lO .li

. 5.05 A
4.26A

18.7 A

2*26

BR00KST0N

J

2*26
Figure

k

81

X

14.24i

io .qoA

M

3.34 X

2*20

■■*** -

:v.n1„l.nyiLrA*^H^

-y

*‘** »WW>I<^ Viw w i#w />^
2*20

2* 20

Figure

5

Figure

6

82
*

T h e *t t h o r d e r c h l o r i t e
p o s itio n w ith
30O°C

2

nd o r d e r

or v e r m ic u lite ,

k a o lin ite ,

persis

heat

but p a r t i a l l y

disappears

indicating

some d i s c r e t e

c h lo rite

Mi ami

series.

on 5 5 0 ° C

in

no d i s c r e t e

Conover s o i l s ,

according

c h lo rite

of

t h i s would

be t h e c o n s i s t e n t m i n e r a l o g i c a l

C o n o v e r and B r o o k s t o n

The

14.2

p a rtia lly

A° peaks

the

B horizons

in te rs tra tifie d

contribute

to a s l i g h t

B horizons

of

is

Figure

of

the

shown

5.

in

the

However,

d ifferen ces

between

of

Conover and M i a m i ,

and h e a t i n g

because o f

c h 1o r i t e - v e r m i c u 1 i t e

broadening o f

the

10.0 A°

peak

in

may
the

Conover and M i a m i .
amount o f

are

m ineralogical

shown

in

d iscrete

tracing

Conover

does n o t

because

of

of

between

Upon X - r a y

the

treatm ent

show p e a k s

for

inadequate o p e r a tio n

that p a rtic u la r

verm icu lite

the C h o r iz o n s .

differences

The X - r a y

model

treatm ent,

verm icu lite.

A w ea k randomly

A small

to

an d

series.

d i s a p p e a r upon K - s a t u r a t i o n

some w e a k d i s c r e t e

mica peaks

in

heat

t h e Ap h o r i z o n

Very weak o r

peak

on K - s a t u r a t i o n

Ap h o r i z o n

Miami,

in a d o u b le

This

C and

(2)

(001)
of

and more s y m m e t r i c a l

in

is

the
the

m ic a and

the

X-ray

the c o n s is te n t
upper h o riz o n s .

C horizons

of

k a o l in i t e

u n it

recorder

at

tim e.
d iffra c tio n

is s u g g e s t e d

for

so ils

analysis
in

the

th e Miami

fo llo w in g

m ineralogical

toposequence.

83

M
Chi.
or
V

+ V
Chi.

+ 1

+
Chi.
M

+ Chi.
V

1

Chi.
or V
moderate

I + V (strong)+ K

poorly drained,
Brookston

somewhat-poorly
dra ined,
Conover

+ V + 1 + K
weak
•

1

+

Chi.
o r V.
weak

1 +

Chi.
V
(weak)

Chi. - c h l o r i t e
I * i 11it e
K = kaolin i te

V

+ Chi.

+ K

well drained,
Mi ami

$A/eal$ (strong!

M = montmori1I o n i t e
V “ verm iculite

Spinks
The f o l l o w i n g

+

t o po s e q u e n c e

interpretations

of

the X -ra y d i f f r a c t i o n

a n a l y s e s a r e common f o r somewhat p o o r l y - d r a i n e d T h e t f o r d and
w e l l - d r a i n e d Spinks s e r i e s
Asymmetric

10. 1

is

r a nd o ml y

However, w i t h

in F i g u r e s

A ° peaks o f weak

upper B2 r e p r e s e n t a s m a l l
whi ch

as shown

intensity

amount o f mi ca

7 and 8 .
i n t h e Ap and

in t h e s u r f a c e h o r i z o n s

i n t e r s t r a t i f i e d w ith c h lo r itiz e d

in c r e a s in g depth

peaks become more s y m m e t r i c a l

in the s o i l
and t h e i r

p ro file

intensity

verm iculite.
t h e mi c a
increases.

ff4

Figure

7

X - r a y t r a c in g s o f < 2 / » c l a y f r a c t i o n s o f the
in d ica te d horizons o f the T hetford p r o f i l e .
Treatments:
(1) M g-saturated, g lycero l solvated;
( 2 ) K - s a t u r a t e d and h e a t e d t o 3 0 0 ° C .
( 3 ) K - s a t u r a t e d and h e a t e d t o 5 5 0 ° C .
S c a l e f a c t o r s a r e 1 2 8 . 16 . 8 ; 1 2 8 , 8 , 4 ;
1 2 8 , 16 ,
16 and 6 b , 6 4 , 6 4 , f o r e a c h t r a c i n g
f r o m Ap an d C h o r i z o n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

Figure

8

X - r a y t r a c i n g s o f < 2/ * c l a y f r a c t i o n s o f t h e
i n d i c a t e d h o r iz o n s o f the Spinks p r o f i l e .
T reatm ents:
(1) M g-saturated, glycerol solvated;
( 2 ) K - s a t u r a t e d and h e a t e d t o 3 0 0 ° C .
( 3 ) K - s a t u r a t e d and h e a t e d t o 5 5 0 ° C .
S cale f a c to r s a r e , 64, 64, 64; 64, 64, 64;
1 2 8 , 16 , 8 and 6 4 , 6 4 ,
f o r each t r a c i n g from
Ap t o A ' 2 B 2 2 t h o r i z o n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

85

3.341
,
3564

4,261

,

7.131

"

t»«-2«l ,2*26

<0.1*
-

HETFORD

-

118.3A
-

1341 f
-

4.2«1

,

7.131

-

14.24^2*26
. . .

.

SPINKS

2
3

2*26

Figure

7

Figure 8

86

. The 7 . 1

A ° ( 0 0 1 ) , - and 3 * 5 8 A °

s a t u r a t e d and g l y c e r o l

( 0 0 2 -) . r e f l e c t i o n s when Mg-

solvated p e rs is t

30 0 ° C h e a t b u t d i s a p p e a r on 5 5 0 ° C h e a t
e x i s t e n c e o f some k a o l i n i t e

i n K - s a t u r a t i o n and
treatment

indicating

the

i n t e s t e d h o r i z o n s o f each s o i l

prof ile .
The e x i s t e n c e o f q u a r t z
is

in T h e t f o r d and S p i n k s c l a y sampl es

i n d i c a t e d by 4 . 2 6 A ° and 3 . 3 4 A ° peaks p e r s i s t i n g

in a l l

treatm ents.

Thetford series
In t h e Ap h o r i z o n ,
and g l y c e r o l
and

solvated s h ifts

indicates

verm iculite.
intensity

1 4 . 2 A ° p e a k , when M g - s a t u r a t e d

to a broad

10. 1

ch loritized

The v e r m i c u l i t e p e a k d e s c r i b e d ,

gradually

treatments

by s h i f t i n g

meanwhile p e r s i s t i n g w ea k ly a t

This g rad ual

A° p e a k upon h e a t i n g

t h e e x i s t e n c e o f some d i s c r e t e

in s u b s e q u e n t

mi ca p e a k ,

a strong

change

in

loses

toward the

final

heat

i n t e n s i t y o f a symmetrical

10. 1

treatm ent.

1 4 . 2 A ° p ea k

ind i c a t e s :
(a)

the mineral

identified

has t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
this v e rm ic u lite
(b)

is not a r e a l

of ch lo rite.

but

A c c o r d i n g t o Sawhney ( 6 1 )

i s d e s c r i b e d as " c h l o r i t i z e d - v e r m i c u l i t e " .

some i n t e r s t r a t i f i c a t i o n

with c h l o r i t e .

verm iculite

of ch loritlzed-verm icu lite

A°

87

(c)

The X - r a y

e v i d e n c e o f a 10.1
In th e A ^ B ^

pattern of

A° peak f o r

s tra tifie d

w ith c h lo r ite

Figure 7.

The

gradually
the

and

illite

The

ite

in te rs tra tific a tio n

as shown

and

in t h e B h o r i z o n s .

The

in te rs tratifica tio n .

and c h l o r i t e - v e r m i c u l i t e
the

10.1 A ° mica peak

treatments;
of

in

in te r­

t h e C h o r i z o n shows a v e r y s m a l l

intensity of

by s u b s e q u e n t

in te r­

d i s a p p e a r upon K - s a t u r a t i o n

m i c a peaks show v e r m i c u l i t e - i 1 1 i t e

1

1 8 . 3 A0

randomly

some d i s c r e t e v e r m i c u l i t e

ch lorite-verm iculite

o f montmori1 I o n i t e - i 1
ficatio n.

some s m e c t i t e s

or v e rm ic u lite

The X - r a y p a t t e r n o f

little

illite .

