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I
I
73-29 ,6Bi*
DESKINS, Barbara Brown, 1929SPATIAL VARIATION IN FOOD HABITS AMONG PUBLIC
HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN INGHAM AND JACKSON
COUNTIES, MICHIGAN.
Michigan State University, Ph.D., 197 3
Geography

U n iversity M icrofilm s. A XERQ \Com pany , A n n A rbor, M ich ig an

THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED.

S P A T I A L V A R I A T I O N IN F O O D H A B I T S AMONG PU B L I C
H IG H S C H O O L S T U D E N T S IN IN G HA M AND
J A C K S O N COUNTIES, M I C H I G A N
»y
Barbara Brown Dc skins

A THESIS
Submitted

to

Michigan State University
in partial

f u l f i l l m e n t of the

re quirements

for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

D e p a r t m e n t of G e o g r a p h y
19 73

ABSTRACT
S P A T I A L V A R I A T I O N IN F O O D H A B I T S A M O N G PUBLIC
H I G H S C H O O L S T U D E N T S IN IN G H A M A N D
J AC KSON COUNTIES, M I C H I G A N

By
B a r b a r a Brown D c s k i n s

R e s e a r c h studies
of t e en a g e r s

in the U n i t e d States

a d o l e s c e n t s are less
se veral

dealing w i t h the n u t r i t i o n a l
today h a v e

than o d e q u a t e l y n ourished.

factors w h i c h a c c o u n t

tional

status h a ve been

m at i on

is n e e d e d not o n l y

The pr e s e n t

pro v i d e m o r e

identified,

into

Although

much a d d i t i o n a l

teenage

status b y u s i n g g e o g r a p h i c a l

from both c o n s u m p t i o n

ge ography.

An area was chosen

education pro­

in an a t t e m p t

thus a p p l y i n g

g e o g r a p h y and me d i c a l

to be s t u d i e d which was

b e l i e v e d to be typical

of m i d w e s t e r n U n i t e d States,

the h y p o t h e s i s was put

forth that

s tu d e n t s

and

s i g n i f i c a n t spatial

food h a b i t s of public h i g h

in I ng h am and J a c k s o n Counties,

school

Mi c hi g an .

The sa m pl e p o p u l a t i o n e m p l o y e d for this s t u d y
a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10# of the

total

lOth,

p o p u l a t i o n s of 14 p ublic hig h sc h o o l s
area selected,
Teenagers

y i e l d i n g a final

from urban,

rural,

to

food h a b i t s and n u t r i t i o n a l

techniques,

methodology

v a r i a t i o n e x i s t e d in the

i n fo r ­

for a c om p l e t e u n d e r s t a n d i n g of

s tu d y was u n d e r t a k e n

insight

that m a n y

in p a rt for this p o o r n u t r i ­

the p r o b l e m but also for e f fe c t i v e n u t r i t i o n
grams.

shown

status

11th,

i nc l ud e d

and 12th grade

in the g e o g r a p h i c a l

sample si ze of 911

subjects.

a n d s u b u r b a n areas we r e

included.

Barbara Brown Deskins
I n f o r m a t i o n w a s c o l l e c t e d from these students,
a q ue s t i o n n a i r e ,

on

t h e i r actual

o t h e r food habit c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,
data.

Su b j e c t s w e re

u rb a n Jackson,
subsequent

spatial analyses.

o t h e r techniques w e r e u s e d

lations,

initial

nutrient
period,

in

they lived for
and

the data c o l l e c t e d

histograms,

a n a l y s i s was n o n - s p a t i a l
characteristics

simple c o r r e ­

and c o v e r e d

the

for the e nt i re

Data were c o m p i l e d w h i c h s ho w the m e a n
in the

study for a 24 hour

the a ve r a g e n u m b e r of s er vings

s u m e d from a v a r i e t y of food groups.
variables presented cover
patter ns,

a nd

and mapping.

intakes by the teena ge r s
as well as

in w h i c h

for a n a l y z i n g

food h ab i t a n d n u t r i t i o n a l
s ur v ey population.

and c e rt a i n s o c i o - e c o n o m i c

A v a r i e t y of s t at i st i ca l

tract averages,

f ac t or analysis,

The

for 24 hours,

i d e n t i f i e d b y the ce n s u s tract,

by the city block

i nc l uding c ensus

food intake

b y m e a n s of

and a t ti t u d e s

Additional

food habit

the s u bj ect's mea l an d snock

towards a v a r i e t y of foods,

f am i ly food p u r c h a s i n g a n d p r e p a r a t i o n patterns.
characteristics analyzed

include

Recommended Dietary Allowances
o f the va r io u s n u t r i e n t s
a v i t a m i n p re p ar a ti o n ,

they c o n ­

the p e r c e n t a g e

that

studied,

the

and

Nutritional
of the

su b jects c o n s u m e d

w h e t h e r or no t they u s e d

a n d the e xt e nt of th e ir obesity,

if any.

S o c i o - e c o n o m i c a nd c u l t u r a l v a r i a b l e s d e r i v e d f ro m the s t u d y
w e r e c o r r e l a t e d w i t h the food habit a n d n u t r i t i o n a l
in o rd e r to of f er some e x p l a n a t i o n a s
a te

to wh y the

variables

teenagers

the w a y they did.
The spatial a n a l y s i s

i nv o l v e d s t u d y i n g these same

h a b i t an d n u t r i t i o n a l variables,

food

but the s u bjects were g r o u p e d

Barbara
by ce n s u s

tifacts and c i t y bloc ks

of di f fe r en c es and homogenity.

Brown D e s k i n s

to i de n t i f y areal
Census

the food habit,

patterns

tract a ve rages were

obtained

foif all

economic

factors d e r i v e d from the s t ud y and m a n y of these

factors were mapped.

n ut r it i on a l,

V e r y d e finite spatial

and s o c i o ­

pa t t e r n s

emerged

for some of the v a r i a b l e s such as a s co r b i c ac i d intake,

the

c o n s u m p t i o n of fruits, a n d o b e s i t y thus

i nd i ca t in g that

there

was cons ideirable v a r i a t i o n

The food h a b i t and

nutritional characteristics
c o r r e l a t e d Willi s e le c t e d
tracts and City bl ocks
Data

food

for the s ub jects were

factors

obtained

areas

for the ce n s u s

in w h i c h

they

lived.

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and c e n s u s

tract v a ri ables such as color,

ethnic

background,

e d u c a t i o n ap d /o r income of the r es i d e n t s of the

housing
w hi c h

These

showed r e l a t i o n s h i p s e x i s t i n g between m a n y

intake a nd n u t r i t i o n a l

the subject^

then

from the 19G0 U n i t e d States Ce n s u s

for the e n u m e r a t i o n

correlations

ov e r space.

lived.

Also related

in both the census

the spbjects resided.

in m a n y

occupation,

tracts

in which

in stances was

tracts and the c i t y blocks

in

the

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The a u t h o r wishes
m a j o r professor,

to express h e r g r a t i t u d e

Dr. John Hunter,

am o u nt of g u i d a n c e and he l p
wishes

to thank P r o f e s s o r s

for the

to her

imm easurable

furnished by him.
Lawrence Sommers,

Also,
Dena

C ederquist,

and J ames W h e e l e r for their e n c o u r a g e m e n t

a nd helpful

comments.

The

c o nt r i b u t i o n s of Dr.

F l o r e n c i o and M i s s Robin H i r s c h e r t
ore also g r a t e f u l l y acknowledged.

ii

she

C e ce l ia

in i n t e r v i e w i n g studen ts

TABLE OF CONTENTS

v

List of Tab les

viii

L i st of F igures
CHAPTER
1

1

INTROD U CT I ON
R e v i e w of L i t e r a t u r e
G e o g r a p h y a nd N u t r i t i o n
Hypothesis
Research Objectives
D e s c r i p t i o n of G e o g r a p h i c a l A r e a

2

30

METHODOLOGY
D e s c r i p t i o n of Sa m pl e
P il o t Study
Data C o l l e c t i o n and S a m p l i n g
U n i t e d S ta t es C e ns u s T r a c t Data
U n i t e d S ta t es C i t y Block Data
Stati st i ca l A n a l y s i s

3

F O O D H A B I T S O F THE T O T A L S U R V E Y PO PU L A T I O N

. . .

01

Total N u t r i e n t s C o n s u m e d
T y p e s of F o o d E at e n
M e a l s and S n a c k s - P r o t e i n an d Calori e s
Consumed
W i t h W h o m D i d the S u b j e c t E a t ?
W h e r e D i d the S u b j e c t E a t ?
W ho P u r c h a s e s F o od for the F a m i l y ?
W h o P r e p a r e s F o o d for the F a m i l y ?
Attitudes Towards Various Foods
4

N U T R I T I O N A L C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F THE T O T A L
SURVEY POPULATION
Recommended Dietary Allowances
Weight-Height Relationship
C o n s u m p t i o n of V i t a m i n P r e p a r a t i o n s
Factor Analysis

i ii

112

5

S P A T I A L A N A L Y S I S OP FO OD H A B I T S

142

Total N u t r i e n t s C o n s u m e d
T y p e s of F o o d C o n s u m e d
C a l o r i e s and P r o t e i n from M e a l s and Sn a ck s
C a l o r i e s and Pr o t e i n C o n s u m e d at Home,
School and E l se w he re
C a l o r i e s and P r o t e i n C o n s u m e d A l o n e or W i t h O thers
W h o Pu r ch a s e s F o o d for the F a m i l y ?
W h o P r ep a r e s Fo od for the Fami ly?
A t t i t u d e T o wa r ds a S e l e c t e d F oo d — L a s a g n e
C i t y Block Data
6

S P A T I A L A N A L Y S I S OF N U T R I T I O N A L C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S . 209
Recommended Dietary Allowances
C i t y Block V a r i a b l e s
Weight-Height Relationships
T h e Use of V i t a m i n P r e p a r a t i o n s
Factor Analysis

7

S U MM A R Y A N D C O N C L U S I O N S

............................

230

F o o d H a b i t s of the Total S u r v e y P o p u l a t i o n
N u t r i t i o n a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the Total
Survey Population
Spatial A n a l y s i s of F o o d H a b i t s
Sp at ial A n a l y s i s of N u t r i t i o n a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
Conclusions
APPENDIX
A
QUESTIONNAIRE
B

C

D

.......................................

2G2

R E L A T I O N S H I P S (r V A L U E S ) B ET W E E N
FOOD HABIT
AND NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS, A N D SOCIO­
E C O N O M I C V A R I A B L E S D E R I V E D F R O M THE S T U D Y
.. .

267

R E L A T I O N S H I P S (r V A L U E S ) B ET W E E N F O O D HABIT
AND NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS DERIVED FROM
T HE S T U D Y A N D S E L E C T E D 1960 U N I T E D S TA T E S
C E N S U S S O C I O - E C O N O M I C V A R I A B L E S .................

34 4

R E L A T I O N S H I P S (r V AL UE S ) B E T W E E N F O O D H A B I T
AND NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS DERIVED FROM
THE S T U D Y A N D S E L E C T E D 196 0 U N I T E D S T A T E S
C E N S U S C I T Y B L O C K D A T A ON H O U S I N G .............. 367

B I B L I O G R A P H Y ................................................ 37 2

iv

LI S T OF T A B L E S

Table
Page
1
Dates I n t e r v ie w s were Condu c te d , T yp e s of
I nt e rv i e ws a n d S ou r ce s of S tu d en t s
for S u r v e y .............................................. 35
2
3

E n r o l l m e n t and S a mp l e Size of H i g h School
P o p u l a t io n s S u r v e y e d ...............................

36

F oo d Habit, N u t r i t i o n a l and S o c i o - E c o n o m i c
V a r i a b l e s D e t e r m i n e d from S u r v e y D a t a
..........

48

.............

54

..............................

65

4

S u bjects

5

Total N u t r i e n t s C o n s u m e d

6

N u m b e r o f S e r v i n g s of the V a r i o u s F o o d s C o n s u m e d
by S u rv e y e d S u b j e c t s ...............................

84

M e a n P e r c e n t a g e of Total C a l o r i e s a n d P ro t e i n
C o n s u m e d by S u b j e c t s S u r v e y e d
...................

94

M a j o r F o o d P u r c h a s e r a n d M a j o r Food P r e p a r e r as
L isted b y S u b j e c t s S u r v e y e d for T h e i r F a m i l y . .

99

7
8
9
10

I n t e r v i e w e d by Ce n s u s Tracts

P e r c e n t a g e s of S u b j e c t s L i s t i n g a V a r i e t y o f
A t t i t u d e s T o w a r d s S e l e c t e d Foods .................

Ill

R e c o m m e n d e d D i e t a r y A l l o w a n c e s for 1 4 — 18 Y e a r O l d
Bo ys a n d Girls, a n d the M e a n P e r c e n t a g e o f these
C o n s u m e d by the Total S u r v e y P o p u l a t i o n
. . . .

124

11

A v e r a g e W e i g h t in P ou n ds for H e i g h t a n d B o u n d a r y
W e i g h t s B e t w e e n W e i g h t - f o r —He i g h t C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s
for Yo u ng M e n ........................................ 128

12

A v e r a g e W e i g h t in P o u n d s for H e i g h t a n d B o u n d a r y
Weights Between Weight-for-Height Classifications
for foung W o m e n ...................................... 129

13

Factors. P r o d u c e d by R o t a t e d A n a l y t i c O r t h o g o n a l
S o l u t i o n I n vo l v i n g 96 S e l e c t e d N u t r i t i o n a l a n d
S o c i o - E c o n o m i c V a r i a b l e s D e r i v e d f ro m the
S u r v e y D a t a ........................................... 136
v

14

F a c t o r A n a l y s i s C o m m u n a l i t i c s R a n k e d in O r d e r of
C o n t r i b u t i o n to Total F a c t o r A n a l y s i s ..........

140

15

N u t r i e n t s C o n s u m e d in a T w e n t y - F o u r H o u r Period:
M e a n Intake by C e n s u s T r a c t ........................ 145

16

T yp e s of F o o d s C o n s u m e d in a T w e n t y - F o u r H o u r
Period:
M e a n N u m b e r of S e r v i n g s by Ce n s u s
T r a c t ................

160

C a l o r i e s and P r o t e i n C o n s u m e d from M e a l s and
Snacks, and at Home, School, or Elsewhere:
M e a n P e r c e n t a g e s by C en s us T r a c t
...............

181

C a l o r i e s and P r o t e i n C o n s u m e d Alone, a n d with
the E n t i r e Family, W i t h Some of the Family, a n d
W i t h Friends:
M e a n P e r c e n t a g e by C e n s u s Tract .

189

M a j o r P u r c h a s e r s of Food:
S e l e c t e d C e ns u s T r a c t s

P e r c e n t a g e s F r om
..........................

196

M a j o r P r e p n r e r s of Food:
Selected Census Tracts

Percentages From
..........................

199

17

18

19
20
21

A t t i t u d e T o w a r d s Lasagne:
P e r c e n t a g e of Su b je c ts
R e s p o n d i n g by C e n s u s T r a c t
......................

201

22

P e r c e n t a g e s of the R e c o m m e n d e d D i e t a r y A l l o w a n c e s
C o n s u m e d by C e n s u s T ro c ts for a T w e n t y - F o u r
H o u r P e r i o d ............................................ 211

23

W e i g h t - H c i g h t C l a s s i f i c a t i o n A v e r a g e s by Census
T r a c t ................................................... 224

24

P e r c e n t a g e s of H i g h School S tu d e n t s U s i n g V i t a m i n
P r e p a r a t i o n s by C e n s u s T r a c t
...................

230

25

F a c t o r Sc o re s by C e n s u s T r a c t

232

B1

R e l a t i o n s h i p s (r values) B e t w e e n T yp e s of Fo od
C o n s u m e d an d S o c i o - E c o n o m i c V a r i a b l e s D e r i v e d
from the S t u d y ....................................... 267

B2

R e l a t i o n s h i p s (r va lues) B e t w e e n C a l o r i e and P r o t e i n
Intake of S u b j e c t s in D i f f e r e n t E n v i r o n m e n t s a n d
S o c i o - E c o n o m i c V a r i a b l e s D e t e r m i n e d in this
Study
............................................ 281

B3

.......................

R e l a t i o n s h i p s (r v alues) B e t w e e n the M a j o r F o o d
P u r c h a s e r a nd P r e p a r e r in F a m i l i e s o f S u b j e c t s
a n d S o c i o - E c o n o m i c V a r i a b l e s D e t e r m i n e d in
this S t u d y ............

vi

286

B4

R e l a t i o n s h i p s (r va lues) Be t w e e n A t t i t u d e s T o wa r ds
Sel e c t e d F o o d s an d S o c i o - E c o n o m i c V a r i a b l e s
D e t e r m i n e d in this S t u d y ...............................295

B5

R e l a t i o n s h i p s (r v a l u e s ) B e tw e en P e r c e n t a g e Intake
of the R DA of V a r i o u s Nutrients, W e i g h t - H e i g h t
Ratio, a n d C o n s u m p t i o n of V i t a m i n Prepar a ti o ns ,
aitid S o c i o - E c o n o m i c V a r i a b l e s D e t e r m i n e d in this
S t u d y .................................................... 337

Cl

R e l a t i o n s h i p (r values) B e t w e e n N u m b e r of Se r v i n g s
of F o o d G r ou p s a n d S e l e c t e d 19 60 U.S. C e n s u s
S b c i o — E c on o mi c V a r i a b l e s .............................

344

R e l a t i o n s h i p (r values) Be t we e n P e r c e n t a g e s of
C al o r i e s and P r o t e i n C o n s u m e d from Meals, a n d in
D i f f e r e n t E n vi r o n m e n t s , an d S e l e c t e d 1960 U.S.
C an s u s S o c i o - E c o n o m i c V a r i a b l e ^
....................

350

C2

C3

R e l a t i o n s h i p (r values) B etween P e r c e n t a g e s of
C al o r i e s a nd P r o t e i n C o n s u m e d wi th D i f f e r e n t Groups,
apd S e l e c t e d 1960 U.S. C en s us S o c i o - E c o n o m i c
V a r i a b l e s ................................................356

C4

R e l a t i o n s h i p (r va lues) B e t w e e n the P e r c e n t a g e
of
the R D A Consxuned of V a r i o u s N u t r i e n t s and W e i g h t IlOight Ra t i o s and S e l e c t e d 1960 U.S. C en s us So c io Econo mi c Ce n su s T r a c t V a r i a b l e s
.................... 362

D1

R e l a t i o n s h i p (r values) B et w e e n N u m b e r of S e rv i n g s
of F o o d G r o u p s an d S e l e c t e d I960 U.S. C e n s u s City
Block Data on H o u s i n g ................................. 367

D2

R e l a t i o n s h i p (r values) B e t w e e n P e r c e n t a g e s of
C a l o r i e s and P r o t e i n C o n s u m e d U n d e r a V a r i e t y of
Conditions, and S e l e c t e d U.S. Census C i ty Block
Data on H o u s i n g
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

D3

368

R e l a t i o n s h i p (r v a lues) B e t w e e n the P e r c e n t a g e o f
the R D A C o n s u m e d of V a r i o u s N u t r i e n t s and S e l e c t e d
1960 U.S. C e n s u s C i t y B l oc k H o u s i n g C h a r a c t e r i s ­
tics ....................................................... 371

vii

list

of

Fi g u r e s

F igure
Pa ge
1
S u r v e y A r e a ............................................... 23
2

M e d i a n F am i ly Income
H o u s i n g U ni t s w i t h 1.01 P e r s o n s p e r R o o m o r M o r e
M e d i a n School Y e ar s C o m p l e t e d
B l a c k P o p u l a t i o n ....................................... 29

3

W e i g h t —He i gh t C l a s s i f i c a t i o n
H i g h School St u d e n t s I n t e r v i e w e d
H i g h School Bo ys I n t e r v i e w e d
H i g h School G i r l s Interv i ew e d ......................

1

Calories
Protein
Fat
Carbohydrate

.........................................

53

150

5

Calcium
Iron
Vitamin A
T h i a m i n .................................................. 152

6

Riboflavin
N iac in
Ascorbic Acid
Vitamin Preparation

..................................

151

7

H i s t o g r a m of D a i l y Mean I n t a k e of A s c o r b i c A c i d
b y H i g h S chool Students by C e n s u s T r a c t s
. . . 155

S

M i l k a nd M i l k Pro ducts
P r o t e i n Foods
Vegetables
F r u i t s .................................................. 159

9

F a t h e r ’s
F a t h e r ’s
F a t h e r ’s
F a t h e r ’s

10

Level o f E du c at i on
Occupation - Professional
Occupation - Craftsmen
O c c u p a t i o n - O p e r a t i v e ...................

169

G r a i n Produ c ts
S u g a r s and S w e e t s
A t t i t u d e T o w a r d s Lasagne — Like V e r y M u c h
A t t i t u d e T o w a r d s Lasagne — U n f a m i l i a r ............

171

viii

11

H i s t o g r a m of D a i l y M e a n N u m b e r of S er v i n g s of
Fats a n d Oi l s C o n s u m e d by H i g h School St u de n ts
by C e n s u s T r a c t s ....................................... 173

12

Protein
Protein
Protein
Protein

Consumed
Consumed
Consumed
Consumed

at M e a l s
at Home
at School
Elsewhere

...........................

180

Protein
P ro t e i n
Protein
Protein

Consumed
Consumed
Consumed
Consumed

Al o n e
with Entire Family
w i t h Pa r t of F a m i l y
w i t h Fr i ends
......................

188

13

14

15

M o t h e r as M a j o r F o o d P u r c h a s e r
M o t h e r os M a j o r F o o d P r e p a r e r
H o u r s of P a i d E m p l o y m e n t
M o t h e r ’s H o u r s of P a i d E m p l o y m e n t

.................

195

H i s t o g r a m of D a i l y M e a n P e r c e n t a g e Intake of the
R DA of A s c o r b i c A c i d by H i g h School S t ud e n t s
by Ce n s us T r a c t ....................................... 216

ix

CHAPTER I
I N T R O D UC T IO N
The n u t r i t i o n a l
Stotes

today

cern.

Th at

o pt i m a l
well

status of the a d o l e s c e n t

is v i e w e d by m a n y k n o w l e d g e a b l e peop le with c o n ­
the a d o l e s c e n t ' s

in terms of c u r r e n t

documented

in c e rtain

although

total k n o w l e d g e

Why

less

this

in the U n i t e d

food intake

is often less than

r e c o m m e n d e d al l ow a n c e s has been
regions of the U n i t e d States,

of the si t ua t i o n

than o p timal n ut r i t i o n

exists,

a nd Just h o w

s erious

the effects of it ore,

concern

those

Because

these y o u n g pe ople are our g r e a t e s t p o te ntial

source,

it seems vital

possible.
f am ilies
tional

two q u e s t i o n s

that ri gh tly

involved in an y a s pe c t of n u t r i t i o n a l

to have

Nutrition education
is n e c e s s a r y

for both

fit as

but suc h n u t r i ­

teenage food habits.

information on a d o l e s c e n t

r e­

teenag e rs a n d their

p r ograms n e ed m o r e r e s e a r c h as a f ou n da t i o n

new methodology

research.

them as n u t r i t i o n a l l y

to ac hieve this goal,

w h o l e q u e s t i o n of c u r r e n t
tional

are

is far from complete.

into the

Hence,

addi­

food h ab i ts and the use of

in e x a m i n i n g these h a b i t s c o ul d be e x p e c t e d

to p r o v i d e a s s i s t a n c e
for this age group.

in terms of ho w to
The

improve n u t r i t i o n

st u dy p r e s e n t e d here,

then,

was c o n ­

c e i v e d and e x e c u t e d

in an a t t e m p t to a c q u i r e m or e data on

teenage

than n o w exists,

food habits

geographical
into

a n d then to a p p l y

techni qu e s as a m e t h o d of g a i n i n g more

the w ho l e p i c t u r e of a d o l e s ce n t nutrit io n ,

in the m i d w e s t e r n U n i t e d States.
1

insight

particularly

2
R e v i e w of L i t e r a t u r e
Before

r e l a t i n g the cu r r e n t

of g e o g r a p h y a n d nutrition,
teristics

in the M i d w e s t

Nutritional Needs
Nutrition

in the Un i te d States,

should be of vital

co n c e r n

wh i ch

for p ro p er

functioning a n d g r o w t h

T h e s e n u t r i e n t s can be g r o u p e d

The

the mi nerals,

and

plus a d e q u a t e

fat.

Deprivation

tha n optimal
f i n a l l y death
p e r i o d of

the n u t r i e n t s
Why

the essential

into classe s:

amino acids

sour ces of e n e r g y foods,
of a n y of these nutri e nt s

h e a l t h and well-being,
if the n u t r i e n t

time.

groups

they acquire a l m o s t

of the body.

p rotein,

to all age

Hu m an bein gs require a b o u t

nutrients,

t h rough food,

vitamins,

and

of the A d o l e s c e n t

essential

exclusively

charac­

is presented.

w i t h i n a n y g i v e n population.
forty-one

to both the sc i en c e s

a r e v i e w of the gene ral

of a d o l e s c e n t n u t r i t i o n

particularly

st udy

then

or

carbohydrate
leads

to illness,

to less
and

is w i t h h e l d for a s u f f i c i e n t

Too large a q u a n t i t y of at least c e r t a i n of

is also kn o wn

to be harmlul.

then should the n u t r i t i o n a l needs of the a d o l e s ­

c en t be v i e w e d w i t h p a r t i c u l a r c o n c e r n ?

E verson m a k e s

f o l l o w i n g statements:
First, this is a p e r i o d of a c c e l e r a t e d
growth, c a u s i n g hi g h n u t r i t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s
of c e r t a i n factors . . . a d e c i d e d increase in
g r o w t h o c c u r s du r i n g ad olescence, with an
a c c o m p a n y i n g n e e d for i mp r ov e me n t in the
n u t r i e n t su p p ly . . . Second, this is a p e r i o d
m a r k e d by i n e f f i c i e n t use of c e rtain important

the

3
s ub s ta n c e s b e cause of the f r e q u e n c y and m a g n i ­
tude of e m ot i on a l p ro b l e m s often f ac i ng the
teenager.*
H o d g e s and Krehl make
lem of c or r e c t

the f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t about

the p r o b ­

food for teenagers:

In the U n i t e d S tates the t e enage p o p u l a t i o n
is m o s t apt to m a n i f e s t the ef fects of n u t r i t i o n a l
errors.
P e d i a t r i c i a n s have done so well in
e d u c a t i n g p a rents r e g a r d i n g the n u t r i t i o n a l needs
of infants and y o u n g e r ch i l d r e n that n u t r i t i o n a l
p r o b l e m s in these age g r o u p s arc rare unless
int e r c u r r e n t illness o r p o v e r t y exists.
On the
o t h e r hand, the teenage c hi l d is a p p r o a c h i n g that
p e r i o d in life when individual e x p r e s s i o n and
frank social r e be l l i o n see m not o n l y d e s i r a b l e
but also e ss e ntial to the d e v e l o p m e n t of a
"ma t u r e p e r s o na l it y ."
It is little w o n d e r then
that the te e n a g e r e x p r e s s e s his i n d i v i d u a l i t y
not only in his dress, his ch o ic e of words, his
s el e c t i o n of m u si c and his coiffure, but also in
the foods he eats and the time a nd places he cats
them.
T h e t e e n a g e r is n ot w i l l i n g to accept the
a d m o n i t i o n of his p ar e n t s that he m u s t eat ce r t a i n
foods or indeed that he m u s t eat c e r t a i n meals,
but is i nc lined to invent individual eating
pat t e r n s and to d e v e l o p r a t h e r l i m i t e d d i e t a r y
habits.
The school lunch p r o g r a m has done m u c h
to p ro t e c t the te e na g e r ag a i n s t frank m a l n u t r i ­
tion, but in some s c ho o ls the s t u d e n t has the
o ption of eating in the cafete ria, b r i n g i n g his
own lunch or go i ng to a n e i g h b o r i n g lunch
counter.
Thus,

two c o n f l i c t i n g sets of events are set

the e a rl y teen years w h ic h o f t e n result
status:

One

if the r a p i d

incre as e

a d o l e s c e n t c a l l e d the g r o w t h spurt,

into m o t i o n

in

in p o o r n u t r i t i o n a l

in the size of
w h il e

the

the o th e r r e lates

^ Gl adys J. Everson, Bases for C o n c e r n about Teenagers'
J. A m e r i c a n D ie t Assoc. 36:17, 1960.
2
R o b e r t E. H o d g e s a n d W. A. Krehl, N u t r i t i o n a l S ta t us
of T e e n a g e r s in Iowa.
Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 17:200, 1965.

Diets,

4
to in c re a s e d p s y c h o l o g i c a l
a poor c ho i ce of food,
ingested.

str esses w h i c h o f te n ca u se e i t h e r

or p o o r u t i l i z a t i o n of food that

S t u d i e s a cr o ss

the U n i t e d S t a t e s

c h i l d r e n u n d e r twe lve years of age
even

deluxe, n u t r i e n t
3
calcium.
It is w i t h
nutritional

have

shown

is
that

in ge neral have adequate,

intakes w it h the po s s i b l e
the onset of a d o l e s c e n c e

e x c e p t i o n of
that

the

p ic t u r e often b egins to deteriorate.

Th e G r o w t h Spurt
In an a t t e m p t

to prov ide a gu i de

for n u t r i e n t

intakes

f o r the d i f f e r e n t age and sox s eg ments of the population,
the F oo d and N u t r i t i o n B o a r d of the N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h Cou ncil
e s t a b l i s h e d the R e c o m m e n d e d D i e t a r y Allowances.**

T h e s e are

q u a n t i t a t i v e s ta t em e n t s of amounts of m a n y of the e s se ntial
n ut r ie n ts ,
nutrition
States.
18,

w h i c h ore d e s i g n e d for the m a i n t e n a n c e of good
of p r a c t i c a l l y all

There

is a se p a r a t e c at e g o r y

and for girls

14 to 16,

particular allowances
examining

h ea l t h y p e o p l e

the a l l o w a n c e s

for boys,

and 16 to 18.

dealt with
for all

in the U n i t e d

T h e s e are

in the p r es e nt
se g me n t s

ages

of

14 to
the

study.

By

the population,

it can ea s i l y be o b s e r v e d that the a d o l e s c e n t s have very
large q u a n t i t a t i v e a l l o w a n c e s
This,

of course,

for the v a r i o u s nutrients.

is a r e f l e c t i o n of the large

inc rease

in

Q
Agnes Fay Morgan (ed.) Nutritional S t a tu s. U . S . A . .
C a l i f o r n i a A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n B u l l e t i n ^66,
1959, p. 5.

^Natio nal A c a d e m y of Sciences, R e c o m m e n d e d D i e t a r y
A l l o w a n c e s , S e v e n t h R e v i s e d Edition, P u b l i c a t i o n 1694,
W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 1968.

physi ca l

size w hi c h

these c h i l d r e n will u n d e r g o d u r i n g

adolescence.
U s i n g these a ll o wa n c e s as a guide,
surv eys has been c o n d u c t e d
Stat es

to d e te rmine

the

then,

a series

of

in v ar io u s parts of the U n i t e d

actual n u t r i e n t

intake of gr o u p s of

adolescents.
Nutritional

Su r v e y s - U n d e r a u t r i t i o n

One of the largest of the nu t r i t i o n a l
p la c e

in the U n i t e d States

s u r v e y on n u t r it i on a l

to date was

m e n t s of the p opulation.

Adolescents

in 8 W e s t e r n and

r es u l t s of the surveys are

to take

the i n t e r r e gi o na l

status done be tween 1947 and

M a n y di f fe r e n t kinds of surveys wo r e

w er e st u d i e d

surveys

1958.

done on v a r i o u s

seg­

from 13 to 16 years

3 N o r t h e a s t e r n states.

s u m m a r i z e d in "N u t r i t i o n a l

Th e
S t at u s

U.S.A."
T he in takes of a d o l e s c e n t s 13 to 20 years
old were mo r e variab l e an d less favorable,
e s p e c i a l l y those of the girls, than we r e those
of e i t h e r the y o u n g e r c h i l d r e n or the adults.
Of the 26 g roups of boys and girls s t u d i e d in as
m a n y states those 13 to 16 years ol d w er e e x a m i n e d
in 8 W e s t e r n an d 3 N o r t h e a s t e r n states.
O v e r 90
p e r ce nt of the boys had intakes e x c e e d i n g twothirds of the r e c o m m e n d e d a l l o w a n c e s for protein,
e xc e pt for the S p a n i s h A m e r i c a n g r ou p in N e w
M ex ico.
M o r e than a fifth of this g ro u p of boys
and a l so of the C o l o r a d o a n d M a i n e boys had
diets p r o v i d i n g less than two thirds the
r e c o m m e n d e d amounts of calciu m, a t h i r d w e re
e q u a l l y low in thiamine, n e a r l y a fi f th were
low also in niacin, a nd a b o u t h al f w e re this
low in vi t am i n C.
A m u c h g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n of
g ir l s l acked these fo od n u t r i e n t s to this extent.
A b o u t 20 to 40 p e r ce n t of the girls h a d diets
r e l a t i v e l y l o w in protein, v i ta m in A, rib oflavin,
a n d niacin.
M o r e than 5 0 p e r cent h a d diets
r e l a t i v e l y l o w in c a l c i u m and a s co r b i c a c i d a m o n g
the girls s t udies in N e w Mexico, C o l o r a d o an d

6
M on t a n a .
R e l a t i v e l y few of b o th boys and girls
in Oregon, N e w Y o rk a n d M a i n e hod low n u t r i e n t
intakes.
O n l y in calcium, v itamin A and v i t a m i n
C w e re there u s u a l l y m o r e than 10 per cent of the
d ie t s i n _these three s tates in the low— intake
columns.
Clearly
less

the teenager,

than o p t i m a l

diet,

arc u s e d as a b as i s

in the n i n t h

the d i et s of m a n y of
we re

Inadequate

in o s c o r b i c
a ger's

ha s

a

if the R e c o m m e n d e d Dietary A l l o w a n c e s

for compari s on .

A mo r e r e c e n t
students

p a r t i c u l a r l y the girl teenager,

study

in Californio,

dealing w i t h

t h r o u g h t we l ft h grades,
the a do l e s c e n t s ,

sho wed that

es pecially the girls,

in ca l c i u m a nd

iron, and to a lesser d e g r e e
0
a ci d a nd vi t am i n A.
L ev erton states that t e e n ­

d ie t s

s t u d i e d to d at e ore mo s t opt to fall short o f
7
the a l l o w a n c e s in calcium, iron, and ascorbic acid.
Some

researchers
exists,

hove

tried to find out w h y this u n d e r n u t r i t i o n

and a v a r i e t y of r e a s o n s

et a l . s t u d i e d 1 4 0 girls b e t w e e n

hove been put forth.
the ages of 12 to 14.

fa ct or r e v e a l e d b y this r e s e a r c h was
us ual

for

These

girls

meal m o r e
b r e a k f as t .

these g i r l s

Hinton,

that

One

it was not u n ­

to m i s s at least one meal a day.

i n d i c a t e d they e n j o y e d the noon and e v e n i n g

than breakfast.

T h e y we r e often not h u n g r y at

O t h e r m ea l s w e re m i s s e d beca use of ea t i n g s n a c k s

b e f o r e meals,

or b e ca u se

t he y di d no t like the food s e r v e d at

g
Morgan,

p.

7.

M a r y C. H am p t o n , et a l . C a l o r i c and N u t r i e n t I n t a k e s
of T e e n - a g e r s .
J. Amer. Diet. Assoc. 50:385, 1967.
7
R u t h M. Leverton, " T he P a r a d o x of T e enage N u t r i t i o n , "
P a p e r r e a d b e f o r e the A m e r i c a n D i e t e t i c Association, C hi c ag o ,
Illin oi s , A u g u s t 14, 1967.

7
meals.
a mo u nt

F a m i l y c r i t i c i s m of not e a t i n g
of food,

the right ki n d or

or e ating too often or too slowly was

found

to be s i g n i f i c a n t l y and n e g a t i v e l y r e l a t e d to c ho o s i n g an
g
a d e q u a t e diet.
A

study by S p i n d l e r and A c k e r

15-17 years
fied w i t h
even

old r e co g n i z e d

the

teen group,

that

in their desire

they s e le c t e d

though they m i gh t be well aware

m or e n utritious.

The

indic a te d that st udents

foods

to be

identi­

t heir peers ate,

that o th e r foods w o u l d be

teenag ers were w e i g h t — , c o m p l e x i o n — ,

and pe r sonal i ty— consc i o u s .

It was

i m po rtant

to them to lie

the " r i g h t ” size for boys, p h y s i c a l l y w e l l - b u i l t for girls,
g
slender, but not thin.
R e s e a r c h by D w y e r c t . a l . in the
B os t o n a r ea re v e a l e d s i m i l a r p hy sical

goals.

In a s u p p l e m e n t a r y pa p er to the C a l i f o r n i a S t u d y m e n ­
t i o n e d previously,

llucnemnnn e t . a l . moke

the f o l l o w i n g

observations:
F o u r w e e k l y food di aries kept by 122
j u n i o r and S e n i o r high school st u dents over
a pe r i o d of two years sh owed m a r k e d irreg­
u l a r i t y in ea t in g p r a c t i c e s by a p p r o x i m a t e l y
o n e - t h i r d a n d great v a r i at i on a m o n g subjects,
a s s o c i a t e d to some extent w i t h ethnic a n d
s o c i o - e c o n o m i c factors.
S n a c k i n g was comm on

g
M a x i n e A. Hinton, et. al. E a t i n g B e h a v i o r a n d D i e t a r y
Intake of Girls 12 to 14 Y e a r s Old.
J. Auer. Diet. Assoc.
43:223, 1963.
g
E v e l y n B. S p i n d l e r a n d G e r a l d i n e Acker, T e e n - A g e r s
Te ll Us A b o u t T h e i r N ut r it i on .
J. Aner. Diet. Assoc.
43:228, 1963.
^ J o h a n n a T. D w y e r et. al. A d o l e s c e n t A t t i t u d e s T o w a r d
W e i g h t a nd A p pe a ra n ce .
J. Nutr. E d u c . 1:14, 1969.

8
and t e n d e d to b e n e f i t nu t r i e n t i n t a k e s . ^^The
meal m o s t f r e q u e n t l y skipped was lunch.
St e e l e
r ec o r d s

e t . a l . fo u nd

in a study of s e v e n - d a y di e t a r y

for 181 a d o l e s c e n t girls and 135 a d o l e s c e n t boys,

that boys and g i r l s w h o a lways had b r e a k f a s t m o r e n e ar l y met
the r e c o m m e n d e d a l l o w a n c e s

for th eir age g ro u ps

who m i s s e d b r e a k f a s t on ce a w e e k or more.
Between

1968 an d 1970,

12

the D e p o r t m e n t of Health,

E d u c a t i o n an d W e l f a r e c o n d u c t e d o n u t r i t i o n
stat es w i th i n

the U n i t e d S t a t e s

a n d lo c ation o f m a l n u t r i t i o n
particularly

interested

in c om e

s e gm e nt of

cannot

be c o n s i d e r e d

However,

age g r o u p s

in this country.

the po pulation,

surveyed,

s ur v ey

in ten

to d e t e r m i n e the m a g n i t u d e

in o b t a i ni n g

The s tudy was

in f or m at i on

and hence

representative

the r e s e a r c h e r s

than those

from the low-

the findings

for the e ntire country.

d id find that:

a d o l e s c e n t s b e tween

"A m o n g the va ri ous
the ages of 10 and

16 y e ar s had the h i g h e s t p r e v a l e n c e of u n s a t i s f a c t o r y n u t r i ­
tio nal

status."*'*
Undernutrition,

Dietary Allowances,

at

then

least

in terms of the R e c o m m e n d e d

is a p r o b l e m f o r a gr e at m a n y

* * R u t h L. H u e n e m a n n et. al.
F o o d and E a t i n g P r a c t i c e s
of Te e n - a g e r s .
J. Amer. D i e t . A s s o c . 53:17, 1968.
12

B e t t y F. S t e e l e et. a l . R o l e o f B r e a k f a s t and of
B e t w e e n - M e a l F o o d s in A d o l e s c e n t s ' N u t r i e n t Intake. J. Amer.
Diet. A ssoc. 28:1054, 1952.
13

U.S. D e p a r t m e n t of Health, Education, and Welfare,
H i g h l i g h t s fr o m the T e n - S t a t e N u t r i t i o n S u r v e y 1968-70,
N u t r i t i o n T o d a y 7 (No. 4):4, 1972.

9
adolesc ents,

and It seems

to exist

for a v a r i e t y of reasons.

Some of those s tudied so far include:
i r r e g u la r eating practices,
ment,

desire

factors,

to be

like

m i s s e d m e a l s and

social and e m o t i o na l m a l a d j u s t ­

t h ei r peers,

ethn ic a nd s o c i o - e c o n o m i c

and c o n s c i o u s n e s s of appearance.

Doubtless,

m an y

others e xist as well.
The m a n i f e s t a t i o n s of this
are v e r y d i ff i cu l t to assess.

i nd i cated u n d e r n u t r i t i o n

T h e r e are

few cases n o w in

the U n i t e d States of c l e a r - c u t d e f i c i e n c y diseases,
the n u t r i e n t

is m i s s i n g

from the diet

to s ho w up in a d e f i n i t e clinical
to this m ig h t well

be anemia.

to such an e x te n t as

illness.

H e a l d states

the i n ci d en c e of i r o n - d e f i c i e n c y an e mi a
is unknown,

where

One ex c ep t i o n
that a lt h ou g h

in a d o l e s c e n t girls

u n p u b l i s h e d data s u ggest f re quent m i l d cases,

lie a t t r i b u t e s

the cause of this a n e m i a

to a c o m b i n a t i o n of

the g r ow t h spurt a n d p o o r n u t r i t i o n . ^
In most instances,

however,

n u t r i t i o n are not evident,

clinical

signs of m a l ­

though at least one s tu d y to be

m e n t i o n e d in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h m i d w e s t e r n a d o l e s c e n t nutrition,
does

report

lesions of this

type.

Dr.

Everson,

however,

puts

forth this d e s c r i pt i on of the p os s i b l e d i f f e r e n c e s b etween
the w e l l - and p o o r l y - n o u r i s h e d ad o le s ce n t:
wit h the vast d i f f e r e n c e s

14 F e l i x P. Heald,
Girls.

Postgrad.

Med.

in a p p e a r a n c e of

"We are im p re s s e d ,
teenagers,

Iron-Deficiency Anemia
27:104, 1960.

from

in A d o l e s c e n t

io
the b o y or g ir l who
looks

has a l m o s t u n c o n t r o l l a b l e e n e r g y a n d who

'the p i c t u r e of health*

and the a pa t h e t i c

and listless

ch i ld w i th little p e p . " * ^
O be s i ty
P er h a p s
of a d o l e s c e n t s
obesity.
s tates

today

Garrell,

than u n d e r n u t r i t i o n

in the U n i t e d St a te s

in his a r t i c l e

is the p r o b l e m of

on a d o l e s c e n t me dicine,

that o b e s i t y c o n s t i t u t e d a m a j o r clin ical

a considerable
w er e

of even g r e a t e r c on c e r n

n u m b e r of a d o l e s c e n t clinics.

sent to a d o l e s c e n t m ed i ca l

a m o n g o t h e r things

the

five m o s t

problem

Questionnaires

c li n i c s a s k i n g

them to rank

frequent organic

O b e s i t y was th e m os t c o m m o n o r ga n i c

in

diagnoses.

d i a g n o s i s menti oned.

16

Th e T e n St a te N u t r i t i o n S u r v e y m e n t i o n e d p r e v i o u s l y a l so
ported

large n u m b e r s of ob e se ad olescents.
In its s im plest form,

o b e s i t y con

s t o r a g e of excess c a l o r i e s as body fat
individual
excess
upon,

is overw e ig h t.

body fat,

a n d a v a r i e t y of

measure

obesity.

a d o l e s c e n t obesity,

15 Everson,
ir
Diseases
17
p.

8.

p.

obesity

bo d e f i n e d os

been

all r e s e a r c h e r s

h o w e v e r defined,

or

agreed

suggested

to

do agree that

is a p u b l i c h e a l t h

17.

Dale C. G a r r e l l , A d o l e s c e n t M e d i c i n e ,
of C h i l d r e n 109:314, 1965.
U.S.

the

to the point w h e r e

is not a l w a y s

t e c h ni q ue s have

However,

17

J u st h ow m uc h o ve r we i gh t ,

constitutes

rc-

D e p a r t m e n t of Health,

Am.

J.

E d u c a t i o n and Welfare,

the

11
problem.

H u e n e m a n n has

i nformation available,

i n d i c a te d that from the scanty
10— 15# o f the teen age p o p u l a t i o n

is

o b e s e .1 0
A d o l e s c e n t s are aware of o b e s i t y a s
D wy e r et.

al.

fo und that girls who w e re

a problem,

t ho u gh

d i e t i n g in the

a d o l e s c e n t group he s t u d i e d w er e doing so for reasons of
a p p e a r a n c e r a t h e r than health.
e vi d en c e of this
t we l f t h grade rs

type

19

H u e n e m a n n offers

from her wo r k w i t h n in t h

in Berkley,

f u rther

thr ough

C al i fo rn i a:

The p o p u l a r impres s io n that te e n- a g e r s were
k e e n l y i n te r e s t e d in the size an d shape of their
d e v e l o p i n g b odies was well d o c u m e n t e d by the
r eplies of this group.
In the 9th grade, 50#
of the bo ys a nd 65# of the girls s ai d they
were trying to gain or lose w e i g h t o r to c hange
their b o d y pr o po r ti o ns .
As to the specific
action un d er t ak e n, c ha n ge s in diet o u t r a n k e d
changes in p h ys i ca l activity.
F o r ea c h boy who
m e n t i o n e d exer cise, one and o n e — ha l f m e n t i o n e d
diet, for each girl who l i st e d exe rcise, three
s p e c i f i e d diet.
F i f t y — seven pe r ce n t of the boys,
both in the 9 t h a nd 10th grades, w a n t e d to gain
weight.
F o r t y - t h r e e pe r ce n t of the girls in the
9 th g r a d e a nd 51# in the 10th g r ad e w a n t e d to
lose weight, e v en though the p r e v a l e n c e of
"mild" an d " m a r k e d ” o b e s i t y c o m b i n e d was only
11# and 12 # in those grades, j u d g e d by o ur more
o bj e c t i v e standards.
T he o b e s e a p p e a r e d to
r ec o g n i z e th e ir obesity, for all but about 10#
of the ob e se d e s c r i b e d t h e m s e l v e s as "too fat."
However,
cal o r i c

dieting

i t s e l f — that

is,

i ntake— m a y no t be an a d e q u a t e

18

R u t h L. H u e n e m a n n ,
as a P u b l i c H e a l t h Problem.
1968.
19

Dwyer,

p.

the r e s t r i c t i o n of

solution,

particularly ,

C o n s i d e r a t i o n of A d o l e s c e n t O b e s i t y
U.S. Pub. H e a l t h R e p o r t s 83:491,

19.

20
R u t h L. H u e n e m a n e t . a l . . A d o l e s c e n t F o o d P ra c ti c es
A s s o c i a t e d w i t h Obesity.
Fed. Proc. 25:4, 1966.

12
If this

Is the on l y a p p r o a c h applied.

cents e a t fe w er c a l o r i e s
was f o u n d to be true
did find,

however,

than

O f t e n obese a d o l e s ­

their n o n — ob e se peers.

in a st udy b y J o h n s o n

that

the obese g i r l s

less e n e r g y than did the n o n - o b e s e ones.
r ep o r t e d

22

In swimming,

were o n l y o n e - t h i r d as a ct i ve as
n e a r b y camp,
Clearly

a n d in v o l l e y b a l l

then,

c al o ri c

Intake

They

st udied e x p e n d e d much
21

s i m i l a r f i nd i n g s at C a mp Seascope,

o v e r w e i g h t girls.

ct. al.

This

S p nr g o e t . a l .
a summer c a m p for

for example,

the o b e s e girls

the n o n - o b e s e girls at a

they were

in r e l a t i o n

two-th ir d s os active.
to physical

activity

is important.
T h e r e ore,

however,

s ea r chers w h i c h a p p e a r
obesity.

These

important

include ge n e t i c

tend t o w a r d o b e s i t y more
lems.

While

o t h e r f a ctors m e n t i o n e d by

these

fall

in the o n se t of a d o l e s c e n t
f a c t o r s — c er t a i n

n ar y a p p r o a c h
cooperation

types
prob­

o ut s i d e of the re a lm of nutriti o n,
p r o b l e m of o b e s i t y

can bo a c c o m p l i s h e d o n l y by c o n s i d e r i n g all
Thus,

body

than o t h e r s — a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l

the p r o p e r tr e at m e n t of the nutritional

involved.

r e­

llammar has s u g g e s t e d

to the p r o b l e m

that an

is needed,

that s h o u l d exist b et w e e n

the

factors

interdiscipli­

a nd has d e s c r i b e d the

the n ut r i t i o n i s t ,

21

M. L. J o h n s o n e t . a l . , R e l a t i v e I mp o rt a n c e of In­
a c t i v i t y an d O v e r e a t i n g 3~n the E n e r g y B a l a n c e of O be s e H i g h
S chool Girls.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 4:37, 1957.
22

J oh n A. Sparge, et.
N u t r i t i o n T o d a y 1:2, I960.

al. A d o l e s c e n t Obesity.

13
physician,

nurse,

a dolescents.

an d social w o r k e r

that o be s e a d o l e s c e n t s

p o i n t s ho ul d be m a d e here:

to their e n e r g y needs,

C a l i f o r n i a Study,

the fact

indicate an e x c e s s i v e ca loric

necessarily well-nourished

of m i n e r a l s

w o r k i n g with

23

One a d d i t i o n a l

in r e l a t i o n

in c li n ic s

Hampton

and v i t a m i n s

docs no t mean

in o t h e r respects.

intake

that

they ore

In the

et a l . found that mea n

intakes

t ended to be less a d e q u a t e

in the

o be s e than in those of normal w e i g h t o r lean.
Early Pregnancy
The n u m b e r of p r e g n a n c i e s
i n c r e a s i n g annually.
nutritional

Th e

s t i l l - g r o w i n g girl,

de m an d s ma d e by he r own body,

supply nutrients

to a g r o w i n g fetus.

an " i m p o r t a n t m e d i c a l
of t e e n a g e r s

is the

b i r t h of s t i l l b o r n
a nd Bell,

in the t e e n a g e years

wi t h h i g h

must

Everson

p r o b l e m a s s o c i a t e d w i th

is

In ad d i t i o n
s tates

that

fa u lt y diets

I n c i d e nc e of c o m p l i c a t i o n a n d the
25
infants a m o n g te enage mo t he r s . "
Clnman

r e p o r t i n g on p r e g n a n c y in the v er y y o u n g teenager,

fel t that girls u n d e r si x t e e n had a t e n d e n c y in m a ny cases
develop acute
factors.

to x e m i a b e c a u s e of

i m p r o p e r diet,

T h e y f o u n d the gi r ls w e re

reluctant

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of p r o v i d i n g t h em s e l v e s

23

S.
A d o l e s c e n t Clinic.

a m o n g other

to as s um e

the

w i t h a p r o p e r diet.

26

L. Hammar, The R o l e of the N u t r i t i o n i s t
C h i l d r e n 13:217, 1966.

24H a m p t o n et a l . , p.
26

to

395.

25E ve rson,

p.

IB.

A. D. C l a m a n a n d H. M. Bell, P r e g n a n c y in the V e r y
Y o u n g Teena g er .
Am. J. Obstet. G y n e c . 90:350, 1964.

in an

14
N u t r i t i o n a l St a t u s of A d o l e s c e n t s
A

in the M i d w e s t

few studies h a ve been c a r r i e d out w h i c h deal w i t h

a d o l e s c e n t nutrit io n al
U n i t e d States.

status a n d food intake

These s tu d i e s w e r e

and Iowa and a b r ie f one was done

conducted

in m i d w e s t e m
in Il l in o is

in Mi chigan.

E s p r i g h t a n d S w an s on e x a m i n e d the d i s t r i b u t i o n
calories

in the diets of

1,188 Iowa

school

study.

children

6-18 y e ar s of age

in a state -w i de

T h e r e w e re

small

differences

in the percent

among

the v a ri o us

food g r o u p s at d i f f e r e n t ages,

by teenage g i r l s

A more r ec e nt state-wide,
and Krehl

the lowest n u t r i t i o n a l

diets.

27

Iowa study wa s u n d e r t a k e n by

to e v a l u a t e t ee n ag e e a t i n g habits,

to st u dy the in t er r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n
physical

characteristics

n u m b e r of factors.

Th is

high sch ool students.

a n d also

these habi ts a n d

and b i o c h e m i c a l

v a l u e s of a large

survey i n v o l v e d a total of 2,045

The r e s e a r c h e r s

the a v e r a g e Iowa t e e n a g e r

Girls

from sw eet foods a nd d e ss e r t s

than those w it h t o tally ad e quate

Hodges

some

and the

in the p e r c e n t a g e of c al o r i e s f ro m m i l k an d cereals.

c a t e g o r y had m o r e c a lo r i e s

fr om

d i s t r i b u t i o n of c al o ri e s

mos t c o n s p i c u o u s of these was a d ec r e a s e

in the later teens with diets in

of

fo u nd that a l t h o u g h

is h e a l t h y and w e l l - n o u r i s h e d ,

a

s i g n i f i c a n t m i n o r i t y of those s t u d e n t s s t u d i e d h a d p h y s i c a l

27

E. S. E p p r i g h t a n d P.P. Swanson, D i s t r i b u t i o n of
C a l o r i e s in D i e t s of I o w a School Children.
J. Amer. Diet.
Assoc. 31:144, 1955.

15
lesions a n d b i o c h e m i c a l l y abnor m al
questionnaire
students

o m i t t e d b r e a k f a s t and ate d ie t s w h i c h c o u l d not be

u c t s was high,

The

in the H o d g e s a n d Kruhl

because p o v e r t y did n o t

A study

in s o u t h e r n

a u n i v e r s i t y town,

town where

e d by blacks.

e x i s t to a n y great
however,

was

stock,

and

in on

n u t r i e n t s c o n s u m e d in t he

Students

indust ri a l and
of the p o p u l a t i o n

of the mean d o i l y

f ro m t h r e e — day d i e t a r y records.

and a s c o r b i c

a c i d were ag a in

lowest amounts.

Wharton

the

reports

T h e boys' d i e t s w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r
than the girls' f o r protein, c a lc i u m , phosphorus,
iron, a n d r i boflavin.
The girls consumed a
g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n of the R e c o m m e n d e d D i e t a r y
A l l o w a n c e s for ca l or i e s , niacin, a n d a sc o r b i c
acid.
T he o l d e r a d o l e s c e n t s h a d a h i g h e r intake
of v i t a m i n A.
T h e n u t r i t i v e i n ta k e of the
N e g r o group was s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r than
f o r the whites f o r calories, iron, v i t a m i n A,
thiamine, and n ia c i n .
Th e N e g r o e s c o n s u m e d
35 to 38 per c e n t of t h e i r c a l o r i e s as fat
a n d the white s tu d en t s, 40 to 48 p e r cent.

OQ

in

(3) a high s c hool a t t e n d ­

An evaluation was made

vitamin A,

designed

(l) a hi gh school

a large p e r c e n t a g e

i nt akes o f e l e v e n n u t r i e n t s
iron,

involved:

(2) a hi g h school

of s o u t h e r n E u r o p e a n

C a lc i um ,

Illinois,

s t u d y that

to include p o v e r t y o r d e p r e s s e d areas.

f ro m three h i g h schools we r e

coal m i n i n g

such as c a n d y

28

po i nt was m a d e

Iowa w as c h o s e n

by Wharton

T h e c o n s u m p t i o n of d a i r y p r o d ­

as was t h a t of sugar p r o d u c t s

a n d soft drinks.

was

The dietary

in d ic a te d that a s u b s t a n t i a l m i n o r i t y of the

c o n s i d e r e d as w e l l - b a l a n c e d .

degree.

test results.

H o d g e s and K r e h l , p.

209

16
T he g irls ate m o r e snacks than the hoys.
In the grou ps where snacks p r o v i d e d 20 p er ce nt
or more of the e n e r g y va l ue of the dietary,
intake te n d e d to be m or e a d e q u a t e in all
n u t r i e n t s except v i ta m i n A and a sc o r b i c acid.
M c E l r o y and T a y l o r st u di ed
h i g h school
imp o r t a n t

s t udents

to these

m e n t i o n e d were as
enj o ym e nt ,
assess

to g e t

boys

tenth g ra d e M i c h i g a n m a l e

inform at i on on v alues w h i c h we re

in m a k i n g

follows:

food choices.

health,

money,

i nd e pe n de n ce a n d status.

the n u t r i t i o n a l
I n s o f a r as

w h e t h e r the g r o u p

so ciability,

No a t t e m p t was m a de

a d e q u a c y of their diet.

it has been assessed,

t io n d oe s a p p e a r to be a m a t t e r
inc ludes

The v a l u e s

then,

for c o n c e r n

teenag ers

to

30
te enage n u t r i ­

in the M i d w e s t ,

f ro m po v e r t y ar e as or

not.
G e o g r a p h y and N u t r i t i o n
T hi s

s t ud y was c o n c e i v e d wi t h the

sight c o u l d be o b t a i n e d
by the a p p l i c a t i o n
a brief

into

in­

the area of a d o l e s c e n t n u t r i t i o n

of g e o g r a p h i c a l

discussion concerning

idea that m o r e

techniques.

Th e re f o r e ,

the r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n

the

s c i e n c e s of n u t r i t i o n a n d g e o g r a p h y w o u l d seem a p p r o p r i a t e .
Nutrition,
with

as was p o i n t e d out earlier,

is a s ci e nc e d e a l i n g

the u t i l i z a t i o n of i n g e s t e d food by

p a r t i c u l a r pr o b l e m s

29
J. Amer.
30

the body.

of a d o l e s c e n t n u t r i t i o n were

M a r i o n A. W ha r t o n , N u t r i t i v e
Diet. Assoc. 42:306, 1963.

The

identified

I n t a k e of A d o l e s c e n t s .

J. M c E l r o y and B. Taylor, A d o l e s c e n t s '
S e l e c t i o n of Food.
J. H o m e Ec. 58:651, 1966.

Values

in

17
In the p r ev i o u s

section.

s ci e nc e w h i c h ex a m i n e s
combination

Geography,

o n the o t h e r hand,

a n d a n al y ze s v a r i a b l e s

is a

over space.

A

of the two could give a n e w di m en s i o n to the

ent i re p i c t u r e of nutrition,

in this case,

teenage n u t r i t i o n

in the M id w es t .
T wo main areas of g e o g r a p h y a r e
sent study:

consumption

i nv olved in the p re ­

g e o g r a p h y a nd medical

geography.

Consumption Geography
G e og r ap h er s ,

when

s u p p l i e s of a population,
sp atial
J. E.

they have b ee n c o n c e r n e d w i t h food
have put

their e mp h a s i s on

va r ia t io n of the p ro d uc t i o n

S p e n c e r states

c on sumption'

o f food crops.

that "w h at m a y be c a l l e d

is fully as

though p r o f e s s i o n a l

p ai d scant a t t e n t i o n

to the subj ect
31

o p p o r t u n i t y to study the

However,

'primary

s i g n i f i c a n t g e o g r a p h i c a l l y as

' pr i m a r y production*

p r o d u c t i o n patterns."

the

This

ge o g r a p h e r s

have

a nd have c o n c e n t r a t e d on

study,

however,

p r e s e n t e d the

food c o n s u m p t i o n p at terns o v e r

space of one se gment of the p o p u l a t i o n in m i d w e s t e r n
U n i t e d States.
lated and mapped

I n t a k e s of va r i o u s

to s h o w any spatial v a r i a t i o n that e x i s t e d

in the c o n s u m p t i o n o f
foods.

food gr o up s were c a l c u ­

Therefore,

dairy products,

for example,

primary consumption patterns

or cereal

for t e en a ge r s

are a n a l y z e d spatially.

31

by F.

J. E. Sp encer, in a r e v i e w of E at N o t This F l e s h
Simoons, Geo. Rev. 52:630, 1962.

18
Medical Geography
T he

r e l a t io n sh i p of

outcome-nutritional
medical
tion

geography,

food h a b i t s

s t a t u s - i s e n c o m p a s s e d by the area of
w h i c h has os

in h e a l t h a n d disease.

populations

its concern,

with adequate quantities

status.

by p eople will

o r fo o d c o n s u m p t i o n patterns,
c o m p l e x social

to indicate

a r e on

Thus,

people,

a n d e co nomic stimuli.

As

turn

in f lu e n c e

increasing
that

integral

structure.

the food su p pl y they wi l l eat,
cultu ra l ,

in

Th e re has been on

a m o u n t o f e v id e n c e a c c u m u l a t i n g

F oo d H a b i t s emphasized,

these nutrients.

but

e i t h e r the a c q u i s i t i o n o r the u t i l i ­

z ation o f e ss e ntial n u t r i e n t s

indi viduals'

varia­

t h ei r b e i n g s u p p l i e d

of the e s s e n t i a l n u tr i en t s,

a ls o u p o n th e ir a b i l i t y t o u t i l i z e
f ac t or s w h i c h influence

spatial

The n u t r i t i o n a l w e l l - b e i n g of

is de p en d e n t not o n l y upon

t he i r n u t r i t i o n a l

to t h e i r p h y s i o l o g i c a l

food habits,

part of on

the C o m m i t t e e on

in c h o o s i n g w h a t p o r t i o n of
r e s p o n d to a v a r i e t y o f social,
32

Se veral e x a m p l e s o f

this

in terms of a d ol e s c e n t g r o u p s h a v e a l r e a d y b e en mentioned.
It s h o u l d be p o i n t e d o u t here,
tion in a n y f a ct o r which
r es u lt

in n u t r i t i o n a l

a n y areal p at t e r n s w h i c h e m er g e

l e as t

spatial

status.

in terms of n u t r i e n t

into the r e a l m of m e d i c a l ge o gr a ph y ,

w o u l d b e c o m e e ve n m o r e m e a n i n g f u l
at

that

i n f l u e n c e s food h a b i t s will

in spatial v a r i a t i o n

w o u l d fall

howeve r,

in part,

by social,

varia­
in turn
Therefore,
intake,

and these

if they c o u l d be e x pl a in e d,

c ul t ur a l,

and economic

factors.

3 2N a ti onal A c a d e m y of Scienc es, M a n u a l for the S t u d y of
Food H a b i t s , N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l B u l l e t i n 111, W a s h i n g t o n ,
D . C . , 1 9 4 5 , p. 23.

19
Hypothesis
A geographical
Midwest

a n a l y s i s of t e e n a g e n u t r i t i o n

r e qu i r e d the c o l l e c t i o n of c e r t a i n

the s u b s e q u e n t a n a l y s i s
The

of this da t a

f o l l o w i n g h y p o t h e s i s was

Significant
p ub l ic

spatial v a r i a t i o n ex i st s

h i g h school

Michigan.

students

The r ea s on s

for the en t i r e

study:

in the fo o d h a b i t s of

for s e l e c t i n g p ub l ic h i g h school

C o u n t i e s as the s p e c i f i c

a n d I n gh a m and J a c K s o n

geographical

ar e a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e

of

are d i s c u s s e d in the c h a p t e r on m e t h o d o l o g y .

In o r d e r to i n v e s t i g a t e

this h y p o t h e s i s and

an areal p i c t u r e of a d o l e s c e n t n u tr i t i o n ,
to the above h y p o t h e s i s were developed,
1.

context.

in I n g h a m a n d J a c k s o n C o u n t i e s ,

s tu d en t s as the teenage p opulation,

the M i d w e s t

types of data a n d

in a spatial

the basis

in the

several

os

to E s t a b l i s h
corollaries

follows:

The p r o b l e m s of a d o l e s c e n t n u t r i t i o n ore not

s p r e a d e q u a l l y o v e r space,
In o t h e r words,

regions

but r a t h e r e x is t

of g o o d a n d p o o r

in pockets.

teenage n u t r i t i o n

can be established.
2.

Those nutrients

of t e e n a g e r s can be

that ar e d e f i c i e n t

i d e n t i f i e d a nd the s pa t i a l

from the d ie t
distribution

of this d e f i c i e n c y can be mapped.
3.

O b e s i t y ex i st s as a t e e n a g e p r o b l e m an d vaifies

in

a m o u n t s o v e r space.
4.

S p atial v a r i a t i o n

in t e e n a g e n u t r i t i o n a l

can be e x p l a i n e d in p a r t by i d e n t i fi a bl e
a nd e c o n o m i c
5.
fica nt role

social,

problems

cultu ra l ,

factors.

T h e family,

the home,

in the n u t r i t i o n a l

a n d the school p l a y a s i g n i ­

s t a t u s o f teenagers.

20
Research Objectives
The r es earch o b j e c t i v e s w hi c h w e re c a r r i e d out

in

s up p or t of the above h y p o t h e s i s are:
1.

To de t er m in e

h ab i ts a m o n g public
C ou n ties,

h i g h school

To

in Ingham a n d J a c k s o n

i de ntify any spatial v a r i a t i o n

that exists,

i n sofar as

in the limits of the
3.
c ul t u r a l

st u d e n t s

Michigan.

2.
status

and m a p r eg i o n a l v a r i a t i o n in food

To

identify,

f o un d

4.

i n sofar os po ssible,

factors which

variation

with­

i nt eract

those social,
to p r oduce

in food habits and n u t r i t i o n a l

To d r aw c o n c l u s i o n s

of spatial

this c a n be d e termined,

study.

an d e co nomic

variation

in n u t r i t i o n a l

concerning

that e xists

a n d J a c k s o n c o u n t y p u b l i c high

status.

the a mount a n d type

in the food habits of

school

Ingham

students.

Fo od H a b i t s
As

the s p e c i f i c n u t r i e n t s c o m e from the foods eaten

by the teenager,

the basic

inquiry,

o f course,

into the food habits of this p a r t i c u l a r group.
a definition

of the

term,

Therefore,

food h a b i t , w o u l d see m appropriate.

T he C o m m i t t e e on F o o d Ha b i t s

o f the N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y

of S c i e n c e s has d e f i n e d the u n it of study,
as

must be

f o o d ha b it s

follows:
T he un i t of b e h a v i o r f o r a study of food
h a b i t s is no t the food, e x p r e s s e d in terms
of i n te r n a t i o n a l units o r s p ec i fi c nutri ents,
n o r the h u m a n b e i n g e x e r c i s i n g will p o w e r in
m a k i n g p r o p e r o r im p roper cho ices, n o r the
a mo u nt of w a g e s a v a i l a b l e p e r fa m i l y p e r month.
It is a g iv e n hu m an b e i n g (w h os e w h o l e b e h a v i o r

21
has been m o d i f i e d by his social e x p e r i e n c e )
c o n s u m i n g a g i v e n i t e m of food (the c o n s t i t u t i o n
of w h i c h h as o ften b e e n m o d i f i e d by h u m a n m e a n s )
at a g i ve n p l a c e (w h er e the a v a i l a b i l i t y and
q u a l i t y of the food wi ll have b e e n d e t e r m i n e d
p a r t l y by local ge o gr a ph i ca l c o n d i t i o n s and
p a r t l y by m a n - m a d e im pr o v e m e n t s that will include
the import of m a t e r i a l s such as f e r t i l i z e r or
n e w types of seed, o r the import of f o od s t u f f s
f ro m a n o t h e r lo c ality) at a g i v e n pe r io d in
h i s t o r y (with the c l i m a t i c a n d soc ial c o n d i t i o n s
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of th a t period).
If this unit be a c ce p t e d as the su i table
basis for r e s e a r c h in the field of food habits,
it follows that no st a tement is c o m p l e t e which
does not include:
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of the food
e at e n so that it is p o ssible to state that food
in terms of n u t r i e n t s ; i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f the
h u m a n being e a t i n g the food so that it is
p o s s i b l e to define h i m further in terms of the
e n t i r e body of c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e s w h i c h ho n o w
e mb o d i e s in his behavior; i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of the
p l a c e from w h i c h the fo o d comes or, put a n o t h e r
way, the p o s i t i o n of the human b e i n g in a food
p r o d u c t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n system; the exact
time at w h i c h the a c t u n de r a n a l y s i s is t aking
p l a c e . 33
T hu s
age r s

it can be seen

that e x a m i n i n g the

food h a b i t s of

te en­

i n v o l v e d g a t h e r i n g a w i d e v a r i e t y of dato r e l a t e d to

the subjects*

entire

was c a r r i e d out

food c o n s u m p t i o n

is d e s c r i b e d

behavior.

in C h a p t e r

H o w this

2.

D e s c r i p t i o n of G e o g r a p h i c a l A r e a
The or i gi n al

s ample a r e a s e l e c t e d

that s pa t ia l v a r i a t i o n does

exist in th e

a g e r s was I n gh a m County, M i c h i g a n .
w o u l d be

3 3 I b i d . . p.

Lansing,

25 -26

fo o d h a b i t s of teen-'

It wa s

i de a ll y s u i t e d fo r s uc h a s t u d y

a lar ge u r b a n area,

to test the h y p o t h e s i s

th o u g h t

in that

that

it

it c o n t a i n e d

complete w i t h m a n y o f the

inner

c i t y p r o b l e m s w h i c h ex i st
in a d d i t i o n

it c o n t a i n e d

in U n i t e d S ta t es

cities

s ub urban an d rural

a v a r i e t y of s o c i o - e c o n o m i c groups.

All

areas

today,

representing

p u bl i c h i gh

school

s tu d e n t s

in I n gh a m C o u n t y a tt e nd one of 14 public h i g h

schools,

and this had the a t t r a c t i o n

tion

r e l a t i v e l y simple.

refused

to c o o p e r a t e w i t h

the s t ud e n t s
from the

study.

the r e s e a r c h e r

did c o o p e r a t e

students

o ther school

b oa r ds

to be interviewed ,

w h i c h will

be m e n t i o n e d

T h e n e x t problem,
which was

thus

f e w black

of Lansing,

to ma k e

then,

was

to find an u r b a n area
in that
as

it c o n t a i n e d
a n u m b e r of

37 miles

units.

very

south

a n d the J a c k s o n School

the J a c k s o n public

for i nterviews
h ig h schools.

the s t u d y s p a t i a l l y mo r e complete,

F i g u r e 1 I nd i c a t e s

t heir

later.

T h e ci ty of Jackson,

in both of

in the

in In g h a m C o u n t y a l l o w e d

in the h i g h school n o r t h of J a c k s o n w e re also

political

to the

a l t h o u g h o t h e r p ro b l e m s a rose

was fi nally chosen,

take p l a c e

In o r d e r

Just

the a u t o m o b i l e p la n ts

B o a r d wa s mo s t c o o p e r a t i v e about a r r a n g i n g
to

to be e x c l u d e d

Ingh am C o u n t y o ut s i d e of L a n s i n g c o n t a i n s
families.

thus

family m e m b e r s were

s o me w h a t s i m i l a r to L a n s i n g

as

and

insuring a good

a v a r i e t y of s o c i o - e c o n o m i c g roups as well
blacks,

Board

in a ny way,

District,

fully,

from homes wh e re

in b l u e - c o l l a r Jobs at

All

the L a n s i n g School

The W o v e r l y School

s am p le o f s tu dents
employed

of m a k i n g data c o l l e c ­

In the c it y of L a n s i n g p r o p e r h od

w e s t of Lansing,

area.

However,

and

the l o ca t i o n of

the high

interviewed.

schools

It s h o u l d also be m e n t i o n e d

st u de n ts

that

and
the

23

IMSHAM

AMD JACKSON COUNTIES. MICHIGAN

*M >»■»<>■> m iin*. turat,wn-im m* utmttu motti

UMTNACTCD

1_____________ i
H U H SCHOOLS

A l*m)|

E

( « « U a a la f

T H»t«n

a
H H»ll
VllltMWMn
t
«

CITIES

I M |

INWki

Ml
S Cm * Lwln
S
ww a i i
— CMrty
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FIGU11E 1

24
p ol i tical

and school b o u n d a r i e s of I n g h a m C o u n t y do not

c o i n c i d e exactly.
Eaton,
been

Clinton,

Hence,

there are a f e w s t u d e n t s from

Shiawasee,

and L i v i n g s t o n C o u n t i e s who h a v e

i n cl u d e d as well.
It was h o p e d that

this g e o g r a p h i c a l

of p a r t s of Ingham and J ac k s o n County,
ative of

the M i d w e s t

in m a n y re spects.

area,

composed

would be represent­
A brief

description

of the ar e a follows.
Ingh am C o u n t y c on t a i n s Lansing,
Michigan

the copitol

in the n o r t h - w e s t c o r n e r of its p o l i t i c a l

city of
b o undaries.

A l t h o u g h students who r e s i d e d in L a n s i n g p r o p e r were n o t
i nc luded

in this

study,

m a n y st u d e n t s

i n t e r v i e w e d came

from famil i es w h os e m e m b e r s w o r k e d in the c i ty of Lansing.
L a n s i n g was chos en as
1847.

but a d e a d l o c k e d l e gi s la t ur e

it in w ha t was

Grand River

N e w York,

in the w ilderness.

plank r o a d to D e t r o i t w as
and

the Civil War,

m a i n e d so until
c e n t e r fo r small
oper ations.

today.

located

in

f i n a l l y d e c i d e d to

In 1848 the c o m m u n i t y
b e i n g d e r i v e d fr o m Lansing,

former ho m e of m an y of its or i g i n a l

c h a r t e r e d in 1859,

in

then a t in y w a t e r - p o w e r s it e on the

r e c e i v e d the na m e of Lansing,

Du r in g

for the state ca pitol

T he state g o v e r n m e n t h a d p r e v i o u s l y been

Detroit,
locate

the site

f i n i s h e d in 1852,

settlers.

the

A

c i t y was

in 1860 it h a d a p o p u l a t i o n of 3,074.
i n dustry b ec a me
Fi r st

im p or t a n t an d has r e ­

it b e c a m e a m a n u f a c t u r i n g

s te a m e ng i ne s u s e d p r i m a r i l y in farm

T h e n R a n s o m Eli O l d s e x p e r i m e n t e d w i t h s t e a m -

p o w e r e d "horse l es s ca r ri a g e s "

in the late

1880's,

switching

25
to g a s o l i n e p o w e r in 1895.
Company

H e e s t a b l i s h e d the R e o M o t o r C a r

in L a n s i n g in 1903.

