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I
1

73-29,696
FREED, Michael D ale, 1941CRITERIA FOR TOE SELECTION OF PUBLIC ACCESS
SITES ON INLAND LAKES IN MICHIGAN.
Michigan S ta te U n iv e r s ity , P h.D ., 1973
Environmental S ciences

University Microfilms, A XEROXC o m p a n y , Ann Arbor. Michigan

©

C O P Y R I G H T BY
MICHAEL DALE FREED

1973

C R IT E R IA FOR T H E SE L E C T IO N OF PU B L IC
A C C E SS S IT E S ON IN LA N D LA K ES
IN M IC H IG A N
By
M ic h a e l D ale F r e e d

A TH ESIS

S u b m itte d to
M ich ig an S tate U n iv e rs ity
i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s
fo r th e d e g r e e of

DOCTOR O F PH ILO SO PH Y

D e p a r t m e n t of R e s o u r c e D e v e l o p m e n t

1973

ABSTRACT

C R IT E R IA FOR T H E S E L E C T IO N OF PU B L IC
A C C E S S S IT E S ON IN LA N D
L A K E S IN M IC H IG A N
By
M ich ael D ale F r e e d

T h e p u r p o s e of t h i s s t u d y i s t o d e v e l o p A c r i t e r i a s y s t e m f o r
s e l e c t i o n of p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s f o r r e c r e a t i o n a l b o a t l a u n c h i n g o n th e
inland la k e s of M ic h ig a n .

M e a s u r e m e n t of r e c r e a t i o n b e n e f i t s a s s o ­

c i a t e d w ith b o a t i n g is d e v e l o p e d t h r o u g h th e u e e of a r a n k i n g s y s t e m
w h ich in clu d es in tan g ib le b e n e fits by a ssig n in g p r io r itie s r a t h e r than
d o llar values.
T h e m e t h o d o l o g y u s e d in t h e s tu d y c o n s i s t e d of a c o m p l e t e
i n v e n t o r y a n d m a p p i n g o f a l l p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s in t h e S t a t e aB w e l l
a s coding and filin g th e s e r e c o r d s on a s u ita b le d a ta r e t r i e v a l s y s te m .
T h e e x i s t i n g s u p p l y is c o m p a r e d t o t h e f u t u r e d e m a n d i n e a c h c o u n t y
in M ic h i g a n to o b ta in a n in d e x of h o w m a n y s i t e s a r e n e e d e d by 1980.
C r i t e r i a for p ro p o se d p ro je c ts ,

o r t e s t s of p r e f e r r e d n e s s ,

are

d e v e lo p e d fo r se le c tin g p o ten tial public a c c e s s site s fo r a cq u isitio n .
A r e g r e s s i o n a n a ly s is w as ap p lied to the d ata to e x a m in e w h ich
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a c o u n t y i n f l u e n c e d t h e a m o u n t of b o a t i n g in t h a t
county.

A t o t a l o f 19 v a r i a b l e s i n c l u d i n g r e s o u r c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

M ich a el D ale F r e e d
of th e c o u n ty ( s u c h a s n u m b e r of in la n d l a k e s , t o t a l l a k e s a c r e s ,

and

e x i s t i n g p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s ) a n d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n of
th e county (su ch as to ta l p o p u latio n , p o p u la tio n d e n s ity ,

and d isp o sa b le

i n c o m e ) w e r e r u n a g a i n s t t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f b o a t i n g d a y s i n 1 9 6 8 in
e a c h c o u n ty in M i c h i g a n ,

Six c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s c o n c e r n e d w ith in la n d

la k e s p ro v e d to b e im p o rta n t,
(R

2

e x p l a i n i n g a b o u t 55% of t h e v a r i a n c e

= , 5 4 4 8 ) - - " b o a t B " (th e n u m b e r of r e g i s t e r e d b o a t s in t h e c o u n t y ) ,

" a n g l e r d a y s " ( t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f d a y s o r p a r t - d a y s s p e n t f i s h i n g in
th e county e a c h y e a r ) ,

" l a k e a c r e s " ( to ta l a c r e s of la k e s u r f a c e in

th e c o u n ty ), " p u b lic c a m p s i t e s " (th e n u m b e r of c a m p s i t e s in th e
c o u n t y p r o v i d e d in s t a t e p a r k s ,

s ta te f o r e s ts , and natio n al fo re s ts),

" i n c o m e " ( e ffe c tiv e b u y in g I n c o m e p e r h o u s e h o ld in th e c o u n ty ), and
" p a r k i n g " ( to t a l p a r k i n g c a p a c i t y a t p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s in t h e c o u n (y ).
T h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e th e n u s e d to s e le c t a p p r o p r i a t e c r i t e r i a
fo r a c q u is itio n and to p r e p a r e a c o u n ty - b y -c o u n ty ra n k in g p r io r i ty
lis t of inland la k e s w h e r e public a c c e s s s it e s sh o u ld b e p u r c h a s e d .
T h e c o u n ty by co u n ty a p p r o a c h w a s found to b e u n w o rk a b le due
t o t r a n s f e r of d e m a n d ; t h a t i s ,

i n s o m e c o u n t i e s , t h e s u p p l y of p o t e n ­

tia l public a c c e s s s it e s w as in a d e q u a te to m e e t f u tu r e d e m a n d .

A

planning re g io n a p p ro a c h w as th e n d e v e lo p e d f r o m the re o rg a n iz a tio n
of e x is tin g c o u n ty d a t a to th e e c o n o m i c p la n n in g r e g i o n s of th e s ta te .
P l a n n i n g R e g i o n T w o c o n s i s t i n g of H i l l s d a l e , J a c k s o n a n d L e n a w e e
c o u n tie s is u s e d a s a n e x a m p l e of th e a p p l i c a t i o n of the c r i t e r i a .

M ic h a e l D ale F r e e d
T h e m a j o r c o n c l u s i o n of t h e s tu d y is t h a t a w e ig h te d c r i t e r i a
s y s t e m c a n b e d e v e l o p e d and a p p l i e d to p r o d u c e a p r i o r i t y l i s t of
l a k e s f o r a c q u i s i t i o n of p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s .

R eco m m en d atio n s a re

f o r w a r d e d f o r i m p r o v e m e n t of b o a t i n g r e s e a r c h a n d f o r f u r t h e r
d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e p l a n n i n g a n d p o l i c i e s f r a m e w o r k of t h e W a t e r w a y s
D i v i s i o n of t h e M i c h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t o f N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I d ie d for b e a u ty .
B u t w a s s c a r c e a d j u s t e d in t h e t o m b
W hen one w ho d ie d fo r tr u t h w a s lain
In a n a d j o i n i n g r o o m .
He q u e stio n e d softly why I f a ile d ?
" F o r b e a u ty ." I rep lied
"A nd I fo r tr u th , - -th e tw o a r e one;
We b r e th r e n a r e " he said .
And s o , as k i n s m a n m e t a n ig h t,
We talk ed b e tw e e n the r o o m s ,
U ntil th e m o s s h a d r e a c h e d o u r lips
And c o v e r e d up o u r n a m e s .
E m ily D ickenson

T h a n k s m u s t t h e r e f o r e b e a c c o r d e d to e a c h p r o f e s s o r w ho
stim u la te d o r ig n o re d m e as w e m e t and p e e re d a c r o s s the s o c ia l
d istan ce.
T his th en ,

is t h e s t a t e of m y a r t , t h a t m e n w h o s t u d i e d t h e

s y s t e m s of t h e r e a l w o r l d w e r e t o b e m y g u i d e .

T h e se m en who

g uided m y in q u iry and m y a c a d e m ic p r o g r a m d e s e r v e v e r y s p e c ia l
th a n k s and g r a titu d e .

D r. M ilto n S te in m u e lle r , m y c o m m itte e

c h a i r m a n , h a s b e e n t h e b e s t m o d e l o n e c o u ld w a n t of a d e d i c a t e d
a d v i s o r and p r o f e s s o r .

T h e m e m b e r s of m y c o m m i t t e e .

P rofessor

L ouis F. T w a rd z ik ,

C h a i r m a n o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t of P a r k a n d R e c r e a ­

tion R e s o u r c e s , D r.

K e ith H u d s o n , D e p a r t m e n t of F o r e s t r y ;

P r o f e s s o r Sanford F a r n e s s ,

S c h o o l of U r b a n P la n n in g a n d L a n d s c a p e

A r c h i t e c t u r e ; D r . M i c h a e l C h u b b , D e p a r t m e n t of G e o g r a p h y , g a v e
th e ir t i m e w h en they did not h a v e t im e to s p a r e and h e lp e d d e fin e th e
d i r e c t i o n of m y r e s e a r c h .
O t h e r p r o f e s s o r s h a v e b e e n e q u a l l y d i l i g e n t in s h a r i n g k n o w l e d g e ,
n o t h i d i n g it a w a y a s a s e c r e t m e s s a g e .

T h e s e a r e m e n w h o d o not

a s k t o s e e b l o o d o n t h e h u r d l e a s a b a d g e of a c h i e v e m e n t ,
w illin g to a c c e p t s tu d e n t s a s c o l l e a g u e s .

but a r e

I m u s t give th e m s p e c ia l

th a n k s fo r th e e x c e lle n c e of th e ir id eas and te a c h in g m e th o d s .
G eorg B o rg stro m , D r.

E v erett R o g ers,

M r.

C h arles B a rr,

G e rh a rd t S chn eid er, D r. D ieter B ru n n sc h w e ile r, D r.
D r.

C lifford H u m p h ry s, M r,

P au l R isk,

and D r.

D r.

D r.

W illiam C o o p er,

R aleigh B arlow e.

G r a d u a t e s tu d e n ts h a v e p r o v id e d th e foil and b a c k d r o p f o r m y
education.

S p e c i a l t h a n k s m u s t t h e r e f o r e g o to R o n H o d g s o n , W hit

M cD erm utt,

R ich M e g a n c k , Steve G ib so n , R andy B y rn e ,

Paul F isk e,

J i m A hl,

B o b D ittrick ,

Bob P f is t e r ,

Bob V e r t r e e s ,

Ron K a ise r,

and T ony A b a r .

Lamb,

M a rv W atson,

K erry Joy, K arl

T h e p e o p l e I h a v e w o r k e d w i t h in t h e M i c h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t o f
N a tu ra l R e s o u r c e s all d e s e r v e th an k s fo r th e ir h elp and a s s is ta n c e
given fre e ly .

K e ith W ils o n , D i r e c t o r of th e W a te r w a y s D iv is io n h a s

p ro v id e d the id eal c lim a te for r e s e a r c h and p r o g r a m s b a s e d on r e ­
search.

H is h e lp a n d s u p p o r t h a v e b e e n i m m e a s u r a b l e .

Ed E c k a r t ,

B ill C o lb u rn , and G a le J a m s e n h a v e w o rk e d c lo s e ly on d ev elo p in g and

d efining th e c r i t e r i a s y s te m .
this r e s e a r c h ,

F o r th e m a n y o th e r s w ho h e lp e d w ith

I c a n only s a y t h a n k you.

T h e m o s t a p p r e c ia tio n and s p e c ia l th a n k s a r e r e s e r v e d f o r m y
w ife,

T a w n y , w ho w atch ed in d is b e lie f

sb

m y u n d erg rad u ate d eg ree,

m y M a s t e r ' s t h e s i s and t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n b e c a m e a r e a l i t y .

Her

p a t i e n c e an d u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h r o u g h m a n y la t e h o u r s of s tu d y h a v e
m a d e this w o r k p o s sib le .
T h e l a s t r o u n d of s p e c i a l a c k n o w l e d g m e n t s a n d t h a n k s f o r t h e i r
m a n y y e a r s of s u p p o r t m u s t g o to m y p a r e n t s w h o h a v e h e l p e d in
e v e ry w ay to m a k e e d u c a tio n an im p o rta n t fo cu s fo r m y life.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

C hapter

I.

Page

IN T R O D U C T IO N
A.
B.

II.

VI.

R e c r e a t i o n a l B o a tin g in M i c h i g a n
D e m a n d and Supply R e la tio n s h ip s
The A ccess P ro b lem

D ata C o lle c tio n and A n aly sis
T h e R e g r e s s io n A n aly sis
S e le c tio n of the C r i t e r i a

R E S U L T S AND L IM IT A TIO N S O F
E X P E R IM E N T A L A PPLIC A TIO N S
A.
B.
C.
D.

3
3
9
9
9
12
13
16
17

E X P E R IM E N T A L A P P L IC A T IO N OF T E C H N IQ U E S
A.
B.
C.

V.