1 4 . 2 A ° peaks p a r t i a l l y

and h e a t i n g b e c a u s e o f

asymmetrical

shows o n l y

h o r i z o n s a broad as y m m e tric peak o f

s p a c i n g shows t h e e x i s t e n c e o f

s tra tifie d

t h e Ap h o r i z o n

th is ,

amount

in te rs tra ti­
increases

may s u p p o r t

the

th e above m e ntio ne d c l a y m i n e r a l s ,

Spinks S e r i e s
I n t h e Ap and B2 h o r i z o n s ,
p a rtia lly
indicating
cu lite
Peak

intensity

d e c r e a s e s upon K - s a t u r a t i o n
some d i s c r e t e c h l o r i t e ,

i n t e r s t r a t if ie d w ith

intensity of

the

illite

( 0 0 1 ) mica

M g - s a t u r a t e d and g l y c e r o l

is

solvated,

of

1 4 . 2 A° peak

and h e a t

treatments

and w e a k c h l o r i t i z e d
(asymmetric

10.1

verm i­

A0 p e a k ) .

r e l a t i v e l y w e a k when
but

its

intensity

increases

88

in

subsequent

K -satu ratio n

peak p a r t i a l l y
of

c h lo rite

peak o f

decreases

showing

ve rm ic u lite

and

mica w i t h

(003)

(002)

causing

the horizons

increasing

of

because

an

depth

clay

in

c h lo ritize d -v e rm ic u lite
ve rm ic u lite
Figure
the

treatm ents

the

increase

as

the

the

in te rs tra tific a ti

illite .
c h lo rite

in ten sity

in

c h lo rite

may s u p p o r t
of

in te n s ity

c h lo rite

o f mica

by

t rea tm e n ts .
In

w ith

in te n s ity ,

above m entioned p o s i t i o n ,

p a rtia lly
hea t

its

or c h lo ritize d

A double
the

loses

and h e a t

8

.

and
This

l o w e r and

illite
is

the
and

than

In

p ro file ,

illite

peaks

in

s u rfa c e horizons

mo d e l

in t h e

summarizes

I
(strong)

M
+ V or
I

increases

+ Chi
V

C h l o r i t i z e d V.
I
(strong)

C h i . = c h l o r 1te
I - i 11 i t e
K * k a o l i n 1t e

of

showing more
as

shown

in

betwe

Spinkss e r i e s .

the c la y m in e r a lo g ic a l

Ch i

C h lo r it iz e d V.
I
(weak)
+

in te n s ity

toposequence:

c h lo rite
I
+
(weak)

the

the

h orizo ns),

the c o n s is te n t m in e ra lo g ic a ld if f e r e n c e

th e Spinks

C h lo ritize d v e rm ic u lite

(sequence o f A 'B '

soil

s u rfa c e horizons

The f o l l o w i n g
d iffe ren c es

b an ds

+ V +

+ Chi.

i + K

poorlv

+ K
,

+ V

S o me w h a t
drained,
Thetford

A horizon
Wei 1 - d r a i n e d
Spinks

+ K
, A 'B

1

horizon

M ■ montm ori1l o n i t e
V ■ verm icu lite

89

3.

C a t i o n Exchange Ca pa ci t v . I t s R e d u c t i on by P o t a s s ium
F i x a t i o n and C a l c u l a t i ' o n o f P e r c e n t V e r m T c u l i t e
The CEC o f a l l

c l a y sampl es f o r

t o po s e qu e n c e a r e shown
The v a l u e s
the basis o f

in T a b l e

6

t h e members o f

the Morley

.

in c a t i o n exchange c a p a c i t i e s

a r e c a l c u l a t e d on

the fo ll o w i n g e q u a tio n :
PPM

CEC "

M x Meq x

100

CEC ■ c a t i o n ex cha nge c a p a c i t y o f c l a y ,
as m . e q . / l O O g , o f c l a y

expressed

PPM ■ p a r t p e r m i l l i o n o f t h e c a t i o n d e t e r m i n e d on
t h e b a s i s o f 1 0 0 cc o r i g i n a l e x t r a c t
M

■ w e i g h t o f oven d r y c l a y s a mp l e

Meq * M i 1 1 i e q u i v a l e n t w e i g h t o f
The d i f f e r e n c e
the

It

has been p r o v e d

upon K - s a t u r a t i o n
in CEC o f

in col umn 5 ,

(3)

and d r y i n g a t

the c la y s ,

Ca/Mg -

The d i f f e r e n c e between
the

( Ca / Mg

Table

6

-

K/NH 4 ) g i v e s

.

th a t v e r m ic u lite collapses
110°C.

Therefore,

the

irreversibly
reduction

K/NH 4 , may be e x p l a i n e d by t h e

i r r e v e r s i b l e c o l l a p s e and K - f i x a t i o n

gives

the c a tio n .

bet ween t h e two CEC v a l u e s

r e d u c t i o n o f CEC shown

in gram

of verm iculite

in t h e s a m p l e .

t h e s e two d e t e r m i n e d CEC v a l u e s

i n t e r l a y e r c h a r g e o f v e r m i c u l i t e and t h e v e r m i c u l i t e

p e r c e n t can be c a l c u l a t e d as p r o p o s e d by Ja ck so n and A l e x i des
(3).

90

Table

6

.

C a tio n exchange c a p a c i t i e s o f th e c l a y f r a c t i o n s
in t h e M o r l e y to posequence and t h e i r v e r m i c u l i t e
contents

CEC
Subh o r i zon

Depth
( inches)

C a /M g

%
Verm iculi te

flC a /M g -X /N M 4

J e d do
0-7

25.9

20.3

5.6

3.6

B2 2 t

11-21

26.1

18.0

8.1

5.2

b3

38-51

21.3

16.7

4.6

3.5

Cl

51-57

22.1

16.2

6 .0

3.9

C]

Clay
flow

25.4

19.8

5.6

3.6

Ap

Blount
Ap

0 -8

34.0

19.4

14.6

9.5

A2

8-11

33.9

21.1

12.8

8.3

11-14

21.2

15.7

5.4

3.5

B2 3 t

21-29

27.4

12.3

15.1

9.8

Cl

37-47

24.1

16.6

7.4

4.8

I

b2

Moriev
Ap

0-5.5

28.0

16.3

11.7

7.6

A2

5.5-8

21.9

13.7

8 .2

5.3

t

11.5-20

29.2

17.8

11.4

7.4

c2

28-35

48.7

19.6

29.1

18.9

b2

LSD

2 .8

91

(CEC Ca/Mg - CEC K/NH 4 ) x 100
% V e r m i c u l i t e ■ ----------------------------------------------------------154
The r e s u l t s o f

these c a l c u la t io n s

in T a b l e s

and 10.

6

,

8

that are s ig n ific a n t a t
at

The d i f f e r e n c e s
the .05

level

in t h e

l a s t column

in p e r c e n t v e r m i c u l i t e

a r e shown as LSD v a l u e s

t h e b o t t o m o f each t a b l e .
V a r i a t i o n s o f CEC and

each member o f
1)

a r e shown

its

reduction w ith

t h e M o r l e y t o po s e qu e n c e ,

Table

t h e amounts o f c a t i o n exchange c a p a c i t y

Jeddo p r o f i l e

in CEC ( Ca / Mg )

horizon;
clays

the d if f e r e n c e s

in h o r i z o n s o f

increase

indicates

horizons,
in t h e B2 3

(Ca/Mg - K/NH 4 ) a l s o

2:1

3

.6 .

in t h i s

this

increase
This

l a t t i c e clay

m i n e r a l s such as v e r m i c u l i t e a n d / o r t r a c e o f s m e c t i t e s

analysis.

but

Ca/Mg and K/NHlt, o f

the e x i s t e n c e o f expanding

X-ray d i f f r a c t i o n

in CEC's

i n c r e a s e f r om A2 t owar d B2 and C2

in CEC's

C o f b e tte r drained s o ils of

the

Bl o u n t show

l a t t i c e minerals

in t h e same p a t t e r n w i t h a h i g h r a t i o o f C2 / A 2 ■
fact

in

indicate:

) horizons o f

C a t i o n exchange c a p a c i t i e s ,

in t h e M o r l e y p r o f i l e

horizons;

2

i n d i c a t e an

r e l a t i v e l y more e x p a n d a b l e

3)

,

f r om Ap t owa r d B2 and Cj

t h e amounts o f Ca/Mg - K/NH4
because o f

6

do n o t show much v a r i a t i o n and d i f f e r e n c e s

(Ca/Mg - K/NHl*) a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t ;
a decrease

K-saturation,

in t h e

t oposequence as s u p p o r t e d by

92

It

is

range o f

evident

illite

d iffe ren c es
in

Blount

lower

in

derived

d r a i n e d member o f
indicates

higher

(Table

t h e Ap a n d A 2

A2

horizons

CEC's

horizons

M orley.

expandable

type

clays

ind ication

o f m o r e CEC

some

CEC w i t h
B2 3

expanding
in

the
is

lower

acid

than

because o f
Jeddo s o i l

the

poorly
e a rlie r).

c la y m inerals

the

and M o r l e y as

(Ca/Mg,
of

This
in

by h y d r o g e n

K -satu ratio n

in

the

K/NH4 )

Blount

poorly

and

drained

supported

by

and

d ifferen ces

Blount

in

Blount

is more

B£t h o riz o n

of

M orley

because o f

The amount o f

saturation

in

CEC,

horizon

A2

the

the

of

so il

the

M orley

its

in

resu lts

t h e Ap a n d
of

horizons.