E v o l u t i o n of the c i t y as an

a u t o m o t i v e c e n t e r c o n t i n u e d w i t h the e s t a b l i s h m e n t
o th e r c a r companies,

a n d also

J. A. M a l i k de s cr i b e s
ical d i s t r i b u t i o n

of

se veral

forging plants.
the d e v e l o p m e n t of the g e o g r a p h ­

of p o p u l a t i o n

in Ingham C o u n t y os follows:

L a n s i n g was e s t a b l i s h e d as a r e s u l t of
the lo c at i o n h e r e of the state ca p it a l in 1847.
B y 1874 the c it y hod
become the focus of
e co n om i c life of the
county, os well os the
seat of state g ov e rn m en t , an d was h o me for a
q u a r t e r of the c o u n t y ' s people.
By 190 0 it hod
a p o p u l a t i o n of 16,485, or n e a r l y 44 pe r cent of
that of the county.
B et w e e n 1900 a n d 1910 g r o w t h
was p a r t i c u l a r l y rapid, inhabitants i n c r e a s i n g
14,744, or n e a r l y 90 p e r cent in a decade.
T hi s g r o w t h c o i n c i d e d w i th the rapid e x p a n ­
sion of the a u t o m o b i l e I n d u s t r y in the city a n d
gave it 58.6 p e r cent o f the c o u n t y ' s popul at i on .
In 1940 L a n s i n g h o d ab ou t 60 p er cent of the
c o u n t y ' s people, but in 19 60 o n ly 51 p e r cent.
Thus, a l t h o u g h the c i t y a d d e d 29,375 p eo p le
between 1940 a n d 1960, g i v i n g a p o p u l a t i o n of
180,128 in 1960, the ga i n was even g r e a t e r
o ut s i d e of Lansing.
M o s t of this w a s in E a s t
L an s i n g a n d in rural n o n - f a r m po p ul a ti o n, w i t h
the rest in M a s o n a n d the s e veral villag es; the
farm p o p u l a t i o n declined.
M i c h i g a n S t a t e Un i v e r s i t y , or M i c h i g a n
A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e as it w as then known, was
e s t a b l i s h e d in what w a s later to b e c o m e East
L a n s i n g in 1855.
G r o w t h of the c o l l e g e was
suc h that by 1910 there were over a t h o u s a n d
s t ud e n t s a n d E a s t L a n s i n g h a d some 8 0 0 p e r m a n e n t
residents.
A l r e a d y som e p e o p l e l i vi n g here w e r e
c o m m u t i n g to Jo bs in Lansin g.
During subsequent
years this n u m b e r in c re a s e d rapidly.
E a st L a n s i n g
h a d a p o p u l a t i o n of 5 , 8 3 9 in 1940.
O v e r the n e x t
twen ty y e ar s g r o w t h was spectacular, e s p e c i a l l y
duri ng the 1940's so that by 1960 t he r e was a
p o p u l a t i o n of 29,745.
Part of the i n c r e a s e w a s
due to g r e a t e r e m p l o y m e n t at M i c h i g a n State
Un i v e r s i t y , w h e r e e n r o l l m e n t h a d g r o w n to o v e r
2 1 ,000, a n d p a rt of it was due to e x p a n s i o n of
E a s t L a n s i n g ' s f u n c t i o n as a r e s i d e n t i a l s ub u r b
o f Lansing.

26
D u r i n g the p o s t - w a r p e r i o d a s iz e ab l e part
of the gai n in p o p u l a t i o n of both L a n s i n g and
E a s t L a n s i n g has be en due to a n n e x a t i o n s of b u i l t u p areas w h o s e inhabi t an t s were p r e v i o u s l y c l a s s i f i e d
as rural n o n - f a r m people.
Rural n o n - f a r m
d we l l e r s in the c o u n t y i nc r ea s ed r a p i d l y a ft e r
1910, as m o r e a n d m or e p e op l e who w o r k e d in
L a n s i n g e s t a b l i s h e d homes o ut s i d e the city.
The
rural n o n - f a r m p o p u l a t i o n has a l w a y s been g r e a t ­
est in the n o r t h w e s t e r n c o r n e r of the county,
but as ease of c o m m u t i n g in c re a s e d it has sp r e a d
f ar t he r a n d f a r t h e r a wa y from L a n s i n g and East
Lansing, e s p e c i a l l y a l o n g the m a i n h ig h wa y s
l ea d in g into the two cities.
This g ro w th and
s p r e a d has been e s p e c i a l l y p r o n o u n c e d d u r i n g the
p o s t - w a r years.
Th e re has been an increase of
s om e 2 7 ,000 in the rural n o n - f a r m po pulation,
n ot c o u n t i n g the large n u m b e r of rural n o n ­
farm dwe llers wh o were taken into the c i ti e s
by annexation, d u r i n g this time.
B ec a u s e of the
g r o w t h of L a n s i n g and Ea s t L a n s i n g and of the
rural n o n - f a r m p o p u l a t i o n a r ou n d the two cities,
the three n o r t h w e s t e r n t ow n sh i ps h a d 87 p e r cent
of the c o u n t y ' s pe o p l e in 1960, as c o m p a r e d to
a b o u t 80 p e r c e n t in 1940, a nd less than 53 per
c en t in 1 9 0 0 . 34
The r e m a i n d e r of I ngham C o u n t y
a gr e at deal

is p r e d o m i n a n t l y rural wi t h

of the land d e v o t e d

c o u n t y as a whole

is ab o u t

to m i x e d farming.

2f% black,

a nd

g r o u p s of f o r e i g n - s t o c k are from Canada,

The

the largest
Germany,

and

the

U n i t e d Kin gdom.
The ci ty of Jackson,
south of Lansing,
ment

be gan

M i ch i g a n ,

is l oc a t e d 37 m i l e s

in the c e n t e r of J a c k s o n county.

in 1829

in this a re a as

it was

I n d i a n trails.

T h e c i t y was n a m e d J a c k s o n

A n d r e w Jackson,

and

34

Settle­

c r o s s e d by n i n e

it r e c e i v e d its c h a r t e r

in 18 33 a f t e r
in 1857.

Like

J o h a n A r a Malik, " H i s t o r i c a l G e o g r a p h y of In g h a m
Co unty, M i c h i g a n . "
( u n p u b l i s h e d Ph.D. dissert a ti o n,
D e p a r t m e n t of Geograp h y, M i c h i g a n State U n i v e r s i t y , 1960).
pp. 298-300.

27
L ansing,
Its

its g r o w t h was

i n du s tr y

s p u r r e d by the a u t o m o t i v e

is n o w v e r y d iversified,

and

industry.

it is the lo cation

of the ge neral o f fi c es of C o n s u m e r s P o w e r C o m p a n y w h i c h pr o­
v i d e s e le c tr i c a n d gas s e r v i c e

for m u c h of

S t a t e P rison of S o u t h e r n M i ch igan,
prisons

in the world,

J u n i o r College,

black,

a c o m m u n i t y college,

and the foreign

T he h i s t o r i c a l
is d e s c r i b e d

is be t w e e n

A.

Jackson
in 1928.

10 - 1 5 #

is m a i n l y c e ntral European.

d e v e l o p m e n t of g e o g r a ph i ca l

in pa r t by R.

the city.

was e s t a b l i s h e d

in the c i t y

stock

The

one of the largest w a l l e d

is 5 m i le s n o r t h of

T h e h i gh school p o p u l a t i o n

the state.

pa t t e r n s

in J ac k s o n

Santer:

T he d e v e l o p m e n t of r a i l r o a d s in J ac k so n has
ha d a p r o f o u n d e f f e c t on the c h a r a c t e r of the city.
N o t o n l y have they u s e d a s i g n i f i c a n t p or t i o n of
its land, bu t they h a v e also i n f l u e n c e d the
p a t t e r n of Ce n tr a l B u s i n e s s D i s t r i c t d e v e l o p m e n t
a n d the c o m p o s i t i o n of the c it y 's population.
D u r i n g the p e r i o d of d o mi n a n t r a i l r o a d use the
C en t r a l B u s i n e s s D i s t r i c t s p r e a d towards the
r a i l r o a d depot, a n d the s tores of the Central
B u s i n e s s D i s t r i c t thus we re c l o s e r to one of the
c ity's ma i n p e d e s t r i a n sources.
W i t h the d e c l i n e
of r a i l r o a d p a s s e n g e r service, the commercial
area that was d e v e l o p e d in r e s p o n s e to the
r a i l r o a d is idle l a n d wh i ch has been c l e a r e d
by u r ba n renewal.
The e m e r g e n c e of J a c k s o n ' s two largest ethnic
groups, the P o l i s h and G e rmans, is tr a ce d to
the a v a i l a b i l i t y of r a i l r o a d jobs in Jackson.
Initially, as a r e s u l t of p r i m a r i l y language
p ro b l e m s the ethnic groups c o n g r e g a t e d in t h e i r
own n e i g h b o r h o o d s .
Ho wever, ex c e p t for churches,
social halls, saloons, a n d street names, the
e ff ects of the e x i s t e n c e of J a c k s o n ' s larger
ethnic g r o u p s are no t g e n e r a l l y o b s e r v a b l e as
part of the c i ty ' s l a n d s c a p e features.
The c o n t i n u e d lo c ation of J a c k s o n ' s black
c it i z e n s in less d i f f u s e d c o n t e m p o r a r y h o u s i n g
p a t t e r n s than the ci t y' s f or e ig n s t oc k indicates
n ot o n l y the d e s i r e of N e g r o e s to live n e a r e a c h
other, but al s o the impact a n d tacit e n f o r c e m e n t
of racial s e g r e g a t i o n in the co m mu n it y .
The

28
c o n t i n u e d o p e r a t i o n of the forces of s e g r e g a t i o n
in the c i t y is d i a m e t r i c a l l y o p p o s i t e to the
p r o c e s s of the g e neral d i f f u s i o n of m e m b e r s of
l o w — income g r o u p s once they h ov e a t t a i n e d h i g h e r
e c o n o m i c status.
W i t h o u t a c h a n g e in the
a t t i t u d e s by w h i t e s of a c c e p t i n g a g r e a t e r
d i f f u s i o n of b l a c k housing, d i s c o n t e n t f o s t e r e d
b y racial s e g r e g a t i o n an d job d i s c r i m i n a t i o n in
the c i t y can be e x p e c t e d to d i s r u p t the p e a c e an d
t r a n q u i l i t y of the community.
As a c o n s e q u e n c e ,
p r e s e n t - d a y l a n d s c a p e fe a tures m a y be destroyed. °
Suburban

r es i de n ti a l

the c i t y of Jackson,
of the county,

areas li ne

the n o r t h e r n edge of

an d the r e m a i n d e r of the n o r t h e r n port

wh i ch e xt e n d s

to I n g h a m County,

is d ev o t e d

m a i n l y to m i x e d farming.
The m a p s
Data,
high

in F i g u r e

2 we r e d e r i v e d

from 1960 U.S.

a n d g iv e a f u r t h e r idea of the s u r v e y area.
income,

f o r example,

are c o n c e n t r a t e d

arc c o n c e n t r a t e d

M e r i d i a n T o w n s h i p a n d Holt.
highest median

school

As m i g h t

to s i x c e n s u s

35

tracts

in one ar e a of

years c o m p l e t e d regi on

of the s ur v ey area

Densely

be expe cted,

L a n s i n g w h e r e M i c h i g a n State U n i v e r s i t y
black population

A r e a s of

in E as t Lansing,

a n d a small p a r t of u r b a n an d s u b u r b a n Jackson.
o c c u p i e d h o u s i n g u ni t s

Ce n s u s

the

is in Ea st

is located.

The

is c o n f i n e d a l m o s t

totally

in u rban Jackson.

R i c h a r d A r t h u r Santer, "A H i s t o r i c a l G e o g r a p h y of
J ac k s o n , M i c h i g a n :
A S t u d y on the C h a n g i n g C h a r a c t e r of an
Am e rican City 1829-1969."
( u n p u b l i s h e d Ph.D. d i s s e rt a ti o n,
D e p a r t m e n t of G e o g r a p h y , M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , 1970).
pp. 291-292.

29

HOUSINS UNITS WITH
1.01 PENSONS PEN NOOM ON

MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME

as

•0-lit
110-14 •

«M» MO COMM MOT*

MEDIAN SCHOOL YEANS COMPLETED

M MM4

SLACK

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POPULATION

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mt

CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
D e s c r i p t i o n of S ample
Public high school
lO,

11,

and 12 were

spatial

v ar i ation

several

r easons

students of b o th

docs e xist in f o od

such as

T h e s e h i gh

students,

they live d t hroughout
came

families or c o l l e g e
for the most part,

of their m e a l s at home,

t he i r f a m l l y s 1 food ha b it s

intake.

and

a nd interviewed.
working

There were

students.
still

lived

thus r e f l e c t e d

to a large extent.

Although

Ingh am and J a c k s o n Co u nt i es ,

t o ge t he r at one of 14 focal points,

h i g h sehools where

that

this p a r t i c u l a r group r a t h e r

than o t h e r groups

a nd ate most

in gr a de s

s e l e c t e d to test the h y p o t h e s i s

for u s i n g

school

sexes

i.e.,

they

the public

they could be c o n v e n i e n t l y m e a s u r e d
(See F ig u re 1).

It was possible,

either

through the St u d e n t T e a c h e r C e n t e r at M i c h i g a n

S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y or by direct c o n t a c t w it h the h ig h school
principal,

to make a r ra n g e m e n t s

at school,

thus c ut t in g down the

as well

to

i nt e r v i e w the stu dents

time cost of the interviewer,

as i n s uring a r e a s o n a b l y h i g h r e s p o n s e

c ollection.
tionist,

Finally,

fr o m the s t a n d p o i n t

it has been d e m o n s t r a t e d

that the

in data

of the n u t r i ­
teenage girl

is

the m o st p o o r l y fed m e m b e r of the A m e r i c a n

family in terms

of the p e r c e n t a g e of r e c o m m e n d e d n u t r i e n t s

consumed.*

1A g n e s F a y Mo r ga n ,

p. 6.
30

On

31
the o t h e r hand,

the T e n State N u t r i t i o n S u r v e y c o n c l u d e d that

the a d o l e s c e n t males

in their s tu d y h o d eve n more e v id e n c e of
o
than d i d the females.
By s tu dy i ng b o t h sexes

malnutmtlon

of this age group,

then,

valua bl e

i n f o r m a t i o n and m e a n i n g f u l

c o n t r a s t s c o u l d be o b t a i n e d for p l a n n i n g n u t r i t i o n

education

p ro g rams,

of such

for example,

where m a x i m u m e f f e c t i v e n e s s

p r o g r a m c o u l d only be a c h i e v e d
of f o od h a b i t s

if there was

that e x i s t e d w i t h i n

a

some u n d e r s t a n d i n g

the area.

P il o t S t u d y
In o r d e r to test
collect

the

the d at a on fo o d habits,

s t u d y was c o n d u c t e d

girls

two of the high s c h o o l s

W a v e r l y and Okemos.

a n d also

This was

involv e d

in the

total

to give an

to hel p select

developed

intervi ewed,

done by

study—

i n s t r u m e n t was c o n s t r u c t e d
i nd i ca t i o n of
specific

to be a s k e d for in the final q u e s t i o n n a i r e .
s t u d e n t s w er e

a pilot

in the ho m e e c o n o m i c s cl a s s e s

A preliminary

a n d t e s t e d on these g i r l s
workability,

a qu e st i o n n a i r e ,

in the fall of 1967.

w o r k i n g w i t h h i gh school
of

i ns t ru m en t w h i c h was u s e d to

and a final

for use in d a t a collection.

its

i nformation
A total

of 35

q u e s t i o n n a i r e was
( A p p e n d i x A).

Data Collection and Sampling
A s of Septem be r ,
pupils

1967,

of b o t h sexes e n r o l l e d

the 14 hi g h

o
U.S.

schools

there w e r e a total of 9,071
in g ra d e s

lO,

i n v o l v e d in the study.

D e p a r t m e n t of Health,

Education

11,

a nd

12 of

When application

and W elfare,

p.

7.

32
w as m a d e

to v i s i t e a c h of the hi gh s c h o o l s

a n d s p r i n g of 1968,
than lO# of the

it was r e q u e s t e d that

s t ud e nt s be

onl y one p h ysical
basis.

Hence,

In Mason,

e d u c a t i o n class,

the s ample s i ze

no

day,

s tu d e n t s w e r e a l l o w e d

and

tacted,

in the

the entire

that

w o u l d fall

students
areas,

loth,

to v o l u n t e e r

to be in terviewed,

but a f t e r school

hours.

a n d 1 2 t h grad es were c o n ­

the d e s i r e d goal,
in J a c k s o n was

students.

In E a s t

the school

to be

it became
interviewed

tlie princi p al

again

contacted

at
to

T h i s p a r t i c u l a r school was

it s e e m e d d e s i r a b l e
from an u rb a n area,

to i n t e r v i e w m o re b la c k
as the rural

a n d s u bu r ba n

w h i c h c o n t a i n an a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y white po pulation,
t h o r o u g h l y covered.

Although
r a n d o m n e s s of

ev ery a t t e m p t was m a d e

the sample of s tu d e n t s

n e c e s s a r y to w o r k w i t h i n
schedu le.

Sc hool,

small.

the total n u m b e r of s t u d e n t s

sh o rt of

h a d b ee n m o re

during

11th

in

that was on a l im i te d

When

for m o r e

c h o s e n as

difficulties

interviewed.

P a r k s i d e H i g h School
arrange

a nd

there w a s

school,

only 37 s tu d en t s w e r e

apparent

certain

i n t e r v i e w i n g w as p e r m i t t e d d u r i n g

they were met

Although

W h i l e most

i n t e r v i e w i n g was al l o w e d

Lansing,
but

This w o u l d hov e

to 1,000.

s ch o o l s were e x t r e m e l y c o operative,
w er e e n c o u nt e re d .

sl i gh t ly m o r e

i nterviewed.

p r o v i d e d a s ample size of c l os e

in the w i n t e r

In general,

insure the

i nt erviewed,

it was

the c o n f i n e s of the schools'

the

study ha ll hours.

to

schools permitted
H ow ever,

and th e O k e m o s H i g h School,

interviewing

in the W a v e r l y H i g h
the

interviewing was

33
done on a s eries of days d u r i n g the n o on h o u r period.
T h i s still
as
the

i n v o l v e d s e l e c t i n g from the total

st u dents w e re no t p e r m i t t e d to leave
lunch hour.

H i g h School

student body,

the buildi n g o v e r

The p r o b l e m s of i n t e r v i e w i n g at the M a s o n

a nd E as t L a n s i n g H i g h School

hove a l r e a d y been

mentioned.
The

i n te r vi e ws w e re

conducted

a g a i n d e p e n d i n g up o n the desires
tration.
s tu d e n t
the

One m e t h o d of
individually,

in f or m at i on

on

i n t e r v i e w i n g was
go

t hrough

tion.

of the school's a d m i n i s ­

i n t e r v i e w i n g was

a n d then the

the gr o up method.

A second m e t h o d

H er e

S t a t e Un i v e r s i t y ,

a senior nutrition

was a v a i l a b l e

of

the aut hor w o u l d

item b y item and e xplain

a n d the s t ud e n t s w o u l d then

An assis ta n t,

to talk to e a c h

interviewer would write

the q u es t i o n n a i r e .

the q u e s t i o n n a i r e

w as wanted,

in one of two ways,

fill

in the

wh at

informa­

student at M i c h i g a n

to a n s w e r a n y quest ions,

to c h ec k each p a p e r for c o m p l e t e n e s s and r e a d a b i l i t y as
was handed

in.

F o r both methods,

1 in d ic a t e s

the m e t h o d u s e d
o f the

the da t es

to secure

proportional

in t er v i e w s were conduct e d,

the information,

a nd the s o u r c e

that the sample w a s s o mewhat

to the sc h o o l ' s populat i on ,

size of a bo u t 10% secured,

to s u b d i v i d e
the

or a f te r the interview.

students.
In o r d e r to insure

sample

the

it

the st u dents were w e i g h e d

a n d m e a s u r e d for height e i t h e r b e fo r e
Table

and

it to include

three grades.

no t only w a s

a

but an a t t e m p t was m a d e

10% from b o t h

sexes in e a c h of

E n r o l l m e n t by s ex for e a c h grade w a s

34
a v a i l a b l e for e a c h school,

with

the e x c e p t i o n of the Okemos

H i g h School w h er e r ec o r d s w e r e kept by g r a d e alone.
indicates

this subdiv is i on .

Table

2

TABLE 1

Dates Interviews Were Conducted, Types of Interviews,
and Source of Students for Survey__________

High School

Date(s) Interviews
Were Conducted

Type of
Interview

Source of Students

Parkside

April 26, 1968
May 24, 1968

Group
Group

Study Halls
Home Economics & Industrial
Arts Class

Jackson

May 3, 1968

Group

Study Halls

Northwest

May 22, 29, June 5, 1966

Individual

Study Halls

East Lansing

April 24, May 1, May 8, 1968

Individual

Volunteers after School

Okemos

April 2-April 5, 1968

Individual

Cafeteria (noon hour)

Waverly

February 20 - Feb. 23,
May 21, May 23, 1968

Individual

Cafeteria

Haslett

March 29, 1968

Individual

Study Halls

Holt

February 27, 1968

Group

Study Halls

Leslie

March 12, 1968

Individual

Study Halls

Mason

March 5 - March 7, 1968

Group

Physical Education Class

Stockbridge

March 13, 1968

Individual

Study Halls

Weberville

January 24, 1968

Individual

Study Hall

Williamston

February 14, 1968

Individual

Study Hall

Dansville

January 23, 1968

Individual

Study Hall

TABLE 2

Enrollment and Sample Size of High School Populations Surveyed

High Schools

Total
Enrollment

Total
Sample
Obtained

Boys- 10th
Enr. Sample

Boys--11th
Enr. Sample

Boys- 12th
Enr. Sample

Parkside

1373

222

252

47

242

39

188

18

Jackson

1484

151

280

33

270

24

226

18

Northwest

608

70

132

13

103

14

79

9

East Lansing

1041

37

178

6

173

4

184

5

Okemos

626

69

Waverly

835

102

163

19

159

21

110

11

13

11

11

Haslett

337

36

61

6

47

5

53

5

Holt

707

97

129

15

118

14

88

6

Leslie

312

36

50

4

51

6

49

8

Mason

689

37

131

9

110

5

113

5

Stockbridge

390

40

71

4

69

8

55

8

Weberville

140

28

26

8

26

6

20

3

Williamston

322

35

55

7

53

5

48

4

24

43

37

4

24

4

Dansville

207

4

w
01

TABLE 2— Continued
Enrollment and Sample Size of High School Populations Surveyed

High Schools

Total
Enrollment

Total
Sample
Obtained

Girls-■10th
Enr.
Sample

Girls — 11th
Enr. Sample

Girls — 12t
Enr. Sam pi

Parkside

1373

222

258

26

216

36

217

56

Jackson

1484

151

261

25

222

25

225

26

608

70

128

14

94

10

72

10

1041

37

176

4

173

13

156

5

Okemos

626

69

Waverly

835

102

136

17

148

Haslett

337

36

69

7

68

Holt

707

97

143

27

123

Leslie

312

36

56

5

Mason

689

37

116

Stockbridge

390

40

Weberville

140

Williamston
Dansville

Northwest
East Lansing

11

11

12
106

11

40

6

17

96

18

58

7

48

6

4

118

10

99

4

64

5

50

4

53

11

28

20

0

23

5

25

6

322

35

69

5

52

12

46

2

207

24

33

4

41

4

26

4

23
rm
i

38
The Questionnaire
As was n o t e d
f o o d habits,
T h e r e f or e ,
subject
items,

in C h a p t e r 1,

the u n i t of m e a s u r e m e n t ,

is c o m p o s e d of a c o m b i n a t i o n

a v a r i e t y of

of factors.

i nf o r m a t i o n was c o l l e c t e d fr om ea ch

to indicate no t o n ly s p ec i f i c c o n s u m p t i o n
but also to find out his a t t i t u d e

foods.

In addition,

secured

in o r d e r to a t t e m p t

f o o d h abits wh ich w er e h y p o t h e s i z e d
q u e s t i o n n a i r e us e d to c o l l e c t all
appears

toward c e r t a i n

c er t a i n s o c i o - e c o n o m i c
to e xp l a i n

of food

data w er e also

the d i f f e r e n c e s

to exist.

of this

in

The

i n f o r ma t io n

in A p p e n d i x A.

Twenty-four Hour Recall
M o s t of the first
devoted
being

to a 2 4 - h o u r

interviewed.

food c o n s u m p t i o n
T h is

a n d a m o u n t of food e a t e n
the

intervlw.

b e e n shown
compared
groups
w as

r ecall

information

in the 24 hours
for o b t a i n i n g

for the su b j e c t

on the

total

just p r e v i o u s
food h o b i t s

kind
to
has

to be m o r e e f f i c i e n t an d e q u a l l y a c c u r a t e w h e n

to o t h e r m e t h o d s

of c o l l e c t i n g d a t a

to i n dividuals).

to be d o n e m a i n l y

3

gave

Th i s m e t h o d

(as o p p o s e d

tracts),

two pages of the q u e s t i o n n a i r e was

this method,

As

fo r p o p u l a t i o n

the final a n a l y s i s

in terms of e n u m e r a t i o n a r e a s
then,

s e e m e d ideal.

The

(census

in t e r v i e w s

C h a r l o t t e M. Y o u n g et a l . , A C o m p a r i s o n o f D i e t a r y
S t u d y M e th o d s . II. D i e t a r y H i s t o r y vs. S e v e n — D a y R e c o r d s vs.
2 4 - H o u r R ecall.
J. Amer. Diet. A ssoc. 28:218, 1952.

39
were

done on

days o t h e r than Monday,

as w e e k e n d food h ab i ts

are often er r a t i c w h e n c o m p a r e d to those of w e e k days.
The student was asked
had eaten
meal

in the past

or s n ac k eaten,

same time on

i n f o r m a ti o n
m or e

24 hours,

b e g i n n i n g with the last

day.

In a d d i t i o n

item of food.

other

In o r d e r to a ssess

a c c u r a t e l y the q u a n t i t i e s of food

involved,

food m od e ls

the su b j e c t c o ul d d es c r i b e a mo u nt s of

eaten as a c c u r a t e l y as possible.
bowls and s poons we r e

the

to t e l l i n g what

he was asked to give certain

about e a ch

w er e u se d so

all of the food he

and then w o r k i n g b a c k w a r d until

the pr e v i o u s

he h a d had to eat,

to recall

Various

food

size cups,

glasses,

shown so the s u b j e c t co u ld select

the

size w h ic h m o s t c l o s e l y c o r r e s p o n d e d w i t h what he h ad used.
In addition,

food m o d e l s c o n s t r u c t e d f r om paper we r e p r e ­

p a r e d by a d a p t i n g s u g g e s t i o n s
Moore

et a l .^

cake,

cookie,

conducting

Th ese w o re e x t r e m e l y helpful
pie,

a n d m e o t l o a f sizes,

in t er v ie w s

wer e made a v a i l a b l e
could

inspect

from an ar t i c l e

them closely,

Of course,

under

in e s t i m a t i n g

for example.

by the group mettiods,

to all m e m b e r s

by M a r g a r e t C.

When

these m odels

of the group

so they

rather than at a distance.

the c i r c u m s t a n c e s of the

interview,

there wa s no way of c h e c k i n g on the c o m p l e t e a c c u r a c y of
i n f o r m at i on gi ven by e a c h subject.
to c h e c k on

H o wever,

the

it was p o s s i b l e

the k in d and a mount of f oo d c o n s u m e d

in the

ftlargaret C. M o o r e et a l . , U s i n g G r a d u a t e d F o o d M o d e l s
in T a k i n g D i e t a r y H i st o r i e s .
J. Amer. Diet. A ssoc. 51:447,
1967.

school

lunch,

when

a student ate this.

r ep o r t i n g was e x t r e m e l y a cc urate
serv ings as well as

In general,

in d e s c r i b i n g size

T h e st udent w a s

it was p a rt of a m e al
alone,

with

asked w h e n

or a snack,

some or all

a nd finally,

where

of his

to

r el a te d to food h ab i ts
h ei g ht s a n d weights

food

whether

family,

was req uested.

were obtained

food,

whether

it was eaten

or wi t h

friends,

for e a ch

taken,

The p e r s o n or p er s o n s

for food p u r c h a s i n g a n d
were also a s k e d for.
of food it ems

to rate a c c o r d i n g

disliked each

item.

The

like n o r

i nc l ud e d to indicate

student by

Whether

a n d how often was

in the family

s t udent w a s given a

to ho w w e ll

scale u s e d

taking

u s u a l l y r e s p o ns i bl e

food p r e p a r a t i o n

F i n a l l y the

from 1 (l ike v e r y m u c h )

As m e n t i o n e d p r e v i o u s l

into each school.

or not a v it a m i n p r e p a r a t i o n was

to rate

list

he liked o r
the foods w a s

to 5 (d i sl i ke v er y much) wit h 3
dislike.

A sixth c a t e g o r y was

that the s t u d e n t was u n f a m i l i a r w i t h

the food.

T h e 20 f o o d

a s k i n g the

students

favo rite

the

item

items consumed, ot h er i n f o r m a t i o n

a scale a n d a m e a s u r i n g device

b ei n g n e i t h e r

he ate

each f oo d

it wa s eaten.

In a d d i t i o n

a sc e rt a in e d.

of

items consumed.

O t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n was c o l l e c t e d a b o u t
eaten.

their

items on

the

in the pi lot

list w e r e

chosen

by

s t u d y to list five

f o o d s and f iv e they d is l iked.

The

ones u se d o n

the q u e s t i o n n a i r e w e r e

those items m e n t i o n e d by several

students,

those that a p p e a r e d

particularly

c ategor i es .

It was h o p e d that

a mo n g g r o u p s mi g h t be noted.

in this way,

in both
contrasts

41
A l t h o u g h no c li n i c a l
attempt e d,

nutritional

the h eights and w e i g h t s o b t a i n e d w e r e u s e d

establishing a weight— height
the s ubject w as a s k e d to
diabetic,

as

this w o u l d

significantly.
he h ad had

He wa s

in the pas t

Finally,
from

ratio.

In a d d i t i o n

in

to this,

indicate w h e t h e r or not he was

a

(or should) a f f e c t his food h abits
also a s k e d

to list a n y m a j o r

illnesses

five years.

c er t ai n o t h e r

i n f o r ma t io n

was e l i c i t e d

the s ub j e c t s w h i c h m i gh t tie c l a s s i f i e d as s o c i o ­

economic

data.

The

st u d e n t

provided

or no t he worked,

at w h a t Job,

his f a t h e r ' s age,

occupation,

m o t h e r ' s age,

educational

her occupation
all

a s s e s s m e n t was

children

ou t si d e

o r i g i n of his
of r e s i d e n c e

parents

the

level;

the age,

number,

of

a n d se x of

region or c o u n t r y of
the n u m b e r of c h a n g e s

in the past five years;

e a ch q u e s t i o n n a i r e was

it w h e t h e r

his

and n a t u r e an d e xt e nt

and g r an d p a r e n t s ;

As

i n t e r v i e w e r n o t e d on

and educational

the home;

he has m a d e

f am i l y ' s religion.

and h o w m a n y hours p e r week;

level,

l iving at home;

i n f o r m a t i o n on w h e t h e r

a nd his

finished,

the s u b j e c t wa s wh i te

the

or

non-white.
Before
s u b j e c t was
census
For

a ny s t a t i s t i c a l

a n a l y s i s w a s u nd e rt a ke n ,

l o c a t e d by his r e s i d e n c e on a map,

tract

the

in w h i c h he l i ve d was n o t e d on his q u e s t i o n n a i r e .

those s t u d e n t s

in w h i c h they

and

each

f ro m the ci t y of J ac kson,

lived w a s also noted.

the c i t y b l o c k

42
U n i t e d S t a t e s C e n s u s Tr a ct D a t a
T he e n u m e r a t i o n area u se d
tract.
as

T h e census

tract

in this s tu d y was

is d e f i n e d by the U.S.

the census

Census Bureau

follows:
D e f i n i t i o n of c e n s u s t r a c t . — Ce n s u s tracts
are small areas into w h i c h large ci t ie s and
a d j a c e n t areas hav e been d iv i d e d for statist i ca l
purposes.
T r a c t b o u n d a r i e s we r e e s t a b l i s h e d
c o o p e r a t i v e l y by a local c o m m i tt e e a n d the Bu r e a u
of the Census, a n d w e r e g e n e r a l l y d e s i g n e d to be
r e l a t i v e l y u n i f o r m w i th re spect to p o p u l a t i o n
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , e c o n o m i c status, and living
c onditions.
The a v e r a g e tract has about 4,000
residents.
T r a c t bound ar i es are e s t a b l i s h e d
w i t h the in t ention of being m a i n t a i n e d o v er a
long time so t h a t rc o m p a r i s o n s m a y be made from
c en s us to c e n s u s . 0
T h e r e were

two a d v a n t a g e s

as the e n u m e r a t i o n areas.
meaningful way

to g r o u p

1,000 st udents,

analysis

socio-economic

incorporated

into

income m i g h t well
habits,

but this

subjects.

and for

data

the mapping.

for the c e n s u s

tracts

however,

to

figures

F o r example,

factor related

fa m il y

to food

a v a i l a b l e by ce n su s tract
in several

both

involved

i n f o r m a t i o n was not o b t a i n a b l e from

in a d d i t i o n

a

Secondly,

from the 196 0 census

the p r e s e n t study.

the 1 9 60 fi gures a n d was u s e d
Therefore,

it was

it into w o r k a b l e units,

be an ec o n o m i c

It was,

tracts

the d at a c o l l e c t e d from c lo s e

in the s t u d y c ou l d be e l i c i t e d
a nd

the census

the first place,

an d s u b d i v i d e

for the s t a t i st i ca l
additional

In

for u s i n g

the
from

pa rts of the analysis.

to the data c o l l e c t e d in the p r e s e n t

5
U.S. B u r e a u of the Census, U.S. C e n s u s of P o p u l a t i o n
a n d H o us i n g : 1960, C e n s u s Tracts.
F i na l R e p o r t P H C( l )- 7 3,
U.S. G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g Office, Washi n gt o n, D . C . , 1962, p. 1.

43
study,

o t h e r data was a d d e d from the

1960 U.S.

Census Tract

p ubllcations.
T h e use of c en s u s
m ea n i n g f u l l y ,
Foley.

He

tract data

In r e s e a r c h has been

if not w i d e l y us ed a c c o r d i n g

states that " th e r e s e a r c h m os t d i r e c t l y p r o m o t e d

has been

that de aling w i t h

of u rb a n

re sidential

the d i f f e r e n t i a l

su b ar e as w i t h i n

identifying

as "the

the main w a y s

i nt e r p r e t a t i o n of

terms,

tics."

environment

characteristics

s t u d y while

interpretation

F ol e y has p l e a d e d the c a s e

b ei n g c o r r e l a t e d are m e a n i n g f u l l y
as well as

(or ins tead of)
United States

. .the
is

tract s t a t i s ­

C e n s u s T ra c t

statis­

study.

To

of this k i n d of re search,

for " e c o l o g i c a l

is c le a r l y u n d e r s t o o d that

in

the l a t t e r

i n c o r p o r a t e d into the pr e se n t

support g e og r a p h i c a l

In

identifies one p a t t e r n

of the tract.

It is in this m a n n e r that U.S.

it

ecology."

in the form of p r e v i o u s l y p u b l i s h e d

tics h a ve been

where

he

individuals*

former e m e r g e from the spe cific
available

human

being

in w hi c h tract s t a t i s t i c s have

in m e t h o d o l o g i c a l

terms of ge n eral s ocial

characteristics

the large cities,

c o n v e n i e n t l y su b s u m e d u n d e r the label,

been u s e d

to D o n a l d L.

correlation

the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

interpretablo

indivi du a l

in areal

terms."

City B l o c k Data

T he U n i t e d S t a t e s Census B u r e a u has m a d e a v a i l a b l e
data on even sm aller ar e al

units t h a n a c en s us

tract,

the

g
Amer.

D o n a l d L. Foley,
S t a t i s t i c a l A ssoc.

Census T r a c t s and U r b a n R e s e a r c h ,
J. 48:733, 1953.

44
c i t y block.

The

type of

information available

for this

e n u m e r a t i o n ar e a deals o nl y w i t h h o u s i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
T h e U.S.

C e n s u s Bu r ea u

states:

T he i n f o r m a t i o n p r e s e n t e d in this report
r e p r e s e n t s a m o d i f i c a t i o n of the b l o c k st a ti s ti c s
p r o g r a m s of the 1950 a nd 1940 C e n s u s e s of
H o us i n g .
The 1960 p r o g r a m p r ov i d e s the f o l l o w ­
ing in f or m at i on for each block:
Total p op ulation, the n u m b e r of h o u s i n g u n i t s c l a s s i f i e d by
c o n d i t i o n and plumbing, t e nu r e of o c c u p i e d
units, a v er a ge value and a v e r a g e n u m b e r of
rooms for o wn e r o c c u p i e d units, o v e r a g e co n tr a ct
rent a n d o ve r ag e n u m b e r of rooms for r e n t e r
o c c u p i e d units, n u m b e r of units o c c u p i e d by
n o nw h l t e s , and n u m b e r of units w i t h 1.01 or
m o re p e r s o n s p er room.
All of the items were
e n u m e r a t e d and t a b u l a t e d on a l O O - p e r c e n t
basis for the s t a t i s t i c s in this report.
In ter ms of this

study,

the on l y area c o n s i d e r e d

w h i c h ci t y b l o c k data was a v a i l a b l e was
How ever,

students

from

t he y lived.
were

to

in which

for these c i t y blocks

and ce r tain c o r r e l a t i o n s

habit characteristics

interviewed,

the c i t y block

Housing characteristics

then noted,

the ci t y of Jackson.

the ci t y p r o p e r w e r e

a n d they we r e c od e d a c c o r d i n g

for

b et w e e n

food

for i n d i v i d u a l s a nd city block data

w e r e c a r r i e d out.
Statistical Analysis
B e f o r e any st a ti s ti c al
d at a co u ld be undert ak e n,
d at a

a n a l y s i s of

it was n e c e s s a r y

to a f o r m u t i l i z a b l e by the c o m p u t e r s

7

the c o l l e c t e d
to c o nv e rt

the

at M i c h i g a n S t a t e

U.S. B u r e a u of the Census, U.S. C e n s u s o f Housin g : I960,
V o l u m e III C i t y Blocks.
Se r ie s IIC(3), No. 210, U.S.
G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g Office, W a s h i n g t o n , D.C., 1961, p.
III.

45
U n i v e r s i t y C o n t r o l Data C o r p o r a t i o n
fore,

the data ob t ai n ed

3600 a n d 6500.

There­

T o r each s tu d e n t was c o d e d

n u m e r i c a l l y a n d p u nc h ed on cards w i t h an i d e n t i f y i n g n u m b e r
for the subject,

plus a c o d e n u m b e r

in w h i c h he resided.
J a c k s o n also h a d
the c o d i n g was
proble ms.

Those

for the census

subjects

l iving in the city of

their c i t y block n u m b e r listed.

straigh t fo r wa r d,

Occupations

w er e c o d e d a c c o r d i n g
Census Occupational

of

from

M o s t of

a n d p o s e d no p a r t i c u l a r

the su b je c ts an d

their pa r en t s

to the U n i t e d S t a t e s B ureau o f
Classification.

the

D e p e n d i n g u po n

total n u m b e r of food items c o n s u m e d by the
were

tract

subject,

the
there

four to ten c a r d s p u n c h e d p e r subject.

Initial A n a l y s i s of D a ta
The n ex t step was

to

t r a n s f e r this

v a r i a b l e s w h i c h could be u s e d to a n a l y z e
nutritional

status,

characteristics

raw data

into

food habits,

and s o c i o - e c o n o m i c a n d cultural

for e ac h

subject.

T h e C o n s u m e r a n d Food

E c o n o m i c s R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n of the U n i t e d States D e p a r t m e n t
of A g r i c u l t u r e has d e v i s e d a s y s t e m

for the mechani c al

computation of nutrients

c o n s u m e d by

data

intake

is r e p o r t e d

employed

in food

in the pr esent

individuals w he n such
9
surveys.
This s y s t e m was

st u dy both

to determine

the n u t r i e n t s .

Q
U.S. B u r e a u of the Census, U.S. C e n s u s of P o p u l a t i o n
and Ho u s i n g , p. XXI.
9
E l i z a b e t h Davenp or t , C a l c u l a t i n g the N u t r i t i v e V a l u e
of D i e t s , U n i t e d States D e p a r t m e n t of Ag r i c u l t u r e , A g r i c u l t u r a l
R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e B u l l e t i n 62-10-1, 1964.

46
consumed

in the

classify

the foods c o n s u m e d by

a n d bread.
consum ed,

24— h o u r p e r i o d r ec o r d e d a nd also

F or c a l c u l a t i n g

such as m i l k f eggs

the n u t r i t i v e v a l u e of the

(the cards p u n c h e d

pre v io u sl y ),

gave

the q u a n t i t i e s

food.

of

values p e r s p e c i ­

P u n c h e d cords w er e a v a i l a b l e

from

the C o n s u m e r and F o o d E c o n o m i c s R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n
the

food

items.

p r e p a r e d h e r own.
code.

The

first

For t h os e no t a vailable,
Each

food had a s i x - d i g i t

three di gi ts

identified

its r e s p e c t i v e unit of measure.
to d e t e r m i n e
second

total n u t r i e n t

Thi s

the a u t h o r
identification

the food

foods

by groups

us ed
The

or categories.
of s er v in g s

types of foods c o n s u m e d by e ac h subject.

In a d di t i o n

to s e c u r i n g

the n u t r i e n t

total a m o u n t s o f n u t r i e n t s

intake d a ta was c o n v e r t e d

p e r cent of the R e c o m m e n d e d D i e t a r y A l l o w a n c e s
by

item a n d

i n f o r m a t i o n was

T h e s e c a t e g o r i e s w er e used to d e t e r m i n e n u m b e r s

con s umed,

for ma ny

intake of e a c h subject.

three digits d e s i g n a t e d

of va r i o u s

food

for eac h s u b j e c t as d e s c r i b e d

and the o t h e r w i t h n u t r i t i v e

f ie d units of

of

food

a c o m p u t e r p ro g r am w a s d e v e l o p e d w h i c h u t i l i z e d two

set s of input d a t a — one w hi c h
consumed

type,

to

the N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h C ou ncil,

1968,

for

into

the

established

the 1 4-18 y e a r

i d^ age group. lO
ol
Weight-height

ratios w e r e u se d to d e t e r m i n e

c l a s s ea c h su bject fell a c c o r d i n g to the

^National
A1lowances.

A c a d e m y of Sciences,

system

into w hich

of S a r g e n t . ^

Recommended Dietary

^ D o r o t h y W. Sargent, W e i g h t - H e i g h t R e l a t i o n s h i p s of
Y o u n g M e n a n d Women.
Amor. J. Clin. N utr. 13:318, 1963.

47
Thus,

each st udent

for his weight,

d e s i g n a t e d as ( 1 ) u n de r w e i g h t ,
(4)

stocky,

(5) overweight,

was t r a n s f o r m e d

Thus,

d e t e r m i n e d for e a ch of 911

values

and

was

(3) normal,
All

so that

a total

sex,

o t h e r data

t h ey c o u l d be

of 268 v a r i a b l e s were

s ub jects w h o s e o r i g i n a l

q u e s t i o n n a i r e s we r e complete.
these variables.

( 2 ) slender,

a n d ( g ) obese.

into n u m e r i c a l

a n a l y z e d s ta t is t ic a ll y .

height,

Table

3 gives a

list of

48
TABLE 3
F oo d Habit, N u t r i t i o n a l , a n d S o c i o - E c o n o m i c
V a r i a b l e s D e t e r m i n e d from S u r v e y D a t a
Li»

Variable

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
lO

Kilocalorles
P r o t e i n — grams
F a t — gr a ms
C a r b o h y d r a t e — grams
C a l c i u m — mgs
Iron— mgs
V i t a m i n A — I . U . ’s
T h i a m i n — mgs
H i b o f l a v i n — mgs
N i a c i n — mgs
A s c o r b i c a c i d — mgs
% R . D . A . — calories
% R . D . A . — protein
% R . D . A . — calcium
% R . D . A . — iron
% R . D . A . — vitamin A
% R . D . A . — th iamine
% R.D . A . — riboflavin
% R . D . A . — niacin
% R.D . A . — ascorbic acid
c a l o r i e s from m e a l s
% c a l o r i e s from sna cks
% c a l o r i e s alone
% c a l o r i e s w it h all of
family
% c a l o r i e s wit h some
o f f amily
% c a l o r i e s witli f ri e nd s
% c a l o r i e s at ho m e
% c a l o r i e s at school
% calories elsewhere
% p r o t e i n from m e a l s
^ p r o t e i n from snacks
% p r o t e i n alone
% p r o t e i n w i t h all
of f a m i l y
% p r o t e i n w it h some
of f a m i l y
% protein with friends
% p r o t e i n at home
% p r o t e i n at sch ools
protein elsewhere
Milk and milk products —
no. o f s e r v i n g s
P r o t e i n f o o d s — no. of
servings

11

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

No.
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66

V ar i ab l e
V e g e t a b l e s — no. of se r vi n gs
F r u i t s — no. of s e r v i n g s
Groin p r o d u c t s — no. of
s er v i n g s
Fats a n d o i l s — no. of
s er v in g s
Su ga rs a nd s w e e t s — no. of
servings
no
M i lk a n d m i lk d r i n k s —
of s er v in g s
Cream, ice cream, m i l k
d e s s e r t s — no. of s e rv i ng s
C h e e s e — no. of s e r v i n g s
Meat, poultry, f i s h — no.
of s e r v i n g s
E g g s — no. of se rvings
L e g u m e s — no. of s e r v i n g s
N u t s — no. of s e r v i n g s
P r o t e i n m i x t u r e s — no. of
s er v i n g s
P o t a t o e s — no. of s e rv i n g s
Dark green, deep y e l l o w
v e g e t a b l e s — no. of
s er vings
T o m a t o e s — no. of s er v i n g s
O th e r v e g e t a b l e s — no. of
s er vings
V e g e t a b l e m i x t u r e s — no.
of s e r v i n g s
Ci t ru s f r u i t s — no. of
s er v i n g s
D r i e d f r u i t s — no. of
s er v in g s
Other f r u i t s — no. of
s er v in g s
W ho l e g r a i n or e n r i c h e d —
no. of servings
O t h e r g r a i n p r o d u c t s — no.
of s e r v i n g s
Gr a in m i x t u r e s — no. of
servings
Sugars, sirups, c a n d y — no.
of s e r v i n g s
So ft d r i n k s and d e s s e r t
p o w d e r s — no. of s e r v i n g s

49
T A B L E 3— C o n t i n u e d

No.
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95

Variable

Variable

No.

F re s h fluid m i l k — no.
o f servings
M i l k d ri n ks — no. of
servings
F r o z e n d e s s e r t s — no.
of servings
B e e f — no. of servings
P o r k — no. of servings
Veal, lamb— no. of
servin gs
L i v e r — no. of servings
G a m e and lu ncheon m e a t —
no. of servin gs
P o u l t r y — no. of servings
F i s h — no. of s er vings
W h o l e grain o r e nr i c h e d
cere als and p a s t e s —
no. of servings
W h o l e groin o r e nr i c h e d
b r e a d — no. of servings
W h o l e grain o r e n r i c h e d —
o t h e r — no. of servings
N o n - e n r i c h e d ce r e a l s and
p a s t e s — no. o f se rvings
N o n - e n r i c h e d b r e a d — no.
of servings
Non-enriched— other— n o .
o f servings
S u g a r — no. of servings
S i r u p s and h o n e y — no.
of servings
J e l l i e s and J a m s — no.
of servings
C a n d l e s — no. of
ser vings
Sof t d r i n k s — no. of
servings
Ices, popsicles,
g e l a t i n — no. of
se rvings
W e i g h t - h e i g h t ratio
W h o p u rc hases fo o d—
m o t h e r (1-yes, 6 -no)
M o t h e r and self
M ot h e r , self a n d o ther
family members
M o t h e r and f a t h e r
Father
Self

96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130

S el f and o t h e r family
m embers e x c e p t m o t h e r
Grandmother
Other
W h o pr e pa r es f oo d —
m o t h e r (1-yes, 0-no)
M o t h e r and self
Mother, sel f an d other
family m e m b e r s
M o t h e r and f a t h e r
Father
Sel f
S e l f and o t h e r family
me m be r s e x c e p t m o t h e r
Grandmother
Other
V i t a m i n p r e p a r a t i o n (l— yes,
2— no )
Age
G r a d e (l— 10, 2— 11,
3— 1 2 )
S e x (1— male, 2— female)
C o l o r (l— white, 2— n o n ­
white )
# of illnesses in past
5 years
R h e u m a t i c f e v e r (l— yes,
2— no )
P n e u m o n i a (l— yes, 2— n o )
B ro n ch i t i s (l— yes, 2— no)
M o n o n u c l e o s i s (l— yes,
2— no )
T o n s i l i t i s ( l — yes, 2— no)
M e a s l e s (l— yes, 2— no)
Su b je c t ' s w o r k — h r s / w e e k
F a t h e r 1s age
F a t h e r ' s level of e d u c a t i o n
M o t h e r ' s age
M o t h e r ' s w o r k — hrs/week
No. of m o v e s in past 5
ye ars
No. of b r o t h e r s and
si sters
Fa t her's o c c u p a t i o n —
p r o f e s s i o n a l ( 1— yes,
0 — no )
Farmer
Manager
Cleri ca l

50
TABLE 3— C o nt i nu e d
Variable

No.
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
136
139
1 40
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149

150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
16 0
161
16 2
163
164
165
166

Soles
Cr aftsman
O pe r at i v e s
Private h o u s e h o l d
worker
Service w o r k e r
Form l a b o r e r
Other l a b o r e r
F a t h e r 1s o r i g i n —
M i c h i g a n ( 1— y e s t
O — no)
North C e n t r a l
Other
M o t h e r ’s o r i g i n —
M i c h i g a n (l — y e s ,
O — no)
North C e n t r a l
Other
Rel igion— P r o t e s t a n t
(l--ye s , O — no)
Catholic
Jewish
M ixed
Other or n o n e
A t t i t u d e s t o w a r ds
___________
foods—
french fried
otatoes— 1
— ye s , O — no )
f 1—'
2
3
4
'5
6
L a s a g n e — 1 (like v e r y
much )
2 (like s l i g h t l y )
3 ( n e i t h e r like no r
dialIke )
4 ( di slike slightly)
5 ( di slike v e r y m u c h )
6 (unfamiliar with it)
Chili c o n c a m e — 1

2
3
4

No.
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214

Variable
Chop
2
3
4
5

suey— 1

6

F r i e d calves
2
3
4
5

liver— 1

6

Sauerkraut— 1
2
3
4
5
6
Pizza— 1
2
3
4
Fried

scallops— 1

2
3
4
5
6

Coo k e d spinach— 1
2
3
4
5
6
Pancakes— 1
2
3
4
5
6
S p a g h e t t i w i t h tomato m e a t
sauce— 1
2
3
4
5
6

51
TABLE
Variable

No.
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
256
259
260
261
262

3— C o n t i n u e d

C o oke d c a u l i f l o w e r —
1 Ike v e r y much}
like s l ig h t l y )

5

1

n e i t h e r like n o r
disl ike)
4 (dislike sl i ghtly)
5 (dislike v e r y much)
6 ( u n f a m i l i a r with it)
Cooked beets— 1
2
3
4
5
6
Chocolate cake— 1
2
3
4
5
6
Baked custard— 1
2
3
4
5
6
Whole milk— 1
2
3
4
5
6
Cola beverages— 1
2
3
4
5
6
Hard-cooked eggs— 1
2
3
4
5
6
Pork chops— 1
H
3
4
5
6

No.

Variable

263
Oatmeal—
264 2
265 3

1

266 4
267 5
268 6

Basic S t a t i s t i c s
C e n s u s T ra c t A v e r a g e s
As

the e n u m e r a t i o n areas u s e d

investi g at e

spatial v a r i a t i o n w e r e census

n e c e s s a r y to c o m b i n e

information

total n u m b e r of subj ects

This was

done

by c o m p u t i n g

the maps u se d

the a r i t h m e t i c

tracts.
school

in the n u m b e r of subjects
This was due,

at

least

p r o p o r t i o n of high

school

each c e n s u s

total

This was

in T a b l e

4 and are shown

follows.

in the di f fe r e n t
to

sub jects

in the

in e a c h

interviewed

from

Bureau

15— 19 y e ar ol d

total populat i on ,

separately.
sp a ti a l l y

ttia t

idea of the

the 1960 C e n s u s

for the

c en s us

the fact

interviewed

in that t r ac t

for m a l e s a n d f e males

and

co i n c i d e w it h c e n s u s

s t udents

n u m b e r of

don e

for e a c h

produced,

to o b t a i n s o me

tract was d i v i d e d by

f or p o p u l a t i o n

age group.
as

the

tract.

These averages

that

in part,

d i s t r i c t b o u n d a r i e s did n o t

tract,

it was

that there was c o n s i d e r a b l e

In order

figure

tract.

in the a n a l y s i s

tract bound aries.

census

mean

for the h i s t o g r a m s

It s hould be n o t e d
variation

tracts,

in each ce n su s

v a r i a b l e c o n s i d e r e d for each c e n s u s
were u s e d os the basis

st udy to

for each v a ri a b l e o b t a i n e d

from the

ma ny of

in this

as well

The re s u l t s are

in F i g u r e 3.

given

53

WEWHT-HCWMT CLASSIFICATION

WON SCHOOL STUOCNTS INTERVIEWED

rM

*

apT-2-lO’U

im

WSH SCHOOL SOYS INTERVIEWED

•>

«

m n

•» >

HISH SCHOOL 01RLS

INTERVIEWED

lU-tll

*aoS L
» T |i

M S M

**M T B

«N » V

W u a v tT f*

F IGURE 3

54
TABLE 4
S u bj e ct s

Interviewed by Census Tracts

Census
Tract

Total
Subjects

Boys

Girls

% of 15-19
Y e a r Ol ds
1 9 6 0 U.S.
Census Data

Boys

J-01
J — 02
J — 03
J — 04
J — 05
J — 06
J — 07
J — 08
J — 09
J -10
J-ll
J-12
J — 13
J — 50
J-52
J — 53
J — 54
J — 55
J-5 G
J — 57
J — 59
J — 63
J- G4
J — 65
J — 66
J— 6 V
J— 68
L-17
1-34
L — 35
D T — 201
D T — 202
D T — 203
E L - 38
EL-39
EL-40
EL-43
E L- 4 4
MT-45
klT-46
MT-47
MT-48

14
13
5
17
5
4
8
46
23
11
29
22
39
13
48
51
3
18
17
13
3
1
1
5
7
35
3
2
33
19
36
9
1
9
6
4
11
4
1
12
9
15

8
5
4
9
4
1
2
23
10
4
15
9
15
5
22
28
2
9
11
5
1
1
1
3
4
19
1
0
16
11
23
1
1
4
1
2
3
4
0
5
5
7

6
8
1
8
1
3
G
23
13
7
14
13
24
8
26
23
1
9
6
8
2
0
0
2
3
16
2
2
17
8
13
8
O
5
5
2
8
O
1
7
4
6

5. 4
4.3
2.5
3.8
2.6
2 .2
4.8
13.1
8.0
3.7
10.9
4.6
16. 2
5.2
23. 4
15. 2
0.9
6.4
20. 4
7.0
2 .1
O. 3
0 .2
1.7
2.9
7.4
0 .8
1.9
22. 3
7.1
14.0
9.0
0. 5
7.5
2 .1
1.2
4.9
0.5
0.8
9. 1
5.4
9.3

5.5
3.9
3.9
4.4
4.2
1.4
2. 4
13. 4
7. 1
3. 2
12.5
4.3
12.6
4 .3
19. 3
16. 5
1.4
6.3
23 .0
5.4
1.5
0 .6
0. 4
2.3
3.1
8 .3
0. 5
0.0
18. 7
9 .0
18. 3
2 .1
1.0
7.7
0 .6
1.1
2 .2
0.6
0.0
8.1
6.4
10.0

Gi r ls
5 .2
4.7
1.0
3.6
1.0
2.7
7.0
1 2.9
8.8
4 .1
9.6
4 .8
19. 7
5.8
28. 1
13.9
0.5
6.5
17.0
8.3
2.6
0 .0
O. 0
1.3
2.6
6.5
1.4
3. 3
26.0
5. 6
9.9
15.4
0.0
7.4
4.0
1.3
9.1
0 .0
2.0
1 0 .1
4.6
8.8

TA B L E

Census
T ract
MT-49
MT-50
DII-52
DH-53
DII-54
Dll-5 5
Untracted

4— C o n t i n u e d

Total
Su bjects

Boys

G irls

48
14
4
13
42
23
215

23
8
3
5
12
7
105

25
G
1
8
30
16
H O

% of 15-19
Year Olds
1960 U.S.
C e n s u s Data

Boys

14.9
11.8
3. 1
5. 2
13.0
12.8
8.5

13.8
1 2 .1
4.G
4 .5
7.1
8.4
8 .2

Girls
16. 1
11.5
1.6
5.8
19.7
16.7
8.8

56
Histograms
The census
duce

histograms

tract

f o r each

tract a v e r a g e s

showing

the f r e q u e n c y

variable

considered.

p r o d u c e d by the c o m p u t e r ,
standard deviations
by

from

the n u m b e r o f c e n s u s

standard deviation.
Spatial
histograms,
standard

o t h e r hand,
tracts

can

those with

thus

by census

mean,

were

in w i d t h

by

an d in h e i g h t

in e a c h q u a r t e r
in F i g u r e

d e d u c e d from

spread

7,

p.

155.

these

over a r a n g e

of

i n t e r p r e t e d as i n d i c a t i n g

with

for

th a t variable.

a c l u s t e r i n g of m o s t

the mean w o u l d

over

be

to p r o ­

histograms

arranged

is g i v e n

a wide

can be

histograms

T he

falling

example

spatial varia t i o n

around

variation

tracts

An

deviations

considerable

and were

distribution

the v a r i a b l e

variation

as

o b t a i n e d were u s e d

indicate

little,

On

the

census

if any,

space.

Correlation Coefficients
In an a t t e m p t
ships

to d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r o r not

existed between,

f o o d hab it v a r i a b l e s ,
cultural
was

variables,

determined.

on

the one

and,

on

a series

These

hand,

the ot h er ,

in

locating

important

those

s el e c t e d ,

socio-economic

in d e t e r m i n i n g

of data.

The

first

and

coefficients
then,

the r e l a t i o n s h i p

a nd w o u l d thus

assist

and cultural variables

food and nutrition behavior.

Correlation coefficients were
sets

and

socio-economic

coefficients,

I n d i c a t e d the d e g r e e a n d d i r e c t i o n o f
b e t w e e n any two v a r i a b l e s

nutritional

of c o r r e lation

correlation

relation­

set

d e t e r m i n e d fo r

i n v o l v e d bo th the

three

food a nd

57
nutritional
variables

v ariables,

o b t a i n e d f r o m this

A p p e n d i x B.
final

and the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c a n d c u lt u r a l

Since

study.

These

the n u m b e r of su b j e c t s

s t ud y was 911,

of

in

nutrition

two sets of data

that the

and

.067 and

a nd c o r r e l a t i o n c o ­

involve

a more

s e co n d set i n c l u d e d

food h a b i t s

\% level.

spatial

the v a r i a b l e s on

fro m this study,

c o r r e l a t e d w it h s e l e c t e d v a r i a b l e s

in

in the

.088 a n d o ve r w e re s i g n i f i c a n t at the

The n e x t
approach

in c l u d e d

c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s of

o v e r were s i g n i f i c a n t at the 5% level,
efficients

ore g i v e n

and the se were

from 1960 U n i t e d S t a t e s

C e n s u s T r a c t data as p u b l i s h e d by the U n i t e d S t a t e s C e n s u s
Bureau

for Ing ham a n d J a c k s o n Counties.

c h o s e n were

ones

that

the re s e a r c h e r

Influenced

food c o n s u m p t i o n

categories

as p e r c e n t a g e

census
people,
are

tract,

income,

o c c u p a t io n s,

reported

The v a r i a b l e s

f e l t m i gh t w e ll

behavior,

and

I nc luded

of foreign s t o c k r e s i d i n g

ed ucation,

and include

l iv e d in t r a c t e d a r e a s of the
in v o l v e s

total a r e a

the food a n d n u t r i t i o n a l

were correlated with

se l ec t e d v a r i a b l e s

12u.s.
13u.s.
1960.

These

surveyed.

the c i t y of J a c k s o n only,

a n d H ou s i n g :

such
in the

r es u l t s

the 648 s u b j e c t s

f o r the r e s i d e n t s of

States Census

have

percentage of unemployed

a n d h o u s i n g c o n d i t io n s.

in A p p e n d i x C,

t h i r d set of data

12

who

The
variables

a n d these

from the U n i t e d

B u r e a u on ci t y block d a ta w i t h i n Jackson.

13

B u r e a u of the Census,
1960, C e n s u s Tracts.

U.S.

Census

of P o p u l a t i o n

B u r e a u of the Census,

U.S.

Ce n s u s

of Ho u sing:

58
Variables

s e l e c t e d again

i n c l u d e d those w hi c h w e r e

m i g h t have a b e a r i n g on food habits.
A p p e n d i x D, and
s tu d y who

Include dat a

reside

In

for the 211

family

reported

tract,

for his own place

li v in g in Ce n s u s T r a c t J-01
income

subjec t s

in

in the

two c o r r e l a t i o n m a t r i c e s de scribed,

s ubject was a s s i g n e d the c e n s u s

subj ect

shown

in the c i t y of Jackson.

the last

variables

T h e s e are

felt

for that ce n su s

each

or the c i t y block

of res idence.
was a s s i g n e d

Thus,

a

the m edian

tract of $ 9 , 8 0 0 p e r year.

Factor Analysis
F a c t o r an a ly s i s was
tical

te c hn i q u e

to use

were a n y u n d e r l y i n g
variables
as well

s e l e c t e d as a m u l t i v a r i a t e

in an a t t e m p t

f actors pr esent

to d e t e r m i n e

s e cu r e d on both n u t r i t i o n a l

in the study.

t ec h nique

wh i ch can

operational
conceptual

"Basically,

be u s ed

a n d food habit
items

items,

for the

f ac t or a n a l y s i s

is a

to take a la rge n u m b e r of

indices and r educe them

to a s m a l l e r n u m b e r of

v a r i a b l e s ."*4

F r o m the original

data collec t io n ,

on fo o d h abits a n d n u t r i t i o n a l
economic

if there

in the large n u m b e r of

as s o c i o - e c o n o m i c a n d cu l tural

subje ct s

statis­

an d c u ltural

up to this point.

status,

268 v a r i a b l e s — 226

an d 42 on s o c i o ­

s t a t u s — had been u s e d in the a n a l y s i s

H o wever,

by the C o m p u t e r I ns t i t u t e

as

the F a c t o r A p r o g r a m d e v e l o p e d

for Social

Science Research at

M i c h i g a n S ta t e U n i v e r s i t y ca n on ly h a n d l e

* 4H. S. Blalock,
N e w York, 1960, p. 383.

100 v a r i a b l e s

S o ci a l S t a t i s t i c s .

M c G r a w Hill:

in a

59
single

f a c t o r a na l ys i s,

s e l e c t e d on the b a s i s

96 of the ori ginal

a nd an a na l yt i c o r t h o g o n a l

factors

r o ta t i o n a l

component solution

so l u t i o n

96 s e l e c t e d varia bles.

p ro duced w e r e

fac tor analysis wi l l

were

of a p r e l i m i n a r y s u b j e c t i v e analysis.

The F a c t o r A p r o g r a m p r o v i d e d a p ri n cipal

o b s e r v e d da ta on the

268 v a r i a b l e s

limited to 10.

The

T he

r o ta t ed

re su lts

be p r e s e n t e d and d i s c u s s e d

4 and 6 , in d i s c u s s i o n s de a l i n g wit h the

from the

of

this

in C h a p t e r s

total s ur v ey

p op ulat i o n .
A

further

ana l y s i s

so lutions

any sp a t i a l
using

s te p was c a r r i e d out fr o m

the

obtained

variations

for ea c h subject on
e xt r ac t ed .

be u s e d

S u bj e c t s

the

insight

Th i s was

in to

done

factor s c o r e s w er e o b t a i n e d

had h ig h o r low f a c t o r scores as t h e i r
low on the v a r i a b l e s

factor extracted.

to co mpare

I n t r o d uc e

These

exist.

factor

the ten r o t a t e d f actors w h i c h were

values w e r e high o r
particular

in o r d e r to gain

that m i g h t

factor scores.

the

Thus,

subjec t s w i t h i n

the s p a t i a l

component,

the

the f a c t o r scores c o u l d
the factor.

census

f a c t o r scores w e r e d e t e r m i n e d

entering

In o r d e r

tract avera g es

in the

same w a y as

to

for

for

o th e r v a r i a b l e s a l r e a d y discu ssed.
Mapping
In a d dition
surveyed

(Figure

l),

i l l u s t r a t e various
economic

to a ma p i n d i c a t i n g the g e o g r a p h i c a l
a series of map s was c o n s t r u c t e d

a r ea

to

food ha b it c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d s o c i o ­

data d e r i v e d from the study.

c o n s t r u c t e d using c e n s u s

tracts

T h e s e m a p s were

as e n u m e r a t i o n areas,

and

60
the q u a n t i t a t i v e
map was

figure a s s i g n e d to e a c h c ensus tract

c o m p u t e d by taking

subjects

residing

the a r i t h m e t i c mea n

in that c e n s u s

tract.

C e n s u s T r a c t data wa s also m a p p e d

pertinent

socio-economic

subjects.

F o r example,

kinds.

The w e i g h t - h e i g h t

from ce n su s
the m a p s

classification

tract ov e r a g e s

o f the h i g h school

on p o p u l a t i o n

data

in F i g u r e

from the

obtained

from

s tu dents
1960 U.S.

selected

to I l l u s t r a t e

f a c t o r s not a v a i l a b l e
the mo p s

for all

In a d dition

1960 U.S.

in each

from the

3 include both

mop was d e r i v e d
this

study,

i n t e r v i e w e d w er e
C en sus.

w hile
based

CHAPTER

3

F O O D H A B I T S OF THE T O T A L S U R V E Y PO P UL A TI O N
As

i n di cated p re v io u sl y ,

c o v e r s all a s p e c t s of an
the

time

the st u dy of

i n di v i d u a l ' s

food c o n s u m p t i o n

the food is a c t u a l l y s e l e c t e d

to its u l t i m a t e

di g estion

food habits
from

for hi m (or by him)

a n d u ti l iz a ti o n.

Th e

following

r e s u l t s w h i c h deal w i th m a n y facets of

the s ub j e c t ' s

atti­

tude

towards as wel l

food,

perti­

nent

from the s t a n d p o i n t of u n d e r s t a n d i n g mo r e p r e c i s e l y

the

food h a b i t s of a d ol e sc e nt s .

s p e c t r u m of factors
well

as c o n s u m p t i o n

Only

i n f l u e n c i n g wh a t

as what he a c t u a l l y consumes,

picture

of

of his n u t r i t i o n a l

status

are all

by s tu d y i n g

the b r o a d

the t e e n a g e r eats as

will

a more u n d e r s t a n d a b l e

emerge.

Total N u t r i e n t s C o n s u m e d
The
resulted

initial

analysis

in figures

for

done on da t a

intakes

as d e r i v e d from the foods eaten
methodology employed
in C h a p t e r 2.
this

the v ar i o u s n u t r i e n t s

by e a c h subject.
these

those

study,

determined

a nd do n ot

o r C i t y B l o c k statistics.

The

fi gures was d e s c r i b e d

The c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s

s e ction are

the pr e s e n t

to o b t a i n

of

for i n d i v i d u a l s

discussed

from the 911

i nclude any U.S.

An analysis

of the

in

subjects

in

C en s us T r a c t
total n u t r i e n t s

c o n s u m e d as p e r c e n t a g e s of the R e c o m m e n d e d D i e t a r y A l l o w a n c e
wil l

be given

in C h a p t e r 4.

61

62
E n e r g y Foods
T h e m e a n n u m b e r of g r a m s
the

subjects

consuming
grams

in this

188 g r a m s or less

or more.

Ore su b j e c t

e at

f o r the

had

zero v a l u e s

1 16 g r a m s
consumed

72 g r a m s
The

values

115 grams

or less

with

a mean
T he s e

three

152 grams

i m p o r t a n t os a b u i l d i n g
r a n g e d from

grams

nutrients

the

Caloric

values

for the 24 h o u r

an d h e n c e

values

to the

fi g ur e

is q u i t e c o m p a r a b l e

16— y e a r o l d bo ys

ranged

United States nutrition

highest quartile

the f i g u r e

female

i nt a k e s a r e a v e r a g e d ,

th e m e a n

in the

study mentioned

study,

for m e a n

caloric

i n t a k e wa s 86 g r a m s

previously.

In take,

for

when male

p.

31.

values
This

in t a k e

In

that

and

F o r protein,

the same a g e g r o u p . *

s h o u l d be m e n t i o n e d t h a t v e r y h i g h e n e r g y

^ Mo r ga n ,

the

interregional

was 2 65 0 p e r day.
daily

determine

from

to t h e m ea n c a l o r i c

a n d girls

lowest

moke up the e n e r g y

i n g e s t e d by the bod y,

1 65 5

was

lowest quartile

for the p e r i o d s u r v e y e d w i t h a m e a n o f 2538.

f o u n d for

It

i nt a ke

the h i g h e s t q u a r t i l e

i n t a k e of 91

v a lu e s o f

fat

to

and hence

to the h i g h e s t q u o r t i l e

of k i l o c a l o r i e s .

lowest quartile

T h e mean
The

367

ho d h a d n o t h i n g

in t er v ie w ,

os on e n e r g y food,

substances

intake

and

of 60 g r a m s

s ur v eyed.

producing

mean

to the

intake of p r o t e i n ,

quortile

of 3244

the s t u d y

in all c a t e g o r i e s .

and als o

the

in

by

the l owest q u a r t l l c

an d the h i g h e s t q u o r t i l e

24 h ou r s p r e v i o u s

material

period

292 w i t h

for the 24 h o u r period.

o r more.

of

study was

of c a r b o h y d r a t e c o n s u m e d

intakes were

63
reported

for two

h o y s who w o r k e d at a

re staurant, and,
24-hour

recall,

at

least f o r

local

the e v e n i n g

reported consuming very

smorgasbord

Involved

In t h e i r

large q u a n t i t i e s

of

food.
Minerals
The two m i n e r a l n u t r i e n t s a s s e s s e d
c a l c i u m and iron.
growth

is e s p e c i a l l y

spurt for a d o l e s c e n t s

n e c e s s a r y for the
the o t h e r hand,
cells,

Calcium

ha r d t is sues,

is

an d again,

as

necessary
during th e

p er i o d

The m i l l i g r a m s of

ranged f r o m

of 1234
lowest

mg.

The m e a n

bones a nd teeth.

for the p r o d u c t i o n
growth

spurt,

Again,

wh ere the m e a n

1145 m gs .

the

iron

ingested

daily a n d

Iron,

in c rease

inta ke

702 mg.

intake

of iron w a s

12.7 mg.,

t h o s e f ou n d

intake

the m e a n

of c a l c i u m
intake of

in

in the 24 h o u r

with o m e a n

intakes

on

or a n e m i a

of 1013 mg.

the m e a n

the

of red b l o o d

intakes

were q u i t e c o m p a r a b l e with
study,

ca l c i u m

and the h i g h e s t q u a r t i l e v al u es

respectively.

i mp o r t a n t d uring

the l o w e s t quartile v a lu e s of

the h i g h e s t q u o r t i l e

study w e r e

it is a b u i l d i n g ma t erial

q u a n t i t y of b l o o d n e c e s s i t a t e s a de q u a t e
results.

in this

of 8 a n d

to

Intake

with

the

16 mgs.,

for these mi n er a ls
in the

interregional

for 1 6 - y e a r olds w a s
o
iron was 13 mg.

Vitamins
T he

intake

of

V i t a m i n A, thiami n,
V i t a m i n A is k n o w n

2 Ibid. , p.

five v i t a m i n s w a s a s s e s s e d
ribofl a vi n ,

niacin,

in this study:

a n d a s c o r b i c acid.

to be n e c e s s a r y f or p r o p e r vision,

33.

for

64
n or m a l
mean

growth,

and

for h e al t h of

intake of v i t a m i n A was

24 h o u r period.

the e p it h e l c a l

tissue.

4 9 6 2 In t ernational U n i t s

The c o m p a r a b l e

figure

in

the

The

in the

interr e gi o na l

s t u d y was 6 5 0 0 I . U . ' s .3
The
Involved
during

D v it a m i n s

thiamin,

the a d o l e s c e n t

p er i od of rapid g r o w t h due

2.3 mg.

and

Comparable

figures

in the

f or thiamin a n d 2.3 mg.
f or n ia c in

C

this

for the 24 h o u r period w a s

i ntake was

used

and n i a c i n

in e n e r g y m e t a b o l i s m a nd hence are again

large e n e r g y e x p e n d i t u r e d u r i n g
intake

r iboflavin,

the mean

time.

1.4 mg.

n iacin

in t erregional

in the body

is not

i ntake of a s c o r b i c a c i d
h o u r period.

In the

The

study,

or v i ta m in

85 mg.
the mean

inta ke of all

t h e s e n u tr i e n t s ,

for the entire

however,

Th e mean
for

the 24

figure

i m p l i ca ti o ns of these n u t r i e n t

mean

35.

acid,

for

79 mg.

be d i s c u s s e d in the ne xt chapter.

3 I b i d . , p.

1.4 mg.

It is known,

for this group wa s

will

quartile values

ri b of l av i n

the d i f f e r i n g m e t h o d s

to the health of man.