The R esearch P roposal
R e s e a r c h M eth o d o lo g y
T he H y p o th esis
D e fin itio n s U sed in th e Study
L im ita tio n s and A s s u m p tio n s

T H E STUDY SETTIN G
A.
B.
C.

IV.

The P ro b lem
N e e d f o r th e Study in M ic h ig a n

M E T H O D O L O G Y U S E D IN T H E S T U D Y
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

III.

1

T h e R e g re s s io n A n aly sis
A p p l i c a t i o n of t h e C r i t e r i a
C ounty V e rs u s P lanning R egionA p p ro a c h
P lan n in g R egion T w o as a n E x a m p le

C O N C L U SIO N S AND R E C O M M E N D A T IO N S

17
21
23
26
26
41
43

48
48
54
56
68
74

B IB L IO G R A PH Y

86

A P P E N D I C ES

90

v

LIST OF T A B L E S

T able

Page

1.

A ttra c tio n Index C a lc u la tio n F o r m

39

2.

S t a n d a r d s f o r P a r k i n g C a p a c i t y by S iz e of L a k e

44

3.

S t e p s in D a t e C o l l e c t i o n a n d A n a l y s i s

47

4.

S u m m a ry T ab le B M D -02R S tep w ise R e g re s s io n

49

5.

B oating D ays and P a r k in g C a p a c ity by P la n n in g
R egion

59

6.

LakeB

in P la n n in g R e g io n T w o

vi

69

LIST O F F IG U R E S

F igu re

Page

1.

M ich ig an B o at R e g is tr a tio n s --1 9 5 7 -1 9 7 0

19

2.

P u b lic A c c e s s S ite s in M ic h ig a n

28

3.

M ic h ig a n 's L a r g e r In lan d L a k e s

32

4.

1965 B o a t i n g D a y s b y C o u n t y in M i c h i g a n

35

5.

1 9 8 0 B o a t i n g D a y s b y C o u n t y in M i c h i g a n

36

6.

F l o w C h a r t o f S t e p s in D a t a C o l l e c t i o n , D a t a
A n a ly s is and A p p lic a tio n of C r i t e r i a

46

A p p l i c a t i o n of R e g r e s s i o n V a r i a b l e s t o
A cq u isitio n C r i t e r i a

53

7.

vii

LIST O F A P P E N D IC E S

A ppendix

Page

1.

L i s t o f V a r i a b l e s I n c l u d e d in M o d e l

90

2.

S t a t e m e n t of P u b l i c A c c e s s S i t e L a n d A c q u i s i t i o n
P ro g ra m C riteria

92

N u m b e r of P u b l i c A c c e s s S i t e s i n M i c h i g a n aB
of J u l y , 1970

96

4.

P u b lic A c c e s s Site In v e n to ry

99

5.

P u b lic A c c e s s Site I n v e n t o r y - - M a r k - S e n s c F o r m

100

6.

M i c h i g a n L a k e I n v e n t o r y - 1965 W e x f o r d C o u n t y

101

7.

C o m p a r is o n of "1965 L a k e In v en to ry " and C,
H u m p h ry s1 "M ich ig an L akes and P o n d s"

102

3.

8.

R.

M ic h ig a n R e c r e a tio n a l B oating N eeds
Q u estio n n a ire

103

S iz e an d T y p e s of R e g i s t e r e d B o a ts in M ic h i g a n
C ounties

110

10.

C o u n ty D ata S h e e t

127

11.

S tate P lan n in g R egions as of Ju n e ,

12.

C ounty L ake L is ts f o r H illsd a le ,
J a c k so n C ounties

9.

viii

1971

130

L e n a w e e and
131

CHAPTER I

IN T R O D U C T IO N

E n v i r o n m e n t a l q u a lity and th e u s e of n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s a r e
b e c o m i n g i m p o r t a n t i s s u e s of n a t i o n a l p o l i c y .
a rg u m e n ts for th e p r e s e r v a tio n ,

S o m e of th e t r a d i t i o n a l

c o n s e r v a t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t of r e ­

s o u r c e s a r e b e i n g q u e s t i o n e d in t h e f a c e of c o m p l e x e c o l o g i c a l p r o b ­
le m s and c o m p e tin g u s e s of lan d , w a te r ,

and a ir r e s o u r c e s .

R e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s in F e d e r a l p o lic y w ill h a v e a c r i t i c a l
b earin g on en v iro n m en tal iss u e s ,
th ese adm in istrative a reas.

y e t little a tte n tio n is f o c u s e d on

T h e g e n e r a l p u b lic is u n a w a r e , f o r the

m o s t p a r t , of t h e f a r r e a c h i n g r a m i f i c a t i o n s of " P P B S " an d " b e n e f i t cost an aly sis. "
P P B S , th e p l a n n i n g - p r o g r a m m i n g - b u d g e t i n g s y s t e m of th e
F e d e ra l G o vernm ent,

is a n a c c o u n tin g a n d p la n n in g s y s t e m w h ic h

r e v i e w s p u b l i c e x p e n d i t u r e s in t e r m s of b r o a d o b j e c t i v e s in o r d e r t o
d e t e r m i n e w h ic h p r o g r a m s a r e m o s t e f f e c tiv e o r e f f ic ie n t in t e r m s
of e a c h d o l l a r s p e n t .

F o r exam ple,

national tr a n s p o r ta tio n ,
highw ay s y s te m .

u n d e r t h e b r o a d o b j e c t i v e of

o n e of th e p r o g r a m s w i l l b e th e i n t e r s t a t e

In a p r o g r a m b u d g et, th e output w ill be c o m p a r e d

to t h e in p u t s u c h t h a t ,

e a c h m i l e of i n t e r s t a t e w ill c o s t "X " d o l l a r s .

R a t h e r t h a n a c c o u n t i n g f o r t o n s of c o n c r e t e o r t h e n u m b e r o f m e n
1

2
em ployed,

a p r o g r a m b u d g et w ill pu t th e se e le m e n ts to g e th e r u n d e r

the fu n c tio n th ey p e r f o r m .
" B e n e f i t - c o B t a n a l y s i s , " o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i s a c a l c u l a t i o n of
d o l l a r c o s t s of e a c h u n i t o r e a c h p r o g r a m c o m p a r e d t o t h e b e n e f i t s
r e c e i v e d in d o l l a r s .

P r o je c ts can then b e c o m p a r e d on a r a t i o b a s i s .

F o r e a c h d o l l a r s p e n t, P r o j e c t A w ill r e t u r n tw o d o l l a r s w o r t h of
b e n e f i ts w h ile P r o j e c t B w ill r e t u r n only o ne and o n e - h a l f d o l l a r s .
B e n e f it- c o s t is one of th e a n a ly tic a l tools w h ich c a n b e u s e d w ith in
PPBS.

Such a n a ly s e s have b een developed la rg ely fo r c o m p a rin g

altern ativ e la rg e -s c a le w ater re so u rc e p ro jects such as d a m s,

reser­

v o i r s , and flood c o n tr o l p r o je c t s .
W i t h i n c r e a s e d F e d e r a l a c t i v i t y in a l l p h a s e s o f n a t u r a l r e ­
s o u r c e p o lic y , t h e s e m e th o d s of a n a ly s is w ill b e d e v e l o p e d and u s e d
m o r e w i d e l y t o d e c i d e w h a t u s e s of o u r n a t i o n a l r e s o u r c e s w i l l p r e v a i l .
O r g a n iz a tio n s and in te r e s te d c itiz e n s c o n c e rn e d w ith r e s o u r c e u s e o r
m i s u s e m u s t b e a b l e to d e fe n d t h e i r p o s it i o n in t e r m s of t h e c r i t e r i a
of P P B S a n d c o s t - b e n e f i t a n a l y s i s .
of i n t a n g i b l e s ,

M ost im p o rtan t,

m easurem ent

n o n m a rk e t goods, so cial v alu es, e n v iro n m e n ta l v a lu e s,

and o th er such n o n -d o lla r c o n sid e ratio n s m u st be d ev elo p ed o r e lse
d e c i s i o n s a t t h e F e d e r a l l e v e l w i l l t e n d t o l e a v e t h e s e v a l u e s o u t of
t h e a n a l y s i s of n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e p r o j e c t s a n d n a t i o n a l r e s o u r c e p o l i c y .

3
T he P ro b lem

It i s t h e p u r p o s e of t h i s s t u d y t o s u g g e s t s o m e a l t e r n a t i v e
m e th o d s fo r m e a s u r in g in ta n g ib le s su ch as r e c r e a ti o n b e n e fits and
e n v iro n m en tal valu es.

A c a s e s t u d y of p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s * i n

M ic h ig a n w ill be p r e s e n t e d to e m p h a s iz e how a c r i t e r i a s y s t e m could
evolve u sin g a q u a lita tiv e a p p r o a c h w h e r e p r o je c ts a r e ra n k e d a c ­
c o rd in g to t h e i r d e s ir a b i l i t y ,

b u t d o lla r v a lu e s a r e not a s s ig n e d .

N e e d f o r th e Study in M ic h ig a n

As th e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t b e c a m e m o r e d e e p ly in v o lv ed w ith
P P B S in t h e D e f e n s e D e p a r t m e n t ,
w ater re s o u rc e d ev elo p m en ts,

a n d w i t h c o s t - b e n e f i t a n a l y s i s in

th e s t a t e s b e g a n to look to p r o g r a m

bu d g etin g a s a tool fo r p la n n in g an d f i s c a l m a n a g e m e n t.

In t h e

C a l i f o r n i a D e p a r t m e n t of P a r k a a n d R e c r e a t i o n , f o r e x a m p l e ,

a

c o s t-b e n e fit p ro c e d u re for b u dgeting sta te p a rk acq u isitio n w as
developed fo r e x p la n a to ry p u r p o s e s .
In t h e p a s t , p r o j e c t a c q u i s i t i o n r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
had la c k e d the e le m e n t of e x p la in a b illty s o th at c o n t r o ­
v e r s y h a d a r i s e n , n o t bo m u c h o v e r t h e q u a l i t y o f p r o j ­
e c t s t h a t w e r e s e l e c t e d b u t , r a t h e r , o v e r t h e q u e s t i o n of
w hy c e r t a i n d e s i r a b l e p r o j e c t s had not b e e n s e le c te d . ^

* P u b lic a c c e s s s ite - a p u b lic ly ow ned p r o p e r t y , u s u a lly w ith
r iv e r o r la k e f ro n ta g e , w h ic h is d e v e lo p e d f o r th e p u r p o s e of p r o ­
viding a c c e s s to the w a t e r s of t h e s ta te .
2
A lfre d B a x te r and A s s o c i a t e s , W hich P a r k s and W hy; A C o st
B enefit P r o c e d u r e f o r B u d g etin g S ta te P a r k A c q u is itio n (B e rk e le y ,
C a l i f o r n i a ; A l f r e d B a x t e r a n d A s s o c i a t e s , 1 9 6 6 ) . p . 1.

4
In M i c h i g a n , t h e G o v e r n o r r e q u e s t e d p r o g r a m e v a l u a t i o n f r o m
a l l d e p a r t m e n t s to a i d in f i s c a l p l a n n i n g a t t h e e x e c u t i v e l e v e l .
D e p a r tm e n ta l C o m m u n ic a tio n No.
A ugust 9,

1970,

7 to a ll s t a t e d e p a r t m e n t s on

req u ested p ro g ra m

e v a l u a t i o n f o r t h e 1971 -7 2 b u d g e t .