The

more
However,

m ight

surface,

be d ue

not

removed

reduction

at

110°C

reduction

re la tiv e ly

Ca/Mg and

than

horizons

over-nig h t

than

th e ir

existence

treatm ent.

and h e a t i n g

of

the

surface

t h e Ap t h a n

peroxide

m inerals.

a r e more

indicates

horizon

t h e C2

is

probably

Jeddo,

the

Also

Jeddo

which

in

t o p o s e q u e n c e as m e n t i o n e d

rem aining o rg a n ic m a tte r

com pletely

not

is

an alysis.

of

to

is

Jeddo
(20).

in

m aterial

m inerals

Blount

of

Grim

This

( Pewa mo,

illitic

The amounts o f

to

K/NHZf)

).

amounts o f

d iffra c tio n

in

6

-

parent

from

lower

amounts o f

X-ray

according

the M orley

Jeddo compared w i t h
of

CEC ( C a / M g )

t h e CEC ( C a / M g

and M o r l e y

was

the

(20-30)

pH a n d d i f f e r e n t

p ro file

This

that

of

in

CEC

of
the

in

the

more v e r m i c u l i t i c
reduction

is more

than

C2

by

K

horizon

93

of

Blount

the

by p r o p o r t i o n s

reduction

la ttic e
by t h e

resu lts

The

the

s o ils

increase

the
in

the

and w e l l - d r a i n e d

between

the

agrees

emphasizes
greater

w ell
the

M orley

are

in

Jeddo

the

more

m a teria ls

is

also

Jeddo

to

This

o f m ostly
but

an

lik e ly .

or

one o f
and

depths)

in

the

for

the

The c l a y

but

member.

between

remains

for

the

w ith

better

of

may b e a c c o u n t e d
c h lo ritize d

B2 o f

members.

the

the

the

Blount

for

in

and

d rainage.

B2

v e rm ic u lite

d iffe re n c e

and

Ap a n d
by

poorly

s im ila r

Pewamo s e r i e s

t h e Ap a n d

content

the

alm ost

t h e Ap h o r i z o n s

horizons

B2

ra tio s

and w e l l - d r a i n e d

of

in

supported

is

ve rm ic u lite

co n sisten tly

series

in itia l

This

the w e ll-d r a in e d

obtain ed

B2

as

toposequence.

series.

varies

M orley,

between w e l l

com parable

ve rm ic u lite

series.

p ro file

(at

elu v ia tio n
the

of

an alyses.

clay

ve rm ic u lite

than

pH a n d e x i s t e n c e
Jeddo s o i l

of

of

m a teria l

of

so il

data

greater

The amounts

more e x p a n d a b le

p o o rly-d rain ed

w ith

illu v ia tio n

revelaing

drained

ra tio

drained

This

CEC a n d A: 1 f o r

d iffe re n c e s

ra tio

poorly

somewhat

for

the M o rley

and

clay

),

2:1

d iffra c tio n

t h e Ap h o r i z o n s

from

6

parent

in

the

toposequence

increase

(T ab le

X-ray

7 s h o ws

to

about

m in eralog ical

drained

compared

in

of

clay

Tab le

M orley

CEC

m inerals

the m ajor
poorly

in

of

in

and

horizons
lower
the

parent

94

Table 7.

R a t i o s o f c l a y o r v e r m i c u l i t e In B2 and Ap
h o r i z o n s o f t h e M o r l e y t o p o s e q u e n c e and t h e
Jeddo s e r i e s

% Clay
Rat io

Ho r i zons
In R a t i o

Soi 1
S e r i es

% Vermi c u 1? t e
r a t io

Jeddo

B2 / Ap

1.2

Pewamo

B2 / A p

1

Blount

B2 3 / AP

2.0

1.0

Morley

B2 / Ap

2.1

0.9

1.0

-

. 1*

* D a t a from t h e S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e L a b o r a t o r y
in B e l t s v i l l e , M a r y l a n d .
The X - r a y d i f f r a c t o g r a m o f

Jeddo does n o t

v e r m i c u l i t e o r o t h e r ex p a n d a b l e c l a y s t but
s tra tific a tio n
verm iculite

of

illite ,

throughout

indicate discrete

indicates

subject
situ

analyses

t o more

the s o il

p ro file.

in t h e p a r e n t m a t e r i a l

illu v ia tio n

in w e l l

formation o f v e r m ic u li t e .

chlorite

Table

Miami

of Morley

drained s o ils

Howev er ,

to X-ray
is p r o b a b l y

and/or

in

existence of d iscrete

in t h e s u r f a c e h o r i z o n s o f M o r l e y m i g h t be due t o more

w e a t h e r i n g and c h l o r i t i z a t i o n

reduction

inter­

c h l o r i t e and some c h l o r i t i z e d

In d ic a tio n o f d is c r e t e v e r m ic u lit e according
d iffractio n

the

8

of verm iculite

shows t h e CEC p r o p e r t i e s

In CEC as Ca/Mg -

t o p o s e q u e n c e and t h e i r

in a c i d c o n d i t i o n s .

1

(Ca/Mg,

K/NH 4 ) o b t a i n e d

K/NH 4 and t h e

for

the s o ils

v e rm ic u lite contents.

in t h e

95

Considering the
K saturation

in

Ca/Mg,

and d i f f e r e n c e s

Ap t o
soil

K/ N H 4
B2

as

each

variatio n

horizons

Ca/ Mg and

members

of

t h e Mi ami

decrease

toward w e l l

the

8

.

from

in each

The

B2 h o r i z o n s

in c o m p a r i s o n

in

toposequence
and t h e i r

increase
of a ll

three

t o Ap a n d C

content

X-ray d iffr a c tio n

revealing

clay

This

as s u p p o r t e d

t h e CEC i n

is

evident

t h e Ap an d B2 h o r i z o n s

drained s e rie s .

by

it

reduction w ith

type

same,

increase

in

o f CEC i n e a c h s o i l

more e x p a n d a b l e

However,

Table

higher c la y

the v a ria tio n s

exchange c a p a c i t i e s
heating,

K/ NH 4

of

the

B horizons

illu v ia tio n .

Comparing
in

w ith

reduction w ith

toward C h o riz o n

in

toposequence

is as so c ia ted

-

k and 5 o f

K/NH 4 , o f c l a y

its

exchange c a p a c i t i e s

i n Ca/ Mg

and t h e n d e c r e a s e

t h e Mi ami

because o f

members

the c a tio n

shown b y c o l u m n s 3 ,

i n CEC,

horizons

s o il,

o f CEC and

the

w ith

that

the c a t io n

K saturation
from p o o r l y

indicates

the s i m i l a r i t y

of

and

drained

the e x is te n c e

in t h e more p o o r l y d r a i n e d

C horizons

the o th e r

analyses

of

clay

of a ll

so ils

conditions

in

Brookston.

remains

parent m a te ria ls

of

the

in

t h e M i a mi

in

t h e M i ami

toposequence.
Considering v e r m ic u lite

contents

toposequence

the p e rc e n t v e r m ic u li t e

(Ap h o r i z o n )

toward the

clay

increases.

content

Ap an d B h o r i z o n s

of

from B t o C h orizo ns
verm icu lite

zone o f
This

illu v ia tio n

This

from s u r f a c e

(B h o r i z o n )

V erm iculite

these s o i l s .

is s i g n i f i c a n t

increases

is s i g n i f i c a n t l y

Brookston.
of

o f each s o i l

d iffe re n t

content

decrease

in B r o o k s t o n a c c o r d i n g

to

as

the

between

decreases
in p e r c e n t
t h e LSD v a l u e .

96

Table 8.

C a t i o n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t i e s o f t h e c l a y f r a c t i o n s in
t h e Mi ami t o p o s e q u e n c e and t h e i r v e r m i c u l i t e c o n t e n t s

Hor i zon

De p t h
( inches)

CEC meq/ l OOq m

C a /M g

K7NH4

C a '/M g - K / N H A

%
Verm iculi te

Brookston
Ap

0-11

45.4

28.1

17.3

11.3

B22gt

15-19

57.0

29.8

27.2

17.7

B3g

25-34

28.4

17 . 1

11.3

7.3

C2

48-63

26.3

16.5

9.8

6.4

Co n ov er
Ap

0-8

31.6

18.6

13.0

8.4

B2 2

18-26

34.7

21.1

13.6

8.8

Cl

33-40

26.6

18.2

8.4

5.4

Mi ami
Ap

0-9

29.2

17.8

11.3

7.4

B22

26-33

36.0

23.3

11.8

7.6

C1

38+

27.9

17.0

10.9

7.1

LSD

m

m

3.97

97

Comparing p e r c e n t v e r m i c u l i t e c o n t e n t o f
each o t h e r ,

these s o i l s w ith

v e r m i c u l i t e decreases s i g n i f i c a n t l y

o f p oorly drained to

somewhat p o o r l y and w e l l

The p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s o f t h e s e s o i l s
in v e r m i c u l i t e c o n t e n t ,

it

f r om t h e Ap and B£
drained s o i l s .

do n o t d i f f e r

significantly

s h o u l d be emph a si z ed t h a t

c a t i o n exchange c a p a c i t y v a l u e s and t h e X - r a y

results also

s u p p o r t t h e e x i s t e n c e o f much d i s c r e t e v e r m i c u l i t e
samples o f

accumulation)

member.

for

o f B22gt

t h e Miami

(maximum c l a y

and v e r m i c u l i t e

toposequence.

i n c r e a s e s from t h e p o o r l y d r a i n e d

b e tter drainage.

illu v ia tio n

However,

of

ratios

The p e r c e n t

to well

T h i s emphasi zes t h e g r e a t e r e l u v i a t i o n o f

h o r i z o n s and t h e g r e a t e r

clays

ratios

and Ap ( s u r f a c e h o r i z o n ) ,

o f t h e same h o r i z o n s
ratio

in t h e c l a y

B r oo k s t on .