1 6 — y e a r o l d boys and g i rl s was

thiamin

fi gures p r e s e n t e d

role of a s c o r b i c

i n t e r r e gi o na l

The nutritional

The m e a n
The m e a n

c l e a r l y u nderstood.

to be a b s o l u t e l y es s en t i a l

to the

study were

for riboflavin.

The

i mp o rtant

intake 16.3 mg.

are not c o m p a r a b l e b e c a u s e of

for calculation.'*

are all

Table

plus

Intakes

5 presents

the

lowest a n d h ig h e s t

survey population.

4 l b i d . . p.

35,

37.

5 I b i d . , p.

37.

65
TABLE 5
Totel N u t r i e n t s C o n s u m e d

M ea n

Lowest
Qu art lie

Highest
Q u a r t ! 1c

Carbohydrnte-grams

292

188

367

Fat-grams

116

72

152

91

60

115

Kilocalories

2538

1655

3244

Calc i u m - m g s .

1234

702

1613

13

8

16

4962

1870

556 3

Thiamin-rags.

1.4

.8

1.8

Riboflavin-mgs.

2. 3

1 .3

2.9

Niacin-ntgs.

16. 3

9.6

20. 7

A s c o r b i c acid-mgs.

84.8

27. 4

1 2 0 .8

Protein-grams

Iron-mgs.
Vitamin A-I.U.'s

66
I m ea of Food E a t e n
One of

the a d v a n t a g e s of u s i n g

the s y s t e m d e v i s e d by

the C o n s u m e r and Food E c o n o m i c s R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n of the
United States

Department

n ut rient v a l u e

of A g r i c u l t u r e was

of a f o o d was being determined,

food was b e i n g c l a s s i f i e d by type.
b le to d e t e r m i n e
of

T h e main c l a s s e s

the various

into w h i c h

M i l k and M i l k Products,
and Nuts

Vegetables,

w ho l e milk
ore

Meat,

so

Poultry,

of eggs,

c ou l d be d etermined.

in T a b l e G (pp.

standard h o u s e h o l d u n i t s

as co n sumed in numbers

food.

Dry

a nd Sugars
further

or fresh
These

in this study we r e
72,

results

in the or iginal
Thus,

the same

and w e r e

such as

or one m e d i u m p otato o r apple.

u n i t s were k e p t c onsistent.

o r group

8*1-05).

in most cases,

r e s e a r c h e r a d d e d a f o o d not

possi­

to os P r o t e i n Foods)

those in H o u s e and G a r d e n B u l l e t i n No.

tablesp oons,

Eggs,

these m a j o r c a t e g o r i e s w a s

T he u n i t s of m e a s u r e used
as

Fish,

Fats and Oils,

the n u m b e r of se r vi n g s

fo r example,

tabulated

it was

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s of

(hereafter referred

E a c h one of

subdivided,

Therefo r e,

the foods were s u b d i v i d e d were:

Fruits, G r a i n Products,

a n d Sweets.

the

that same

the n u m b e r of s e r v i n g s any s u b j e c t

subjects c o n s u m e d o f

Legumes,

that as

cups,

When

the

Bulletin,

these foods

an d

the

are r e p o r t e d

of servings.

N u t r i t i v e V a l u e of F o o d s . H o m e a n d G a r d e n B u l l e t i n
No. 72, U n i t e d States D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e , W a s h i n g t o n ,
D.C., 1960.

67
M i l k and M i l k P r od u ct s
The p r od u c t s
m il k

in all

desserts,

forms,

included
cream,

in the m i l k g r o u p are cow's

cheese,

ice c r ea m a n d yoghurt.

m i l k b everages,
D i e t m i l k drinks

Seg o a nd I nstant B r e a k f a s t were also
The m e a n n u m b e r of servings
the s u bj e ct s
F o r Mi lk

and Milk

Drinks,

a nd M i l k De sserts,
for Chee se,

presented

where

of all milk

in this group.
products

in T a b l e 6 , p.

Fo r Cream,

3.7.
1 cup,

Ice Cream,

servings.

These

r es u l t s are

84.
further,

the m e a n

2.5 cups p e r subject,

cups of m i l k

desserts,

2.7.

this food group

of fresh fluid m i l k was
intake of 0.14

the s e r v i n g size was

for

the m e a n n u mb e r of s er v i n g s was 0.7,
it was 0.24

Subdividing

frozen

includ e d

such as

in this s t u d y in the 24 h o u r p e r i o d w as

the mean n u m b e r of s e r v i n g s was

while

mi lk

drinks.

The m e a n

ice c r e a m or ice m i l k was 0.6

intake

plus a mean
intake

of

s er v in g s per

subject.
Simple

c o r r e l a t i o n s were d on e f o r c er t ai n d i v i s i o n s

of the M i l k P r o d u c t s G r o u p
r e l a t i o n s h i p b et w ee n
a n d a n y of the
are p r e s e n t e d
be seen

that

c or r el a ti o n,
servings

the

to see if there a p p e a r e d

intake of food

items

s o c i o - e c o n o m i c v a r i a b l e s noted.
in the A p p e n d i x ,

for the e n t i r e

Ta b le

131 (p.

in this g ro u p
Th e re s ul t s

267).

Milk P r o d u c t s Gr ou p ,

s i g n i f i c a n t at the

ljt level,

to be a n y

It can
there

is a

b et w ee n n u m b e r of

in this group a n d both s ex a n d level o f fat her's

education.
In the

instance o f

a n d from the w a y in w h i c h

sex,

the r e l a t i o n s h i p w as ne g at i ve ,

the or i g i n a l

c o d i n g fo r sex was

G8
done,

this w o u l d

female

subjects

support

indicate
and milk

a negative
consumption.

th o se w o r k e r s w h o

poorly nourished
father's

level

than

f ou n d the

the

te e na ge

of e d u c a t i o n ,

indicating

where

f a t h e r h a d m o r e years

relationships
and

are

shown

for the

presented

w i t h ag e
s umes

less

correlation
which

with color,

tha t n o n w h i t e
Th is

same

r e s u l t has

t here m i g h t
avoidance

dronk

in the p a s t

five y e ar s .

who had been
protective

7

42:31,

same

Drink Group

Products,

s ev e ra l
These

older,

b a s e d on

fo r m

this w o u l d

less mi lk

found

the

i nd i c a t e

than w h i t e

su bjects.

in o t h e r r es e a r c h ,
basis

fo r the

a n d that

black child's

re s ea r c h .

7

between consumption

subjects who had not had
This might

suggest

in

th at

There
of all

pneumonia
the c h i l d

s u c h as milk.

Lactose

are

he c o n ­

ill w i t h p n e u m o n i a w a s e n c o u r a g e d to c o n s u m e

foods

Anon.
1971.

These

families

A negative correlation

set up,

correlation

milk products and those

in tho se

5% level.

is s u g g e s t e d by r e c e n t

w as a l s o a n e g a t i v e

to be m o r e

T h e r e wa s a l s o a n e g a t i v e

a n d again,

be e n

the

2 G 7 ).

be a p h y s i o l o g i c a l

of m i l k

a n d Mi lk

the c h i l d b e c o m e s

c o d e s we r e

subjects

to

the case o f

of e d u c a t i o n .

g r o u p of M i l k

f o o d group.

the o r i g i n a l

In

girl

tend

Group.

111 (p.

t h a t as

in this

boy.

s i g n i f i c a n t at

in T a b l e

indicates

teenage

in the M i l k

overall

other variables were
al so

would

a higher milk consumption

in the F r e s h F l u i d M i l k
Also

This

the r e l a t i o n s h i p he re was

p os i t i v e ,
the

relationship between

Intolerance,

Dairy Council

Digest

69
Also

in the total M i l k P r o d u c t s

Group,

there

p os i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n between m i l k consum p ti o n,
father be i ng c l a s s i f i e d as a p r o f e s s i o n a l
o th e r hand,

there was a n e g a t i v e

c o n s u m p t i o n of products in th is
c l a s s i f i e d as on operative.
c i a t e d w i t h the
force

the a s s e r t i o n

fa t h e r had,

group,

On

the

a n d the f a t h e r
perhaps

o f e d uc a ti o n,

that the m o r e years

the mo r e milk his

worker.

the

c o r r e l a t i o n between

T h i s would,

father's level

and

was a

t ee nage

of

being

he a s s o ­

and w o u l d

s ch o oling

rein­

the

c h i l d consumed.

P r o t e i n Foods
I nc l u d e d
legumes,

in this g ro u p ore meats,

and nuts.

In terms

of

n u m b e r of s e r v i n g s per s ubject
This,

however,

the o v e r a l l

wa s further s u b d i v i d e d

T h e r e was,

or o nl y about

for example,

Legumes accounted
whi l e nuts,
P ro t e i n

1/5 of o n e

m i xt ures,

such os a

Obviously
f ro m meat,
clos ely,
0.6,

fish,

1.7 servings

total

o f meat,

but o n l y 0.2 s e r v i n g s of

servi ng s

in this g r o u p ,
servings.

t u na and n o o d l e s c a s s e r o l e ,

(pp.

Th e se r es u lt s are

and poultry.

presented

in this g r o u p

L o o k i n g at

this g r o u p

there w a s a mean n u m b e r of s e r v i n g s
of v e a l

pro­

84-85).

the main c o n t r i b u t i o n

f o r po r k of 0.5,

into the

b u t t e r a c c o u n t e d for 0 . 2

v i d e d 0.3 s e r v i n g s per subject.
in t a b u l a r form in Table 6

the mean

e g g per s u b j e c t per day.

for only 0 . 0 5

i n c l ud i ng peanut

group,

eggs,

to give a c l e a r e r

foods w e n t

fish o r p o u l t r y for each s ub je c t,
egg,

poultry,

in the 24 hour p e r i o d was 2.G.

p i c t u r e of w h a t kinds of p r o t e i n
c on s um p ti o n.

fish,

for b e e f

a n d l a m b of 0.01, of

came
more
of

liver

70
0.01,

a n d of l un cheon m ea t 0.3.

servings a n d fish 0.1
S im p le
Gr oup with
indicate

socio-economic

o b t a i n e d f or the P r o t e i n Foods
variables obtained

shown

1% level w e re

ed ucation,

and n u m b e r of m o v e s

five y e a r s

p r ev i ou s

less food

wi th the Milk

in T a b l e B 1 , p.

sex,

the

study
These

267.

level of f at h er ' s

family had m a d e

to the study.

lation w a s ne gative,
consumed

in the

i n t e r e s t i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p s may exist.

c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s are
S i g n i f i c a n t at the

for 0 . 2

serving.

correlations

that some

Poultry accounted

F or sex,

i n d i c a t i n g that g ir l s

ag ain

in the
the c o r r e ­

in the stu dy

in this g r o u p than did boys.

Also,

os

Products

Group,

there was a p o s i t i v e

tion b e t w e e n the level

of the

fa t her's

of s e r v i n g s o f p r o t e i n

foods,

i n d i c a ti n g a h i g h e r c o n s u m pt i on

by s u b j e c t s

in t h os e

of education .
moves,

Also

families where

whose f a m i l i e s h o d m o v e d m o r e
p re v io u s

to

education and number

the f a t h e r h o d more y e a r s

p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d was

s h o w i n g a g r e a t e r use

of these

the n u m b e r of

foo ds by s u bj e ct s

frequently

in the fi v e years

the study.

C o l o r of the

subject was s i g n i f i c a n t at the

i n d i c a t i n g a h i g h e r c o n s u m p t i o n of protein

foods

than by w h i t e subjects.

T h i s w o u l d be b e ne f ic i al

as the ir m i l k i n t a k e was

lower,

the Meat,
foods,

Fish,

s i g n i f i c a n t at the

per w e e k by the subject.

by n o n w h i t e
especially

excluding other protein

similar.

5% level wa s

5% level

as wa s shown p re v io u sl y .

a n d P o u l t r y Group,

the r e l a t i o n s h i p s w e r e

indicating

correla­

However,

also

the n u m b e r of h o u r s w o r k e d

T h e c o r r e l a t i o n was p o s i t i v e

the m o r e hours worked,

the m o r e

foods

in this

In

71
category
cents

earn m o n e y ,

foods.
g roup
and

t h e r e we re c o n s u m e d .
they

t e n d to

suggests

the

f a t h e r 1s o c c u p a t i o n

the f a t h e r ' s origin

the U n i t e d States.
of e d u c a t i o n

bracket ,

the

the

f a t h e r hod,

father's

from eating patterns

the 5 % level

in a m a n a g e r i a l

this m i g h t

the more p r o t e i n

the case of

at

indicate

that

in th is
position

region

of

the m o r e

or the h i g h e r his

the cose

foods

if a d o l e s ­

it on p r o t e i n

the N o r t h C e n t r a l

os w o u l d o r d i n a r i l y be

position,

h i s mo v e

outside

Again

th a t

s p e n d some o f

Also positively significant
were

years

This

income

in a m a n a g e r i a l

the c h i l d c o u l d co n s u m e .

origin,

this

suggests

d e r i v e d e a r l i e r by the

In

influences

f at h er b e f o r e

to M i c h i g a n .

Vegetables
All
vegetable

vegetables,
juices

ore

fresh,

included

fr ozen,

in this group.

n u m b e r of s e r v i n g s of v e g e t a b l e s w a s
a l m o s t all

vegetables,

g r e a t part o f
with

the u n i t o f m e a s u r e

the m e a n

of 0.1

serving per

The m e o n
For

was a cup.

On

the

roted very

subject,

and

A

c o n s u m e d as p o t a t o e s

intake.

g r e e n and d e e p y e l l o w v e g e t a b l e s

or dried,

2.3 p e r subject.

this V e g e t a b l e G r o u p was

1.3 s e r v i n g s as

intake

c anned,

as did

other hand dark

low w i t h a m e a n

the tomato

g roup,

a l s o w i th

0.1 serving.

Other vegetables

a c c o u n t e d f o r 0.7

s er v ings,

and vegetable

mixtures

c o l e s l a w o n l y 0.1

servin g.

T h e s e r e s u l t s are p r e s e n t e d

Simple

correlations

the

in

th is s t u d y

1% level.

T h es e

i nd i c a t e

a re

in

T a b l e 6 (p.

84).

obtained between consumption

the e n t i r e V e g e t a b l e G r o u p a n d
obtained

s u c h ob

shown

socio-economic
three

it e ms

in T a b l e

B1

variables

significant
(p.

of

267).

at

The

72
items w e r e
t ha t

s e x e n d c o l o r of the s u b j e c t ,

the s u b j e c t w o r k e d .

negative correlation

Again,

between

the

correlations

and a positive correlation

consumption

a n d the n o n w h i t e

w a s a l so
money

positive

for

fo o ds

per w e e k
showed a

vegetable consumption

f e m a l e sex,

between hours of work

and hours

b et w e e n

subjects.

a n d the

vegetable

The c o r r e l a t i o n

p e r we e k a n d v e g e t a b l e c o n s u m p t i o n

i n d i c a t i n g a ga i n,

in this

pe r h a p s

the

group— probably french

spending

of

fried potatoes

at a d r i v e - i n .
Looking

at the

subgroups

the c o n s u m p t i o n of p o t a t o e s
lations

significant at

Vegetable Group.

Also

positive

correlation

father's

occupation

would

seem

Sex,

then,

lost

account

However,

f o r as m u c h

entire

1% le v el

consumption

food,

and

was a
the

Potato consumption
socio-economic
a n d the
be e c o n o m i c ,

or it m i g h t r e f l e c t

of

interesting

the V e g e t a b l e

the v e g e t a b l e
to n o t e

the p a s t f i ve years,

sex,

father's

did

the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

( e x c l u d i n g p ot a t o e s ,

the 1 % l e v e l w i t h

Group

consumption.

tha t in

a n d deep y e l l o w v e g e t a b l e s )

correlation at

a n d the

the

i t e m might w e l l

expensive

including other vegetables

tis w i t h

sa me c o r r e ­

e a t i n g p a t t e r n s b a s e d on his own u p b r i n g i n g .

it is

dark green

the

e a r n i n g power,

The oth er subgroups within
not

at the

to several

subject's

This

or e a less

the f a t h e r ' s

as did

os an o p e r a t i v e .

occupation.

as p o t a t o e s

1% level

between potato

color,

the v e g e t a b l e c a t e g o r y ,

showed exactly

significant

to be r el a t e d ,

variables:
father's

the

within

there w a s
il l ness

and

significant

from bronchi­

level o f

f a t h e r ' s o c c u p a t i o n as a p r o f e s s i o n a l .

t om a t o e s ,

education
For

sex,

the

73
correlation

again

is n e g a t i v e w i th

i n d i c a t i n g once m o r e
group

that

than did the males.

r es pect

the y c o n s u m e d

to female

less of this

F o r f a t h e r ’s level

a n d f a th e r ' s

o c c u p a t i o n as a p ro f es s io n al ,

is p o si tive,

indicating a greater consumption

in

this g r o u p whe n

occupational
correlation
thereby
h ad

the

class,

previous

of v e g e t a b l e s
into

this
The

was

that

small.

with

the

w el l

be r e l a t e d

by those who h a d not

illness m i g h t

in terms of tr ying

consumption

Positively

the

the p r o f e s s i o n a l
to have

in f luence
It

the n u m b e r of s ub j e c t s who h ad had

of v e g e t a b l e s

to

well

to p r e v e n t a re currence.

s i g n i f i c a n t at

in this g r o u p w h e n

father's o c c u p a t i o n as manager.

in ge n eral

the c o r r e l a t i o n

and had mo r e y e a r s of education.

A g ai n ,

s h o u l d be m e n t i o n e d
bronchitis

of e d u c a t i o n

family fell

i n d i c a t i n g a lower c o n s u m p t i o n

eating habits

in

the

food

for s u bj e c t s h a v i n g had b r o n c h i t i s was negative,

bronchitis.

w as

f at h er of

subjects

father's

level

and m a n a g e r i a l

This,

the

5% level

correlated
again,

of ed ucation,

as

might
those

cl a ss e s w o u l d be e x p e c t e d

the m o st ye ars o f education.

F r u i ts
The Fruit G r o u p

in cludes all

w h e t h e r t h ey are fresh,
Again,
was

for

one cup.

servings
were

For

part,

canned,

dried,

the unit of m e a s u r e

the e n t i r e F r u i t Group,

for each s u b j e c t was

1.0.

also e x a m i n e d — C i t r u s Fruits,

Fr uits.
0.5

the m o s t

frozen,

fruit and

Three

or juiced.
per s e r v i n g

the m ea n n u m b e r of
s u b g r o u p s of

D r i e d Fruits,

T h e mean n u m b e r of s e r v i n g s of c i t r u s

for e a c h subject,

fruit p r o d u c t s

a n d for o t h e r fruits,

fruit

and Other

fruits was

a l s o 0.5.

74
Dried

f r ui t s m a d e a l m o s t n o c o n t r i b u t i o n

to

all.

These

(pp.

results

Simple
Group

and

indicate

socio-economic

the 5 % level.
(p. 357).

Positive

the m o t h e r ' s
category,

and

correlations

a nd

the

the p a s t

five years.

correlations

category.
between

of

and

to

be

seen

father's

the

t h er e w e r e
and grade

occupation

between

education,

re ligion.
h ou r s of
living

or s e r v i c e

for

within

positive
in school

in the m a n a g e r i a l

correlations

father's

through

HI

in the p r o f e s s i o n a l

existed

occupation

as

man.

by c o n s u l t i n g T a b l e
carry

existed

hod mononucleosis

negative

operative,

1% a n d

in T a b l e

the m o t h e r ' s

5% level,

an d

the

study

the n u m b e r of s i b l i n g s

f at h e r ' s

HI

(p. 357) m o s t

the C i t r u s F r u i t

the O t h e r F r u i t Group.
socio-economic

the c o n s u m p t i o n

a positive
the

the

fruit c o n s u m p t i o n

Several
then,

existed between

the

this

to a P r o t e s t a n t

fr uit c o n s u m p t i o n

th e se c o r r e l a t i o n s

Group,

belonging

the o t h e r hand,

eit h e r a craftsman,

the e n t i r e F r u i t

level
the

at

84-85).

presented

father's occupation

At

a n d also

A s c an

of

intake

at b ot h

at the

s u b j e c t s w h o had no t

between

On

arc

level

the home p e r week,

at home,

of sub ject,

the

the fami ly

correlations

outside

correlations

correlations

the

6

variables o b t a i n e d from

fruit a n d

age,

in T a b l e

obtained between

significant

These

consumption of

work

given

correlations

se v e r a l

Negative

are

fruit

relationship

father and

of

fruit

between

the a m o u n t

c a r r y o v e r to the

factors

seem

by th e

the y e a r s

to be related,

t ee n ager.

There

of e d u c a t i o n

of f r u i t c o n s u m e d .

is

of

This would

f a t h e r b e i n g e m p l o y e d as a p r o f e s s i o n a l

or

75
a m an a ge r .
m en ,

Fathers with presumably

operatives,

and servicemen,

headed

teenager consumed

less

subjects was also

p o s i t i v e l y r e l a t e d to

thus

indicating

that the

to c o n s u m e m o r e
outside
was

fruit.

the h o m e

consumed by

the

he

ate,

expensive,

wa s

home as much.
had

s e r v e d less

f ruit,

perhaps

there w a s

fruit,
Also,

that fruit,

S u b j e c t s who h a d h a d m o n o n u c l e o s i s

tended

that

indicate

for e x a m p l e ,
the m o r e
the

which

the

food,

if

b r ot h er s

less

tends

fruit
to be

family was

appeared

a g a i n as a p r o t e c t i v e

mothers

This might

o ft e n when

b y the

the m o t h e r w o r k e d

l iving at home,

indicating

the

the m o t h e r ’s age,

less f r u i t

than

crafts­

families where

older

subjects.

foods o t h e r

subject

possibly

the

education,

intake of fruit

The more hours

teenage

t he m o t h e r w e r e n o t
the

The

subjects with

p er week,

a c h o i c e of s n a c k

a n d sisters

fruit.

l es s

larger.

to be e a t i n g m o r e
than d i d o t h e r

subjec ts.
Religion

is an

interesting

to be a r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n
of a n d a t t i t u d e
cases

t ow ards

it has n o t h i n g

p a r t i c u l a r food.
up

frequently as

there

to do w i t h

t h e su b j e c t
were

On the

eats.

k in d s

the r u l e s

o t h e r hand,

factor

that has
It m i g h t

on
th e

factor
in the

influenced

t h e r e seems

subject's

o f foods.

insisting

a significant

is so me u n d e r l y i n g

diately apparent,

it a nd the

several

specifically prohibiting or

factor because

co n s u m p t i o n
In most

of the r e l i g i o n
the e a t i n g of a
fact

would

that

it turns

indicate

r e li g i o n ,
t h e w a y the

be e t h n i c — c e r t a i n

not

that
imme­

family and

f o o d p a tterns

c e r t a i n l y c a r r i e d to t h is c o u n t r y b y the I r i s h R o m a n

Catholics

o r t h e G e r m a n J e w s — o r it m i g h t

be e c o n o m i c ,

or a

76
v a r i e t y of o t h e r things.
adhered
other

to a P r o t e s t a n t

In this cose,
faith,

subjects w h o s e

consumed more

fruit

family

than did

subjects.

Grain Products
The G r a i n P r o d u c t s Gr o up
cereals,
pastas,

breads

and rolls,

cakes,

a n d all o t h e r p ro d u c t s

T h e s e kinds

includes co o k e d and dry
cookies,

w i t h a s e r v i n g of b r e a d being equal

servings

per

6 .6 , thus

fo r

The m e a n n u m b e r of

intake o f groin

S u b g r o u p s u n d e r the G r a i n P r o d u c t s G r o u p
or E n r i c h e d G r a i n Pr o du c t s ,

a p p l e pie,
f oo d s of
w it h

The

the wh o l e

a mean

products
servings.

wi t h tomato

i nc luded W h o l e

sauce an d cheese.

g ra i n and e n r i c h e d

for

pr oducts.
Grain

2.3 se rvings,

and

include such items as
Mo re

type w er e c on s um e d,

intake p e r s u bject of 3.8

accounted

st u dy was

U n e n r i c h e d G r a i n Products,

last g ro u p w o u l d

or s p a g h e t t i

and a

the 24 h o u r p e r i o d of the

i n d i c a t i n g a fairly hi g h

Grain Mixtures.

of m e a s u r e m e n t s ,

to one slice,

or pa s ta one cup.

su b j e c t

pastries,

p r e p a r e d m a i n l y from grains.

of foods ha v e d i f f e r e n t un i ts

s e r v i n g o f cereal

crackers,

servings.

Unenriched

a n d grain m i x t u r e s 0.7

T h e s e r e s u l t s are p r e s e n t e d

in T a b l e 6

(pp.

64-85).

F u r t h e r s u b d i v i s i o n of this g r o u p wa s also c a r r i e d
out.
Flou r,
Goods.

The W h o l e
C er eal,

or E n r i c h e d G r a i n P r o d u c t s were d i v i d e d
a n d Pastes,

B r e a d a n d Rolls,

M e a n n u m b e r of s e rv i n g s

per subject
indicating
g r o u p was

for ea ch of

for the 24 h o u r p e r i o d was 0.5,

and O t h e r Baked
these c l a s s e s
3.1,

a n d 0.3

that the g r e a t m a j o r i t y of foods c o n s u m e d
in the f or m of b r e a d and rolls.

into

in this

For the U n e n r l c h e d

77
Grain Products,

Cereals and Pastes

Bread and Rolls

f o r 0.1

2.1

s er v i n g s ,

last group.
ers,

Th is w o u l d

be c o n s i d e r e d s n a c k
subject

a fairly
Include

foods,

elicited

f r o m the

sex,

of grain

at

the

1%

crack­

If t h e s e con

products

per

th an d i d boys.

that g i r l s

Finally,

that

were b o t h
of a farm

by the su bject.
family was

laborer,

Also,

o u t s i d e of

if

if

If

same

a mount

the m a n n e r

was negative

less

for

less g r o i n p r o d ­
of the

fa mi ly

grain products were

s i g n i f i c a n t at

the

5^ level,

the f a t h e r ' s o c c u p a t i o n

the N o r t h C e n t r a l

(p.

Again,

the f a t h e r

states,

by the

267).

as

the

of the
consump­

subject.

correlations

subgroups under grain products,
B1

the

the o r i g i n of t h e m o t h e r

significant

by c onsulting Table

267).

more grain products were consumed

tio n o f g r a i n p r o d u c t s w a s h i g h e r
These

increased,

consumed

employee,

p os i ti v e.

(p.

os a s e r v i c e e m pl o ye e .

subjects

Two c o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e

a n d th e se

B1

factors

th ree n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s :

s ex r e l a t i o n s h i p

was e m p l o y e d as a s e r v i c e
consumed.

in T a b l e

consumed decreased.

the

indicating

ore

the

o f foods

the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c

occupation

they

indicated

thus

between consumption

and

level

and father's

of c o d i n g

in the

os d o ug h nu t s,

a n d c o okies.

s t u d y ore s h o w n

T h e r e f o r e , os the ag e of

w as

such

for

In this

a f a i r l y h i gh c o n s u m p t i o n

si m pl e c o r r e l a t i o n s

Significant

ucts

large c o n s u m p t i o n

items

cupcakes

in the G r a i n P r o d u c t s G r o u p

girls,

servings,

is e v l d e n t .
The

Age,

for 0 . 2

serving and Other Baked Products

indicating

commercially mode

accounted

tend to r e a p p e a r
can e a s i l y be s e e n

Other correlations which

78
a p p e a r t ha t a r e s i g n i f i c a n t
correlated with
Here

the

the

i n t a k e of w h o l e

correlation

consumption

grain

illnesses

O t h e r B a k e d Pr o du c t s ,
cookies,

different

the m p os i t i v e .

crackers,

One

and

th e m

nonwhite

subjects

consumed more
Also

father's education,

of the

f a t h e r in the

intake

of f oo d s

Several
influenced
father's

the

family

the s u b j e c t

consumption

if he w e r e

this

items

three

indicates

the y e a r s

of

that

the

t h a n did
the level

of e d u c a t i o n

d i d the s u b j e c t s

Finally,

there w a s a p o s i t i v e

of

baked products

these

consumption
related

and

then,

appear

to ha v e

of g r a i n p r o d u c t s .

The

to i n c r e a s e d g r a i n p r o d u c t

a fa rm lab orer,

b ut w a s

related

if he w e r e a s e r v i c e

The more

y e a r s of e d u c a t i o n

teenager

in t erms o f c o n s u m i n g m o r e
and c r a c k e r v a ri e ty .

so

all

the m a n n e r

in this g r o u p

fa c to r s,

lower grain product c onsumption

cookies

fro m

foods

being Protestant.

socio-economic

occupation was

t he r e o r e

a nd

increased,

in t h i s group.

teenagers

such snack

the Ty% level,

so t h a t os

between consumption

the r e l i g i o n of

the

in creased,

p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d was

of the

correlation

at

is color,

the s u b j e c t s w e r e coded,

su bjects.

t h a t os

d e cr e a s e d .

so on,

in w h i c h

the w h i t e

indicating

include

correlations

of

a nd e n r i c h e d cereals.

entitled U n e n r i c h e d Groin Products,

which would

significant

i l l n e s s e s w he n

an d e n r i c h e d c e r e a l s

per subject

F o r the s u b g r o u p

as coke,

groin

is a n e g a t i v e o n e

of w h o l e

the n u m b e r of

i n c l u d e n u m b e r of

the f a t h e r h a d
foods

This could

to i n c r e a s e d a v a i l a b i l i t y of t h e s e

items

e m pl o ye e .

influenced
of

to

the

the cake,

p o s s i b l y be

related

in f a m i l i e s

with

79
l ar g er Incomes.

The m o t h e r ’s o r i g i n was

p ro duct c o n s u m p t i o n ,

for

of N o r t h C e n t r a l U n i t e d
c on s u m e m o r e of
re f l ec t i o n

of

States,

the m o t h e r ' s

own

w it h her to M ic h i g a n .

In

selves,

less

they

to grain

if she c am e from an area o u ts i de
the t e e n a g e r te n de d

these pr oducts.

girls consumed

related

This

food h a b i t s

the c a se

did

c o u l d well

of the

in the grain

that

he a
she br o u g h t

su b je c ts
pr o d u c t s

th em­
group

than did boys,

as

w hi t e s u b j e c t s

also c o n s u m e d m o r e n o n e n r i c h e d b a k e d goods

than did w h i t e

subjects,

black t e e n a g e r s on this
relationship

be t w e e n

and c o n s u m i n g m o r e
cereal

group.

type of snack
subject's

items

if s e v e r e

mi ght

i n di c a t e

this m i g h t

food.

T h e r e was a

h a v i n g fe w er il lnesses

i nd icate a d es i re

family to c o ns u me

illness h a d been a recent
a positive

in the a b i l i t y to a vo i d

Non­

in the wh o le g r a i n and e n r i c h e d

par t of the c h i l d or hi s
foods

food group.

s u g g e s t i n g a g r e a t e r r e l i a n c e of

the

Again,

in e v e r y m a j o r

to

e ffect

these

on the

more p r o t e c t i v e
problem.

Or it

in terms of g o od n u t r i t i o n

illnesses.

F at s and O i l s
The F a t s an d O i l s G r o u p c o n t a i n s
c o o k i n g fats,
here was o n e

gravy,

in the

Simple

The m e a n n u m b e r of s e r v i n g s c o n s u m e d

84).

N o e f f o r t was m a d e

to

this group.

correlations between
the

The u n i t of m e a s u r e

stu dy f o r a 24 h o u r p e r i o d was 2.1,

in T ab l e 6 (p.

further subdivide

a n d oils a nd

salad d r e s s i ng s .

tables p oo n .

by the s u b j e c t s
as is shown

and

b u t t e r and ma r ga r in e ,

socio-economic

the c o n s u m p t i o n

variables

s tu d y i n d i c a t e d a n e g a t i v e co r r e l a t i o n ,

collected

significant

of fats
in this
at the

80
1% level,

between

Indicating

that a gain,

than did boys.
positive

fat an d oil

Also

T h i s m i g h t well
for foods
shown

ate

less

between hours

and consumption

indicate

included

in T a b l e B1

tha t

s am e

relationship

type of

level
the
in

These

fo od

was a

subject worked
this

group.
sp e nt

correlations

s i g n i f i c a n t at

ar e

black

the

indicating a negative

subjects and consumption

In o t h e r words,
fats a n d o i ls

1%

sex,

267).

ship between nonwhite

less

this

of f o o d s

in this group.
(p.

female

the m o n e y e a r n e d was

for c o l o r of the su b je c t,

oils.

of

the

of w o r k

T h e r e wa s a l s o a c o r r e l a t i o n
level

and

s i g n i f i c a n t at the

correlation

o u t s i d e of s ch o ol

girls

intake

teenagers

than d i d w h i t e

of

in this

teenagers.

th a t e x i s t e d w i t h m i l k

5%
relation­

fats

and

s t u d y ate
This was

the

consumption.

Sugars and Sweets
T he
candles

Sugars and Sweets Group

a n d J am s a n d

and plain gelatin
salads with
cluded

je llies,

d e ss e r t s .

sirups,

F o r the candy,

d es s e r t s .

Th e m e a n

b e en

the p r o d u c t s .

it w a s

used.

One

carbonated beverages

servings per subject

h oney,

desserts and

added would hove

and j e l l i e s

one o u n c e was

f o r the

this,

si rups,

carbonated beverages

Those gelatin

he r e v a r i e d w i t h

jams,

of m e a s u r e

subdivide

as

sugars,

in­

th e F r u i t G r o u p or the V e g e t a b l e G roup.

T h e u n i t s of m e a s u r e
sugars,

as well

fruit or vegetables

in e i t h e r

includes

intake

for the

t h e r e was

a n d / o r candy,

of

foods

in

and

the

ta b l e s p o o n .

cup w a s

the u n i t

the g e l a t i n

this g r o u p w a s

24 h o u r p e r i o d

1.3 s e r v i n g s

a n d 1.1

on e

For

involved.

of s u gars,

2.4
To

sirups,

s e r v i n g s o f s o ft d r i n k s

and/or

81
gelatin

d e ss erts.

teenagers
further

consuming

se r vings,

and

jams

desserts

sirups

beverage

of

sw e e t s

economic

are p r e s e n t e d
that when

the s u g a r — free

simple

jellies

servings,

a nd g e l a t i n

from c a r b o n a t e d soft

in T a b l e G
a s ubject
type

for

largest consumption

(p.

84).

drinks.

It s h o u l d

listed a carbonated

such as T a b o r F r e s c a ,

correlations between

by the s u b j e c t s

variables

correlations
negative

consumption,
food g r ou p

again

between

showing

subjects

than

drank

consumed more
w h i c h are

high

the

this

in T a b l e B1

female

in the

did w h i t e s .

These
s e x a nd

less m i l k
soft

drinks

in sugar.

th an did the w h i t e s ,
and beverages
There

a n d his

intake

indicate a
sugar

less

this

indicating
sugars

th at
but

the

bl a ck

they clearly

s u c h as K o o l - A i d

is a l s o a p o s i t i v e
the s t u d e n t

of fo o ds

in

existed

stu dy c o n s u m e d m o r e
shown

267).

three

relationship

It has b e e n

sugars

(p.

t h er e w e r e

level.

A positive

of

the s o c i o ­

that girls c o n s u m e d

b e t w e e n n u m b e r of h o u r s

of school

1%

and

s u b j e c t s a n d s ug a r c o n s u m p t i o n ,

that the b l a c k s u b j e c t s
and sweets

at the

than did boys.

between nonwhite

given

a nd S w e e t s Group,

significant

relationship

consumption

in the study,

t a b u l a t e d are

F o r the e n t i r e S u g a r s

lation

f o r 0.5

groups,

accounted

se r vings,

C l e a r l y the
co me s

in t h e s e

Included.
The

and

Sugars

for 1.0 servi ng s ,

subdivision

be m e n t i o n e d here

of fo o ds

for 0.2

candies

f o r 0.1 s e r v i n g .

results

was not

and honey

soft d r i n k s

last

is so m u c h c o n c e r n a b o u t

c a r r i e d out.

for 0 . 2 s e rv i n g s ,

carbonated

in this

there

la r ge q u a n t i t i e s

subdivision was

0.3

These

Because

in this

corre­

worked outside
group,

again perhaps

82
indicating

the d i s p o s i t i o n

S i g n i f i c a n t at
b et w e e n

the 5 %

consumption

In o t h e r

words,

sweets a g a i n
to M i c h i g a n

these

subjects

Group,

con be s e e n

covered

that m o r e
by

this

Dessert Group,

s i g n i f i c a n t at the

professional

employed
same

the

1#

relationships

there

candy by

drinks,
level

as an o p e r a t i v e .

the

professional

s u b j e c t a n d the
man.

These

(p.

267).

i t em s by

living

subject

This

would

in families

two c o r r e l a t i o n s

the

occupation

is e m p l o y e d

is a n e g a t i v e
but

For

F o r the S of t

t h er e a r e
to

the

at home.

w er e a v a i l a b l e

the f a t h e r

of
in a

relationship

if the f a t h e r is

relationship.

These

the c a t e g o r y c o n t a i n i n g

but with

an a d d i t i o n a l

th e s u b j e c t ' s

There

level,

HI

children.

into

if

in m a n y

these

is a p o s i t i v e

carry over

at the 5 %

s i g n i f i c a n t at the

th e r e

brought

is a p o s i t i v e

in this c a t e g o r y ,

only c a r b o n a t e d s o f t

employed

If

pattern

an d

th ere

relating

subject.

foods

in sales,

correlation

level

occupation,

for i n t a k e of

things

survey with m o r e

Drink and Gelatin

the f a t h e r of

of

and s i s t e r s
these

sugars

u n d e r the S u g a r an d S w e e t s

consumption

of

of

U n i t e d S ta t es .

through

by c o n s u l t i n g T a b l e

and n u m b e r of b r o t h e r s
Indicate

carry

and Candy G ro u p

between

the o r i g i n

elsewhere.

subgroupings

S irups,

and

eating

income.

correlation

consumed more

relationships

for the

correlation

the p o s i t i v e

a n d sw eets,

b y the m o t h e r f r o m
some

additional

o ut s i d e o f N o r t h C e n t r a l

instances

the S u g a r ,

sugars

of his

suggesting a different

These

as

some

level w a s

of

the s u b j e c t ’s m o t h e r

of

father

positive
is

is a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n ,

between

the c o n s u m p t i o n

fether's

relationships

o c c u p a t i o n as
suggest

th at

of
a
the

fat h e r ' s o c c u p a t i o n m i g h t
family,

and where

influence

in a p r o f e ss i on a l

the

family,

of s of t drinks m i g h t be c o n s i d e r e d "bod"
sales

or o p e r a t i v e f a m i l y they might

or " a c c e p t a b l e "
Candy,

at least

on the o t h e r hand,

c h i l d r e n of p r o f e s s i o n a l

life style

be

from the s ocial

of the

the c o n s u m p t i o n

o r "h a rm f u l , "

c o n s i d e r e d "good"
po int of view.

s ee m ed to be c o n s u m e d mo r e by
fathers.

in a

TABLE 6
Number of Servings of the Various Foods
Consumed by Surveyed Subjects

Mean

Median

Lowest
Quartile

Highest
Quartile

Range

Milk and Milk Products
Milk and Milk Drinks
Fresh Fluid Milk
Milk Drinks
Cream, Ice Cream, Milk Desserts
Frozen Desserts
Cheese

3.7
2.7
2.5
0.1
0.7
0.6
0.2

3.1
2.5
2.2
0.0
0.4
0.3
0.2

1.9
1.0
1.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1

4.9
3.8
3.6
0.2
1.0
1.0
0.3

0.0-19.0
0.0-16.0
0.0-16.0
0.0- 4.5
0.0-10.0
0.0-10.0
0.0-10.0

Protein Foods
Meat, Poultry, Fish
Beef
Pork
Veal, Lamb
Liver
Game and Luncheon Meat
Poultry
Fish
Eggs
Legumes
Nuts
Protein Mixtures

2.6
1.7
0.6
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3

2.1
1.4
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.2

1.0
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0

3.5
2.4
1.0
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.6

0.0-13.0
0.0-10.6
0.0- 6.3
0.0- 9.0
0.0- 3.0
0.0- 4.0
0.0- 7.0
0.0- 8.0
0.0- 3.0
0.0- 9.0
0.0- 4.0
0.0-12.0
0.0- S.O

Vegetables
Potatoes
Dark Green, Deep Yellow Vegetables
Tomatoes
Other Vegetables
Vegetable Mixtures

2.3
1.2
0.1
0.1
0.7
0.1

1.8
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.0

0.9
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1

3.0
1.8
0.2
0.2
1.0
0.2

0.0-16.2
0.0-13.5
0,0- 5. 0
0.0- 4.0
0.0-10.0
0.0- 3.0

0.0

TABLE 6— Continued

Mean

Median

Lowest
Quartile

Highest
Quartile

Range

Fruits
Citrus Fruits
Dried Fruits
Other Fruits

1.0
0.5
0.0
0.6

0.6
0.4
0.0
0.3

0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1

1.5
0.8
0.0
1.0

0.0-10.3
0.0-10.2
0.0- 1.0
0.0- 9.8

Grain Products
Whole-grain or Enriched
Pastes & Cereals
Bread
Other Baked Goods
Non-enriched
Pastes & Cereals
Breads
Other Baked Goods
Grain Mixtures

6.8
3.8
0.5
3.0
0.3
2.3
0.2
0.1
2.1
0.7

6.0
3.1
0.0
2.6
0.1
1.4
0.1
0.0
1.1
0.2

3.5
1.7
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0

9.0
5.2
0.7
4.1
0.5
3.2
0.4
0.2
3.1
1.0

0.0-32.5
0.0-23.4
0.0- 8.0
0.0-15.2
0.0-19.0
0.0-23.5
0.0- 6.0
0.0— 8.0
0.0-23.5
0.0-12.0

Fats and Oils

2.0

1.0

0.1

2.5

0.0-32,0

Sugars and Sweets
Sugars, Sirups, Candies
Sugar
Sirups and Honey
Jellies and Jams
Candies
Soft Drinks and Dessert Powders
Soft Drinks
Ices, Popsicles, Gelatin

2.4
1.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.5
1.1
1.0
0.1

1.7
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.9
0.1
0.0

0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0

3.5
2.0
0.6
0.4
0.4
1.0
2.0
1.5
0.2

0,0— 34,5
0.0-33.0
0.0- 7.5
0.0-32.0
0.0- 5.3
0.0-12.0
0.0- 9.8
0.0- 9.8
0.0- 8.0

86
Meals

an d S n a c k s

One of
age

the c o n c e r n s

food h a b i t s

of s n a c k
is that

foods
these

- Protein

large q u a n t i t i e s

be m e e t i n g his

energy

in the p r e v i o u s
b ak e d p r o d u c t s

c on t en t .

whore

study.
and

type of

the m e a n

sn a c k

i nt a ke of

snack

This

fo o ds

was

as well

d on e

It w a s

a n d his

fo ods

the e f f e c t

by n o t i n g

are

of

to e x a m i n e

the f o o d s
on the

item c o n s u m e d was
asked

from meals

th e y

original
e a t e n as

to m a k e

then d e t e r m i n e d w h at

protein came

suggested

in o t h e r n u t r i e n t s .

as

The subject was

o f a meal.

he m a y

his o t h e r

teenagers was

snack,

of his c a l o r i e s

food,

for the 24 h o u r

low

fo o d

himself.

if a c h i l d

t h e s e k i n d s of

they a r e

in

intake o f u n e n r i c h e d

questionnaire w h e t h e r each
o r p a rt

assumption

this w a s

per subject
While

fat,

the n u t r i e n t

c o n s u m e d at meals.

consumption

Therefore,

indication of

servings

in the

they a t e as

designation

The

c o m p r e h e n s i v e w a y of stu d y i n g

foods on

the f o o d s

large

teen­

e n e r g y a n d are d e f i c i e n t

of this

One

2.3

carbohydrate

about

requirements without meeting

s e ction,
was

Involved

A more
snack

and mineral

requirements.

pure

their supposedly

foods p r o v i d e o n l y

consumes

not

frequently

containing "empty calories."

vitamin,

period

voiced most

deals w i t h

protein,

nutrient

and C a l o r i c s C o n s u m e d

a

this

percentage

and

f ro m

snacks.
The results
total k i l o c a l o r i e s
caloric

of

this

s tu d y

showed

c o n s u m e d by all

i n t a k e at m e a l s

wa s

f ro m s n a c k s was

20%.

On

c o n s u m e d by the

su b je c t s ,

the

80% and

th at

subjects,

in t e r m s

of

the m e a n p e r c e n t a g e

the m e a n p e r c e n t a g e

o t h e r hand,

of all

the m e a n p e r c e n t a g e

the

i ntake

the p r o t e i n

intake

at m e a l s

87
w as

somewhat

coming

higher at

from snacks.

with only

88#,

This

would certainly

type of

fo od c h o s e n

for snacks made

c al o r i c

intake

to p r o t e i n

presented

in T a b l e

Simple
percentages

level,

and

the

stud y)

which

obtained

can

the

obtained
over

the e a r l i e s t

be a s s u m e d

grade.

5 # level,

were

Negative

and

groups.
caloric

indicate

the

correlations,
the p e r c e n t

subject's

(tenth

might

food
in

this

l a t e r grades.
correlation

with

to the

s i g n i f i c a n t at
of

total

subjects,
or a

the

calories

and also when
farm la b or e r.

than o f t h e w h i t e

for

these

to the
s ub j ec t s.

f a t h e r was a s a l e s m a n o r f a r m

laborer,

more

subjects

t ha n for o t h e r g roups,

patterns.

281).

This

snacking contributed more
subjects

in the

in school,

subject's

grade

and

at the 1#

f e w e r c a l o r i e s c o n s u m e d at m e a l s

intake of black
the

(p.

fr o m meals.

in the

the n o n w h i t e

In o t h e r words,

A ls o when

B2

s u b j e c t was

f a t h e r ' s o c c u p a t i o n wa s a s a l e s m a n

This w o u l d

to

the

obtained

to be d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d

found b e t w e e n

c o n s u m e d at m e a l s

the

from meals

variables

at the 5 # level w a s a p o s i t i v e

student's

the

in w h i c h

family control
at

that

re s u l t s a r e

between

significant

a n d a l e s s e n i n g of c o nt r ol

Significant
age,

determined

correlation,

patterns

These

the A p p e n d i x T a b l e

of c a l o r i c s

i nd i ca t e g r e a t e r
consumption

were

in

the g r a d e

a nd the p e r c e n t

intake.

and protein

presented

between

i n di c a t e

a greater contribution

socio-economic

o positive

the p r o t e i n

94).

correlations

a nd a r e

T h e r e was

7 (p.

of c a l o r i e s

f ro m snacks,
study,

than

12# of

calories were

derived from snacking
indicating

by t h e s e

different

eating

88
Two
between

correlations were

the p e r c e n t a g e

socio-economic
negative

a negative
subject

protein
received
For the

with

did

meal h o u r s ,

eating.
agers,

in e n e r g y value but
hand,

it

by

a l ., have

of

this m i g h t

of

less

also

pe r w e e k

of

a

b y the

this would

their

total

teenagers,

but,

conversely

their p r o t e i n

from

snacks.

well

Irregular

indicate

at all,

ond

a greater

r e li a n c e

the S u b j e c t E a t ?
food c o n s u m p t i o n

patterns,

that c h i l d r e n ,

themselves

low

consuming

some o r al l of the

related

consumed

was

a nd

the f o r m e r group,

suggested

is s u g g e s t e d

on c h i l d r e n

there

subjects,

the c o m p a n i o n s h i p a p e r s o n

It has b e e n
w h e n eating

instances,

and

their employment.

Another aspect
on

at meals

For

the w h i t e

W i t h W h o m Di d

centers

level

hours w o r k e d

or p o s s i b l y no m e a l

on s n a c k i n g due to

the

the

a greater percentage
l a t t e r group,

habits,

the se

teenagers

than

consumed

the n o n w h i t e

school.

that b l o c k
at meals

In

with

correlation

o u t s i d e of

i nd i c a t e

of p r o t e i n

variables.

correlation

significant at

that

the

foods

high

f a m i l y e at

presented evidence

to a t e e n a g e r ' s

fa m il y has

together.
to

including

On

indicate

foods
the

v alue

Donald
that

teen­

high

other

a positive

in n u t r i t i v e

food

has w h i l e

tend to c h o o s e

in o t h e r n u t r i e n t s .

or

effect
when

E. A l l e n ,

this

d e v e l o p m e n t and m a t u r a t i o n .

is

et

strongly
Another

Q

D o n a l d E. A l l e n et a l ., N u t r i t i o n ,
and a c a d e m i c p e r f o r m a n c e a m o n g h i g h sc h oo l
Ec. 6 2 : 3 3 3 , 1970.

family c o m m e n s a l i t y ,
youth.
J. H o m e

89
possibility
e i t h e r at

is,

of course,

school

the t e e n a g e r s

that

the c h i l d e a t s w i t h

or snacking after

in

school.

this s t u d y ate w i t h

frien ds ,

In some

friends

instances,

at a d r i v e - i n

or

o t h e r type of re s t a u r a n t .
When examining
for the

the

24 h o u r p e r i o d

percentage

intake

total c a l o r i c

involved

of c a l o r i e s

r o u g h l y o n e - q u a r t e r of t h e i r
l ow e r f i g u r e

f or p r o t e i n

intake of p r o t e i n wa s

in

the

eating
for the

of

total

total

energy

consumption

2 0 . 5 % of the

together was

percentage

a nd a m e a n

32.1%,

together.

while

These

figures

the c a s e o f

or with

fr iends,

caloric

value

family

family

for the

17.4%

24

h o ur

for s o m e

food w i t h

calories

of

the m e a n

of

of

32.5%,

29.9%.
indic at e ,

then,

the s u b j e c t s a t e

alone

while when

true.

eating

The differences

in
with
te n d

ho w e v e r .

Simple correlations

were determined between

the s u b j e c t s w h e n

the

f ri e n d s

to be s l i g h t l y h i g h e r

in p r o t e i n value,

the o p p o s i t e w a s

to be r a t h e r smal l,

c o m p a n i o n s h i p of

tended

alone.

of t h e

t og e ther,

7 would

when

slightly

eaten

l e a s t one

i n t a k e of

in T a b l e

study,

the foods

t h an

t h e i r f am i l i e s ,

shown

A

or

the f i g u r e c o m p u t e d

The consumption o f

of protein

23.2%,

the m e a n

all

consumed

it was

w as

family,

f a m i l y ate

while

in t a k e

this

at

subjects

the m e a n

amount

1 6 . 5 % was

protein

for a m e a n p e r c e n t a g e
percentage

the

the

f o u n d — the m e a n

total

together with

total

was

of

intake.

consumed with

the e n t i r e

of

involved was

accounted

in

When

i ntake

f amily e a t i n g

that

27.0%,

family eating

m e m b e r ab sent.

period

calories

study,

consumed alone

In terms o f c a l o r i e s c o n s u m e d w i t h
percentage

in t a k e

the

t h e y c o n s u m e d food,

and

90
the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c
When

the 1%

o n l y two s o c i o - e c o n o m i c

level.

There

hours w o rked outside
of c a l o r i e s

school

eaten w i t h

calories

consumed

relationships

f or

the e n t i r e

i n d i c a t e less

eaten w i t h

r e l i a n c e on

the

showing a positive

relationship was

some

of the

the p e r c e n t a g e

of

Als o

calories

l o o k i n g at the p e r c e n t a g e

protein

subjects

For

i nt a ke

tended

fa m i l i e s

are g i v e n

the m o s t

t h e y ate

e a t e n w it h

in T able

part,

actually had

sev eral

these

These

281).

subjects

consumed m o s t

of

h o m e or s c h o o l .

lunch program provided
study,

choices open

to h im

f o r the n o o n meal.

of the

brought

school

f r o m home,
(milk,

student

lunch provided,

he

he c o u l d s e c u r e

soft

eat n o t h i n g a t all.

the

in

in the

items o u t o f v e n d i n g m a c h i n e s
o r he c o u l d

less

included

He c o u l d e a t all o r p a r t
lunch he

friends a n d

s ub j e c t s .

in one of two places:

the s c h o o l s

last plan.

(p.

Thus,

D i d the S u b j e c t E at ?

t h e r e was a h o t s c ho o l

c o u l d eat a

B2

in the s t u d y .

v a r i o u s g ro u p s .

to eat m o r e w i t h

than did the w h i t e

e v e r y one o f

the

the ho m e.

s h o w up w h e n

Where

c ream),

outside

f o r eating

relationships

their

Whereas

family

These

subjects

total

food

of total

friends.

th e

there

the n o n w h i t c

correlations

the

the p e r c e n t a g e

fr i en d s a n d

the b l a c k
with

teenager works

between

Conversely,

between percentage

this g r o u p

various

are s i g n i f i c a n t

a nd

family.

study.

in

correlation

by the s u b j e c t

c o m p a n i o n s h i p when

e at e n w i t h

consumed

factors

was a n e g a t i v e

was a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n

The

in the p r e s e n t

e x a m i n i n g the p e r c e n t a g e o f c a l o r i e s

s i t u a t io n s,
at

factors determined

drinks,

candy,

M a n y students

ice

chose

91
As m i g h t
home,

be e x p e c t e d w i t h

the p e r c e n t a g e of t o t a l

f a i r l y high,

w i t h a mean of

teenagers

calories

G5.5%.

c a l o r i e s c o n s u m e d at s c ho o l

was

of c a l o r i e s e a t e n

9.8%.

percentage
similar,
where.

of total

with

7 presents

Simple
percentages

correlations

of c a lo r i e s

in the d i f f e r e n t
determined

lo c at i o n s ,

level,

c o n s u m e d at h o m e and

for p e r c e n t a g e

the

(e l s e w h e r e ) .

Also,

th e re w a s

a correlation,

the percentage of

Th i s

correlation
home

between

an d the n u m b e r of

five y e a r s

previous

correlation,

correlation,

eaten

tends

at

e a t e n at home.

away

of

c a lories

from

s ch o ol and

at ho me

1% level
and

in the p a s t

those
five

with a negative

of t o t a l
the

occurred

be s e l f - e x p l a n a t o r y .

fever

calories

e a t e n at

subject had had

interview.

There was

the 5% l e v e l

Thus,

significant

correlation

to

subjects who had not had pneumonia a n d
calories

subjects
factors

s i g n i f i c a n t at the

illnesses

significant

the

the s u b j e c t w o r k e d p e r week

the 5% level

to t h e

8 . 1 % e l se ­

e a t e n by the

the p e r c e n t a g e

rheumatic

percentage

for

out b e t w e e n

calories eaten

s h o w e d up at

and

the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c

negative

this

percentage

figures

school,

A similar positive

s u b j e c t s w h o h a d n o t had
years.

a nd

between

Again,

the m e a n

t e n d e d to be q u i t e

of pr o t e i n

hours

ho m e was

results.

of total c a l o r i e s

home

between

A

occurred

o u t s i d e of school.

The me an

were carried

and

by the study.

c o n s u m e d at

24.5% w i t h

23.4% at

these

l i v i n g at

T h e m e a n p e r c e n t a g e of

protein consumed

6 8 . 3 % at h o m e ,

Table

at the 1%

elsewhere

still

between

in the

also a
those

the p e r c e n t a g e of

relationships

seem

to have

92
e x i s t e d b et w e e n
of recent

the s u b j e c t ' s e a t i n g p a t t e r n s and

illnesses

that he h o d c on t ra c te d .

of c a l o r i e s

eat en at home decreased,

increas ed.

Thus,

might

be m o r e prone

correlations
they ate

less at home

from home more m i g h t

of

the f a mily a n d hence

a grees a l s o wi t h

the

f ev e r and p n e u m o n i a victims,

and more

these

This

il l nesses

elsewhere

than did

illnesses w i t h i n

as

those who

the five ye a rs

pre­

to the survey.
Negative

between

at ho me

c o r r e l a t i o n s a l so a p p e a r e d at

the age a n d the grade of

of c a l o r i e s

as the

illness.

for r h e u m a t i c

h ad not c o n t r a c t e d
vious

to

guidance

the p e r c e n t a g e

the n u m b e r o f

s u b j e c t s who ate a w ay

n ot h o v e had the n u t r i t i o n a l

As

the n u m b e r

c o n s u m e d at home.

less

than

Thus,

the ol d er

the y o u n g e r subjects,

t e e n a g e r b e c a m e mo re

of c a l o r i e s

the student,

eaten e l s e w h e r e

independent.
(not at home

For

the a b o v e

a l s o be seen.

On e a d d i t i o n a l

c o r r e l a ti o n,

This,

su b j e c t s

ate

the p e r c e n t a g e

i n f o r ma t io n can
significant

at

the

the p e r c e n t a g e o f c al o r i e s eaten e l s e ­

whe r e a n d the o c c u p a t i o n of the f a t h e r
salesman.

and the pe r c e n t a g e

or at school),

in a g r e e m e n t w i t h

is b et w ee n

level

w h i c h m i g h t be e x p e c t e d

correlations

level,

this

again,

m i g h t be

d e v e l o p e d in a f a m i l y wh e re

the

in the family as

indicat i ve

a

of the l if e s t y l e

f a t h e r w a s a s a le s ma n

and

o f t e n ate a w a y from home.
When
of p ro t e i n

examining

c o n s u m e d by the s u b j e c t s

socio-economic
calories.

the c o r r e l a t i o n s

factors,

On e e x c e p t i o n

between percentages

in v a r i o u s places,

m a n y of them a re
s h o u l d be noted,

the same as
howe ver.

and

for
T h e r e was

93
a negative

correlation,

the p e r c e n t a g e
occupation
i nclude

significant

of protein

in a se r v i c e

s u ch d i v e r s e

waiters,

ba r be r s,

at least

for the p a t e r n a l

s en t ed

in this

than

the

gu ards,

children

for o t h e r s

in

father's

watchmen,

and e l e v a t o r o p e r a t o r s .

group of

between

service professions

service workers

some unde r l y i n g common

r e l a t e d to t h e i r t ee n a g e
a wa y f r o m ho me

T he

as p o l i c e m e n ,

janitors,

study,

the 5% level

c o n s u m e d at h o m e a n d

profession.

jobs

at

repre­

factor was

c onsuming more
the study.

Apparently,

protein

94
TABLE
Mean

7

P e r c e n t a g e of T o t a l C a l o r i e s a n d P r o t e i n
Consumed by Subjects Surveyed
Calories

Pro te in

At M e a l s

80.0

88.0

At S n a c k s

20.0

12.0

Alone

23.2

20. 5

27 .6

32. 1

W i t h S o m e of the F a m i l y

16 .5

17.4

With Friends

32.5

29.9

At H o m e

65.5

6 8 .3

At School

24.5

23. 4

Elsewhere

9.8

8.1

With

the E n t i r e F a m i l y

95
Who Purchases
The
has an

person

important

food h a b i t s
prepared

of

major food

answer

and what

purchaser

in

in T a b l e 8 .

food purchaser

the m o t h e r a n d
and

1% o f

father

food

economic

factors

at the 1%

level,

There was

a positive
the

education

other hand,

both

w a s a pt

to be

the

that

rest.

The

the

the
the

socio­

In the

in r e l a t i o n

largest

significant
in

to

the

family.

the n u m b e r of

indicating
the m o r e

relationship
the

father

percentage

that

to

f a t h e r of the

the m o r e

the m o t h e r of

the m a j o r f o o d p u r c h a s e r .

the y o u n g e r

Of

m other was

10%,

and

father

f a m i l y had,

there w a s a n e g a t i v e

indicating

the

two c o r r e l a t i o n s ,

thus

a "yes"

3%.

between

d e a l i n g w i t h the

f a t h e r of

of

for

the s tudy.

correlation

the

s u b j e c t s ’ families,

in e a c h c a t e g o r y

there were

store.

for a y e s a n s w e r

the subject,

in

ga ve

group.

in 7 6 % of the

at

w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d as

for all

done

f or s n a c k s

the v a r i e t y of

student

su r v e y

f a t h e r ’s e d u c a t i o n ,

the

the f a m i l y

total

determined

Mother,

From

the

to be

indicate who was

together accounted

purchasers

category,

to

each

correlations were

of m a j o r

in port,

the g r o c e r y

four accounted

the m o t h e r a n d

Simple

years of

the

from

categories

a n d "no"

only

the m a j o r

7%,

h o me

family.

nine

for o n e c a t e g o r y ,

th a n

age

the

least

f o o d s are a v a i l a b l e

Therefore,

categories,

the f a m i l y u s u a l l y

f o o d s are a v a i l a b l e

i n t e r v i e w e d was a s k e d

from m o r e

alone

What

is b r o u g h t

t h a t w er e gi v en ,

the ni ne

food f o r

in d e t e r m i n i n g at

t ee n ag e r.

on w h a t

Eac h s u b j e c t

shown

the

f o r the F a m i l y ?

purchases

effect

for meals

home d e p e n d

answers

who

Food

On

the

the f a t h e r ' s
f a m i l y was,

96
the m o r e
When

the m o t h e r wa s a p t

the m a j o r

cating more

the a ge

When

a positive

the m a j o r

the gr a d e

of

at the

the

f o r some o f

at

terms

the

of

hours
1%

the

of w o r k

level.

This

f a t h e r of

the

would

food w h e n

the m o t h e r wa s e m p l o y e d o u t s i d e
in the A p p e n d i x

Who Prepares
Again,

in d e t e r m i n i n g

of the

subdivided

previous

section

in T a b l e

8.

responses
Mother and

into

to

the

the S u b j e c t a c c o u n t e d

Subject,

in

In this

l a st c a t e g o r y w e r e

listed,

and outside

(p.

then,
the

288).

responsible

their

and

the

included

Influential
Each

family.

results

relatives

These

are g i v e n
the p o s i t i v e
varied.

the S u b j e c t
3%,

sub­

in the

for 7 6 % o f

f o r 8%,

for

was r e s p o n s i ­

as u s e d

and Other Family Members,

help.

B3

other replies were m ore

Mot h e r ,

the

These

often highly

categories

on p u r c h a s i n g ,

but

outside

the home.

i n d i c a t e who

The M o t h e r a c c o u n t e d h e r e

given,

in this

of the a d o l e s c e n t .

fo od p r e p a r a t i o n
same

there was

indicate,

in T a bl e

fa m il y a r e

al so a s k e d

the

the

for the F a m i l y ?

food habits

interviewed was

ble for m o s t
were

the

in the

in

family procuring

the p e r s o n o r p e r s o n s m a i n l y

the food p r e p a r a t i o n

ject

Food

indi­

food for

per w e e k

in

presented

thus

students

between a positive answer

some he lp

r es u lt s a re

subject,

the o l d e r

th e re

level

1%

fo o d p u r c h a s e r w a s F a t h e r ,

the M o t h e r ' s

significant

significant

their m o t h e r with purchasing

correlation

category and
home,

an d

responsibility

terms of a s s i s t i n g
family.

food p u r c h a s e r .

food p u r c h a s e r s were M o t h e r and Subject,

was a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n ,
between both

to be the m a j o r

alone

and Other,
o t h e r th a n

5%,
4%.

those

97
Simple correlations

were

again

c a r r i e d out b e t w e e n

the p e r c e n t a g e of m a j o r f o od p u r c h a s e r s
the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c
l argest c a te gory,

factors
Mother,

s i g n i f i c a n t at the

determined
t h e r e were

1% level,

p e r c e n t a g e of s u b j e c t s '

in each c a t e g o r y and

in

several

f a m i l i e s wi th

per w e e k ,

su bject

wi t h

fa t he r 's

of a l a b o r e r ,
Michigan.

This

of the home,
less

likely

Also,

else

less

food preparation

Michigan.

or

than do m o t h e r s

tliat

from

outside

the

study,

for

the

family's

l i k e l y to be

she was
food

food preparation.
entirely responsible
occupation

was

he r se l f o r i g i n a l l y c a m e

least based on

food preparation,

from

this study,

at l e a s t

Michigan

by t h e m s e l v e s ,

f r o m o t h e r a r e a s of t h e U n i t e d S ta t e s .

T h e next h i g h e s t c a t e g o r y for
M o t h e r a n d S u bj e ct .
s i g n i f i c a n t at the

Here
1#

t h e r e were

level:

the f a t h e r ’s o c c u p a t i o n

being

r e l a t i o n s h i p s d i s c u s s e d a bo v e.
for f o o d p r e p a r a t i o n ,
correlations

having c o m e

if h e r h u s b a n d ' s

at

being

factors c o n t r i b u t e d to e i t h e r

if she

Apparently,

d o less

occupation

in

d o i n g o r h e l p i n g wi th the

that of a laborer,

mothers

these

her

the a d o l e s c e n t

if the m o t h e r w o r k e d

solely responsible

the mother was

for the

th at

or if she had a d a u g h t e r

D o t h of

with

the m o t h e r h e r s e l f

indicates

to be

preparation.
someone

and with

the

relationship w i t h

the h o m e

the

The

t h e m o t h e r as

hours of w o r k o u t s i d e

the

For

correlations

a n d all n e g a t i v e .

m ajor f o o d p r e p a r e r s h o w e d a n e g a t i v e

b e i n g f e male,

the study.

food preparation
two

at

positive correlations

the s u b j e c t

being f e m a l e ,

a laborer.

T h e s e b e a r o ut

In the

third highest

the S u b j e c t a l o n e ,

significant

was

the 1$o l e v e l ,

there w e r e
and t h e s e

and
the

category
three
all

98
indicated positive
subject

b e i n g f e male,

the h o m e ,
of t h e

relationships.

an d the n u m b e r of

su bject.

The f i r s t

the h o u r s

Results

c u s s e d u n d e r the " Mo t he r "
Indicates

that

responsible

if the

for th e

apt to h a v e had at

of w o r k o f

illnesses

a re

two r e l a t i o n s h i p s

They are

presented
again

subject

least on e

in T a b l e

The

alone was

the

f i ve y e a r s

D3

(p.

factors

288).
dis­

third relationship
the

sole p e r s o n

food preparation,
illness

the

the m o t h e r o u t s i d e

the p a s t

bear out

category.

family's

in

the s e x of

in the

he w a s m o r e

past

five years.

99
TABLE

8

MaJ or F o o d P u r c h a s e r a n d M a j o r F o o d P r e p a r e r os L i s t e d
by S u b j e c t s S u r v e y e d f o r T h e i r F a m i l y

Category

Major
Food Purchaser

Major
Food Preparer

%

%

Mother

76

7G

Mother and Subject

03

08

Mother, S u b j e c t A O t h e r
Family Members

01

03

Mother and Father

10

Ol

Father

07

02

Subject

Ol

05

Subject & Others Except Mother

Ol

01

Grandmother

OO

OO

Other

Ql

04

l OO

lOO

100
Attitudes
In an a t t e m p t

to see

in the type of foods
foods w e r e
r es p on s e

chosen,

(l)

the

food.

The

if there w e r e

T h e y c o ul d

five d e g r e e s

from

In a d d i t i o n

stated

in p e r c e n t a g e s

each

response

are

A n o verall

v ie w of

t hi s

izations.

Certoin

foods w e r e o v e r w h e l m i n g l y

given

scho ol

These would

fried potatoes,

foods,

cake,

while

pork

chops

Such

Some

were

the m o st

in w h i c h

they

indicated

it.

or b e c a u s e
Lasagne,

the

the

of

f r i e d calves'

the s t u d e n t s

in this study.
pizza,

s p a g he t ti ,

f o od was

by a c o n s i d e r a b l e
sucy,

the

liver,

than liked.

is the one
to

them.

Th is

n e v e r s e r v e d at

the

fried

baked custard,

other vegetables

unfamiliar

the fo o d w a s

Other

inclination

scallops,

foods u n f a m i l i a r

to m o r e

to

try

cauliflower,
than 10%

s ur v ey e d.

Simple correlations
subjects

l i k e d by the

though,

subject never had

a n d b a k e d c u s t a r d w e r e all

in Ta b le 9.

were more disliked

interesting category

might have occurred because
home,

disliked

i n c l u d i n g all

a n d the f r i e d c a l v e s 1 liver,
Perhaps

students

foods w o u l d be c h o p

foods,

survey

and m i l k o n d c o l a b ev e ra g es .

liked by some,

n u m b e r as well.
a n d oa t me a l.

french

th a t p a r t i c u l a r

indicate certain general­

g r e a t m a j o r i t y of the hi g h
Include

very m u c h

of the total

indicating

table w o u l d

a numerical

a sixth category

population

chocolate

like

for th o s e w ho we re u n f a m i l i a r w i t h
results,

twenty

a s k e d to list a

i n d i c a t e on

for e a c h f o o d
(5).

any differences

by teenag e rs ,

subjects were

them.

to d i s l i k e v e r y m u c h

was o f f e r e d

Foods

liked and disliked

and

to each of

scale one o f

Towards Various

were

checking each category

do n e b e t w e e n
for e a c h

the p e r c e n t a g e

food,

and

of

the s o c i o -

lOl
economic

factors

discussion,

determined

th ose

b y the

su b je c t s ,

at the

1%

level

in this

foods w h i c h
and w h i c h

will

are such a p e r s o n a l

showed

showed

In

it was

the following

o divergence

significant

he m e n t i o n e d .
thing,

study.

Because
often

of o p i n i o n

correlations

food preferences

very d i f f i c u l t

an e x p l a n a t i o n

for some

of

the r e l a t i o n s h i p s w h i c h

significance.

Ho w ev e r,

an

attempt at

many

instances,

though o f

T h e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s ore

course

shown

it

to o f f e r

showed

e x p l a n a t i o n was m o d e

is e x t r e m e l y

in the Ap p en d i x ,

in

subjective.

Table

B4,

p.

295.

French Fried Potatoes
A

total

of 9 7 % o f

the s t u d e n t s

indicated that

they l i k e d F r e n c h

indicated

they d i s l i k e d

t ha t

than 1% d i s l i k e d

involved

in

f r i e d p o ta toes.

Only

th em e v e n s l i g h t l y ,

them v e r y much,

the s t u d y

a nd

1%

less

or were u n f a m i l i a r with

them.

Lasagne
T w e n t y — seven p e r c e n t
their attitude

towards

Also

Thus,

m an a ge r .

groups.

In o t h e r w o r d s ,

On

operative

and

liked

the

showed a negative

T h i r t y — eight p e r c e n t

was

th a t
T lie re

s e x an d c h o o s i n g

better

than b o y s

father's

occupation

fathers

better than

fell

as a

into

did other

father's occupation

as a n

correlation.
of the

indicating

subjects
that

did.

the n u m b e r of y e a r s

whose

lasagne
the

female

lasagne

subjects

t he o t h e r h a n d ,

c a t e g o r y u n d e r La s a g n e

the

correlation

of the f a t h e r ,

these c a t e g o r i e s also

l ik e d

indicated

"like very much."

between

girls

showing a positive

of education

subjects

l a s a g n e was

was a positive correlation
this c a t e g o r y .

of the

chose

they w e r e

the s i x t h
unfamiliar

102
with

this

food.

Here

there w e r e n e g a t i v e

this a t t i t u d e

a n d the g r a d e

f emale s e x of

the su bject,

of the fath er,

and

T he r e w e r e a l s o
the s u b j e c t

the

two p o s i t i v e

jects who w e r e

on

the

familiar with

list g i v e n

more subjects
to m e a n

that

food.

sophisticated

fell

the girls

this

an d

food.

in

int o o t h e r g roups.

On

li ke

the b l a c k

be

food

unknown

to

interpreted
could

be

their attitude
subjects

or w e r e

subjects

subjects whose

a l s o be

t r u e r of
lack

whose

c l a s s i f i e d as

than

would

the o t h e r hand,

the

sub­

f o re i gn "

of l a s a g n e

is mode,

This

checked

it.

it a l s o was

terms of

being

that m o s t

This might

a n d w o u l d be

w o u l d be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

this c a t e g o r y :

the " m o s t

w o u l d be m o r e s o p h i s t i c a t e d

the h i g h e r g r a d e s .

a professional.

indicoting

of e d u c a t i o n ,

in the study,

in

food d id

If t h i s a s s u m p t i o n

professionals

as

few subjects

with a knowledge

fathers had m o r e years

fathers

thus

to the s u b j e c t s

subjects

the

the f a t h e r ’s o c c u p a t i o n

be d e s c r i b e d as

than a n y o t h e r

considered more
t owards

correlations

and

cotegory,

Lasagne might

the su bject,

occupation

I n t e r e s t i n g l y e nough,

" d i s l i k e v e r y much"

of

between

the n u m b e r of y e a r s of e d u c a t i o n

father's

being nonwhite

an o p e r a t i v e .

in s c h o o l

correlations

true of

subjects

in

of s o p h i s t i c a t i o n
a nd

those whose

f athers w e r e o p e r a t i v e s .
Chili C o n C a m e
A
o r two

total

for t h i s

of s u b j e c t s
checking

of 63^ of
food

liked

it.

the c a t e g o r y

the s u b j e c t s

checked categories

on e

indicating,

t he r ef o re ,

that

T h e r e was

a positive

correlation

between

the

being

"Like v e r y much,"

and

the m a j o r i t y

subject

103
nonwh it e ,

as well as

in the p a s t

the n u m b e r of m o v e s m a d e

five year s.

This w o u l d

l ik e d c hi l i b e t t e r t h a n
s ub j ec t s

the w h i t e

in the m o r e m o b i l e

I n d i c a t e d that
a n o t h e r 8#

indicate

su b je c t s ,

families

t h ey d i s l i k e d ch i li

liked

con

the

an d a l s o
it mo re.

the

s ub j ec t

the b l o c k

come

indicated unfamiliarity with

by

subjects

that

the

O n l y 8#

v e r y much,

and

food.

Chop Su ey
Fifty percent
i n d i c a t e d some

liking

" D i s l i k e v e r y much"
with

of

the food.

the s t u d e n t s

for c h op

column.

T h e r e was

the

occupation

parallels

the

reaction

O n l y 8%

while

in the s t u d y

21# c h e c k e d the

indicated unfomiliarity

a positive correlation

category "Like very much"
also w i t h

suey,

involved

a nd

the s u b j e c t b e i n g

of the

between
female,

the
and

father being a manager.

of these

two g r o u p s

to

subjects

i n d i c a t e d an y l i k i n g

Th i s

lasagne.