I in te n d to e f f e c t i v e l y m a n a g e t h e S t a t e ' s r e s o u r c e s to
a c h i e v e m a x i m u m b e n e f i t s . O n e w a y to m e e t th is
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y is w ith p r o g r a m e v a lu a tio n . W e h a v e
b e e n d e v e l o p i n g v a r i o u s a p p r o a c h e s t o e v a l u a t i o n in
th e p r o g r a m and b u d g et s tr u c t u r e . . . .
I am hereby
an n o u n cin g a r e f in e m e n t and a c c e l e r a t i o n of th e s e
processes.
T h e 1971-72 b u d g et and e a c h b u d g et t h e r e ­
a f te r w ill s t r e s s p r o g r a m e v a lu a tio n a s w e ll a s the
tra d itio n a l c o s t e stim a tio n fo r b u dgeting. *
T h e i n te n t of th e p r o g r a m b u d g e t i n g s y s t e m is to lay o u t p o lic y
d e c i s i o n s in a l o g i c a l f r a m e w o r k , to q u a n t if y t h e d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g
p ro cess w h erev er p o ssib le,

and to m a k e e x p lic it all d e c is io n s w h ic h

involve ju d g m e n t.
W hen c o n tr o v e rs y a r is e s ,
loom s la rg e .

the p r o b le m of " e x p ia in a b ility " also

T h e m a j o r i t y of p r o b l e m s i n v o l v i n g t h e p u b l i c a r e

c o m m u n ic a tio n p r o b le m s w hich c e n t e r a ro u n d how d e c is io n s a r e m ad e
and w ho m a k e s th e m , as w ell as w h y in d iv id u al p r o je c t s a r e ch o sen .
C lear, fo rth rig h t c rite ria ,

a s s e t f o r t h in an a n a l y t i c a l p r o g r a m

f r a m e w o r k , a r e v e r y u s e f u l in e x p l a i n i n g p r o g r a m s , p r i o r i t i e s ,
in d iv id u al p r o j e c t s to th e public.

and

O nce the c r i t e r i a a r e a g re e d upon

as r e a s o n a b le and p r o p e r , the p r o je c ts w h ic h fa ll out as m o s t

M ic h ig a n , E x e c u tiv e O ffice of th e G o v e r n o r , " D e p a r tm e n ta l
C o m m u n i c a t i o n N o. 7 , " L a n s i n g , M ic h i g a n , A u g u s t 19, 1 9 7 0 , p . I
( in t h e f i l e s o f t h e M i c h i g a n S t a t e W a t e r w a y s C o m m i s s i o n ) .

5
d e s i r a b l e a r e s e e n t o f i t i n t o a t o t a l s y s t e m of p l a n n i n g r a t h e r t h a n
a d m in is tr a tiv e fia t o r unexplained ju d g m en t.
T h e p u r c h a s e of p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s o n i n l a n d l a k e s i n M i c h i g a n
h a s o ften c a u s e d c o n s id e ra b le c o n tr o v e rs y am o n g rip a ria n * o w n e rs
on th o s e la k e s w hich w e r e c h o se n fo r s ite a c q u is itio n and d e v e lo p m e n t.
T h e q u e s t i o n of w h y p u t a s i t e on " o u r " l a k e w a s o f t e n r a i s e d .

Thus,

w h e n th e p r o g r a m c a m e u n d e r f i r e , t h e G o v e r n o r t u r n e d to th e e x ­
p l a n a t o r y v a l u e of th e p r o g r a m b u d g e tin g s y s t e m .
On J u n e 25,

1970, G o v e rn o r W illia m M illik e n im p o s e d a b a n

o n p u r c h a s e o f p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s in M i c h i g a n p u r s u a n t t o a c o m ­
p l e t e s t a t e m e n t of p r o g r a m g o a ls and p r o g r a m s t a n d a r d s of th e
M ich ig an S tate W aterw ay s C o m m issio n .
N o f u r t h e r s te p s a r e to be ta k e n by the W a t e r w a y s
C o m m i s s i o n t o w a r d t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of n e w p r o p e r t y f o r
th i s p r o g r a m u n til a c o m p le te r e v i e w a n d e v a l u a t i o n of
p r o g r a m p o licies has been com pleted. ^
He f u r t h e r stip u la te d th at the b an w as to be in effect u n til s u c h
t i m e as " c r i t e r i a " f o r s e le c t io n of p u b lic a c c e s s s i t e s in M ic h ig a n
w ere approved.

^ r i p a r i a n - a l e g a l d e f i n i t i o n u s e d in e a s t e r n s t a t e s r e f e r r i n g to
t h e r i g h t s o f o w n e r s of l a n d a d j a c e n t t o w a t e r b o d i e s t o c e r t a i n u s e s
of th a t w a t e r .
A b r o a d e r d efin itio n w ould r e f e r to s t r e a m s i d e o r
l a k e s i d e la n d a s r i p a r i a n land.
2
N e w s r e l e a s e of a s t a t e m e n t b y G o v e r n o r W i l l i a m G. M il l i k e n
o n J u n e 2 5 , 1 9 7 0 . p. 1 (in t h e f i l e s of t h e M i c h i g a n S t a t e W a t e r w a y s
C o m m issio n ).

6
He had in stru c te d th e D e p a rtm e n t of N a tu ra l R e s o u r c e s
t o c o n d u c t a r e v i e w of p r o j e c t c r i t e r i a p r i o r t o f u r t h e r
a c q u i s i t i o n of p r o p e r t i e s on in lan d la k e s by t h e M ic h ig a n
S tate W a te rw a y s C o m m is s io n [ e m p h a s is su p p lied ] . *
At t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e O ffic e of P l a n n i n g S e r v i c e s in t h e D e p a r t ­
m e n t of N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s w a s d e v e l o p i n g a p r o g r a m e v a l u a t i o n
p r o c e d u r e f o r e a c h s e g m e n t of t h e M i c h i g a n O u t d o o r R e c r e a t i o n P l a n
w h ic h h ad to b e s u b m i t t e d to th e B u r e a u of O u td o o r R e c r e a t i o n in
o r d e r to q u a lify th e S tate f o r Land and W a te r C o n s e r v a t io n F u n d
m onies.

2

T h e s e tw o c o n c o m i t a n t e v e n t s le d to t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e

p r o g r a m p l a n n i n g s t r u c t u r e in t h e W a t e r w a y s D i v i s i o n ,
P r i o r to th is tim e , th e M ich ig an S tate W a te r w a y s C o m m is s io n
h a d b e e n m o v i n g in th is d i r e c t i o n t h r o u g h its r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m , on
t h e o n e h a n d , w h i c h p r o v i d e d d a t a on r e c r e a t i o n a l b o a t i n g in M i c h i g a n ,

1I b i d .
2

M i c h i g a n , D e p a r t m e n t of N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s , O f f ic e of P l a n n i n g
S e r v i c e s , " G o a l s , F u n c t i o n s , and S t r u c t u r e of t h e R e c r e a t i o n S y s t e m , "
M ic h i g a n O u t d o o r R e c r e a t i o n P l a n , 1970 ( L a n s i n g , M i c h i g a n D e p a r t ­
m e n t o f N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s , D e c e m b e r , 1 9 7 0 ) . V o l u m e 1, C h a p t e r 4.
3
T h r e e p u b lic a tio n s e n c o m p a s s th e h i s t o r y of t h e W a t e r w a y s
R e s e a r c h P r o g r a m : (1) M i c h i g a n , D e p a r t m e n t o f C o n s e r v a t i o n ,
W aterw ay s D iv isio n , T ra n s p o rta tio n P re d ic tiv e P r o c e d u r e s : R e c r e a ­
tio n al B o atin g and C o m m e r c i a l S hipping. (L a n s in g , M ic h ig a n : S tate
R e s o u rc e P la n n in g P r o g r a m , M ichigan D e p a rtm e n t of C o m m e r c e ,
D e c e m b e r , 1 9 6 6 ) , T e c h n i c a l R e p o r t N o . 9 C ; (2) J a m e s O a k w o o d a n d
M i c h a e l C h u b b , P l a n n i n g P u b l i c R e c r e a t i o n a l B o a t i n g F a c i l i t i e s in
M ic h ig a n . ( F a s t L a n sin g , M ichigan: R e c re a tio n R e s e a r c h and P l a n ­
n in g U nit, D e p a r t m e n t of P a r k a n d R e c r e a t i o n R e s o u r c e s , M ic h ig a n
S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , F e b r u a r y , 1 9 6 8 ) , T e c h n i c a l R e p o r t N o . 1.
(3) M i c h a e l C h u b b , O u t d o o r R e c r e a t i o n P l a n n i n g i n M i c h i g a n b y a
S y s t e m s A n a l y s i s A p p r o a c h . P a r t III. T h e P r a c t i c a l A p p l i c a t i o n of
P r o g r a m R EC SYS and S Y M A P . (L an sin g , M ic h ig a n , S ta te R e s o u r c e

7
and th e b u d g et s t r u c t u r e on th e o th e r h an d , w h ich r e q u i r e d a b u d g et
s u b m i t t e d t o t h e o f f i c e of t h e G o v e r n o r o r g a n i z e d b y p r o g r a m c l a s s e s .
T he b ro a d p r o g ra m fra m e w o rk and the b a sic c r ite r ia fo r s e le c ­
t i o n of p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s w e r e s u b m i t t e d to t h e G o v e r n o r on
S e p t e m b e r 1,

1970.

T hey w e r e r e v is e d a fte r e x te n s iv e public h e a r ­

ings and a c c e p te d by th e G o v e r n o r on J a n u a r y 22,

1971,

at w hich

t i m e t h e m o r a t o r i u m o n t h e p u r c h a s e of p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s w a s lif te d .
T h e f o llo w in g g e n e r a l i z e d c r i t e r i a a r e now b e i n g u s e d a s g u i d e l i n e s
f o r th e p u b lic a c c e s s s ite p r o g r a m (Bee A p p e n d ix 2 f o r fu ll e x p l a n a ­
tion of each c r i te r i a ) .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

M a g n i t u d e of a n t i c i p a t e d u s e .
F e a s ib ility of a cq u isitio n .
E c o lo g ica l c o n s id e ra tio n s .
S afety and re g u la tio n .
I n c r e a s e d s a t i s f a c t i o n o r q u a l i t y of e x p e r i e n c e .
In te rp r o g ra m effects.
R eso u rce p re se rv a tio n o r creatio n .
C o st effectiveness.
S econdary benefits.
E q u i t a b l e d i s t r i b u t i o n of f a c i l i t i e s .

T h e c r i t e r i a w e r e not y e t d e f i n e d in m e a s u r a b l e t e r m s .

The

a p p l i c a t i o n of th e c r i t e r i a r e q u i r e d d e f i n i t i o n in a q u a n t i t a t i v e s e n s e
s o th a t p o te n tia l p u b lic a c c e s s s it e s co u ld b e m e a s u r e d u n d e r the
c r ite r ia and ran k ed acco rd in g to th e ir d e s ira b ility .
tio n is:

T h e b asic q u e s ­

" G iv e n th is a m o u n t of m o n e y a n d t h e s e c r i t e r i a , how m a n y

public a c c e s s s ite s can be p u r c h a s e d and d e v e lo p e d ; w h e r e should

P la n n in g P r o g r a m , M ic h ig a n D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m e r c e ,
T e c h n i c a l R e p o r t N o. 12.
^ M i c h i g a n , ' E x e c u t i v e O f fic e of th e G o v e r n o r

1967),

L o c . cit.

8
th e y b e p u r c h a s e d ; and w h ich s ite s should b e p u r c h a s e d f i r s t " ?
D e v e l o p m e n t of t h e c r i t e r i a . n e c e s s a r y to a n s w e r t h e s e q u e s t i o n s is t h e
b a s ic p u r p o s e of t h i s s tu d y .

C H A P T E R II

M E T H O D O L O G Y U S E D IN T H E S T U D Y

The R esearch P roposal

T h e stu d y p r o p o s e d to d e v e lo p a c r i t e r i a s y s t e m f o r th e s e l e c ­
t i o n of p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s in M i c h i g a n .

M e a su re m e n t of re c re a tio n

b e n e f i t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h b o a t i n g w e r e d e v e l o p e d t h r o u g h t h e u s e of
a ran k in g s y s te m w hich m e a s u r e d in tan g ib le b e n e fits by assig n in g
p r i o r i t i e s to la k e a c q u is itio n r a t h e r th a n d o l l a r v a lu e s .

R e s e a r c h M eth o d o lo g y

1.

A c r ite r ia s y s te m for p ro p o sed p ro je c ts w as developed fo r

ranking p ublic a c c e s s s ite s fo r fu tu re a c q u isitio n .
2.

T h e c r i t e r i a s y s t e m w a s th e n w eig h ted a c c o rd in g to s ig n if i­

c a n t p r e d i c t o r s of b o atin g d e m a n d w h ich w e r e id en tified by a r e g r e s ­
sion a n a ly s is .
3.

T h e c r i t e r i a s y s t e m w as a p p lie d to d a ta on p u b lic a c c e s s

s i t e s in M i c h i g a n in o r d e r to i d e n t i f y s p e c i f i c s i t e s f o r f u t u r e a c q u i s i ­
tion.

9

10
D ate R e q u ire m e n ts

1.

P u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s in M i c h i g a n w e r e i n v e n t o r i e d a n d

m a p p e d on a c o u n ty by c o u n ty b a s i s .

T h e s ite s m a in ta in e d by the F is h

D iv isio n , F o r e s t r y D iv isio n , P a r k s D iv isio n , G a m e D iv isio n , and
W a t e r w a y s D i v i s i o n of t h e M i c h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t of N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s
a n d t h e U . S. F o r e s t S e r v i c e w e r e l i s t e d o n a m a s t e r l i s t o f p u b l i c
a c c e ss sites.