T a b l e 9 shows p e r c e n t c l a y

clay

the higher

drained

t h e Ap

t h e Bt h o r i z o n s w i t h

percent v e r m ic u lite

ratios of

the

in t h e B2 / Ap h o r i z o n s d e c r e a s e f r om t h e p o o r l y d r a i n e d t o

t he somewhat p o o r l y and w e l l

drained conditions

indicating
V

r e l a t i v e l y more e x p a n d a b l e
Bt o f

Brookston.

X-ray d i f f r a c t i o n

2:1

lattice

clay minerals

T h i s has been s u p p o r t e d by t h e r e s u l t s o f
analyses of c la y

in t h i s

t he Br ookst on s e r i e s has been a f f e c t e d
t he Ap and i l l u v i a t i o n

horizon.

o f t h e B2 t as shown

e x i s t e n c e o f more e x p a n d a b l e

2:1

Although

l e a s t by e l u v i a t i o n o f
in T a b l e 9 ,

exchange c a p a c i t i e s o f Ap and B2t c l a y s wou l d

horizons.

in t he

lattice

indicate

clay minerals

the higher
the
in t h e s e

98

T ab le 9*

P e r c e n t c l a y an d v e r m i c u l i t e r a t i o s
Ap h o r i z o n s o f Mi ami t o p o s e q u e n c e

in

B2 and

Soil
Series

H o r i zon
Rat io

Brookston

B2 / Ap

1 .5

1.56

Conover

B2 / Ap

1 .8

1.0

Mi ami

B2 / Ap

2.4

1.0

Table
reduction
for

10 shows
i n CEC,

Thetford

K saturation
Ca/Mg

t h e CEC v a l u e s

Ca/Mg

and S p i n k s

Considering

-

it

f r o m Ap t o
But,

of

is

B2

CEC K/NH4

K/ NH 4 ,

in

t h e C2

horizon

most a b u n d a n t

parent m aterial
CEC,

K -saturation(and

g enerally

in

of va ria tio n

The a mou n t s o f
w ith

lowest

that

its

that
2

The

contents

reduction w ith
CEC,

B 12 h o r i z o n s ) ,

then

f r o m Ap t o

t o B2 ,

but

depth

Ca/Mg-

increases

expanding c la y m in e ra ls

are

t h e B2 h o r i z o n o f T h e t f o r d .
in

CEC m i g h t be t h e

o f T h e t f o r d as o b s e r v e d

Ca / Mg ,

B2 ,

r e d u c t i o n o f CEC,

K/NHi*, a n d t h e

heating o v e r-n ig h t a t

increases w ith

the

in T h e t f o r d ,

increases

then decreases

indicating

i n C2 ,

irre g u lar pattern
s tra tifie d

t h e Ap,

CEC and

(average A '

t o w a r d C2 h o r i z o n .

in

K / NH ^ ,

the v e r m i c u l i t e

evident

then decreases
i s mo r e

Ca/Mg,

so ils .

the v a r i a t i o n

t o w a r d C2 h o r i z o n .

for

K/NH 4 , a n d

in each s o i l

increases

% Verm iculite
Ratio

% Clay
Ratio

in an a l m o s t

The

resu lt of
in the f i e l d .

r e d u c t i o n o f CEC

110°C ,)in
regular

Spinks

pattern

99

Table

10.

Hor i zon

C a tio n exchange c a p a c i t i e s
in th e S p in k s to p o s e q u e n c e
c o n t e n t si

Depth
( inches)

o f the c la y f r a c t io n s
and t h e v e r m i c u l i t e

CEC meq f / 1 0 0 g
Ca/Mg

'

K7NH4"

Ca/Mg-K/NHz*

%
Verm icu1i te

Thetford
0-10

50.1

26.0

24.1

15.6

A 121
ana
B '21t

24-28

58.9

38.7

20.2

13.1

A ' 22
and
B 12 2 1

28-35

45.7

35.3

10.4

6.7

C2

42-60

59.1

18.8

40.2

26.1

Ap

S p i n ks
Ap

0-8

29.0

21.9

' 7.8

5.1

B 2ir

8-12

30.1

23.2

7.0

4.5

A 12 1 B 12 11

20-27

51.4

17.9

33.5

21.8

A 12 2 B 12 2 1

37-60

66.6

24.9

41.7

27.1

LSD

-

—

—

7.0

100

Ind icatin g
horizons
of

the

of

Spinks,

each o t h e r ,

the

those o b ta in e d
expandable
drained
in

Thetford

fied

parent

in

results

strong

ve rm ic u lite

v e rm ic u lite.
is

supported

d iffra c tio n

of

The
by

In S p in ks
of

of

peak,

the

in

concentration
drained

w h i c h has

ve rm ic u lite

to

from

as o b s e r v e d

the

the

in

to

the

surface

is

as

content

the

for

in

and

of

fie ld .

Ap o r
LSD
supported
a

c h lo ritize d
C horizon

CEC a n d a l s o

existence

s tra ti­

the

ind icate

id e n tifie d

obtained

the

the

between

that

analyses.

h orizons,

because o f

according

been

a sig n ific a n tly

compared

d iffra c tio n

the A '2 B '2 t

in

than

somewhat p o o r l y

analyses

ind icate

more

w ith

a m easure o f more

sig n ifica n tly

Thetford,

two s o i l s

decreases

p ro file

v e rm ic u lite -c h lo rite
is

the

is

probably

d iffra c tio n

which

the

through

soil

the high values

t h e Ap a n d B 2 i r

lower

under w e ll

the X -r a y

d iffe rs

increased

there

the

re la tiv e ly

ve rm ic u lite

depth,

the

are

of ve rm ic u lite

X-ray

resu lts,

in te rs tra tifie d

by

t h e C2 h o r i z o n ,

The e x i s t e n c e

of

of

however,

so ils

supported

and C in

by t h e

CEC v a l u e s

This,

for

ve rm ic u lite

horizons

resu lt

horizons

Thetford

the percent

m aterial

The amount o f

value.

for

increasing

increases

the

Spinks.

as

the

in

textured m a te ria ls .

values
for

clay m inerals

illu v ia l

comparing

condition

then

may b e

the

c la y m inerals

surface w ith

A '2B '2

in

in c o a r s e

general,

la ttic e

This

ve rm ic u lite

conditions
In

more e x p a n d i n g

X-ray

some

i 11ite-m o n tm o ri1Io n ite .
lower v e r m i c u l i t e

the A '2 B '2

horizons.

content

The h i g h e r

101

verm icu lite
supported
clay

content o f

by c h e m i c a l

the A '2 B '2
and X - r a y

horizons

d iffra c tio n

each o t h e r

it

greater

t h e Ap o f

in

is e v i d e n t

t h e a mou n t o f
depth)

is

less

the

as w i l l

to

horizon

of

but

th is

pH ■ 8 . 2 ) .

than

in

analyses

of

the

these s o i ls

t h e Ap o f
horizons

t h e Spinks

Spinks;
(at

series.

This

in

the

greater

illu v a tio n ,

or

parent

in

the

(w ith
of

is

at

of

the s t r a t i f i e d

v e rm ic u lite

as

in

of

texture

the

lower A ' 2 B '2

comparable w it h

Thetford

in

parent m a te ria l

in m i n e r a l o g y as w e l l

m aterial

a comparable depth

closely

the C horizon

variatio n

thin

The p a r e n t m a t e r i a l

fie ld

pH « 6 )

but,

a comparable

verm icu lite

la te r.

w ith

is s i g n i f i c a n t l y

of

be d i s c u s s e d

content

This

indicate

varies
this

is

of

t h e amount o f v e r m i c u l i t e

so il

the v e r m i c u l i t e

in

in A ' 2 l B ' 2 1

o f S p i n k s was n o t o b s e r v e d
Thetford

than

accum ulation
due

content

ve rm ic u lite

Thetford

in T h e t f o r d

Bt bands o f S p i n k s
variatio n s,

that

verm icu lite

may e m p h a s i z e

may

Spinks

samples.
Comparing p e r c e n t v e r m i c u l i t e

w ith

in

the

(w ith

Thetford

o f Thetford

p ro file

which

as m e n t i o n e d e a r l i e r

in

study.
Table

percent

11

shows p e r c e n t

verm icu lite

ratio s

clay

ratio s

in com parable

toposequence.

Percent

clay

poorly

to w e ll

d r a i n e d member

drained

o f mo r e c l a y

in

the

B2 o f

of

ra tio

Thetford

depths

decreases

due

A ' 2 & 1 2 anc* Ap,
for

also

th e Spinks

from

the

somewhat

indicating

the

existence

to s t r a t i f i e d

m aterial

102

as

discussed

verm icu lite
w ell
in

in

ra tio

drained

the

upper

clay m ineral
Spinks,

Table

Table

11.

the

results

increases

so il

series.

part

of

o f mechanical

f r o m some wha t p o o r l y
G reater

th e Spinks

may e n h a n c e

analyses.

elu viatio n

an d

of

illu v ia tio n

the % v e rm ic u lite

B2 / A p

Percent

drained

v e rm ic u lite
of

th is

ra tio

in

11.

R a t i o s o f c l a y o r v e r m i c u l i t e in th e
h o riz o n s o f th e Spinks toposequence

Soil
S e r i es

Horizons
in R a t i o

Thetford

Spinks

to

B2 a n d Ap

% Clay
R a t io

% Verm iculi te
Rat io

A ' 2 B 12
Ap

1.8

0.6

A 12 B* 2
Ap

0.9

J+.3

the

103

4.