Fried C a l v e s 1 Liver
Only
calves'

21# of the

liver,

category,

and

while

scho ol

correlation between
the

a ls o w i t h the

by

the subject,

other

a nd

w i t h the

and

father's
liver

t hose w h o c h e c k e d

the n u m b e r of

th at of

is c e r t a i n l y n o t

an

and

the

a positive

occupation being

types o f l i v e r are,

food.

the h o u r s w o r k e d p e r

There was also

t h i s group,

v e r y much"

subject had living at home with

A l t h o u g h calves'
of food,

"Dislike

correlation between

category "Like very much."

and s i s t e r s

the

24# i n d i c a t e d u n f a m i l i a r i t y

T h e r e was a p o s i t i v e
week outside

41# checked

for

brothers

them,

and

a laborer.

inexpensive

f o rm

t he r e m a y h a v e b ee n a

104
tendency

for su b j e c t s

this category.

to i n clude all f o r m s

E c o n o m y c o u l d account f o r

when t h i n k i n g about
the e x p o s u r e

to and

l ik i ng of liver b y f am ilies w i t h large n u m b e r s of ch ildren,
a n d by subjects w h o s e f a t h e r s were la b orers.
hand,

On the ot her

su b jects wh o w o r k e d o u t s i d e of s c h o o l m ay s i m p l y have

accepted more

types of foods.

Sauerkraut
A total of

39 # of the

subjects

i n v o l v e d in th is study

i n d i c a t e d that t h e y liked sauerkraut e i t h e r very m u c h or
s lightly,
O n l y 6#

while 3 4 #

i n d i c a t e d that the y d i s l i k e d

in d ic a t ed u n f a m i l i a r i t y with the

it v e ry much.

food.

Pizza
P i z z a was a n o t h e r o ne of the f o o d s
l i k e d by the s t u d e n t s
study,

almost u n i v e r s a l l y

f i l l i n g out the q u e s t i o n n a i r e

as 91# c h e c k e d c a t e g o r i e s one a n d

c a t e d u n f a m i l i a r i t y with pizza.

There

two.

No

for the

one

indi­

was a negative corre­

l ation be tween the su bject

being nonwhite

" Li k e v e r y much"

as well as a n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n

with
white

category,

the father's
su bjects

occupation

being a salesm an.

l i k e d p izza b e t t e r than

b e c a u s e of g r e a t e r

f a m i l i a r i t y with the

f a t h e r s wer e s a l e s m e n also

and c h e c k i n g

In o th e r words,

b l a c k subje c ts ,
food.

the

pe rhaps

S u b j e c t s whose

ap p a r e n t l y d i d not like p izza as

w el l as o t he r groups.
F r i e d S c al l op s
Fifty-five

p er c en t o f the s u b j e c t s

l i k e d f r i e d scallops,

while

16# i n d i c a t e d

i n d i c a t e d that they
that t h e y di sliked

105
them,
with

an d a n o t h e r 16% i n d i c a t e d
this food.

that

they w er e u n f a m i l i a r

There wa s a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n

c h e c k i n g c a t e g o r y two,

" L i k e slightly"

subject being

A lso positive was a correlation

female.

between choosing

this category,

a nd

and the r e l i g i o n of

subjects'

f a m i l y being d e s c r i b e d as mixed.

cate

th ose subjects

that

category

the r e l i g i o n

to a s se s s

its

as

the food,

it is here,

implication.

being a former,

subject b e i n g

on w ha t they g r o w and

ject's

and

father.

it becomes
of

involved.
indicating unfomil-

female.

a nd also w i t h the

Farmers,

less on i m po r t e d

pe r h a p s

re l y more

items such as

fish.

this

the n u m b e r of y e ar s of e d u c a t i o n of the s u b ­
Scallops

y e a r s of e d u c a t i o n
income,

practiced

the "Like

It would,

T h e r e was a n eg a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n c h o o s i n g
category,

i n di ­

t here was a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h

fath er's o c c u p a t i o n

sex of the

selected

those who c h e c k e d the c a t e g o r y

ia r i t y with

This w o u l d

In the cose w h e r e

d e p e n d on the p a r t i c u l a r m i x t u r e
For

the

other subjects.

is d e s c r i b e d as mixed,

very difficult
course,

than

to hove

the

the

from f am ilies w h o s e m e m b e r s

d i f f e r e n t r e l i g i on s w e r e more apt
sli g ht l y"

the sex of

tend

to be an e x p e n s i v e food,

in this case m i g h t

or g r e a t e r k n o w l e d g e of food,

there we re f e w e r s u b j e c t s

of this

and

be e q u a t e d w i t h h i g h e r
o r both.

type who

In a n y case .

were u n f a m i l i a r w i t h

seallops.
Cooked Spinach
O n l y 3 5 % of the

s ub j ec t s

i nv olved in the s t u d y i n d i ­

c a t e d any l i k i n g for c o o k e d spinach,

while

37% checked

the

106
category showing
indicated

tha t

suggesting
enjoying

that

they w e r e

exposure

it.

th ey d i s l i k e d

unfamiliar with

O n l y 3%

spinach,

thus

to this v e g e t a b l e b u t no t c o n v e r s i o n

There was

a positive

the c a t e g o r y "Like v e r y much"
ginally coming

from outside

U n i t e d S ta t es .

This would

food habits

It v e r y much.

and

correlation
the

choosing

subject's mother o r i ­

the N o r t h C e n t r a l
indicate

between

to

area

of the

the m o t h e r ’s b r i n g i n g

of l i k i n g a n d s e r v i n g s p i n a c h

from e l s e w h e r e

to

Michigan.
T h e r e w e r e also
ject choosing
both

the c a t e g o r y

the

the N o r t h C e n t r a l

this w o u l d a g r e e

with

correlations

labeled "Dislike

the f a t h e r a n d m o t h e r o f

from outside
and

negative

the

subject

region

subject

an d his

indicating

that he

Protestant

subjects

g ro u p s ,

although

ve r y m u c h , "

the U n i t e d St otes,

between

the r e l i g i o n

b e i n g P r o t e s t a n t and

disliked

s p i n a c h v e r y much.

the re a so n

to

and

being o r i g i n a l l y

family

seemed

the s u b ­

r e l a t i o n s h i p m e n t i o n e d above.

There was also a negative correlation
the

of

between

of

the s u b j e c t ' s
In o t h e r wo r ds ,

like s p i n a c h m o r e tha n o t h e r

for

this

is n ot clear.

Pancakes
Pancakes were
5 % s a i d t h ey d i s l i k e d

l i k e d b y 8 1 % of the
th e m v e r y much.

u n f a m i l i a r with pancakes.
between choosing
subject's
l es s

choosing

Less

was a n e g a t i v e

In o t h e r w ords,

while o n l y

than 1% w e r e

the c a t e g o r y " L i k e v e r y much"

b e i n g fe male.

th an boys.

There

subje cts,

girls

correlation
and

the

liked pancakes

T h e r e w as a l s o a n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n

the c a t e g o r y " Li ke

slightly"

and

between

the n u m b e r of b r o t h e r s

107
a nd si sters
had m o re

living at h om e w it h

siblings

the subject.

t e n d e d to c h o o s e

Subjects w h o

this c a t e g o r y less

than

o t h e r subjects.
S p a g h e t t i w i t h T om a to
T h i s food was

a n d Mea t

a n o t h e r liked by on o v e r w h e l m i n g n u m b e r

of the su b j e c t s with a total
and two.

O n l y 3% i n d i c a t e d

ve r y much,

a n d less

Sauce

of 9 0 % c h e c k i n g catego ri e s one
that they d i s l i k e d spaghetti

tha n 1%

i n di c a t e d u n f a m i l i o r i t y w i t h

the

product.
Cooked Cauliflower
T h i r t y - s i x p e r c e n t of the s t u d e n t s
for c o o k e d c a u l i f l o w e r ,
much"

category.

w h i l e 3 4% c h e c k e d

T w e l v e pe r c e n t

indicated

u n f a m i l i a r wi t h c o o k e d caul iflower.
c o r r e l a t i o n b etween c h e c k i n g
slightly"
A gain,

i n d i ca t ed a l i k i n g
the

"Dislike v e r y

tha t they we re

T h e r e wa s a posit i ve

the c a t e g o r y e n t i t l e d "Like

a n d the n u m b e r of years of e d u c a t i o n of the father.

p er h a p s

vegetables

this

in d ic a t e s mo r e s o p h i s t i c a t i o n about

in s ub j e c t s

from those f a m i l i e s w h e r e

the f a t h e r

was m o r e h i g h l y e d u c a t e d than from o t h e r families.
p r e s e n t e d e a r l i e r in

this c h a p t e r

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tween y e ar s

Data

i n d i c a t e d a positive

of e d u c a t i o n of

the father,

and

the n u m b e r o f s e r v i n g s of a v a r i e t y of v e g e t a b l e s c o n s u m e d
by the subject.

C o r r e l a t i o n s w er e p o s i t i v e l y s i g n i f i c a n t

at the 1% level b e t w e e n
cauliflower

those

and the subjects'

indicating unfamiliarity w i t h
be i ng n o n w h i t e ,

s u b j e c t s ’ f a t h e r b e i n g a f ar m laborer.

a n d the

In o t h e r words,

black

108
sub j e c t s
less

and s u bj e c t s w h o s e

f a miliar w i t h

correlations with
father,
person

as well

fathers we r e

this vegetable.

farm la b or e rs we re

T he r e we r e n e g a t i v e

the n u m b e r of y e a r s of e d u c a t i o n of the

os

the f a t h e r b e i n g e m p l o y e d as a p r o f e s s i o n a l

and the subje c ts

This would reinforce

c h e c k i n g the " Un f a m i l i a r "

the p o s i t i v e

a bo v e wi th the " Li k e s li g h t l y "

relationships

cate gory.

presented

c a t e g o r y for c a u l i f l o w e r .

C o o k e d Beets
C o o k e d b e e t s w e re
in the

study,

v e r y much.
checking

l i k e d b y o n l y 32# of the s tu d e n t s

w h i l e 38# i n d i c a t e d that

O n l y 4# i n d i c a t e d u n f a m i l i o r i t y .

the " L i k e ver y much"

correlation
indicating

b e t w e e n this
that

the girls

than d id the boys.
correlation with

On

catego r y,

there w a s a p o s i t i v e

a n d the subjects'

being

female,

in the s t u d y liked beets b e t t e r

the o t h e r hand,

there was a n e g a t i v e

T h e r e was a p o s i t i v e

b e t w e e n being u n f a m i l i a r w it h beets,
i n d i c a t i n g that the b l a c k

f a m i l i a r w it h

them

F o r those

the r e l i g i o n of the su b je c t a n d his

b e i n g R o m a n C at h olic.

n on w hite,

they d i s l i k e d

t h e m than w e r e

family

correlation

and the

su bject b ei n g

s ub j e c t s w er e less

the w h i t e

subjects.

C h o c o l a t e Ca k e
A total of 87# o f

the s u b j e c t s

i n v o l v e d in the s t u d y

i n d i c a t e d that t he y li k ed c h o c o l a t e cake.

O n l y 2# c h e c k e d

the

than

category "Dislike

v e r y much,"

u n f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h the food.

a nd l e s s

1# i n d i c a t e d

109
Baked Custard
F o r t y - e i g h t p e r c e n t of the s tu dents

Involved

s t u d y I n d i c a t e d that they

liked b a k e d custard,

disliked

12% w er e u n f a m i l i a r w i th

wa s

it v er y mu c h a n d

a positive correlation

the "D i sl i k e
female,
did.

in d ic a t i n g

On

between

very much"

be tween

the ot h er hand,

liked c u s t a r d

the m o t h e r ' s

the s u bjects with y o u n g e r m o t h e r s
s ub j e c t s w i th

o l d e r mothers.

as often n o w by y o un g mothers.
between

m a n a g e r a nd

his

the s ub j e c t ' s

it.

There

better than girls

age.

correlation
In o t h e r words,

d i s l i k e d c u s t a r d mo r e

than

P e r h a p s c u s t o r d as a fo o d is

l os i ng f a v o r with y o u n g e r people,

lation

18%

the s u b j e c t ' s b e i n g

there was a n e g a t i v e

this at t i t u d e and

wh i le

those su b jects c h e c k i n g

c a t e g o r y an d

that boys

in the

an d

is not b e in g s erved

T h e r e was a p os i ti v e c o r r e ­

f a t h e r b eing e m p l o y e d as a

i n d i c a t i n g u n f a m i l i a r ! t y w i t h b a ke d custard.

Whole Milk
M o s t of the s t u d e n t s
8 9 % c h e c k i n g c at e go r i e s
v e r y much,

a n d less

liked w ho l e milk,

one and two.

than 1%

O n ly

with a total o f

3% d i s l i k e d

it

in d ic a t e d u n fa m il i ar i ty .

Cola Beverages
T he
were almost
acceptance
the study.

figures

in the v ar i o u s

identical w i t h
of bo t h these

categories

those of milk,

for c o l a b e v e r a g e s

i nd i ca t i n g e x c e l l e n t

items by the te e na g e r s

i n v o l v e d in

n o

Hard-Cooked E r r s
S i x t y — eight pe rcent of
lik e d h a r d - c o o k e d eggs,
them v er y much.

Le ss

while

the students
lO# indic at e d

category,

and

h o u r s a subject worked,
the "Like
It

slightly"

the

less

food.

c h o o s i n g the " Like

the n u m b e r of h o u r s

ject p e r f o r m e d o u t s i d e of school.

they

that they d i s l i k e d

than 1# w er e u n f a m i l i a r with the

T h e r e was a n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n between
sligh tl y "

indicated t ha t

of work the

In o t h e r words,

sub­

the mo re

likely he wa s to h a v e c h osen

ca t e g o r y wi t h

respect

to h a r d - c o o k e d eggs.

is not clear into w hi c h o t h e r c at e g o r y hi s r e sponse did go.

P o r k Chops
Again,
s t u d e n t s — 89#.
than

1#

pork c hops w er e

liked by a g r e a t m a j o r i t y

O n l y 2# d i s l i k e d

indicated

them v e r y much,

while

of the
less

that th ey w er e u n f a m i l i a r w i th them.

Oatmeal
S ix t y- f i v e

perc ent of

the students

s tu d y i nd i ca t ed that they l i k e d oatmeal,
" D i s l i k e v e r y much"

category.

u n f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h the product.
lation

between d i s l i k i n g

of the subject b e i n g
study

liked oa tmeal b e t t e r

w h i l e 14# c h o s e

O ne p e r c e n t

corre­

ve r y m u c h and the sex

i n di c a t i n g th a t
than

the

indicated

There w a s a posit i ve

the oatmeal

female

involved in the

the girls

the boys

did.

in

the

TABLE 9
Percentages of Subjects Listing a Variety of
Attitudes Towards Selected Foods
1
Like
very
Food Item
much
£
French fried potatoes 85
27
Lasagne
Chili con carne
41
Chop suey
30
Fried calves1 liver
13
Sauerkraut
20
80
Pizza
37
Fried scallops
Cooked spinach
23
Pancakes
56
Spaghetti with
tomato and meat
75
sauce
Cooked cauliflower
22
18
Cooked beets
71
Chocolate cake
Baked custard
29
77
Whole milk
Cola beverages
79
Herd-cooked eggs
44
70
Pork chops
37
Oatmeal

2

3

Like
slightly

Neither like
nor dislike

%

12
14
22
20
8
19
11
18
16
25

15
14
14
17
19
12
12
24
19
28

—

r

4
Dislike
slightly
T

5
Dislike
very
much
—

2

1

0

11
14
13
9
13
4
13
10
10

5
7
8
7
9
2
7
10
4

6
6
21
41
34
3
9
37
5

6
10
13

2
9
13

3
34
38

8

2

2

16
5
5
13
6
13

S
2
1
8
3
7

18
3
2
10
2
14

6
Do not know, as
subject was
unfamiliar with it
5
o
38
8
7
24
6

h-

o

C

16
3
0

0
12
4
0

12
0
0

0
0
1

CHAPTER 4
N U T R I T I O N A L C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F THE
T O T A L SU R VE Y P O P U L A T I O N
One of the mo in p u r p o s e s
h a b i t s of teenagers,
to a s c e r t a i n

if there

of these youngsters.
undertaken

as has

been done

the food

in C h a p t e r 3,

is a n y effect on

is to try

the n u t r i t i o n a l

status

A l t h o u g h no l a b o r a t o r y a n a l y s e s we re

in the p r es e nt

study,

h e a l t h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were
c u s s e d f o r the total

for i n v e s t i g a t i n g

c e r t a i n n u t r i ti o na l

examined,

and

survey p o p u l a t i o n

and

these will

be d i s ­

in this chapter.

Recommended Dietary Allowances
The F o o d a n d N u t r i t i o n B o ar d of
Council

has e s t a b l i s h e d a se ri e s of R e c o m m e n d e d D i e t a r y

Allowances
e ss e n t i a l

(RDA)

f or a n u m b e r of n u t r i e n t s k n o w n

s e g m e n t s of the population.

girls,

in this

as daily
The R DA

intakes,

in Table 10 (p. 124).

allowances.

for d i f f e r e n t

botli boys and

It s h o u l d be p o i n t e d

that these were d e s i g n e d to c o v e r all

in the p opulation,

These

fo r the n u t r i e n t s c o n s i ­

st u d y for 14 to 18 y e ar olds,

are given

out h e r e

to bo

to the h e a l t h a nd w e l l - b e i n g of h um a n s . *

are e x p r e s s e d q u a n t i t a t i v e l y ,

dered

the N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h

normal

people

and he n ce can be c o n s i d e r e d g e ne r ou s

Theref o re ,

if a t ee n a g e r does n ot

^ Na t ional A c a d e m y of Scie nces,
A l l o w a n c e s , p. 101+.

112

cons ume

100#

Recommended Dietary

113
of the RDA for a given nutrient,
mea n
On

that he

Is m a l n o u r i s h e d w i t h re spect

the other hand,

s cienti f ic
which

It does n o t n e c e s s a r i l y

these al l ow a n c e s

interpretation

to ma k e

that n u t r i e n t .

do c o n s t i t u t e a valid,

of c urrent n u t r i t i o n a l

compar i so n s.

Therefore,

of the RDA fo r several n u t r i e n t s
s t u d y has b e en

to

r e s e a r c h upon

the p e r c e n t a g e

hy the s u b j e c t s

i ntake

in this

determined.

Calorics
The R e c o m m e n d e d D i e t a r y A l l o w a n c e
18 y e a r age g r o u p

is 3 , 0 0 0 k i l o c al o rl c s

g ir l s

in the 14— 16 y e a r age gr o up

16 -18

it is 2 , 3 0 0 k i l o c a l o r i e s p e r day.

sex of the subject,
in the
s ho w n

the mean ca l o r i c

10 (p.

p e r day,

it is 2,400,

study w as 9 3 .9 # of their RDA.
in T a b l e

for boys

intake of

lation,

calories
study

s i g n i f i c a n t at
female,

i n ta k e of all
T hi s

failed to m e e t

B t u d i e s w h ic h

subjects

information

is

the p e r c e n t a g e

r e s u l t s are g i v e n

There w a s a ne g at i v e

the 1# level,

between

a n d the p e r c e n t a g e

the

sex of

In o t h e r wo r d s ,

the girls

the R DA for their ag e a n d sex mo r e
T h i s again,

the t ee n ag e boy.

significant

at the

in

corre­
the

of the R D A for
in

the

often

suppor t s p r e v i o u s l y m e n t i o n e d

indicate that the teenage g i r l

n o u r i s h e d than
c or relation,

These

(p. 337).

that w a s consumed.

than the boys did.

and for g i r l s

the R D A and the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c fa c to r s

in Table B5

s u b j e c t being

for

124).

d e t e r m i n e d by the p r e s e n t study.
the A p p e n d i x

while

B a s e d on the a g e a n d

Simple c o r r e l a t i o n s were done b e t w e e n
caloric

in the 1 4 —

There w a s
1#

level,

is less w el l

a ls o a n e g a t i v e
b e t w e e n the

114
p e r c e n t a g e of
occupation

the R D A

f o r c al o r i e s

as a farm l a b o r e r i n d i c a t i n g

t hi s g r ou p also met

the R D A less of t en

The correlation between
c o n s u m e d an d
a n d also

the years

of e du ca t i o n

and
of

these w e r e negative:

in

the p a st

f i c a n t at
in

The o t h e r

the N o r t h Control

U n i t e d States,

and the

to

correlations

s i g n i f i c a n t at

the 5%

for c a l o r i e s

consumed
T hree

the f a th e r ' s

occupation

in a service

three c o r r e l a t i o n s w h i c h w e r e
we r e p os i t i v e :

the

fa t her's o r i g i n

the U n i t e d States,

o ri g i n o u t s i d e of
r e ligion of the
indicate

signi­

excluding

the N o r t h Ce n t r a l

f am il y b ei n g P r o t e s t a n t .

that a v a r i e t y of

fac tors

the s u bj ect's p e r c e n t a g e c o n s u m p t i o n of the R D A for

cal o ries.
included

then,

the m o t h e r ' s h o u r s of w o r k p e r w e e k

These correlations
affected

opt,

for calor i es .

r e g i o n of

the mo t h e r ' s

su b jects w h o s e

the s u b j e c t ' s n ot h a v i n g h a d p n e u m o n i a

and

the 5% level

Michigan,

The

positive

factors d e t e r m i n e d by the study.

five years,
the home,

profession.

the f at h er w as

the p e r c e n t a g e of the R D A

the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c

o u t s i d e of

of

of e d u c a t i o n w e re m o re

T h e r e were s e ve r a l
between

that su b j e c t s within
than di d o t h e r subjects.

the 1% level.

or to exceed the R D A

level

f a t h e r ’s

the p e r c e n t a g e o f the R D A for c a l o r i e s

s i g n i f i c a n t at

f at h e r s h a d more y e ar s
meet

c o n s u m e d and the

Factors a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t i n g
the hours

a l g h t w e ll

th e m o t h e r w o r k e d o u t s i d e

indicate l e s s a t t e n t i o n

o f the subjects'

the c a loric

total

food i ntake

intake

the home.

f ro m the m o t h e r in
for the day.

The

Th is
terms

f a ther's

o c c u p a t i o n as e ither a farm l a b o r e r or a s ervice w o r k e r also
n e g a t i v e l y a f f e c t e d the ca loric

intake,

p o s s i b l y b e c a u s e of

115
e co n o m i c

considerations.

rec ently,

If the s u b j e c t had ha d p n e u m o n i a

his p e r c e n t a g e

intake of th e R D A for c al o r i e s wa s

h i g h e r s u g g e s t i n g m o r e care ful
parents'
certain

to his diet.

o rigin also p o s i t i v e l y a f f e c t e d c a l o r i c
instances as

North Central

region

su b jects w ho s e
of

te nd ed

m i g h t w e ll
Michigan
families.

The

intake

ca m e from o u t s i d e

e x c l u d i n g Mi c hi g an ,
the N o r t h C e n t r a l

to h o v e a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e c on s um p ti o n.

r e flect ea t i n g p a t t e r n s

from elsewhere,

and

in

fathers ca m e from the

the U n i t e d States,

a nd those w h o s e m o t h e r s
region

attention

b r o u g h t wi t h

s u p e r i m p o s e d upon

them

Th is

to

their own

T h os e s u bj e c t s who were P r o t e s t a n t also had a h i g h e r

percentage consumption

of

the R D A for calories,

again

c a t i n g some u n d e r l y i n g

f a ct o r for these p eople w h i c h

indi­
in c lu d e d

this k i nd of behavior.
Pr ote in
T he R D A for p r o t e i n
group

is 60 grams p e r day,

55 grams

per day.

that there was
c u l a r nu t ri e nt ,
the RDA.

in the 14-18 y e a r age

and for g i rl s

It can be seen

l ittle

the

in this age group

from Table

tr o u b l e m e e t i n g

w i t h ev en

T he m e a n

for boys

10 (p.

the R D A

for this p a r t i ­

lowest q ua r t i l e

intake of p r o t e i n was

above

the p e r c e n t a g e

of the R D A of p r o t e i n c o n s u m e d by the s ub j e c t s
f ac t o r s elicited.

a n e g a t i v e c o rr e l a t i o n ,
the s e x of the s ub j e ct

in the

A gain,

R D A of p r o t e i n consumed,

in di c a t i n g

the p er c e n t

the girls

study

there was

s i g n i f i c a n t a t the 1% level
b e in g f emale a n d

lOO# of

1 57.4# of t h e RDA.

S i m p l e c o r r e l a t i o n s w e re done be t w e e n

a n d the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c

124)

b e tw e en
of the

in the study

116
were

less

l i k e l y to h a v e

s i g n i f i c a n t at the 1%
of e d u c a t i o n
had more
RDA

level was

of the fa ther.

education

for p r ot e in .

c a n t at

a high percentage

tended

Therefore,

to c o n s u m e

between

subject's

the p a s t

fi ve years.

Thus,

recently

tended

to h a v e

n ot

Also

the y ears

subjects whose

fa t hers

a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e of
c or r e l a t i o n ,

the p e r c e n t

tein c o n s u m e d an d the

as well

the c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h

There was a negative

the 5% level,

consumption.

of

signifi­

the R D A

of p r o ­

h a v i n g had p n e u m o n i a

subjects

the

in

w h o h o d had p n e u m o n i a

a higher percentage

intake o f

protein

as calories.

Calcium
T h e R D A f o r c a l c i u m f or boys
group

is q u i t e

B e i n g ab l e

to

high:
ingest

1.4 gm.

to a c h i e v e
f or c a l c i u m

for the s u b j e c t s
ingesting

in T a b l e

124).

(p.

The correlations
of c a l c i u m c o n s u m e d b y
fac t o r s

the

in the diet,

in this

1.3 gm.

and

tied

for w i t h o u t

int ake of the R D A

results

with
are

the p e r c e n t a g e o f

( T ab l e B5,

there were negative correlations

is c l o s e l y

it is v e r y d i f f i c u l t

These

st u dy y i e l d e d

1% l e v e l

age

f o r girls.

s t u d y was 90.8,

o n l y 52.3%.

subjects

in this

products,

done b e t w e e n

d e t e r m i n e d b y the

r e l a t i o n s h i p s at the

and

The mean percentage

l ow e st q u a r t i l e
10

an d m i l k

these f o o d s

the RDA.

for boys

this a m o u n t of c a l c i u m

to the c o n s u m p t i o n of m i l k
the i n c l u s i o n of

and girls

the
shown

the R D A

the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c
three significant
p . 337).

As

be fo re,

between percent calcium

i nt a ke a n d the s u b j e c t s b e i n g female,

and also

the s u b j e c t ' s

117
not h a v i n g had p n e u m o n i a w i t h i n
time h e was

interviewed.

tive c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n
and the

percent of

Th is w a s

the five y e a r s p r e v i o u s

On the other hand,

t h e R D A o f c a l c i u m c o n s u m e d by the

T h e r e were a l s o
There w a s

a negative

the

This m i g h t

f at h er s

from

the

the RDA of

ca l ci u m

tha t he

the m i l k

c o r r e l a t i o n with the

father's

T hi s

course,

factor,

of

the y e a r s of e d u c a t i o n
related

to awareness

income,

or both.

of

in m i l k d r i n k i n g as

of the

father's origin

excluding Michigan,

perhaps

drinking p at t e r n s

w hi c h they a c q u i r e d earl ier.

l as t

the

T h e r e were p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s

N o r t h C e n t r a l U n i t e d States,
influence

s i g n i f i c a n t at
be tween

b e t w e e n percent c a l c i u m c o n s u m e d and the

c a t i n g an

subject.

co r r e l a t i o n

Indicate a decline

t e e n a g e r gets o lder.

father

consumed.

three c o r r e l a t i o n s

s u b j e c t ' s age and the p e rcent of
ingested.

a posi­

the y e a r s of e d u c a t i o n of the

also true o f p e r c e n t a g e calories

5% level.

there w a s

to the

indi­

these

T h e r e wa s also a p o s i t i v e

o c c u p a t i o n as
is related at
father,

of

in

a professional
l e as t in p a r t

and m i g h t well

the i m po r t a n c e of c a l c i u m

man.

to

be

intake,

or

Iron
T h e intake of
the s u b j e c t s

in this

iron was

the

study when

lowest o f all n u t r i e n t s

ex p re s se d a s

for

the p e r c e n t a g e

of I n t a k e of the RDA.

The s u g g e s t e d a l l o w a n c e for b o t h boys

a nd g i r l s

y ea r a g e group is 18 mgs.

in the 1 4 - 1 8

mean percent
70.4%,

intake of

iron b y all

w i t h the l o w e s t q u a r t i l e

subje c ts

p er day.

The

in the s t u d y was

ingesting o n l y 44.0% a n d less,

118
and the h ig h e s t q u a r t i l e
are sh o wn

in T a b l e

When
p er c e n t

10

t aking in 8 9 . 6 # or more.

(p.

factors e x a m i n e d

124).

the R D A of

iron,

in the study,

s i g n i f i c a n t at the 1# level.
l ation between p e r c e n t

of the

results

simple c o r r e l a t i o n s w er e c a r r i e d out b e t w e e n

intake of

female,

These

iron

the

an d the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c

there w er e

two c o r r e l a t i o n s

These w er e a n e g a t i v e c o r r e ­
intake a n d the subject's b e i n g

and a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h the y e a r s of e d u c a t i o n
father.

m a n y of

T h e s e same

r e l a t i o n s h i p s have been n o t e d for

the n u t r i e n t s a l r e a d y discussed.
Se veral c o r r e l a t i o n s were s i g n i f i c a n t at

T h e r e w a s a n e g a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p sh o wn
percent

of the R D A of iron c o n s u m e d by

to e x is t b e t w e e n
the subject,

s ub j e c t s not h a v i n g hod p n e u m o n i a w i t h i n
to this

study a ga i n

s u g g e s t i n g c areful

relationship between

the n u m b e r of h o ur s
home e a c h week,

the

the five y e a r s

the
pre vious

T h e r e was a l s o a

the p e r c e n t of iron c o n s u m e d and

subjects'

as well as

and

the

a t t e n t i o n to the diet

by those who ha d h a d p n e u m o n i a recently.
negative

the 6# level.

mother worked outside

the subjects'

the

f a t h e r being e m p l o y e d

in a s e r v i c e p rofession.

B o t h of these f ac t o r s also a f f e c t e d

a d v e r s e l y the p e r c e n t a g e

intake of o t h e r n u t r i e n t s p r e v i o u s l y

discussed,

a n d the

here a s well.
with

T h e r e w e re

the father's

U n i t e d States,

same a s s u m p t i o n s

o r ig i n

as to c a u s e w o u l d a p p l y

two p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s al s o:
in the N o r t h Ce n t r a l

e x c l u d i n g M i ch igan,

a n d the m o t h e r ' s

o u t s i d e o f the N o r t h C e n t r a l U n i t e d States.
factors

region o f

origin

T h e s e l as t

also p o s i t i v e l y a f f e c t e d the subjects'

the

intake o f

two

119
calorics,

i n d i c a t i n g that at least

more calories
i n t a k e of

it

is p o s s i b l e

m o d e r a t e l y rich
Table

D5 (p.

in

In o t h e r words,

families would

iron.

of

Iron,

with

to a c h i e v e a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e

another nutrient.

f o o d s c h o s e n b y t hese

In the c a s e

These

seem to

results

the

types o f

be t h o s e at

are all

least

tabulated

in

337).

Vitamin A
T he R D A
vitamin A
f or all
the

for boy s

is 5 , 0 0 0

subjects

in

1% level

the

between

p e r day.

The mean percentage

s t u d y was

9 9 . 2 % of

of

the y o u n g s t e r s

two s i m p l e
percent

socio-economic

of

f a ct o r s

the R D A

relationship with

the y e a r s

s i g n i f i c a n t at

the

female,

Also

t he r e wa s a c o r r e l a t i o n ,

by t h e s u b j e c t

a n d the

be r e l a t e d

r e s u l t s are p r e s e n t e d

the

to ones a l r e a d y n o t e d f o r

of v i t a m i n A c o n s u m e d

we l l

124).

the Hither a g a i n

the p e r c e n t

might

p.

and a positive

level, b e t w e e n

in the p r o f e s s i o n a l

10,

showed a negative

5%

occupation

However,

indicating a very

of e d u c o t i o n of

the o t h e r n u t r i e n t s .

i ntake

s i g n i f i c a n t at

T he s e

being

similar relationships

for

of v i t a m i n A c o n s u m e d a n d

studied.

the s u b j e c t s

m a n y of

the RDA.

(Table

correlations

relationship with

indicating

ag es 14 to 1 8 years,

c o n s u m e d 3 7 . 4 % o r less,

for se v er a l

There were

the

I.U.

lowest quartile

low intake

a n d girls,

category.

to h i s y ea r s

of

in T a b l e D5 (p.

of

the R D A

f at h e r ' s

This,

of course,

education.

These

337),

Thiamin
The RDA
1 .5 mg.

for

p e r da y a n d

thiamin

for boys

for g i r l s

14-18,

1 4 -1 8 y e a r s

of age

it is 1 . 2 mg.

is

Th e m e a n

120
percent

Intake of the RDA

s t u d y was 101.9%,

f o r thiamin

with the

less a n d the hi ghest q u a r t i l e

p.

124).
between

with

s ub j e c t ' s not havi ng h o d pneumo n ia

vious

to the study.

s ev e ra l

Again,

factors

relationships,

the s u b j e c t ' s
in

the su b je c t ' s

the use of his

w h i c h are h i g h

the five y e a r s pre­

these r e l a t i o n s h i p s h a v e

oc curred

i nt a k e of thiamin a n d
school.

This

income to purc hase

1% level

the h o u r s

he

would possibly

f o o d s such as

indi­

ha m bu r g e r s

in thiamin content.

T h e r e was
at

and

times before in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h o t h e r n u t r i e n t s .

w o r k e d per w ee k outside of
cate

si gni­

being female,

T h e r e was a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s i g n i f i c a n t at the
between

10,

the p er c e n t

and the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c

in the s t u d y s h o w e d negative

f i c a n t at the 1% level,
the

1 2 7 . 3 % or more ( T a b l e

c a r r i e d out

i ntake of the R D A of t h i a m i n
examined

in this

lowest q u a r t i l e c o n s u m i n g 60.7%

or

Simple c o r r e l a t i o n s

f o r all p e r s o n s

the 5% level,

one c o r r e l a t i o n ,

negative

and s i g n i f i c a n t

between the hours the m o t h e r w o r k e d outside

the home p e r w e e k a nd the s u b j e c t' s p e r c e n t a g e
R D A of thiamin.

Again,

this m i gh t i n d i c a t e

the ch i l d ' s d ie t

if the m o t h e r

i n t a k e of the

less c o n t r o l of

is a w ay f r o m home f o r long hours.

Riboflavin
The R D A for r i b o f l a v i n
a n d girls
years
RDA

14-16 ye a rs of a g e

of ag e it is 1.4 mg.

for ribofl av i n

for all

for boys
is 1.5 mg.

1 4 — 18 years
F o r girls

T h e mean p e r c e n t
su b j e c t s

in t h e

of age,
16-18

int ake of

study w a s

152.7%,

w i t h the l o w e s t qu a rtile r e c e i v i n g 9 2 . 6 % o r less ( T a b l e
124).

the

10, p.

121
Again,
at the

there was a n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n ,

1# level b e tw e en

the p e r c e n t

significant

I ntake of the R D A of

r i b o f l a v i n a n d the s u bj e c t ' s b e i n g female,

a n d also w i t h

the

sub j e c t ' s not ha v i n g h a d p n e u m o n i a in the five years p r e v i o u s
to the

study.

at the

1# level b e t w e e n p er c e n t

f at h e r ' s y e ar s

T h er e w a s a p o s i t i v e c or r e l a t i o n ,

of education,

e ff e ct of e d uc a t i o n of

the

riboflavin

Intake

i n d i c a t i n g ag a in

fa t h e r

significant
and

the

the b e n e f i c i a l

in t er m s of d i e t a r y quality.

Niacin Equivalents
The RDA
boys

14-18,

for n i a c i n e q u i v a l e n t s

16 mg.

The m e a n p er c e n t
in the

for gi r ls

(Table

15 mg.

w i t h the lowest q u a r t i l e

again

s i g n i f i c a n t at the 1#

between niacin
w or k h o u r s

for gi r ls
for all

16-18.

s u bj e ct s

r e c e i v i n g 5 7.5#

revealed a negative

level,

between

f emale a n d the p ercent of the R D A of ni a ci n
were p o s i t i v e

p e r day for

10, p. 124).

Simple correlations
ship,

14-16 a n d

intake of the R D A for n i acin

st u dy was 91#,

or less

is 20 mg.

c or r e l a t i o n s ,

significant

intake a n d the s u bj e c t s

at

the

father.

the s u b j e c t ' s being
ingested.

There

the 5# level

b e i n g nonwhite,

of the s u b j e c t o u t s i d e of s ch o ol

the y e a r s of e d u c a t i o n of

relation­

ea c h week,

the
and

This would indicate

that the b la c k s ub jects h a d di e ts w h i c h a f f o r d e d

them h i g h e r

p e r c e n t a g e s o f the R D A fo r niacin

subje cts.

h ig h er

than d i d w h i t e

i ntake c o r r e l a t e d w it h the hours

o u t s i d e o f school a g a i n m i g h t
additional

i nd icate

the

s ubject w o r k e d

the s p e n d i n g of the

income f or f o od s hi g h in n i ac i n,

T he s e r e s u l t s are g i ve n in T a b l e B5 (p.

The

s u c h as hambur g er s .

337).

122
Ascorbic Acid
F o r as c o r b i c acid,
14-18 years of age,
age group.

the R DA

a n d 50 mg.

Th e v a r i a ti o n

is 55 mg.

per d a y for boys

pe r d a y for girls

in Intake fo r this p a r t i c u l a r

n u t r i e n t was q ui t e great,

with the m e a n p e r c e n t

RDA being

the lowest q u a r t i l e

or less,

16 0 . 6 % but w i t h

and the h i g h e s t q u ar t il e

r e s u l t s are

shown

in the same

in T a b l e

10 (p.

intake of the

i n ge s t i n g 52 . 7 %

2 3 2 . 1 % or more.

Th e se

124).

The s imple c o r r e l a t i o n s c a r r i e d out b e t w e e n
intake of a s co r b i c a c id and
s t u d i e d showed a n e g a t i v e
level,
acid

between

intake,

pneumonia

between

s i g n i f i c a n t at the 1%

fem ale and h e r as c o r b i c

five y e ar s pr e vious

r el a tionships,

of e d u c a t i o n of

the

p r o f e s s i o n a l man.

There

also s i g n i f i c a n t at the 1% level,
ac i d a n d the y ears

fa t h e r as well as his o c c u p a t i o n as a
All

The r e we r e also

of these r e l a t i o n s h i p s ha v e been n o t e d
d i s c u s s e d previo us l y.

three c o r r e l a t i o n s

T h e r e was a n e g a t i v e

subject's percent

to the study.

intake of asc orbic

for several of the n u t r i e n t s

s i g n i f i c a n t at the

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n the

intake of the R D A of a s c o r b i c a c i d a nd

the m o t h e r ' s hours of w o r k per w e e k o u t s i d e
i n d i c a t i n g less p o s i t i v e

the home,

again

influence of the m o t h e r on the c h i l d ' s

diet w i t h longer hours a w a y from home.
c o r r e l a t i o n s w i t h the n u m b e r of m ov e s
had made

variables

and also w i t h the s u b j e c t ' s not h a v i n g had

the s u b j e c t ' s

5% level.

socio-economic

relationship,

the s u b j e c t ' s being

in the

w er e po s it i ve

the v a r i o u s

the p er c en t

in the five y e a r s p r e v i o u s

There were positive
the s u b j e c t ' s

to the

study,

f amily

and a l so

123
with the s u b j e c t ’s f a m i l y a d h e r i n g to the Pr o te s t a n t r e l i g i o n .
A s a s c o r b i c acid

intake

is de p en d e n t

of fruits a n d vegetables,

this

in the m o r e m obile f a m i l i e s
these k i n d s

of foods.

(p.

337).

implies e a t i n g habits d e v e l o p e d

that i n c l u d e d g r e a t e r intake o f

This would also

families w h o were P r o t e s t a n t .
in Table B5

s o l e l y on the c o n s u m p t i o n

The se

be in d ic a t e d in t h o s e

results

are t a b u l a t e d

124
T A B L E lO
R e c o m m e n d e d D i e t a r y A l l o w a n c e s f or 14-18 Y e a r O ld
Boys a n d Girls, a n d the M e a n P e r c e n t a g e of these
C o n s u m e d by the Total S u r v e y P o p u l a t i o n

Recommended Dietary Allowances
Boys
14-18

Girls
14-16

Girls
16-18

P e r c e n t a g e of the
Recommended Dietary Allow­
a nces of the va r io u s n u t r i ­
ents c o n s u m e d by su bjects
L ow e st
Highest
Quartile
M ea n
Quartile

3000

2400

2300

%
93.9

Protein-grams

60

55

55

157 .4

106.9

198. 4

Calcium-grams

1.4

1.3

1 .3

90. 8

52. 3

117.8

18

18

18

70. 4

44.0

89.6

Vit. A-I.U.

500 0

50 00

5000

99. 2

37. 4

111.3

T hi a ml n -m g .

1.5

1.2

1.2

101.9

60. 7

127. 3

Rlboflavln-mg.

1.5

1.5

1.4

152. 7

92.6

193.6

Niacin
Equivalents-mg.

20

16

15

91.0

57. 5

114.8

A s c o r b i c Ac id-mg.

55

50

50

160. 6

52. 7

232. 1

Kilocalories

Iron-mg.

%
66.5

*
114.8

Source:
N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y of Sciences, R e c o m m e n d e d D i e t a r y
A1 l o w a n c e s . S e v e n t h R e v i s e d Editi o n, Pu b 1 ic a ti on 16 9 4,
W a s h i n g t o n , D.C., 1968, p. 101 + .
^ C o m p a r a b l e f i gures for the a b s o l u t e a m o u n t s of total n u t r i e n t s
c o n s u m e d by the s u r v e y p o p u l a t i o n a r e gi v en in T a b l e 5, p. 65.

125
Weight-Height Relationship
The w e i g h t — h e i g h t

relationship

is one p o s s i b l e m e t h o d

of a s s e s s i n g o v e r w e i g h t a nd u n d e r w e i g h t
it is not

as p r ecise as o t h e r m et h o d s

in humans.

Although

such as x — rays,

it has

the a d v a n t a g e of b e i n g e a s i l y c ar r i e d out with a large g r o u p
of subjects,

and it can give an indicat i on os

w e i g h t of ei t h e r an

individual

to the r e la t iv e

or a population.

The m e t h o d u s e d to de t er mi n e w e i g h t - h e i g h t
ships

in the present

Sargent.

study was

the one

relation­

ou t li n e d b y D. ff.

S h e states

From this a v e r a g e w e i g h t — he i gh t relationship,
s i x c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s for c h a r a c t e r i z i n g gr o ss body
size ( w ithout r e f e r e n c e to s ke letal size, m u s c l e
m a s s or a d i p o s e tissue) were d e v e l o p e d for u se in
c l a s s i f y i n g s u b j e c t s for n u t r i t i o n a l studies.
N u m e r i c a l va l ue s for o verage w e i g h t for h e i g h t
a n d for b o u n d a r y lines for the six c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s
are p r e s e n t e d .2
Scales,

and a measuring device

different
in the

schools

a n d the w e i g h t and h e i g h t of ea c h su bj ect

s t u d y was d e t e r m i n e d at the time of

T hi s i n f o r ma t io n was

then u s e d

the basis of S a r g e n t ' s
(1) Un d e rw e ig h t,
(5) O verweight,
11 an d 12 (pp.
T he
then,

for h e i g h t were c a r r i e d to the

(2) Slender,
(6 ) Obese.

each

subject on

into on e of six categories:
(3) Normal,

(4) Stocky,

The f i gures are given

in T ables

128-29).

range of

was b e t w e e n

2

tables

to c l a s s i f y

the interview.

Sargent,

figures

for the total

the n u m b e r a s s i g n e d

p.

324

s u rvey popula ti o n,

the U n d e r w e i g h t category,

126
1.0,

and the n u m b e r a s s i g n e d

figure was 2.846,
quartile

6.0.

or Just s l i g h t l y b e l o w " No r ma l ."

figure w a s

D i s t r i b u t i o n of

the Ob ese ca tegory,

2.004 a n d the hi g he s t q u a r t i l e

the 911

The m e a n

T he

lowest

3.035.

subjects

into

the si x g roups w as

Normal

Stocky

Overweight

71

53

as

follows:
Underweight

Slender

95
Thu s

221

436

it can be seen that a l t h o u g h most of the

into the slender,

normal a n d s t o c k y range,

n u m b e r of s ub j ec t s who w e r e

35

s ub jects

fell

there w e r e a g o o d l y

either underweight

(-15 p e r c e n t or

less of o v e r a g e weight),

overweight

av e r a g e we i ght)

(+30 pe rcent o r m o r e of a v e r a g e

o r obese

(+15

Obese

to +30 p e r c e n t of

weight).
S i m p l e c o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e c ar r i e d out
c a t e g o r y (1- 6 ) into wh i c h
weight-hoight

ratio,

in this study.

the n u m e r i c a l

the s ub j e c t wa s c l a s s i f i e d by his

a n d the

There were

at the 1% level.

b e tw e en

socio-economic

factors

se v er a l c o r r e l a t i o n s

Th e re was a n e g a t i v e

determined

significant

correlation between

years of e d u c a t i o n of the father,

and a l s o

o c c u p a t i o n as a p r o f e s s i o n a l man,

and the w e i g h t - h e i g h t c a t e ­

g o r y of the subject.
we i g h t

(1 ) to ob e se

As

e m p l o y e d in p r o f e s s i o n a l
On

r a n g e d fro m u n d e r ­

(6 ), this w o u l d i n d i c a t e a r e l a t i o n s h i p

w i t h b e l o w a v e r a g e w e ig h t

o f education.

these c a t e g o r i e s

the f a t h e r ' s

for s ub jects w h o s e
o c c u p a ti o ns ,

the o t h e r hand,

fat hers w e r e

and who had more years

there w e r e p o s i t i v e c o r r e ­

la tions b e t w e e n the w e i g h t - h e i g h t c a t e g o r y a n d the m o t h e r ' s
hours of w o r k o u t s i d e
op erative,

the home,

a n d the f a mi l y' s

the f a t h e r ' s o c c u p a t i o n as an

r e l i g i o n b e i n g l i s t e d as none.

These

127
w o u l d s h o w a p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h the h ig h er w e i g h t height categories
weight

i n d i c a t i n g m or e of a t e n d e n c y towards o v e r ­

in the s u bj e c t s w h o s e m o t h e r w o r k e d outside

f o r long hours,
a n d in

in those

s u bjects w h o s e

those s ub j e c t s w h o s e

fa m il i e s

of the home

f a th e r s were operatives,

adhered

to no p a r t i c u l a r

religion.
T h e r e we r e three p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s
the 5 % level.

T h e s e were w i t h age,

male,

the s u b j e c t s not h a v i n g h ad m o n o n u c l e o s i s

and w it h

the p as t

five years.

s hi p was w i t h
categories.

In e ac h of

those who w er e

d i d the y o u n g e r

s ub jects

subjects.

Also

it is no t s u r p r i s i n g

more

t o wa r d s o v e r w e i g h t as

that

th e y c o n s u m e d mo r e

nucleosis

it

but

the r e l a t i o n ­

to be e x p e c t e d

food.

Stated

than

the w e i g h t gain h ad not.
in the s t ud y

the f i g u r e s have
Fi n al l y,

t ended

c o n s i s t e n t l y shown

there

is a r e l a t i o n s h i p

and not ha v in g h a d m o n o ­

the o t h e r w ay around,

s u b j e c t s w h o h a d ha d m o n o n u c l e o s i s
weig ht.

then,

in

the o l d e r subjec t s p e r ­

that the ma l es

towards o v e r w e i g h t

recen tly.

is p e r h a p s

In m a n y of

the h e i g h t ga i n h a d ceased,

tending

these cases,

t ended t o w a r d s o v e r w e i g h t m or e

h ap s

between

s u b j e c t ’s b e i n g

in the hi g he r w e i g h t - h e i g h t

In the case of age,

that the o l d e r

with the

s i g n i f i c a n t at

t en d ed m o r e

those

towards u n d e r ­

1 28
TA BLE

11

A v e r a g e W e i g h t in P ou nd s for H e i g h t and
B o u n d a r y W e i g h t s B et w e e n W e i g h t - f o r H e i g h t C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s for Y o u n g M e n
Height
(in.J

63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78

Under­
weight

Slender

Normal

(1 )

(2 )

(3)

111
114
117
120
123
126
130
133
136
140
143
147
151
155
159
163

121
124
128
131
134
138
141
145
148
152
156
160
164
168
173
177

131
134
138
141
145
149
152
156
160
165
169
173
178
182
187
192

Over­
w eight

Obese

(4)

(5)

(6 )

141
144
148
152
156
160
164
168
172
177
181
186
191
196
201
206

151
155
159
163
167
171
175
180
184
189
194
199
204
209
215
220

170
175
179
184
188
193
198
203
209
214
219
225
231
237
243
249

Stocky

^ J n d e r w e i g h t = -15 p e r c e n t o r less of a v e r a g e we i g h t
S l e n d e r = 7,5 to — 15 p e rc e nt of a v e r a g e w e i g h t
N o r m a l • a v e r a g e w e i g h t c o m p u t e d for me n from the equation,
W = 2 6 . 7e 0 . 025311 a nd for women, W = 9.50e
S t o c k y - +7 . 5 to +15 p e r c e n t of a v e r a g e w e i g h t
O v e r w e i g h t = +15 p e r c e n t to + 30 p e r c e n t of a v e r a g e we i g h t
O b e s e = +3 0 p e r c e n t o r m o re of a v e r a g e we i g h t
So ur ce:

D o r o t h y W. Sargent, W e i g h t - h e i g h t r e l a t i o n s h i p s of
y o u n g m en a n d women.
Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 13:322, 19G3

129
TABLE 12
A v e r a g e W e i g h t in Pounds for He i gh t a n d B ou n da r y
W e i g h t s Between W e i g h t - f o r - H e i g h t
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n s for Young W o m e n
Height
(4 n * )

UnderWfiight

58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
6®
69
™

88
90
93
95
98
IOI
103
106
109
112
115
119
122
125
129
132
136

II
73
74

Ti)

Slender
2

Normal

Stocky

Overweight

Obese

95
98
101
104
106
109
112
116
119
122
126
129
133
136
449
144
148

103
106
109
112
115
118
122
125
128
132
136
140
143
147
152
156
1 60

111
114
117
120
124
127
131
134
138
142
146
150
154
158
163
167
172

119
122
125
129
132
136
140
144
148
152
156
160
165
170
174
179
184

134
138
142
146
150
154
158
162
167
172
176
lei
186
192
197
202
208

()

it)

irr1

a

U n d e r w e i g h t = -15 p e r c e n t or le s s of a v e r a g e weight
S l e n d e r = 7.5 to -1 5 p ercent o f a verage w e i g h t
N o r m a l - a v e r a g e w e i g h t c o m p u t e d for men f r o m the equation,
W - 2 6 . 7e 0. 0 2 5 3 1 1 a n d for w o m e n , W = 9 . 5 0 e
S t o c k y = + 7 . 5 to +15 p e r c e n t of av e ra g e w e i g h t
O v e r w e i g h t = +15 p e r c e n t to + 3 0 p e rc e nt of a v e r a g e w e i g h t
O be s e - + 3 0 p e rc e nt o r more of a v e r a g e w e i g h t

Sou r ce :

D o r o t h y W. Sargent, W e i g h t - h e i g h t r e l a t i o n s h i p s of
y o u n g men a n d women.
Am. J. Clin. N u t r . 13:322, 1 9 6 3

130
Consumption

of Vitamin Preparations

The consumption
e i t h e r in the
pills

form o f

is w i d e - s p r e a d

of supplemental vitamin preparations,
s i ng l e v i t a m i n s

in

the U n i t e d States.

t he y u n d o u b t e d l y p r o v i d e v it a m i n s
f ro m a f a u l t y diet.

or as m u l t i - v i t a m i n

However,

For s o me co nsumers,

that ar e not

as G u t h r i e

forthcoming

states " M a n y persons

are

b u y i n g a n d c o n s u m i n g vi t a m i n s in e x c e s s of t h e i r daily
3
ne ed s."
O n e of the g o a l s of this s tu d y w as to d e t e r m i n e how
wide-spread,

both q u a n t i t a t i v e l y a n d g e o g r a p h i c a l l y ,

the

c o n s u m p t i o n of v it a m i n

p r e p a r a t i o n s was by the t e e n a g e p o p u l a ­

tion.

subject w as

T herefore,

a preparation,

and

w i t h o u t except io n ,

each

if he
if

received

in the 24 h o u r recall

224,

Almost

a n d were

to

taken f a i r l y

regularly,

to a d d on the v i t a m i n s

the v i t a m i n s o b t a i n e d from

the food

period.
in the

total

survey population,

The g e o g r a p h i c a l

d i s t r i b u t i o n of

these

will be d i s c u s s e d in C h a p t e r 6 .

S i m p l e c o r r e l a t i o n s were c a r r i e d ou t to d e t e r m i n e
t here w a s

any relationship between

preparations

3
(Mosby:

they

took v i t a m i n p r e p a r a t i o n s on o r e g u l a r basis,

u s u a l l y daily.
teenagers

type,

the 911 s u b j e c t s

o r 23%,

took such

often a n d what kind.

No a t t e m p t was m a d e

in this fo r m

Of

how

if he e v e r

t he y were c o n s u m e d by the teenager,

w e r e of the m u l t i v i t a m i n
u s u a l l y daily.

did,

asked

and the

socio-economic

if

the c o n s u m p t i o n o f v i t a m i n
factors

d e t e r m i n e d by

H e l e n A. G u t h r i e , I n t r o d u c t o r y N u t r i t i o n , 2 n d edition,
St. Louis), 1971, p. 187.

131
this study.
the

T h e r e were

1# level.

several

correlations

T h e r e wa s a n e g a t i v e

i ntake of a v i t a m i n p r e p a r a t i o n

s i g n i f i c a n t at

relationship between

the

by the su b j e c t and the su b je c t ' s

w o r k hours p e r w e e k o u t s i d e of school,

and a l s o

w o r k hours p e r w e e k o u t s i d e

In o t h e r words,

the home.

the m o t h e r ' s
a

s m a l l e r p e r c e n t a g e of su b j e c t s who w o r k e d o u t s i d e of school,
a n d of t hose w h o s e m o t h e r s w o rk e d ou t si d e
p r e p a r a ti o ns .
control

of

In both

i ns t ances

the t e e n a g e r on

this might

the po rt of

a l s o a n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h the
e m p l o y e d as an o p e r a t i v e

i nd ic a t i n g

of these s u b j e c t s a l so t o ok vi t a m i n
o t h e r hand,

an d also

s ub j e c t s

i nd i ca t i n g

took vitamin

ind i ca t e d i f f e r e n c e s

father being

pr e pa r at i on s .

e d u c a t i o n o f the

person,

T h e r e was

that a s m a l l e r p e r c e n t a g e

by the subject,

a professional

indicate a le s se r

subje ct ' s

there was a p os i ti v e c o r r e l a t i o n

father,

took v itamin

the family.

of a v i tamin p r e p a r a t i o n

of these

the home

the

an d

On

be t ween

the
the

the years

father's

intake

of

o c cu p a t i o n

as

tha t a g r e a t e r p e r c e n t a g e

pr e pa r at i on s .

in goals for this group

Thi s m i g h t
of people a n d / o r

affluence.
The r e w e r e
the

5% level

two n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s

i n vo l v i n g the

by the subjects,

c o n s u m p t i o n of v i t a m i n p r e p a r a t i o n s

i n d i c a t i n g that a sm a l l e r p e r c e n t a g e of

g r o u p s c o n s u m e d them.
n on w h i t e ,

s i g n i f i c a n t at

T h e s e we re w i t h the s u b j e c t ' s

a n d the n u m b e r

h a d l i v i n g at home.

of b r ot h e r s

A g ai n ,

due

in p ar t to economi c s,

not

inexpensive.

and si s te r s

the

these

being
subject

these r e l a t i o n s h i p s might well

be

as v i t a m i n p r e p a r a t i o n s are c e r t a i n l y

132
Factor Analysis
As
A

Indic a te d in

p ro g ra m d e v e l o p e d by

the c h a p t e r on method ology,

the F a c t o r

the C o m p u t e r I n st i tu t e for Social

S ci e n c e R e s e a r c h at M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y was u s e d in

an

a t t e m p t to

the

discover

if

an y u n d e r l y i n g p at terns e x i s t e d in

large n u m b e r of v a r i a b l e s c o l l e c t e d on the su b jects
study.

Of

the 268 v a r i a b l e s u s e d

f ar discussed,
correlation

96 w e r e

in the o t h e r a n a l y s e s

c o e f f i c i e n t s a lr e a d y

a r e named

Fo r

in Table

the p ri n c i p a l

i n d i c a t i n g that

run a nd k n o w l e d g e of those

orthogonal

factors w e r e
solution

if s u ch existed,

(pp.

and

there w or e

s ol u t i o n w h i c h e x p l a i n e d more
Th e

13

of

T h e s e 96

136-39).

axis s o l u t i o n of the f ac t or analysis,

e i g e n - v a l u e s were gen erated,
one,

thus

selected b y the a u t h o r on the basis

that w o u l d c on t ri b u t e mo s t to f ur t he r analysis.
variables

in the

38 had a value g r e a t e r th an
38 factors

in the u n r o t a t e d

tha n a sing le variable.

then r o t a t e d to pr o d u c e an a n al y t i c

so that d i s t i n c t c lu s te r s of r e l a t i o n s h i p s ,

w o ul d

be delineated.

The r o t a t e d f a ct o rs

produced were

li mited to ten, a n d

seven of these are p r e s e n t e d

in Ta ble

These

sho wed i n t e r e s t i n g r e l a t i o n ­

13.

seven f actors

ships w i t h respect to food h a b i t s
the r e m a i n i n g three
the s o ci o - e c o n o m i c

and n u t r i t i o n a l

wh i l e

factors s h o w e d r e l a t i o n s h i p s o n l y a m o n g
a n d cultural v a r i a b l e s w i t h o u t a n y r e l a t i o n ­

sh ip to e i t h e r food h a b i t s or n u t r i t i o n a l
F a c t o r 1, w h i c h

is l a b e l e d

shows v e r y high lo a d i n g s
variables

status,

on all

a n d in a dd i tion,

the food g r o u p variables.

shows

status.

the N u t r i e n t I n t a k e Fa ct or,

o f the n u tr i e n t

intake

hi g h loa dings o n m a n y of

A n o t h e r h i gh l o ad i ng in this f a c t o r

133
is sex.

This

Is

the o n ly n e g a t i v e l o a d i n g here,

w e r e c o de d 1^ a n d girls,

2 , this would

i n dicate a p o s i t i v e

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n boys a n d n ut rient

a n d food intake,

a n e g a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t i n g for g i r l s .
w i t h m uc h of the

research

v i o u s l y by o t h e r

researchers

th at w h ereas

in g e neral

good nutrient

intake,

d on e both in

the

h as

its hi g h e s t

a n d w i t h w h om
sumed

tends

the A m e r i c a n

loadings on

the day's

calories

It can

and h i g h n e g a t i v e

and

to be

be see n that h i gh

and

though

p r otein eaten w i t h f ri ends

loadings e x i s t

T h i s would

these

positive

c o n s u m e d with friends,

indicate

then

in which a st u de n t

lo a di n gs

m a i n l y at school,

factors

friends,

both

w h i c h exist f o r

and m o s t

ore not q u i t e as high,

ttien,

home.

Food

is o b v i o u s l y

s h o w meal r e l a t i o n s h i p patterns.

the F a m i l y M e a l Fa ctor,

Factor,

the e x i s ­

f o r one s e g m e n t of the po p ul a ti o n.

Two o t h e r

Meal

and

for the some

but he eats l i t t l e of his p r o t e i n and c a l o r i e s at

F a c t o r 7,

the m o s t

a n d p rotein were c o n ­

ca l o r i e s a n d protein w i t h

o f this at school,

important

have a

f a m i l y .4

of one type of food h a b i t pa t t e r n

e at s m o st of h is

very

indicating

the v a r i a b l e s which s h o w where

total

n u t r i e n t s e a te n at home.
t en c e

a ga i n a g r e e s

w h i c h is l a b e l e d the M e a l E n v i r o n m e n t Factor,

for each subject.

school,

and

this study a n d p r e ­

boys e a t well,

t e e n a g e girl

l o a d i n g s exist T o r c a l o r i e s
at

This

teenage nutrition,

teenage

p o o r l y n o u r i s h e d m e m b e r of
F actor 2,

on

a n d as bo y s

and F a c t o r 9,

i nd icate d i f f e r e n t

t y p e s of e a t i n g p a t t e r n s

the c o n s u m p t i o n of the

4 I b i d . , p.

372

the S o l i t a r y

d a i l y total

intake

of

134
p r o t e i n a n d calories.

In F a c t o r 7,

l o a d i n g on the v a r i a b l e s
calories

there

Is a hi gh p o s i t i v e

i n d i c a t i n g the p e r c e n t a g e of total

a n d p r o t e i n c o n s u m e d with some of

together.

On the

the v a r i a b l e s
together.

sa m e f a c t o r

is a h i g h n e g a t i v e

in d ic a t i n g the ab s e n c e of

This w o u l d seem

to

the fa m i l y e a t i n g

indi cate

the w h o l e
that the

pattern where
In fact,

the e nt i re

f a m i l y sat down

the high n e g a t i v e

d id n o t exist.
sa me

for the m os t part,

F a c t o r 9,

type of r e l a t i o n s h i p

l o ad i ng s

the

exist

some of

the

f a m i l y meal

suggest

that

this pattern

Factor,

sh o ws

the

the s u b j e c t who cots alone.

If

he c o n s u m e s m o st o f his c a l o r i e s and pr o t e i n
the meal p at t er n w i t h

f a m i l y eating

t o g e t h e r for a meal.

the S o l i t a r y Meal
fo r

on

s tu d e n t s who

c o n s u m e d m o s t of t h e i r c a l o r i e s an d pr o te i n wi t h
f a m i l y di d not have,

l o ading

alone,

the en t ir e f a m i l y eating

the n again

t o g e t h e r did not

for him.
Two

related

o th e r factors,

to meal pa t te r ns .

i nd i c a t e s
snacks.

F a c t o r 3 a n d F a c t o r 6 , ore a l s o
F a c t o r 3,

the r a t h e r ob v io u s
The

relationship between meals

l o a d i n g s have a high p o s i t i v e v a l u e

of c a l o r i e s and p r o t e i n f r o m meals
for p e r c e n t p r o t e i n

an d c a l o r i e s

to n ot e is

v al u es

a re a bo u t

that the
the same.

apparently
potato chip
This might

the M e a l - S n a c k Factor,

indicate

n o n - n u t r i t i o u s as

for p e r c e n t

a n d a high n e g a t i v e v a l u e

f ro m snacks.

Interesting

fo r both c a l o r i e s a n d p r o t e i n

In o t h e r words,

in g e n e r a l

does n o t get his c a l o r i e s
snacks,

and

and his p r o t e i n

a st u d e n t

from soft drinks a n d
f r o m me a t a n d milk meals.

that f o o d s c o n s u m e d as sn a c k s are n o t as

som e e x p e r t s have c o n j e c t ur e d.

the M e a l A w a y F r o m H o m e Factor,

shows

the same

Factor 6 ,

relationship

135
w it h h i g h loadings for both p e r c e n t a g e of c a lo r i e s a n d pr o te i n
e aten aw a y from home,
A

final

food habits

a n d c o u l d be

f a c t o r w h i c h r e l a t e d v a r i a b l e s c o n n e c t e d with

is F a c t o r 8 , F o o d P u r c h a s i n g a n d P r e p a r a t i o n .

the two va r ia b l e s w i t h high
who

is the pe r s o n

loadings,

the

if the a n s w e r was Mother,

if the a ns w er w as anyone else,
s ub j ect's
still

the qu e st i on w as

In

asked,

in y o u r family with the m a j o r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y

for p u r c h a s i n g and p r e p a r i n g
120,

i n t e r p r e t e d in the same way.

food?

In va r iables

111 and

a code of _1 wa s assigned,
a code of O .

families who c o n t r i b u t e d to this

Thus,

in the

factor, M o t h e r was

the m aj o r food p u r c h a s e r a nd preparer,

h i g h e r lo ading on p r e p a r a t i o n w o u l d

and

b o t h , t h o u g h the

i nd icate

that this

is her

role m or e c o n s i s t e n t l y than purchaser.
T he c o m m u n a l i t i e s g e n e r a t e d by the V o r i m a x r o t a t i o n
are also

presented

in Ta b le

13.

These c o m m u n a l ities

ind icate

the p r o p o r t i o n of v a r i a t i o n a c c o u n t e d for b y each v a r i a b l e
in the

total

f actor analysis.

Table

14 s ho w s

these

c o m m u n a l i t i e s g r o u p e d t o g e t h e r b y rank a n d v a riable n a m e

for

those w i t h a n um e ri c al

that

value o v e r

.2 0 0 0 .

It can be se e n

those a c c o u n t i n g for the h i g h e s t p r o p o r t i o n

of v a r i a t i o n are

r e l a t e d to the v a r i a b l e s c o n c e r n e d w it h w h e r e and w i t h w h o m
c a l o r i e s and p r o t e i n we r e consumed,
an d f oo d groups consumed.

Socio-economic

that s h o w a f a ir l y h i g h c o m m u n a l i t y
education,

m o t h e r ' s age,

as w el l as n u t r i e n t
an d c u ltural

in c l u d e

intake
v ar i a b l e s

father's a g e and

a n d m o t h e r ' s a n d f a ther's origin.

TABLE 13

Factors Produced by Rotated Analytic Orthogonal Solution Involving 96 Selected
Nutritional and Socio-Economic Variables Derived from the Survey Data

FACTORS
Variable
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Fat-grams
Carbohydrate-grams
Calories-# RDA
Protein-# RDA
Calcium-# RDA
Iron-# RDA
Vitamin A-# RDA
Thiamin-# RDA
Riboflavin-# RDA
Niacin-# RDA
Ascorbic Acid-# RDA
# Calories-Meals
# Calories-Snacks
# Calories-Alone
# Calories-All of Family
# Calories-Some of Family

?Factor
Factor
^Factor
Factor
^Factor
Factor
^Factor

1
2
3
6
7
8
9

is
is
is
is
is
is
is

the
the
the
the
the
the
the

la

2b

3C

.912
.848
.926
.916
.797
.872
.417
.776
.878
.730
.435
.011
.002
-.056
.042
.039

-.013
.069
.020
-.028
-.023
.005
-.054
-.062
-.049
-.011
-.009
.020
-.020
-.168
-.397
-.182

-.011
-.155
-.113
.064
-.098
-.008
.079
.017
.090
-.091
-.009
.929
-.931
-.231
.234
.038

Nutrient Intake Factor
Meal Environment Factor
Meal-Snack Factor
Meal Away From Home Factor
Family Meal Factor
Food Purchasing and Preparation
Solitary Meal Factor

6d

7e

8f

9*

.042
-.019
.006
.034
-.094
.051
-.099
.065
-.053
.117
.018
-.026
.015
-.009
-.154
-.002

.035
.087
.044
.022
.065
-.010
-.052
-.045
.032
-.047
-.048
-.045
.049
-.091
-.650
.922

.073
.054
.024
.022
.055
.013
-.090
-.036
.037
-.046
-.050
.010
.002
.034
.048
-.075

.007
-.023
-.052
.034
.168
-.047
-.034
-.082
.117
-.066
-.132
-.093
.090
.871
-.499
-.218

Communal
ities
.8421
.7659
.8801
.8484
.6950
.7748
.2178
.6224
.8043
.5731
.3236
.8763
.8794
.8553
.9161
.9418

TABLE 13— Continued
FACTORS
Variables
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

41
42
43
44

Calories-Friends
% Calories-Home
# Calories-School
% Calories-Elsewhere
% Protein-Meals
% Protein-Snacks
% Protein-Alone
% Protein-All of Family
# Protein-Some of Family
% Protein-Friends
% Protein-Home
% Protein-School
ie Protein-Elsewhere
Milk - # of servings
Protein Foods - # of serv­
ings
Vegetables - # of servings
Fruits - # of servings
Grain - # of servings
Fats & Oils - # of servings
Sugars & Sweets - # of
servings
Weight/Height Ratio
Purcbaser-Motber
Purchaser-Mother & Self
Purchaser-Mother, Self &
Others
Purchaser-Mother & Father
Purchaser-Father
Purchaser-Self
Purchaser-Self & Others

45

Purchaser-Other

32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

$

1

2

3

6

7

8

9

Communalities

-.021
.022
.027
-.041
-.032
.048
-.043
.046
.013
-.020
.016
.022
-.034
.699

.882
-.838
.840
.226
.020
-.021
-.148
-.394
-.180
.900
-.851
.863
.247
-.058

-.070
.044
.184
-.221
.881
-.889
-.181
.188
.018
-.066
.045
.156
-.207
.081

.200
-.434
-.343
.845
-.044
.032
.016
-.166
.010
.187
-.402
-.321
.840
-.078

-.044
-.007
-.015
.026
.035
-.032
-.103
-.655
.931
-.052
-.000
-.007
.011
.057

-.009
-.021
-.083
.115
.020
— •005
.025
.043
-.061
-.007
-.019
-.073
.110
.088

-.110
.061
.021
-.098
-.158
.157
.896
-.512
-.188
-.089
.054
.010
-.084
.216

.8387
.9024
.8704
.8536
.8085
.8210
.8732
.9173
.9418
.8619
.8948
.8828
.8409
.5672

.606
.422
.234
.634
.438

-.042
.007
.011
.070
-.026

-.012
-.054
-.041
-.106
.019

.090
.059
-.074
-.103
.108

.010
-.156
-.055
.150
-.059

-.009
.021
-.038
.071
-.008

-.028
-.165
-.056
.068
-.087

.3852
.2428
.2333
.4629
.2263

.355
-.097
-.025
-.073

.057
.036
.037
-.033

-.262
.088
.009
-.056

.151
.030
.096
-.051

.095
.011
.004
.037

.018
-.196
.656
-.337

-.082
.033
.021
-.001

.2678
.0942
.5375
.1341

.037
.074
-.035
-.022
.057
.053

.014
-.062
.015
.031
.009
-.010

.006
-.072
.036
.026
.052
.089

-.017
-.014
.055
.037
.134
.237

.009
-.065
-.019
.029
.075
.053

-.185
-.316
-.155
-.312
-.151
-.206

-.020
-.053
-.023
.093
.033
.009

.0418
.1598
.1240
.1191
.0641
.1263

TABLE 13— Continued

FACTORS
Variables
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73

Preparer-Mother
Preparer-Mother & Self
Preparer-Mother, Self
& Others
Preparer-Mother & Father
Preparer-Fjther
Preparer-Self
Preparer-Self & Others
Preparer-Grandmother
Preparer-Other
Vitamin Preparation
Consumed
Age
Grade
Sex
Color
# of Illnesses
Rheumatic Fever
Pneumonia
Work-Hrs/feek
Father's Age
Father's Education
Mother's Age
Mother's Work Hrs/Week
# of Moves in 5 Years
# of Siblings
Father-Professional
Father-Farmer
Father-Manager
Father-Clerical

3

6

7

8

9

Communalities

.086 -.007
-.110 .016

.064
-.050

-.033
-.043

.022
-.024

.813
-.372

.018
-.064

.7227
.2088

.014 -.046
-.002 -.004
.025 .059
-.121
.035
-.028 .019
.052 .016
.062 -.065

-.105
-.137
.051
.000
.038
-.131
.077

-.030
.061
.031
.046
.042
-.055
.145

.014
.058
.081
-.071
.013
-.012
-.042

-.236
-.147
-.233
-.409
-.132
-.111
-.260

-.083
-.050
.029
.056
.004
-.035
.067

.0805
.0539
.0810
.1985
.0398
.0605
.1435

-.033
-.066
-.048
-.499
.033
-.027
.072
-.094
.091
-.043
.100
-.040
-.060
.023
.004
.037
-.028
.031
.007

-.013
.160
.149
-.102
.129
.016
.024
-.033
.007
-.041
.073
-.028
-.008
-.017
.014
.061
.023
-.010
-.110

.017
.366
.336
-.025
-.065
.041
-.104
-.137
-.065
.041
-.104
-.137
.424
-.009
.027
.002
-.017
.083
-.007

.026
-.133
-.126
-.074
-.069
.053
.052
-.063
-.069
.053
.052
-.063
-.066
-.027
.020
-.041
-.040
.037
-.024

-.054
-.199
-.181
-.212
.014
-.113
.034
.031
.014
-.113
.034
.031
.055
-.069
.087
-.019
-.352
-.033
-.009

-.092
.000
.057
-.166
-.043
-.045
.079
-.019
-.043
-.045
.079
-.019
.079
.069
.144
.076
-.049
-.049
-.001

.0746
.3256
.3305
.3738
.3168
.0428
.0426
.0615
.2754
.6904
.5450
.7173
.1600
.1308
.3434
.3328
.0481
.1039
.0315

1

2

.051
.006
-.003
-.034
.121
.077
-.075
-.036
.124
-.018
-.032
-.021
.029
-.061
.052
-.061
.015
.038
.080

TABLE 13

Variables

94
95
96

Father-Sales
Father-Craftsman
Father-Operative
Father-Service
Father-Fann Laborer
Father-Other Laborer
Father-Michigan
Father-North Central
Father-Other
Mother-Michigan
Mother-North Central
Mother-Other
Protestant
Roman Catholic
Jewish
Mixed
Religion-Other or None
Lasagne-Like Very Much
Lasagne-Like Slightly
Lasagne-Neither Like Nor
Dislike
Lasagne-Dislike Slightly
Lasagne-Dislike Very Much
Lasagne-Unfamiliar

1

2

3

6

7

8_

9

Conmunalities

.010
.011
-.002
-.084
.048
-.037
-.027
.056
.033
-.011
-.006
.052
.028
-.007
-.035
.054
-.001
-.110
.006

-.016
-.031
-.035
.075
-.049
.053
.000
.048
-.036
.011
-.038
-.006
.034
-.065
-.032
-.031
.042
-.060
-.052

-.061
.066
-.059
.032
-.091
.020
-.007
-.008
-.003
-.021
-.009
.006
-.043
.001
-.002
-.003
.064
-.000
.058

-.012
-.059
.034
-.088
.168
-.072
-.021
.055
-.053
-.055
.046
-.040
.026
.092
.031
-.067
-.040
.003
.192

-.017
-.079
-.039
-.033
.076
.053
-.047
.072
.034
-.008
-.028
.042
.012
-.013
-.068
-.021
.022
.044
.025

115
t 043
♦ 027
* 032
* 060

104
• Oil
• 036
150
• 046
^ • 064
« 048
• 060
014
• 110
™ • 030
* • 166
• 047

.154
-.060
-.073
-.046
.028
.003
-.033
-.017
-.045
-.021
-.022
.002
-.168
.141
.007
.120
.033
-.007
.013

.0552
.1406
.1926
.0411
.0327
.0635
.6021
.1814
.5172
.6371
.1221
.4480
.2742
.1036
.0419
.0407
.1690
.2078
.0595

.075
-.008
.023
.062

.042
.101
-.033
.035

.055
.055
-.039
-.083

.101
-.053
-.040
-.162

-.011
-.011
-.071
-.012

031
™ • 090
“ i 008
• 141

.121
.030
.072
-.129

.0372
.0359
.0434
.2675

»

*

“
™

*
*

100

•

■

139

74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93

Continued

140
TABLE

14

F a c t o r A n a l y s i s C o m m u n a l 1 ties R a n k e d In O r d e r
of C o n t r i b u t i o n to Total F a c t o r A n a l y s i s

Variable Name

P r o p o r t i o n of V a r i a t i o n
Accounted

Percent Calories Consumed
w i t h S o m e of F a m i l y
Percent Protein Consumed
w it h S o m e of F a m i l y
Percent Protein Consumed
w i t h A l l of F a m i l y
Percent Calories Consumed with
All of F a m i l y
Per c en t C a l o r i e s C o n s u m e d at Home

.9418
.9418
.9173
.9161
.9024

P e r c e n t P r o t e i n C o n s u m e d at Ho me
P e r c e n t P r o t e i n C o n s u m e d at School
P e r c e n t R D A of C a l o r i e s
P e r c e n t C a l o r i e s O b t a i n e d from
Snacks
P e r c e n t C a l o r i e s O b t a i n e d from
Meals
Percent Protein Consumed Alone
P e r c e n t C a l o r i e s C o n s u m e d at
S ch o ol
Percent Protein Consumed with
Friends
Percent Calories Consumed Alone
Percent Calories Consumed Elsewhere
% RD A of P ro t ei n
F a t —G r a m s C o n s u m e d
% Protein Consumed Elsewhere
% C a l o r i e s C o n s u m e d w i t h F r ie n d s
% P r o t e i n O b t a i n e d f r o m Sn a ck s
% P r o t e i n O b t a i n e d f ro m M e a l s
% R D A of R i b o f l a v i n

.8948
.8828
.8801

% R D A of Iron
Carbohydrate-Grams Consumed
Who Prepares Food-Mother
M o t h e r 1s A g e

. 7748
.7659
.7227
.7173

% R D A of
Father's
Mother* s
% R D A of
Father's

.6950
.6904
.6371
.6224
.6021

Calcium
Age
Origin-Michigan
Thiamin
Origin-Michigan

.8794
.8763
.8732
.8704
.8619
.8553
. 8536
.8484
.8421
.8409
.8387
.8210
.8085
.8043

141
T A B L E 14— C o n t i n u e d

Variable Name

P r o p o r t i o n of V a r i a t i o n
_____ A c c o u n t e d For______
____

% R D A o f N ia ci n
Mi l k & Mi l k Pr o du c ts - no . of
Servings
F a t h e r ' s Level o f E d u c a t i o n
Who P u r c h a s e s F o o d - M o t h e r
Father's Origin-Other

.5731
.5672
.5450
.5375
.5172

G ra i n P r o d u c t s - no. of
s er v in g s
Mother's Origin-Other

.4G29

P ro t ei n F oods — no. of S e r v i n g s
S ex
No. of B r ot h e r s and Si s te r s
Father's Occupation-Professional
G ra d e in School of S u b j e c t
Age of Subject
% R D A of A s c o r b i c A c i d
C o l o r o f S ubject

. 3852
. 3738
. 3434
. 3328
.3305
.3256
. 3236
. 3168

W o r k —H r s / W e e k by Su b j e c t
Roligion-Protestant
Su ga rs a n d S w e e t s - no. of
Servings
Attitude Toward Lasagne-Unfamiliar
V e g e t a b l e s - no. of S e r v i n g s
F ru i ts — no. of S e r v i n g s
Fat s & Oi ls — no. of S e r v i n g s
% RDA of Vitamin A
W h o P r e p a r e s F o o d —M o t h e r & S e l f
Attitude Toward Lasagne-Like
Very Much

. 2754
. 2742

. 44 80

. 2678
. 2675
. 2428
. 2333
. 2263
. 2178
. 2088
. 2078

CHAPTER 5
S P A T I A L A N A L Y S I S OF F O O D H AB I T S
A n a na lysis of
p op u la t i o n
that time

was given

the

food h a b i t s

in C h a p t e r 3.

of the

N o a t te m pt was m a de

to d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r or n o t

ex is ted w e r e

the f oo d habits

spread e v e n l y over space,

d is t in c t d i f f e r e n c e s

in food h a b i t s

are a s u r v e y e d to an o t h e r ;
ond the n e x t will be

food habit a n d n u t r i t i o n o l

or w h e t h e r

at

that

there w e r e

from one p o r t of the

therefore,

the spatial

total s u r v e y

the

focus of this

variati o n,

characteristics

if any,
of

total

chapter

of

the

the t e enage

p o p u l a t i o n surveyed.
The enumeration
as d e s c r i b e d
addition,

a r e a use d

in C h a p t e r 2, was the census

fo r the c i t y o f Jackson,

again be p o i n t e d out

that

together,

veyed.