A n u m b e r i n g s y s t e m w a s d e v e l o p e d t o n u m b e r a l l of th e

sites.
2.
so n n el,

A public a c c e s s s ite in v e n to ry w as c o m p le te d by field p e r ­
s ta tin g the p e r tin e n t d a ta on e a c h s ite su c h a s lo c a tio n ,

p arking s p a c e s , a c re a g e ,

f r o n ta g e f e e t, etc.

T he L ands D ivision

f i l e s w e r e c o m p a r e d w ith e a c h i n v e n t o r y to f i l l in I n f o r m a t i o n on
a c q u is itio n d a te , p r i c e p a id , etc.
inventory sh eet. )

( S e e A p p e n d i x 4 f o r a c o p y of t h e

T h is d a t a w as c o d e d on m a r k - s e n s e f o r m s into

a p p r o p r i a t e d a t a f ie ld s a n d key p u n c h e d onto c o m p u t e r c a r d s f o r d a t a
sto rag e.

(See A p pendix 5 fo r a c o p y of th e m a r k - s e n s e f o r m and d a ta

field s. )
3.

D a ta on co u n ty p o p u la tio n , d i s p o s a b l e i n c o m e ,

reg istered

b o a t s , n u m b e r of l a k e s , a n d o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e d e s t i n a t i o n
county w e r e c o l le c te d and co d ed into d a ta fie ld s f o r key pun ch in g .
( S e e A p p e n d i x 10 f o r a c o p y of C o u n t y D a t a S h e e t s . )

A larg e num ber

of d a t a s o u r c e s w e r e c o m p i l e d t o q u a n t i f y t h e v a r i a b l e s f o r e a c h
county.

(D a ta s o u r c e s a r e l i s t e d w i t h e a c h X v a r i a b l e in A p p e n d ix 1 .)

11
C om putational P ro c e d u re a

1.

A d u p l i c a t e t a p e of th e 1968 B o a ti n g D e m a n d S tudy d a t a f ile

f r o m th e M ic h ig a n R e c re a tio n a l B oating N e e d s Q u e s tio n n a ire w as
s e c u r e d f r o m the M ic h ig a n S tate U n iv e r s ity C o m p u te r C e n te r w h e re
s i m i l a r a n a l y s e s w e r e b e in g r u n o n th e C D C 6500 u s in g th e c o u n ty of
o rig in and s o c io -e c o n o m ic c h a r a c te r is t ic s of r e g is te r e d boat o w n ers
a s t h e a r e a s of i n q u i r y .

T h is stu d y w as u n d e rta k e n by th e R e c re a tio n

R e s e a r c h an d P l a n n i n g U nit,

of t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f P a r k a n d R e c r e a t i o n

R e s o u r c e s at M ic h ig a n S tate U n iv e rsity .
2.

T he co u n ty d a ta w a s te s te d a g a in s t the a c tu a l boating days

w h ic h o c c u r r e d in e a c h c o u n ty in 1968, w ith a l in e a r m u ltip le r e g r e s ­
sio n a n a ly s is u sin g a le a s t s q u a r e s s te p w is e d e le tio n ro u tin e .

The

e q u a t i o n o r m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l u s e d in t h e a n a l y s i s to o k th e fo llo w in g
g en eral form :
Y = a + b . x, + b_ x , . . . + b x + u
1 1 2
2
n n
W here:
Y “ T h e o b s e rv e d d e p e n d e n t v a ria b le to be explained
or predicted.

( In t h i s c a s e ,

it is t h e n u m b e r of

b o a tin g d a y s in e a c h d e s t i n a t i o n c o u n ty . )
Xj - x ^ = T h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s u s e d t o e x p l a i n o r
p r e d i c t Y. (In th is c a s e ,

it is c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

t h e d e s t i n a t i o n c o u n t y . ' S e e A p p e n d i x 1).

12
b. -b
I n

= T h e c o e f f i c i e n t of th e x , - x
I n

v ariab les,

the slo p e

of t h e r e g r e s s i o n lin e f o r e a c h of t h e i n d e p e n d e n t
v ariab les.
a = A co n stan t v a ria b le ,

th e i n t e r s e c t of t h e r e g r e s ­

s i o n Line w i t h t h e y a x i s ,
u = The random e rro r term .
T h e c a l c u l a t i o n s w e r e r u n on t h e M ic h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t of S t a t e H i g h ­
w ay s B u rro u g h s 5500 c o m p u te r.

A B M D -02R - L in e a r R eg ressio n

r o u t i n e a s d e s c r i b e d in " B M D - B i o m e d i c a l C o m p u t e r P r o g r a m s " *

was

u s e d in t h e a n a l y s i s .
3.

T h e s i g n i f i c a n t p r e d i c t o r s i d e n t i f i e d in t h e r e g r e s s i o n , w e r e

u s e d to d e v e l o p a w e i g h t e d c r i t e r i a s y s t e m f o r p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e
a cq u isitio n .

T h e H y p o th esis

T h e h y p o t h e s i s o f th is s t u d y is t h a t a c r i t e r i a s y s t e m b a s e d on
t h e p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d d a t a m e e t s t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e M i c h i g a n
S ta te W a te rw a y s C o m m is s io n f o r a public a c c e s s s ite s e le c tio n p r o ­
cedure.

And f u r th e r , that this c r i te r i a s y s te m w ill pro v id e a ranking

p r i o r i t y l i s t of p o t e n t i a l p u b lic a c c e s s s it e s w h ic h d o e s not a s s i g n
d o l l a r v a l u e s to th e c o s t s and b e n e f i t s of e a c h s i t e b u t a s s i g n s t h e i r
p r io r ity on th e b a s is of q u a lita tiv e c r i t e r i a .
*W. J , D i x o n , e d . B M D - B i o m e d i c a l C o m p u t e r P r o g r a m s ,
U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a P u b l i c a t i o n s in A u t o m a t i c C o m p u t a t i o n N o . 2
( B e r k e l e y ; l o s A n g e l e s : U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s , 1 9 6 8 ) . p . 5.

13
A s u b h y p o th e s i s of th is stu d y is th a t a r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t s b e ­
t w e e n t h e t o t a l a m o u n t of r e c r e a t i o n a l b o a t i n g a c t i v i t y t a k i n g p l a c e i n
a g i v e n c o u n t y , a n d s p e c i f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h a t c o u n t y ( t h e c o u n t y
of d e s t i n a t i o n ) .

A m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n m o d e l w i l l b e u s e d to t e s t t h i s

r e l a t i o n s h i p an d id e n tif y " s i g n i f i c a n t p r e d i c t o r s " of r e c r e a t i o n a l
boating.

T h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w i l l b e t h e n u m b e r of b o a t i n g d a y s

w h ic h o c c u r r e d in th e c o u n ty in 1968.

T he independent v a ria b le s

i n c l u d e r e s o u r c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e c o u n t y ( s u c h a s n u m b e r o f
i n l a n d l a k e s , t o t a l l a k e a c r e a g e , a n d n u m b e r of p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s )
and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e p o p u l a t i o n of t h e d e s t i n a t i o n c o u n ty ( s u c h
as total population, population d e n sity , and d is p o s a b le incom e).

A

c o m p l e t e l i s t o f i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s i s p r e s e n t e d in A p p e n d i x 1.

D e f i n i t i o n s U s e d in t h e S tu d y

B oating Day

F o r th e p u r p o s e s of th is s tu d y , a b o a tin g d a y w ill b e " e a c h p a r t
d a y s p e n t b o a tin g " a s d e fin e d in th e M ic h i g a n R e c r e a t i o n a l B o a tin g
N eeds Q u estio n n a ire. *

T h is w ill be c o n s id e re d s y n o n o m o u s w ith

" b o a t u s e - p e r i o d " a s u s e d by C h u b b (1967).

2

*See A ppendix 8 fo r the M ic h ig a n R e c r e a tio n a l B oating N e e d s
Q u estio n n aire,
2
M ic h a e l C hubb, O u td o o r R e c r e a tio n P la n n in g in M ic h ig a n by a
S y s t e m s A n a l y s i s A p p r o a c h P a r t III . T h e P r a c t i c a l A p p l i c a t i o n o f
P r o g r a m R E C S Y S a n d S Y M A P . T e c h n i c a l R e p o r t N o . 12 ( L a n s i n g ,
M ic h ig a n : S t a t e R e s o u r c e P l a n n i n g P r o g r a m , M i c h i g a n D e p t, of
C o m m e r c e , 1 9 6 7 ) . p p . 12 a n d 2 8 5 .

14
R eg istered

Boat

In M ic h ig a n , a r e g i s t e r e d b o a t is l e g a lly d e f in e d b y th e M a r i n e
S a fe ty A c t of 1967 (A ct 3 0 3 , P .

A.

1967)* a s a " m o t o r b o a t - - a n y v e s s e l

p ro p e lle d by m a c h in e r y w h e th e r o r not m a c h in e r y is th e p r in c ip a l
s o u r c e of p r o p u l s i o n . "

A ll m o to rb o a ts m u s t be r e g i s t e r e d w ith the

D e p a r t m e n t of S ta te and a s s i g n e d a b o a t r e g i s t r a t i o n n u m b e r .

T hree

p r o p u l s i o n c a t e g o r i e s a r e u s e d b y th e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e - - i n b o a r d ,
o u tb o ard ,

and sailb o at.

12-20 fe e t, 20-30 feet,

F i v e l e n g t h c l a s s e s a r e u s e d - - u n d e r 12 f e e t ,
30-40 feet,

a n d o v e r 40 f e e t ( s e e A p p e n d i x 9

f o r a t a b u l a t i o n o f r e g i s t e r e d b o a t s in M i c h i g a n a s o f D e c e m b e r 3 1 ,

1 9 6 8 ).

R ECSY S-SY M A P

" R E C S Y S " is a s y s t e m s m o d e l f o r r e c r e a t i o n p l a n n i n g w h i c h
uses

an o r i g i n - d e s t i n a t i o n m a t r i x to s i m u l a t e and m e a s u r e th e l o c a ­

tio n an d a m o u n t of r e c r e a t i o n a c t i v i t y ,
boating.

in th is c a s e r e c r e a t i o n a l

C o u n t i e s a r e t h e o r i g i n and d e s t i n a t i o n u n i t s u s e d in t h i s

s ta te w id e planning study.

" S Y M A P " is th e s y n a g r a p h ic c o m p u t e r

b a s e d m ap p in g p r o c e d u r e u s e d to p r o d u c e m a p s of th e d is tr ib u tio n of
r e c re a tio n a l activity.

^M ichigan,
3 1 , p . 4.

P u b l i c A c ts of 1 9 6 7 , A c t 303 S e c t i o n 6(c) a n d S e c tio n

PPBS:

- a c o m m o n ly u s e d a b b re v ia tio n f o r the P la n n in g - P r o g r a m m in g B udgeting S y ste m .

A s y s t e m of f u n c t i o n a l a c c o u n t i n g w h e r e c o s t s a r e

a s s i g n e d to th e p r o g r a m u n d e r w h i c h t h e y a c c r u e .

E ntire p ro g ra m s

can th en be p r o je c te d o r f o r e c a s te d into the fu tu r e and a lte r n a tiv e s
exam ined,

r a t h e r th a n e x a m in in g only o b j e c t s - o f - e x p e n d i t u r e o r lin e

ite m budgets.

C o m p le te p r o g r a m s can b e ev alu ated r a th e r than

s e p a ra te m a te ria l c o s ts , labor c o s ts ,

a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o s ts , etc.

C o st-B en efit A n a ly sis:

- a s y s te m for m e a s u rin g p ro je c t c o sts a g a in st p ro je c t benefits
t o o b t a i n a n i n d e x of e c o n o m i c f e a s i b i l i t y .

P ublic A ccess S ite :

- a p u b licly ow ned p r o p e r ty , u s u a lly w ith r iv e r o r lake fro n ta g e ,
w h i c h i s d e v e l o p e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e of p r o v i d i n g a c c e s s t o t h e w a t e r s
of th e S ta te .

N o n -P aram etric:

- literally

non e q u a l i n t e r v a l. .

d o e s not u s e e q u a l i n t e r v a ls .

A s y s t e m of m e a s u r e m e n t th a t

A ranking o r o rd in a l n u m b erin g s y s te m

su ch a s a p r io r ity list o r a high school c la s s ran k in g list.

16
L im itations and A ssum ptions

1.

G r e a t L a k e s and co n n ectin g w a te r s boating w e r e included

in t h e a n a l y s i s b u t p r o g r a m c r i t e r i a w e r e d e r i v e d o n t h e b a s i s of
in la n d la k e b o a tin g only.
2.