Total

P o t a s s l u m A n a l v s e s and C a l c u l a t i o n

The t o t a l
of

potassium o f

t h e amount o f

calculated
illite j
factor

present.

on t h e b a s i s o f

Therefore

total

K in

percent

in

(31,
the c la y

study o f

12 shows

the values

the c la y

fractions

illite

fraction

pp.

523),

becomes an

for

the Morley

the

(PPM)^ = p a r t

The r e s u l t s

and 1 6 .

important

total

potassium

of

d ire c t calcu latio n
K analyses.

10 x

(PPM)k
K
83 x M

per m illio n

M = weight o f c la y

14,

100%

contents.

u.
P e r c e n t M i c a =»

the c la y

equals

is

t o p o s e q u e n c e and

* T h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n was d e r i v e d f o r
o f mica in t h e c l a y samples fr o m t h e i r t o t a l

of

Illite

so ils.

obtained
of

p r o v i d e s an e s t i m a t e

The p e r c e n t a g e o f

8.2

in t h e m i n e r a l o g i c a l

Table

their

illite

the c la y

o f Mica Contents

of

K

i n grams

these c a l c u la t io n s

fractions

are

shown as

the

of

the

last

illite

col umn

contents
in T a b l e s

12 ,

104

Table

12 .

T o t a l K and i l l i t e c o n t e n t s o f
in the M o rl e y toposequence

Horizon

Dept h
( i nches)

%
Total

the c la y fr a c t io n s

K

%
1 11 i t e

Jeddo
Ap

0-7

3.8

46.3

B22

11- 21

3.5

42.2

B3

38-51

4.2

51.2

-

4.4

53.3

51-57

4.9

58.7

C|
Cl

(Clay flow)

Blount
Ap

0-8

3.0

36.7

A2

8-11

3.3

40.0

B21

11-14

3.3

39.6

B23

21-29

3.6

43.4

C2

37-47

4.3

52.0

Morlev
Ap

0r5 • 5

3.1

37.2

a2

5.5-8

3.1

37.1

11.5-20

3.3

40.1

28-35

3.6

44.1

B2 t
c2

LSD

3.2

K )5

Considering
member o f
increases
p ro file

the Morley

for

of weathering

13.

K or

12.

decrease

in

illite

the percent

According

is a p p a r e n t

d ifferen t

intensity

is f u r t h e r

Table

to Table

that

bet ween Ap o r

B l o u n t and M o r l e y s e r i e s .

resulting

total

toposequence,

fillte ^ it

is s i g n i f i c a n t l y

This

of

from the s u rfa c e to the C h orizo n

according

calculated

J e d do ,

the v a r i a t i o n

This

t o t h e LSD v a l u e
t h e amount o f

the

increase

surface w ith a

the c la y f r a c t i o n s .

ratios

in Table

13.

The r a t i o o f % i l l i t e i n c l a y o f B2 / Ap and C ] - 2 / AP
h o r i z o n s in t h e M o r l e y toposequence

Soi 1
S e r i es

Horizon
Ratio

Jeddo

B2/ Ap *
Ci /Ap

0.9
1.3

Blount

B2*/Ap »
C2/ Ap

1.1
l.A

Moriey

B2/ Ap ■
C2 / Ap

1.1
1.2

*B2

illite

B and C h o r i z o n s o f

indicates

content of

e m p h a s i z e d by t h e

in t h e c l a y s

i n each s o i l

from the C to th e s o i l

illite

in each

indicates

% 111i te r a t i o

t h e a v e r a g e o f B21-23 h o r i z o n s

Compar i ng t h e amount o f

total

and Jeddo p r o f i l e s w i t h e a c h o t h e r ,

K or
it

illite

in M o r l e y ,

is e v i d e n t

that

Blount

the percent

106

increases

from the w e ll

condition.

The

lower

horizon of Morley
related

relative

of

The p e r c e n t
horizon o f

the

anticipated

total

is

the p o o rly

in

drained

the c la y o f

t h e C2

t h e C2 o f

Blount

is

The h i g h e r

illite

content of

the

in itia l

probably

d ifferen ce

it

its e lf

is s i m i l a r

resemblance o f

further

M o r l e y and B l o u n t

the c la y

contained

less

to th a t of
the clays

flow

total

in

in

the

the C

in

the c la y
of

separately

K than

B horizon.

in d i s c u s s i o n

the C

Thus
flow

the
to

that

the p a r t i c l e

size

demonstrated.
reactions

because o f

from which

the

mentioned p r e v i o u s l y .

Jeddo w h i c h was c o l l e c t e d and a n a l y z e d

The w e a t h e r i n g

m aterial

to

potassium o f

the B h orizo n mentioned

analyses

content

that p r o file

from the C h o r iz o n
but

toward

i s p r o b a b l y due t o

parent m a te ria l

in

illite

to parent m a t e r ia l .

Jeddo p r o f i l e

horizon,

drained

of

the a c id

J e d do s o i l

l o w e r pH and d i f f e r e n t

t h e Je d do s o i l

was d e r i v e d .

d iffe rs

from

parent

This

is e v i d e n t

in t h e f o l l o w i n g ways:
a -

The amount s o f
A,

illite ,

B an d C h o r i z o n s

horizons

in Jeddo,

Table 6,

decrease

Blount

to s im ila r

b - The h i g h e r
series
but

illite

suggest

this

is n ot

Table
of

Blount

but,

in c re a s e from
to

the corresponding

t h e amount s o f

f r o m A,

verm icu lite,

B an d C h o r i z o n s

horizons

contents
it

12,

of

in Jeddo.

in p o o r l y d r a i n e d

is s u b j e c t

to

Jeddo

le a s t weathering

in agreement w i t h

the

l o w e r pH

107

condition.

T h e r e f o r e poor d r a i n a g e w i t h

i n J e d do has s l o w e d a l t e r a t i o n
less

exp an dable 2:1

s h o u l d , however,
m aterial
Morley

of

illite

so ils

i.e . >3.3%

it

in

me et
K

is su g g e s te d

indications

that

of

some

No

k a o l i n i t e was f o u n d
by X - r a y a n a l y s e s

f o r m as a

Taxonomy,

may be

in

in Jeddo;

of

The e x i s t e n c e

at

the f a m il y

level.

clay m inerals

c h lo rite
of

the

d iscrete

Jeddo s e r i e s .

However,

toposequence

K aolinite
soil

as

or verm i­

analyses

the Morley

ch lo rite

in

the parent m a te ria l

account f o r

a major m in e r a lo g ic a l
under

these

in

the parent

horizons

it

may

w eathering.

of discrete

the Morley s e rie s

the

in t h e o t h e r

verm icu lite

of

o r k0% i l l i t e .

some d i s c r e t e

samples.

and

chemical

"illitic "

o f m o n t m o r i 11 o n i t e o r

the c la y

the M orley,

i 11it e - c h lo r it e

and a l s o

i n e a c h member o f

in

of

th e m i n e r a l o g y o f each o f

the study of

inh erited

result

B l o u n t an d

of

1971)

in te rs tra tifie d

indication

v e r m i c u l i t e was f o u n d

m aterial

requirements

a r e s u p p o r t e d by X - r a y d i f f r a c t i o n

samples.

It

the parent

section

to " i l l i t i c "

ch lo rite -ve rm ic u lite;

in M o r l e y ,
clay

the

(Soil

i 11i t e - c h l o r it e - v e r m ic u l i t e
c u lite ;

that

t h e same as

the c o n tro l

be c h a n g e d f r o m " m i x e d "
The

clay m inerals.

be e m p h a s i z e d

Je d do was n o t

B l o u n t a n d Je d do s e r i e s

Therefore

o f m i c a and p r o d u c e d

to begin w i t h .

The a mount o f

m ineralogy,

la ttice

l o w e r pH

the

of

in

the

topsoil

the Morley s e rie s

d ifferen ce

influence of

and d i s c r e t e
would

among t h e h o r i z o n s
good

internal

108

drainage,

according

potassium d e p le t io n
111 i t ? c e m i n e r a l s ,
This

to X -ray analyses
near the s o i l
a r e observed

8 1 o u n t as

in T a b l e

13.

in

in t h e M o r l e y

the

in

less

t h e somewhat p o o r l y -

larger

B2 / A p and C/ Ap r a t i o s

important m in e ra lo g ic a l

t op o s e q u e n c e u n d e r

More

t h e M o r l e y and B l o u n t s o i l s .

i n d i c a t e d by t h e

These a r e

the c l a y samples.

s u r f a c e and c o n s e q u e n t l y

d e p l e t i o n seems somewhat g r e a t e r

drained

of

the

influence of

differences

internal

dra inage.
Table

14 shows t h e r e s u l t s

of

total

K analyses

in t h e Miami

toposequence.
According to the c a l c u l a t e d
a sig nificant
series

the v a r i a t i o n

t o wa r d t h e C h o r i z o n

intensity
total

and B r o o k s t o n w i t h each o t h e r ,
in t h e Ap and B2 o f w e l l

but d e c r e a s e s s i g n i f i c a n t l y

there

is

in e a c h s o i l

Considering e q u iv alen t
total

K or

K or

increases

K or

the percent

This

indicates

surface.

in Miam i,

r e ma i n s a l m o s t

drained

in t h e p o o r l y

depths

compared t o Miami and Conover

p ro file.

illite

in each
from the

toward th e s o i l

in t h e p o o r l y

illite

illite

Conover
the

and somewhat p o o r l y d r a i n e d s o i l s

i n d i c a t e s more w e a t h e r i n g

amounts o f

total

in each s o i l

Compar i ng t h e amount o f

This

of

t o po s e q u e n c e t h e p e r c e n t

increase of weathering

same

illite ,

studied.

member o f Miami

an

for

d i f f e r e n c e b et ween Ap and C h o r i z o n s

Considering

surface

LSD v a l u e

Brookston.

drained c o n d itio n .

in th e s o i l

p ro files,

the

i n M o r l e y and B l o u n t a r e g r e a t e r ^
(equivalent

drainages),

respectively.