All

p or t i o n s

there w e r e

tracts

students

those f r om u n t r a c t e d

of Eaton,

Sh i a w a s s e e ,

w it h e i t h e r p ol i t i c a l
de rable v a r i a t i o n
census

tracts.

i n vo l ve d

In o r d e r
viewed

to get some

in ea c h c e n s u s

in

It s h o u l d

in the study.

f r om 48 c e n s u s
I n g h a m Co unty,

tracts

sur­

plus small

Clinton and Livingston counties

b o un d a r i e s

tract.

o r census b o un d ar i es ,

figures are

Ho wever,

do not n e c e s s a r i l y c o i n c i d e

in n u m b e r s of s u b j e c t s

These

and,

s u r v e y e d were n o t

were c o n s i d e r e d t o g e t h e r as a 49 th cens us
b ecause school d i s t r i c t

tract,

the city block.

the s t u d e n t s

e qu a l l y s p r e a d o v e r the census
A ll

in this par t of the study,

t h e r e was c o n s i ­

f r om the v a r i o u s

shown in T a b l e 4 (p.

idea of the p r o p o r t i o n of

students

54).
inter­

tract c o m p a r e d to the t ot a l p o p u l a t i o n
142

143
of 15 to

19 year o ld s

m ad e w i t h

In the

the 1 9 6 0 U.S.

same tract,

C e n s u s T r ac t

w er e e x p r e s s e d as p e r c e n t a g e s .
4.

It c a n

e asily be seen

J-5 2 and L — 34,
while

the p r o p o r t i o n

in others,

the p o p u l a t i o n

then,

information

are a l so

for some c e ns u s
of te en a g e r s

su c h as J - 6 3 and J-G4,

for that age group.

sented s p a t i a l l y
mind,

fi gures and

These

that

in F igure

in all

of

the

comparisons were

3 (p.

shown

tracts,

tracts

such as

s a m p l e d was

i nf o rm a ti o n

high,

is p r e ­

It m u s t be k e p t

f o l l o wi n g d is c us s io n s,

for some ce nsus

In Table

it was u n d e r 1% of

This

53).

the r e s u l t s

that

is m or e c o m p l e t e

in
the

t ha n for

others.
In addition,
for e ac h

c en s us

that c e n s u s
from the

tract h ow m a n y

tract w a s m or e

census

t r ac t me a n

characteristics.
tracts

a f r e q u e n c y c o u n t was

In

than one
for all

this way,

in w h i c h the o v e r a g e

variation

times

done

to d e t e r m i n e

the a v e r a g e

subject

s t a n d a r d d ev i ation

in

away

food habit and n u t r i t i o n a l

it w as

subject

felt

that the census

s h o w e d a g re a t deal of

from the n o r m c o u l d be identified.
Total Nutrients Consumed

Census
calories,
protein,

tract a v e r a g e s were o b t a i n e d f o r the n u m b e r of

and the
calcium,

total q u a n t i t i e s of
iron,

v i t a m i n A,

fat,

thiamin,

carbohydrate,
ribof lavin,

n ia c in a n d a s c o r b i c a c id c o n s u m e d b y the su b j e c t s
24 h o u r r e ca l l
Ta ble

15 a l o n g w i t h

population.
variation
t ract

s u r v e y period.
the m e a n

These
figure

It c a n be Been at once

in the c o n s u m p t i o n of all

to c e n s u s

tract.

in the

f igures are gi v en
fo r the total
that there

in

survey

is wide

the n u t r i e n t s

fr om ce n su s

144
Energy Foods
Figure
mean

4 shows

the 9p a t i a l

I n t a k e of c a l o r i e s and

the

distribution

energy

school

students

tracts

there w a s a d a i l y m e a n c a l o r i c

per

day.

These

urban Jackson,
(The

two c e n s u s

represent
very

s u r v e y e d by c e n s u s

tract.

t r a c t s are c l u s t e r e d

trac ts

kinds

s everal

in c e n t r a l

to the s o u t h a n d
each).

In

by the h i gh

i n ta k e of b e l o w

to the w e s t of L a n s i n g ,

o n l y one p e r s o n

different

foods

of the d a i l y

and

and n o r t h

s o u t h w e s t of J a c k s o n
represent

a r e a s w i t h the E a s t

L a n s i n g a r e a b e i n g h i g h l y p r o f e s s i o n a l l y or i ented,
area west of Lansing being more a "blue-collar"
m a n y of
T he

the f a m i l i e s

center of Jackson

is v e r y m u c h

on u r b a n

ore employed
represents
setting.

2300

in E a s t L an sing.

These clusters

of s o c i o - e c o n o m i c

census

and

the

area where

in the a u t o m o b i l e

industry.

a t h i r d k i n d of ar e a o s

it

TABLE 15

Nutrients Consumed in a Twenty-Four Hour Period:
Mean Intake by Census Tract

Calories
Mean Intake

Census Tract

No. of
subjects

J-01
J-02
J-03
J-04
J-05
J-06
J-07
J-08
J-09
J-10
J-ll
J-12
J-13
J-50
J-52
J-53
J-54
J-55
J-56
J-57
J-59

14
13
5
17
5
4
8
46
23
11
29
22
39
13
48
51
3
18
17
13
3

Protein
grams

Fat
grams

Carbohydrates
grams

Calcium
mg.

Iron
mg.

2547

92

118

294

1258

12.8

2667
2296
2132
2717
2996
1657
2570
2679
2343
2253
2783
2490
2592
2329
2699
2602
2318
2564
3254
2917
2339

97
68
65
87
113
80
87
97
80
83
98
81
94
91
93
90
69
92
120
104
68

122
98
99
126
132
114
117
122
105
83
127
111
113
118
117
120
111
117
156
142
86

304
294
255
319
357
384
307
309
278
278
323
304
311
232
332
300
267
299
353
322
299

1228
737
998
1256
1958
1592
1490
1287
960
1175
1087
935
1069
931
1244
1191
922
1241
1438
1481
996

11.5
10.9
9.8
11.2
13.3
9.2
10.6
13.8
11.8
12.4
14.7
12.5
14.1
13.6
12.8
13.3
9.7
12.6
17.1
15.1
8.5

TABU) 15— Continued

Census Tract
J-63
J-64
J-65
J-66
J-67
J-68
L-17
Lr-34
L-35
DT-201
DT-202
DT-203
EL-38
EL-39
EL-40
EL-43
EL—44
MT-45
MT-46
MT-47
MT-48
MT-49
MT-50
DH-52
DH-53
DH-54
DH-55
UT

No. of
subjects

Calories

1
1
5
7
35
3
2
33
19
36
9
1
9
6
4
11
4
1
12
9
15
48
14
4
13
42
23
215

11J&
2122
3250
23^5
2528
3422
1763
2366
1879
2500
1747
6950
2095
1748
2548
2206
2572
2944
2367
2418
2359
2733
3739
2288
2387
2523
2338
2345

Protein
grams

Fat
grams

Carbohydrates
grams

3 1

56
86
157
114
119
129
61
113
81
117
84
389
92
68
iT7
95
122
177
TT2
124
109
120
156
110
112
120
102
112

130
236
356
227
274
485
271
263
227
268
188
624
247
222
269
262
290
209
255
249
278
324
464
253
265
278
280
264

75
123
TU2
99
101
50
85
68
104
68
242
82
71
114
91
94
134
95
96
81
102
131
85
92
94
84
80

Calcium
mg.
108
830
1579
1122
1144
1633
903
1196
1067
1482
781
2446
1039
945
1474
1286
1408
2731
1240
1532
1193
1656
1745
1252
1289
1168
1132
1158

Iron
mg.
4.9
8.5
18.1
14.2
14.0
15.9
9.8
10.9
8.4
11.9
10.0
41.5
T O
9.5
16.9
12.7
12.8
9.1
13.3
11.5
12.1
14.0
16.9
10.7
12.8
13.1
14.9
11.1

H
0)

TABLE 15— Continued

Thiamin
mg.

Ribo­
flavin
mg.

Niacin

5284

1.4

2.3

16.2

84.9

3304
1641
3680
3469
6287
9139
3947
4033
2677
3642
5399
4898
8286
4375
4962
6889
2379
5803
4962
5918
2624

1.3
.9
.9
1.3
1.9

2.2
1.4
1.9
2.2
3.4
3.2
2.4
2.3
1.9
2.4
2.1
1.8
2.2
1.8
2.2
2.4
1.6
2.3
2.7
2.6
2.0

17.9
14.7
12.7
14.5
16.0
8.7
14.0
17.8
14.5
16.5
19.0
15.8
20.7
17.8
18.0
17.4
10.9
16.4
25.6
18.7
14.9

85.4
47.0
29.2
78.8
75.3
118.4
40.0

Vit. A

I.U.
Mean Intake

Census Tract

No. of
subjects

J-01
J-02
J-03
J-04
J-05
J-06
J-07
J-08
J-09
J-10
J-ll
J-12
J-13
J-50
J-52
J-53
J-54
J-55
J-56
J-57
J-59

14
13
5
17
5
4
8
46
23
11
29
22
39
13
48
51
3
18
17
13
3

ITS
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.4
0.8
1.4
1.8
1.7
1.3

—

Ascorbic
Acid
mg.

TO

65.8
56.9
92.1
85.8
73.4
36.3
91.9
101.0
106.1
81.9
106.0
99.4
82.8

Total8
Standard
Deviations>l

5
3
3
0
1
at

1
1

1
1

4
3
2

B
Figures underlined are more than one standard deviation from the mean for all census
tracts.

TABLE 15— Continued

Census Tract
J-63
J-64
J-65
J-66
J-67
J-68
L-17
L-34
L-35
DT-201
DT-202
DT-203
EL-38
EL-39
EL-40
EL-43
EL-44
MT-45
HT-46
MT-47
MT-48
MT-49
MT-50
DH-52
DH-53
DH-54
DH-55
UT

No, of
subjects
1
1
5
7
35
3
2
33
19
36
9
1
9
6
4
11
4
1
12
9
15
48
14
4
13
42
23
215

Vit. A
I.U.

Thiamin
mg.

Ribo­
flavin
mg.

3084
17364
4216
5519
3345
8178
6885
5459
3802
5991
3832
12196
8835
3576
8945
6935
4901
3635
4820
3709
4129
5204
4866
2498
4257
5983
6830
4420

1.2
0.8
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.4
0.8

0.5
1.6
2.8
2.2
2.2
2.7
1.5

r e

r e

1.0

1.8
2.6
1.5

r e

0.8
3.0
1.3
1.1
2.4
1.3
1.7
1.9
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.6
2.1
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.4

r e

2.0
1.6
2.5
2.1
2.5
4.2
2.3
2.6
2.1
2.7
3.1
2.3
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.1

Niacin
mg.

Ascorbic
Acid
mg.

7.2
15.1
22.5
18.2
18.6
16.4
9.6
14.5
11.2
ire
12.7
44.6
14.1
11.1
17.5
15.8
14.9
10.8
16.9
14.4
14.6
16,4
22.4
14.0
15.1
17.4
15.7
13.7

52.5
156.8
136.9
56.7
59.3
83.2
111.6
73.1
76.8
97.2
67.4
106.0
104.5
111.7
92.9
158.0
87.0
79.5
99.6
60.5
73.1
121.4
95.1
46.1
73.7
81.1
91.4
80.0

Total
Standai
Deviation
10
5
6
2
1
4
7
5
5
10
1
5
2
2
7
1
1
7
2

149
On

the o t h e r hand,

an a v e r a g e c al o r i c
was J-ll,
census

in s ev eral

c ensus

tracts

intake of o v e r 27 0 0 p e r day.

One of

these

w h i c h a l so h a d the l a rgest b l a c k p o p u l a t i o n of any

tr act s u r v e y e d

(see F i g u r e

2,

p.

29).

O t h e r a re a s

this c a t e g o r y i n c l u d e d port of M e r i d i a n T o w n s h i p ,
income p r o f e s s i o n a l

area,

ories c o n s u m e d by the

s u b j e c t s — fat,

p r o t e i n — the d i s t r i b u t i o n of m e a n
in F i g u r e 4.

an d low c o n s u m p t i o n

i nt a ke s of

A s w o u l d be e x p e c t e d

the

only s o u r c e of a mi n o acids.

and

the ar e as

intake.

interest,

os

It can be seen

the a v erage p r o t e i n

few a r e a s w h e r e

T he s e l a t t e r a r ea s t e n d e d
section of Jackson,

ca l ­

these can also
of high

Protein

this
that

and

intake

is the b o d y 1s
there were

intake p e r s ub j e c t

was v e r y h i g h — 100 g r a m s per day a n d o v e r — w h i l e
relatively

total

of fat and c a r b o h y d r a t e c o i n c i d e g e n e r a l l y

is a topic of gr e at n u t r i t i o n a l

in w h i c h

a h igh-

carbohydrate,

wit h the ar eas of h i g h a nd low c a l o r i c

m an y a r ea s

in

and a s u b u r b a n area n o r t h of Jackson.

In terms of the n u t r i e n t s w h i c h m a d e u p

be seen

there was

there were

it was 80 gr ams or u n d e r p e r day.
to be c o n c e n t r a t e d

in the n o r t h e r n

in the W a v e r l y S ch o ol D is t r i c t .

Minerals
The

sp atial d i s t r i b u t i o n

calcium a n d
be seen

iron by the h i gh school

in F i g u r e 5.

Township

Highest
area,

three c e n s u s

students

in the s t u d y can

in urban J a c k s o n a n d w e s t e r n

i nt a k e s of c a l c i u m w e r e

suburban

in the M e r i d i a n

a n d in n o r t h e r n s u b u r b a n J a ckson,

tracts

i n take of

L o w e r I n takes of c a l c i u m by the t e en a ge r s

tended to be c l u s t e r e d
Jackson.

of the d a i l y m e a n

in ce n tral u r b a n Ja c kson.

as we l l

Iron

as

intakes,

150

CALORICS

PROTEIN

FAT

CARNOHTDRATE

P

esru.

119*111
h

- ii r

19-m

FIGURE 4

151
however,

were

high

Meridian Township,
urban Jackson,

in r a t h e r r a n d o m areas:
the H o l t S chool

a n d the c e n s u s

highest percentage

some

District,

tract

pa r ts

northern

in J a c k s o n

of
sub­

c o n t a i n i n g the

of bl a ck s .

Vitamins
T he

spatial

v i t a m i n A by
Figure

5.

the s u b j e c t s

the d a i l y m e a n

and

surveyed where
t h e s e are

the

trac ts w i t h m o r e

daily mean

in E a s t Lansing,

tracts w h e r e

of v i t a m i n A w a s

or

3000 I.U.

consumption
s patial

In general,

of v i t a m i n A

it

does no t

than

over 7000

the m e a n

a n d these
can be s a i d

seem

daily

There
i ntake

a p p e a r to be
tha t the

to s h o w d i s t i n c t

patterns.
T he

three B v i t a m i n s

riboflavin,

a n d n i ac i n,

e a c h other,

as m i g h t

f ro m the

foods.

i n t a k e by

three vitamins

ca n be s e e n

of these

three

vitamins

northern

suburban Jackson.

t here w e r e

in t h is

The

in F i g u r e s

wa s h i g h e s t

of h i g h

thiamin,
to

they come

d i s t r i b u t i o n of

in the

study

5 and 6 .

The

for

t h es e

i ntake

in M e r i d i a n T o w n s h i p ,

F o r t h ia m in ,

in the H o l t S c h o o l

scattered areas

in g e n e r a l

s pa t i a l

the s u b j e c t s

study,

rather similar

be e x p e c t e d b e c a u s e

same kinds of

i n ta k e a r e a

considered

show patterns

the d a i l y m e a n

high

less,

i n t a k e was

in

a n d u r b a n Ja c k s o n .

a re also o n l y a few c e n s u s

randomly scattered.

i n t a k e of

in the s t u d y can a l s o be seen

T h e r e are o n l y a f e w c e n s u s

one p e r s o n
I.U.,

d i s t r i b u t i o n of

t h e r e w a s a ls o a

District.
intake

t h o u g h t h e y t e n d to d i f f e r fr o m v i t a m i n

and

F o r e a c h v it a m i n ,

in u r b a n J a ck s o n ,

to v i t a m i n .

152

W

«

‘ »— »■

•«

•••*» «

M I« |> M

____________

FIGU RE 5

A

153
There

is a v e ry d e fi n i t e

s patial p a t t e r n

intake of a s co r b i c a c i d b y the s u b j e c t s
be seen

in Fi g ur e 6 .

J — 06,

the

hand,

it was h i g h e s t

and a ls o

intake

In general,

in u r b a n Ja c ks o n was

in some s u bu r b o n

for m e a n doily

that there

is w i de

the s tu d y as can

f o r census

low.

tract

On the o t h e r

in E a s t L a n s i n g and M e r i d i a n T ow n sh i p,
areas of J ac kson.

seen f r o m the h i s t o g r a m g e n e r a t e d
averages

ex c e p t

in

for d ai l y mean

a l so be

from the census t r ac t

intake of oscorbic

sp a tial

It con

variation

acid,

Figure

7,

in the c o n s u m p t i o n of

this vitami n.
F r e q u e n c y Counts
Table

15 (pp.

of the n u m b e r of

1 45 — 48) gives

times

the

a f r e q u e n c y count

av erage s ub j e c t

for each census

tract w a s one s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o r m o re a w a y

from the c ensus

tract mean.

J-64,

and M T — 45,

F o u r of the census

tracts,

whi ch had a f r e q u e n c y c o u n t of 5 or mo r e

tained o n e subject.

Howev e r,

s everal c e n s u s

f r e q u e n c y count o f 5 or m o r e h a d several
a nd so p o s s i b l y m e r i t f u r t h e r comment.
the f r e q u e n c y c o u n t for c e n s u s
Intakes

for the a v e r a g e

a tions b e l o w the census
thiamin,

riboflavin,

this c e n s u s tract,
a median

J-G3,

5, a n d s h o w e d

s ubject o f one or m o r e

according

to the

standard devi­

for calcium,

a n d a s c o r b i c acid.

in them,

the c it y of Jackson,

tract J -0 2 was

tract m e a n s

on l y c o n ­

tracts w it h a

s ub j e c t s
In

DT-203

The

v i t a m i n A,

r e s i d e n t s of

1960 c e n s u s f i g u r e s had

family income of b et w e e n $ 5 , 0 0 0 a n d $ 6 , 0 0 0 pe r year,

a n d the m e d i a n school y e a r s c o m p l e t e d for p e rsons
older r e s i d i n g h e r e was b e l o w 10.

(See F i g u r e

25 y e a r s or

2, p.

29).

The

154

NIACIN

RIBOFLAVIN

T
f
t
t
t

n » N im
|l«LM

ASCORBIC ACID

VITAMIN

PRCftUUTKM

*

■-3
i

I
"'’’N

?*3Lk MMW
| A o
WaiTiai
CSMta «
Bn*N

M«<

IM M f l

M l

IMMI B V I

FIGURE 6

wB

r

Histogram of Daily Mean Intake of Ascorbic Acid
by High School Students by Census Tracts

1

N
MEAN
STD, DEV.
VARIANCE
IfF, OF VAR.
SkEmAEIS
KURTOSiS

*
t
*
>
«
«
t

49
84,030
26,921
724,749
31,698
,450
,617

LOWER OUAHTJlt •
MEDIAN •
URRER OUAHTILE s
RANGE •

1?

variable

<

(
(
(
(

??,20n>
7,19,5461
17,626)

,465)
,916)

01
01

72.255
R2.575
100.24?

29, 21* TO

157.9U4

1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
- • I .. . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.5rnRC

-4

,3

<Uu 5mRF

figure

-2

-1

31,19

5 8 .0 1

t

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 . . . . . . 1. . . . . . . '
.

SET

0

1

84,93

111.85

2
13*.77

3

156
average

resident

socio-economic
i ntakes

earners

which

scale,

census

and

tract,

then,

the s u b j e c t s

of several nutrients
In

mobile

of this

showed

where m a n y of

two c e n s u s

frequency counts

of 5.

tracts,

i nt a ke s

f al l i n g o n e

more
For

a w a y from

the c e n s u s

the a v e r a g e

were

calories,

census

as w e l l

1 9 6 0 U.S.

residents

the

located

in this

the m e d i a n

c i t y of E a s t

this case,

d i f f e r i n g one

school

census

La n si n g.

tract.

low nutrients
In

carbohydrate

and

to the

in t h e s e c e n s u s
in c e n s u s

completed were

10 f or

in M e r i d i a n T o w n s h i p

Th e O k e m a s H i g h S c h o o l

Census

and contained

standard deviation
w e r e all

consumed

calories,

th iamin,

a n d n i acin.

riboflavin,

f i gu r es ,

the

as d i d t h o s e

years

is l o c a t e d

These nutrients were

Census

b e l o w the a v erage.

According

the m e d i a n

14 s u b j e c t s

or more

is

in the

study.

in a m o u n t s

f r o m th e c e n s u s

in a m o u n t s

protein,

family

just

tract M T - Q O had a

e a c h of the n u t r i e n t s c o n s u m e d

tr a c t a v e r a g e s ,

or

tracts.

f r e q u e n c y c o u n t o f 7,
In

i n co m e r a n g e

t ra c t M T — 50

outside

calorics,

con­
the

thiamin a n d niacin.

the a v e r a g e r e s i d e n t s

the s a m e

of b o t h

Census

were

as c a l c i u m a n d r i b o f l a v i n .

into

t ra c t J - 0 2 , a n d

iron,

tracts

in e a c h case,

t r a c t L — 35,

they were also

C e n s u s Data,

fell

in c ensus

a n d D T — 202

standard deviation

tract a v e r a g e

carbohydrate,

t r a c t D -2 0 2,

thiamin

t racts

subject

L-35

These census

respectively and

the n u t r i e n t s

the w a g e -

w e r e e m p l o y e d b y the a u t o ­

t a i n e d 19 an d 9 s u b j e c t s
of

low

as well.

of the s u b j e c t s 1 f a m i l i e s
there w e r e

l o w on the

residing here had

the W a v e r l y S c h o o l D i s t r i c t ,

i n du s tr y ,

is

above

the mean.

carbohydrate,

According
income,

c a lc i u m ,

to t h e 1 9 6 0 U.S.

and median years

of

157
schooling
s an e

for r e s i d e n t s

range

as

f or L - 3 5

of

income

a nd

it m i g h t we l l

re c e n t
be

tract

fall

T h i s area,

into

the

however,

has

res ident ial e x p a n s i o n

that

the p r e s e n t

figures

s inc e

for

a n d s c h o o l i n g w o u l d be higher.
Types
In C h a p t e r

the

census

an d D-202.

e x p e r i e n c e d cons i d e r a b l e
1960,

this

different

population
so on.

3,

types

suc h os

A g ai n ,

a discussion was
of

gives

variation

terms of

subjects

census

mops,

ing a n a l y s i s
in

food e a t e n

by

s e r v i n g s of milk,

using

f r e q u e n c y c ounts,

of F o o d C o n s u m e d
presented pertaining
the

total

a n d s im p le

evidence

that

survey

vegetables,

tract a ve r a g e s ,

sugars

and

histograms,

correlations,

the

follow­

t h er e wa s c o n s i d e r a b l e

the k i n d s of

to

spatial

f o o d s c o n s u m e d by the

su r v ey e d.

Milk and Milk Products
Figure

8 shows

the

m e a n n u m b e r of s e r v i n g s

s patial

in the

servings

per subject per census

subjects

occur

those census
population

tract

variation.

T he m e a n n u m b e r of
is 3.9,

Lowest mean
and

by the

but

there

i n takes

is
by

t e n d to c o i n c i d e w i t h

t r a c t s w h i c h h a d a h i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n o f black

by

2,

t e en a ge r s,

D T — 202,

highest areas
in the

tract.

in u r b a n J a c k s o n ,

(see F i g u r e

consumption
District,

s t u d y by c e n s u s

considerable

of the d a i l y

of m i l k and m i l k p r o d u c t s

subjects

obviously

distribution

where

p.

29).

h ow e ve r ,

A n o t h e r a r e a of l o w
wa s

t h e r e w e r e no

of m i l k p r o d u c t s

study also occurred

in the W a v e r l y S c h o o l
b l a c k s u bj e c t s .

consumption

in u r b a n J a c k s o n

The

by tho s u b j e c t s
( J — 05 a n d J — 06),

158
in E a s t

Lansing and Meridian Township,

Waverly

School District.

Two o t h e r c e n s u s

milk consumption averages
J ac k so n .
given

T he s e f i g u r e s

in T a b l e

sumption
milk,

16,

of fr e sh

a n d also g i v e n a r e
f l u i d milk.

p er s tu d en t

it can

variation
v ar i ou s
parallel

those

be s e e n

that

Again,

and that

The U.S.

Ce n s u s D a t a v a r i a b l e s

r e s e a r c h e r t hought m i g h t have

with

the

in

significant

a nd the p e r c e n t a g e o f

The

tract s u g g e s t i n g
terms of

f or the

residing

the

deal

of
in

the

consumption of

s o m e of the
Census

those

socio­

Data.

that

the

at

the 5% a n d
Group,

(p.

344)

along

level.

there were

three

,

There was a
of m i l k p r o d u c t s ,

f r o m the U S S R

i n f l u e n c e of a n
in this

an d

list of v a r i a b l e s

in T a b l e Cl

b e t w e e n th e c o n s u m p t i o n

the p o s i t i v e

the s u b j e c t s

n u m b e r of

t en d to

total

1% level.

immigrants

fluid

bearing on food habit

the A p p e n d i x

c o r r e l a t i o n s s i g n i f i c a n t a t the
correlation

fresh

consumption.

chosen were

F o r the e n t i r e M i l k P r o d u c t s

positive

figures

1960 U.S.

of teenag e rs .

correlations

the

a great

tract and

some

are

f o r the c o n ­

2.6 c u p s

done between

d e t e r m i n e d by the

is g i v e n

in s u b u r b a n

by l o o k i n g at

these

b y ce n s u s

factors

considered

with high

so the m e a n

there was

economic

behavior

the

of m i l k p r o d u c t s

the case of

t o ta l milk p r o d u c t

food g r o u p s

nutritional

occurred

tract was

Simple correlations were
the m a j o r

tracts

figures

cup,

in

of m i l k c o n s u m e d by s t u d e n t s

trac ts,
for

is one

study.

in the c u p s

census

In

b y census

24 h o u r p e r i o d of the
figures,

for s u b j e c t s

for c o n s u m p t i o n

t h e un it of m e a s u r e

servings

and a l s o

tract

in the c e n s u s
ethnic

group

consuming more

in

MILK

VMCTABLES

H

*
FRUITS

TABLE 16

Types of Foods Consumed in a Twenty-Four Hour Period:
Mean Number of Servings by Census Tract

P™"
tein Vege­
Milk Foods tables Fruits Grains
Mean number
of servings

Fats

Sugar

Fresh
Total Standard®
Fluid Soft Deviations> 1 for
Milk Drinks Major Food Groups

3.9

2.8

2.3

1.1

6.8

1.8

2.5

2.6

1.2

4.0
1.9
3.0
4.3
5.5
57?
4.2
4.0
2.6
3.5
3.0
2.2
3.0
2.6
3.5
3.7
3.0
3.5
4.2
4.6

2.6
1.8
1.3
2.6
3.1
3.8
2.0
2.8
3.6
3.2
3.6
2.6
2.8
2.6
2.7
2.4
2.0
3.1
3.1
2.6

2.4
3.4
4.3
2.8
1.7
0.8
2.6
2.2
1.6
2.5
3.5
33
3.0
2.0
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.3
1.9
2.9

1.1
0.6
0.1
0.7
2.0
o3
0.6
1.3
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.3
1.4
1.2
3.8
0.8
1.2
1.1

6.9
7.1
6.5
8.2
7.7
5.7
6.4
7.3
6.9
8.0
7.0
6.4
7.2
6.8
8.1
7.1
4.9
7.9
9.3
6.3

1.2
0.6
0.8
1.5
2.3
0.8
1.9
1.7
1.4
1.1
1.0
2.0
1.2
2.7
1.6
2.1
0.2
1.3
3.2
3.2

2.8
4.1
4.0
3.0
2.8
3.9
3.9
2.6
4.1
2.7
3.5
3.9
3.4
1.6
2.6
2.5
2.1
2.7
2.5
1.9

1.9
1.4
2.4
2.6
3.8
33
3.7
2.4
1.8
2.5
1.8
1.7
1.9
1.8
2.5
2.3
1.9
2.3
3.1
3.0

1.6
1.9
TTs
1.9
0.7
2.1
1.9
O
1.8
0.6
1.3
1.5
1.4
0.9
1.0
1.0
2.1
1.7
1.0
1.2

Census Tract
J-01
J-02
J-03
J-04
J-05
J-06
J-07
J-08
J-09
J-10
J-ll
J-12
J-13
J-50
J-52
J-53
J-54
J-55
J-56
J-57

Figures underlined are more than one standard deviation from the mean for all
census tracts.

3
4
2
3
1
2
2
3
1

2
2
1

TABLE 16
Pro­
tein VegeCensus Tract Milk Foods tables Fruits Grains
2.7 1.8
0.0 1.6
2.3 2.0
575 3.2
3.2 2.3
3.1 3.1
4.2 2.6
3.0 0.0
3.7 n
3.2 1.3
4.5 2.5
2.0 2.6
l O 12.4
2.9 2.6
2.5 1.5
5.5 4.0
n
2.5
4.3 3.0
11.0 3.9
3.9 2.7
5.0 2.8
3.4 2.2
4.5 2.9
4.7 3.2
3.8 2.3
3.8 2.7
3.5 2.6
3.5 2.2
3.5 2.1

2.6
1.5
1.4
O
1.3
2.2
3.3
275
1.7
1.5
174
1.4
5.0
3.2
17?
3.0
2.6
2.4
0.0
2.1
2.6
1.4
2.0
2.2
1.7
3.4
2.9
2.1
2.0

0.3
075
1.3
1.2
0.5
0.7
0.3
O
0.6
0.8
0.8
1.2
0.0
1.1
1.4
1.8
2.7
1.6
0.8
1.7
1.2
1.2
1.7
0.8
1.4
1.0
1.1
1.4
0.8

9.1
O
5.5
7.6
5.3
6.7
10,6
6.0
5.7
6.4
5.7
5.0
17.3
6.9
4.0
5.3
4.7
5.0
3.1
7.1
5.2
7.8
7.1
9.6
7.6
5.7
6.3
6.5
6.4

Fats

Sugar

3.2
(CT
0.3

3.5
4J5
2.0
3.5
2.3
2.1
4.5

ITT
0.9
1.9
0.7
0.0
2.7
0.7
2.6
0.9
8.0
1.6
1.3
2.6
1.9
2.6
0.0
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.6
6.0
1.0
1.8
2.8
1.7
2.6

275
2.1
1.1

TTs
0.6
5.0
0.8
1.2
3.4
1.2
1.5
1.0
1.7
n

2.4
2.1
2.0
2.6
2.2
2.0
1.7
2.1

Fresh
Total Standard8
Fluid Soft Deviations >1 for
Milk Drinks Major Food Groups
2.7
0.0
2.3
3.0
2.5
2.3
3.8
2.0
2.6
2.4
3.7
1.6
4.0
2.0
1.8
2.8
2.0
3.0
7.0
2.7
3.6
2.7
3.3
3.7
2.8
2.8
2.4
2.2
2.5

2.6

O

2.0
0.9
0.6
1.2
0.2

O
1.0
0.7
0.8
0.3
3.0
0.4
o
2.3
0.2
0.4
0.0
0.6
0.4
1.2
0.8
0.4
1.8
1.5
1.0
0.7
0.7

4
6
3
3
2
4
3
3
2
3
7
2
2
2
3
1
5
2
1
1
1
2
1

161

J-59
J-63
J-64
J-65
J-66
J-67
J-68
L-17
L-34
L-35
DT-201
DT-202
DT-203
EL-38
EL-39
EL-40
EL-43
EL-44
MT-45
MT-46
MT-47
MT-48
MT-49
MT-50
DH-52
DH-53
DH-54
DH-55
UT

Continued

162
m il k and milk products.

There was also a positive r e l a t i o n ­

ship with the a m o u n t of schooling the residents over 25 years
of age

in the census tract had had

c onsumption by subjects

indicating a g re a te r mi l k

in tracts whose residents had h i gh e r

overall years of education.

There was a n e g a t i v e r el ationship

between the intake of m il k p ro ducts and the n umber of women
in the census

tract e m ployed as operatives,

m il k product c o ns u mp t io n

by the

teenagers

indicating less

in the study

in the

tracts where a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e of these women resided.
There w e r e several c o rrelations
level.

significant at the 5#

There was a po s itive relationship be t ween mi lk product

c on s um p ti o n a n d the percentage of immigrants
tract

from Norway,

in the census

Swed en and Czechoslovakia,

r elatio n sh i p w i t h the percen t ag e

from Poland.

presence of c e rt a in ethnic groups
p ro d uc t c onsumption by subjects
of m il k pro ducts was less
foreign stock resided.

but a n eg a t i v e
Again

the

seemed to encourage mi lk

in

frequent

the study,

while c o n s u m p ti o n

in areas wh e re more Polish

T he r e was a po sitive relationship

b etween milk p ro d uc t s c o n s u m p ti o n and m edian

family

income

indicating there was h i g h e r intake by subjects residing
tracts where the earning power was greater,

in

but there was a

n e g a t i v e r e l a t io n sh i p w i t h the percentage of u n e m p l o y e d women
re siding in the census

tract.

In this case,

m a y have r e s t r i c t e d consumption.
rela tionships

Several

of

lack of m o n e y
the signif ic a nt

dealt w i t h the occu pational categories of the

men living in the census

tract.

Th e re was a positive c o r r e ­

lation with the p e r c e n t a g e of men em p lo y ed as professionals,
managers,

and salesmen,

but a n e g a t i v e c o rr e la t io n w i t h those

163
e m p l o y e d as o p e r a t i v e s

or laborers.

r e s i d i n g in tracts w i t h more men
of as e c o n o m i c a l l y better,
Again,

this m i g h t w e l l

In o t h e r words,

su b j e c t s

in p o s i t i o n s u s u a l l y

thought

had h i g h e r m i l k p ro d u c t s consump t io n .

be r e l a t e d to income.

a positive relationship with

T h e r e wa s also

the p e r c e n t a g e of w o m e n e m p l o y e d

as pr ofessionals.
Correlations

done b e t w e e n

fluid m i l k an d v a r i o u s

I960 U.S.

the c o n s u m p t i o n of fresh
Census Data variables

indi­

cate some of the same r e l a t i o n s h i p s but a ls o some d i f f e r e n t
ones.

S i g n i f i c a n t at the 1% level are n e g a t i v e

between

i ntake of m i l k an d the p e r c e n t a g e of u n e m p l o y e d men

the ce n s u s

tract as well

as crafts men.
milk,

The

a n d again,

the 5# level
b et w e e n

su b jects

in

it c o u l d well

there

these

m il k

the p e r c e n t a g e of w h i t e s

intake w h en

the

s t u d y was a n a l y z e d
lation

in C h a p t e r 3.

ships.

influence.

to low

in the

Income.

less
At

r e s i d i n g in the c e n s u s

tract,

the n u m b e r of blacks.

This

that a p p e a r e d b et w e e n

between milk drinking and

an et hnic

then c o n s u m e d

significant relationship

socio-economic

from H u n g a r y who r e s i d e d

tracts,

be r e l a t e d

is a p o s i t i v e

same r e l a t i o n s h i p

in

as the p e r c e n t a g e of w o m e n e m p l o y e d

and a n e g a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h
is the

relationships

blacks a n d

low

d a ta g a t h e r e d for this

There

is a p o s i t i v e c o r r e ­

the p e r c e n t a g e of
census

H o u s i n g pr o v i d e s

tract,
two

ag a in

i m mi g ra n ts
suggesting

significant

T h e r e is a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n

relation­

fluid m il k

c o n s u m p t i o n a n d the m e d i a n n u m b e r of r o o m s p er h o u s i n g unit,
but a n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h the p e r c e n t a g e of p e r s o n s per
ro om

in the h o u s i n g u ni t b e i n g 0. 5 0 or less.

In o t h e r words,

164
mil k c o n s u m p t i o n was h i g h e r for subjects
whe r e

the h o us e s have mo r e rooms,

the persons

residing

but was

In trac ts

lower in tracts where

p e r ro o m in h o u s i n g units were

r e l a t i v e l y low.

Pro t e i n Foods
Thi s gr o up

includes meat,

fish,

poultry,

eggs,

n ut s a nd p r o t e i n mixtures.

As was seen in C h a p t e r 3,

m a j o r i t y of the c o n s u m p t i o n

in

F i g u r e 8 (p.

159)

shows

legumes,
the

this group was from meat.

the m e an n u m b e r o f serv ings c o n s u m e d

d a l l y by the teenage s ub j e c t s b y cen sus
core are a of hi g h c o n s u m p t i o n

tract.

Th e re

in urban Jackson.

is o

Other

a r ea s

w he r e c o n s u m p t i o n was high are in E as t L a n s i n g and M e r i d i a n
T ow n ship.

These

tein food

same areas a l so contain

intake was the lowest:

in Jackson,

w i t h the a d j a c e n t J-59,

A l s o low in protein
and L- 3 5

tracts J - 0 2 and J - 0 3

and E L - 3 9

food c o n s u m p t i o n were

pro­

in Ea s t Lansing.

the st u dents

in L-17

in the W a v e r l y S chool District.

Sim p le

c o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e done b e t w e e n

s e r v i n g s of protein

food c o n s u m e d in the

the study per census
fr om the

census

the tracts w h e r e

1960 U.S.

tract,

protein food

Census Data Indicated

variables

in Ta b le Cl

(p.

344).

s i g n i f i c a n t at the 5% level,

indicate p o si t i v e

relationships

be tween

intake a n d the p e r c e n t a g e of b l a c k r e s i d e n t s

in the c e n s u s
r esidents.

24 ho ur p e r i o d of

a n d the so c io - e c o n o m i c

T h e r e w e r e several c o r r e l a t i o n s
a n d m o s t of these

the n u m b e r of

tract,

and negative

In o t h e r words,

s ub jects r e s i d i n g

there w er e a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e
m i l k but m o re p r o t e i n

foods

relationships with white
in t racts w h er e

of b l a c k p e o p l e c o n s u m e d less

than did

those r e s i d i n g in tracts

165
with a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e of white peo ple.

T h e r e was a l s o a

positive r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n p r o t e i n

food c o n s u m p t i o n

percentage

e m p l o y e d as l a b o r e r s ,

of m en

in the census t r a c t

in dicating a p a t t e r n of higher p r o t e i n
residi ng in t racts w h e r e
The reason

food

a high p e r c e n t a g e

intake by subjects
of

fo r this w o u l d not be e c o n o m i c as

to be e x p en s i v e ,
income c a t e g o r y .

and l ab orers ore
In fact,

nutritionists working with
too much of

is often

low-income

t h e i r f o o d do l la r f or

enough f o r the o t he r

these m e n

f am i l i e s

Instead,

for such d i e t a r y p a t t e r n s might w e l l

tend

in a h i g h

expressed by

those

that t h e y spend

th is type of

f o o d groups.

lived.

p r otein f o o d s

generally not

concern

a n d the

food,

a n d not

the e x p l a n a t i o n

be that

the e a t i n g of

large q u a n t i t i e s of m e a t was e s t a b l i s h e d as a n
of the di e t b y the f a m i l i e s ov e r t h e years,

i m p o r t a n t part

a n d these patterns

are often s l o w to change.
V eg e ta b l e s
T h e m e a n n u m b e r o f se r vings

of v e g e t a b l e s per s ub j e c t

in each c e n s u s

tract w a s

2.3 for t h e 24 h o u r period of

study.

Again,

both f r o m

the m a p

figures

in T a b l e 16 (pp.

160-61),

in Figure
it can be

was c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n from c e n s u s
F ur thermore,

se e n that

tract

to c ensus

For e x a m p l e ,

there
tract.
the

s u b j e c t s in t w o of

t r ac t s in u r b a n J a c k s o n who r a n k e d

c o n s u m p t i o n o f both m i l k and p r o t e i n foods,
were highest

a n d the

it can be s e e n that a v e r y d i f f e r e n t

spatial p i c t u r e em e r g e s .

a nd J-03,

159)

by a c o m p a r i s o n of t h e V e g e t a b l e M a p w i t h

M il k and P r o t e i n M ap s ,

the c e n s u s

(p.

8

the

in the l e v e l

low in t he
those in J - 0 2

of v e g e t a b l e co nsumption,

166
as were t ho s e

In s e v e r a l

o t h e r urban J a c k s o n

tracts.

a re a s of h i g h v e g e t a b l e c o n s u m p t i o n by the t e en a g e r s
two tracts

in East L a n s i n g a n d one

in

the W a v e r l y Sc h o o l

tract,

D i s t r i c t and

i nc luded

in the H o l t School District.

L o w v e g e t a b l e c o n s u m p t i o n by the s t ud e nt s
f o u n d in J u s t one u r b a n J a c k s o n

Other

in the s tudy was

but

in several

tracts

in ports of M e r i d i a n T o w n ­

ship.
Simple
s er vings o f

c o r r e la t io n s w e r e done

U.S.

an d

tract d u r i n g the 24 h ou r p e r i o d of the

the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c

Census

Tract Data.

significant
b et w e e n

at the

1%

v ar i a b l e s

derived

T h e r e were se ve ral

level.

from the

I960

correlations

There w e r e p o s i t i v e

correlations

the n u m b e r o f se r vi n gs of v e g e t a b l e s c o n s u m e d an d the

p e r c e n t a g e o f blacks

r e si d i n g

of u n e m p l o y e d men a n d wo men

p e r c e n t a g e of males
workers.

A ll

in the c e n s u s

in the c e n s u s

tage of d e t e r i o r a t e d h o u s i n g

related

the n u m b e r of

foods in the V e g e t a b l e G r o u p c o n s u m e d by the

s ub jects b y census
study,

b e tw e en

sub jects r e s i d i n g

f av o ra b le
in

e co nomic

h av e been
the f a m i l y

tract,

and the

variables
status.

are u s u a l l y

In o t h e r words,

of m e n

e m p l o y e d as p r i v a t e

h o u s e h o l d or

or w i t h a h i g h p e r c e n t a g e of d e t e r i o r a t i n g

r e a s o n for

d e r a b l y l e ss

the p e r c e n ­

tracts w i t h a h i g h p e r c e n t a g e of blacks,

h ou s i n g c o n s u m e d m o r e v e g e ta b le s .
e co n om i c

the n u m b e r

e m p l o y e d as pr i va t e h o u s e h o l d and s e rv i c e

o f u n e m p l o y e d people,
s e rvice wo r kers,

tract,

in the c e n s u s

of t h es e s o c i o - e c o n o m i c

to a less

tract,

this,

Perhaps

as c er t a i n v e g e t a b l e s

than m e a t or m i l k , f o r example.

r e l a t e d as well
in past years.

there was an

to

cost c o n s i ­

It also c o u l d

the f oo d p a t t e r n s

T h e r e was a n e g a t i v e

e s t a b l i s h e d by
relationship

167
shown b e t w e e n

the Intake

of v e g e t a b l e s

w h i t e s r e s i d i n g in the c e n s u s
sumption

b y subjects

in

tract,

tracts w h e r e

an d the p e r c e n t a g e of

i n di c a t i n g a lower c o n ­
there wer e m o re white

people.
At

the 5% level,

there w as a n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n

bet w ee n n u m b e r of s e r v i n g s of v e g e t a b l e s

c o n s u m e d a nd the

n u m b e r of ye a rs of s c h o o l i n g of r e s i d e n t s
T hi s

i n d i c a t e d that those

the r e s i d e n t s had m o r e
ve getables,
patterns.
table

o peratives,

fewer s e rv i ng s of

i nd i ca t i n g e s t a b l i s h e d

T h er e was a p o s i t i v e

intake

li v ed in tracts w h e r e

schooling consumed

perhops a g a i n

by the s ub j e c t s

p e r c e n t a g e of women

family

food

r e l a t i o n s h i p b et w ee n v e g e ­

residing

in a tract and

the

in the tract e m p l o y e d as c r a f t s m e n and

but o n e g a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h w o m e n e m p l o y e d

in cl e rical work.
(p.

subjects who

25 y e a r s a n d older.

These

figures ore p r e s e n t e d

in T a b l e Cl

344).

F ruits
F r u i t s were n o t c o n s u m e d
of the su b j e c t s
consumed

in the study.

in e a c h c e n s u s

p e r i o d o f the study.
emerges,
mapped,

however,

as can be seen

m os t of the tracts
less

when

A

in large q u a n t i t i e s

by m an y

T he m e an n u m b e r of servings

tract wa s o n ly 1.1

for the

rather d e f i n i t e spatial
these fruit c o n s u m p t i o n
in F i gu r e 8 (p.

159).

24 h o u r

p i ct u re
fi gu res are

T he s u bjects

in

in u r b a n J a c k s o n c o n s u m e d an a v er a ge of

than one se rving of fruit f or the 24 h o u r p e r i o d studied,

w h i l e the

s u bjects

in m o s t

tracts

in E a s t L a n s i n g and M e r i d i a n

T o w n s h i p c o n s u m e d an a v e r a g e of m o r e

than one s e r v i n g p e r day.

168
It w a s

shown in C h a p t e r 3 t h a t

s i g n i f i c a n t at
both

the

1% level,

the years of education

(p.

159),

of

the father,

person.

to v i s u a l l y c o m p a r e
and m a p s

and lighter areas

the map

for t h e s e

(p.344).

Simple c o r r e l a t i o n s

Significant

correlations between

older,

169).

The

for the

subjects

variables

ed above.

the

census
in the

listed

and the p e r c e n t a g e
t h e USSR,

subjects re s i d i n g in

the m e d i a n

in

years
and

tr a c t e m p l o y e d os
and

female

relationships

of

immigrants

discuss­

t ra c ts w h e r e

In o t h e r

there w e r e

f ro m t h e s e co u ntries

more

ethnic

again

su g ge s t i n g

p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n between

in the

a n d Canada.

p e r c e n t a g e s of f o re i gn stock
fruit,

the

positive

tract 25 y e a r s

i n d i c a t i n g the sa m e

coming f ro m Austria,

word s,

the 1960

Th e re w a s also a p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n

fruit consumption
tract

indi­

by cen sus

level w e r e

p r o f e s s i o n a l s as well os m a n a g e r s and salesmen,
again

darker

w e r e done b e t w e e n

at the 1%

and the p e r c e n t of m a l e s

professionals,

a n d F a t h e r ’s

v e r y similar,

fruit c o n s u m p t i o n a n d

of s c h o o l i n g of reside nts of

in F igure 8

furt her b o r n e out b y

t ra c t w i t h the s everal s o c i o - e c o n o m i c
Cl

is interesting,

three variables.

m e a n n u m b e r of s e rv i n g s of f r u i t

Table

fruit an d
fa ther's

of Ed u ca t i o n

in F i g u r e 9 (p.

These re l at i o n s h i p s o r e
C e n s u s Data.

c o r r e l a ti o ns ,

and the

fo r Fruit

in all t h r e e mops ore

c a t i n g a like p a t t e r n

U.S.

It

for F a t h e r ’ s Level

Occupation-Professional

positive

between consumption of

o c c u p a t i o n as a p r of e ss i on a l
therefore,

there w e r e

influence.

hi g he r

consumed

T h e r e was a

fruit c o n s u m p t i o n a n d

income,

but a n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h the p e r c e n t a g e of u n e m p l o y e d
men a n d women r e s i d i n g in t h e cens us
c o n s i d e r e d to be an e x p e n s i v e

trac t.

Fr u i t

item a n d t h e r e f o r e

is often

it is n o t

169

f a t h e r 's

level

of

edu ca tio n

M o *104

IIo-II•
110-II*

l *-W

IIS- II*
MS- M *

FATHER'S OCCUPATION- CRAFTSMAN

FATHER'S OCCUPATION- OPERATIVE

■
J

r

L

i

T Z

s„
i
m

«wll

MBT

»UBVfT«B

FIGURE 9

170
s u r p r i s i n g that s ub jects wh o r e s i d e d
was

lower,

or

less fruit.

in

tracts w h e r e

the p e r c e n t a g e of u n e m p l o y e d p er s o n s higher,

ate

A l s o n e g a t i v e w er e the r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n

fruit c o n s u m p t i o n

and the p e r c e n t a g e of m e n e m p l o y e d as c r a f t s ­

m en an d op eratives,

a n d females e m p l o y e d as operati v es .

this m i g h t well

be r e l a t e d to m o n e y a v a i l a b l e

food.

p os i ti v e r e l a t i o n s h i p s w e re

Finally,

fruit c o n s u m p t i o n
ships b e t w e e n
Thus,

income

and so u nd housing,

Again

to be s pent for

shown b e t w e e n

and negative

relation­

fruit c o n s u m p t i o n a n d d e t e r i o r a t i n g housing.

su b j e c t s

re s i d i n g

in tracts w i t h a higher p e r c e n t a g e of

sound h o u s i n g — a n o t h e r ec o n o m i c
while subjects

i n d i c a t o r — ate m o r e

in tracts with more

fruit,

d e t e r i o r a t i n g h o u s i n g ate

less.
G rain
The m e a n d ai l y intake by ce ns us
was 6.8 se r v i n g s
the

study.

As

for the high school

students

d e t a i l e d in C h a p t e r 3,

breads,

cereals,

highest

grain pr o d u c t s c o n s u m p t i o n c a n

Figure

10,

flours,

to be one

tract

in s u b u r b a n Jackso n .
fall

in w e s t e r n

pastas,

tract for g r a i n p ro d uc t s

this

surveyed

food g r o u p

and b a k e d goods.

includes

A r e a s of

be see n on the

m a p in

in M e r i d i a n T o w n s h i p p l us a f e w

Areas

of l ow e st

s u burban Jackson,

the

intake by the

a nd the W a v e r l y S c h o o l D i st rict.

a re a w h e r e s e v e r a l

tracts

t o g e t h e r h a d a low m e a n

the one

s ub j ec t s

ci t y of E a s t Lansing,

M e r i d i a n Township,

the t e e n a ge r s w o u l d be

in

in E a s t Lansing.

The one

i n ta k e b y
T he

su b je c ts

in u r b a n J a c k s o n s h o w e d a v e r y c o n s i s t e n t m e d i a n i n t a k e of
g ra i n products.

171

6 JUIN PA00UCT3

■

S U M H I AMO SWEETS

9

'*'V.

ATTITUOC TOWARDS LASMNE

ATTITUOC TOWAMOS LASACNE
li«l

r

V«*V

M M N

■ » ~ l

L__J

□

■us

»

M)?|' AI|A«

IN V H 4 V C

*>»*

M i l

«C»

F I GU RE 10

172
S im p le c o r r e l a t i o n s were done be t w e e n
of g r o i n p r od u c t s
socio-economic
(Table Cl,

by the s ub j e c t s

variables

p. 344).

g iv e n by the

1960 U.S.

tract,

and

C e n s u s Data.

O n ly on e c o r r e l a t i o n was s i g n i f i c a n t and

the 5% level.

between

the n u m b e r of se r vi n g s of g r a i n

It

indicated a p os itive

the 24 h o u r p e r i o d of the

managerial

consumption

in e a c h c e n s u s

that at

of w o m e n r e s i d i n g

t he

study by the

in the ce n su s

relationship

pr o ducts
subjects

consumed
and

in

the n u m b e r

tract w h o were e m p l o y e d

in

positions.

Fats
The me a n d ai l y
high s c ho o l

s t ud e n t s

tablespoons.
tract

That

to c ensus

f ig u re s
Figure

high

in this

16 (pp.

The c en s us

(J-56,

J-57,

excluding

was J — 54,

wh e re

0.2 servings.

intake

160-61)

1.8 servin gs,

can be seen

as w e l l

tr a ct s w i th the
were clustered

J-59,

as the

highest

to gether

in MT-50.

in s u b u r b a n

the s u b j e c t s had an a v e r a g e
however,

of o n l y

the n u m b e r of s e r v i n g s

by c e n s u s

in F i g u r e 4 (p.

two s u b j e c t s

in t ak e

tract.

fat c o n s u m p t i o n

very

The a r e a of lowest

those t r a c t s with o n l y one o r

In general,

in g r a m s

in

fat consu m pt i on ,

census

shown

from the
histogram

fat c o n s u m e d did not v a r y g r e a t l y frcm
Total

the

or

a n d J - 6 5 ) w i t h an a d d i t i o n a l

intake by the s u bj e c t s

intake,

tract fo r

there wa s some v a r i a t i o n f r o m census

3.2 s e r v i n g s o r more,
Jackson

b y census

in the study was

tract

in T a b l e
11.

intake of fats

tract

of

to c en s u s

tracts

is

150).

Si m p l e c o r r e l a t i o n s were c a r r i e d out b e t w e e n
n u m b e r of s e r v i n g s of fat

for eac h s u b j e c t

the m e a n

in e a c h c e n s u s

Histogram of Daily Mean Number of Servings of Fats and Oils
Consumed by High School Students by Census Tracts

SET

1

N *
PEAK s
STD, DEV. a
VARIANCE a
C OEF. OF VAN, a
SKEWNESS a
KURTQS1S a

IQW£R QUANTIlfc

VARIABLE

49
1,523
1,425
2,03?
78,196
2,093
6,255
t

NbDlAN

a

UPP£R QUAHTIlE

•

PAN6F «

45

1 ,44(1)
9 , 07 4)
70, 006 )
9,160)
T , 0 76)

(
(
(
'
t

.9??
1.556
2.55 J

0,000 TO

P.nnn

i
i
i
i

i
i
i
i i i
7-srnpF
srnpc

raw

.4

-3

-2
-l.^a

FIGURE 11

-l
.40

1
1
1
1
1
1

l
I
i
1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1
1 1 I I 1

i

a
1^2

1
J.25

l

174
tract,
U.S.

a n d s o c i o - e c o n o m i c v a r i a b l e s d e t e r m i n e d from the

C e n s u s D a t a for each c ensus

s i g n i f i c a n t at the 5% level*
b et w ee n

fat c o n s u m p t i o n

ave r a g e p o p u l a t i o n

tract.

There

per househ ol d ,

T h e r e were s e ve r al

were p o s i t i v e

by the su b jects

the p e r c e n t a g e of m e n

p e r s o n s p e r ro om in each h o u s e h o l d unit.

ren t er s

i n d i c a te d b e t w e e n

in the c e n s u s

fat

tract who

Negative

intake and

subjects fr om

in

and the median
relation­

the p e r c e n t a g e of

w e r e white,

a n d also

p e r c e n t a g e of o c c u p i e d units w i t h 0 .5 0 p ersons
Thus,

relationships

in the tract a n d the

the c e n s u s tract e m p l o y e d as c l e r i c a l w or k er s,

ships w e r e

1960

the

p e r r o o m or less.

tracts w i t h a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e of white

r enters o r a l o w e r d e n s i t y of p o p u l a t i o n p e r h o u s e h o l d c o n s u m e d
f e w e r servi n gs of f atty foods.
S u g a r s a n d Sweets
T he mea n d a i l y

intake of

t ract for the h i g h school
servings.

The m a p

sugars a n d

students

in Fi g ur e 10,

considerable variation

in the

sweets by c e n s u s
s t u d y was

demonstrates

from t ra c t

to tract.

2. 5

that t h e r e was
Furthermore,

a

ve ry de f i n i t e p a t t e r n

emerged.

Th e s u b j e c t s

u r b a n a r e a of J a c k s o n

plus m u c h

of the s u b u r b a n area c o n s u m e d

h i g h e r am ounts of su g ar and s w e e t s

than did

E as t L a n s i n g a n d M e r i d i a n T o w n s h i p areas.

in the e n t i r e

those

in the

I n cl u d e d

in

the

group S u g a r s a n d S w e e t s we r e s o f t drinks,

a n d it c a n be

from the

that there w a s

figures

in T a b l e 16 (pp.

also c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n
beverages
parallel

in t he c o n s u m p t i o n of t h e s e

from t ra c t to tract.
the f i g u r e s

for the

160-61)

seen

This

variation

l a r g e r group,

tends

to

S ugars a n d Sweets.

175
C o n c e r n has been e x p r e s s e d by m a n y n u t r i t i o n i s t s

ab o ut

the

a m o u n t of c a r b o n a t e d b e v e r a g e s c o n s u m e d by t e e n a ge r s b e c a u s e
of their l o w nutritive,
presented here

but h i gh c aloric

indicates

that n o t all

value.

The evidence

te e nagers ar e d r i n k i n g

large q u a n t i t i e s of so f t drinks,

but r a t h e r that

consumption

with m u c h more d r i n k i n g

is s p a t i a l l y varied,

their
in

the ur b an areas.
Again,

simple c o r r e l a t i o n s were c a r r i e d out betw een

the n u m b e r o f servings
school

students

of sugars

by c e n s u s

tracts,

variables

d e r i v e d from the

p.

In

344).

exist,

this case,

a n d sw e et s c o n s u m e d by hi g h
and c e r t a i n

1960 U.S.

nu m er o us

socio-economic

C e n s u s Da t a

(Table Cl

r e l a t i o n s h i p s w e r e shown

p r e s e n t i n g a r a t h e r d i f f e r e n t p i c t u r e than in the case

of G r a i n P r od ucts,

for example.

arc p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s b et w e e n

S i g n i f i c a n t at

the 1% level

the a m o u n t o f s ug a rs a n d

sw ee ts c o n s u m e d and the p e r c e n t a g e of b l a c k pe r s o n s
in the c e n s u s
a nd f e ma l e s
laborers.
sugar

to

tract,

p e r c e n t a g e of b o t h u n e m p l o y e d m a l e s

in the tract,
Again,

is an

the

mentioned are

a n d the pe r ce n t

this m i g h t well

inexpensive

residing

be r e l a t e d to income,

source of energy,

those who arc o f t e n

of men e m p l o y e d as
as

and the groups

less w e l l

off e c o n o m i c a l l y .

T h e r e was a l s o a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n s u g a r c o n s u m p ­
tion an d the p e r c e n t a g e of
Ireland,

a n d Poland.

i m m i g r an t s f r o m the U n i t e d K i n g d o m ,

In other words,

s u bj e c t s

a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e of for eign s t o c k f ro m
Ireland,
s weets

a n d Poland consumed more

in the

f r o m tracts w i t h

the U n i t e d Ki n g d o m ,

s e r v i n g s of s u g a r s

24 h o u r p e r i o d r e c a l l e d in the study.

this m i g h t well

be e t h n i c

influence

in at

and
That

least the case of

176
the U n i t e d K i n g d o m

is b o r n e out b y the

fact that there

h i g h e r c o n s u m p t i o n of s u g a r p e r c a p i t a
in the U n i t e d S ta t e s . *
between
in the

tract,

in that c o u n t r y than

There was a negative

intake of s u g a r and

relationship

the p e r c e n t a g e of w h i t e

the p o p u l a t i o n per household,

years o f s ch o o l i n g of r e s i d e n t s of

the

tract o v e r 25 yea rs

A s w o u l d be e x p e c t e d f r om c o r r e l a t i o n s

viously,

s ub jects from tracts w h e r e

Th is

giv en p r e ­

there was a g r e a t e r p e r c e n t ­

residing consumed

fewer sugars an d sweets.

l o w e r c o n s u m p t i o n wa s also true of s u b j e c t s

w he r e

the r es i dents h ad m o r e years

the p o p u l a t i o n p er h o u s e h o l d was

of education,

b et ween
in the

F o r example,

from tracts
and where

higher.

S u g a r c o n s u m p t i o n also a p p e a r e d
housing .

r e si d en t s

an d the m e d i a n

of age.

age of w h i t e people

is a

to be r el a te d

there was a p o s i t i v e

to

relationship

the in t ak e of s u g a r and the p e r c e n t a g e of h o u s i n g
tract c l a s s i f i e d as d e te r i o r a t i n g ,

a n d also w i t h

m e d i a n n u m b e r of p e r s o n s p e r ro om p er unit.
tracts w h o r e

from

there was m o r e d e t e r i o r a t i n g h o u s i n g a n d m or e

c r o w d e d li v in g c o n d i t i on s ,
sweets.

Subjects

the

T hi s ,a g ai n ,

then,

m i g h t well

c o n s u m e d m or e
be r e l a t e d to

was a n e g a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n

in

income.

There

su g ar c o n s u m p t i o n a n d the

m e d i a n n u m b e r of ro o ms p e r h o u s i n g unit,
s u g a r i n ta k e by those s u b j e c t s

sugars and

i n d i c a t i n g a l ower

tracts w h e r e

the h o u s i n g

units w e r e bigger.

1970,

p.

*Magnus Pyke,
83.

Man

and F o o d .

( M c G r a w Hill:

N e w York,

177
S i g n i f i c a n t at t he
between
in the

sugar

intake a n d

tract,

a n d also

service workers.
cated between
grants

Simple

s o u n d in

the p e r c e n t a g e

the U S S R

the

c o n s u m p t i o n o f soft d r i n k s

l a r g e r group

relationships

tract w h e r e

th e y r e si d e d .

carried out

fr om T a b l e

is a n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n ,

however.

and

the p e r c e n t a g e

the p e r c e n t a g e

s e r v i c e wo rkers.

at the
It is

level w i t h
interesting

to c o m p a r e

Figure 9

(p.

this

s t u d y e m p l o y e d as p r o f e s s i o n a l s

g en e r a l ,

level of

education.

Cl

the

of m e n

other

operatives

is s i g n i f i c a n t

with

F o r ex a mple,

tract,

It can be s e e n

the areas of m o r e mean y e a r s

also.

the s o c i o ­

p e r c e n t a g e of f a t h e r s
by census

between

is a p o s i t i v e

and laborers

study.

there

employed

e m p l o y e d os

information

344)

s a m e as

le vel

1%

the

socio­

(p.

the

correlation

in the p r e s e n t

169) has m a p p e d the

same

Certain

there

r e s p e c t to c r a f t s m e n

data gathered

father's

of m e n

T his positive

economic

the

while

between

For example,

s i g n i f i c a n t at

as p r o f e s s i o n a l s and a s m a n a g e r s ,

and

are

of Sugars a n d Sweets.

s h o u l d b e noted,

correlation with

group.

sugar consump­

s p e c i f i c a l l y an d the

It c a n be s e e n

soft d r i n k c o n s u m p t i o n ,

of i m m i ­

indicating perhaps

between

that m a n y of t h e s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s
for the

indi­

the p e r c e n t a g e o f h o u s i n g u n i t s

c o r r e l a t i o n s were a l s o

economic variables.

e m p l o y e d as

in t ak e by t h i s p a r t i c u l a r

and

stock

relationships

a negative correlation

su b je c ts

d e s i g n a t e d as

t r a c t f ro m

on s u g a r

T h e r e w a s a l so

and

correlations

foreign

of m a l e s

There were negative

sugar consumption

less e m p h a s i s

the

the p e r c e n t a g e of

the p e r c e n t a g e

r e s i d i n g in the

tion of

5% level w e r e p o s i t i v e

in the

and also
th a t

of e d u c a t i o n

and

in
the

178
g r e a t e r p e r c e n t a g e of e m p l o y m e n t as p r o f e s s i o n a l s

a re

the

same areas t h a t are l ow e r in soft drink c o n s u m p t i o n .
c on c u r s with b o t h the c o r r e l a t i o n s
for the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c
o t h e r hand,

where

tended

C en s us Data,

d a t a g a t h e r e d in this

study.

and

On the

the n u m b e r o f fathers e m p l o y e d os o p e r a t i v e s

or c ra f ts m en w a s high,
s ub j e c t s

for U.S.

This

c o n s u m p t i o n of soft dr i n k s b y the

to be h i g h also.

Frequency Count
There w a s

variation

from tract to t ra c t

in the d e v i a ­

ti on from the m e a n n u m b e r of se r v i n g s c o n s u m e d of

the d i f f e r e n t

f o o d groups b y

16

61)

the t e e n a g e r s

in the study.

gives a f r e q u e n c y c o u n t by c e n s u s

times

(pp.

160-

tr act of the n u m b e r of

the a v e r a g e n u m b e r of s e r v i n g s c o n s u m e d by s u b j e c t s

e a c h census

tract m ea n .

groups considered,
to those tr a c t s
F i v e of these

T h e r e were s e v e n m a j o r food

and so the f o l l o w i n g d i s c u s s i o n

is l i m i t e d

s ho w i n g a f r e q u e n c y count of at least three.

c e n s u s tr acts:

M T — 45, had o n l y one or two
J-12,

in

t r a c t was o n e s t a n d a r d d e vi a ti o n or m o r e a w a y

fro m the c e n s u s

J-02,

T a bl e

J — 63, J-64,

s ub j e c t s

L-17,

in them.

D T - 2 0 3 and

Census

J - 0 3 are s i m i l a r in that the a v e r a g e

tracts

subject

in each

r e p o r t e d a h i g h c o n s u m p t i o n of b o t h v e g e t a b l e s and sugar.
The

teenagers

milk,

however,

intake plus a

in J-02 a n d J-12 I n d i c a t e d a
wh i le t h o s e
l ow fruit

low c o n s u m p t i o n

in J - 0 3 had a l o w p r o t e i n

intake.

The s u b j e c t s

food

in J - 0 6

h i g h sugar c o n s u m p t i o n b u t a l so h i g h m i l k c o n s u m p t i o n ,
l o w intakes o f
Jackson,

v eg e ta b le s .

In J — 59 and J - 6 5

of

showed
with

in s u b u r b a n

the s u b j e c t s r e p o r t e d h i g h fat a n d h i g h s u g a r intakes.

179
In J-65

t h e r e was a l s o

h ig h m i l k c o n s u m p t i o n .

w as h i g h g r a i n c o n s u m p t i o n
subjects

in J -68 a l s o

bu t a low i n t a k e

indicated a high

In J - 5 9

of fruit.

The

intake,

with a

sugar

h i g h c o n s u m p t i o n of g r a i n p r o d u c t s an d v e g e t a b l e s
Fruit consumption
The

teenagers

Wavcrly School
intakes,

in c e n s u s t r a c t s

a p p e a r to b e

reported

as l o w a m o u n t s

low m i l k

f o r those

In EL - 4 3 ,

low a s was g r a i n

the

forces
exist

the
in

concept put

the

types o f

that t h e y

while

of snacks.
12%,

th us

m o r e of
critical

from m e a l s

A ll

indicating
day's

of the total

fruit

intoke w a s

generalizations

information

that s p a t i a l

nutrient.

ag es by c e n s u s

from Meals
by

the

with respect

considerable variation

rein­

do e s
to

the

and Snacks

teenagers

by c e n s u s

ho we v er ,

of

t h e i r total

t r a c t w a s 7 9 % in the

than

in T a b l e

and again
a m o n g the

in t h e

form

the f i g u r e s w e r e 8 8 % a n d

snack foods

supply

Figures

tract,

con­

certainly

variation

high.

eat.

t h a t the

calorie

for t h o s e

intakes

21% of t h e i r c a l o r i e s w e r e c o n s u m e d
For protein,

the

but

of t e e n a g e r s

mean consumption

calories

study,

foods

in D T -2 0 2.

this

C a l o r i e s and P r o t e i n

day's

of p r o t e i n

to make

forth

food h a b i t s

foods

The

low s u g a r a nd v e g e t a b l e

consumption,

these differences,

in the

i nt a ke of s u g a r by s u b j e c t s w a s

Will 1 e it is d i f f i c u l t
cerning

L — 35 and D T — 202

lower t h a n m a n y o t h e r s e c t i o n s

s u r v e y ar e a.

as well.

low.

District

as well

in L-35 a n d

also

was

there

eaten provided

t h e y d i d o f th e m o r e
17 gi v e

it c a n b e
different

these p e r c e n t ­

seen

that t h e r e

tracts.