U n r e g i s t e r e d b o a ts w e r e not c o n s id e r e d .

T h is inclu d es

can o es and o th e r n o n p o w ered c r a f t as w e ll as c r a ft w hich a r e p o w e re d
but ille g a lly u n r e g is te r e d .

An e s tim a te d 6 0 ,0 0 0 u n r e g is te r e d boats

e x i s t i n M i c h* i. g a n . 1
3.

B o a tin g u s e w a s s t u d i e d a t th e d e s t i n a t i o n c o u n ty w h e r e it

occurs.
4.

T h e c r i t e r i a w e r e d ev e lo p e d fo r the public a c c e s s s ite

p r o g r a m of th e W a t e r w a y s D iv i s i o n .

O ther p r o g r a m c la s s e s such as

the h a r b o r s - o f - r e f u g e p r o g r a m a n d th e s e a s o n a l m a r i n a p r o g r a m
w e re not a p p lic a b le u n d e r th e s e c r i t e r i a .

R e c o m m e n d a tio n s for

a p p lic a tio n of c r i t e r i a to o t h e r p r o g r a m s a r e f o r w a r d e d .
5.

T h e c r i t e r i a w e r e a p p l i e d t o a c q u i s i t i o n p r i o r i t i e s only..

D e v e l o p m e n t of n e w s i t e s o r r e d e v e l o p m e n t of e x i s t i n g s i t e s w i l l n e e d
a d d itio n a l c r i t e r i a a lth o u g h the c r i t e r i a m a y o v e r la p .

^ R o n a ld K a i s e r , " A S tu d y of M u lt i p l e B o a t O w n e r s h i p in
M ic h ig a n " (u n p u b lish ed M a s t e r 's T h e s i s , D e p a r t m e n t of P a r k and
R e c r e a t i o n R e s o u r c e s , M ic h ig a n S ta te U n iv e r s ity , 1970), p. 52. T h is
is a c o n s i d e r a b l e u n d e r e s t i m a t e s i n c e t h e s a m p l e w a s t a k e n f r o m
r e g i s t e r e d b o a t o w n e r s , th u s e a c h of t h e s e 6 0 ,0 0 0 u n r e g i s t e r e d b o a ts
r e p r e s e n ts a seco n d boat ow ned by th e s a m e p e r s o n . S econd, this
e s tim a te d o e s not in clu d e ille g a lly u n r e g i s t e r e d b o a ts , that is , b o a ts
w hich a r e p o w e re d and sh o u ld b e r e g i s t e r e d .

C H A P T E R III

T H E STUDY SETTIN G

R e c r e a t i o n a l B o a tin g in M ic h ig a n

R e c r e a t i o n a l b o a tin g h a s e x p a n d e d r a p i d l y in th e l a s t tw o
decades.

In th i s c o u n t r y it h a s d e v e l o p e d a t a m o r e r a p i d p a c e t h a n

the tr a d itio n a l r e c r e a t i o n a c tiv itie s su c h as h u n tin g , fis h in g ,

and

sw im m ing.
T h e f i r s t i n d ic a to r w h i c h c a n b e u s e d to in d ic a te t h e g r o w th in
b o a tin g is th e n u m b e r of b o a t s .

T h e lo n g -te rm tre n d show s a g ro w th

f r o m a n e s t i m a t e d 1 5 , 0 0 0 b o a t s in 1 9 0 4 to n a t i o n w i d e t o t a l o r
4 ,7 0 0 ,0 0 0

r e g i s t e r e d b o a ts in 1 9 6 8 .*

r e c r e a t i o n a l b o a t s in t h e U.

M o r e r e c e n t l y , t h e n u m b e r of

S. i s e s t i m a t e d t o h a v e i n c r e a s e d 1 2 0

p e r c e n t b e tw e e n 1950 and 1964,

2

T h e F e d e r a l B o a t i n g A c t of 1 9 6 5 n o w r e q u i r e s a l l b o a t s o v e r
10 h o r s e p o w e r t o b e r e g i s t e r e d w i t h t h e S t a t e ; h o w e v e r ,

som e states

*U. S . , G r e a t L a k e s B a s i n C o m m i s s i o n .
"G reat Lakes B asin
F r a m e w o r k Study, A p p en d ix 9, R e c r e a t i o n N a v ig a tio n , " R ough d r a f t
o f a r e p o r t b y t h e R e c r e a t i o n N a v i g a t i o n T a s k F o r c e t o t h e U. S . ,
G r e a t L a k e s B a s i n C o m m i s s i o n . D e c e m b e r , 1970 ( f r o m th e f i l e s of the
M ich ig an S tate W a te rw a y s C o m m is s io n ) .
2
N a tio n a l A s s o c ia tio n of E n g in e and B o a t M a n u f a c tu r e r s a n d
O u t b o a r d B o a t i n g C l u b of A m e r i c a , B o a t i n g 1 9 6 4 - - A S t a t i s t i c a l R e p o r t
on A m e r i c a ' s T o p F a m i l y S p o r t (N ew Y o rk : N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of
E n g i n e a n d B o a t M a n u f a c t u r e r s a n d O u t b o a r d B o a t i n g C l u b of A m e r i c a .
17

18
r e g is te r o th er r e c r e a tio n a l w a te r c r a f t as w ell,
canoes.

In 1 9 6 8 ,

such as sa ilb o a ts and

M ic h ig a n had th e g r e a t e s t n u m b e r of r e g i s t e r e d

w a t e r c r a f t in t h e n a tio n w i t h 4 3 8 ,0 0 0 .^ T h e g r o w t h in b o a t r e g i s t r a ­
tio n s in M i c h i g a n is r e p r e s e n t e d in t h e f o l l o w i n g g r a p h .

The 3-year

r e g i s t r a t i o n c y c l e m a k e s p r o je c t io n of i n t e r m e d i a t e y e a r s d if f ic u lt
( s e e F i g u r e 1).
F o u r h u n d r e d t h i r t e e n t h o u s a n d o f t h e s e b o a t s a r e u n d e r 20
f e e t a n d a b o u t 2 4 , 0 0 0 u n d e r 2 0 f e e t - - r o u g h l y 17 t i m e s a s m a n y s m a l l e r
boats.

T h e s e a r e the b o a t s iz e s w h ic h a r e m o r e e a s i l y t r a i l e r e d and

hence,

lau n ch in g r a m p s a r e the p r i m e c o n s id e r a t i o n in p la n n in g f o r

their u se.
20* c l a s s .

S e v e n ty - e ig h t p e r c e n t of a ll t r a i l e r e d b o a t s f a ll in th e 12-

2

F o r t y - o n e p e r c e n t of a ll r e g i s t e r e d b o a t o w n e r s , a s u r p r i s i n g l y
large num ber,
ow ners.

own m o r e th an o n e b o a t - - a b o u t 1 8 0 ,0 0 0 m u ltip le b o a t

In a d d i t i o n ,

t h e n u m b e r of u n r e g i s t e r e d b o a t s is e s t i m a t e d

to b e 6 0 , 000. 3

^ M i c h i g a n , D e p a r t m e n t of S t a t e , " S i z e a n d T y p e of R e g i s t e r e d
B o a t s in M i c h i g a n C o u n t i e s , " L a n s i n g , M i c h i g a n , D e c e m b e r , 1 9 6 8 ,
p. 9 .
(m im eographed)
2
R i c h a r d A. M e g a n c k , " R e c r e a t i o n a l B o a t T r a n s p o r t a t i o n in
M ic h ig a n : A S tu d y of U s e P a t t e r n s a n d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of B o a t e r s
Who T r a n s p o r t T h e i r B o a t s " ( u n p u b lis h e d M a s t e r s T h e s i s ,
D e p a rtm e n t of P a r k and R e c re a tio n R e s o u r c e s , M ich ig an S tate
U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 7 1 ), p. 4 6 .
3 R o n a ld K a i s e r , " A Study of M u l t i p l e B o a t O w n e r s h i p in
M ic h ig a n " (u n p u b lis h e d M a s t e r s T h e s i s , D e p a r t m e n t of P a r k and
R e c r e a tio n R e s o u r c e s , M ic h ig a n S ta te U n iv e r s ity , 1970), p. 51.

19

500,000

488 ,0 0 0
438, 000
3 9 8 ,0 0 0

400,000

365, 000
315 ,0 0 0

300,000

2 00,000

100,000

'57

'6 2

'6 5

'68

'7 1

F ig u r e 1 . - - M ic h ig a n B oat R e g i s t r a t i o n s - - 1957- 1971.
Source:

C o m p i l e d f r o m b o a t r e g i s t r a t i o n d a t a in t h e f i l e s
of the M ic h ig a n S tate W a te rw a y s C o m m is s io n .

20
A n o th e r i n d ic a to r of th e i n c r e a s e in b o a tin g is th e g r o w in g n u m ­
b e r of p e o p le w ho a r e r e c r e a ti n g w ith b o a ts .
1964-1967,

from

th e n u m b e r of th e A m e r ic a n s b o a tin g i n c r e a s e d f r o m 38.5

m i l l i o n t o 41 m i l l i o n . *
R ecreatio n ,

In t h r e e y e a r s ,

In 1 9 7 0 , t h e D i r e c t o r of t h e B u r e a u o f O u t d o o r

G. D o u g la s Hofe,

J r . , e s t i m a t e d t h a t o n e out of e v e r y

f o u r A m e r i c a n s b o a t e d - - m o r e t h a n 50 m i l l i o n b o a t e r s .

2

A th ir d in d ic a to r of th e p o p u la rity of b o a tin g is th e w id e r a n g e
of e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l c l a s s e s o f p e o p l e w h o a r e b o a t i n g .

F o rty -

t h r e e p e r c e n t o f b o a t t r a n s p o r t e r s in a 1 9 6 8 s t u d y o f M i c h i g a n b o a t e r s
had in c o m e s u n d e r $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 .
tion D e m a n d Study

4

3

. T h e 1966 M i c h i g a n

O utdoor R e c r c a -

p r e p a r e d fo r th e f i r s t M ic h ig a n O utdoor R e c r e a tio n

P la n (using 1964 d a ta ) s h o w s 62. 1 p e r c e n t of M ic h ig a n b o a t e r s s tu d ie d
had in c o m e s u n d e r $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 .
sam pling m e th o d s,

K a i s e r , u s i n g 1968 d a t a a n d d i f f e r e n t

sh o w s 44. 6 p e r cen t of th e b o a t e r s s tu d ie d h ad

in c o m e s u n d e r $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 ; h o w e v e r,
a re d ifferen t. ^

the in c o m e b r e a k d o w n s h e u s e d

T h e i m p o r t a n t p o i n t to c o n s i d e r is t h a t a b o u t 50 p e r

c e n t i s a s i g n i f i c a n t p r o p o r t i o n o f b o a t e r s w i t h i n c o m e s Le ss t h a n $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 .

^ M e g a n c k , o p . c i t . , p. 30.
^G . D o u g la s H ofe, J r . , A d d r e s s to t h e N a tio n a l S y m p o s i u m on
P a r k s , R e c r e a t i o n , an d E n v i r o n m e n t a l D e s i g n , C h ic a g o , F e b . 15,
1971.
3
M e g a n c k , l o c . c i t . , p. 30.
4
M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , D e p a r t m e n t of R e s o u r c e D e v e l o p ­
m e n t, M ic h ig a n O u td o o r R e c r e a t i o n D e m a n d Study (L a n s in g , M ic h ig a n :
S tate R e s o u r c e P la n n in g P r o g r a m , M ic h ig a n D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m e r c e ,
J u n e , 1 9 6 6 ) . V o l . I a n d I I.
5
K a i s e r , o p . c i t . , p. 28.

21
D em an d and Supply R e la tio n s h ip s

T h e a b o v e d i s c u s s i o n is i l l u s t r a t i v e of th e g r o w th of p a r t i c i p a ­
tio n in b o a t i n g w i t h i n t h e G r e a t L a k e s b a s i n .

It h a s e x p a n d e d r a p i d l y

a n d it i s e x p e c t e d t o g r o w e v e n l a r g e r b y 1 9 8 0 a n d 2 0 0 0 .

T o satisfy

th e n e e d s of t h e s e b o a t e r s , p l a n n i n g of f a c i l i t i e s a n d m a n a g e m e n t is
im portant.

A d e q u a t e p r o j e c t i o n o f t h e s i z e of th e b o a t i n g f l e e t in t h e

G re a t L a k e s and its t r ib u ta r ie s m u s t be d e v e lo p e d to p ro v id e need ed
in f o r m a tio n on how m a n y f a c i l i t i e s a r e n e e d e d an d w h e r e th e y m u s t
be built.
T h i s is e s p e c i a l l y d i f f i c u l t b e c a u s e of t h e t r a n s f e r of d e m a n d
for boating.