109

Table

14.

Horizon

T o t a l K and i l l i t e c o n t e n t s o f
i n t h e Mi ami t o p o s e q u e n c e

Depth
( inches)

the c la y

% Total

K

fractions

% i

11

i te

Brookston
Ap

0-11

1.9

22.8

B2 2 g t

15-9

2.0

24.7

B3g

25-34

3.6

43.6

c2

48-62

3.4

40.8

0-8

2.5

30.5

B2 2

18-26

3.3

39.3

Cl

33-40

3.5

42.4

Co n o v e r
Ap

M i ami
Ap

0-9

2.5

30.1

B2 2

26-33

3.1

37.4

Cl

38 +

3.4

41.1

LSD

m

8.5

110

T able
of

the

both

15 shows

the

ra tio s

of

B t o A and C t o A h o r i z o n s

cases

the

ratio s

increase

total
of

the

from w e ll

p o o rly-d rain ed

and p o o r l y - d r a i n e d

s o ils .

more d e p l e t i o n

of

in

because o f
drainage,

Table

to tal

potassium

more w e a t h e r i n g
p a rtic u la rly

15.

near

the

the
so il

illite

Miami

to

also

surface

influence

Horizon

Brookston

Conover

M i a mi

is

average o f

B2 2

of

of

indicates
Brookston

poor

% i

1 1

*B 2
*P~

1.5

C2 / A p

1.8

B2
Ap

1.3

C! /Ap

\.k

B2
Ap

1.2

C] / A p

l.A

and

\

B3

subhorizons

clays

somewhat

surface.

R atio

the

toposequence.

drained
This

in

The r a t i o o f % i l l i t e
i n c l a y o f B2 / A p a n d
C/Ap h o r i z o n s in t h e Miami to p o s e q u e n c e

S o i 1 s e r ies

*8 2

under

the

K or

i te

natural

In

111

T he a mou n t o f m i c a
i n e a c h member o f

t h e Miami

almost constant

in

s o ils .

fact

This

catena

concept

in s i m i l a r

that

8

, of

so ils

all

the o r i g i n a l

members o f

illite

in the

illite

slig h t

it

remains

these

assumption o f

t h e same c a t e n a "

(Table

Miami

increases

increase o f

percent

illite

increases

C in each s o i l
These

A to

each o t h e r ,

from

content

indicate

product

B w ith

content

of

decreases

that

illite

in

strong

ea ch

in te rs tra tifie d

of

indicated

samples.

It

by

s o ils ,

increases

K a o l i n i t e was

the

cla y m inerals

as

c h lo rite -

d iffractio n

should be m entioned,

in te rs tra tific a tio n

toward p o o r ly d r a in e d

the X -ra y

is

topo­

in

c h lo rite -v e rm ic u lite -i11i t e ; ch lo rite -ve rm ic u lite;
m o n t m o r i 11 o n i t e a r e

the

from B to

this

p ro file .

of

in

verm iculite

illu v ia l

horizon

only a

toposequence.

concentrated

the c la y

it

B t o C but a v e r a g e

s e q u e n c e an d maybe b e i n g

T he e x i s t e n c e o f

in te n s ity

develop

p ro files ,

i n t h e Mi ami

relationships

an a l t e r a t i o n

from

verm icu lite

percent v e rm ic u lite

of

the

1*+, a n d v e r m i c u l i t e ,

toposequence w i t h

Co nover and Miami s o i l

c -

of

the C horizon

that:

- percent

b -

the A to

parent m a te ria l.

is c o n c l u d e d
a

m aterial

supports

Mt h e

from

toposequence b u t ,

the parent

Comparing p e r c e n t
Table

increases

however,

from w e l l

analyses
that

the

drained

id en tified

in a l l

112

members o f
being

t h e Mi ami

inherited

result

of

toposequence.

chemical

is

indicate

found

w hile

in

series.
less

or

in p a r t

as

the

of clays

c h lo rite

is

in

t h e M i ami

toposequence

( a n d some m o n t m o r i 11 o n i t e )

than

in

found o n ly

the
in

better

the best

drained

so ils

d r a i n e d Mi ami

i s mor e p o t a s s i u m d e p l e t i o n ,

and c o n s e q u e n t l y

the poorly

drained

than

C o n o v e r a n d Mi ami

series.

illite

drained

studies

t h a t mor e v e r m i c u l i t e

There

interpreted

weathering.

the p o o rly -d ra in e d

d iscrete

is

from the p a re n t m a t e r i a l ,

The m i n e r a l o g i c a l
also

This

in

m ineralogical

d ifferences

Brookston
These a r e

in

the

among t h e members o f

the b e t t e r

important

t h e M i a mi

toposequence.
Table
analyses
value

16 shows t h e

in

for

p ro files

the su b s o il
Thetford

indicates

horizons

The p e r c e n t
soil

of

total

layers.

m aterials

w ell

to

it

is

p o t a s s i u m and

s o ils .

a sig nificant

K or

illite

d ifferen ce

A small

decrease

the over

observed

revealed

t h e somewhat p o o r l y

in

lying

the

total

horizon

the f i e l d

total

that

in

b e t w e e n Ap

p ro file s .

increases w ith
in

depth

topsoil
K in

is

than

a ttrib u ted

in

to

studies.

K decreases

drained s o i l .

in b oth

t h e C2 o f

K in both p r o f i l e s

total

illite

The c a c u l a t e d LSD

t h e T h e t f o r d an d S p i n k s

C o m p a r i n g t h e amount s o f
each o t h e r ,

total

i n d i c a t i n g mor e w e a t h e r i n g

c o mp a r e d w i t h

s tra tifie d

of

t h e T h e t f o r d and Spinks

illite

and A ' 2 B ' 2 t

results

This

from

w ith
the

indicates

the

11 3

Table

16.

H o r i zon

T o t a l p o t a s s i u m and i 1 1 i t e c o n t e n t s o f
f r a c t i o n s in th e Spinks toposequence

Depth
( i nches)

% total

K

the c la y

% illite

Thetford
Ap

0-10

1.1

13.8

24-28

1.8

21.8

A'22
B 22t

28-35

2 .0

24.3

c2

42-60

1.9

22.8

* 1.5

18.7

8-12

1.4

16.9

20-27

2.2

26.3

37-60

2.6

31.2

A 121
B 12 1

1

S p i nks
Ap
b2

0-8

ir

£'21'
B 211
B ! 22
22t
b

LSD

m

4.6

f

114

o c c u r r e n c e o f more w e a t h e r i n g
coarse t e x t u r e d s o i l .
upper h o r i z o n s o f

The

in t h e somewhat p o o r l y - d r a i n e d

higher v e r m ic u lite

the T h e tfo rd s e rie s

content of

are consistent with

the
this

idea.
Table

17 shows t h e r a t i o s

of

o f T h e t f o r d and S p i n k s s o i l s .

total

K in B to A h o r iz o n s

The r a t i o s

decrea se from

somewhat p o o r l y - d r a i n e d

toward w e l l - d r a i n e d

soil

indicating

more d e p l e t i o n o f

K in T h e t f o r d b ec au se o f

relatively

total

more w e a t h e r i n g n e a r

the s o il

enhances t h e w e a t h e r i n g

Table

Soil

17.

surface.

Again poorer d rainage

i n medium a c i d c o a r s e - t e x t u r e d s o i l s .