The

is

W 1 *
I
K | l :zZS

<

5 ODIII

h*| i f M f l

lill I n i n

ill! D l l l l l

I
I? * ? " 1 •
* * i e*

iQ
O
IIII i

TABLE 17
Calories and Protein Consumed from Meals and Snacks, and at Home,
School, or Elsewhere: Mean Percentages by Census Tract

Calories from
Meals Snacks
Mean Percent

Protein from
Meals Snacks

Calories Consumed
at
at
ElseHome
School where

Protein Consumed
at
at
ElseHome School where

79

21

88

12

66

23

10

70

22

8

80
68
67
73
83
69
76
79
77
84
76
77
82
82
81
80
86
74
79
78
67
74

20
32
33
27
17
31
24
21
23
16
24
23
18
18
19
20
14
26
21
22
33
26

91
84
80
85
92
83
85
87
87
91
85
87
87
89
89
88
92
81
89
87
89
96

9
16
20
15
8
17
15
13
13
9
15
13
13
11
11
12
8
19
11
13
11
4

62
63
62
68
68
61
60
63
66
71
59
58
58
66
66
71
79
62
60
60
63
100

26
21
20
13
18
17
28
28
20
18
28
26
32
25
26
22
10
20
32
31
20
0

13
15
18
19
14
22
12
9
13
12
12
17
10
9
8
7
11
17
9
9
17
0

68
65
72
79
74
62
67
67
73
75
61
63
62
71
68
74
84
69
61
65
70
100

24
22
21
10
18
20
27
24
16
15
27
26
30
21
24
21
6
20
32
26
23
0

8
13
7
10
8
18
7
9
11
10
12
11
9
7
9
5
11
11
6
9
7
0

Census Tract
J-01
J-02
J-03
J-04
J-05
J-06
J-07
J-08
J-09
J-10
J-ll
J-12
J-13
J-50
J-52
J-53
J-54
J-55
J-56
J-57
J-59
J-63

TABLE 17— Continued

Calories from
Meals Snacks
J-64
J-65
J-66
J-67
J-68
L-17
L-34
L-35
DT-201
DT-202
DT-203
EL-38
EL-39
EL-40
EL-43
EL—44
MT-45
MT-46
MT-47
MT-48
MT-49
MT-50
DH-52
DB-53
D0-54
DB-55
UT

50
78
82
80
80
84
77
82
82
80
80
83
78
96
81
80
84
83
79
77
79
78
78
82
83
80
84

50
22
18
20
20
16
23
18
18
20
20
17
22
4
19
20
16
17
21
23
21
22
22
18
17
20
16

Protein from
Meals Snacks
89
89
91
85
92
91
82
88
87
84
82
86
85
98
89
89
80
89
87
87
86
85
91
93
90
90
90

11
11
9
15
8
9
18
12
13
16
18
14
15
2
11
11
20
11
13
13
14
15
9
7
10
10
10

Calories Consumed
at
at
ElseHome School where
73
51
63
69
87
62
62
59
59
62
53
70
70
93
77
67
84
70
60
68
67
68
76
65
62
66
68

8
40
33
19
13
33
27
26
33
29
27
15
27
4
21
14
16
22
32
25
23
23
24
25
27
26
23

18
10
4
13
0
4
11
14
8
8
20
16
4
3
2
19
0
8
8
m
i
10
8
0
10
11
8
9

Protein Consume*
at
at
Els«
Home School whei
85
59
64
71
88
56
61
62
58
61
52
76
78
96
76
71
85
71
65
72
69
74
79
68
64
69
71

13
38
34
20
12
37
29
25
34
31
29
12
21
4
23
15
15
21
32
25
22
21
21
25
26
24
22

3
4
3
10
0
7
10
13
7
8
IS
12
1
0
1
14
0
9
4
3
9
5
0
7
10
7
8

183
p e r c e n t a g e of p r o t e i n c o n s u m e d at meals

Is shown m a p p e d in

Figure

the protein c o n s u m p ­

12.

In some c l us t e r s o f tracts,

tion from meals by the s ub jects
m ea n

f ig u re of 88%.

Jack son,

wh e re

the mean,
D istrict.

This can be noted,

the f i gures

and also

instances,

subjects
of

in urban
fall b e l o w

that the

figures

s n ac k s w er e c o n t r i b u t i n g

intake of the

s u b s t a n t i a l l y to their c a l o r i e

calor ie s ,

for example,

in M e r i d i a n T o w n s h i p a n d the W a v e r l y School

In e ac h of these

con be seen

there was b e l o w the

for all but t h re e tracts

s i g n i f i c a n t l y to the pr otein
m or e

re s i d i n g

subjects,

intake.

In general,

for p ro tein parallel

but run a b o u t 10% higher.

On

and even
it

those for

the o th e r hand,

the

in rural J a c k s o n a n d Ingham C o u n t i e s c o n s u m e d more

t h e i r p r o t e i n — and c a l o r i e s — at meals.
Simple correlations were

of c a l o r i e s an d p r o t e i n

and

calories

d e t e r m i n e d f r om the 1 9 6 0 U.S.

the p e r c e n t a g e of c a l o r i e s o b t a i n e d from

the m e d i a n

years of

in the tract o v e r 25 years.
residents

had m o r e

schooling,

from m eals.

s c h o o l in g

S u bj e c t s
then,

for the r e s i d e n t s

r e si d i n g

c or relations,

tract,

also

between percentage calories

c o n s u m e d at m e a l s a n d the p e r c e n t of i m m i g r a n t s
in the c e n s u s

in tracts w h e r e

o b t a i n e d more of their

There were negative

s i g n i f i c a n t a t the 5 % level,

r es iding

and

The o n l y s i g n i f i c a n t p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n

a p p e a r e d b et w e en
meals,

the p e r c e n t a g e s

o b t a i n e d from m e a l s and snacks,

the s o c i o - e c o n o m i c v a r i a b l e s
C e n s u s Data.

run b e t w e e n

indicating

fr o m P o l a n d

fewer c a l o r i e s c o n ­

s u m e d at me a ls a n d mo r e f r om snac ks by t he s e su b j e c t s again
perhaps

b e c a u s e of the i n f l u e n c e o f e t h n i c

e ating patterns.

T h e r e wa s also a n e g a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n the p e r c e n t a g e

184
of d e t e r i o r a t i n g housing u n i t s
of c a l o r i e s c o n s u m e d at m e a l s
tract.
cive

in the
by the

tract and the p e r c e n t a g e
sub jects r e s i d i n g

This su ggests h o u s i n g c o n d i t i o n s which w e r e

not c o n d u ­

to meals b u t rather e n c o u r a g e d snacking.

C a l o r i e s and P r o t e i n C o n s u m e d at Home,
The m e a n c o n s u m p t i o n
c a l o r i e s by c en s us
10% elsewhe r e.
22% at

tract w a s

school,

and p r o t e i n
total

are a l s o m a p p e d
It c o n be seen

Thus

to b e q u i t e similar,

was at home,

with a b o u t

one-

intake of b o t h being c o n s u m e d at

t racts

figures

These

the p e r c e n t a g e of calories.

figures

are given

in T a b l e 17 (pp. 181-82),
in F igure

and

12 (p.

for p r o t e i n an d c a l o r i e s

tract b y tract,

of p r o t e i n c o n s u m e d at h o m e

all a r e a s

school a nd

the m a j o r c o n s u m p t i o n

for p r o t e i n c o n s u m p t i o n
that the

23% at

day's

the f i g u r e s were 7 0 % at home,

and ro u g h l y 10% e lsewhere.

for the d i f f e r e n t census

where

66% at home,

school a n d 8% el s ew h e r e .

q u a r t e r of the day's

School a n d E l s e w h e r e

of the s u b j e c t s 1 t ot a l

For protein,

of b o t h c a l o r i e s

but

thatihe

180).
tend

percentage

is al w ay s a little h i g h e r than
In this

s e e m e d very c o n s i s t e n t .

respect,

subjects

T h e r e were a r e a s ,

in

however,

the p e r c e n t a g e of p r o t e i n c o n s u m e d by the t e e n a g e r s at

ho me w a s

s o m e w h a t lower t h a n

W a v e r l y Sc hool District,
J ac k s o n .
subjects
s c ho o l

the mean,

particularly

a n d urban a n d north e rn

O n the other hand,

and elsewhere.

the E a s t Lansing and

It m i g h t be s u r m i s e d th at

w h e t h e r it w a s

important

in general

p u r c h a s e d o r brought
to s ub j ec t s

the

suburban
Okemos

t e n d e d to c on s u m e m o r e p r o t e i n at home a n d

at school ,
more

in the

less a t

e at i ng l u n c h

f r o m home,

was

in the W a v e r l y S c ho o l

185
District,

a n d m u c h of u r b a n and n o r t h e r n

( N o r t h w e s t H i g h School)
a n d Okenos,

an d

than It w a s

in rural

for those

run b e t w e e n

cal o r i e s a nd p r o t e i n c o n s u m e d

the p e r c e n t a g e of

in d i f f e r e n t

socio-economic variables

pl ac es and

extracted

significant

at

the

from the 19G0 U.S.

C en s us D a t a s h o w a v a r i e t y of r e la t io n sh i ps .
p o s i t i v e c or r el a ti o n,

in E a s t L a n s i n g

I ngham a n d s o ut h e r n J a c k s o n counties.

Simple correlations

var i ou s

s u bu r b a n J a c k s o n

T h e r e wa s a

the 1% level,

be t ween

the p e r c e n t a g e o f ca l o r i e s c o n s u m e d at home on d the p e r c e n t ­
age of b ot h m e n a n d w o m e n
people.

Thus,

in the

s ub jects w h o

re s i d e d

a h i g h p e r c e n t a g e of p e o p l e
ate m or e of t h e i r c a l o r i e s
r el a tionship,

tract e m p l o y e d as p r o f e s s i o n a l

employed
at home.

in tracts where
in p r o f e s s i o n a l

in the

tract

b et ween

from Norway,

s ug g es t s

that

the p e r c e n t a g e

f amily e a t i n g p a t t e r n s

the p e r c e n t ­

Sweden

and the p e r c e n t a g e of c a l o r i e s c o n s u m e d at home,
negative correlation with

occupations

T h e r e was also a po s itive

s i g n i f i c a n t at the 5# level

age of i m m i g r a n t s

there was

and Ca n a d a

but a

from Poland.

This

e s t a b l i s h e d by the first

three g r o u p s o f foreign

s t o c k e m p h a s i z e d e a t i n g at home,

while

exactly

true

There

the r e v e r s e was

for the P o l i s h

immigrants.

was a l s o a s i g n i f i c a n t p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h
years o f s c h o o l i n g of p e r s o n s
age,

a n d with m e d i a n f a m i l y

in the

income.

the m e d i a n

tract o v e r 25 ye a rs of
Thus,

teenagers

in the

study fr o m t r a c t s where e d u c a t i o n a n d income levels w er e h i g h e r
ate m o r e

c a l o r i e s at home.

s i g n i f i c a n t at

the 5% level,

c o n s u m e d at home,

T h e r e we r e n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s ,
be t w e e n p e r c e n t a g e of c a l o r i e s

and the n u m b e r o f m e n

in the tract e m p l o y e d

as c r a f t s m e n a n d the n u m b e r of b o t h m e n and w o m e n e m p l o y e d as

186
operatives.
persons

from

tracts w i t h

in t h e s e o c c u p a t i o n a l

calories
Table

Subjects

at h ome,

C 2 ( p . 350)

then.
that

There

cating

that

subjects

age o f

fo r e i g n

st ock

c a l o r i e s at school.
between

from census
fr om

the p e r c e n t a g e

o c c u p i e d by w h i t e s
subjects

from

relationship

of m a l e s in the

tracts

rental

tracts

are

w as

people

Calories

and Protein Consumed Alone

d e p e n d i n g on w i t h w h o m

and

a positive
the p e r c e n t a g e
the m e d i a n

in T a b l e C 2

it w a s

more

Again,

c o n s u m e d at

(p.

school

350).

or With Others

i n t a k e of e a c h

basis,

eaten:

subjects

per household,

for p e r c e n t a g e of p r o t e i n

on a p e r c e n t a g e

tract

r o o m s per h o u s i n g unit,

a s ca n be s e e n

subdivided,

in the

than d i d o t h e r g ro ups.

calorie and protein

fewer

correlation

There was

si milar,

The t o t a l

r e s i d e d ate

In o t h e r words,

or m o r e

indi­

a higher percent­

the p o p u l a t i o n p e r h o u s e h o l d ,

ate m o r e c a l o r i e s at s c h o o l

tract

of c a l o r i e s c o n s u m e d by

at school.

e m p l o y e d as c r a f t s m e n ,

the c o r r e l a t i o n s

where

housing units

there w e r e more

of

the 5% level.

in the

tract e m p l o y e d as c r a f t s m e n

tracts w h e r e

males

at

was also a n e g a t i v e

n u m b e r of r o o m s p e r h o u s i n g unit.
f ro m

residing

a n d the p e r c e n t a g e

these
with

of

in

the p e r c e n t a g e of

these c o u n t r i e s

There

figures

c o n s u m e d at school,

significant

and Canada

f e we r

for the p e r c e n t a g e

relationship with

from Mexico

the

of

in na tu re.

of c a l o r i e s

correlations

wa s a n e g a t i v e

immigrants

similar

consumed

f r om

the c o r r e l a t i o n s

F o r the p e r c e n t a g e
several

categories

It c a n be s e e n

p r o t e i n c o n s u m e d at h o m e w e r e

t here w e r e

higher percentages

subject

into f o u r c a t e g o r i e s ,
alone,

w i t h the e n t i r e

187
family,

with some of the family,

percentages were

or w i t h

then a v e r a g e d by c e n s u s

r e s u l t s are p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e 18.

friends.
tracts,

for the p e r i o d of the

e a t i n g pa t te r n s
in some areas,

and the

The percentages

tein c o n s u m p t i o n are a l s o m a p p e d in F i gu r e
c a n be seen,

These

study,

13.

for p r o ­

F r om t he s e

it

that d i f f e r e n t

e x i s t e d in d i f f e r e n t areas.

F o r example,

o n e - q u a r t e r o r more of the p r o t e i n c o n s u m e d

w as c o n s u m e d w h e n the s u b j e c t was e a t i n g alone.

T he s e a r e a s

would

include

large pa r ts o f East L a n s i n g and M e r i d i a n T o w n ­

ship,

part of

the W a v e r l y School District,

in Jackson.

On

the o t h e r hand,

f o r the most part,
the figures
th ose

f or calorie c o n s u m p t i o n parallel

the basis o f

this study,

on a v a r y i n g basis.

rather closely

fa mily together

Lansing,

Okeraos,

percentages

District,

subjects

and m o s t

in rural

society.
exist,

On
but

for tract J-10,

family.

This w a s

in

also

except f or tract L-17.
Ingham C ounty,

Ea s t

of su b u r b a n J a c k s o n c o n s u m e d h i g h e r
family.

the f a m i l y eating t o g e t h e r was an

for m o s t of the su b j e c t s

t he s ub jects

except

felt

the p ro t e i n eaten by the s u b j e c t s

of their p r o t e i n with the

So me of
pattern

the A m e r i c a n

c o n s u m e d w i t h the e n t i r e

hand,

is often

it can be s ai d to still

in the W a v e r l y S c h o o l

the other

in

In u r b a n Jackson,

than o n e — q u a r t e r o f

the study wa s

On

Again,

for p r o t e i n consump t io n.

to be a d i s a p p e a r i n g p h e n o m e n o n

true

in s u bu r b a n Ja c ks o n,

ate c o n s i d e r a b l y less p r o t e i n alone.

E a t i n g w i t h the e n t i r e

le ss

s ub j e c t s

a n d a few t racts

important

in u rb a n J a c k s o n and s o m e

in s ub u r b a n J a c k s o n a n d

of

the H o l t Sc h o o l Di s tr i ct .

X

nmm

4

1

TABLE 18
Calories and Protein Consumed Alone, and With the Entire Family,
With Some of the Family, and With Friends: Mean Percentage
by Census Tract

Alone
Mean

%

Calories Consumed
With Entire With Some
With
Family
of Family Friends

Alone

Protein Consumed
With Entire With Some
Family
of Family

With
Friend

22

28

17

32

19

33

18

29

24
27
25
26
30
24
31
22
31
8
21
21
26
18
22
23
31
17
25
20
12
35
0

20
6
15
22
19
30
20
20
20
55
26
20
22
37
25
31
36
32
21
28
35
65
0

21
25
25
22
18
5
14
23
20
13
15
13
13
12
20
19
12
15
14
21
17
0
67

35
41
35
31
32
41
36
35
29
24
38
46
39
33
33
27
21
37
40
32
37
0
33

22
21
23
26
28
26
33
18
28
5
17
19
24
13
19
18
36
12
23
20
9
4
0

25
5
15
30
20
29
26
26
24
61
29
24
25
45
30
38
34
39
26
32
48
96

22
33
34
27
24
6
11
25
24
14
26
16
15
14
20
19
13
17
13
22
14
0

31
40
28
17
26
39
30
31
23
19
15
42
36
29
31
25
16
32
39
26
30
0

0

81

19

Census Tract
189

J-01
J-02
J-03
J-04
J-05
J-06
J-07
J-08
J-09
J-10
J-ll
J-12
J-13
J-50
J-52
J-53
J-54
J-55
J-56
J-57
J-59
J-63
J-64

TABLE 18— Continued

Alone
14
6
20
32
10
27
19
27
27
26
22
8
34
33
40
0
36
20
24
27
28
14
26
25
16
22

25
29
34
37
48
22
21
24
23
27
38
33
37
34
12
67
29
30
33
23
31
33
23
24
24
33

17
26
17
13
4
16
22
13
10
0
18
21
17
12
27
16
10
12
11
20
12
29
16
15
27
14

44
38
28
19
38
35
39
36
40
48
21
38
12
21
21
16
25
37
32
29
29
24
34
35
32
31

Alone
7
5
18
24
5
26
14
24
25
17
21
10
36
26
42
0
36
18
22
25
25
5
23
23
15
20

Protein Consumed
With Entire With Some
Family
of Family
34
33
37
52
51
24
26
26
23
36
45
38
37
41
11
65
32
35
38
27
36
40
27
27
31
38

19
26
18
9
0
15
22
13
11
0
19
22
17
11
28
20
10
10
12
21
14
35
18
17
25
14

With
Frient
39
37
26
15
44
35
37
37
42
48
16
30
10
21
19
15
23
36
28
28
26
21
32
32
29
28

190

J-65
J-66
J-67
J-68
L-17
L-34
L-35
DT-201
DT-202
DT-203
EL-38
EL-39
EL-40
EL-43
EL-44
MT-45
MT-46
MT-47
MT-48
MT-49
MT-50
DH-52
DH-53
DH-54
D0-55
UT

Calories Consumed
With Entire With Some
With
Family
of Family Friends

191
Also

Important In pr o t e i n consumption w a s the p e rc e nt a ge eaten

w i t h friends

for teenagers

u r b a n Jackson.

U.S.

tracts in

The tra cts that showed the highest percentage

of protein eaten with
highest

in the study in several

friends are

in general

those

that are

in percentage of block re sidents ac cording to the

Census Data (see Figure 2,

District,

p.

29).

a n d areas of suburban Jackson,

b la c k population,

1960

The W a v e r l y School
where there was n o

also had high p ercentages of these subjects,

however.
S imple c o rrelations were run between

the pe r ce n ta g e of

c al o ri e s a n d protein c o ns u me d by the subjects alone
v a r i o u s groups,
the 1960 U.S.
F o r calories

and the socio- economic variables de rived

Census Data.

Th e se ore given

consumed alone,

s ig n i f i c a n t at

the 5# level.

f r o m A us t ri a and Hungary,
in the

from

in T a b l e C3,

p. 366.

there wore several c o r r e l a t i o n s
T h es e

included p o si t iv e r e l a t i o n ­

s hi p s with the pe r ce n ta g e of immigrants residing

t hose

or with

in the troct

the m edian years of sc h oo l in g of

tract 25 years of age or older, and the p e r c e n t ­

age of women employed as clerks.

There were n e g a t i v e c o r r e ­

l at ions b etween the perce n ta g e of calories c o ns u me d alone and
the p e r c e n t a g e of men e m p l o y e d as laborers,
e m p l o y e d as operatives.

and men and women

These same relationships ex i st e d in

g e n e r a l wi th the p e r c en t ag e of protein con sumed alone.
subjects re s id i ng in ce nsus tracts where
median
al so

p eo p l e

there was a higher

level o f e d u c at i on ate m o r e calories alone.

true of subjects

Thus,

This was

from tracts w it h a higher p e r c e n t a g e of

from A u s t r i a or Hungary,

w o m e n e m p l o y e d in cl erical work.

or a hi g he r percent a ge of
On the other hand,

teenagers

192
In the st u dy from tracts where
of men em p loyed as

there were higher percentages

laborers and men and women emp loyed as

operatives ate a smaller percen ta g e of the total calories alone.
F e w correlations we re significant

in terms of the p e r c e n t ­

age of total calories and protein c o n s u m e d by the subj ects
with e i t h e r the e n ti r e family or part o f the family and socio­
economic variables.
ficant at

There was a n e ga t iv e correlation,

the 5# level,

signi­

betw een the percentage of calories

cons umed with the entire family and the percentage of foreignborn stock

in the census tract

indicating that subjects from

tracts w i t h a h i g h e r percentage of immigrants ate a smaller
percentage of their calories with the entire family.
T h e r e were,

however,

m a n y signif ic a nt correlations

between the percentages of protein and calories c on s um e d by
the teenagers
census

in the

study w i t h their friends and the various

tract variables.

T h er e was a po s it i ve correlation,

s ignificant at the 1# level,

between the percen t ag e of calories

co nsumed with friends,

and the percentage of immigrants in

the tract

but a ne g at i ve correlation w i t h the

from Poland,

percent a ge of immigrants fr o m Norway,

Sweden,

and Canada.

These r e l a t i o ns h ip s were exactly the opposite from those
already n o t e d and d i s c u s s e d w i t h respect to the percen ta g e
of calories c o n s u m e d at home

for these same ethnic groups.

A positive correla t io n e x i s t e d also w i t h the percen ta g e of
u n e m p l o y e d males r es i di n g in the tract,

indicating that sub­

jects from these tracts ate more calories with friends.

Sub­

jects fr om tracts w h er e the percen ta g e of men e m p l o y e d as
craftsmen,

and men and w o m e n emp loyed as o p e r a t iv e s residing

193
in the census

tracts was higher also consumed a higher p e r c e n t ­

age of their calories wi t h friends.

Ne g at i ve correlations

e x i s t e d between the percen t ag e of calories c on s um e d by the
subj ects w i t h friends and the median years of schooling of
residents of

the tract 25 years of age and older,

with the

p ercentage of men and w o m e n employed as professionals,
a ls o with men employed as salesmen.
then,

and

In each of these instances

the hi g h e r the perce nt a ge of people from these groups

there were

in the tract,

the subjects

from these

At the 5# level,

the lower the percen ta g e of calories
tracts c on s um e d w i t h friends.
there were significant positive c o r r e ­

lations between percentage of calories co n sumed b y the t ee n ­
age r s

in the study with

friends and the percen ta g e

of h o u s i n g

uni t s owned by blacks as well as the percentage o f d e t e r i o r a t ­
ing housing units in the tract.

There were significant n e g a ­

tive relationships w i t h median family

income for the tract,

a n d the percentage of men employed os managers.
words,

In o t h e r

subjects from tracts where family income w a s higher

as well os those from tracts where the percent a ge of men
e m p l o y e d as ma nagers was higher ate a smaller percen tage of
t he i r calories with friends.

It can be seen from Table C3

(p. 356 ) that the correlations

for pe r c e n t p rotein c o n s u m e d

w i t h friends were quite similar.
Who Purchases Food for the F a m i l y ?
In the past,

the mother of the family has tr a di t io n al l y

been the one who did the purchasing a n d the preparation of
f oo d for the entire family.

That this was still true for the

194
subjects c ov e r e d In this

s tudy is e v ident by the fact that

the mean percent a ge of m o th e r s by census
as majo r food purchasers

for the family was 73.5%.

when this figu re Is e x a m i n e d spatially,
Figure 14 that there
tract.

tract who were

listed

However,

It con be seen from

Is con siderable va r iation

from tract to

In Me r id i a n T o w n s h i p and some areas of suburban

Jackson,

the mother was

purchasing.
Jackson

However,

in areas of East L an s in g and urban

in particular,

as the m a j o r

almost entirely responsible f o r food

less than 70% of

the mothers w er e listed

food p u r c h a s e r for the family.

look at these census tracts might well
this asp ect of food habits.
one or two subjects

provide

Those c e n s u s

in them will

A more d e ta i le d
insight

into

tracts with only

be e x c l u d e d (J-63,

J-G4 , L-17,

DT-203, M T-45).
T ab l e

19 shows the categories

other than M o t h e r alone

for those cen sus

alone a c c o u n t e d for less
ing.

It con

bo seen

census t racts J-03,

for m a j o r food p u r c h a s e r
tracts where Moth er

than 70% of the m a j o r food p u r c h a s ­

that a v a riety of patterns emerge.
J-04,

and J-07,

In

a large port of the

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for fo od purch a si n g was ca r ri e d out by either
the m o t h e r a n d father together,
same p a t t e r n appears
J-55,

J-59 a n d J-65.

response,

and

or the father alone.

in suburb an Ja c ks o n as well

in J-50,

One ot her area s howed the same type of

that was c o m p o s e d of two tracts

EL-38 and EL-44.

This

in East Lansing:

In o t h e r areas of ur b an Jackson,

an d J-13,

a n d also J-67 and DH-55,

emerged.

In

these areas,

J-ll,

J-12

a m u c h more v a r i e d response

the m a j o r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for food

purchasing w a s divided in several d i f f e r en t ways.

Th e s e

195

MOTHER AS MAJOR FOOO PREPARER

MOTHER AS MAJOR fOOO PURCHASER

w

MOTHER* HOURS OF PAID EMPLOYMENT

HOURS OF PAID EMPLOYMENT

N id i
I

mm tm

K

‘

n » . it
can-i*
H « * it
|ao-K
in «

O

NHil

«

K O T |>

AM RAR

>M * M 4 T C

NDt

SUM VRt R I

FIGURE

14

TABLE 19

Major Purchasers of Food: Percentages From
Selected Census Tracts

Census
Tract

Mother,
Subject &
Others

07
05
03

03

04

Mother &
Father
20
35
13
03
14
08
08
22
33
20
11
22
50
17
13

Father

Subject

Subject & Others
Except Mother

Other

20
38
10
14
10
23
11

05
10

20
11
15

03

08
09

07

05

03

08
04

10

08
09

196

J-03
J-04
J-07
J-ll
J-12
J-13
J-50
J-55
J-59
J-65
J-67
EL-38
EL-44
MT-46
DH-55

Mother &
Subject

197
included M o t h e r a n d Subject, M o t h e r ,
Fam i ly M e m b e r s ,

S u b j e c t Alone,

Members Except Mother,
Imm e diate

and Other

Subject and Other Family

and f i n a l l y O t h e r s

Outside

the

Family.

T hu s ,
chaser

Subject,

in

although Mother

is still

the m a j o r i t y of cases,

responsibility seemed

the m a j o r food p u r ­

a g r ea t deal of the

to be a s s u m e d by the

family in certain areas,

f a t h e r of the

a n d b y a v a r i e t y of f a m i l y m e m b e r s

in ot h er areas.

As

W ho P r e p a r e s F o od f o r

the F a m i l y ?

wi th food p urchasing,

food p r e p a r a t i o n

tio nally b e en
was s ti l l

the r o l e of the m o t h e r

true for

the s u bj e c t s

in the family.

covered

in this

e v i d e n c e d by the f a c t

that

tract of

listed t h e i r m o t h e r as

s u bjects w h o

p r e p a r e r w a s 71.4#.
Figu re

14

Again,

J— 13) p l u s

h ow ever,

i nc l ud e d

two tr a ct s

the a d j a c e n t

tract L — 17.

On

suburban

the o th e r hand,

r a n d o m l y dispe rsed,
in 90# or m o r e of the

h aving m o r e

than o n e

in the O k e m o s area,

the m a j o r

food

it c an be seen fro m

less

than 60# of

tract
EL-39,

(j-50),

fa m ilies

several

t racts
and

tracts,

the m a j o r f o o d

su r veyed.

Those

in them i n clude M T - 4 9

in u r b a n J a ckson,

su b ur b a n Jackson.

(J-12 and

several

w h e r e M o t h e r wa s

list­

the subjects.

EL-44 and MT-45)

there w e r e

o r two s u b j e c t s
J -0 5

this

s tu d y is

in u rb a n J a c k s o n

in the E a s t L a n s i n g a re a (EL-38,

northern

T h at

that there wore s e v e r a l areas w h e r e M o t h e r was

These a r e a s

preparer

tradi­

the m ea n p e r c e n t a g e b y census

ed as the m a j o r f o o d p re p a r e r b y

seemingly

has

a nd J - 5 6

in

198
If m o t h e r w a s n o t
family,

then who did do

for those c e n s u s

the m a j o r p r e p a r e r of food In the
it?

F i g u r e s ore g iv e n

in T a b l e

tracts wh er e 30 $ or mor e of the subjects

l is t ed some c a t e g o r y o t h e r than M o t h e r alone.
seen

that m a n y of

those gi v en

the census

in T a bl e

H owever,
was m u c h wider.

t racts

the ra n ge of r e s p on s es

W i e n M o t h e r a l o n e was not

ond Father alone

c a t e g o r i e s given w h ic h were
for a c o n s i d e r a b l e
Subject,

the same os

19.

in general,

tracts,

It can be

In c luded ore

preparer, M o t h e r and F a t h e r t o g e t h e r were
the c e n s u s

20

i n vo l ve d

the m a j o r food
listed in some of

In m a n y of them.

Other

f r e q u e n t l y and a c c o u n t e d

p e r c e n t a g e of re s po n s e s

either alone or with other

recorded

in c luded

the

family members.

A t t i t u d e T o w a r d s A S e l e c t e d F o o d — La sagne
In c h a p t e r 3, a tabulat i on
of the r e s p o n s e s of
the i r f ee lings
could

the

ab o ut

(Table 9,

survey population

towards a wi d e v a r i e t y of

i n di c at e c i t h e r

n eutral

total

was g i ve n

foods.

liking or d i s l i k i n g

it or b e i n g u n f a m i l i a r with

T he

In this
responses

g iv e n

were

liked by a l m o s t

section,

an e f f o r t

to a si n g l e

is ma d e

was

there a w id e v a r i e t y of f e e l i n g s a b o u t

T wo of

such as

to an a l y z e

food o v e r space.

lasagne,

a n d the r e a s o n for the choice

su b jects

b ei n g

the e n t i r e group.

was

m a n y of the

su b j e c t s

Some foods

e l i c i t e d a wide v a r i e t y of r e s p o n s e s w h il e others,
p iz z a a n d milk,

Ill)

i nd i ca t in g

the food,
it.

p.

the

The f oo d c h o s e n

is that no t o n ly
this

food,

but

indicated complete unfamiliarity with

the r e s p o n s e c a t e g o r i e s are p r e s e n t e d s p a t i a l l y

in

it.

TABLE 30

Major Preparers of Food: Percentages From
Selected Census Tracts

Census
Tract

Mother &
Father

Father

Subject

Subject & Others
Except Mother

Other

03

20
05
18

20
14
10
23
06
22
33
27

09
03

05
15
22

33
11
17

09
10
08
06

06
199

J-03
J-12
J-13
J-50
J-55
J-59
EL-38
EL-39
EL-43
EL— 44
L-35
DT-201

Mother &
Subject

Mother,
Subject &
Others

11
17

09
25

05
06

03

05
06

11
06

11
06

03

25
05
14

200
Fi g u r e

10 (p.

171).

s ub j e c t s by ce n su s

T h e s e maps
tract w h o

indicate

the p e r c e n t a g e of

liked lasagne v e r y much,

and

those who w e r e u n f a m i l i a r wi t h it.

V e r y d e f i n i t e p at t e r n s

emerged.

4 0 % or more of the sub­

jects
all

T h o s e census

tracts where

i n d i c a t e d that t h e y

liked l as a g n e v e r y m u c h ore a l m o s t

in the E a s t L o n s i n g - O k e m o s area.

c en s us

tr a ct s where 40% o r mo re of

that they w e r e u n f a m i l i a r with
and s u b u r b a n Jackson as w e ll
21 lists the responses
tracts.
offered
census

It

is

in

the

subj ects

lasagne

as rur al

interesting

d e f i n i t e o p i n i o n s about
li k ed

Ingham County.

to note

that a l t h o u g h

percentage

r es ponse

the food was,

Table

in

l i k i n g it o r d is l i k i n g

A k n o w l e d g e of a f o o d such as
to i n d i c a t e a certain s o p h i s t i c a t i o n
lasagne w a s

they were

v e r y few o f

m os t of

this p a r t i c u l a r food than d i s l i k e d

the a r e a s w h e r e

responded

included m u c h of u r b a n

the c h o i c e " N e i t h e r like n o r dislike"
tra cts h a d a h i gh

them had
it.

And m a n y

it.

lasagne c o u l d be s a i d
about

foods.

liked the best w e re

Certainly

the E a s t

family

of s c h o o l i n g we r e also hi g h.

a r e a s w h er e " U n f a m i l i a r

median
these

family
spatial

income a n d medicn

that

y e a r s of schooling.

That

patterns a r e q u i t e c o m p a r a b l e can be seen by

29) a nd 9 (p. 169).

thesis

income a n d years

was t h e m o st p r e v a l e n t r e s p o n s e were the a r ea s of l o w e s t

c o m p a r i n g the Lasagne M a p s
(p.

The

the

this category.

L a n s i n g - O k e m o s areas w h e r e medi an

with"

those

all p o s s i b l e c a t e g o r i e s by c e n s u s

If the s u b j e c t s knew w h a t

more

On the o t h e r hand,

(Figure

Again

10,

p.

171) w i t h F i g u r e s

th i s w o u l d s u p p o r t

spatial v a r i a t i o n does

exist

the h y p o ­

in f o o d habits,

a nd

2

TABLE 21
Attitude Towards Lasagne: Percentage of Subjects
Responding by Census Tract

ke
Much
20
08
20
12
0
25
0
47
43
60
10
23
13
15
26
33
33
17
21
0
33
0
0
0

Like
Slightly

Neither Like
Nor Dislike

20
08
20
24
40
25
0
16
09
20
07
05
10
15
13
12
67
06
16
36
0
0
100
0

0
08
0
29
20
0
25
09
0
0
10
14
08
08
15
12
0
06
11
0
33
100
0
0

Dislike
Slightly
0
0
20
0
0
0
0
02
04
0
07
05
08
08
02
02
0
06
0
0
0
0
0
0

Dislike
ith
07
0

53
77

20

20

0

35
20
50
75
24
43
10
52
55
56
54
32
39
0
61
42
64
33
0

20
0
0

02
0
10
14
0
05
0
13

02
0
06
11
0
0
0
0
0

TABLE 21— Continued

Census Tract

0
09
0
50
24
21
36
44
100
67
50
100
64
50
0
42
11
53
41
43
0
38
31
35
17

Like
Slightly
0
11
0
50
24
26
19
33
0
11
33
0
18
25
0
17
11
07
10
14
0
23
12
09
12

Neither Like
Nor Dislike
14
09
0
0
24
16
19
0
0
0
0
0
0
25
0
08
22
20
12
21
0
23
07
04
10

Dislike
Slightly
0
0
33
0
18
16
08
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22
07
10
0
0
0
02
0
05

Dislike
Very Much
29
03
0
0
09
11
06
11
0
0
0
0
09
0
0
17
0
0
06
0
0
0
07
04
07

Unfamiliar
with
57
69
67
0
0
11
11
0
0
22
17
0
09
0
100
17
33
13
20
21
100
15
40
48
49

202

J-66
J-67
J-6B
L-17
L-34
L-35
DT-201
DT-202
DT-203
EL-38
EL-39
EL-40
EL-43
EL-44
MT-45
MT-46
MT-47
MT-48
MT-49
MT-50
DH-52
DH-53
BB-54
DH-55
UT

Like
Very Much

203
furthermore,

that

if food h a b i t s

improve n u t r i t i o n a l

status,

then

v ar y c o n s i d e r a b l y o v e r space.

do n e e d

to be c h a n g e d

the basis

for c h a n g e

can

A n e f f e c t i v e p r o g r a m of n u t r i ­

tion e d u c a t i o n w o u l d u n d o u b t e d l y need to

take

consideration.

if r e a c t i o n s

food o t h e r

to

It c o ul d be a s s u m e d that

than l a sa g ne were a n a l y z e d for

this i n t o

spatial

a d i f f e r e n t pattern of r e sp o n s e s w ou l d h o v e

to a

varia tion,

been elicited.

City Block Data
A s was p o i n t e d out
B u r e a u h a d made c e r t a i n
the city

blocks

u rban J a c k s o n

in the

(J— Ol

his r e si d e n c e ,

assigned

As each

in w h i c h t h ey lived.

and c e r t a i n of the v a r i a b l e s

s ub j e c t had l i s t e d

T h e y were

that city block,

and simp le

t h es e h o u s i n g v a r i a b l e s

There w e r e a total

in the c i ty of Jackson.

are l i s t e d in the A p p e n d i x in T a b l e D1

The s e

s e l f - e x p l a n a t o r y for the most part.

U.S.

C e n s u s Bureau gives

o f 211

The h o u s i n g

variables
are

then

from the st udy on food h ab i ts

characteristics.

r es iding

for

in the c i t y of J a c k s o n were c o d e d os

c o r r e l a t i o n s were c a r r i e d ou t between

subje ct s

Census

th i r t e e n census tr a c t s c o m p r i s i n g

the h o u s i n g data for

and n u t r i t i o n a l

the U.S.

i n f o r m a t i o n on h o u s i n g a v a i l a b l e

to J — 13).

those

to the c i t y block

in C h a p t e r 2,

(p.

367).

However,

the f ol l owing e x p l a n a t i o n

the

for

c o n d i t i o n of hou sing:
C o n d i t i o n a n d p l u m b i n g . — D a t a are p r e s e n t e d
on c o n d i ti o n a n d p l u m b i n g f a c i l i t i e s in c o m b i n a t i o n .
T h e c at e go r i e s r e p r e s e n t vari ous le v e l s of h o u s i n g
quality.
T o m e a s u r e condition, the e n u m e r a t o r
c l a s s i f i e d e a c h h o u s i n g unit in o n e of three
categories:
Sound, d et e ri o ra t in g , o r d i l a p id a te d .
P l u m b i n g f a c i l i t i e s w e r e m e a s u r e d in terms o f w a t e r
supply, t oi l et and b a t h i n g fa ci lities.

204
C o n d i t i o n .— T h e e n u m e r a t o r d e t e r m i n e d the
c o n d i t i o n of the h o u s i n g u n i t by ob s er v at i on , on
the basis of s p e c i f i e d criteria.
Nevertheless,
the a p p l i c a t i o n of these c r i t e r i a i nv o lv e d some
J u d g m e n t on the p ar t of the i n d i v id u al enume rator.
T h e t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m for e n u m e r a t o r s was d e s i g n e d
to m i n i m i z e d i f f e r e n c e s in Judgment.
S o u n d h o u s i n g is d e f i n e d as that w h i c h has no
defects, o r only s l ig h t d e fe c ts w h i c h are n o r m a l l y
c o r r e c t e d d u ri n g the c ou r s e of r e g u l a r m a in t en a nc e .
E x a m p l e s of slight de f ec t s include:
lack of paint,
s li g ht d a m a g e to p o r c h o r steps; small c ra c k s in
walls, plaster, or chimney; br o ke n gu tt ers or
d o w n s p ou t s; slight w e a r on floors or doorsills.
D e t e r i o r a t i n g h o u s i n g ne e ds m o r e r e p a i r than
w o u l d be p r o v i d e d in the co u rs e of r e g u l a r m a i n ­
tenance.
It has one or m o r e de f ec ts of on
i n t e r m e d i a t e na t u r e that m u s t be c o r r e c t e d if the
u n i t is to c o n t i n u e to p r o v i d e safe a n d a d e q u a t e
shelter.
E x a m p l e s of i n t e r m e d i a t e defects include:
s h a k y or un s af e p o r c h o r steps; op e n cracks, or
m i s s i n g m a t e r i a l s o v e r a small a r e a of the floors,
walls, o r roof; r o t t e d w i n d o w sills or frames;
d e e p w e a r on stairs, floors, or do o rs i ll s ; b roken
o r loose s t a i r t reads or m i s s i n g balust e rs .
S u c h d e fe c ts are signs o f n e g l e c t w h i c h lea d to
s e r i o u s st r uc t u r a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n o r damage if not
cor r ec t ed .
D i l a p i d a t e d h o u s i n g does not p ro v i d e safe and
a d e q u a t e shelter.
It has one or m o r e c r it i ca l
defects; o r has a c o m b i n a t i o n of i n t e r m e d i a t e
d e f e c t s in s u f f i c i e n t n u m b e r to r e q u i r e e x t e n s i v e
r e p a i r o r r eb u il d in g ; o r is of in a de q u a t e o r ig i na l
construction.
C r i t i c a l d e f e c t s r e s u l t from
c o n t i n u e d n e g l e c t o r indic a te s e r i o u s d am a ge to
the structure.
E x a m p l e s of c r i t i c a l de f e c t s
include:
holes, o p e n cr a ck s or m i s s i n g m a t e r i a l s
o v e r a la r ge ar e a of the floors, walls, roof, or
o t h e r p a r t s of the structure; s a g g i n g floors, walls,
o r roof; da m ag e by s t o r m or fire.
Inadequate
o r i g i n a l c o n s t r u c t i o n i n cludes s t r u c t u r e s built of
m a k e s h i f t m a t e r i a l s and I n a d e q u a t e l y c o n v e r t e d
c el lars, sheds, o r g a r a g e s not o r i g i n a l l y i n t e n d e d
as l iving quarte r s.
P l u m b i n g .— T h e c a t e g o r y " W i t h all p l u m b i n g
f a c i l i t i e s 11 c o n s i s t s of u n i t s w h i c h h av e h o t and
c o l d p i p e d w a t e r inside the structure, a n d f l u s h
t o i l e t a n d b a t h t u b (or shower) in s id e the s t r u c t u r e
f o r the e x c l u s i v e u s e of the o c c u p a n t s of the unit.
E q u i p m e n t is for e x c l u s i v e us e w h e n it is u s e d o n l y
by the p e r s o n s in the one h o u s i n g unit, i n c l u d i n g
a n y l o d g e r s l i v i n g in the unit.

205
T he c a t e g o r y " L o c k i n g some or all facilities"
c o n s i s t s of u n i t s w h i c h do n o t hove all the p l u m b i n g
f a c i l i t i e s s p e c i f i e d above.
U ni t s wit hout hot
water, toilet, or ba t h t u b (or shower) are i n c l u d e d
in this category.
A l so i n c l u d e d are uni ts w h o s e
o c c u p a n t s share toilet or b a th i n g f a c i l i t i e s w i t h
the o cc u p a n t s o f a n o t h e r h o u s i n g unit.
The c a t e g o r y " L a c k i n g some or all f a c i l i t i e s —
w i t h flush toilet" c o n s i s t s of u ni t s w h i c h do not
h ov e all p l u m b i n g facilities but do have a flush
t oilet inside the structure.
The t o il e t m a y be
for the e x c l u s i v e use of the o c c u p a n t s of the unit
o r s h a r e d wi t h the o c c u p a n t s of a n o t h e r h o u s i n g
unit.
T he c a t e g o r y "L a ck i n g some o r all f a c i l i t i e s —
no flush toilet" c on s i s t s of un i ts for w h i c h there
is no flush t o i l e t a v a i l a b l e in the structure.
„
T he s e un i ts m a y lack o t h e r p l u m b i n g f a c i l i t i e s also.
T y P e 8 of F o o d E a t e n
S im p le c o r r e l a t i o n s we r e c a r r i e d out

b e tw e en

the U.S.

C e n s u s C i t y B l o c k v a r i a b l e s and the n u m b e r of se r v i n g s
v ar i o u s

types of food c o n s u m e d b y the su b j e c t s

J ackson.

The

resu lts ar e p r e s e n t e d

l i vi n g

in T a b l e D1

(p.

between housing

variables

in the Mi l k

and M i l k

P r o d u c t s Group.

T h e r e was

at the 5% level,

b e t w e e n n u m b e r o f s e r v i n g s c o n s u m e d of the

P r o t e i n F o od s Group, a n d
o c c u p i e d b y blacks.

a p o s i t i v e c o rr e la t io n ,

in

3 G 7 ).

T he r e w e r e no s i g n i f i c a n t c or r e l a t i o n s
and the c o n s u m p t i o n o f foods

of the

significant

the p e r c e n t a g e o f h o u s i n g units

T hi s a grees w i t h r es u lt s

census

tract d at a as w e ll

as for

the total

1960.

^ . S . B u r e a u of the Census.
Vol. Ill, p. X.

U.S.

f ou n d f o r the

s u r v e y p o p u l at i on .

C e n s u s o f H ou sing:

206
T h e r e was a p os i ti v e c o rr e l a t i o n ,
5# level

be tween n u m b e r of

consumed,

si g ni f ic a nt at the

servings of the V e g e t a b l e G r o u p

an d the p e r c e n t a g e of sound ho u s i n g u n i t s l a c k i n g

some o r all

plumbing

facilities.

Thus

subjects

residing

city b l o c k s with a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e o f h o u s i n g of this
c o n s u m e d mo re vegetables.
c on s u m p t i o n

in
type

Th i s m i g h t be a c c o u n t e d for b y

of i n ex p en s iv e v e ge t a b l e

foods

r eq u i r i n g l i tt l e

in the w a y of p r e p a r a t i o n w i t h w a t e r such os p o t a t o chips
canned v egetables.

N o s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s were fo u n d

between c i t y block ho u s i n g d a ta and c o n s u m p t i o n

of fruits.

Although many significant relationships

were n o t e d ea rlier

between

socio - ec o no m ic a n d

the

cultural

Intake of fruit and v a r i o u s

variables,

or

h o u s i n g does not

s e e m to be an

im p or t an t

one.
In

the G r a i n P r o d u c t s Group,

c o r r e l a t i o n s s i g n i f i c a n t at

th e re were

the 5% level.

two p os i t i v e

These

a r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n the n u m b e r of servi ng s of

indicated
foods in

the

Grain P r o d u c t s G r o u p and the p e r c e n t a g e o f s o u n d housing
units w i t h

all p l u m b i n g facilities,

age of h o u s i n g u n i t s with
subj ects
housing

1. 0 0 or less persons

c o n s u m e d m o r e grain

Thus,

foods.

there w er e

s i g n i f i c a n t at the 5 # level.
be tween n u m b e r of se r vings
percentage

of total

several c o r r e l a t i o n s

T he re w e r e p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s

of foods

f ro m the F a t Group and

sound h o u s i n g units,

th a t were o c c u p i e d b y their o w ners,

of u n i t s

p e r room.

f ro m c i t y blocks w i t h these m o r e f a v o r a b l e types of

F o r the Fat Group,

units

a n d also w i t h the p e r c e n t ­

o c c u p i e d b y whites.

Negative

the p e r c en t ag e of
and t he p e r c e n t a g e

correlations existed

207
between

the n u m b e r of s er vings of fatty foods and the p e r c e n t ­

age of d e t e r i o r a t i n g h o u s i n g u n i t s and the
d i l a p i d a t e d h o u s i n g u n i t s as well as
o c c u p i e d by renters.

T hi s w o u l d

the p e r c e n t a g e

living

in so u nd units,

A p o s i t i v e c or r el a ti o n,

G ro u p and

resp ect

to housing:

a nd white.
significant

at the 5%

e x i s t e d b e t w e e n n u m b e r of servings c o n s u m e d
a nd Sw e et s

of units

c o n s i d e r e d to be

s it u a t i o n w i t h

owners,

of

indica te a hi g h e r c o n s u m p t i o n

of fa t ty foods by th ose people generally
in a m o r e f av o r a b l e e c o n o m i c

pe r ce n t a g e

level

in the Su g a r s

the p e r c e n t a g e of sound housing units

l a c k i n g some o r all p l u m b i n g

facilities.

the st u dy fr om c i ty b l oc k s w h e r e

Thus,

te e nagers

the p e r c e n t a g e of

of h o u s i n g w a s h i g h e r c o n s u m e d m or e

sugars

this

in

type

a n d sweets os well

as v e getables.
C o n s u m p t i o n of P r o t e i n and C a l o r i c s
T he r e wa s a n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n

s i g n i f i c a n t at

5% level b e t w e e n

the p e r c e n t a g e of c a l o r i e s

by the

in the stu dy and

units

te e nagers

o c c u p i e d by renters.

h ow ever,
entire

between

c o ns u me d at meals

the p e r c e n t a g e of ho u s i n g

T h e r e was a p o s i t i v e c o rrelation,

the p e r c e n t a g e of c a l o r i e s

fa m il y and t h es e renters.

lation between

the

c on s um e d with the

T he r e w a s a n e g a t i v e c o r r e ­

the p e r c e n t a g e of c al ories

c o n s u m e d w i t h the

e n t i r e f a m i l y a n d the p e r c e n t a g e of o w n e r o c c u p i e d units,
a positive correlation

w it h

s u m e d w i t h so m e of the

f am i ly e a t i n g

group.

This

the p e r c e n t a g e

but

of c a l o r i e s c o n ­

t o g e t h e r for this

same

last c o r r e l a t i o n a l s o e x i s t e d for the p e r c e n t a g e

of p r o t e i n e a t e n wi t h some of the family.

There w a s a p o s i t i v e

208
correlation,

significant

a g e of c a l o r i e s

at

the

consumed with

d i l a p i d a t e d h o u s i n g units.
where

percentage
family

Thus

of

and

subjects

their calories

than

did o t h e r g r o u p s

teenagers

coming

percentage

of t h e i r c a l o r i e s

families

percentage

of

family eating

blocks with

owned

both

positive

t o ge ther.

terms

of w h e r e

correlation,

study and

Perhaps

subjects

was

of c a l o r i e s

of

sc hool.

of

These results

a lower

family

protein

were

but a

with

resided

c o n s um e d,

the

some of

in cit y

school

friends.

t h e r e was

5^ level,
by

a

between

the

subjects

of d e t e r i o r a t i n g h o u s i n g u n i t s

facilities
units

of

to e a t i n g

a negative

witti no
th i s

correlation

c o n s u m e d at s c h o o l

t h e i r total

flush

type

On

between

the

the

and the p e r c e n t a g e

i n d i c a t i n g that

subjects

of r e n t e r s

daily caloric

are presented

toilets.

fo u nd

t ha n home.

with a higher percentage

smaller percentage

o higher

their calorics w i t h

of r e n t e r o c c u p i e d h o u s i n g units,
from cit y blocks

the o t h e r hand,

of d i l a p i d a t e d h o u s i n g un i t s

c o n s u m e d at

from h o u s i n g

there

the e n t i r e

significant at

plumbing

On

consumed

Subjects who

a place more conducive

o t h e r hand,

with

the p e r c e n t a g e

s o m e o r al l

percentage

consumed a
but a larger

where

t h e i r h om e s

calories

of c a l o r i c s

la cking

s ch o ol

of s u b j ec t s.

a larger percentage

the p e r c e n t a g e
in the

of

from c i t y b lo c ks

at m e a l s

calories and

consumed a greater percentage
In

the p e r c e n t ­

the p e r c e n t a g e

renters

from c i t y blocks

of

higher

between

of t h e i r c a l o r i c s w h i l e e a t i n g wi th t he e nt i re

percentage

the

f ri e nd s

t h e r e w a s a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e of

smaller percentage

t hose

level,

in T a b l e D 2

ate a

i n t a k e at
(p.

368).

CHAPTER 6
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
The
out w i t h
dered

same k i n d of s pa t i a l

respect

to

analyses

the n u t r i t i o n a l

in this s t u d y as w e r e d on e

tics.
of

OF N U T R I T I O N A L C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S

These

i nc l ud e

Inspection

subject

r a tios

of

for fo od h a b i t
over space

the s u b j e c t s ,

included census

maps

derived

nutritional

tract averages

from these,

and

characteristics

C ensus Tract and City
factor analysis

B l o c k Data.

and factor scores

passes

bo th

Again,

the p u r p o s e

of the h i g h school

Analytic

from

th is

the

techniques
and

between

study,

a n d U.S .

a s e c t i o n on

is p r e s e n t e d w h i c h e n c o m ­
characteristics.

is to

s h ow

in the n u t r i t i o n a l

students

the

the h i s t o g r a m s

In a d d i t i o n ,

o f this a n a l y s i s

indeed exist

consu m ed ,

and w h e t h e r or no t

and

f oo d h a b i t a n d n u t r i t i o n a l

variation did

characteris­

simple correlations
derived

consi­

of the p e r c e n t a g e

(RDA)

consumed a vitamin preparation.

used

b e en c a r r i e d

characteristics

the R e c o m m e n d e d D i e t a r y A l l o w a n c e s

weight-height

have

studied

in t hi s

that

spatial

characteristics

survey.

Recommended Dietary Allowances
T he p e r c e n t a g e o f
consumed

in a 24 h o u r p e r i o d o f f e r s

the q u a l i t y of n u t r i e n t
While

the R D A of the v a r i o u s n u t r i e n t s

in terms o f

indication

as

to

i n t a k e of a p e r s o n o r a p o p u l a t i o n .

it s h o u l d be p o i n t e d o u t

generous

some

th a t

the R D A ’s a r e v er y

t h e i r a d e q u a c y and t h a t

100$ of the R D A

do e s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y n e e d to be c o n s u m e d e v e r y d a y by e v e r y

209

210
person

for good n u t r i t i o n , n o n e t h e l e s s

f a l l i n g ve r y far short

of the R D A o v er a p e r i o d of time c a n r e s u l t
optimal

nutritional

we ll-being.

Di e ts are

in t er m s of the n u m b e r of n u t r i e n t s
amounts

less than 67 # of the R D A

in less

than

often evaluated

that are

to i n di c a t e

consumed

in

the q u a l i t y of

the diet.
The mea n p e r c e n t a g e c o n s u m p t i o n
tract o f all the n u t r i e n t s c o n s i d e r e d
in Ta b le
in th at

22.

In addition,

These

f igures give

tract

in a m o u n t s

does no t

subjects

(j— 63,

the o v e r a g e

less

w he n e l i m i n a t i n g
wide v a r i a t i o n

include census
J-64,

L-17,

than 1 0 0# and

M T -4 5 ).

following dis­

However,

two

even

it can be se en that there was

c o n s u m p t i o n by s u b j e c t s

the t r a c t s fell b e l o w 100# of the R D A
b e l o w the a r b i t r a r y 6 7 # level.

No

In the c a se of protein,

w er e a b o v e 10 0 # of
nutrient

The

in

less than 67 #

trac ts w i t h o n l y one or

DT-203,

these tracts,

by the s u bj e c t s

in the q u a l i t y of the diets consumed.

The mean

to e merge.

fi g u r e s p r e s e n t e d

i n d i c a t i o n of d i e t a r y

of the R e c o m m e n d e d D i e t a r y A l l o w a n c e s .
cussion

is given

the total n u m b e r of the n u t r i e n t s

s t u d i e d w h ic h w e r e c o n s u m e d on
the c e n s u s

in this study

there are two

table w h i c h give on o ve ra l l

qual ity.

f o r s u bj e ct s b y census

the RDA,

in m o r e

than h a l f

for calo ries,

but no ne

p a r t i c u l a r p a t t e r n seems
all c e n s u s

so c l e a r l y

is not on e to c a us e c on cern,

tract av e r a g e s

the lack of this
at l e as t from a q u a n t i ­

t a t i v e p oi n t of view.
Again,
in m a n y

the m e a n c o n s u m p t i o n

by t e e n a g e r s

in the s t u d y

tracts w a s we ll b e l o w 100# of the R D A for calcium,

TABLE 22

Percentages of the Recommended Dietary Allowances Consumed
By Census Tracts for a Twenty-Four Hour Period

aiurles

Protein

Calciurn

95

160

93

71

106

102

156

90

161

97

166

90

64

66

96

141

97

159

6

2

87

118
111
150
190
141

55
73
92
140
118

“ 61
55
62
74
52

32
74
69

93
128
150
226
216

82
68
80

126
183

69
62
94
129
99

8
7
6
2
2

3
3
1
0
2

153
166
139

111
94

59
77
65

12
81
52

95
94
87

163
155
126

85
98
83

88
54
149
138
228
79

5
6
6

144
168
141
164
159
161
154
117

86
79
69
79
69
92
87
67

69
82
78
75
71
74
54

“ 73
108
98
166
88
100
138
48

94
86
106
102
96
91
102
58

164
140
121
151
12 2
149
161
108

95
105
92
118
103
101
94
56

6
3
5
3
6
3
4
6

1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4

157

91

77? 116

37

151

89

5

0

Iron

Vit.
A

Thiamin

Riboflavin

Niacin

Ascorbic
Acid

Total Number
of Nutrients
<100)1 of <67% of
RDA
RDA

e
---211

78
98
103
114
103
98

88
83

10T
95
98

H

101
94
80
94

2 1

To

83
52

148
125
109
172
167
142
69
175
189
195
156

TABLE 22 -Continued

Calo­
ries

Pro­
tein

Calcium

J-56
J-57
J-59

116
111
91

104
109
16

J-63
J-64

38

204
182
122
48

TT

07

I

Iron

Vit.
A

Thia­
min

Riboflavin

124
128
100

182
176
134

136
109
87

197
187
155

2
1
5

27

06

30

36

34?
84

146
111
108
105
65

192
146
150
186
104

W
124
102
101
100
62

22
285

9

3

12
52

0
0
2
7

254
108
111
162
223

82
62

139
140

5
1
3
4
1
6
4

3
0
0
0
0
3
1

6

93
80

181
134

3

2
1

223
76

193
200

5
0
5

2
0
1

68
98
92
75
70

222
179
300
158
159
191

6
3
5
4
3
5

1
0
0
0
1
0

E

llf
212
175
170
179
92

116
82
84
123
69

101
79
78
54

67
163
138

m

121
84
92
136
75

L— 34
L-35

89
69

147

88

60

109

100

145

117

78

46

73

123

DT-201

89

177

77

106
67

175
77

231
62

244
177

201
91

70

122
403
141
127

66
56

178

DT-202 72
DT-203 232
77
EL-38

108
60

76
120

71

53

71

89

93
86
36
125
89

196
161
157
243
164

109
96

94
70

179
139
98
73
96

165
94
108
156
107

33

i3T

TT

210
92

50

n

iT3

106
352
134
109
171
144
164
289
156

96

212

99
lie
52

95
34

J-65
J-66
J-67
J-68
L-17

EL-39
EL-40
EL-43
EL-44
MT-45
MT-46

Niacin

Ascorbic
Acid

Total Number
of Nutrients
<100# of < 6 7 $ of
RBA
RDA

TABLE 22— Continued

Calo­
ries

Pro­
tein

Calcium

Iron

Vit.
A

Thia­
min

Ribo­
flavin

Niacin

Ascorbic
Acid

Total Number
of Nutrients
<100% of <67% of
RDA
RDA

MT-47

87

163

112

64

74

87

178

II

113

5

1IT-48
MT-49
MT-50
DB-52
DH-53
DH-54
DH-55
DT

88

140
177
224
144
162
165
148
140

87
115
128
90
96

83
92
118
74
90
100
92
76

6
2

62

142
185
211
152
165
151
153
143

140
231
177

84
85

83
104
97
80
85
120
137
88

88
116
152

86

67
78
94
60
71
73

m

134
81
92
97

5T
87

83

86
97
114
115
101

86
138
155
176
152

2
7

1
0
0
0
1

6

0

3
4
5

0
0
1

214
and a l s o
level.

In two t r a c t s

(j— 02,

F r o m a sp a t i a l

standpoint,

Lansing-Okenos

area

than d i d

in the r e s t

ba nd of

those
tracts

faired

better
of

across urban

J-65,

terion.

The o v e r a g e

Jackson

together
(J-01,

the W a v e r l y S c h o o l
Also,

subjects

intake

J-03,

area

J-04,

(L-34,

J-06

L-35,

There

of

intake

as well

as ar e as w h e r e

than 6 7 # of the R D A by the

tract

in u r b a n J a c k s o n
of J-59.

That

the p e r c e n t a g e o f
in T a b l e
space

22.

one

the

there

the R D A

F o r thiamin,

in the p e r c e n t a g e o f

tract,

tracts

tended

p l us

area,

mainly

one

in

ru ral

If a d o l e s c e n t s
by

the

in t hi s

Food

the a v e r a g e

re s pect.
low

intake.

in a m o u n t s

students

in the

J — 0 2 a n d J — 09) p l u s

wa s w i d e v a r i a t i o n

less
study

the a d j a c e n t

over space

be seen

fr om

again variation

the R D A c o n s u m e d ,

those

h a d a v e ry

they h o d a m o d e r a t e

t h e r e was

the

a n d DT - 2 0 2 ) .

teenagers

consumed can

with

present

Re search Council,

h i g h s ch o ol

( J — Ol,

J — 07),

in n o r t h e r n u r b a n

DT-201

study were u n d e r n o u r i s h e d

V i t a m i n A was c o n s u m e d on

only

These

iron r e c o m m e n d e d

w e r e c l e a r l y a r ea s w h e r e

for a

in m o n y o f

the RDA.

the N a t i o n a l

intake

100% RDA c r i ­

a n d J -0 7 )

untrected

the a m o u n t s

in this

J-06,

for iro n

the

including

do i n d e e d n e e d

involved

(j — 05,

level.

c o n s u m e d o n l y G 2 % of

B o a r d of

of c a l c i u m

for the s u b j e c t s

in the e n t i r e

the 67 %

in the E a s t

In o n l y one c e n s u s

Ingham County,

and N u t r i t i o n

terms

consumption meet

in c l u s t e r s

J-02,

subjects

The r e s u l t s

tracts w a s b e l o w G 7 % of the R D A
to e x i s t

in

below

the s u r v e y are a e x c e p t

alarming picture.

d i d the a v e r a g e

It was

the

Jackson

the a d j a c e n t J - 5 6 a nd J-57.
an e v e n m o r e

D T- 2 02 ) ,

but

the

in
figures

over

the a r e a s

in

215
which

less

than 6 7 % o f the R D A w a s c o n s u m e d a p p e a r e d

randomly scattered.

Th e

excellent

in all areas.

part,

fair,

was

to s u b j e c t s

I n t a k e of r i b o f l a v i n
The

with very

in three

to be

appeared

intake o f niacin,

l ow m e a n c o n s u m p t i o n

seemingly randomly placed

to be

for the m o s t
being

limited

t ra c ts

(J-06,

J _ 54 and L — 3 5 J *
The percentage
showed

the g r e a t e s t

studie d.
22,

spatial

variation

T h i s c a n c l e a r l y be s e e n

an d a l s o

i nt a k e s

i n t a k e of the R D A

from

the h i s t o g r a m

in g e n e r a l w e r e q u i t e

for a s c o r b i c

for a n y of

from

generous,

o n l y 69%.

no doubt

in part be a t t r i b u t e d

and

socio-economic

lated,

reason

factors

as

is s h o w n

In

terms o f o v e r a l l

teenagers

in the

the p o o r e s t .
J-09,

The

for
to

study,

In c e n s u s

nutrients

RDA with respect
eaten

in

two o r

w id e v a r i a t i o n

con

its c o n s u m p t i o n w a s

corre­

c o n s u m e d by

J — 02,

J-03,

the

clearly

J-06

and

t h re e n u t r i e n t s of t he n i n e
by t h e s u b j e c t s on

the RDA.

in these

the a v e r a g e

In t r ac t J-54,

l ow a mo u nt s .

(L-35,

Two

four

tracts

D T - 2 0 2 ) showed m e a n

for s u b j e c t s w h i c h w e r e b e l o w 6 7 % o f

to two n u t r i e n t s .

the E a s t L a n s i n g - O k e m o s

a l s o rural

tract

and t h o s e

in u r b a n J a c k s o n w e r e

t r a c t s J-01,

in the W a v e r l y S c h o o l D i s t r i c t
fi g u r e s

the RDA,

q u a l i t y of d ie t s

t h os e

th an 6 7 % o f

were consumed

consumption

the

the w i de n u m b e r of c u l t u r a l

to w h i c h

considered which were consumed
less

Although

in the n e x t s ec t i o n .

there were either

in a m o u n t s

this

15.

in T a b l e

the s u b j e c t s in

J - 0 3 c o n s u m e d an a v e r a g e o f o n l y 5 4 % o f
in J-50,

the n u t r i e n t s

the fi g u r e s

in F i g u r e

acid

The

area,

the

q u a l i t y of the d i e t s
suburban Jackson

I n g h a m C o u n t y w a s on the w h o l e m u c h better.

and

Histogram of Daily Mean Percentage Intake of the RDA of
Ascorbic Acid by High School Students by Census Tract

SET

1

VARIABLE

Ns
PFAN *
STD, DEV. i
VARIANCE

49
161,099
90,697
2990,496
31,593
,365
,439

t

COfcf. OF VAH. >

SkEhNESS s
KURTCSIS *
LONER UUAHTIl E *
HfcDliN ■
UPPER OUAHTJl E •
RANGE i

21

Si ,424)
2644,425)
31,421)
,39«)
,421)

137.135
157.705
1 6 9 . 7?8

5 4 , 2 9 3 TO

300.404

1
1
11
11
11

111111

•

7-STORP
RAW Srri£)C

-2
59.31

FIGURE 15

1

*1

110.20

161,10

212.00

1 1
-1......
2

262.09

217
Simple co rrelations were ca rried out between

the

n utritional variables d erived from the study including the
perce nt a ge of the HDA co n su m ed and so c io - ec o no m ic v ar i ables
de ri ved from the 1960 U.S.
the individual
census

Census Bureau Data.

subject was a ss i gn e d the U.S.

In each case,

Census Bureau

tract va r iable of the tract in wh i ch he resided.

re sults ore p re s ented

in the A p p e n d i x in Table C4,

p.

The

362.

C a l o r i e s and Pro tein
There was a positive correlation,
5# level,

between

significant at the

the p er c en t ag e of the R D A for calories

c on s um e d by the subjects and the p er c en t ag e of women who held
managerial

p os i tions residing

in the census

tract.

no s ignificant c or r el a ti o ns between pe r ce n ta g e
tein and

the s oc i o- e co n om i c variables

T he r e were

intake of p r o ­

selected.

Minerals
F o r the two m in e ra l s analyzed in
and iron,
calcium,

several

sumed,

relationship,

calcium

found.

Fo r

significant at

bet ween p er c en t ag e of the RDA of ca lc ium c o n ­

and the p e rc e n t a g e of female o p er a ti v es

the c ensus tract.
where

s ignificant c o r r e l at i on s were

there was a n e ga t iv e

the 1# level,

the study,

In o t h e r words,

sub jects

res iding in

residing

in tracts

there was a hi g h e r percentage of female operatives,

sumed a lower percen t ag e of the RDA for calcium.
relat io n sh i p was shown

con­

Th i s same

in the previous ch a p t e r with res pect

to m i l k product consumption,

as might be expected.

There

was a positive c o r r e la t io n significant at the 5% level

218
between ca l cium Intake and
siding

the percentage of immigrants

re­

in the census tract from Cz e ch o s l o v a k i a and the USSR,

and a neg ative c o rr e la t io n with the percent a ge of Poles.
Here

the positi ve or n eg a ti v e effect on the percentage of

the R D A of c alcium co n s u m e d might be e x p e c t e d to be related
to the types of foods c hosen by these ethnic g r ou p s— w h e t h e r
or not foods such as m i l k which are rich in calcium were
included in their diet.

There were also

positive r e l a t i o n ­

ships between the intake of c alcium and the median years of
schooling of people over 25 years of age residing in the
census

tract,

and also the percentage of men

employed as managers,
as professionals.

and wo men

and the percent a ge of women e mp l o y e d

N e g a t i v e relationships were shown between

cal c iu m intake and the pe r ce n ta g e of u n em p lo y ed woncn in the
census tract as well as the perce ntage of men e mp l oy e d as
operatives.

Again,

all of these relatio nships were shown

to exist also for milk pr oduct consumption,

and they could

indeed be e x p e c t e d to be related,

as in the Am erican diet,

most of the c a l c i u m u s u a l l y comes

from milk products.

F o r iron,
at the 5 # level.

there we re three c or relations significant
A n e ga t iv e corre lation appear e d between

the percen ta g e of the R D A of iron c on s um e d by the su b jects .
in the census tract an d the percen ta g e of people of foreign
stock resi ding
In o t h e r words,

in the tract from C ze c h o s l o v a k i a and Italy.
subjects from tracts where

percentage of immigrants

there was a higher

from these coun tries co n su m e d a

lower percen t ag e of the R D A for iron.

Again,

a c c o u n t e d for b y the types of food c ommon

this is pr o bably

in the diets of

219
t hese

e t h n i c g r ou p s.

h ow e v e r ,

between

residing

in the

workers,

indicating

There

iron

w as a p o s i t i v e

correlation,

i n t a k e a n d the p e r c e n t a g e

t r a c t wh o w e r e e m p l o y e d a s

a larger percentage

that s u b j e c t s
of

from

private

these

the R D A for iron

of w o m e n
household

tracts

consumed

than did others.

Vitamins
For

two of

the v i t a m i n s e x a m i n e d

v i t a m i n A a n d thiamin,
f o u n d w i t h a n y of
examined.

of

signficant

the R D A of

at

riboflavin,

the 5% level,

riboflavin

between

consumed a n d

r e s i d e d in

t r ac t s w i t h a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e

the

f ro m P o l a n d c o n s u m e d a l o w e r p e r c e n t a g e

of

the R D A
between

living

e m p l o y e d as m a n a g e r s ,

the

RDA

f r o m t hese

t ra c ts

Th u s ,

of f o r e i g n

c o n s u m p t i o n a n d t he p e r c e n t a g e of m e n

study

the p e r c e n t ­

tract.

a positive correlation

i n d i c a t i n g that

variables

the p e r c e n t a g e

jects

There was

were

t h e r e was a n e g a t i v e

from P o l a n d w h o

fl avin.

st u dy ,

tract s o c i o - e c o n o m i c

immigrants
f r om

this

significant corre la ti on s

the c e n s u s

In the c a s e

correlation,
a ge of

no

in

sub­

stock

fo r r i b o ­
riboflavin

in t h e

tract

teenagers

ingested a hig h e r

of

in the

percentage

o f the

f or r i b o f l a v i n .
In the c a s e

ship,

significant

of niacin,
at

there w a s

the 5 % level,

the R D A c o n s u m e d b y the s u b j e c t s
centage

of

immigrants

the o t h e r hand,

there were

p e r c e n t a g e of m e n r e s i d i n g
employed

in s e r v i c e

between

in t h e

in t h e census

a negative

the p e r c e n t a g e o f

tract,

tract

and

occupations,

and t h e

the p e r ­

fr om G e r m a n y .

positive c o r r e l a t i o n s
in the c e n s u s

relation­

with

t r ac t w h o
percentage

On

the

were
of w o m e n

220
who w e r e
Thus,

e m p l o y e d as craftsmen,

s ub j e c t s

operat i ve s ,

f r o m tracts wi t h h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e s of

p eople c o n s u m e d a grea ter p e r c e n t a g e of
Ascorbic

acid,

of c o r r e l a t i o n s w i t h

or v i t a m i n C,
the c e n s u s

r e la tionships

r es p e c t s

s h o w e d the

l a rgest n u m b e r

studied.

variables

The n u m b e r a n d

that a p p e a r e d we r e s i m i l a r

to the results r e p o r t e d

these

the R D A of ni ac in.

tract s o c i o - e c o n o m i c

in terms of the v a ri o u s n u t r i e n t s
K in d of

and laborers.

in m a n y

in C h a p t e r 3 for the total

s urvey po p ul a ti o n.
At
b etween

the \% level,

t he r e were p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s

the p e r c e n t a g e of

the R D A of a s c o r b i c a c id consumed,

a nd the p e r c e n t a g e of p e r s o n s
A u s t r i a a n d the USSR.
higher proportion

Subjects

of immigra nt s

sumed a higher percentage
Again,

of

it could be as s um e d

in terms of the

family

from t racts

then,

with a

from these c ountries,

the R D A f o r asco rbic

con­

acid.

an ethnic

i n fl u e n c e

types of foods c h o s e n b y these people,

fruits a n d vegetables.

This

in C h a p t e r 5 b e tween

su mption.

in the tract from

that there was

in the c a s e of as c o r b i c acid,

shown

residing

There were al s o

and

it w o u l d m e a n e a t i n g m o r e
is borne out b y the c o r r e l a t i o n s

these same gr o up s a n d fruit c o n ­
p os i ti v e c o r r e l a t i o n s w i t h m e d i a n

income a n d median y e a r s o f s c h o o l i n g so that s u b j e c t s

from tr a c t s w i t h higher in c om e o r e d u c a t i o n
c o n s u m i n g a g r e a t e r p e r c e n t a g e of the R D A
In terms of o c c u p a t i o n a l

relationships,

levels w er e

for v i t a m i n C.

there w e r e p o s i t i v e

c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n a s c o r b i c ac i d intake a n d the p e r c e n t a g e
of m e n a n d women

r e siding

in the tract

e m p l o y e d in p r o f e s s i o n a l

221
occupations,

and

the p e r c e n t a g e

of m e n

T h e s e c o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d h i g h e r
hand,

th e re w e r e n e g a t i v e

percentage
tract
were

of

percentage

employed

craftsmen.

income

correlations

the R D A of a s c o r b i c

a n d the

these

and ascorbic

instances

shi p s w i t h

emerged between
acid

the

intake.

be

chasing

fruit,

of

of

subjects

residing

ascorbic

housing

data

to e c o n o m i e s ,

with

the more

also

several

other
the

in

there

the
who

e m p l o y e d as
in the

acid.

Certain

for c e n s u s

included positive

Again,

the

in t ak e of

the s u b j e c t s

relationship with

related

the

On

of s o u n d h o u s i n g u n i t s

deteriorating housing units.
m i g h t well

a c i d by

then,

These

percentage

tra c t but a n e g a t i v e

between

an d m e n w h o w e r e

tra c t c o n s u m e d a low er p e r c e n t a g e
relationships

groups.

o f men and w o m e n

as o p e r a t i v e s ,

In

e m p l o y e d as m a n a g e r s .

tracts

relation­

in the

the p e r c e n t a g e o f

all

of th e s e v a r i a b l e s

particularly

affluent

to the

pur­

groups purchasing

more.
There

were

the 5J& level.

These

the p e r c e n t a g e

of

percentage

included positive

the R D A of a s c o r b i c

of residents

N o r w a y und Sweden.
between vitamin C
in the c e n s u s

in

There
intake

the c e n s u s

significant

correlations
acid consumed,
tract

at

between
and

the

from Hungary,

were also positive correlations
a n d the p e r c e n t a g e of m e n r e s i d i n g

t r a c t e m p l o y e d as s a l e s m e n ,

of w o m e n e m p l o y e d as m a n a g e r s .
relationships

correlations

that a p p e a r e d

These

are

s i g n i f i c a n t at

and

the p e r c e n t a g e

the

same kinds of

the

1%

level.