P e o p l e d o not b o at s o le ly w h e r e th e y live.

and v a c a t i o n m o b i l i t y m a k e r e c r e a t i o n p la n n in g d iff ic u lt.

Boat tra ile rs
F ifty -fiv e

p e r c en t of M ich ig an b o at o w n e rs , fo r e x a m p le , tr a n s p o r te d th e ir
b oat B in 1 9 6 8 .

S e v e n t y - f i v e p e r c e n t of t h e s e u s e d a b o a t t r a i l e r a n d

25 p e r c e n t u s e d c a r t o p b o a t s . *

It i s t h i s t i m e - d i s t a n c e f a c t o r o f

b o a t i n g u s e a t v a r y i n g d i s t a n c e s f r o m m a j o r c e n t e r s of p o p u l a t i o n
th a t c a u s e s t r a n s f e r of d e m a n d .
w h e re th e people a r e .

W a te r r e s o u r c e s a r e not a lw a y s

T h e d e m a n d f o r b o atin g in I960 c o u ld be

h a n d l e d m u c h m o r e e a s i l y if w e c o u l d t e l l t h e b o a t e r w h e r e h e m u s t
b o a t in t h e r e g i o n , b u t in f a c t , w e m u s t s u p p ly f a c i l i t i e s w h e r e t h e
b o ater n eed s them .

^ M e g a n c k , o p . c i t . , p . 54.

22
S tudies in d ic a te th at m o s t b o a te r s do not tr a v e l m o r e than one
hour fro m h o m e fo r d a y - u s e boating.

T h e p r o b le m is p ro v id in g

re c re a tio n o p portunities w h e re people need th em ,
just av ailab le.

In t h i s r e s p e c t ,

not w h e r e th e y a r e

th e e m p h a s is on r e c r e a t i o n planning

has chan g ed f r o m p ro v id in g th e m o s t f a c ilitie s at th e le a s t c o s t to
p ro v id in g th e m o s t r e c r e a ti o n at th e le a s t co st.

T h i s c h a n g e in a t t i ­

tu d e f o r c e s p l a n n e r s to m a k e b e t t e r c o s t - b e n e f i t d e c i s io n s and t h e r e ­
fo re s e rv e the b o a te r b e tte r.
P e a k load is a n o th e r d iffic u lt p r o b l e m .

E x trem ely heavy use

o c c u r s on h o lid a y w e e k e n d s d u r in g th e s u m m e r .

M e m o r ia l D ay, the

F o u r t h of J u l y , a n d L a b o r D a y a r e h e a v i e s t u s e p e r i o d s o r p e a k - l o a d
period s.

D uring th e s u m m e r , t h r e e - d a y w e e k e n d s and n o r m a l tw o-

d ay w e e k e n d s g e n e r a t e th e m a j o r i t y of u s e a t m a r i n a s an d p u b lic
a c c e s s sites.

A t s o m e l o c a t i o n s , a n e s t i m a t e d 75 p e r c e n t of u s e

o c c u r s d u r in g w e e k e n d s w h ile w e e k d a y u s e is v e r y light.

If f u t u r e

i n c r e a s e s in b o a tin g p a r t i c i p a t i o n c o u ld b e s p r e a d to th e w e e k d a y s ,
th e p r e s e n t f a c i l i t i e s w o u ld b e b e t t e r a b l e to h a n d l e b o a tin g d e m a n d .
L o o k in g a h e a d to th e f u t u r e , how do w e th e n m e e t t h i s u p s u r g e
in b o a t i n g d e m a n d a n d its a s s o c i a t e d p r o b l e m s ?

T h e q u e s t i o n is how

to p la n r e c r e a t i o n a l b o a tin g f a c i l i t i e s f o r 1980 a n d 2000.
F irst,

a d e ta ile d a s s e s s m e n t of p r e s e n t r e c r e a t i o n f a c i l it i e s

a n d t h e s u p p l y o f r e c r e a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t i e s Is n e c e s s a r y .

Second, an

a n a l y s i s of t h e c o m p o n e n t s of b o a tin g p a r t i c i p a t i o n is n e e d e d .

These

c o m p o n e n ts m u s t b e e x tr a p o la te d into th e f u tu r e to g e t an e s t i m a t e

23
of f u t u r e b o a t i n g d e m a n d .

In o t h e r w o r d s , w e m u s t f in d o u t w h a t

f a c to r s c a u s e in c r e a s e s in r e c r e a ti o n a l boating p a r tic ip a tio n ,
aB t h e i n c r e a s e d a c c e s s i b i l i t y of w a t e r , p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h ,
d isp o sa b le in co m e,
tim e.

im p ro v ed tra n sp o rta tio n ,

such

in creased

or in creased leisu re

T h e s e fa c to rs c a n b e looked at s e p a r a te ly to s e e w h e th e r th ey

w ill i n c r e a s e in th e f u tu r e in a m a n n e r s i m i l a r to th e p a s t.
T h i r d , w e m u s t c o m p a r e th e p r e s e n t s u p p ly of f a c i l i t i e s w ith
the e x p e c t e d f u t u r e d e m a n d to g iv e a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g of p r o b a b l e n e e d s
in t h e c o m i n g 1 0 - y e a r a n d 3 0 - y e a r p e r i o d ( 1 9 8 0 a n d 2 0 0 0 ) .

From

t h e s e c o m p a r i s o n s , w e c a n d e v e lo p a c o o r d in a te d p r o g r a m to fu lfill
th e se need s by d ev elo p in g th e p o te n tia l supply w h ile a c c o u n tin g f o r th e
p r o b le m s of boating p a r tic ip a tio n t r a n s f e r , p e a k u s e , and c h a n g e s in
boating c h a r a c t e r is t i c s .

T he A ccess P ro b lem

In s p i t e of t h e f a c t t h a t M i c h i g a n h a s t h e l a r g e s t n u m b e r of
r e g i s t e r e d b o a t s in t h e N a t i o n , a s w e l l a s a c o p i o u s s u p p l y o f w a t e r
based re c re a tio n re so u rc e s,
to t h e w a t e r .

th e p r o b l e m f o r th e b o a t e r is how to g e t

T h e p r i v i l e g e of u s in g w a t e r r e s o u r c e s in s t a t e s w ith

a r i p a r i a n d o c t r i n e of w a t e r r i g h t s r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e u s e r o b t a i n
o w n e r s h i p to t h e land w h i c h b o r d e r s t h e w a t e r .
of t h e s t a t e a r e a p u b l i c r e s o u r c e ,
often in p r i v a t e o w n e r s h i p .
t r e s p a s s on p r i v a t e land.

A lthough th e w a te r s

t h e Land b o r d e r i n g t h e w a t e r s i s

T o o b t a i n " a c c e s s " t o t h e w a t e r is t o
T herefore,

the f i r s t and f o r e m o s t

24
r e q u i r e m e n t of a P u b lic A c c e s s S ite P r o g r a m is to p u r c h a s e p u b lic
p r o p e r t y o n b o d i e s of w a t e r in th e s t a t e o r to u s e e x i s t i n g p u b l i c l y
owned p r o p e r ty such a s sta te f o r e s ts and state p a r k s .
T h e s e c o n d p a r t of t h e " a c c e s s p r o b l e m " is d e v e l o p m e n t .

Once

s u i t a b l e l a n d is in o w n e r s h i p b o r d e r i n g s u i t a b l e b o d i e s of w a t e r , t h e
public m a y u s e th a t lan d to la u n c h b o a ts onto th e w a t e r .

In t h e p a s t ,

a g r a v e l r o a d to th e l a k e an d a s m a l l lo a d of g r a v e l s p r e a d a t th e
w a t e r 's e d g e w ould s u ffic e f o r th e b o a t e r to la u n c h h is s m a l l fish in g
o r hunting b o a t.
apparen t.

F irst,

But as b o atin g u s e in c r e a s e d , tw o p r o b le m s b e c a m e
the l a r g e r ,

m otors b e c a m e com m on.

tr a il e r e d b o a t w ith o u tb o a rd o r in b o ard

L a u n c h in g r a m p s w e r e n e e d e d to allow

p r o p e r l a u n c h i n g of t h e s e l a r g e r ,

h e a v i e r b o a ts a n d p a rk in g lots w e r e

n ee d e d to p r e v e n t d e s t r u c t i o n o f the s it e .

Second,

th e lak es re c e iv e d

m o r e b o a te r s w ith m o r e d iffe re n t r e c r e a tio n n e e d s so u s e r co n flicts
and o v e rc ro w d in g a p p e a re d .

F i s h e r m e n o b je c te d to high p o w e re d

m o to r boats; w a te r s k ie r s e n d a n g e re d s c u b a d iv e rs ; litte r,

n o ise and

g a r b a g e of t h e b o a t e r s o f f e n d e d th e p r o p e r t y o w n e r s a r o u n d t h e la k e .
T h e s e and a long l i s t of o t h e r c o n flic ts c r e a t e d th e " a c c e s s p r o b l e m . "
B e c a u s e of th is g r o w in g d e m a n d f o r b o a tin g a n d th e a s s o c i a t e d
boating p r o b l e m s , th e W a te r w a y s D iv isio n w as d i r e c t e d by th e S tate
L e g i s l a t u r e in 1968 t o p u l l t o g e t h e r a l l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r b o a tin g
f r o m the s e v e r a l a g e n c ie s w ho su p p lied " a c c e s s " of one f o r m o r
an o th er - th e G a m e D ivision,

th e P a r k s D ivision,

D ivision, and th e F is h D iv isio n .

The F o restry

T h e P u b lic A c c e s s Site P r o g r a m

25
w a s c r e a t e d a s a n a m a l g a m a t i o n of p r e v i o u s p r o g r a m s - - P u b li c
F ish in g S ites,

P u b lic H unting S ite s , S ta te P a r k B o a t L a u n c h in g S ite s ,

S tate F o r e s t C a m p g r o u n d S ite s ,

etc.

Since m o s t r e g is te r e d b o ats u s e o u tb o ard o r in b o ard m o to rs ,
th e F e d e r a l H ig h w a y G a s T a x w a s i n v e s t i g a t e d a s a s o u r c e of f u n d s .
W h e n t h e W a t e r w a y s C o m m i s s i o n w a s f i r s t e s t a b l i s h e d in 1947 to
d e v e l o p r e c r e a t i o n a l b o a t i n g f a c i l i t i e s in t h e s t a t e ,
G as T a x m o n ie s w e r e a llo c a te d to b o atin g .

l / 2 p e r c e n t of the

T h e State L e g is la tu r e

r a i s e d t h e a l l o c a t i o n to 1 l / 2 p e r c e n t in 1968 a n d t r a n s f e r r e d a d d i ­
tional fu n c tio n s to th e W a te rw a y s D iv isio n , th e m a jo r r e s p o n s i b il ity
being th e P u b lic A c c e s s S ite P r o g r a m .
T o p la n f o r f u t u r e b o a tin g n e e d s to i9 6 0 a n d 2000 th e u n u s u a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of th e s u p p ly m u s t b e e x a m in e d .
p u b lic r i p a r i a n la n d is t h e i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r ,

T h e o w n e r s h i p of

not ju s t th e su p p ly of

w ater su rface.
C r i t e r i a f o r s e le c tio n of th e s e p u b lic a c c e s s s ite s m u s t t h e r e ­
fo re ev o lv e th ro u g h a r e s e a r c h and planning f r a m e w o r k w hich
c o n s i d e r s b o th th e u n u s u a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of th e s u p p ly a n d th e
grow ing d e m a n d fo r th e s e r e c r e a ti o n a l boating fa c ilitie s .

The

m e t h o d o l o g y in t h i s s tu d y r e q u i r e d a n i n v e n t o r y o f a l l e x i s t i n g s i t e s
a n d a q u a n t i f i c a t i o n of c r i t e r i a f o r p r i o r i t i e s of a c q u i s i t i o n f o r n ew
sites.

C H A P T E R IV

E X P E R IM E N T A L A P P L IC A T IO N O F TE C H N IQ U E S

D a ta C o l l e c t i o n and A n a ly s is

T h e f i r s t p h a s e i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e c r i t e r i a s y s t e m f o r
public a c c e s s s it e s w a s th e P u b lic A c c e s s S ite In v e n to ry .

In itially ,

the d a ta s o u r c e s and in d e e d th e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of p u b lic a c c e s s s ite s
w ere sp read a c ro s s s e v e ra l ag en cies.