The r a t i o o f % i l l i t e i n c l a y o f
in the Spinks toposequence

series

Horizon

ratio

B/A h o r i z o n s

% i 1 1 i te

Thetford

A 12 1 B
Ap

12 1

1.6

Sp i n k s

A 1 2 1 B ' 21
Ap

1.4

Considering
verm iculite,
it

the r e l a t i o n s h i p o f

Table

10,

contents

illite ,

Table

16,

and

in t h e c l a y s o f both s o i l s

is concluded t h a t :

t

115

a

-

percent

illite

increases

Thetford w h ile
However,
from

t h e amount o f

B to C w h ile

t h e amount o f

These

relationships

in
w ith

layers

Considerable
be p r e s e n t
percent

amounts o f

these

th is

w ell

drained

of

subsoil

Comparing c l a y m i n e r a l s

of

the v e r m ic u lit e

series

Assuming

same p a r e n t m a t e r i a l

the

m inerals

ind icatio n
in

of

drainage

less

becomes

poorer.

may a l s o

increasing

for

illite

much

an d

illu v ia tio n

co rrelatio n

w ith

increases

percent of

and more

s o il.

in

th is

s o il.

so ils

illite

both

so ils

each o t h e r

it

from Spinks

is
to

decreases.
to

begin

an d m o r e v e r m i c u l i t e

t h e s o me wha t p o o r l y - d r a i n e d

more p o t a s s i u m d e p l e t i o n
as

the

w ith

th is

content

the T h e tfo r d

w ith ,

w hile

both

to

verm icu lite

Severe e l u v i a t i o n

textured

the

m a teria ls,

in Spinks w i t h

may c a u s e

coarse

of

variatio ns

verm icu lite

increases

drained

textured

s tra tifie d

ve rm ic u lite.

into

the

coarse

increases

accum ulation

that

th is

illite

iltu v ia tio n

parent m aterial

in

illite

in

suggest

of

s o me wha t p o o r l y

enhanced

s lig h tly

verm icu lite

v erm icu lite

the

of

decreases.

decreases

o f marked a l t e r a t i o n

t o deep

concluded

illite

p o s s ib ility

condition,

B horizon

percent v e rm ic u lite

considerably.

b -

from A to

clay

T h e t f o r d would suggest

in te n s iv e w eathering

reactions

In te rs tra tifie d

ch lo ritize d

montmori1 I o n i t e - v e r m i c u l i t e - i 1
in

the

X-ray

clay

samples o f

d iffra c tio n

both s o i l s .

An

montmori11 o n ite
d iscrete

c h lo rite

m ineralogical
influence o f

i t e ; and c h l o r i t e - v e r m i c u l i t e

T h e t f o r d and S p i n k s w e r e

analyses.

indication
in

1

v e rm ic u Iite -i11ite;

K a o l i n i t e was a l s o
of

d iscrete

the w e ll

d ifferences
internal

d ra in e d Spinks

between

drainage.

the

by

id en tified

in

verm icu lite

t h e some wha t p o o r l y - d r a i n e d
in

id e n tified

Thetford

are

two s o i l s

and some
and

the major
under

the

V I..

SUMMARY AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

Clay m ineral
three

contents o f e ig h t

t o p o s e q u e n c e s as M o r l e y

(18*35% c l a y )

and S p i n k s

major h o rizo n

considering

(or

zone o f

( mo r e

(sandy)

series

h a v e been m e a s u r e d

depth,

thickness

and p a r e n t m a t e r i a l

l e a s t w e a t h e r i n g o f each s o i l
Mechanical

of

or

as c l a y ,

s ilt,

mainly carbonates,

sample.

The e l u v i a t i o n

illu v ia tio n

in each

p ro file ,

and t h e s i m i l a r i t y

t o p o s e q u e n c e was a l s o

illu v ia l

elu vial
(or

zone

unconsolidation

t h e a mou n t o f a c i d

o r sand f r a c t i o n s

soluble m a te ria ls ,

e a ch s o i l

in each

p ro file .

the a c id

and

in

M i a mi

horizons,

zone o f

a n a l y s i s was u s e d t o e v a l u a t e

insoluble minerals

included

t h a n 35% c l a y ) .

l e a c h i n g and maximum w e a t h e r i n g ) ;

of accum ulation)
and

soil

and a l s o

in e a c h s o i l

processes

taking

o f parent m aterial

place
of

in

so ils

s t u d i e d by means o f m e c h a n i c a l

analyses.
X-ray

d iffra ctio n

for q u a lita tiv e
mor i

1

Ion i t e s ,

id en tificatio n

c h lo rite ,

o f w e a t h e r i n g as

analyses

i

11

fixa tio n

the c la y
illite ,
and

ite-ve rm ic u lite
found

exchange c a p a c i t y ,

(Ca/Mg-K/NH^)

evaluation o f

illite

previously.
117

verm icu lite,

in te rs tratified

mont­
products

illite -

in t h e s o i l s .

Ca/Mg,

w hile

samples w ere a p p l i e d

or c h l o r i t e ,

and h e a t i n g a t

measure p e r c e n t v e r m i c u l i t e ,
was u s e d f o r

of

ka o lin ite

v e r m i c u l i t e - m o n t m o r i 11 o n i t e
Cation

of

its

reduction

by K

1 1 0 ° C was a p p l i e d

total

to

potassium a n a ly s is

q uantitatively

as

discussed

118

In g e n e r a l ,
proximate
zone)

a - relative

to

the s o i l

surface

in a l l

p ro files

was~ f o u n d

Because o f p h y s i c a l
at

t o be u n s t a b l e

is concluded

that

in

in

w e a t h e r i n g and

leaching.

clays

fraction

indicates

total

K or

p artic u larly

the

illite

The w e a t h e r i n g
tionship also

tion

Therefore
proxim ity

potassium

increase o f

in each s o i l

g lacial

till
of

(high

in

the

percent
and s u p p o r t s

in s o i l s ,

largely

h a v e b ee n
products
that

of

in M ichigan

compone nt o f

so ils

from the p a r e n t m a t e r i a l

formed.

o f m i c a and

th eir

c la y m inerals

parent m a teria l

o f one c l a y m i n e r a l

in m ic a )

the s o i l s

as a m a j o r c l a y m i n e r a l

suggests

by w e a t h e r i n g

composition

land s u r f a c e .

from a n o n c l a y m i n e r a l
alteratio n

total

a considerable

inh erited

the s o ils

form ation

to a com bination o f chemical

of

from A to C h o rizo n

i s s u g g e s t e d t o be
from which

structural

l e a c h i n g and p o t a s s i u m d e p l e t i o n

near

its

environment.

p rim arily

W i s c o n s i n - a g e as t h e p a r e n t m a t e r i a l
of

o f mica,

i n amount o f m i c a w i t h

Evaluation

Considering calcareous

the o r i g i n

study.

its

the s o il

decrease

is a t t r i b u t e d

the process o f

this

and

Illite

intensive weathering

ch aracteristics

to the su rfa ce

illite

I n amount o f

( t h e most

h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e and p r e s s u r e ,

mi c a t e n d s
it

decrease

o f some and b u i l d i n g

originate

but,

to another,

structural

re la­

not only

a l s o by t h e
or complete d e s tr u c ­

up o t h e r s

d e p e n d i n g on

ri9

the v a r i a t i o n s
of

leaching

in

the

it

is

kinds

to

cla y m ineralogical

suggested

of

that

a lte ra tio n

L o w e r pH c o n d i t i o n

in

so il

the

did

not

favor

The e x i s t e n c e
drained

acid

a lte ratio n
the

p ro file ,
s o il.

Jeddo m i g h t

(s lig h tly

s e n s itiv ity .

to

This

of m inerals

and d e t e r m i n a t i o n

Fe,

Na,

Ca,

K a n d H on

latio n

of

structural

atomic

proportion

of

The w e a t h e r i n g
influen ce
m inerals
mica
stage

of
as

through

products

in p o o rly

m inerals.

is

s ta b ility .

poorly
lower

tested

of

11

which

But,

appears

(high

the

to

be m o s t l y

greater
analyses

cations

S i,

th eir

on i t e

that

by c h e m i c a l

in s o i l s

11

suggested

because o f

Expandable

i

the

re la tiv e ly

as,

oxides

A l,

and c a l c u ­

by c o n s i d e r i n g

as e x p l a i n e d

a n d mon tmo r i

so ils

in

dioctahedral

o f mica

in te ra tra tifie d
drained

illite

clay m inerals

drainage.

verm icu1 i te
an

la ttic e

be m o s t l y

basis

each ele m e n t

internal

expandable

individual

of

s o ils .

it

c a n be
of

in

affect

Jeddo

n eu tral)

the

form ulas

th is

drained

F e + + a n d Mg+ + )

acid

in

Therefore

g re a te r w eathering
in

m inerals

indicates

in

(high

obtained

poorly

a h i g h amount o f

illite

in B r o o k s t o n

clay

of

th is

mica

data

fin e-textu red

in

trio cto hedral

Mg,

of

form ation

Jeddo s o i l

because o f

w eathering

efficie n c y

environm ent o f w e a th e rin g

products

the

of

the

o f mica

type o f

in A l )

e .g .,

and pH.