222
C i t y B l oc k V a r i a b l e s
S i m p l e c o r r e l a t i o n s were c o r r i n d o ut also between
the p e r c e n t a g e of the R D A c o n s u m e d for the v a r i o u s n u t r i e n t s
s tu d i e d by the r e s i d e n t s
var i a b l e s a v a i l a b l e
blocks

of the c i t y of J a ck s o n ,

f r om the 1 9 6 0 U.S.

in w h i c h the s u bjects resided.

seen in the A p p e n d i x

in Table D3,

p.

C e n s u s D a ta for the
The

protein,
housing

b et w e e n
ca lories,

units

a n d niacin,

from c i t y bl ocks w h e r e

a nd

nutrients.

Th e re w e re

c an t at the

5% level,

In o t h e r words,

i ntake of

b et w ee n

the R D A of v i t a m i n A

the p e r c e n t a g e of the RD A of

A p o s i t i v e r el a ti o ns hi p ,

appeared between

the R D A for

the percen t ag e o f

Thus,

subjects

from

there were a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e of bl a ck s

foods w h i c h gave

iron,

signi­

c o n s u m e d a n d the p e r c e n t a g e of h o u s i n g

in the block o c c u p i e d by blacks.

residing chose

also s i g n i f i ­

c o n s u m e d and the p e r c e n t a g e of h o u s i n g

the 1% level,

c i t y b locks w h e r e

subjec ts

the R D A for t h e s e

po s itive c o r r e l a t i o n s ,

units o c c u p i e d by blacks.

units

the p e r c e n t a g e of s o u n d

there w a s a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e of s o u n d

h ou s in g h ad a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e

ficant at

s i g n i f i c a n t at the

the p e r c e n t a g e of the R D A c o n s u m e d for

in the c i ty block.

iron a n d of niacin

results con be

371.

T h e r e was a p o s i t i v e c or r el a ti o n,
5% level,

and h o u s i n g

n iacin,

t he m a h i g h e r p er c en t ag e o f

and v i t a m i n A.

T h e s e w er e the o n ly s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s that
a p p e a r e d b e t w e e n p e r c e n t a g e s of

the R D A ' s

c o n s u m e d and t h e

h o u s i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s when c o n s i d e r e d b l o c k by block.
A l t h o u g h a few s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s

appeared,

they

e x p l a i n e d o n l y a v e r y small p e r c e n t a g e of the variation.

223
Weight-Height Relationships
T he
shape

sy s t e m u s e d to c l a s s i f y e ac h s u b j e c t as

(underweight

£l J , s l e n d e r 12j , n or m al L3] , s t o c k y [4j ,

o v e r w e i g h t (J5j , a n d obese U>J ) was d e s c r i b e d
4.

The

these f i gures

figure

for each c en s us

te n d to h o v e r between

a n d the n ormal
here,

gr o u p s w h i c h were

by c e n s u s

tract,

It can

be seen that

there ore

O f course,

Ho wever,

in Table
in Fi g u r e

Jack son,

T h e s e were

in

and a p o r t i o n of

obesity continues
U n i t e d St ates,

of

the s o u t h w e s t e r n
the W a v e r l y S ch o o l

i m po r t a n t

(p.

Ip) ) to b r i n g

33).

the s u b j e c t s
section

rose

of urban

di strict.

Si n ce
in

the

to i d e n t i f y those a r e a s

is a p o t e n t i a l problem.

c e r t a i n l y c o n t a i n e d some s u b j e c t s
and/t>r

These

to be the n u m b e r on e h e a l t h p r o b l e m

it seems

where overweight

The a v e r a g e

23.
3,

even

two d i s t i n c t core a r e a s w h e r e

the a v e r a g e w e i g h t — h e ig h t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
3.10.

to

13j , the s l e n d e r

the largest.

c la s s e s w e r e also m a p p e d a n d are shown

w .

tract.

|j2j a n d

are p r e s e n t e d

2 and

then u s e d

there was c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n o v e r space.

figures,

above

in C h a p t e r s

f igure o b t a i n e d f or each s u bj e ct w a s

o bt a in an a v e r a g e

to b o d y

T h e s e c o r e ar e as

in the u p p e r c l a s s e s

the tract a v e r a g e

to the

( (jQ ,

level

of

%

3. 10 o r over.
S i m p l e c o r r e l a t i o n s w er e d on e b e t w e e n

the w e i g h t —

h e i g h t ra t io of the s u b j e c t s and s e l e c t e d s o c i o - e c o n o m i c
variables

b a s e d on

the U.S.

w h i c h t h e y resided.
(p. 362).

found.

for the t ra c ts

The r e s u l t s ar e p r e s e n t e d

It can be seen

relationships

Ce n su s D a t a

that there were

in

in T a b l e C4

several

significant

It should be r e m e m b e r e d in the f o l l o w i n g

224
TABLE

23

Weight-Height Classification Averages
by C e n s u s T r a c t
Census
Tract

A v e r a g e W/ll
Classification

J-Ol
J — 02
J-03
J — 04
J — 05
J-06
J — 07
J — 08
J — 09
J-IO
J-ll
J-12
J — 13
J — 50
J— 52
J-53
J — 54
J — 55
J — 56
J — 57
J — 59
J — 63
J — 64
J — 65

2. 73
2.85
2.60
2.71
2.80
2. 25
3. 00
2.76
2. 52
3. 30
3. 38
3. 23
3.18
2. 77
2.83
2.80
3 .0 0
2.94
3.00
2. 45
2.67
2.00
2.00
2.00

Census
Tract
J — 66
J — 67
J — 68
L — 17
L — 34
L — 35
D T — 201
DT-202
D T — 203
EL-38
EL-39
EL-40
EL-43
E L - 44
MT-45
MT-46
MT-47
MT-48
MT-49
MT-50
DU—5 2
DU-53
DII-54
DH-55
UT

Average w /h
Classification
3.00
3.17
2.00
3. 50
2. 52
3. 47
2. 72
3.11
3.00
2 . 22
2. 50
3. 25
2. 55
2. 75
6.00
2. 75
3.44
2.67
2. 59
2.57
2. 25
2.85
3.00
2. 74
2. 89

225
discussion

that

the h i g h e r the n u m b e r of the c l a s s if i ca t io n ,

the h e a v i e r the student wa s
o t h e r words,
was

in re l ation

the hi g h er the number,

In

the c l o s e r the s ub j ec t

to b e i n g c l a s s i f i e d as obese.

l ations w o u l d

to his height.

T h e r e f o r e p os i ti v e

corre­

indicate a r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h overw eight,

negative correlations would

while

indicate a r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h

underweight.
T h e r e we r e n e g a t i v e
1%

level,

c or r el a ti o ns ,

immigrants

USSR.

Thus,

r e siding

in the tr a ct

subjec t s f ro m these

u nd e rw e ig h t.

age a n d me d ia n

t racts t e n d e d m or e

towards

in the tract o ve r 25 y e a r s

f am i l y income.

in the study w h o

also.

Thi s w o u l d

r es i d e d

family income and level

underweight

from H u n g a r y a n d the

A l s o n e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d we r e mean ye a rs

s c h o o l i n g of p e op l e r e s i d i n g

higher

the

b e t w e e n w e i g h t - h e i g h t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a nd the p e r c e n t ­

age of

te enagers

s i g n i f i c a n t at

indicate

of
of

that

the

in tr a c t s w he r e there was

of e d u c a t i o n

te n de d to be m o r e

There w a s a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n

between

the w e i g h t - h e i g h t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and the p e r c e n t a g e o f u n ­
e m p l o y e d m e n r e si d i n g
tra cts

then t e n d e d more
There were

level,

in the tract.

Subjects

fro m these

to w a r d s obesity.

several

c o rr e la t io n s,

s i g n i f i c a n t at

the

bet ween w e i g h t - h e i g h t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d the o c c u p a t i o n a l

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f both m e n and w o me n
T he r e we r e n e g a t i v e co r re l at i on s ,
towa rds u n d e r w e i g h t

for the

residing

in the

tracts.

indicating a tendency

subject r e s i d i n g in the tract,

w it h the p e r c e n t a g e of b o t h men a n d w o m e n e m p l o y e d as p r o ­
fe ssionals,

a nd w i t h men e m p l o y e d as m a n a g e r s or sal esmen.

226
T h e r e were p o s i t i v e co r re l at i on s ,
towards overweight
with

for the subj ects

the p e r c e n t a g e of m e n

and women

indicating a tendency
in the

tract,

e m p l o y e d as c r a f t s m e n a n d both m e n

e m p l o y e d as operati v es .

correlation between

residing

T h e r e w a s also a pos itive

the p e r c e n t a g e

of d i l a p i d a t e d h o u s i n g

units

in the tract an d the w e i g h t - h e i g h t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ,

again

i nd i ca t i n g a t e n d e n c y

jects

r e si d i n g

towards o v e r w e i g h t

in tracts w h e r e

for

the sub­

the p e r c e n t a g e of d i l a p i d a t e d

h o u s e s was higher.
Several c o r r e l a t i o n s were
These

Inclu d ed a n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h

residents
Sweden,

in the

but a p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p w it h

the w e i g h t - h e i g h t

units

but a n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n with the p e r c e n t ­
in c l e r i c a l

po s it i on s .

r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h the p e r c e n t a g e

in the tract,

where

Thus,

but a p o s i t i v e

teenagers

there was

of s o u n d h o us i ng

relationship with

the

o r more p e r s o n s per

in the s t u d y who r e s i d e d in tracts

service workers

as d i d those

p e r r o o m was gr e ater.
where

T h e r e was also

a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e of u n e m p l o y e d women,

of p e o p l e e m p l o y e d as
overweight,

be tween

in the tract wh o w e r e e m p l o y e d as

p e r c e n t a g e o f h o u s i n g u n i t s h a v i n g 1.01
room.

the p e r c e n t a g e of

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d the p e r c e n t a g e of both

age of w om e n e m p l o y e d
a negative

from N o r w a y and

Th e re was a p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n

and women r e s i d i n g

s e r v i c e workers,

5$ level.

the p e r c e n t a g e of

tract w h o o r i g i n a l l y came

u n e m p l o y e d women.

men

s i g n i f i c a n t at the

On

t e n d e d more

and

towards

from t r ac t s w h e r e p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y
the o t h e r hand,

subjects

from tracts

there w as a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e of f o r e i g n s t o c k from

227
N o r w a y a n d Sweden
sub j ec t s

t e n d e d mo re

from t r ac t s wh e re

positions.

true

of these

r e la t i o n s h i p s .

Nonetheless,

influ e nc e

T h e s t o r a g e of e x t r a ca l o r i e s
towards u n d e r w e i g h t was
o v e r w e ig h t.

for

but r a t h e r

that e x i s t e d

in the

that p r o x i m i t y to

of the p a r t i c u l a r v a r i a b l e

in g e n e r a l

on the ar e a studied.

for the s u bj e c t s wh o t e n d e d

less t ha n for th ose who

t e n d e d towards

c o u l d have be e n b e c a u s e

they ate

fewer

calories

or the y b u r n e d up m o r e calories,

or both.

The

tendency

towards u n d e r w e i g h t

ethnic

This

variables

family,

it is a s s u m e d

an d the p r e v a l e n c e

b e i n g s t u d i e d had an

for the a p p e a r a n c e

to s o c i o - e c o n o m i c

f o r the p e r c e n t a g e of this v a r i a b l e

these people,

from tr acts where

It s h o u l d be r e m e m b e r e d that the

the s u b j e c t h i m s e l f or his i mm e d i a t e

tract.

same t e nd e n c y

of sound housing.

r e a s o n s m i g h t be a d v a n c e d

c o r r e l a t i o n s a p p l i e d not

ent ire

The

for su b je c ts

there w a s a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e
Several

as did

there was a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e of

w o m e n e m p l o y e d in c le r i c a l
towards u n d e r w e i g h t was

towards u n d e r w e i g h t ,

groups:

these g r o u p s
or perhaps

Hu n g a r y ,

stress

s e e m e d to be r el a t e d

USSR,

N o r w a y a n d Sweden.

the o v e r a l l

they c h o o s e

foods

have l o w e r c al o ri c v a l u e s

for

value of

than other

m o r e y e a r s of sc hooling,

sound ho u sing.

This would also

c a t e g o r i e s of p r o f e s s i o n a l s ,
o th e r hand,

Pe rhaps

lack of overwe i gh t ,

their m e a l s
groups.

r ea sons could be s u g g e s t e d fo r groups w h o
income,

to some

that
T he

tend to
same

had h i g h e r fa m il y

and a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e of
be r e l a t e d to the oc c u p a t i o n a l

m a n a g e r s a n d salesmen.

On the

o t h e r su b j e c t s w h o came f r o m t ra c ts c o n t a i n i n g a

228
higher percentage of residents
characteristics

t e n d e d mo r e

with

towards

v a r i e t y of r e a s o n s m i g h t a c c o u n t
that

to be ’’big"

in the

is

different

overweight.

fo r this

a good thing,

of m o r e

fo ods w h i c h are

least

su gars,

food.

It

e xp e ns i v e ,

are o f t e n h i g h

cam e

fact
from

that

tracts w h e r e

p e o p l e o r th in gs w h i c h
economic
men,

status:

operatives,

h ig h p o p u l a t i o n

or

p e r se r ving,

on a r e g u l a r b a s i s
These percentages
can e a s i l y be se en

there w e r e

that

a n d so

overweight

higher percentages

pe r s o n s

and

is s u p p o r t e d by

indicated perhaps

les s

of

favorable

e m p l o y e d as c r a f t s ­

d i l a p i d a t e d h ou sing,

and

of V i t a m i n P r e p a r a t i o n s
of s u b j e c t s w h o

is p r e s e n t e d
are

th at there

took v i t a m i n p r e p a r a t i o n s

by c e n s u s

also m a p p e d

tract

in F i g u r e 6

in T a b l e

(p.

is w i d e v a r i a t i o n

in t e rm s o f the use o f

154).

24.
It

from tract

such preparations.

If t h e

of v i t a m i n pills on a r e g u l a r b a s i s c a n be s a i d

to i n d i c a t e a f a m i l y ' s c o n c e r n
of t h e i r teenager,
degree

or simply

d e n s i t y p e r h o u s i n g unit.

T he p e r c e n t a g e

consumption

This

s er v i c e w o r k e r s ,

The U s e

to t r a c t

of foods

va l ue ,

tended towards

unemployment,

idea

su ch as g r a i n p ro d u c t s ,

in c a l o r i e s

the s u b j e c t s who

the

s h o u l d be p o i n t e d out

e c o n o m i c s m a y p l a y a po rt as we ll.
the

Again, a

including

o r the c h o i c e

diet w h i c h w e r e h i g h e r in c a l o r i c

the c o n s u m p t i o n

socio-economic

th e n s u ch c o n c e r n

in so me a re a s .

h a r d l y be s ai d to
It c o u l d a l s o

f o r the n u t r i t i o n a l
is m a n i f e s t e d

On the o t h e r hand,

indicate

indifference,

well-being
to a l a r g e

n o n — consumption
although

i n d i c a t e the f e e l i n g of the f a m i l y

it may.
that s u c h

can

229
p r o d u c t s ore u n n e c e s s a r y
of

(as t h ey u s u a l l y are) when

foods w i t h high n u t r i t i o n a l

school

student.

O n ly t h r e e tracts

h a d m o r e th an 50# of t he
vitamin preparations on
tracts

fell

into

t he m c o n s u m e d
J — 08,
DH-55.

J-10,

J-53,

(sec page

a h i gh p e r c e n t a g e

q u a l i t y of
d e r e d good,

an d J-54)

the s u b j e c t s
T hese

MT-46,

in

i n clude

MT-48,

M T - 5 0 and

the a v e r a g e q u a l i t y

in t he

tract w a s c o n s i ­

in terms of the p e r c e n t a g e c o n s u m p t i o n
215).
of

O ut

in m o s t

cases,

the

tracts

the s t u d e n t s c o n s u m e d v i t a m i n

on a d a i l y basis w e r e

the diet of

the hi gh

H o w e v e r s ev e ra l

regular l y.

DT -202,

to

in them ta k in g

3 0 - 4 9 # of

L — 34, DT -202,
tracts,

DT-203,

residing

the s u b j e c t s r e s i d i n g

d e r e d low w h e n a n a l y z e d

preparations

(J-05,

a re g u l a r basis.

the r a n g e where

In one of these

o f the diet of

where

subjects

such p r e p a r a t i o n s

J-52,

o f the RD A 's

v a l u e are a v a i l a b l e

a variety

tracts where

the a v e r a g e

t h e s e s t ud e n t s c o u l d also be c o n s i ­

if not e x c e l l e n t ,

J — 53, MT-46, MT-48, M T - G O

on

the a v e r a g e

and DH-55).

(J-08,

J-10,

J-52,

230
TABLE

24

P e r c e n t a g e s of H i g h School S t u d e n t s U s i n g
V i t a m i n P r e p a r a t i o n s by C e n s u s T r a c t
Census
Tract
J-Ol
J — 02
J-03
J — 04
J-05
J-06
J — 07
J — 08
J — 09
J-10
J-ll
J — 12
J — 13
J — 50
J-52
J-53
J-54
J — 55
J — 56
J — 57
J — 59
J — 63
J — 64

Jl
07
15

oo
12
60
00
OO
31
17
30
17
OO
21
23
32
33
66
17
05
18
00
00

oo

Census
T ra c t
J — 65
J — 66
J_67
J — 68
L — 17
L — 34
L — 35
D T — 201
DT-202
DT-203
EL-38
E L - 39
EL-40
E L - 43
EL-4 4
MT-45
MT-46
MT-47
MT-48
MT-49
MT-50
DII-52
DH-53
Dll— 54
DH-55
UT

20
14
14
OO
OO
33
26
22
44
100
22
17
25
27
25
00
42
11
40
29
36
25
15
21
35
26

231
Factor Analysis
C h a p t e r 4 i n c l u d e d a d i s c u s s i o n of
p r o g r a m w h i c h was
nutritional
the t ot a l
analysis

and socio-economic,

survey population.
has

sp a t i a l

score m a t r i x .
census
with

variable
The

loadings

determined

One aspect

which

in p r o d u c i n g

and

the

indicated

the p a t t e r n

p at t e r n s .

R.

J. R u m m e l

both

study

the

that

is the

factor

in this

s t u d y by
presented

involvement of

of e a c h

e ac h

factor extracted.

for e a c h c e n s u s

explains

for

this f a c t o r

factor ma t r i x was

f a c t o r sc o r e m a t r i x g i v e s a s c o r e

on t h e s e

in this

of

examined spatially

In C h a p t e r 4,

factor analysis

selected variables,

applications,

This was

tracts.

its

ru n on c e r t a i n

the

as f o l l o w s

tract
how

f a c t o r s c o r e s are deriv ed .
E a c h v a r i a b l e is w e i g h t e d p r o p o r t i o n a l l y to
its i n v o l v e m e n t in a p a t t e r n ; the m o r e I n v o l v e d a
v a r i a b l e , t he h i g h e r the w e i g h t .
Variables not
a t all r e l a t e d to a g i v e n p a tt e rn . . . w ou l d be
w e i g h t e d n e a r zero.
T o d e t e r m i n e the s core f o r a
c a s e on a p a t t e r n , then, the cases' d a ta on e a c h
v a r i a b l e is m u l t i p l i e d by the p a t t e r n w e i g h t for
that variable.
T h e su m of these w e l g h t - t i m e s — da ta
p r o d u c t s f o r all v a r i a b l e s y i e l d s the f a c t o r score.
Thus c e n s u s

t ra c t s w o u l d h a v e h i g h o r l o w f a c t o r s c o r e s

their v alues
Table

are h i g h or low on v a r i a b l e s

25 g i v e s

considered

factor scores

in C h a p t e r 4 by c e n s u s

Factor
census

the

tracts,

1,

the N u t r i e n t

J — 6 4 a n d E L — 38,

as

e n t e r i n g a p at tern.

f o r e a c h of the s e v e n

factors

tract.

I n t a k e Fa c to r ,
with

shows

f a c t o r sc o re s

two
over +1.0 or

*R. J. R u m m e l , U n d e r s t a n d i n g F a c t o r A n a l y s i s .
of C o n f l i c t R e s o l u t i o n 11:444, 1967.

Journal

232
TABLE

25

F a c t o r S cores by Census T r a c t
Orthogonally Rotated Factors
Census
Tract

1

J-Ol
-.1048
J — 02
.0917
J — 03
-.2423
J — 04
-.3473
J- 05
.0794
J- 06
.4225
J — 07
. 3880
J- 08
.0137
J — 09
.0278
J-10
-.1417
J-ll
-.0374
J— 1 2
.3447
J — 13
-.1838
J — 50
.0963
J-52
-.1840
J -5 3
.0340
J-54
.0496
J-55
-.4789
J — 56
.0488
J — 57
.5944
J — 59
.2894
J — 63
-.1706
J — 64
-1.1741
J— 66
.7420
J — 67
-.0481
J— 68
.0407
L— 17
.5484
L— 34
-.2424
L — 35
-.1497
D T — 201
-.4718
DT-202
.0823
DT-203
-.6487
EL-38
3.4627
EL-39
-.2814
EL-40
-.6112
EL-43
.3651
EL-44
-.2320
UT-45
.0569
MT-46
.6529
MT-47
-.0198
MT-48
.0876
MT-49
-.1504
MT-50
.1803
DH-52
.4561
D H — 53
-.1247
DH-54
-.0292
DH— 55
.0718
UT
-.0139

3

2
-.1230
. 1375
. 2946
. 2849
-.4575
-.2367
.0409
. 2484
. 1101
-.3308
-.5149
. 1820
. 4726
. 4048
-.0021
.0 5 9 0
-.2328
-.7980
-.0456
.4832
.0496
-.0799
-1.4417
.7147
. 3726
-.2206
— .6654
. 85 5 0
. 2198
. 3144
. 3884
.4102
. 5678
-.6618
-.1106
-1.2435
-.3866
-.5464
-.7380
-.2806
. 3892
-.0291
-.0793
-.1073
-.3316
.0553
. 1486
-.0054

—
—

—
—
—
—

—
—

—

—

—

—
—
—

—
—
—
—
—
—
1
—
—
—
—

—

6

7

9

8

1447
-.0568
-.2041
.0798
0609
.0848
. 2868
.0215
-.4017
4420
.5058
.1198
8040
.3704
. 7414
-.4018
353 3
.2487
. 2335
.0795
3470
.4297
. 2532
.4018
23 88
.0216
-.3560
. 3304
2576
-.1145
- . 14 20 - . 0 2 9 2
01 94
.0608
. 3492
. 2388
20 89
. 2233
. 2745
.1111
2434
.4174
-.2980
. 31 4 6
3509
-.0791
-.2539
-.0836
23 83
.0693
-.0001
- . 35G4
0725
-.0627
-.1998
- . 3 7 23
1139
.0099
-.2629
-.4074
0273
-.0247
. 1691
.4488
0187
-.1054
.0739
.78 1 0
34 77
.5450
-.1807
.0943
6020
.0947
-.0529
-.2499
-.0839
0098
.0269
.5376
0923
.1645
.0663
.3 7 8 3
5016
.1314
-.0325
.8524
3810
-.6078 - 1 . 1 3 6 7
-.1572
1852
- .5530
.0659
-.0056
1888
-.4590
. 3451
-.0868
02 66
.2312
-.0574
.1247
2788
-.4607
-.3839
-.2934
3382
-.4174
-.7 5 01 - 1 . 0 5 2 3
2346
.0542
-.0238
-.1945
1506
.1127
. 3208
-.1848
2 23 3
.0355
-.0212
-.3122
2248
- .2 6 12
-.1450
. 2924
0290
1.2865
-.3268
. 1734
0752
.2759
-.2122
-.2395
1781
-.1895
.0315
-.5394
0137
.2517
- .0 2 4 8
-.1409
0 16 1
- .1 9 92
-.3070
. 2031
1748
.7773
. 5004
-.5063
0 6 7 8 - 1. 0 50 8
-.3724 -1.6294
3053
.1533
-.2312
-.0901
36 97
- .2453
-.1775
. 2153
0858
- .2193
-.1563
.0 8 4 5
0328
.0612
. 2144
. 37 8 9
0192
-.25 64
.0720
. 38 54
0541
- .6013
.6033
. 4715
203 9
.0692
. 0501
.0727
0196
.0615
.0230
-.2786
0112
-.03 76
. 2277
-.2097

—

—
—

w
_

_

_

_

M

0715
1449
1186
1548
0099
6314
304 3
2565
0 45 8
1344
57 29
2944
0850
0516
3273
0784
1104
3070
4695
1574
0331
5493
8443
5928
4784
18 99
1804
6758
3251
0362
48 04
0583
5154
0905
5349
6954
1972
8829
8319
7327
1159
1654
2284
3 46 9
522 8
0833
1284
2512

233
u n d e r -1.0.
s c a l e d so
of

As

that

the v a l u e s

these

s c o r e s are

t he y h a v e a m e a n

standardized,
of

zero a n d a b o u t

lie b e t w e e n + 1.0 a n d - 1 .0 , t h e s e

u n u s u a l l y h i g h a n d low,

and warrant

t r a c t J — 64 c o n t a i n e d o n l y o ne

Census

t r a c t E L — 38 h a d a f a c t o r s c o r e

loadings

contribution

on a l l n u t r i e n t

l o a d i n g on

sex,

Factor

2,

the M e a l

tracts,

o f u n d e r — 1 .0 to t h i s
of

indicating

the

friends

this ty p e o f p a t t e r n

f a c t o r score w a s
The

as w as
the

relationship

p o i n t e d out

factor

on

sn acks.

The highest

food pattern
hand,

f o r the

in

th ese

high positive

to

indicating
subjects

the r e l a t i v e

this

this

in

contributions

the r e l a t i v e
census

though

in F a c t o r
one.

on

3,

Here

the p e r c e n t ­

from meals and n e g a t i v e
and protein
comes

s t r e n g t h of
tract.

factor score

absence of

A

factor,

snacks

loadings

that

school.

is L - 3 4 .

here again

the

a

o f his

at

two areas.

and

of c a l o r i e s

factor score

sex.

indicated

is a r a t h e r o b v i o u s

J—04 had a strong negative

indicating

f e ma l e

indicating

between meals

the p e r c e n t a g e

t r a c t EL-43,

but a n e g a t i v e

s u b j e c t ate m o s t

and protein o b t a i n e d

loadings

showing a

showed high

the

as h i g h as +1.0,

e ar l i e r ,

I t self has

a ge of c a l o r i e s

census

no t

3.4627,

a n d m o s t of

thus

are

h o wever.

and EL-43 made negative

factor,

two-thirds

s cores

E n v i r o n m e n t Fa c t o r ,

tract w h i c h made a high contribution
its

of

factor which

pattern where

J-64

subject,

i n take v a r i a b l e s ,

and protein with

Two census

absence

this

in this c o s e

type of f o o d h a b i t
calories

to

Is,

closer examination.

Census

ver y high

that

this

intake

this
On

from
from
t y p e of

the o t h e r

f o r this
pattern.

factor,

234
F a c t o r 6 , the M e a l A w a y F r o m H o m e
for both

the p e r c e n t a g e

f r o m home.
here

A census

is E L — 38,

indicated

J-04

of c a l o r i e s a n d o f p r o t e i n e a t e n a w a y

t r a c t c o n t r i b u t i n g a high f a c t o r

labeled

made

so m e of

th e

the h i g h e s t

f a m i l y eating

w h i l e J-64

a n d L-34 m a d e

9 a l s o w as

related

Solitary Meal
among

the

negative

Factor.

subjects
scores

A

f inal

for t r a c t s M T - 4 5 ,
factor,

indicated

prevalent
tive

in

pattern

Again,

these

f o r e xa m pl e ,
Factor

schoo l
a hi gh

still

scores,

Factor

the

strongly
strong

a n d J-64.

This

the m a j o r p u r c h a s e r
the subjec t s'

studied.

this p a t t e r n was e s p e c i a l l y

a n d J-63,

while

there w a s
absence of

a nega­
this

and M T - 4 6 .

factor scores

spatial variation does
of the h i g h

MT-47,

indicating a relative

in t r a c t s L - 3 4

contributions.

there were

the f a m i l i e s of

tracts J — 54,

f a c t o r score,

factor,

Food Purchasing an d Preparation.

in

J u d g i n g b y the factor

tract

F a c t o r 8 , was r e l a t e d to a d i f f e r e n t

that m o t h e r w a s

a n d p r e p a r e r o f fo o d

to th is

a n d was l a b e l e d

but

con­

Census

food pattern showed up

in t ract M T — 46,

a s p e c t of f o o d h abits,
factor

contribution

p at t er ns ,

This

and p r o t e i n

together.

strong negative

to meal

the

on the v a r i a b l e s w h i c h

of to tal c a l o r i e s

positive

score

contribution.

the F a m i l y M e a l F a c t o r as

high and positive

the p e r c e n t a g e

sumed with

s h owed h i g h l o a d i n g s

w h i le M T — 46 s h ow s a s t r o n g n e g a t i v e

F a c t o r 7 was
loadings were

F a ctor,

exist

students

in

i n d i c a t e very c l e a r l y

the

s tu d ie d .

factor score

indicated a prevalence

of

food

that

habit c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

In a tract

s u c h as L-34,

on the M e a l E n v i r o n m e n t
the

food consumption

pattern

235
in w h i c h

the

s ubject a t e m o s t of h i s

is r e i n f o r c e d b y the n e g a t i v e
Fa mily Meal

Factor,

a n d 9,

o t h e r hand,

t r a c t J — 04

negative

scores

Solitary Meal

Factor

(7),

for the S o l i t a r y M e a l

for Factors
On

positive

This
7,

the
factor

but a h i g h n e g a t i v e

f o r the M e a l - S n a c k F a c t o r

score

friends.

Factor.

had a relatively high

score for the Family M eal
f a c t o r sc o r e

factor

food w i t h

(3),

Factor

a n d a low
(9).

CHAPTER 7
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The n u t r i t i o n a l

status of

the U n i t e d S tates t o d a y has been
mal.

E v i d e n c e of u n d e m u t r i t i o n ,

the te enage p o p u l a t i o n
shown

to be less

obesity,

than o p t i ­

and c o m p l i c a t i o n s

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e a r l y p r e g n a n c i e s have been presen ted.
v a r i e t y o f ca us es
put

fo r th a n d

so ci al

f or

this s u b - o p t i m a l

e t h n i c an d s o c i o - e c o n o m i c
ance.

The

sumption,

however,

area chosen

and

v a r i e t y of

origin,

a d d c o n s i d e r a b l y to the

te chniques.

students

The

of m i d -

of Ingh am an d

i n c l u d e d urban,

in te r ms

sub­

included a

of color,

a n d so on.

that g e o g r a p h i c a l t e c h n i q u e s c o u l d
s t ud y of

the n u t r i t i o n a l

st atus of

the f o l l o w i n g h y p o t h e s i s w a s a dv a nced:

s pa t i a l v a r i a t i o n e x i s t s
s ch o ol

into the

and a population which

r el i g i o n ,

test the i d ea

Insight

study was

to be ty p ical

The area

socio-economic backgrounds

o cc u p a t i o n ,

and this

included portions

in M i c h i g a n .

u r b a n an d rural sections,

practic e s,

identification,

of g e o g r a p h i c a l

for s t u d y was one b e l i e v e d

Jackson Counties

have be en

food h a b i t s and c o n ­

to p r o v i d e m o r e

the a p p l i c a t i o n

w e s t e r n U n i t e d St ates,

A

f a c t o r s a nd c o n s c i o u s n e s s of a p p e a r ­

is f a r from c o mp lete,

in on a t t e m p t

problem with

teenagers,

peer

total p i c t u r e of a d o l e s c e n t

undertaken

To

nutrition

include m i s s e d an d i r r e g u l a r mea l

a n d emoti o na l m a l a d j u s t m e n t ,

in

Significant

in the food h a b i t s of p ublic h i g h

in I n g h a m a n d J a c k s o n C ou n t i e s ,

236

Michigan.

237
The

s am p le

population

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10 % of
populations
Counties,
The

employed

the total

lOth,

1 1 th,

of 14 p u b l i c h i g h s c h o o l s

Michigan.

The

students were asked

final

size w as

to r e p l y to a s e r i e s

i n f o r m a t i o n w a s c o l l e c t e d on a c t u a l
a v a r i e t y of

and

foods,

other

study

included

1 2 th g r a d e

in I n g h a m a n d J a c k s o n

sample

s t a t e d on a five p a g e q u e s t i o n n a i r e ,

towards

for t hi s

a n d by
food

911

su bjects.

of q u e s t i o n s
this method,

intake,

attitudes

food habit characteristics,

and certain

socio-economic

data.

transformed

into n u m e r i c a l

f ig u re s w h i c h c o u l d be u s e d

computer analysis.
by the c e n s u s
in w h i c h he
census

In a dd it i o n ,

tract,

lived.

In this way,

A v a r i e t y of s t a t i s t i c a l

simple

These

s u b j e c t w as

and other

correlations,

factor analysis,

292 grams,

was a con s i d e r a b l e
particularly

fat,

calcium,

4 9 6 2 I.U.,

16.3 mg.,

analyzed

a spatial

by

picture.

averages,

histograms,

o f the T o t a l S u r v e y P o p u l a t i o n

k i l o c a l o r i e s , 2538,

ni a c in ,

identified

and mapping.

teenage

s t u d y s h o w e d the f o l l o w i n g m e a n d a i l y

v i t a m i n A,

for

t e c h n i q u e s w e r e u s e d fo r

tract

N u t r i e n t c o n s u m p t i o n of all

carbohydrate,

then

the c i t y b l o c k

variables were

to o b t a i n

included census

Food Habits

each

variables were

and where appropriate,

tr act a n d b y c i t y b l o c k

analysis.

These

1234 mg.,

and ascorbic
range

in die i n ta k e

1.4 mg.,
acid,

f o r the

in the

i n t a k e s of n u t r i e n t s :

116 grams,

th iamin,

subjects

protein,

iron,

12.7 mg.,

riboflavin,

85 mg.

total

91 g rams,

2.3 mg.,

However,

there

survey population,

of v i t a m i n A and a s c o r b i c

acid.

238
Types of
terms

2.3

b y the

of the n u m b e r of s e r v i n g s

The "average"
milk

food e a t e n

teenager

in the

and milk products,
servings

t e e n a g e r s we re e x a m i n e d

consumed

of v e g e t a b l e s ,

in a 24 h o u r period.

s t u d y c o n s u m e d 3.7 s e r v i n g s

s e r v i n g s of

2.6

protein-rich

1. 0 s e r v i n g s o f

fruit,

2 .0 s e r v i n g s

of f at s a n d oils a n d

servings

a n d sweets.

Again,

considerable
quartlle

variation between

of s u b j e c t s

t he v a r i o u s

types

of

in t e r m s of
foods

Food consumption
percentages

of the

the

the n u m b e r

f o r th e to tal

daily

T w e n t y p e r c e n t of
from

snacks,

derived

from

intake

of

A g a i n u s in g t h e a v e r a g e
8 0 % of the e n t i r e

came

from me a l s .

in t a k e

of c a l o r i e s ,

but only

12% o f

the d a i l y p r o t e i n i n t a k e w a s

this

source.

alone,

T he a v e r a g e

27.6% when

3 2 . 5 % when

ea t i n g

f amily,

and

figures

for p r o t e i n c o n s u m p t i o n
Thus

e a t i n g with

the

friends.
20.5%,

The

23.3%

f am i ly a t e
the

Comparable
32.1%,

17.4%

a l o n e and w i t h

f ri e nd s ,

p e r c e n t a g e of

calories

while

school

For protein,

2 3 . 4 % at s c h o o l

derived

subject consumed

c o n s u m e d at h o m e w as 65.5 %,
and 9.8 % elsewhere.

was

w i t h o n l y some o f

were

family.

then,

the e n t i r e

he a te m o r e c a l o r i e s

and more protein with

at home,

of s e r v i n g s

of p r o t e i n a n d c a l o r i e s

the p r o t e i n

1 6 . 5 % w h e n he w a s

a n d 29.9%.

wa s

the

of his calories
together,

there

e x a m i n e d to d e t e r m i n e

survey population,

d a y ' s c a l o r i e s a n d 8 8% of

2.4

consumed.

c o n s u m e d in d i f f e r e n t c i r c u m s t a n c e s .
figure

servings

lowest and highest

patterns were

total

however,

of

foods,

6.8

of g r a i n p r o d u c t s ,
o f su g a r s

in

2 4 . 5 % w e r e c o n s u m e d at
6 8 . 3 % was c o n s u m e d

and 8.1% elsewhere.

A slightly

239
greater percentage
and

slightly more
The mother

the m a j o r

of p r o t e i n w a s
calories
in the

c o n s u m e d at hone,

at s c h o o l

subject's

and elsewhere.

families was

food purch a s e r and preparer.

7 6 % of the

subjects

as m a j o r

S h e was

food purchaser and

Other categories

for m a j o r

some

replies were mother and

affirmative

a n d m o t h e r a n d su bject.
gories

fo o d p u r c h a s e r w h i c h

For maj o r

subject and other family members,
f a t h e r in s o m e

families

food purchasing
great

role,

received
f a t h e r alone,
other cate­

at

that of

mother,

Thus,

l e as t

the

in port,

the

food preparation

to a n y

extent.
When

a g r o u p of

subjects wore
20 foods,

asked

certain

of

l i k e d by t h e g r e a t m a j o r i t y .
potatoes,

p i zz a ,

spaghetti,

a n d c o la b e v e r a g e s .

Other

to

indicate attitudes

these

These

foods were

included

chocolate cake,
foods,

while

chop

suey,

more

than

c al v e s '

baked c ustard and oatmeal.
10% of the

liver,

fried

subjects

surveyed

scallops,

habit characteristics
d e r i v e d f r o m this
from
For
fruit,

study.

inspection
the

and

intake

the

of all

t h e r e was a n e g a t i v e

french

fried

p o r k c h ops,

milk
were

Such foods were

included

lasagne,

fried

and baked custard.

c a rried out between

socio-economic

Certain

of this

overwhelmingly

F o o d s u n f a m i l i a r to

cauliflower,

Simple correlations were

towards

l i k e d by some,

d i s l i k e d b y a c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r as w e l l .

made

food preparer.

father,

a n d o th e r.

both

listed by

s u b j e c t alone,

h o d as s um e d,

but not

still

f oo d p r e p a r e r ,

I n c l u d e d m o t h e r a n d sub ject,

then,

the

food

characteristics

generalizations

c a n be

information.
th e m a j o r

food groups

relationship with

except

the s u b j e c t s '

240
being

female,

girls

consumed

boys.

t hu s
less

cating

an

however,

in the

the

protein
j ec t s

f emale a d o l e s c e n t

ond d e r i v e d m o r e
from s n a c k s

Indi­

in a s s u m i n g

or block— was signi­

of his c a l o r i e s
of his

than d i d

but a t e

blacks c a r e d

less

total

for f o o d s

familiar with

subjects.

su gars,

less m i l k an d less

an d p r o t e i n w i t h

day's c a l o r i e s

the w h i t e

consumed more vegetables,

less

thus

to o v a r i e t y of food h a b i t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

did w h i t e s ,

were

wa s p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h

subject— white

The b l a c k s u b j e c t ate m o r e
f ri e nd s ,

the

family.

T h e c o l o r of
ficantly related

of the

that

th an did the

food p u r c h a s i n g an d p r e p a r a t i o n ,

importance

ro l es

os m i g h t be e x p e c t e d ,

f o o d of a l m o s t e v e r y k i n d

B e i n g female,

h e lping with b o t h

t hese

Indicating,

and

Block su b ­

on d p r o t e i n

f oods

fats o n d oils.

th an

The

s u c h os p i z z a a n d spaghetti, a n d

lasagne,

c ho p

sucy,

cauliflower and

oatmeal.
The

s t u d e n t who w o r k e d o u t s i d e

of s ch o ol

food h a b i t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h i c h w er e
hours
were

he w o r k e d p e r w e e k
positive

relationships

worked per week and
eaten

elsewhere

The mor e

hours

(see F i g u r e
between

the p e r c e n t a g e s

(then

c o r r e l a t e d w i t h the
14,

p.

of calories

a t h o m e o r at s c h o o l )

he w o r k e d o u t s i d e of school,

sugars,

meat,

f i s h a n d p ou l tr y ,

The father's level
with a number of

195).

There

the n u m b e r o f h ours

he c o n s u m e d f r o m the f o l l o w i n g f oo d g r o u p s :
a n d o i ls ,

showed several

of e d u c a t i o n

he

and protein

a n d witli fr i ends.
the m o r e

servings

vegetables,

f a ts

a n d s o f t drinks.

showed relationships

fo od h a b i t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

The

h i g h e r the

241
level

of e d u c a t i o n o f

foods,

the

father,

dark green vegetables,

the m o r e m i lk ,

ond

fr u i t s

while consuming

f e w e r s o f t drinks.

f a t h e r ’s h i g h e r

level

of s u c h

foods as

l as a gn e ,

chop

The

with

suey,

and

as

the o t h e r m e m b e r s

food preparation
m o t h e r was

the

that

the

ex p ected,

subject's m o t h e r was
was

o f the f a m i l y b e i n g

the

less

fruit

involved

The m o r e

there w a s

195).

14,

and sisters

the s u b j e c t

ha d l i v i n g at home w a s

ho u rs

the

The n u m b e r of b r o t h e r s

the n u m b e r of s e r v i n g s

th at he c o ns u m e d ,

in both

consumed by

(see F i g u r e

in a d d i t i o n

p.

employ­

positively correlated

the s u b j e c t

correlated with

liking

being unfamiliar with

and food purchasing.

e m pl oyed,

su b jects*

the

cauliflower.

of w o r k

the home,

and not

subject consumed,

Also correlated with

education was

lasagne,

hours

ed o u t s i d e

of

the

p r o t e i n — rich

positively

of s u g a r s and

a n d a l s o w i t h a n u m b e r of

to o r i n s t e a d of m o t h e r b e i n g

sweets

family m embers

involved

in f o o d

preparation.
The
of

occupation

of

the f a t h e r w a s

food habit characteristics.

a professional

pe rson,

terms

of the s u b j e c t ' s

lamb,

an d ca ndy,

indicating

attitudes

consumption of

the " u n f a m i l i a r "

fruits,

milk,

veal

in
and

the c o n s u m p ­

a negative relationship

category when registering

foods—

subjects were more fami l i a r with
sub-groups

relationship

relationship with

T h e r e w a s al s o

t o w a r d s a v a r i e t y of

to a v a r i e t y

f a t h e r was e m p l o y e d os

there was a positive

but a negative

t i o n of s o f t dr in ks.
with

If the

related

th e

o f the s u r v e y p o p u l a t i o n .

in o t h e r words,
f oods

these

listed than

If the

father was

other

24 2
e m p l o y e d as a manager,

the same p o s i t i v e

relationship with

fruit c o n s u m p t i o n occurred.
Those

s ub j ec t s w h os e

f at h er s w e r e e m p l o y e d os

c o n s u m e d a l a rg e r p e r c e n t a g e
elsewhere

of t he i r c a l o r i e s ond p ro t ei n

(than at h om e or school),

o nd a l so had a h i g h e r

intake of so f t drinks ond m i l k drinks.
fathers w e r e

e m p l o y e d os

operatives

a n e g a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p w i th
consumed,

F o r s u bjects w h o s e

o nd craftsmen,

operatives

Also apparent

for those w h o s e

intake of milk.

fruit

fathers w e r e

F e w e r s e r v i n g s of

g r a i n p r o d u c t s were c o n s u m e d by those

of

their u n f o m i l i a r i t y

was a h i g h e r c o n s u m p t i o n of soft drinks

but a l ow e r

there was

the n u m b e r of se r vings

bu t a p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h

w it h lasagne.

salesmen

and potatoes,

fruit ond

subjects whose

fathers

w er e e m p l o y e d as s e r v i c e workers.
T h e o r i g i n of the p a r e n t s — M i c h i g a n ,
U n i t e d S t a t e s or O t h e r — s h o w e d some
F o r example,
a positive
c o n s u m e d by

interesting relationships.

if the f a t h e r ' s o r i g i n was

c o r r e l a t i o n w it h
the subject.

If the m o t h e r ' s

the s ub j e c t c o n s u m e d less

m ixtures,

a n d dar k g r e e n v e g e t a bl e s.

if the s u b j e c t ' s m o t h e r c a me

a l s o tomatoes.

there was

origin was

ice cream,

protein

O n the o t h e r hand,

from N o r t h C e n t r a l U n i t e d St ates,

he c o n s u m e d m o r e d a r k g r e e n v e g e t a b l e s a n d

If the s u b j e c t ' s m o t h e r c am e

o t h e r than N o r t h C e n t r a l U n i t e d States,
c o r r e l a t e d w i t h the s u b j e c t ' s
g r a i n pr o du c ts ,

"O ther,"

the n u m b e r of s e rv i ng s of f i s h

M ic h i g a n ,

but n o t M i c h i g a n ,

North Central

a n d sugars.

intake

fr om s o m e w h e r e

this was p o s i t i v e l y

of p r o t e i n mi xtures,

In gen eral,

the o r i g i n o f

the

243
mother

showed a stronger

consumed by

the

Several
that

the

subjects

subject

lying

such.

fac tors.

t he P r o t e s t a n t
fruit

should

the

consumption
ship with
lations

of

fish by

out

the

fo o d h a b i t
t h at t h e s e

s om e o t h e r u n d e r ­

subject's

members who purchased

but a positive

vegetables,

v e al

l i s t e d " O t h e r or N o n e "

the

lamb,
for r e l i ­

with his consumption

were

significant

family and

food.

the

There was

between

a positive

there w a s

the o t h e r hand,

s h i p b e t w e e n m o t h e r as m a j o r
but a p o s i t i v e
A positive

the

family member or

purchaser.

J u d a i s m a n d the

corre­

ond

the m o t h e r as m a j o r

f a t h e r together.

the

relation­

There were positive

ship between Protestantism and

Catholicism,

ond

fruits.

correlations

r e l i g i o n o f the

of

relationship

family being Roman Catholic
the su b j e c t ,

between

the su bject* s f a m i l y b e i n g J e w i s h and

of p o u l t r y a n d c i t r u s

food

the c o n s u m p t i o n

a negative

there were negative c o r r e lations

On

father.

the r e l i g i o n

relationship

of a f a m i l y o n d

If the s u b j e c t

Several

ond

they must reflect

i n ta k e of d a r k g r e e n

a n d cheese.

of

e x i s t as a p o r t o f the o r g a n i z e d

poultry consumption.

between

subject's

be p o i n t e d

T h e r e wa s

subject*s

types of fo ods

between

family,

T h e r e wa s o p o s i t i v e
religion

the

appeared

do n o t

He n ce ,

by a subjec t.

between

g ion,

It

on

d i d the o r i g i n

l i s t e d for h is

characteristics

r e l i g i o n os

than

relationships

characteristics.
habit

influence

relation­

a negative

f o od
relation­

food p u r c h a s e r a n d Roman
r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h m o t h e r an d
relationship existed between

f a t h e r as m a j o r

fo od p u r c h a s e r .

244
Nutritional Characteristics
Using
l ow e st
h er e

in

the R D A as a stand ar d ,

the s u b j e c t s ’ d i e t s was

for the total

F o r all

of the T o t a l

9 0 % of the RDA.

iron.

considered,

H o we v e r ,

l ow e st q u a r t i l e

the n u t r i e n t

when

obviously

The mean

survey population was

other nutrients

Survey Population

o n l y 7 0 % of t he RDA.

the m e a n

examining

intake

i n ta k e w a s

the f i g u r e s

above

for

o f the

studen t s,

it is

tha t t h e r e are s ev e r a l

nutrients

for w h i c h ot l e a s t o n e -

q u a r t e r o f the total
two— thirds
study.

of the R D A

These

thiamin,

subjects
for the

ni acin,

and ascorbic

immediately apparent

s u r v e y e d r e c e i v e d l es s
24 h o u r p e r i o d

include calories,

ca l ci u m,

economic

iron,

made.
with

studied,

the

that the

subject's being
teenage girl

n ut r i e n t ,

fe male,

fiv e y e a r s

and that

c a n be

the

idea

For almost

every

the n u m b e r

indicating perhaps
them more aware

this was

Another relationship

transmitted

that a p p e a r e d

previous

to the

relationship

and the s u b j e c t ' s

study.
between

to t h e

frequently

S t a t e d a n o t h e r way,
intake

of

that

of what

the s u b j e c t ' s n o t h a v i n g h a d p n e u m o n i a w i t h i n

w as a p o s i t i v e
nutrients

father,

socio­

reinforcing

is p o o r l y n o u r i s h e d .

f o r the p a r e n t s m a d e

g o o d n u t r i t i o n was,

concerned

again

between

relationship

the re w a s a p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h

education

t ee n ager.

done

the v a r i o u s

t h e r e was a n e g a t i v e

of y e a r s of e d u c a t i o n of the
more

v i t a m i n A,

certain generalizations

F o r oil n u t r i e n t s ,

in the

acid.

i n t a k e of the R D A ' s a n d

fa c t o r s

than

involved

W h e n e x a m i n i n g the s i m p l e c o r r e l a t i o n s
the p e r c e n t a g e

the

the R D A

having had pneumonia.

the
there

o f mo s t

This

m i gh t

245
Ind i ca t e an a w a r e n e s s
f a m i l y of
after

on

the part of the s ubject an d his

the i m p o r t a n c e of good n u t r i t i o n

such an i llness had occurred,
A b o u t o n e — q u a r t e r o f all

the

if n ot before.
st u dents

involved

in

s t u d y took m u l t i - v i t a m i n p r e p a r a t i o n s on a d a i l y basis.

This wa s
the

the

for g o o d h e a l t h

a f f e c t e d p o s i t i v e l y by the

f a t h e r and his

occupation

level

os a p r o f e s s i o n a l

n e g a t i v e l y by the hours of wo r k p e r we e k
s u b j e c t and his mother,

ond

of e d u c a t i o n of

the

done

man,

but

by b o th

the

f a th e r ' s o c c u p a t i o n os on

operative.
Weight-height

ratios

showed m o s t of

c l a s s i f i e d as s l e n d e r to normal.

However,

100 wh o were c l a s s i f i e d as u n de r we i gh t ,

the s t u d e n t s
there w er e a b o u t

a n d a n o t h e r 100

who w e r e c l a s s i f i e d os o v e r w e i g h t o r obese.

Overweight

was p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h the mothcrfe w o r k hours per
w ee k o u t s i d e the home,
o pe r at i ve ,

and the

the

father's

o c c u p a t i o n as an

family not a d h e r i n g

faith.

On the o t h e r hand,

lated

to the f a t h e r ’s level

to any r e l i g i o u s

o v e r w e i g h t was n e g a t i v e l y r e ­
of e d u c a t i o n a nd his o c c u p a t i o n

as a p r o f e s s i o n a l man.
S p a t i a l A n a l y s i s of F o o d H a b i t s
T h e spatial
characteristics

analysis

of food h a b i t s a nd n u t r i t i o n a l

p r e s e n t e d was

c a r r i e d out u s i n g ce n s u s

tracts,

a n d to a c e r t a i n extent,

areas.

This type o f a n a l y s i s s h o w e d m a n y s patial d i f f e r e n c e s

in t er m s of f oo d c o n s u m p t i o n

c i t y b locks as e n u m e r a t i o n

patterns.

246
Total Nutrients
The
lnconc,

Consumed

subjects

in

the O k c n o s

p r o f e s s i o n a l l y - o r i e n t e d area,

of c a lo ries,

protein,

and ascorbic

acid,

c al c iu m ,

b u t a lo w e r

Inta ke

ho w ev er ,

ond occupational

had

calcium,

v i t a m i n A,

type,

iron,

and also

which

lower

riboflavin,

District,

fathers and mothers

industry located
area,
than

there.

in g e n e r a l ,
those

showed a lower

in the O k e m o s

in u r b a n J a c k s o n a l s o
all n u t r i e n t s ,
tions.

with some

acid.

Those

t e n d e d to be h i g h e r

in

income
pro­

but h i g h e r

area,

w h e r e m a n y of

the

in the a u t o m o t i v e

students

in

this

i nt a ke o f all n u t r i e n t s

for e x am p le .

seemingly
l ow

lower

The

in the

randomly

subjects
in t a k e

of

scattered excep­

in t h e i r c o n s u m p t i o n

their consumption

of

on the o t h e r hand,

o f all n u t r i e n t s

v i t a m i n A.
The Hol t

School

District,

be c o m i d e n e d a m i d d l e - c l a s s
mainly

in

of calories,

in s u b u r b a n J a c k s o n ,

in

Those

intakes.

scho ol

to be

They were particularly

ascorbic

except

area,

tended

is s i m i l a r

were employed

The high

n ia c i n ,

to the w e s t of L a n s i n g ,

c o u l d be d e s c r i b e d os a " b l u e - c o l l a r "
subject's

intakes

of v i t a m i n A.

and niacin,
acid

a high-

riboflavin,

in t akes

high ascorbic

T he W o v o r l y S c h o o l

District,

had high mean

th i amin,

the E a s t L a n s i n g area,

tein,

S chool

in e i t h e r

i nd u s t r y .
subjects

Here,
in the

the

state

just

suburban area w i t h people
government

consumption patterns
study were

s o u t h of L a n s i n g ,

again

or

could

employed

the a u t o m o t i v e

of n u t r i e n t s

different.

by

Calories,

the
p ro t e i n ,

247
calciu m,

niacin,

and ascorbic

acid

i nt a k e s

were

low,

but

iron

a n d t h i a m i n w e r e high.
Types

of F o o d C o n s u m e d
Milk

c o n s u m p t i o n by the s u b j e c t s

in the a r e a s w i t h a h i g h p e r c e n t a g e
urban Jackson.
District.

It w a s a l so

low

in part

f o u n d in u r b a n J a c k s o n ond

b u t a m or e p r o n o u n c e d a r e a was

area.

Correlations

Census Tract

level

of e d u c a t i o n ,

also

the p e r c e n t a g e o f c e r t a i n
t r acts.

percentage

managers

residing

and s a l e s me n ,

foods by

the

of b o th

food

students

intake were

positively correlated with
in the tract,

by the

Dis­

subjects

relationships

groups

and

living

correlation

with

the

e m p l o y e d as p r o f e s s i o n ­
r e l a t i o n s h i p with

consumption

in some

I n t a k e of

of

fo o ds

the p e r c e n t a g e

and also with

of p r o t e i n

in u r b a n J a c k s o n

T o w n s h i p area.

teenagers

School

laborers.

surveyed occurred

Ha v e r l y School District.

residing

the tract

low a n d h i g h

in the E a s t L a n s i n g —M e r i d i a n
tei n

foreign-born

or

teenagers

f a m i l y income,

but a negative

t h o s e e m p l o y e d as o p e r a t i v e s
Areas

and median

in

in

the E a s t L a n s i n g — Okeraos

There was also a positive

o f men

by the

Data showed positive

the

low

the W e v e r l y S c h o o l

between milk consumption

with

als,

of

the W a v e r l y

tract,

a n d 19 6 0 U.S.

the s u r v e y was

of b l a c k p o p u l a t i o n

A r e a s of h i g h m i l k c o n s u m p t i o n

were also

in the

in

Also

l o w in p r o ­

the t r a c t s
in this
of b l a c k

and

in the

group was
residents

t h e p e r c e n t a g e of

laborers.
Subjects
where

the

in two of

the c e n s u s

tracts

in u r b a n J a c k s o n

c o n s u m p t i o n of b o t h m i l k a n d p r o t e i n f o o d s wa s

low,

248
wer e h i g h e s t

in

the n u m b e r

c o n s u m e d os w e r e
tracts.
agers

the s u b j e c t s

two t r a c t s

District.

s ub j ec t s was
the ca s e

Very

found

low vegetable
one u r b a n

tracts

a nd in p o r t s o f M e r i d i a n

consumption

Jackson

Correlations
consumption

p e r c e n t a g e of b l o c k s

tract,

unemployed men

and women

deteriorating housing
m en e m p l o y e d as
Fruit
general,

in

private

Positive

consumption and
the

by

There

students

of

highest

surveyed

plus a f e w in

the p e r c e n t a g e o f

s pa t i a l

in the

picture.

and

and

income

of

fruit

the r e s i ­

of m e n

there

men a n d w o m e n

employed

relationships with

t r a c t who w e r e

the

e m p l o y e d as

employed as operatives.

grain products

i n c l u d e d one t r a c t

It was

Lansing and M e r i d i a n

appeared between

were negative

in w e s t e r n

the n u m b e r o f

the p e r c e n t a g e o f

the p e r c e n t a g e

suburban Jackson.

the s u b j e c t s w e r e

the

low in

c r a f t s m e n a n d m e n a n d w o m e n who w e r e
Areas

and

though

salesmen,

percentage of men residing

showed posi­

the s u b j e c t s ,

of education

and

District

l ab o re r s.

a n d h i gh in E a s t

as

was

a n d as

d e fi n it e

t r a c t os w e l l

e m p l o y e d os m a n a g e r s

and

but

workers

relationships

level

as p r o f e s s i o n a l s .

tract,

household

generated o very

Township.

the t ract,

the

consumption

low in u r b a n J a c k s o n ,

dents of

in

in t h e

in t he Holt

tract,

tive r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n v e g e t a b l e
residing

by t e e n ­

c o n s u m p t i o n by the

in the W a v e r l y S c h o o l

Township.

they

other urban Jackson

in E a st L a n s i n g a n d o n e

in J u s t

in s e v e r a l

of v e g e t a b l e s

in s e v e r a l

O t h e r a r e a s of h i g h v e g e t a b l e

included

School

of s e r v i n g s

consumption

by the

in M e r i d i a n T o m s h i p

Areas

of l o w e s t

s u b u r b a n J ac k so n ,

i nt a ke

by

the c i t y of

249
East Lansing,
District.

Meridian Township and

The students

s is t e n t m e d i a n

the W a v e r l y School

in u rb a n J a c k s o n

s h o w e d a v e r y co n ­

Intake o f groin products.

The n u m b e r of

s er v i n g s of fats a n d oils c o n s u m e d by the
general,

did not v a r y g r e a t l y from tract

in subur ba n J a c k s o n
those

did

teenagers,
to tract.

show a slightly higher

in
Those

intake

than

in o t he r areas.
The c o n s u m p t i o n of sugars a n d sw e e t s by the h i g h

school

s tu dents

tract to
The

tract,

s ub j e c t s

of the

surveyed

showed c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n

and presented a very definite

than d i d those

T o w n s h i p areas.

Positive

relationships were

On the o t h e r hand,

of e d u c a t i o n ,

h o u s i n g unit,
Meal

in

e m p l o y e d as

stock

there wa s

less

tracts w h e r e

or a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e of

in the

sugar consumption

there was a h i g h e r

s o u n d h o u s i n g units.

Patterns

c o n s u m e d at m e a l s

b y the

the total

day's c a l o r i e s a n d p r o t e i n

s u bjects w as

in m o s t of u r b a n Ja c kson,

b e l o w the c e n s u s

and al s o

snacks

w e re c o n t r i b u t i n g m o r e

tract

in m u c h of M e r i d i a n

T o w n s h i p a n d the W a v e r l y Scho ol D i st rict.
then,

residing

l ab o re r s

a h i g h e r m e d i a n n u m b e r of rooms p e r

The p e r c e n t a g e of

mean

of men

and of f o r e i g n

by s u bj e c t s who r e s i d e d

shown be t ween

sweets a n d the p e r c e n t a g e of blacks,

of u n e m p l o y e d m a l e s a n d females,
a n d s e r vi c e worke r s,

in

in the E a s t L a n s i n g and M e r i d i a n

c o n s u m p t i o n of suga rs a nd

level

pattern.

in the en t i r e urban ar e a of J a c k s o n p lu s much

s u burban a r e a c o n s u m e d h i g h e r a m o u n t s o f foo ds

this g r o u p

tract.

sp atial

from

In these

areas,

to p r o t e i n an d c al o r i e

250
i nt a ke s
rural

of the

Jackson

subjects
and

calories

subjects'

by c e n s u s

lO% elsewhere.
urban

in o t h e r areas.

Ingham counties

c a l o r i e s an d p r o t e i n
The

than

c o n s u m e d m o r e of

subjects

On

mean

consumption

of the

tract was G G % at home,

Subjects

in

the E a s t

at school

ond elsewhere.

were v e r y

sim ilar.

Percentages

showed positive

c a l o r i e s c o n s u m e d at h o m e

in the

ships,

h o we v er ,

with the percentage

tract.

as c r a f t s m e n a n d o p e r a t i v e s
In s om e p a r t s of

s u b j e c t s was

at home a nd

for p r o t e i n

relationships

less

consumption

between

in a tract a n d

in the

the d a y ' s

School District,

and parts

on

s u r v e y area,

included

the a v e r a g e

port of

the W a v e r l y

Eating

t o g e t h e r as an e n t i r e

on a p e r c e n t a g e

basis,

most

I n g h a m county,

East Lansing,

Jackson.

of the

Those

ate considerably

p r o t e i n alone.

ofttn

to s u b j e c t s

Okemos,

family eating

by

large parts o f

of u r b a n J a c k s o n .

the o t h e r hand,

employed

tract.

total p r o t e i n e a t e n a l o n e
T hi s

relation­

of m e n a n d w o m e n

East Lansing and M e r i d i a n Township,

Some

and

fewer calories

T h e r e w or e n e g a t i v e

the total

2 5 % or m o r e .

urban Jackson,

District,

of me n a n d w o m e n e m p l o y e d as p r o f e s s i o n a l

residing

of

and

L a n s i n g ond O k c m o s

by the s t u d e n t s

people

consumption

day's

2 3% at sc h o o l

consumed

t e n d e d to c o n s u m e m o r e c a l o r i c s

the p e r c e n t a g e

their

total

the W a v e r l y S c h o o l

the o t h e r hond,

Correlations

in

at meals.

a nd n o r t h e r n s u b u r b a n J a c k s o n

at home.

Subjects

in

sub­

less

family occurred,
in rural

and m o s t of s u b u r b a n
t o g e t h e r wa s an

important

251
pattern

for t e en agers

in m o st of u r b a n Jackson,

s ub u rb a n J a c k s o n and the Ho l t S c ho o l Di strict.
of the total

Correlations

the p e r c e n t a g e
f ri e nd s and
residing

in several

the W a v e r l y School Di s tr i ct ,

Jackson.

of

The a m o u n t

d a y ’s p ro t e i n a n d c a l o r i e s w h i c h the s u b j e c t s

ate w i t h fr iends w a s h ig h e s t
Jackson,

a n d som e

tracts of u r b a n

a n d areas of s u bu r b a n

showed p o s i t i v e

relationships

of ca l o r i e s c o n s u m e d by the

between

subjects w i t h

the p e r c e n t a g e of u n e m p l o y e d ma l es and o p e r a t i v e s

in the tract,

and also w i t h

the p e r c e n t a g e

of housing

u ni t s o w n e d by b l o c k s and the p e r c e n t a g e of d e t e r i o r a t i n g
housing units

in the

troct.

P u r c h a s i n g an d P r e p a r i n g F o o d
Th e m o t h e r was still
preparer

the m a j o r f o o d p u r c h a s e r a n d

in the m a j o r i t y of a r ea s c o v e r e d by this

study.

In M e r i d i a n T o w n s h i p an d some ar e as of s ub u r b a n Jackson,
the m o t h e r was o l m o s t e n t i r e l y r e s p o n s i b l e
ing.

How ever,

in areas of E a s t L a n s i n g a n d urban Ja c ks o n,

u n d e r 7 0% of the m o t h e r s were
In m a n y of
was

these areas,

li s te d as

for food p u r c h a s ­

l i s t e d as

food p u rchasers.

m o t h e r a n d father,

or f a t h e r a l o n e

the m a j o r food p u r c h a s e r by the subject.

In ter ms of m a j o r food p r e p a r a t i o n ,
a r e a s are I n c l u d e d w h er e m o t h e r w a s
o f the s ub j e c t s

the same g en e r a l

l i s t e d by less

as b ei n g the m a j o r p r ep a r e r .

than

H o wever,

70%
a wide

v a r i e t y o f r e s p o n s e s was l i s t e d for the p e r s o n or p e r s o n s
responsible

for fo o d p r e p a r a t i o n

in these cases.

252
Attitudes Towards a Selected Food
A
r es p e c t

single

food,

lasagne, w a s a n a l y z e d s p a t i a l l y w i t h

to the a t t i t u d e

of the s u b j e c t s

v a r i e t y of respo n se s was
iarity.

given a b o u t

A wi de

including unfamil­

that t he y li k ed la sagne v e r y m u c h are a l m o s t all

in the E a s t L a n s i n g - O k e m o s

that

it,

it.

The c e n s u s tr ac ts where 40% or m o r e of the s ub j ec t s

indicated

census

towards

tracts w h e r e

area.

On the o t h e r hand,

40% o r more of

the y were u n f a m i l i a r w i th

the s ub j e c t s

la s ag n e

a nd s u b u r b a n J a c k s o n as well as rur al

those

responded

in clude m u c h of urban
I n g h a m Co unty.

C i t y B l o c k Da ta
C o r r e l a t i o n s y i e l d e d a few s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s
between

food h a bi t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

s tu d y r e s i d i n g
obtained
which

in the

in u rb a n J a c k s o n a n d the h o u s i n g v a r i a b l e s

from the

they

of the s ub j e c t s

lived.

1960 U.S.

Census

Da t a for city b lo c ks

in

Th e re was a p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p b et w e e n

the p e r c e n t a g e of h o u s i n g units o c c u p i e d by bl a ck s a n d
n u m b e r o f s er v in g s of p r o t e i n - r i c h foods consumed.

the

Intake

of v e g e t a b l e s a nd su g ar s was p o s i t i v e l y r e l a t e d to

the

p e r c e n t a g e of s o un d h o u s i n g u ni t s

in the

c it y block.

Correlations

lacking plumbing

indicated a higher consumption

f a t t y foods by those s ub j e c t s

in b l o c k s w h e r e

c o n d i t i o n s are g e n e r a l l y c o n s i d e r e d
w i t h r e s p e c t to housing:
units,

b e in g owners,

to be m or e

the r e s i d e n t s

living

of

the e c o n o m i c
favorable
in sound

a nd b ei n g white.

T h e r e was a p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p
p e r c e n t a g e of the total

day's

s ho w n b e t w e e n the

c a l o r i e s c o n s u m e d b y the

253
subjects with

friends and

housing units

in the c i t y block.

relationship between
s ch o ol

and

lacking

Using

of N u t r i t i o n a l

trac ts

wa s J u d g e d as
lo w es t

in terms

allowance.

In terms of o v e r a l l

in u r b a n J a c k s o n
five

tracts,

two

in a m o u n t s

tracts

lack.

The

either

6 7% of

in the W a v e r l y S c h o o l

I n g h a m c o u n t y was on
Correlations

negative,

between

o f the n u t r i e n t s

of p e o p l e

the diet,

the

fo od

in­

three n u t r i e n t s

b y the a v e r a g e

the RDA.

Subjects

in

District showed a similar
in the

s u b u r b a n J a c k s o n and

the w h o l e m u c h better.

the p e r c e n t a g e

both positive

i n ta k e o f

c o n s u m e d b y the s u b j e c t s

subjects

in the c e n s u s

with

the e t h n i c

tracts.

the p e r c e n t a g e
a n d th e

tract.

and

the R D A of m a n y

in the c e n s u s

relationship between

residing

con­

1 0 0 % of this

two or

showed relationships,

of c a l c i u m c o n s u m e d by the

c e ns u s

i n to k c

diets c o n s u m e d b y s u b j e c t s

b a c k g r o u n d of p e r s o n s r e s i d i n g
w as a p o s i t i v e

the mean

consumed

E a s t L a n s i n g - M e r i d i a n T o w n s h i p area,
rural

the v a r i o u s

c l e a r l y h a d the p o o r e s t

less than

q u a l i t y of the

with

quality of

t h e r e we re

indi­

the n u t r i e n t

t r ac t s a c h i e v i n g

of the n i n e c o n s i d e r e d w h i c h w e r e
subject

in

Iron w a s

o f the RDA,

of the ce n s u s

In

subject

to qu a li t y.

in o n l y one

take.

Characteristics

the R e c o m m e n d e d D i e t a r y A l l o w a n c e s as on

the diet of the " a v e r a g e "

subjects

housing units

faci lities.

cator,

sistently

of c a l o r i e s c o n s u m e d at

of d e t e r i o r a t i n g

plumbing

tial A n a l y s i s

of dilapidated

There was also a positive

the p e r c e n t a g e

the p e r c e n t a g e

some o r all

the p e r c e n t a g e

of

There
th e R D A

level of e d u c a t i o n

Ascorbic acid

int ake

254
s h o w e d the l a r g e s t n u m b e r of c o r r e l a t i o n s with the census
tract s o c i o - e c o n o m i c v a r i a b l e s
nutrients

studied.

with median
with

family

in te r ms

I n c l u d e d were p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n s
income a nd years o f

the p e r c e n t a g e of m e n

of p e o p l e

os o p e r a t i v e s a n d craft sm e n,

as well

sec t i o n of u r b a n Jackson,
District.

variables

in the

tract,

operatives,

percentage

tract.

students,

was g r e a t e s t

and a portion

j u d g e d by

in the

the

and

southwestern

of the W a v e r l y Sc h oo l
the 1960 U.S.

of p e r c e n t a g e of u n e m p l o y e d p e r s o n s
p e r c e n t a g e of pe o pl e

service people,

p i d a t e d h o u s i n g units.
were

as with the

P o s i t i v e l y r e l a t e d to o v e r w e i g h t were

Cen s us

and

Negatively

level of e d u c a t i o n ,

relation­

in the tract e m p l o y e d

in the

The p e r c e n t a g e of o v e r w e i g h t
u s i n g a w e i g h t - h e i g h t ratio,

Negative

man­

intake by the s ub j ec t s

r es i d i n g

of d e t e r i o r a t i n g h ou s in g u n i t s

a n d also

profes s io n al s ,

in the tract.

ships ex i s t e d b e t w e e n a s c o r b i c acid
the p e r c e n t a g e

schooling,

e mp l o y e d os

agers, o n d s a l e s m e n r e s i d i n g

ond

of the v a r i o u s

the

residing

em p loyed a s c raftsmen,
percent a ge of d i l a ­

correlated w i t h overweight

median family

income,

percentage

sou n d housing,

a n d the p e r c e n t a g e of p e r s o n s e m p l o y e d as

pro f e s s i o n a l s ,

ma nagers,

or s a le s m e n

in

Multi-vitamin preparations were
b y a f a irly l a r g e n u m b e r o f subjects.

the tract.
consu m ed r e g u l a r l y
Spatially,

the areas

tended to c o i n c i d e w i t h

the areas

where

these w e r e c o n s u m e d

where

the q u a l i t y of the d ie t of the

good.

of

The one e x c e p t i o n w a s

teenagers w a s

considered

in the W a v e r l y S chool D i s t r i c t

255
w h e r o r e g u l a r c o n s u m p t i o n was p r a c t i c e d by 44# of
and

the a v e r a g e

of the diet of

quality

these

the subjects,

s ub jects was

c o n s i d e r e d poor.
Conclusions
It w o u l d seem e x p r o p r i a t e
f ro m this
f orth in

s tu d y by e x a m i n i n g
the

section

to e s t a b l i s h c o n c l u s i o n s

the c o r o l l a r i e s

o r i g i n a l l y put

in C h a p t e r 1 d e a l i n g with

the basic

hypothesis.
1.

The

p r o b l e m s of a d o l e s c e n t n u t r i t i o n

s pread e q u a l l y o v er space,
In other words,

but r a th e r e x is t

are not

in pockets.

r e g i o n s of good and p o o r t e e n a g e n u t r i t i o n

c o n be e s t a b l i sh e d.
This

study p r o d u c e d c l e a r e v i d e n c e

that there

c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n o v e r space of a v a r i e t y of

is

food h a b i t

and nutritional characteristics.

In

f or example,

in a large p a rt of the

urban a r e a

the t ee n ag e

studied a t e

living in rural
subu rban

s u bj e ct s

terms of d ie t quality,

the p o orest diet,

a r ea s and also

while

the s u b j e c t s

in a r e l a t i v e l y a f f l u e n t

a r e a c o n s u m e d a m u c h h i gh e r q u a l i t y diet,

o n a c o m p a r i s o n of t h e i r n u t r i e n t

i ntake w i t h

based

the R e c o m m e n d e d

Dietary Allowances.
2.

Those nutrients

o f t e en a g e r s can be

that are d e f i c i e n t

id entified,

and the

from the diets

spatial

distribution

survey population,

the n u t r i e n t

o f this d e f i c i e n c y c an be mapped.
In

terms of the total

m os t d e f i c i e n t
w as

iron,

in th e diet of the s u b j e c t s

b a s e d on

the p e r c e n t a g e of

in this st u d y

the R D A consumed.

The

256
mean

figure h e r e w a s

of l o w e s t

in t ak e b y

70%.

When

viewed spatially,

the s u b j e c t s w er e

the a r e a s

a large u r b a n

area,

s uburban area containing m a n y "blue-collar'1 workers,
rural

area

s u rv eyed.

in t e r m s of

th e ir

a n d n iacin.
over

space

by the

On
well

all of

in terms

of

t he s e

in d i f f e r e n t

to all

was over

while

1 0 0 % of the RDA,

calories,

the R D A

surveyed:

intake

for the

spatial

152,

in F i g u r e s

Obesity exists

in a m o u n t

showed subjects

Ascorbic

4,

and r i b o ­

acid,

These

5, a n d 6

for

differences
(pp.

150,

the ba s is

there were
o r obese,
Although

as a t e e n a g e

p r ob l em ,

and varies

o v e r space.

O b e s i t y was

area,

100%.

to be

154).
3.

on

below

shown

variation

s u r v e y population

distribution

lo w in m a n y u r b a n areas.

and are

c al cium,

a c i d and

total

example,

w e r e m apped,

appeared

s u c h as a s c o r b i c

intakes

quite

l ow

consumed

protein

in m a n y a r e a s w i t h
was

to be

showed considerable
of

an d the

areas.

teenagers

the m e a n

tended

certain nutrients

For other nutrients

v i t a m i n A,

which

teenagers were

the p e r c e n t a g e

the o t h e r hand,

supplied

flav in.

i n t a k e by

Ag ai n,

subjects

Other nutrients

a

judged

f o r the

of a w e i g h t - h e i g h t

teenagers

ratio.

in t h is

Using

t h i s guide,

88 s u b j e c t s w h o w e r e c l a s s i f i e d as

overweight

a n d a n o t h e r 71 w h o w e r e c l a s s i f i e d as
these subjects were

a higher percentage

of

spread throughout
them existed

an u r b a n a r e a a n d the " b l u e - c o l l a r "
o t h e r hand,

there w e r e m o r e

s t ud y

stocky.
th e s u r v e y

in c e r t a i n a r e a s —

suburban

area.