A c o m p le te field in v en to ry

of a l l p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s i n t h e r e g i o n a l a n d d i v i s i o n f i l e s w a s c a r r i e d
o u t b y th e f i e l d p e r s o n n e l in e a c h r e g i o n .

S o m e of th e s e in v e n to ry

s h e e t s a r e s t i l l c o m i n g i n t o t h e W a t e r w a y s D i v i s i o n o f f i c e a s a n old
s i t e is r e d i s c o v e r e d o r a l e g a l d e s c r i p t i o n is c l e a r e d up.
cases,

In m a n y

the f ilin g s y s t e m of the r e g i o n and t h e d i v i s i o n d i f f e r e d .

assigned n u m b e rs w e re d ifferen t,

The

t h e s ite s w e r e not on b o th l i s t s ,

or the d e s c r i p t i o n a n d th e s u r v e y w e r e not c o m p l e t e .

A filing s y s t e m

and a m a s t e r l i s t of p u b lic a c c e s s s i t e w ith new a s s i g n e d n u m b e r s and
c o m p l e t e d e s c r i p t i o n s w e r e p r e p a r e d to c o r r e l a t e a l l s e p a r a t e f i l e s
f ro m th e th r e e re g io n a l offices o r f r o m o th e r D iv isio n s .

T he m aster

list w as th e n co d ed fo r d ev e lo p e d an d undeveloped s ite s ; r i v e r ,

lake

o r G r e a t L a k e s s i t e s ; a n d f i n a l l y b y a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , w h e t h e r it w a s a

26

27
W aterw ay s D ivision, P a r k s D ivision,

F o r e s t r y D ivision,

or Gam e

D iv is io n Site.
T h e in f o r m a tio n on e a c h fie ld in v e n to r y w a s c o d e d a n d key
p u n ch ed onto c a r d s .

F u tu r e c o m p a r is o n s and a n a ly s is of the raw d a ta

can now b e r e a d ily a c c o m p lis h e d u sin g th e r e m o t e t e r m i n a l fo r th e
state c o m p u te r s y ste m .

E a c h s ite w as c o lo r coded by a d m in is tr a tiv e

a g e n c y and p lo tte d on c o u n ty m a p s .

A ll s i t e s w e r e th e n r e m a p p e d an d

r e n u m b e r e d o n to a c o m p l e t e s e t of c o u n ty m a p s a f t e r l e g a l d e s c r i p ­
tions and title s ,

tran sfers,

acreages,

etc.

had b een ch e c k e d as

c o m p le te ly as p o s s ib le th ro u g h L a n d s D iv isio n ,

T h e s e s te p s had

to g e th e r p r o d u c e d a filing s y s t e m f o r p u b lic a c c e s s s i t e s ,
l i s t o f s i t e s a n d a s e t of c o u n t y m a p s o f a l l s i t e s .

a m aster

F r o m this d ata,

a m a p o f a l l t h e p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s i n M i c h i g a n ( s e e F i g u r e 2) w a s
p r e p a r e d along w ith a c o u n ty by c o u n ty s t a t i s t i c a l s u m m a r y .
In v i s u a l f o r m a t a n d in d a t a f o r m a t t h e W a t e r w a y s D i v i s i o n
c o u l d b e g i n to p i e c e t o g e t h e r t h e p a t t e r n s of d e v e l o p m e n t ,
p rio rite s had been.
b e e x a m i n e d in t o t a l .

F o r th e f i r s t tim e,

and w h e re

the B tate-w id e s itu a tio n c o u ld

One th o u sa n d t h r e e h u n d re d p u blic a c c e s s s it e s

e x i s t e d in M i c h i g a n , 9 6 8 w e r e a d m i n i s t e r e d b y t h e W a t e r w a y s
D i v i s i o n , 8 4 w e r e in s t a t e p a r k s ,
gam e areas.

131 i n s t a t e f o r e s t s a n d 1 9 4 in s t a t e

T h e r e w e r e a n a d d i t i o n a l 41 s i t e s i n n a t i o n a l f o r e s t s .

M o re im portant,

th e s ite s w e r e a v a ila b le on o n e m a p to a s s e s s th e

b a l a n c e a n d e x p r e s s i o n of p r e v i o u s p o l i c y .

G en erally ,

th e policy could

be s u m m a r iz e d a s p u rc h a s in g th e m o s t s ite s f o r the m o n e y .

T his

28

wv

F i g u r e 2 . - - P u b l i c A c c e s s S i t e s In M i c h i g a n
Source:

C o m p ile d by th e W a te r w a y s D iv is io n f r o m th e
public a c c e s s s ite in v en to ry .

29
m e a n t a g r e a t e r p r o p o r tio n of siteB
P en in su la,

in n o r t h e r n M i c h i g a n a n d t h e U p p e r

a w a y f r o m d e v e l o p m e n t and h ig h land p r i c e s .

C o m p a r in g th is d i s t r i b u t i o n to th e b o a tin g d e m a n d s itu a tio n
p o in te d up th e d i s p a r i t y b e t w e e n s u p p ly a n d d e m a n d .

T h e boating

d e m a n d w a s h i g h in S o u t h e r n M i c h i g a n , t h e n u m b e r o f p u b l i c a c c e s s
s i t e s w a s h ig h in N o r t h e r n M i c h i g a n . *

A new p o l i c y w a s in o r d e r

b a s e d on p u rc h a s in g the m o st boating u s e fo r the m o n ey .
a c o s t e ffe c tiv e n e s s logic.

F o r exam ple,

This e n ta ile d

ev en though land p r ic e s w e r e

two o r t h r e e t i m e s h i g h e r in S o u t h e r n M ic h i g a n ,

s e v e n o r eight t i m e s

as m an y b o a te r s could b e s e r v e d .
T h e P u b l i c A c c e s s S ite I n v e n t o r y , th e n , w a s t h e f i r s t p h a s e in
a n a l y s i s of t h e s u p p l y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s - - w h a t f a c i l i t i e s w e r e a v a i l a b l e
and w h a t n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s w e r e i m p o r t a n t .

To c o m p le te this p ic tu r e ,

a s tu d y of t h e t o t a l r e s o u r c e p o t e n t i a l w a s n e e d e d .

T h e 1 965 L a k e

I n v e n t o r y , ^ f o r e x a m p l e , p r o d u c e d a s t a t i s t i c a l s u m m a r y of th e
n u m b e r of t a k e s a n d l a k e a r e a s b y s i z e c l a s s i n M i c h i g a n .
w a s r e f i n e d b y c o n c e n t r a t i n g o n a l l l a k e s o v e r 100 a c r e s .

T his d a ta
A l i s t of

th e se individual la k e s w ith n a m e and a c r e a g e w as p r e p a r e d fo r each

* M o st of th e o l d e r s i t e s d id not h a v e a w id e v a r i a t i o n in c a p a c i t y
th u s a m a p of t h e s i t e d i s t r i b u t i o n w ill g i v e a g e n e r a l i m p r e s s i o n of
the s i t e c a p a c i t y . N e w e r s i t e s , e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e in s o u t h e r n M ic h ig a n
near u rb an a r e a s , have a la r g e r p ark in g capacity.
A new m ap w hich
plots c a p a c ity s ta te w id e sh o u ld b e d e v e lo p e d .
2
M ic h ig a n , D e p a r t m e n t of C o n s e r v a t io n , R e c r e a t i o n R e s o u r c e
Planning D iv isio n , " M ic h ig a n L a k e In v e n to ry . " ( U n p u b lish e d c o m p u te r
t a b u l a t i o n s f r o m 1965 s u r v e y )

c o u n t y f r o m " L a k e s a n d P o n d s in M i c h i g a n " b y C . R .

H um phrys. *

T h e s e la k e s w e r e th e n r a n k e d by s i z e in e a c h c o u n ty ( s e e A p p e n d ix
12).

Of t h e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 , 6 0 0 l a k e s i n M i c h i g a n o v e r f i v e a c r e B ,

a b o u t 1 , 0 0 0 a r e o v e r 1 0 0 a c r e s a n d c o n v e r s e l y a b o u t 100 a r e o v e r
1,000 a c r e s .

T h e s e 1,000 lakes a r e a b a s ic r e s o u r c e fo r fu tu re

boating p o te n tia l.

T h e c r i t e r i a B ystem fo r se le c tin g lak es r e q u ire d

t h e c o m p i l a t i o n o f t h i s m a s t e r l i s t o f a l l l a k e s o v e r 100 a c r e s t o
p r o d u c e a f i n a l l i s t o f e l i g i b l e l a k e s . ( s e e F i g u r e 3).
A n o t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r f u t u r e p l a n n i n g i s t h e s e p a r a t i o n of
all the public a c c e s s s ite s into g r e a t la k e , r i v e r ,
sites.

T h is h a s not b e e n a c c o m p l i s h e d to d a te .

and inland lake
B a s e m a p s of

M ic h ig a n w ith t h e s e r e s o u r c e s plo tted on th r e e s e p a r a t e m a p s at the
s a m e s c a l e w e r e n o t a v a i l a b l e in t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s
h o w e v e r , th e G r e a t L a k e s B a s i n C o m m i s s i o n h a d c o m p l e t e d a s e t of
m ap s fo r th e g r e a t la k e s d r a in a g e w h ic h included a ll of M ic h ig a n .
T h e s e t h r e e - c o l o r m a p s w e r e p rin te d w ith s e p a r a t e n e g a tiv e s fo r
riv ers,

g r e a t la k e s , and inland la k e s.

and r e p r o d u c e d onto m y la r s e g m e n ts .

T he n eg ativ es w e r e obtained
T h e s e s e g m e n ts m u st be fitted

to g e th e r and p h o t o g r a p h ic a l ly r e p r o d u c e d onto o n e l a r g e m y l a r s h e e t
f o r e a c h b a s e m a p t o c o m p l e t e t h i s p h a s e of t h e p r o j e c t .
or b lu ep rin t copies can be ru n fro m th e m a s te r .

T h e n ozalid

W hen th e se th re e

s e t s of m a p s a r e c o m p l e t e d a t th e s a m e s c a l e , o v e r l a y s of r i v e r ,

*C. R. H u m p h r y s
L a k e s and P o n d s in M i c h i g a n ( F a s t L a n s i n g ,
M i c h i g a n : D e p a r t m e n t of R e s o u r c e D e v e l o p m e n t , 1965).

31
g r e a t la k e s and in la n d lake p u b lic a c c e s s s ite s c a n b e m a p p e d fo r
s e p a r a te p r o g r a m c r i t e r i a a n d s e p a r a te p r o g r a m planning fo r each
of t h e s e d i f f e r i n g r e s o u r c e s .
A n o th e r p h a s e of stu d y in v o lv e d th e G r e a t L a k e s b o a tin g
facilities.

T h e W a te rw a y s D iv is io n c o n tr a c te d w ith th e R e c re a tio n

R e s e a r c h a n d P l a n n i n g Unit a t M ic h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y to c a r r y
o u t a f i e l d i n v e n t o r y of G r e a t L a k e s m a r i n a s .

F r o m this in v en to ry ,

t h e n e c e s s a r y d a t a w a s a v a i l a b l e to d e v e l o p a l i s t i n g of m a r i n a s on
th e G r e a t L a k e s , a d a t a s u m m a r y of b r o a d s i d e m o o r i n g ,

slip m ooring

an d to t a l m o o r i n g c a p a c i t y b y c o u n ty , a n d f i n a l l y a m a p of r e c r e a t i o n a l
h a r b o r s in M i c h i g a n w ith t o t a l m o o r i n g c a p a c i t y .
T he next m a jo r s e g m e n t o r p h a s e w as th e public a c c e s s site
p ro g ra m statem en t.

T hese step s w ere,

of c o u r s e ,

not happening

s e q u e n tia lly but r a t h e r c o n c u r r e n tly a s the study p r o g r e s s e d .

The

p r o g r a m s t a t e m e n t f o r p u b lic a c c e s s s i t e s w a s b r o u g h t a b o u t by the
m o r a to r iu m on a c q u is itio n f r o m th e G o v e r n o r 's office.
tim e,

P r i o r t o thiB

t h e W a t e r w a y s D i v i s i o n h a d b e e n m e e t i n g w i t h t h e B u r e a u of t h e

B u d g e t to e s t a b l i s h p r o g r a m g u i d e l i n e s f o r s u b m i s s i o n o f b u d g e t s to
the E x e c u tiv e O ffic e .