According
study

th e environm ent o f a l t e r a t i o n ,

by Ross
vary

2:1
tend

(58),

under

la ttic e
to

the

the
clay

form from

i t e - v e r m i c u 1 i t e - m o n t m o r i 11 o n i t
have not

been

leached

120

s e v e r e l y and have s l i g h t l y
In t h e case o f w e l l
"well

crys tallize d "

10 A ° p e a k s )
mixed

layer

i

acid

drained

illite

that

or

to c h lo r it e

11

ite -c h lo rite

inherited

the o r i g i n

so ils,

(shown by a

Existence o f c h l o r i t e
suggest

to n eutral

in

the w ell

the major f a c t o r

re la tiv e ly

an d k a o l i n i t e

of

is a l t e r e d

lik e

in

to a

symmetrical

clay

in a r e l a t i v e l y

through a
acid

condition.

t h e c l a y sa mp l es

t h e s e m i n e r a l s m i g h t be l a r g e l y

from the p a re n t m a t e r i a l .

taking place

illite

and c h l o r i t e
stage

ch aracteristics.

drained

Oesci1 ication

so ils

due t o

i n p r o d u c i n g more k a o l i n i t e

processes

l e a c h i n g may be
in b e t t e r

drained

cond i t i o n s .
C o mp a r i n g t h e c l a y m i n e r a l o g i c a l
of so ils w ith
this

study
a -

each o t h e r ,

the fo llo w in g

The amount o f
textured
s o ils .
of

and

illite

fine-loam y

in

the control

toposequence,

it

cla ss ifica tio n

b -

toposequences

in e a c h p r o f i l e

conclusions

increases

three

are obtained:

from c o a rs e -

to fin e -te x tu re d

A c c o r d i n g l y b e c a u s e o f a h i g h e r amount

illite

"mixed"

the horizons

general

thru

data of

is

of

illite

parent m a terial

suggested

those s o i l s

to " i l l i t i c "

The amount o f

section of

at

the m in eralo g ica l
be c ha nged f r o m

the fa m ily

increases w ith

o f each s o i l

the Morley

in

level,
depth

this

to

study.

the

in

121

c - The

inverse

relationship

verm icu lite
drained

contents,

so ils

alte ratio n

between

p a rtic u larly

suggests

product o f

illite

downward movement ,

to

in

is

an

the C

and a l s o w i t h

to chemical

analyses.

in p o o r l y -

in t h o s e s o i l s ,

increases

horizon o f Morley se rie s

d iffra ctio n

an d

that v e rm ic u lite

d - The amount d f v e r m i c u l i t e

Spinks a c c o rd in g

illite

depth

in

and X - r a y

T h i s may be a t t r i b u t e d
the fo rm a tio n

verm icu lite

under w e l l

v a ria b ility

in t h e p a r e n t m a t e r i a l .

insitu

drained co n d itio n s

to

of
or

to

V II.

Considering the
clay mineralogy o f

CONCLUSIONS

interrelationship

the s o ils

studied,

of

internal

d r a i n a g e and

the fo llo w in g

results

are

presented:
a - Poor n a t u r a l
35% c l a y )
produces

drainage

in f i n e - t e x t u r e d

acid s o ils ,

as

I n t h e Jeddo s e r i e s ,

lower c a t i o n exchange c a p a c i t y

m aterials

and

expandable

lattice

2:1

inhibits

the form ation of

clay m inerals,

mor i l I o n i t e s and v e r m i c u l i t e .
products a re c h i e f l y
11

ite -ch lo rite

by

as m o n t ­

The w e a t h e r i n g

i n t e r s t r a t i f i e d m aterial

o r v e r m i c u l i t e and s m a l l

ch lo ritize d -v erm ic u lites,
contains

(20-25)

t h a n somewhat p o o r l y d r a i n e d an d w e l l

drained s o ils ,

i

( more t h an

inheritance,

as

amount o f

The Jeddo s e r i e s
more mi c a

than b e t t e r

drained associated s o i l s ,
b - The c l a y s a r e

illitic

for a ll

t h e members o f

the

M o r l e y t o p o s e q u e n c e and t h e Jeddo s e r i e s ,
c - Poor d r a i n a g e
acid

in f i n e - l o a m y

to neutral

series)

prevents

conditions

(18-35% c l a y )
(as

slig h tly

in t h e Brookston

leaching o f basic cations

r e l e a s e d by breakdown o f p a r e n t m a t e r i a l
produces c l a y s w i t h
122

as

and

h i g h e r c a t i o n exchange c a p a c i t i e s

123

than

in b e t t e r

drained c o n d itio n s .

poor d r a i n a g e ,
acid

in e ffic ie n t

to neu tral

the fo rm a tio n
m inerals

as

so il

of

expandable

c o n s i d e r a b l e a mount o f
as

i

11

by c h e m i c a l

depletion

in

and

in b e t t e r

The c l a y s

in

drained

clay

m ontmori1 I o n i t e

in te rs tra tifie d

Brookston

in a l l

la ttic e

2:1

or

i

d iffra c tio n

results

and s l i g h t l y

associated w ith

1 1

These c o n c l u s i o n s

and X - r a y

Poor d r a i n a g e

than

is

ite -c h lo rite -v e rm ic u lite

m ontm ori1I o n i t e .

d -

leaching,

reaction

verm icu lite,

Consequently,

m aterials

ite -c h lo rIte -

are

the

potassium

l o w e r amounts

these s o ils

supported

analyses.

increases

so ils

an d a

in

the

are

of

o f mica

same t o p o s e q u e n c e
"mixed"

m ineralogy.
e

-

Im perfectly
s lig h tly
w ith
and

drained
acid

to

more c a t i o n
in

sandy s o i l s
neutral

B l o u n t and C o n o v e r .

and
is

la ttic e

in te rs tra tifie d
enhanced.

the

reaction

exchange c a p a c i t y

the e q u iv a le n t

expandable

as

s o me w h a t

as

produces
than

clays

in S p in ks

poorly-d rain ed

Consequently,
clays

Thetford w ith

the

d iscrete

so ils

form ation

of

verm icu lite

m o n t m o r i 11 o n i t e - i 1

1

ite -c h lo rite

\2k

f

- Somewhat p o o r l y - d r a i n e d

in

the T h e tfo rd

influences

p o t a s s i u m d e p l e t i o n by g r e a t e r

a lte ratio n

of m ica,

amount o f

illite

decrease

causing

than

indicates

in ten sity

in S p i n k s .

the

in T h e t f o r d

c la s s ific a tio n

sequence

is

in te rs tra tifie d

as an

a

lower

the su rfa ce

is

g re a te r weathering

of

so ils

series.
in

this

soil
so il

conditions.

m aterials

topo-

environment
clays

produces

t h a n p o o r l y and

The p r o d u c t i o n o f

in p o o r l y

drained

so ils

T he b e t t e r - d r a i n e d

soils

do n o t

expandable c la y m in erals
ve rm ic u lite
of

in

Spinks

elu viatio n

is c o n s id e re d

form ation

of

verm icu lite.

mentioned

that

parent m aterial
in flu e n tia l

the

to

be t h e

soil

p ro file ,

It

should,

influence o f

or

of

lower

result

of

in s i t u

however,

v a ria b ility

I n v e r m i c u l i t e may be an

factor.

in s o i l s ,

the form ation

o f M o r l e y and

which tends

throughout the

im perfectly

produce d is c r e t e

except

the C horizon

less

in te rs tra ti­

i n t e r m e d i a t e s ta g e o f mica w e a th e rin g

horizon

The

" s a n d y 11,

g - T he b e t t e r - d r a i n e d

fied

of

T he c o n s i s t e n t

than Spinks

textural

drained

form ation

i n a mou n t o f m i c a as

approached

h -

conditions

of

be

125

1 - The e x i s t e n c e o f d i s c r e t e c h l o r i t e
horizons o f w e ll-d r a in e d Morley,
soils
This

is

in t h e s u r f a c e
Miami

i n d i c a t e d by X - r a y d i f f r a c t i o n

is a c o n s i s t e n t m i n e r a l o g i c a l

p o o r l y and w e l l - d r a i n e d s o i l s .

and S p i n k s
analyses.

difference

bet ween

VIII.

This

type o f study appears

the problem o f
degree o f

A D D I T I O N A L RESEARCH NEEDED

relationship

internal

cover a wide

so ils

and management o f o u r s o i l
The f o l l o w i n g
are suggested f o r

1.

However

it

in v a r i o u s

to the

alterations

s h o u l d be e x t e n d e d t o

toposequences f o r b e t t e r

resources.

investigations,
future

in

relation

to th is

m aterials

study

research:

of clay

samples,

th eir

k i n d and amount o f c l a y and s t a g e o f

in e a c h s o i l .

Q u a n t i t a t i v e d e te rm in a tio n o f montmori1I o n i t e
by u s i n g

to

c l a y m i n e r a l o g y and t h e

E v a l u a t i o n o f amorphous m a t e r i a l s
relation

2.

of soil

drainage.

range o f

t o be a w o r t h w h i l e a p p r o a c h

the

results

o f determination

and t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l

thermal

and k a o l i n i t e

o f amorphous c l a y
analyses,

respectively.

3.

C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f kinds o f montm ori1 I o n i t e s
Brookston

(fine-loam y)

a l s o k in ds o f mica
Jeddo ( f i n e )
chemical
their

and T h e t f o r d

(dioctohedral

and B r o o k s t o n s o i l s

determinations

or

(sandy)

in the
soils

and

trio cto hedral)

in

by means o f q u a n t i t a t i v e

o f e l e m e n t s and c o n s i d e r i n g

atomic p ro p o rtio n s

to obtain s t r u c t u r a l

f o r e a c h c l a y as e x p l a i n e d by Ross

12 6

( 5 8 ).

formulas

use

127

k.

In v e s tig a tio n s
p la c e

in

produ cts
5.

S tu d ie s

of

lo w er

kin d s

o f w e a th e rin g

lith o lo g y

th in

in

in

and

soils

in

o f m in e ra ls

p rim a ry

th e ir

stages

in

ta k in g

Jeddo s e r i e s ,
in

a c id

order

an d

s o ils .

fra c tio n s

and p e t r o g r a p h ic

and s e d i m e n t a t i o n )
betw een

as

re a c tio n s

sand and s i l t

s e c tio n

re la tio n s h ip
the

ch e m ica l

pH c o n d i t i o n s ,

o f m in e ra ls

means o f

of

of

s o ils

by

a n a ly s e s

(used

in

to

o b ta in

th e

and s e c o n d a ry m i n e r a l s
o f w e a th e rin g .

found

IX .

A g u ilera,

N.

H .,

from s o i l s

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M.

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