On the

s u b j e c t s w h o w er e c l a s s i f i e d as

25 7
u n d e r w e i g h t or s l e n d e r
areas a n d so m e u r b a n
4.

Spatial

in m o s t

of the m o r e a f f l u e n t

ar e as w h e r e

variation

family

i n c o m e was

o v e r s p a c e c o u l d be s a i d

by the s u m of all of

at the v a r i o u s

points

Therefore,

teenagers'

food h a b i t s w er e known,

space w h e n

anolyzing

An attempt

was m a d e

total

in this

education,

and

factors

background,

could

identify

sex,

r e li gion.

when

in n u t r i t i o n a l

related

interrelate

significant

T h e family,

and

no one

role in

outside

s u c h as p a r e n t a l

shown

togeth er,

to w h y t h e r e
Because

status of

variation

c o u l d be
to occur.

the s c h o o l

play a

teenage r s.

occupation,

is

a variety

that m any family-based

education,

of

factor explained

characteristics

and

things

occupation and

c o n s i d e r e d all

the n u t r i t i o n a l

It has a l r e a d y be en

such

in d i f f e r e n t a reas,

the home,

to their

showed relation­

employment

problems.

over

those social,

parental

While

created

be explained.

a n d this w a s w h a t w a s a c t u a l l y s h o w n

5.

factors

to

subject's

in f o od h a b i t and n u t r i t i o n a l
e xp e cted,

the v a r i a t i o n

do o f f e r some e x p l a n a t i o n as

s patial v a r i a t i o n
o f these

influencing

factors

intake p a t t e r n s

a large a m o u n t of v a r i a t i o n ,
these f a c t o r s

if all

Correlations

food

family income,

h o us i ng ,

s u r f a c e at

f ac t o r s w h i c h w e r e

ships e x i s t i n g b e t w e e n

school,

study

intake b e h a v i o r .

as c o l o r a n d ethnic

to be c a u s e d

of the e a r t h ' s

these food habits

and economic

food

cu l tu r a l ,

the f a c t o r s w h i c h are o p e r a t i n g o n d

that p a r t i c u l a r time.

cultural

social,

problems

factors.

A n y variation

interacting

low.

in t e e n a g e n u t r i t i o n a l

can be e x p l a i n e d in p a r t by i d e n t i f i a b l e
and economic

suburban

income,

258
religion,

a n d e t h n i c b a c k g r o u n d do

r e c e i v e d by those a do l e s c e n t s .
u p in o t h e r ways

too.

influence

Th e

the n u t r i e n t s

f a m i l y influence

F o r example,

showed

there w as a n e g a t i v e

relationship between

the h ou r s of w o r k the m o t h e r w as e m p l o y e d

out s id e

the am o un t

the ho me a n d

subjects.
unit,

Also,

the

w he n

of

the en t ir e

fruit c o n s u m e d by the

f am i l y at e

s u bj e c t s c o n s u m e d on o v e r a g e of

daily colories

but

32# of

friends

When

i mp o rtant

home,

but

in terms of housing,

i nf l uence on

the teenagers'

p r e s e n c e of sound h o u s i n g units
ject l i v e d was p o s i t i v e l y

totol

thus
this

less protein.

also a p p e a r e d to be an
f oo d habits.

On

to his

The
the

consumption

the o t h e r hand,

h o u s i n g u n i t s we r e a s s o c i a t e d n e g a t i v e l y w i th

the

sub­
of

deteriorating
same

D e t e r i o r a t i n g a n d d i l a p i d a t e d h o u s i n g units we re

also p o s i t i v e l y r e l a t e d
c al o ri e s

their

the intake of

in the a r e a wh e re

related

fruits a n d of a s c o r b i c o d d .

factors.

os a

the s u b j e c t s ate a l o n e or with

t h e y c o n s u m e d mo r e c a l o r i e s
The

28# of

th e i r totol d o i l y protein,

i n d i c a t i n g a s l i g h t l y p o s i t i v e e f f e c t on
import ant nutrie n t.

together,

e a te n at

to the p e r c e n t a g e

scho ol a n d w i t h

friends,

trend

a w a y from c o n s u m i n g

where

this type of h o u s i n g was pr e va l en t .
T he

school

in the s t u d y w e re
lunch hour,

it wa s

food at home

p l a y e d an i m p o r t a n t

terms of the teenagers'

of the d a y' s

f oo d intake.

but v a r i e d ro l e

the total

in

A l t h o u g h all s u b j e c t s
school o v e r

the

of the r e s e a r c h e r that

m a n y c h o s e n o t to eat a n y t h i n g a t school
the m e a n p e r c e n t a g e of

indicating a

for s u bjects living

r e q u i r e d to r e m a i n in the
the o b s e r v a t i o n

total

at all.

H o wever,

day's c a l o r i e s c o n s u m e d at

259
s ch o ol

for the e n t i r e

s u r v e y p o p u l a t i o n was

25#,

slightly

These nutrients

percentage

of protein

could have

be e n d e r i v e d

from

the

from

s u b j e c t ’s l u n c h

instances,

techniques

and nutritional

st a t u s

the p r o b l e m s
two m a i n

of
to

ti on g e o g r a p h y ,
has

study.
171,

areas

lunch pr o gram,

or

r e s e a r c h was

In m a n y

be en me t

As was

food h a b i t s

to gain m o r e
pointed out

geography.

tracts,

the m a j o r

invol ved:

consump­

In t e r m s of c o n s u m p ­

for "primary consumption

i n cl uding

food g r o u p s

preparations

shown

insight

in the first

by the m a p p i n g of v a r i o u s

by c e n s u s

are

to a p p l y

s t u d y of t e e n a g e

of g e o g r a p h y w e r e

of m u l t i - v i t a m i n

in F i g u r e s

8,

10,

the n u m b e r of

as well

by the

f oo d h ab i t

as

th e

teenagers

and

14

(pp.

in the
159,

195).
Medical

geography,

o f h e a l t h a n d d is e as e ,
tional
was

the

outlined.

p e r d ay of

Theae

this

S p e n c e r ’s r e q u e s t

characteristics

i nt a k e

f r o m home,

in an a t t e m p t

t i o n g e o g r a p h y a nd m e d i c a l

servings

hot

Significance

geographical

patterns"*

school's

brought

A major objective

chapter,

the

23#.

the

vending machines.

Geographical

into

lower,

with

status.

encompasses

In t h is

more health— related

nutritional

os a s t u d y o f

study

the

p.

630.

the w h o l e
spatial

s patial

variation

f i e l d of n u t r i ­

variation

examined

t h an d i s e a s e - r e l a t e d as o b v i o u s

deficiency diseases

■*Spencer,

the

ar e

ra re

in the U n i t e d S t a t e s

260
today.

However,

nutritional
optimal

m u c h e v i d e n c e was c i t e d

status of the

teenager

a n d hence could w e ll

health.

M c G l a s h a n states:

of health*
physical,

is o f t e n

be r e l a t e d
"Health.

in its spatial variations,

in which

of d i s e a s e d n e s s

and social

the

Therefo r e,

a n d m a ps w er e p r e p a r e d w h i c h showed the
in intake by the subjects
n u t r i e n t s kn o wn
a m o u n t s of

than

. .needs to be

well-being

to d e a t h , 11

less

co ncept of

these n u t r i e n t s

ingested by

a n a l y z e d s p a t i a l l y in terras of

st udied
'degrees

ideal of a b s o l u t e

t hr o ug h v a r i a t i o n s
data was c o m p i l e d
spatial

variation

in the s t u d y of several

to be n e e d e d by humans.

the

to less th an per fect

m o k e s up a c o n t i n u u m from the
mental

to s h o w that

of

the

F u rt h er m or e ,
the

the

teena ge r s were

their p e r c e n t a g e

i n ta k e of

the R e c o m m e n d e d D i e t a r y A l l o w a n c e s e s t a b l i s h e d by the Food
a n d N u t r i t i o n B o a r d of the N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h Council.
e n c o m p a s s e d by me dical g e o g r a p h y is sp a t i a l
obesity,

in

as o b e s i t y is c o n s i d e r e d by m a n y n u t r i t i o n i s t s and

o t h e r m e d i c a l pe r sonnel
problem

variation

Also

to be

in the U n i t e d S t a t e s

w e i g h t - h e i g h t ratio,

the n u m b e r one pu b li c h e a l t h
today.

Thus,

by u s i n g a

v a r y i n g degrees o f o b e s i t y w e r e

e s t a b l i s h e d a m o n g the subjects,
m a p p e d by census

Theref o re ,

tracts.

the original

v a r i a t i o n e x i s t e d in the

and

t he s e wer e

in turn

(Figure 3,

p.

53).

hypothesis

t h at s i g n i f i c a n t

spatial

f o o d intake o f p u blic a n d h i g h

2N. D. M c G l a s h a n ( e d . ), M e d i c a l
M e t h u e n & Co. Ltd., 1972), p. 6.

G e o g r a p h y (London:

school

students

In Ingham a n d J a c k s o n counties,

has b e en shown to be true
o n l y be hoped t h a t

It can

the u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the a m o u n t and k i n d

of spatial v a r i a t i o n will
tee n a g e nutrition.

in a v a r i e t y o f ways.

M i ch i g a n ,

le o d to m o r e

success

in u p g r a d i n g

APPENDIX

APPENDIX A
Q u e s t ionnoi

APPENDIX A

Questionnaire

Nane
Address

Date
________________

Census Tract ^
Height
1.

_
_

_

_

_

_

Time

Age

_______

Sex

Grade

_______

Do you take a vitamin preparation?

Weight _ _ _ _ _

______________

How often?

What brand?

262

Twenty-four hour recall. Beginning now, and working backwards to this same time
yesterday, please mention all the foods you have eaten and in what quantity.
I
would also like to know with whom you ate.
Eaten Alone (A)
Where was this
With All of Family (F) eaten? Home (H)
Approximate Part ofa Meal(M)
Some of Family (S)
School (S)
Food Item
Amount Time Eaten
or Snack (S)
Or With Friends (X)
Elsewhere (E)

-2-

Food Item

Eat en I T one (A)
Where was this
With All of Family (F ) eaten? Home ( S )
Approximate Part of a Meal (M)
Some of Family (s)
School (S)
Amount Time Eaten
or Snack (S)
Or With Friends (X)
Elsewhere (E)

263

-32.

If you could have anything that you wanted, please tell me what you would include in
an ”ideal" meal for:
Morning

Evening

Yes

264

Tell me about yourself and your family.
3.

Are you a diabetic?

No

4.

Have you had any major illnesses in the past five years?
Illness

5.

What were they?

Year

Do you have a job outside of school?

Yes

No

If yes, what is it?

How many hours do you work per week?_________
6.

What is your father’s age?

What is his occupation? _____

What is the highest level of education that he completed?

Grade School_

High School______ College________ Graduate degree________ Which_______

-47.

What is your Bother's age?

Does she work outside the hose?

If yes, what is her occupation?

8.

9.

No

How many hours does she work per week?

What is the highest level of education that she completed?
High School

Yes

College

Grade School

Graduate degree__________ Which

How many brothers do you have living at home?

What are their ages?____________

How many sisters do you have living at home?

What are their ages?____________

Who usually purchases the food for your family?______________________
Who generally does the food preparation for your family?______________________

11.

Where have you lived in the past five years?
City

12.

Country

Number of Years

What is the region or country of origin of your
Mother?
Father?___________________

13.

State

Mother's parents?
Father's parents?

Mother
Father
Mother
Father

To which, if any, of the religious groups listed does your family belong?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Protestant (which?)________________
Catholic
Jewish
Mixed (which?)
Other (which?)
None

265

10.

-5Please place a check in the column that most closely describes your attitude towards each
of the food items listed.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Like very
Like
Neither like Dislike Dislike
Do not know, as I
______ Food Item________ much
slightly nor dislike slightly very much am unfamiliar with it
French fried potatoes
Lasagne
Chili con carne_________________________________________________________________________________
Chop suey
Fried calves' liver
266

Sauerkraut
Pizza
Fried scallops___________________________________________________________________________________
Cooked spinach__________________________________________________________________________________
Spaghetti with tomato
and meat sauce
Cooked cauliflower
Cooked beets
Chocolate cake
Baked custard
Whole m

i

l

k

______

Cola beverages
Hard-cooked eggs
Pork Chops____________________________________________________________________ ___________________
Oatmeal

APPENDIX B
l otions h ip s (r v a lu e s) Between F o o d H a bi t
and N u t r i t i o n a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , and
Socio-Economic Variables
D e r i v e d from the S t u d y

TABLE B1
Relationships (r values) Between Types of Food Consumed and
Socio-Economic Variables Derived from the Study
Age
Milk & Milk Products
Milk & Milk Drinks
Fresh Fluid Milk
Milk Drinks
Cream, Ice Cream, Milk Desserts
Frozen Desserts
Cheese
267

Protein Foods
Meat, Poultry, Fish
Beef
Pork
Veal, Lamb
Liver
Game & Luncheon Meat
Poultry
Fish
Eggs
Legumes
Nuts
Protein Mixtures

Grade

Sex
-.377672
-.366830

-.080973

Color0
-.082844
-.071144

-.359447
-.073842

-.082319

-.143382
-.157907
-.083814
-.355161
-.283131
-.173553
-.161435

.086196
.099423

-.127011
.090624

-.083676
-.137300

.205000
-.172778

-.072896

Vegetables
Potatoes
Dark Green, Deep Yellow
Tomatoes
Other Vegetables
Vegetable Mixtures

-.120005
-.090700
-.175419
-.164106
-.098455
______

aAll figures presented were highly significant; r = .088, significant at the
probability; r = .067, significant at the 5 % level of probability. N = 911.
fyale subjects were coded (l); female subjects were coded (2).
£
White subjects were coded (l); non-white subjects were coded (2).

.108633
.126615

level of

TABLE B1— Continued
# of
Illnesses
Milk & Milk Products
Milk & Milk Drinks
Fresh Fluid Milk
Milk Drinks
Cream, Ice Cream, Milk Desserts
Frozen Desserts
Cheese

Pneumonia

d

^
Bronchitis

Mono.
nucleosis

-.084233
-.104581
-.086014

119428

139068

Eggs
Legumes
Nuts
Protein Mixtures
Vegetables
Potatoes
Dark Green, Deep Yellow
Tomatoes
Other Vegetables
Vegetable Mixtures

-.097974

^Subjects who indicated that they had had these illnesses within the past five years
were coded (1); all others were coded (2).

268

Protein Foods
Meat, Poultry, Fish
Beef
Pork
Veal, Lamb
Liver
Game & Luncheon Meat
Poultry
Fish

RH Fever

d

TABLE Bl— Continued
# of
Subject1s
Moves
Mother1s
Father's
Mother's
Work
in Past
# of
Work
Hrs/Week Age Education
Age
Hrs/Week 5 Years Siblings
Milk & Milk Products
Milk & Milk Drinks
Fresh Fluid Milk
Milk Drinks
Creaa, Ice Cream, Milk Desserts
Frozen Desserts
Cheese

.131507

Protein Foods
Meat, Poultry, Fish
Beef
Pork
Veal, Lamb
Liver
Game & Luncheon Meat
Poultry
Fish
Eggs
Legumes
Nuts
Protein Mixtures

.092786

.102541
.071377
.110255

.TST53B

089565
269

Vegetables
Potatoes
Dark Green, Deep Yellow
Tomatoes
Other Vegetables
Vegetable Mixtures

.076463
.096140

.mm

.105350

-.069177
.124546
127178

.090254
.112767
.087353
.129866

TABLE B1— Continued
Father’s Occupation
Professional
Milk & Milk Products
Milk & Milk Drinks
Fresh Fluid Milk
Milk Drinks
Cream, Ice Cream, Milk Desserts
Frozen Desserts
Cheese

Vegetables
Potatoes
Dark Green, Deep Yellow
Tomatoes
Other Vegetables
Vegetable Mixtures

Manager

Clerical

Sales

.076634

.091862
.078475
.120276

.080521
270

Protein Foods
Meat, Poultry, Fish
Beef
Pork
Veal, Lamb
Liver
Game & Luncheon Meat
Poultry
Fish
Eggs
Legumes
Nuts
Protein Mixtures

Fanner

.076699
.074196

.093566

.092175
.081555

TABLE B1— Continued
Father's Occupation
Craftsman
Milk & Milk Products
Milk & Milk Drinks
Fresh Fluid Milk
Milk Drinks
Cream, Ice Cream, Milk Desserts
Frozen Desserts
Cheese
Protein Foods
Meat, Poultry, Fish
Beef
Pork
Veal, Lamb
Liver
Game & Luncheon Meat
Poultry
Fish
Eggs
Legumes
Nuts
Protein Mixtures
Vegetables
Potatoes
Dark Green, Deep Yellow
Tomatoes
Other Vegetables
Vegetable Mixtures

Operative

Service

Farm
Laborer

Other
Laborer

-.085685
075992
.071713
-.087682
-.074781

.081965

-.070372

.082700
.100912

.091735

TABLE B1— Continued

Father1s Origin______
North
Michigan Central
Other
Milk & Milk Products
Milk & Milk Drinks
Fresh Fluid Milk
Milk Drinks
Cream, Ice Cream, Milk Desserts
Frozen Desserts
Cheese

Vegetables
Potatoes
Dark Green, Deep Yellow
Tomatoes
Other Vegetables
Vegetable Mixtures

-.095321
-.078576

272

Protein Foods
Meat, Poultry, Fish
Beef
Pork
Veal, Lamb
Liver
Game & Luncheon Meat
Poultry
Fish
Eggs
Legumes
Nuts
Protein Mixtures

Mother's Origin______
North
Michigan Central
Other

.071416

.084124

-.071486

-.080159

.105114

.089769
.075776

TABLE B1— Continued
Family Religion
Protestant

Catholic

Milk & Milk Products
Milk & Milk Drinks
Fresh Fluid Milk
Milk Drinks
Cream, Ice Cream, Milk Desserts
Frozen Desserts
Cheese

Vegetables
Potatoes
Dark Green, Deep Yellow
Tomatoes
Other Vegetables
Vegetable Mixtures

Mixed

Other
or None

.071318

273

Protein Foods
Meat, Poultry, Fish
Beef
Pork
Veal, Lamb
Liver
Game & Luncheon Meat
Poultry
Fish
Eggs
Legumes
Nuts
Protein Mixtures

Jewish

.161530

.077083
-.082782

-.082395

.132385

TABLE B1— Continued

Age

.077517
.071180

Fruits
Citrus Fruits
Dried Fruits
Other Fruits
.111989
.104152
.123145
.092142

Sexb

Color0

-.082528

-.405117
-.408674
-.216656
-.406639
-.174449
274

Grain Products
Whole Grain or Enriched
Pastes & Cereals
Bread
Other Baked Goods
Non-enriched
Pastes & Cereal
Bread
Other Baked Goods
Grain Mixtures

Grade

-.089671
-.165722
-.120474

.070871

Fats and Oils

-.143743

-.084984

Sugars and Sweets
Sugars, Sirups, Candies
Sugar
Sirups & Honey
Jellies & Jama
Candies
Soft Drinks and Dessert Powders
Soft Drinks

-.193617
-.129462
-.112925

.126246
.087698
.163736

-.132585
-.162848
-.166828

.101165
.112113

TABLE B1— Continued

# of
Illnesses
Fruits
Citrus Fruits
Dried Fruits
Other Fruits
Grain Products
Thole Grain or Enriched
Pastes & Cereal
Bread
Other Baked Goods
Non-enriched
Pastes & Cereal
Bread
Other Baked Goods
Grain Mixtures
Fats and Oils
Sugars and Sweets
Sugars, Sirups, Candies
Sugar
Sirups & Honey
Jellies & Jans
Candies
Soft Drinks & Dessert Powders
Soft Drinks

RbeunaticPneu-d
Fever
nonia

Bronchitis

d

Mono- d
nucleosis

-.075534

-.140234
-.105650
-.099253

-.095839

-.077538

TABLE B1— Continued

Fruits
Citrus Fruits
Dried Fruits
Other Fruits

Subject1s
Father* s
Work
Hrs/Week Age Education

Mother’s
Work
Age
Hrs/Week

.175882
.105362

.097813 -.104353
.069031

.147444

.071915 -.096161

-.070613

# of
Moves

# of
Siblings
.088563
.093881

276

Grain Products
Thole Grain or Enriched
Pastes & Cereals
Bread
Other Baked Goods
Non-enriched
Pastes & Cereals
Bread
Other Baked Goods
Grain Mixtures

Mothers

.069982
.094396
.070479
.085058
-.081097

Fats and Oils

.097716

Sugars and Sweets
Sugars, Sirups, Candies
Sugar
Sirups & Honey
Jellies & Jams
Candies
Soft Drinks & Dessert Powders
Soft Drinks

.101993
.071139
.079444

-.083233
.113905
.147731
.161197

-.069810
-.070543

TABlf B1— Continued

Father’s Occupation
Professional
Fruits
Citrus Fruits
Dried Fruits
Other Fruits

Farmer

Manager

.124857
,096671

087736

.086618

113542

Sales

277

Grain Products
Whole Grain or Enriched
Pastes & Cereals
Bread
Other Baked Goods
Non-enriched
Pastes & Cereal
Bread
Other Baked Goods
Grain Mixtures

Clerical

.071767

Fats and Oils
Sugars and Sweets
Sugars, Sirups, Candies
Sugar
Sirups & Honey
Jellies & Jams
Candies
Soft Drinks & Dessert Powders
Soft Drinks

.088958
-.097299
-.104921

.105163
.105082

TABLE B1

Continued
Father s Occupation

Craftsman
Fruits
Citrus Fruits
Dried Fruits
Other Fruits

-.071708

Operative
-.071068

Service

.078021

.147304

.156593
-.092592

-.091653

.075038

278

.082769

Fats and Oils
Sugars and Sweets
Sugars, Sirups, Candies
Sugar
Sirups & Honey
Jellies & Jams
Candies
Soft Drinks & Dessert Powders
Soft Drinks

Other
Laborer

-.071456

-.099878

Grain Products
thole Grain or Enriched
Pastes & Cereals
Bread
Other Baked Goods
Non-enriched
Pastes & Cereals
Bread
Other Baked Goods
Grain Mixtures

Farm
Laborer

TABLE B1— Continued

Father's Origin
North
Michigan Central Other

Mother's Origin
North
Michigan Central
Other

Fruits
Citrus Fruits
Dried Fruits
Other Fruits
.071893
.075138

Fats and Oils
Sugars and Sweets
Sugars, Sirups, Candies
Sugar
Sirups & Honey
Jellies & Jans
Candies
Soft Drinks & Dessert Powders
Soft Drinks

.071466

279

Grain Products
Whole Grain or Enriched
Pastes & Cereals
Bread
Other Baked Goods
Non-enriched
Pastes & Cereal
Bread
Other Baked Goods
Grain Mixtures

TABLE B1— Continued

Family Religion

Protestant
Fruits
Citrus Fruits
Dried Fruits
Other Fruits

Fats and Oils
Sugars and Sweets
Sugars, Sirups, Candies
Sugar
Sirups & Honey
Jellies & Jams
Candies
Soft Drinks & Dessert Powders
Soft Drinks

Jewish

Mixed

Other or
None

-.074729

280

Grain Products
Whole Grain or Enriched
Pastes & Cereals
Bread
Other Baked Goods
Non-enriched
Pastes & Cereals
Bread
Other Baked Goods
Grain Mixtures

106481
088365

Roman
Catholic

,074164

072040

TABLE B2
Relationships (r values) Between Calorie and Protein Intake of Subjects inflDifferent
Environments and Socio-Economic Variables Determined in this Study
Calories
Meals - % from
Snacks - # from
Eaten Alone
Eaten with All of Family
Eaten with Some of Family
Eaten with Friends
Eaten at Home
Eaten at School
Eaten Elsewhere

Age.
.075196
-.086593

Grade
.090639
-.093546

Sex

Color
-.078971
,081877

.131501
■.085743

-.075790

.108098

.079099

Protein
Meals - % from
Snacks - # from
Eaten Alone
Eaten with All of Family
Eaten with Some of Family
Eaten with Friends
Eaten at Home
Eaten at School
Eaten Elsewhere

-.075478
.079072
-.070096
.101187
-.084558

-.069545

.115090

.100681

All figures presented were highly significant; r = .088, significant at the 1$ level of
probability; r = .067, significant at the 5# level of probability. N = 911.
Male subjects were coded (l); female subjects were coded (2).
'White subjects were coded (l); non-white subjects were coded (2).

TABLE B2— Continued

Calories

-.072696

Rheumatic
Fever^

d
Pneumonia

-.071714
.092304

.069022

-.082546

.074389

-.078349
.096986

.069917

-.091747

-.091166

d
Bronchitis

Mono.
nucleosis

Protein
Meals - $ from
Snacks - # from
Eaten Alone
Eaten with All of Family
Eaten with Some of Family
Eaten with Friends
Eaten at Home
Eaten at School
Eaten Elsewhere

-.076864

subjects who indicated that they had had these illnesses within the past five years
were coded (l); all others were coded (2).

282

Meals - $ fron
Snacks - % from
Eaten Alone
Eaten with All of Family
Eaten with Some of Family
Eaten with Friends
Eaten at Home
Eaten at School
Eaten Elsewhere

# of
Illnesses

TABLE B2— Continued

Calories

Father's
Age Education

Mother's
Age

# of
Moves

of
Siblings
§

.074716
139105
.161160
-.263387
.279586

Protein
Meals - % from
Snacks - % from
Eaten Alone
Eaten with All ofFamily
Eaten with Some of Family
Eaten with Friends
Eaten at Home
Eaten at School
Eaten Elsewhere

Mother's
Work
Hrs/ffeek

283

Meals - % from
Snacks - # from
Eaten Alone
Eaten with All of Family
Eaten with Some of Family
Eaten with Friends
Eaten at Home
Eaten at School
Eaten Elsewhere

Subject's
Work
Hrs/Week

-.079123
.077143
-.134033
.146344
-.231150
.257722

.074776

TABU! B2— Continued

Father's Occupation
Calories

Professional

Fanner

Clerical

Sales
071283
074464

.089894

Protein
Meals - % from
Snacks - % from
Eaten Alone
Eaten with All of Family
Eaten with Some of Family
Eaten with Friends
Eaten at Home
Eaten at School
Eaten Elsewhere

.083400
.074543

.110581

284

Meals - # from
Snacks - % from
Eaten Alone
Eaten with All of Family
Eaten with Some of Family
Eaten with Friends
Eaten at Borne
Eaten at School
Eaten Elsewhere

Manager

TABLE B2— Continued
Father*s Occupation
Calories

Craftsman

Operative

Service

Other
Laborer

-.073091
.074282

285

Meals - $e from
Snacks - % from
Eaten Alone
Eaten with All of Family
Eaten with Some of Family
Eaten with Friends
Eaten at Home
Eaten at School
Eaten Elsewhere
Protein
Meals - % from
Snacks - # from
Eaten Alone
Eaten with All of Family
Eaten with Some of Family
Eaten with Friends
Eaten at Home
Eaten at School
Eaten Elsewhere

Farm
Laborer

-.075895

TABLE B2— Continued

Father's Origin
Calories

Protein
Meals - $ from
Snacks - # from
Eaten Alone
Eaten with All of Family
Eaten with Some of Family
Eaten with Friends
Eaten at Home
Eaten at School
Eaten Elsewhere

Other

Michigan

-.076459

North
Central

Other

.082287

286

Meals - it from
Snacks - $ from
Eaten Alone
Eaten with All of Family
Eaten with Some of Family
Eaten with Friends
Eaten at Home
Eaten at School
Eaten Elsewhere

Michigan

North
Central

Mother's Origin

TABUS B2— Continued

Family Religion

Calories

Protein
Meals - % from
Snacks - % from
Eaten Alone
Eaten with All of Family
Eaten with Some of Family
Eaten with Friends
Eaten at Home
Eaten at School
Eaten Elsewhere

Jewish

Mixed

Other or
None

073059

287

Meals - % from
Snacks - % from
Eaten Alone
Eaten with All of Family
Eaten with Some of Family
Eaten with Friends
Eaten at Home
Eaten at School
Eaten Elsewhere

Protestant

Roman
Catholic

TABLE B3
Relationships (r values) Between the Major Food Purchaser and Preparer in Families
of Subjects and Socio-Economic Variables Determined in this Study

Major Food Preparer
Mother
Mother & Self
Mother, Self & Others
Mother & Father
Father
Self
Self & Others Except Mother
Grandmother
Other

Grade

.078601
.091016

.128456

Sex

Color

.120443

-.071197
-.078547
.086455

.087208
288

Major Food Purchaser
Mother
Mother & Self
Mother, Self & Others
Mother & Father
Father
Self
Self & Others Except Mother
Grandmother
Other

M s.

.074574

-.069279

-.184412
.231507

.204575

-.124775

a
All figures presented were highly significant; r = .088. significant at the 1% level of
probability; r = .067, significant at the 5# level of probability. N = 911.
Male subjects were coded (l); female subjects were coded (2).
'White subjects were coded (l); non-white subjects were coded (2).

TABLE B3— Continued

# of
Illnesses
Major Food Purchaser
Mother
Mother & Self
Mother, Self & Others
Mother & Father
Father
Self
Self & Others Except Mother
Grandmother
Others

.
Pneumonia

Bronchitis

Mono- d
nucleosis

.075944

.093703

-.087877
-.137791

-.149045
289

Major Food Preparer
Mother
Mother & Self
Mother, Self & Others
Mother & Father
Father
Self
Self & Others Except Mother
Grandmother
Others

Rheumatic
Feverd

-.134851

.105828
-.088325

^Subjects who indicated that they had had these illnesses within the past five years
were coded (1); all others were coded (2).

TABLE B3— Continued

Subject’s
Work
Hrs/Week

Major Food Preparer
Mother
Mother & Self
Mother, Self & Others
Mother & Father
Father
Self
Self & Others Except
Mother
Grandmother
Others

*095644

.075773

109588

070070
- 072430

Mother’s
Work
Hrs/Wk

# of
Moves

# of
Siblings

-.109918
.088310
.080948

290

Major Food Purchaser
Mother
-.082381
Mother & Self
Mother, Self & Others
Mother & Father
Father
.139431
Self
Self & Others Except
Mother
Grandmother
Others
.080675

Father's
Mother's
Age
Education
Age

-.283326
.084350

.072180

.118347
.226290
.115356

.083800
185864

.098407

TABL£ B3— Continued

Father1s Occupation
Professional
Major Food Purchaser
Mother
Mother & Self
Mother, Self & Others
Mother & Father
Father
Self
Self & Others Except Mother
Grandmother
Others
Major Food Preparer
Mother
Mother & Self
Mother, Self & Others
Mother & Father
Father
Self
Self & Others Except Mother
Grandmother
Others

Farmer

Manager

Clerical

Sales

.077795
.088124

.084360

.069854

.078100
-.069884
.086293

.077510

TABLE B3— Continued

Father's Occupation
Craftsman
Major Food Purchaser
Mother
Mother & Self
Mother, Self & Others
Mother & Father
Father
Self
Self & Others Except Mother
Grandmother
Others

Service

Other
Laborer

.096104
29 2

Major Food Preparer
Mother
Mother & Self
Mother, Self & Others
Mother & Father
Father
Self
Self & Others Except Mother
Grandmother
Others

Operative

Farm
Laborer

096081

.069629

-.089169
.127357

.086809

120535

TABLE B3— Continued

Father's Origin

Michigan

Major Food Preparers
Mother
Mother & Self
Mother, Self & Others
Mother & Father
Father
Self
Self & Others Except Mother
Grandmother
Others

.085607

Other

Michigan

North
Central

Other

-.095956

-.078845
.098087

293

Major Food Purchaser
Mother
Mother & Self
Mother, Self & Others
Mother & Father
Father
Self
Self & Others Except Mother
Grandmother
Others

North
Central

Mother's Origin

-.091857
-.074870
.088909

TABLE B3— Continued

Family Religion

Protestant

Major Food Preparers
Mother
Mother & Self
Mother, Self & Others
Mother & Father
Father
Self
Self & Others Except Mother
Grandmother
Others

.076527

Jewish

Mixed

Other or
None

-.079556

.082006
.072394
294

Major Food Purchaser
Mother
Mother & Self
Mother, Self & Others
Mother & Father
Father
Self
Self & Others Except Mother
Grandmother
Others

Roman
Catholic

.078671

TABLE B4
Relationships (r values) Between Attitudes Towards Selected Foods
and Socio-Economic Variables Determined in this Study
Age

Grade

Sex

French Fried Potatoes
Like Very Much
Like Slightly
Neither Like Nor Dislike
Dislike Slightly
Dislike Very Much
Unfamiliar With

Chili Con C a m e
Like Very Much
Like Slightly
Neither Like Nor Dislike
Dislike Slightly
Dislike Very Much
Unfamiliar With

.087336
-.085580

.070982

.153762

-.074611

-.104867

-.115917

.071871
-.088935

.070804
.098901
.134525
-.095354

-.078190

aAll figures presented were highly significant; r = .088, significant at the lj level of
probability; r = .067, significant at the 5$ level of probability. N = 911.
Male subjects were coded (1); female subjects were coded (2).
cWhite subjects were coded (l); non-white subjects were coded (2).

295

Lasagne
Like Very Much
Like Slightly
Neither Like Nor Dislike
Dislike Slightly
Dislike Very Much
Unfamiliar With

Color0

TABLE B4— Continued

# of
Illnesses

Rheumatic
Fever**

French Fried Potatoes
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Pneumonia

.
Bronchitis

Mononucleosis

.090693
-.074027
-.116190
-.088325

-.097370

Chili con carne
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
^Subjects who indicated that they had these illnesses within the past five years were
coded (l); all others were coded (2).

296

Lasagne
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

^

TABLE B4— Continued

Subject's
Work
Hrs/ffeek
French Fried Potatoes
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Chili Con Carne
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Mother’s
Mother's
Work
*Se. - Hrs/Week

# of
Moves

# of
Siblings

-.092027

.im u
-.098230

-.104282

297

Lasagne
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Father's
Age
Education

.181208

-.107035

-.089972
-.216257

.079786

-.069591

.090893

.074461

TABLE B4— Continued

Father’s Occupation
Professional

Farmer

Manager

Clerical

Sales

French Fried Potatoes
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Chili Con C a m e
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

.081574

-.141968

.089457

.076624

.096975

-.083657

-.082609

298

Lasagne
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

TABLE B4— Continued
Father*s Occupation
Craftsman

Operative

Servic e

Farm
Laborer

Other
Laborer

French Fried Potatoes
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Chili Con Carne
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

.072981

-.105295

.083390

.114816

299

Lasagne
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

.085374

.110676

TABLE B4— Continued

Father's Origin

Mother's Origin

North
Central

North
Central

Michigan

Other

Michigan

Other

French Fried Potatoes
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Chili Con Carne
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

.069252

.077878
-.084899

-.085188

.079457
-.095483

300

Lasagne
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

TABLE B4— Continued

Family Religion

Protestant
French Fried Potatoes
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Roman
Catholic

Jewish

Mixed

Other or
None

-.083211
.074291
.121870

Lasagne
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Chili Con Carne
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

.080577

-.069546

TABLE B4— Continued

Age
Chop Suey
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

b

Color

c

.085718

302

Pizza
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Sex

.099344

Fried Calves' Liver
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar vith
Sauerkraut
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Grade

-.070918
-.070744
.080042

-.077417

-.129761
.120027
.140834

TABLE B4— Continued

# of
Illnesses
Chop Suey
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

d
Pneumonia

d
Bronchitis

Mono- d
nucleosis

.071386

Fried Calves' Liver
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

-.079723
303

Sauerkraut
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Pizza
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Rheumatic
Fever**

.082675

TABLE B4— Continued
Subject's
Work
Hrs/Week
Chop Suey
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Mother's
Age

# of
Moves

# of
Siblings

.086226

-.071428
.091253

.089793

.102062
304

Fried Calves’ Liver
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Father*a
Age Education

Mother’s
Work
Hrs/Week

.085410

Sauerkraut
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Pizza
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

-.080467

.094459

TABLE B4— Continued

Father's Occupation
Professional
Chop Suey
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Sauerkraut
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Pizza
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

-.086391

Manager

Clerical

Sales

.092206

305

Fried Calves' Liver
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Farmer

.087631
.075271

-.082807

-.092535

TABLE B4— Continued
Father's Occupation
Craftsman
Chop Suey
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Sauerkraut
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Pizza
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Service

Other
Laborer

.083700

.132628
.069703

306

Fried Calves' Liver
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Operative

Farm
Laborer

TABLE B4— Continued
Father's Origin

Mother's Origin

North
Central

North
Central

Michigan

Other

Michigan

_ Other

Chop Suey
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Sauerkraut
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Pizza
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

307

Fried Calves' Liver
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

.073111

-.07309S

-.069398
.069428

TABI£ B4— Continued

Family Religion
Protestant
Chop Suey
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Sauerkraut
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Pizza
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Jewish

Mixed

Other or
None

.079347

.073041
308

Fried Calves' Liver
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Roman
Catholic

TABLE B4— Continued

Age

Grade

Fried Scallops
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Se*

b

.128526

.081686
309

Spaghetti w/tomato & meat sauce
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

c

-.070241

Cooked Spinach
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Pancakes
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Color

-.070241

-.070175

-.175872

.071561

.089194
.073268
.092329

.107115
.072205

TABLE B4— Continued

# of
Illnesses

Rheumatic
Feverd

Pneumonia

Bronchitis

Mononucleosis

Fried Scallops
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Cooked Spinach
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

-.099396

Pancakes
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Spaghetti w/tomato & meat sauce
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

.077715

-.079273

TABLE B4— Continued
Subject’s
Work
Hrs/Week
Fried Scallops
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Mother*s
Father's
Mother's
Work
# of
# of
Age
Education
Age
Hrs/Week Moves Siblings

.079324

-.105906

Pancakes
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Spaghetti w/tomato & meat sauce
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

311

Cooked Spinach
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

.099372
-.087176
.071455

.070774
.103433

.085771
.099789

TABLE B4— Continued

Father's Occupation
Professional
Fried Scallops
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Pancakes
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Spaghetti w/tomato & meat sauce
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Manager

Clerical

Sales

.115220

312

Cooked Spinach
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Farmer

.095517
.083381
-.085044
-.071113

.091800

TABLE B4— Continued
Father*s Occupation

Craftsman

Operative

Fried Scallops
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Cooked Spinach
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Pancakes
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Spaghetti w/tomato & meat sauce
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much.
Unfamiliar with

Servic e

.080865

-.083307

.087010

Farm
Laborer

Other
Laborer

TABLE B4— Continued
Father's Origin
Michigan

North
Central

Mother's Origin

Other

Fried Scallops
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

North
Central

Other

.072044
.087480

Cooked Spinach
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

.101985

-.088218

Pancakes
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Spaghetti w/tomato & meat sauce
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much.
Unfamiliar with

Michigan

.088541

-.092834

.090869

.071948

.069243

TABLE B4— Continued

Family Religion

Protestant

Roman
Catholic

Jewish

Fried Scallops
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Cooked Spinach
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

.084950
.111113

.085828

-.102043

-.076979

.093276

Pancakes
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Spaghetti w/tomato & meat sauce
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Mixed

Other or
None

-.072164

.080760

TABLE B4— Continued

Age

Grade

Cooked Cauliflower
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Cooked Beets
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Sex^

.085761

.130284

.092508

.150601

-.073064

Chocolate Cake
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Baked Custard
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Color0

.098788

-.069437
.097732

TABLE B4— Continued

# of
Illnesses

Rheumatic
Fever

Cooked Cauliflower
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Baked Custard
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

d

d
Bronchitis

-.081654

Cooked Beets
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Chocolate Cake
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Pneumonia

-.146483

Mono- d
nucleosis

TABLE B4— Continued

Subject's
Work
Hrs/Week
Cooked Cauliflower
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Father's
Age Education

Mother's
Age

Mother's
Work
Hrs/Week

-.082812
-.100933

318

Baked Custard
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

# of
Siblings

.091628

Cooked Beets
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Chocolate Cake
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

# of
Moves

.069287

.073951
.071962
-.071638

.069475
.069969
-.092399

TABLE B4— Continued

Father's Occupation
Professional

-.107605

Cooked Beets
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

-.077437

Chocolate Cake
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Baked Custard
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Manager

Clerical

Sales

319

Cooked Cauliflower
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Farmer

.071564

.099800

TABLE B4— Continued
Father's Occupation

Craftsman

Operative

Cooked Cauliflower
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Chocolate Cake
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Baked Custard
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Farm
Laborer

Other
Laborer

.091844
320

Cooked Beets
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Service

.081989
.091183

.089300

.081054

TABLE B4— Continued

Mother19 Origin

Father's Origin

Michigan
Cooked Cauliflower
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Cooked Beets
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfemiliar with

North
Central

Other

Michigan

.070808

-.074050

Chocolate Cake
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Baked Custard
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

-.071178

North
Central

Other

TABLE B4— Continued

Family Religion

Protestant

Roman
Catholic

Cooked Cauliflower
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Chocolate Cake
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Baked Custard
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Mixed

Other or
None

.105945

.070820

322

Cooked Beets
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Jewish

-.089113

.078532
.083021

.078534

-.090324

-.093319

.100377

.111973

TABLE B4— Continued

Age
Whole Milk
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Grade

Sexb

-.189810
.099346
.081438
.116018

323

Cola Beverages
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Hard-Cooked Eggs
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Color0

.083927

TABLE B4— Continued

# of
Illnesses
Whole Milk
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Hard-Cooked Eggs
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

d
Pneumonia

^
Bronchitis

Mono.
nucleosis

-.072250

324

Cola Beverages
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Rheumatic
Feverd

TABLE B4— Continued

Subject's
Work
Hrs/Week
Whole Milk
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Mother's
Father's
Mother's
Work
Age
Education
Age
Hrs/Week

# of
Siblings

-.074506
-.070975

325

Cola Beverages
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Hard-Cooked Eggs
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

# of
Moves

086544

-.083256

.075990
.071392 -.083195

-.078062
-.103656
-.073775

TABLE B4— Continued

Fatherrs Occupation
Professional
Whole Milk
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Hard-Cooked Eggs
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Manager

Clerical

Sale s

-.084550

.076522
.074871
.076633

-.082317
.079658

.069988

326

Cola Beverages
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Farmer

TABLE Bi- Continued

Father's Occupation

Craftsman
Whole Milk
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Operative

Service

Farm
Laborer

Other
Laborer

-.072422

327

Cola Beverages
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Hard-Cooked Eggs
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

,075494

TABLE B4— Continued

Father's Origin
Michigan
Whole Milk
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Hard-Cooked Eggs
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Other

Michigan

North
Central

Other

-.071456
.098419

328

Cola Beverages
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

North
Central

Mother's Origin

.088541

.090869

TABLE B4— Continued

Family Religion

Protestant

Roman
Catholic

Jewish

Mixed

Other or
None

Whole Milk
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
329

Cola Beverages
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Hard-Cooked Eggs
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

-.080034

TABLE B4— Continued

Age
Pork Chops
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Sex

b

Color

c

.081601
-.077095
.072482

330

Oatmeal
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Grade

.132472
.091782

TABLE B4— Continued

of
Illnesses
§

Pork Chops
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
Oatmeal
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Rheumatic
Fever**

Pneumonia

Bronchitis

-.124390
.096040

-.105216

Mono­
nucleosis

TABLE B4— Continued
Subject’s
Work
Hrs/Week

Father’s
Age
Education

Pork Chops
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Mother's
Work
# of
# of
Hrs/Week Moves Siblings

.079037
-.071560
.088256

-.070388

.070327

.079257

.072780

332

Oatmeal
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Mother’s
Age

I
TABLE B4— Continued

Father's Occupation
Professional
Pork Chops
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Manager

Clerical

Sales

.080302

333

Oatmeal
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Fanner

TABLE B4- Continued

Father's Occupation

Craftsman
Pork Chops
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Service

Farm
Laborer

Other
Laborer

-.081907

.080216

334

Oatmeal
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Operative

TABLE B4— Continued
Father's Origin

Michigan

North
Central

Mother's Origin

Other

Michigan

North
Central

Other

Pork Chops
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with
335

Oatmeal
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

TABLE

Continued
Family Religion

Protestant
Pork Chops
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar vith
Oatmeal
Like very much
Like slightly
Neither like nor dislike
Dislike slightly
Dislike very much
Unfamiliar with

Roman
Catholic

Jewish

Mixed

Other or
None

.143125

.070198

TABLE B5
Relationships (r values) Between Percentage Intake of the RDA of Various
Nutrients, Weight-Height Ratio, and Consumption of Vitamin Preparations,
and Socio-Economic Variables Determined in this Study

Age

Grade

Sex

Color

Percentage Intake of RDA for

Weight-Height Category**

-.075600

.084200

-.292841
-.425972
-.380751
-.416867
-.121555
-.272051
-.433576
-.209566
-.146185

337

Calories
Protein
Calcium
Iron
Vitamin A
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin Equivalents
Ascorbic Acid

.078906

.069412

Vitamin Preparation Consumption*

.079566

All figures presented were highly significant; r = .088. significant at the 1% level of
probability; r = .067 significant at the 5% level of probability. N = 911.
Male subjects were coded (1); female subjects were coded (2).
clhite subjects were coded (l); non-white subjects were coded (2).
^Each subject was placed in a category from (l) Underweight to (6) Obese.
eThose subjects whd indicated that they took a multi-vitamin preparation on a regular
basis were coded (l); all others were coded (2).

I
TABLE B5— Continued

# of
Illnesses

Rheumatic
Fever*

Pneumonia*

Bronchitis*

Mono­
nucleosis *

Percentage Intake of RDA for

Weight-Height Category

-.072779
-.076472
-.098210
-.087571
-.096485
- . 122712

3 38

Calories
Protein
Calcium
Iron
Vitamin A
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin Equivalents
Ascorbic Acid

-.107789
.085722

Vitamin Preparation Consumption

Subjects who indicated that they had had these illnesses within the past five years were
coded (1); all others were coded (2).

TABLE B5— Continued

Subject's
Work
Father's
Mother'
Hrs/Week Age Education
Age

Mother's
Work
Hrs/Week

# of
Moves

# of
Siblings

Percentage Intake of RDA for
.100845
. 141167
.135401
.119870
.113484
.093266
.072023

Weight-Height Category

Vitamin Preparation Consumption

.106278

-.070935

-.085958
-.077337

.126541
.071811
.174332

339

Calories
Protein
Calcium
Iron
Vitamin A
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin Equivalents
Ascorbic Acid

-.072789 .085106

-.168881

.096810

-.107574

.090999

.087879

TABLE B5— Continued

Father1s Occupation
Professional

Farmer

Manager

Clerical

Sales

Percentage Intake of RDA t>r

.070225
.070163
.0779 02
. 134153

Weight-Height Category

-.134725

Vitamin Preparation Consumption

-.116509

340

Calories
Protein
Calcium
Iron
Vitamin A
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin Equivalents
Ascorbic Acid

TABLE B5--Continued

Father's Occupation

Craftsman

Operative

Service

Farm
Laborer

Percentage Intake of RDA for
Calories
Protein
Calcium
Iron
Vitamin A
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin Equivalents
Ascorbic Acid

-.073621

-.070666

Weight-Height Category

.126190

Vitamin Preparation Consumption

.110328

.088813

Other
Laborer

TABLE B5— Continued

Father's Origin

Michigan

North
Central

Mother's Origin

Other

Michigan

North
Central

Other

Percentage Intake of RDA for

Weight-Height Category

Vitamin Preparation Consumption

.069010

.076708

.070971
.069045

.073380

342

Calories
Protein
Calcium
Iron
Vitamin A
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin Equivalents
Ascorbic Acid

TABLE B5— Continued

Family Religion

Protestant

Roman
Catholic

Jewish

Mixed

Other or
None

Percentage Intake of RDA for

Weight-Height Category
Vitamin Preparation Consumption

.078554

343

Calories
Protein
Calcium
Iron
Vitamin A
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin Equivalents
Ascorbic Acid

.096635
.095164

APPENDIX C
R e l a t i on s hi p s (r values) Detween Food H a b i t and
N u t r i t i o n a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s De r i v e d from the
Study a n d Se l e c t e d 1060 U n i t e d States Census
S ocio-E c on o mi c Va r ia b le s

TABLE Cl
Relationship (r values) Between Number of Servings of Food Groups
and Selected 1960 U. S. Census Socio-Economic Variables8 ’
Number of Servings of
Milk and
Milk Products

344

# White Population
% Black Population
# Foreign Stock
% UK & Ireland
# Norway & Sweden
% Germany
$ Poland
% Czechoslovakia
$ Austria
% Hungary
% USSR
% Italy
% Canada
% Mexico
Population/Household
Median School Years
Median Family Income
# Civilian Labor Force
Unemployed-Male
% Civilian Labor Force
Unemployed-Female

Fresh Fluid
Milk
.082030
-.082718

Protein
Foods
-.091483
.091895

Vegetables
-.109375
.110628

.085872

.081660
-.094496
.099357

Fruits

-.095071
.134922
.120915
.080299
.163571

.102941

.139513

.106284
.079622

-.100927

-.116500

-.079716

.191932
.147047

.109335

-.123220

.129312

-.111130

aAlI figures given were highly significant; r = 0.101, significant at the 1$ level of
probability; r = .076, significant at the 5# level of probability. N = 648.
^Calculated from: U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Census of Population and Housing: 1960,
Census Tracts. Final Report PHC(l)-73, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, B.C.,
1962.

TABLE Cl— Continued

Number of Servings of
Grains
White Population
Black Population
% Foreign Stock
% UK & Ireland
% Norway & Sweden
% Germany
i
Poland
% Czechoslovakia
% Austria
% Hungary
1 t USSR
$
Italy
% Canada
% Mexico
Population/Household
Median School Years
Median Family Income
$ Civilian Labor Force
Unemployed-Male
it Civilian Labor Force
Unemployed-Female

Fats

$

%

Sugars A Sweets

Soft Drinks

- . 140116
. 143143
.079320
. 132669

-.082083
.084764

.126848

.095747

.079856

-.088935

.078035

-.094358

- . 131370

- . 157588
- . 131998

- . 125940
- . 151255
- . 109383

. 134804

. 141434

.143667

.137861

I
TABLE Cl— Continued
Milk and
Milk Products

Fresh Fluid
Milk

Protein
Foods

Vegetables

Fruits

Occupation-Males
.081175
.085388

. 199094
. 132469

.079534

.116119

-.mm

-.082806
-.079369

-.175485
-.085876

.084006

.110050
.1301 40
•0&4589

.090699

Occupation-Females
Professional
$ Managerial
% Clerical
% Sales
$ Craftsmen
% Operatives
% Private Household
# Service
# Laborers
%

.098213

.161136
.079293
-.093713

-.122847

- . 110642
-.097679

.078247
.091894

-.166747

346

Professional
$o Managerial
% Clerical
# Sales
% Craftsmen
% Operatives
% Private Household
% Service
# Laborers

%

TABLE Cl— Continued
Number of Servings of
Grains

Fats

Sugars & Sweets

Soft Drinks

Occupation-Male
- . 128885
T30229

# Professional
% Managerial
% Clerical
$e Sales
% Craftsmen
# Operatives
% Private Household
% Service
% Laborers

.090644
-.087536

Oc cupa t ion-Fema1e s
Professional
# Managerial
% Clerical
% Sales
# Craftsmen
% Operatives
Private Household
% Service
% Laborers

-.113077

%

.098883

.115225
.087046

347

.093126
.119940

.109217
.078044
. 115451
.093032

TABLE Cl— Continued
Number of Servings of
Milk and
Milk Products

Fresh Fluid
Milk

Protein
Foods

Vegetables

Fruits

Housing

-.089685

-.081351
.089112

-.084415
.115567

.094288

.096028
.100822

.126182
-.130694
348

Owner Occupied-White
ie Owner Occupied-Nonwhite
$ Renter Occupied-White
$ Renter Occupied-Nonwhite
$ Sound Units
# Deteriorating Units
% Dilapidated Units
Median Rooms/Unit
Median Persons/Room

%

081188

Persons/Room
%
%
%
%

0.50 or less
0.51-0.75
0.76-1.00
1.01 or more

-.095531
.127460
-.092928
-.081949

TABLE Cl •Continued

Number of Servings of
Grains

Fats

Sugars & Sweets

Soft Drinks

-.137282
.143439
.130236
.129185
-.088012
.112305

-.095402
.084694
.118235

Housing

-.079196

.092964

.110206
-.184626

-.098657
.106402

-.135908

Persons/Room
# 0.50 or less
% 0.51-0.75
% 0.76-1.00
# 1.01 or more

-.080616
.091145

.191862
-.121620
-.147318

.092300
-.113740

349

# Owner Occupied-White
% Owner Occupied-Nonwhite
# Renter Occupied-White
% Renter Occupied-Nonwhite
# Sound Units
# Deteriorating Units
% Dilapidated Units
Median Rooms/Unit
Median Persons/Room

TABLE C2
Relationship (r values) Between Percentages of Calories and Protein Consumed
from Heals, and in Different Environments, and Selected
1960 D.S. Census Socio-Economic Variables®>^
Calories
from Meals

%

%

Calories
at Home

Calories
at School

%

.079937
-.080353

-.082129

.091117

.084366

350

# White Population
% Black Population
% Foreign Stock
% UK and Ireland
# Norway & Sweden
in Germany
% Poland
# Czechoslovakia
% Austria
% Hungary
% USSR
% Italy
% Canada
% Mexico
Population/Household
Median School Years
Median Family Income
# Civilian Labor Force
Unemployed-Male
% Civilian Labor Force
Unemployed-Female

Protein
from Meals

%

-.085441
-.086734
.093518

.097460
.078667

a

All figures given were highly significant; r = 0.101, significant at the 1$ level of
probability; r = 0,078, significant at the 5# level of probability.
Calculated from: U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Census of Population and Housing: 1960,
Census Tracts. Final Report PHC(l)-73, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1962.

TABLE C2— Continued

%

Calories
Elsewhere

# White Population
% Black Population
# Foreign Stock
% UK & Ireland
% Norway & Sweden
% Germany
Poland
$ Czechoslovakia
# Austria
% Hungary
$ USSR
$
Italy
% Canada
$ Mexico
Population/Household
Median School Years
Median Family Income
# Civilian Labor Force
Unemployed-Male
# Civliian Labor Force
Unemployed-Female

# Protein
at Home

%

Protein
at School

.089648
.078406

.079899

- . 106885
. 110500

-.082869

fe Protein
Elsewhere

TABLE C2— Continued

Calories
from Meals

%

# Protein
from Meals

%

Calories
at Home

Calories
at School

%

Occupation-Males
Professional
# Managerial
% Clerical
% Sales
% Craftsmen
$ Operatives
% Private Household
Service
56 Laborers

%

.109692

-.101792
-.097724

Oc cupa t ion-Female s
%
%

#
%

#
$

#
%

#

Professional
Managerial
Clerical
Sales
Craftsmen
Operatives
Private Household
Service
Laborers

.119045

-.098295

.079352

TABLE C2— Continued

# Calories
Elsewhere

%

Protein
at Home

# Protein
atSchool

Occupation-Males
Professional
% Managerial
% Clerical
% Sales
% Craftsmen
% Operatives
% Private Household
# Service
% Laborers

.086304

$

-.080895

-.088763

Occupation-Females
%
$
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

Professional
Managerial
Clerical
Sales
Craftsmen
Operatives
Private Household
Service
Laborers

.104245

.097002

$

Protein
Elsewhere

TABLE C2— Continued

Calories
from Meals

it

Protein
from Meals

i»

it> Calories
at Home

$

Calories
at School

Housing
Owner Occupied-White
Owner Occupied-Nonwhite
# Renter Occupied-White
% Renter Occupied-Nonwhite
% Sound Units
% Deteriorating Units
% Dilapidated Units
Median Rooms/Unit
Median Persons/Room

%
i

Persons/Room
%
%
%
it>

0.50 or less
0.51-0.75
0.76-1.00
1.01 or more

-.087890

-.094368

.091691

TABLE C2— Continued

%

Calories
Elsewhere

%

Protein
at Home

%

Protein
at School

%

Protein
Elsewhere

Housing

-.079642

.109356

Persons/Room
0.50 or less
0.51-0.75
# 0.76-1.00
% 1.01 or more
%

%

.097094

355

% Owner Occupied-White
% Owner Occupied-Nonwhite
% Renter Occupied-White
% Renter Occupied-Nonwhite
Sound Units
% Deteriorating Units
% Dilapidated Units
Median Rooms/Unit
Median Person s/Room

TABLE C3
Relationship (r values) Between Percentages of Calories and Protein
Consumed with Different Groups, and Selected 1960 U.S. Census
Socio-Economic Variables8 ’**

Calories
Alone
White Population
Black Population
# Foreign Stock
% UK & Ireland
%> Norway & Sweden
# Germany
% Poland
# Czechoslovakia
% Austria
% Hungary
$ USSR
% Italy
% Canada
% Mexico
Population/Household
Median School Years
Median Family Income
# Civilian Labor Force
Unemployed-Male
# Civilian Labor Force
Unemployed Female

Calories With
Entire Family

Calories With
Some of Family

Calories
With Friends
%

%

$

-.078956
-.108278
.118329
.076082
.079000
-.084149
-.111503

.086128

-.137145
-.089157
.107245

A H figures given were highlysignificant;
r = 0.101,significant
at the V% level of
probability; r = 0.078,significant
at the 5% level of probability.
N = 648.
I*

Calculated from: U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Census of Population and Housing: 1960
Census Tracts. Final Report PHC(l)-73, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
1962.

TABLE C3— Continued

£
%

White Population
# Black Population
% Foreign Stock
% UK & Ireland
# Norway & Sweden
% Germany
% Poland
$ Czechoslovakia
% Austria
•4 Hungary
% USSR
% Italy
% Canada
% Mexico
Population/Household
Median School Years
Median Family Income
% Civilian Labor Force
Unemployed-Male
$ Civilian Labor Force
Unemployed-Female

Protein
Alone

Protein With
Entire Family

$

Protein With
Some of Family

Protein
With Friends
%

%

-.079108

,078347

-.110736

088255

-.112075

.085783

TABLE C3— Continued

$

Calories
Alone

Calories
With Entire
Family
it

Calories with
Some of Family

$ Calories
With Friends

Occupation-Males
Professional
% Managerial
% Clerical
% Sales
% Craftsmen
% Operatives
% Private Household
% Service
% Laborers

- . 132086
-.096711

%

-.082953

-.105131
.109612
.116886

-.079713

Occupation-Females
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

Professional
Managerial
Clerical
Sales
Craftsmen
Operatives
Private Household
Service
Laborers

-.130985
.080022

-.098570

.113580

TABLE C3— Continued

Protein
Alone

%
Protein With
Entire Family

Protein With
Some of Family

% Protein
With Friends

Occupation-Males
# Professional
% Managerial
% Clerical
%> Sales
# Craftsmen
$ Operatives
% Private Household
% Service
% Laborers

-.109232

-.105255
.103833
.098091

-.082421

Occupation-Females
$
%
%

%
$
%
%
%

Professional
Managerial
Clerical
Sales
Craftsmen
Operatives
Private Household
Service
Laborers

-.120546

-.089406

.088982

TABU) C3— Continued

%

C a lo rie s
Alone

%

$

C a lo rie s
W ith E n t ir e F am ily

C a lo rie s W ith
Some o f F a m ily

%

C a lo rie s
W ith F rie n d s

Housing
Owner Occupied-White
# Owner O ccupied-Nonw hite
% R e n te r O ccupied-W hite
% R e n te r O ccupied-Nonw hite
# Sound U n its
% D e t e r io r a t in g U n its
% D ila p id a te d U n its
Median Room s/Unit
Median Persons/Room
%

%
%

0 .5 0 or le s s
0 .5 1 - 0 .7 5
# 0 .7 6 - 1 .0 0
% 1 .0 1 o r more

.078740
3G0

Persons/Room

.079345

TABLE C3— Continued

$

P ro te in
Alone

$
P ro te in W ith
E n t ir e F a m ily

$
P ro te in W ith
Some o f F a m ily

%

P r o te in
W ith F rie n d s

Housing

%
%
%
$
%
%

Owner O ccupied-W hite
Owner O ccupied-Nonw hite
R e n te r O ccupied-W hite
R e n te r O ccupied-Nonw hite
Sound U n its
D e t e r io r a t in g U n its
# D ila p id a te d U n its
Median Room s/Unit
Median Persons/Room

Persons/Room

$
$
%
%

0 .5 0 o r le s s
0 .5 1 - 0 .7 5
0 .7 6 - 1 .0 0
1 .0 1 or more

.082265

TABLE C4
R e la tio n s h ip ( r v a lu e s ) Between th e P ercentage o f the RDA Consumed
o f V a rio u s N u tr ie n ts and W e ig h t-H e ig h t R a tio s and S e le c tg d 1960
U .S . Census Socio-Economic Census T ra c t V a ria b le s ’
P e rce n t o f Recommended D ie ta r y A llow ances o f
Census T r a c t V a ria b le s

C a lo rie s

P ro te in

Calcium

Ir o n

V ita m in A

%

.093321
.080241

362

W h ite P o p u la tio n
# B lac k P o p u la tio n
% F o re ig n Stock
% UK & Ir e la n d
% Norway & Sweden
# Germany
% Poland
$ C ze ch o s lo v ak ia
$ A u s tr ia
% Hungary
% USSR
% Ita ly
% Canada
% Mexico
P o p u la tio n /H o u s e h o ld
Median School Years
Median F a m ily Income
% C i v i l i a n Labor Force
Unemployed-Male
% C i v i l i a n Labor Force
Unemployed-Female

-.0 8 3 1 0 2

.096049
-.0 9 0 4 2 5

.085261

-.0 9 6 1 8 4

aA l l fig u r e s p resen ted are h ig h ly s i g n i f i c a n t ; r = 0 .1 0 1 . s ig n if ic a n t a t the Iff le v e l o f
p r o b a b i l i t y ; r = 0 .0 7 8 , s i g n i f i c a n t a t the 5% le v e l o f p r o b a b i l it y .
N = 649.
C a lc u la te d from :
Census T r a c ts .
1962.

U .S . Bureau o f th e Census, U .S . Census o f P o p u la tio n and Housing:

1960,

F in a l R e p o rt P H C (l)-7 3 , U .S . Government P r in t in g O f f ic e , W ashington, D .C .,

TABLE C4— Continued
P e rce n t o f Recommended D ie ta r y Allow ance of

Census T r a c t V a ria b le s

Thiam in

R ib o fla v in

N ia c in

A sco rb ic
A c id

W e ig h t/H e ig h t
R a tio

%
$
%
%

-.091194

.095206

-.100683

.134380
.095902
.143557

-.122527
-.110220

.143524
.138570

.118367
.109932

-.078816

.120798
.091195

363

W hite P o p u la tio n
B lac k P o p u la tio n
F o re ig n Stock
UK & Ir e la n d
# Norway & Sweden
% Germany
% Poland
# C zech o slo vakia
% A u s tr ia
% Hungary
% USSR
% Ita ly
# Canada
% M exico
P o p u la tio n /H o u s e h o ld
Median School Years
Median F a m ily Income
% C i v i l i a n Labor Force
Unemployed-Male
% C i v i l i a n Labor Force
Unemp1oyed-Fema1e

TABLE C4— Continued

P e rce n t o f Recommended D ie ta r y A llow ances o f
C a lo rie s

P r o te in

Calcium

Iro n

V ita m in A

O ccup atio n-M ales
P ro fe s s io n a l
M a n a g e ria l
C le r ic a l
S ales
C raftsm en
O p e ra tiv e s
P r iv a t e Household
S e rv ic e
Laborers

.090288

-.078773
3G4

%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

O ccupation-Fem ales

%

P ro fe s s io n a l
# M a n a g e ria l
% C le r ic a l
% S ales
% Craftsm en
% O p e ra tiv e s
% P r iv a t e Household
% S e rv ic e
% Laborers

.083001

.082949
.083110

-.106118
.087611

TABLE C4— Continued

P e rce n t o f Recommended D ie ta r y A llow ances o f

Thiam in

R ib o f la v in

N ia c in

A sco rb ic
A cid

Weight/Height
R a tio s

O ccup atio n-M ales

$ P ro fe s s io n a l
% M a n a g e ria l
$ C le r ic a l
% S ales
% Craftsm en
% O p e ra tiv e s
$ P r iv a t e Household
$ S e rv ic e
% L aborers

.078799

.146482
.119896

-.113498
-.115030

.092422
-.125663
-.137153

-.141155
.116681
.104910

Cl

.093488

.093258

O ccupation-Fem ales

$ P ro fe s s io n a l
% M a n a g e ria l
% C le r ic a l
% S ales
% Craftsm en
% O p e ra tiv e s
% P r iv a t e Household
% S e rv ic e
% L aborers

w

.126046
.082994

-.107511
-.095369

.087242
.089957

-.130266

.108537
.092993

.082497

crt

TABLE C4— Continued
P e rce n t o f Recommended D ie t a r y Allow ance o f
C a lo - P ro - C a lV it.
r ie s t e in cium Iro n A

T h ia - R ib o min f l a v i n N ia c in

A sco rb ic
A cid

W e ig h t/
H e ig h t
R a tio

Hous ing

.110276
-.1 1 3 3 4 8

-.0 9 3 0 4 0
.102940

Persons/Room

%
$
%
%

0 .5 0 o r le s s
0 .5 1 - 0 .7 5
0 .7 6 - 1 .0 0
1 .0 1 o r more

.140286

-.0 9 2 9 6 9
.100706

366

# O wner-O ccupied-W hite
Owner-Occupied-Nonwhite
% R e n te r-O c c u p ie d -W h ite
% R e n ter-O ccu p ied -N o n w h ite
% Sound U n its
% D e t e r io r a t in g U n its
% D ila p id a te d U n its
Median Room s/Unit
Median Persons/Room

APPENDIX D
R e l a t i o n s h i p s (r values) B e t w e e n F o o d H a b i t an
N u t r i t i o n a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s D e r i v e d from the
S t u d y an d S e l e c t e d 1960 U n i t e d States
C ensus C i t y B l o c k D a t a on H o u s i n g

TABLE D1
R e la tio n s h ip ( r v a lu e s ) Between Number o f S ervin gs o f Food Groups and S e le c te d
1960 U .S . Census C it y Block Data on Housings***

Milk

367

Sound Housing U n its - T o ta l
Sound Housing U n its w ith
A l l Plumbing F a c i l i t i e s
Sound Housing U n its Lacking
Some o r A l l F a c i l i t i e s
D e t e r io r a t in g Housing U n its T o ta l
D e t e r io r a t in g Housing U n its
L acking Some o r a l l F a c i l i t i e s
w ith F lu s h T o ile t s
D e t e r io r a t in g Housing U n its
L acking Some o r A l l F a c i l i t i e s ,
w ith No F lu s h T o ile t s
D ila p id a te d Housing U n its
Owner Occupied
R e n te r Occupied
V h it e Occupied
Nonw hite Occupied
1 .0 0 o r Less Persons/Room
1 .0 1 o r More Persons/Room

P r o te in
Foods V e g e ta b le s F r u it s

G rain s
145882

F a ts

Sugars &
Sweets

.175025
.171077

.139952

.159577
-.1 5 1 0 9 1

-.1 7 9 1 1 7

-.1 3 9 6 9 1
.167936
-.1 4 5 3 7 3
.153769
.138802
149402

a
A l l fig u r e s g iven were h ig h ly s i g n i f i c a n t ; r = 0 .1 8 1 , s ig n if ic a n t a t the 1$ le v e l o f
p r o b a b i l i t y ; r = 0 .1 3 8 , s i g n i f i c a n t a t the 5# le v e l o f p r o b a b i l it y ,
N = 211.
C a lc u la t e d from : U .S . Bureau o f th e Census, U .S . Census o f Housing:
1960, Volume I I I
C it y B lo c k s , S e rie s H C (3 ), No. 210, U .S . Government P r in t in g O f f ic e , W ashington, D .C ., 1961.

TABLE D2
R e la tio n s h ip ( r v a lu e s ) Between Percentages o f C a lo rie s and P ro te in Consumed Under a
V a r ie t y o f C o n d itio n s , and S e le c te d U .S . Census C it y Block Data on Housinga »b

%
%

C a lo rie s
A t M eals

%

P ro te in
A t Meals

%

C a lo rie s
Alone

C a lo rie s W ith
E n t ir e F am ily

%

C a lo rie s
w ith Some
o f Fam ily

%
%

368

Sound Housing U n its - T o ta l
Sound Housing U n its w ith A l l
Plumbing F a c i l i t i e s
% Sound Housing U n its Lacking
Some o r A l l F a c i l i t i e s
% D e t e r io r a t in g Housing U n its T o ta l
% D e t e r io r a t in g Housing U n its
L acking Some o r A l l F a c i l i t i e s
w ith Flu sh T o i l e t s
% D e t e r io r a t in g Housing U n its Lacking
Some or A l l F a c i l i t i e s w ith No
F lu sh T o ile t s
% D ila p id a te d Housing U n its
% Owner Occupied
# R e n te r Occupied
-.1 4 1 0 9 5
% W h ite Occupied
% Nonwhite Occupied
io 1 .0 0 o r Less Persons/Room
# 1 .0 1 o r More Persons/Room

-.1 7 3 0 2 3
.142717

.162147

eA l l fig u r e s g iven were h ig h ly s i g n i f i c a n t ; r = 0 .1 8 1 , s i g n i f i c a n t a t the 1$ le v e l of
p r o b a b i l i t y ; r = 0 .1 3 8 , s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e 5# le v e l o f p r o b a b i l it y .
N = 211.
^ C a lc u la te d from : U .S . Bureau o f the Census, U .S . Census of Housing:
1960, Volume I I I
C it y B lo ck s, S e rie s H C (3 ), No. 210, U .S . Government P r in t in g O f f ic e , W ashington, D .C ., 1961.

TABLE D2— Continued
£ C a lo rie s
w ith
F rie n d s

$

$ P ro te in % P r o te in P ro te in
P ro te in w ith E n t ir e w ith Some w ith
Alone
F am ily
o f F am ily F rie n d s

%

C a lo rie s
at
Home

%
%

369

Sound Housing U n its - T o ta l
Sound Housing U n its w ith A l l
Plumbing F a c i l i t i e s
% Sound Housing U n its Lacking
Some o r A l l F a c i l i t i e s
% D e t e r io r a t in g Housing U n its T o ta l
% D e t e r io r a t in g Housing U n its
Lacking Some o r A l l F a c i l i t i e s
w ith Flu sh T o ile t s
# D e t e r io r a t in g Housing U n its
Lacking Some o r A l l F a c i l i t i e s
w ith No F lu sh T o ile t s
% D ila p id a te d Housing U n its
% Owner Occupied
% R e n te r Occupied
% W hite Occupied
$ Nonwhite Occupied
% 1 ,0 0 o r Less Persons/Room
% 1 .0 1 o r More Persons/Room

. 187667
.162967

TABLE D2— Continued
# Calories
at School

%
%
#

%
#

%
$
%

%
#

%
%

Calories
Elsewhere

%

Protein
at Home

%

Protein
at School

%

Protein
Elsewhere

370

%

Sound Housing U n its - T o ta l
Sound Housing U n its w ith A l l
Plumbing F a c i l i t i e s
Sound Housing U n its Lacking
Some o r A l l F a c i l i t i e s
D e t e r io r a t in g Housing U n its T o ta l
D e t e r io r a tin g Housing U n its
Lacking Some or A l l F a c i l i t i e s
w ith F lu sh T o ile t s
D e t e r io r a t in g Housing U n its
Lacking Some o r A l l F a c i l i t i e s
w ith No F lu sh T o ile t s
D ila p id a te d Housing U n its
Owner Occupied
R e n te r Occupied
W hite Occupied
Nonwhite Occupied
1 .0 0 o r Less Persons/Room
1 .0 1 o r More Persons/Room

%

.156645

-.1 5 3 5 2 2

TABLE D3

R e la tio n s h ip ( r v a lu e s ) Between th e P ercentage o f th e RDA Consumed o f V a rio u s
N u tr ie n ts and S e le c te d 1960 U .S . Census C it y Block Housing C h a r a c t e r is t ic s 8 * b

C i t y Block V a r ia b le s

C a lC a lo rie s P ro te in cium

# Sound Housing U n its T o ta l
.14 69 94
% Sound Housing U n its w ith
A l l Plumbing F a c i l i t i e s
$ Sound Housing U n its L acking
Some o r A l l F a c i l i t i e s
% D e t e r io r a t in g Housing
U n its - T o ta l
% D e t e r io r a t in g Housing U n its
L acking Some o r A l l F a c i l i t i e s
w ith F lu sh T o ile t s
$t> D e t e r io r a t in g Housing U n its
L acking Some o r A l l F a c i l i t i e s
w ith No F lu sh T o ile t s
% D ila p id a te d Housing U n its
% Owner Occupied
# R e n te r Occupied
% W h ite Occupied
# Nonwhite Occupied
% 1 .0 0 o r Less Persons/Room
% 1 .0 1 o r More Persons/Room

Ir o n

V ita m in T h ia - R ib o A___ min f l a v i n N ia c in

.144197

A scorbic
A c id

.154006

.176602 .186692

.154793

A

A l l fig u r e s g iven were h ig h ly s i g n i f i c a n t ; r = 0 .1 8 1 . s i g n i f i c a n t a t the 1# l e v e l of
p r o b a b i l i t y ; r = 0 .1 3 8 , s i g n i f i c a n t a t the 5% le v e l o f p r o b a b i l it y .
N = 211.

b
C a lc u la te d from: U .S . Bureau o f the Census, U .S . Census o f Housing:
1960, Volume I I I
C it y B lo c k s , S e rie s H C (3 ), No. 210, U .S . Government P r in t in g O f f ic e , W ashington, D . C . ,

1961.

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