T h e m o r a to r iu m on a c q u is itio n put th is effort

into h igh g e a r s i n c e th e r e q u i r e m e n t f o r e n d in g th e m o r a t o r i u m w a s
a c o m p l e t e s t a t e m e n t of p r o g r a m p r i o r i t i e s a n d p r o g r a m c r i t e r i a .
E i g h t p r o g r a m c r i t e r i a w e r e f i r s t s u b m i t t e d a n d p u b l i c h e a r i n g s on
th e s e c r i t e r i a w e r e held at s e v e r a l lo c a tio n s a ro u n d th e S tate.
th e public h e a rin g r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s and s u g g e s tio n s ,

tw o m o r e

F rom

32

m
4

^

/ ,^ C

F i g u r e 3 . - - M ic h ig a n 's L a r g e r In lan d L a k e s
Source:

A d a p te d f r o m b a s e m a p s u s e d in th e O ffice of
P lan n in g S e rv ic e s , M ich ig an O u td o o r R e c re a tio n
P l a n 1 9 7 0 . V o l . 1. c h a p . 4.

33
c r ite r ia w ere added.

T h is p o lic y f r a m e w o r k of te n p r o g r a m c r i t e r i a

f o r a c q u i s i t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t of p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s w e r e f o r w a r d e d
t o t h e W a t e r w a y s C o m m i s s i o n f o r a p p r o v a l a n d t h e n to t h e G o v e r n o r ' s
O ffice.
lifted.

O n t h e b a s i s of t h e s e p r o g r a m c r i t e r i a ,
The need re m a in e d , how ever,

th e m o ra to r iu m w as

to o p e r a tio n a liz e t h e s e c r i t e r i a

into a f r a m e w o r k th a t c o u ld h e lp u s d e c i d e w h ic h la k e s w e r e to be
s e le c te d for public acceSB s ite s ,

and w h e r e th e boatin g c a p a c ity should

be in creased .
A v e r y i m p o r t a n t a n d v e r y L a rg e p h a s e in t h e s tu d y w a s b a s i c a iiy
a t h e o r e t i c a l m o d e l c o n s i d e r a t i o n , to e x a m i n e t h e 1968 a n d 1930
b o a t i n g d e m a n d d a t a w h i c h c a m e f r o m a l o n g s e r i e s of b o a t i n g s t u d i e s
g o in g b a c k to t h e 1964 M i c h i g a n O u t d o o r R e c r e a t i o n D e m a n d S t u d y . *
In 1 9 6 6 , t h e W a t e r w a y s D i v i s i o n c o n t r a c t e d w i t h A r t h u r D.

L ittle,

In c . , c o n s u l t a n t , f o r a f o r e c a s t of t h e r e c r e a t i o n a l b o a t i n g f l e e t by
1980 u s in g a g g r e g a t e d e m a n d to f o r e c a s t f l e e t s i z e .

2

O a k w o o d and

C h u b b c r i t i c i z e d t h i s p l a n n i n g m e t h o d o l o g y in a s p e c i a l r e p o r t

3

and

c o n seq u en tly th e s y s te m s a n a ly s is a p p r o a c h using R E C S Y S -S Y M A P
w as developed.

4

The s y s te m s an aly sis ap p ro ach has been rep eated

t h r e e t i m e s in s t u d i e s of b o a t i n g u s e in M ic h i g a n ; t h e e x p l o r a t o r y

^ M ic h ig a n S ta te U n iv e r s ity , D e p a r tm e n t of R e s o u r c e D e v e lo p ­
m e n t, io c . cit.
Z
M i c h i g a n , D e p a r t m e n t of C o n s e r v a t i o n , W a t e r w a y s D i v i s i o n
loc. c it.
3
O akw ood and C h u b b , lo c . cit.
4
C hubb, loc. cit.

34
s t u d y u s e d 1 9 6 5 d a t a , a r e s t u d y u s e d 1968 d a t a a n d t h e t h i r d s t u d y
c u r r e n t l y i n p r o g r e s s u s e s 1971 d a t a .

T h is s e r i e s of s tu d ie s p r o d u c e d

th e 1968 a n d 1980 B o a t i n g D e m a n d m a p s w h i c h p e r m i t t e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n
of p a t t e r n s o f b o a t i n g u s e in t h e s t a t e .

T his is b a s ic a lly an o rig in -

d e s t i n a t i o n m o d e l w h i c h u s e s an a t t r a c t i o n in d e x a t th e d e s t i n a t i o n to
pull p e o p l e o u t of t h e o r i g i n w h e r e t h e y live, a lo n g s p e c i f i e d t r a n s p o r ­
tatio n links to th e ir b o atin g d e s tin a tio n .

T h e p o p u la tio n of th e o r ig i n

c o u n tie s , along w ith o th e r d e m a n d f a c t o r s s u c h a s l e i s u r e ,
and m o b i l i t y , a r e th e n p r o j e c t e d to 1980,

incom e,

T h e e s t i m a t e d n u m b e r of

b o a tin g d a y s p r o d u c e d b y t h e o r i g i n c o u n t i e s in 1980 a r e r a t i o n e d o u t
to t h e d e s t i n a t i o n c o u n t i e s o n t h e b a s i s of t h e a t t r a c t i o n i n d e x of e a c h
d e s tin a tio n co unty and th e e x p e c te d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n im p r o v e m e n ts by
1980.
O n e i m p o r t a n t r e s e a r c h c o n c e p t t o b e f o r w a r d e d in t h i s t h e s i s
is t h a t t h e l o c a t i o n o f b o a t i n g u s e s h o u l d b e t h e f o c u s f o r s t a t e w i d e
planning.

T h e f o l l o w i n g m a p ( F i g u r e 4) f r o m t h e R E C S Y S - S Y M A P

m e t h o d i l l u s t r a t e s n o t o n l y h o w m a n y b o a t i n g d a y s o c c u r in M i c h i g a n ,
but a ls o w h e r e they o c c u r ,

in w h a t c o u n t i e s a n d a r o u n d w h a t r e s o u r c e s .

T h i s t y p e of i n f o r m a t i o n is v e r y n e c e s s a r y f o r p l a n n i n g f u t u r e
boating p r o g r a m s .

P r o j e c t i o n s to 1980 f o r e x a m p l e , m u s t t a k e into

a cco u n t th e g e n e r a l s h ift to G r e a t L a k e s b o a tin g .
how ever,

T he im p o rtan t focus

should not r e s t s o le ly on s ta te w id e p r o je c tio n s .

T h e county

b y c o u n t y f o r m a t of t h e R E C S Y S - S Y M A P m o d e l i s n e c e s s a r y t o b r e a k
up t h e g e n e r a l i z e d d e m a n d m o d e l i n t o d i s c r e t e l o c a t i o n u n i t s .

35

IT 'O O *

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F i g u r e 4 . - - E s t i m a t e d 1965 B o a t i n g D a y s b y C o u n t y i n M i c h i g a n
Source;

M i c h a e l C h u b b , O u t d o o r R e c r e a t i o n P l a n n i n g in M i c h i g a n
by a S y s t e m s A n a l y s is A p p r o a c h , p. 193.

36

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F i g u r e 5. - - E s t i m a t e d 1 9 8 0 B o a t in g D a y s b y C o u n ty in M i c h i g a n
Source:

M ic h a e l C hubb, O utdoor R e c r e a tio n P la n n in g in M ic h ig a n
b y a S y s t e m s A n a l y s i s A p p r o a c h , p. 2 3 6 .

37
A s tu d y of M i c h i g a n b o a t e r s a t th e o r i g i n c o u n ty is p r e s e n t l y
b e i n g u n d e r t a k e n b y P a u l R . F i s k e , a d o c t o r a l c a n d i d a t e in t h e
D e p a r t m e n t of R e s o u r c e D e v e l o p m e n t a t M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y .
He c o m m e n ts th at
w h ile s o m e p r o g r e s s h a s b e e n m a d e in e s ti m a t i n g th e
Le ve l o f u s e m a d e o f t h e s e w a t e r c r a f t w i t h i n t h e s t a t e ,
v e r y l i t t l e i s k n o w n a b o u t r e g i o n a l v a r i a t i o n in p a r ­
ticipatio n by boat o w n ers. *
His s t u d y t h e r e f o r e ,

in v e stig a te s the s o c io -e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r is t i c s

of t h e o r i g i n c o u n t y p o p u l a t i o n in r e l a t i o n t o t h e a m o u n t of b o a t i n g
p articip atio n .
T h e i n f l u e n c e of s o c i o - e c o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
boat o w n e rs, p h y sical r e s o u r c e p ro x im ity , p o p u la­
ti o n d e n s ity of c o u n tie s , an d d i s t a n c e s of c o u n tie s
f r o m m a jo r p o p u la tio n c e n t e r s w ill b e c o n s id e r e d a s
f a c to r s a ffectin g r e c r e a ti o n a l boating a ctiv ity . A
linear r e g r e s s io n m odel w ill be developed for estim atin g
th e am o u n t of b o at u s e g e n e r a te d by sp e c ific o rig in
r e g i o n s in t h e s t a t e . ^
T h e i n f o r m a t i o n ab o u t th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of b o a t e r s a t the o r i g i n
c o u n t y i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t t o p r o j e c t i o n s of b o a t i n g t o 1 9 8 0 .

The

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of th e d e s t i n a t i o n c o u n ty , h o w e v e r , a r e e q u a lly
im portant.

In s p i t e of i t s s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e t h e o r y a n d

m e th o d o lo g y of r e c r e a t i o n p la n n in g ,

the R Z C S Y S -S Y M A P m o d e l has

s e v e r a l p r o b le m s in a c tu a l a p p lic a tio n .

O ne of th e m a j o r a r e a s w h e r e

i m p r o v e m e n t i s n e e d e d is t h e a t t r a c t i o n i n d e x u s e d in t h e 1 9 8 0

P a u l R . F i s k e , " A n A n a l y s i s o f I n t e r r e g i o n a l V a r i a t i o n in
R e c r e a t i o n a l B o a t i n g in M i c h i g a n " ( u n p u b li s h e d s tu d y p l a n . D e p a r t m e n t
of R e s o u r c e D e v e l o p m e n t , M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 7 2 ) , p . 1.

2 Ibid.

38
s i m u l a t i o n to d r a w b o a t e r s f r o m t h e i r o r i g i n s t o the c o u n t y of d e s t i n a ­
tion.

(See T a b le 1 - A ttr a c tio n Index C a lc u la tio n F o r m . )

Chubb

p l a i n l y a c k n o w l e d g e s t h i s p r o b l e m i n h i s d i s c u s s i o n of t h e e a r l y r u n s
of t h e m o d e l .
I t b e c a m e c l e a r t h a t it w o u l d n o t b e p o s s i b l e t o u n d e r t a k e
a n e x t e n s i v e s i d e i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o t h e v a r i o u s a s p e c t s of
b oating a ttra c tio n .
I n s t e a d it w a s d e c i d e d t o p r o c e e d a s
E llis s u g g e s ts and an in tu itiv e a p p r o a c h w a s used to
d e v e lo p c r u d e in d ic e s w h ic h w e r e then r e fin e d and a d ­
j u s t e d d u r i n g t h e f in e tu n in g of th e m o d e l . . .
T h e tw e lv e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e s e le c te d on a p u r e ly
in tu itiv e b a s i s an d h e n c e no a t t e m p t w ill b e m a d e to
ju stify e ith e r th e ir s e le c tio n o r th e s c o rin g s y ste m s
u s e d . W ithout q u a n tita tiv e in fo rm a tio n on the p r e f e r ­
e n c e s a n d b e h a v i o r of b o a t e r s in r e l a t i o n to s u c h p h e ­
n o m e n a , a r g u m e n t s f o r o r a g a i n s t s p e c i f i c a s p e c t s of
th is m e th o d a r e of little v a lu e .
It w a s u s e d a s a ' s t o p
g a p ' m e a s u r e in o r d e r to m a k e it p o s s i b l e to p r o c e e d
w ith th e t e s t of th e R E C S Y S S Y M A P te c h n iq u e . O n c e
a d e q u a t e d a t a is a v a ila b le o n p r e f e r e n c e s an d o b s e r v e d
b e h a v i o r , th is in tu itiv e t y p e of a t t r a c t i o n index e s t i ­
m a tio n c a n be re p la c e d w ith a m eth o d f ir m ly b a se d on
fact. *
T h e r e f in e m e n t of the R E C S Y S m o d e l th e n ,

re q u ire s im proved

o rig in d a ta fo r p r o je c t io n s of how m a n y b o a t e r s by 1980, an d im p ro v e d
d e s tin a tio n d a ta fo r p r o j e c t i o n s of w h e r e b o a tin g w ill o c c u r by 1980.
T his is th e c r u x of th e R E C S Y S - S Y M A P a p p r o a c h .

T his f o rm a t p r o ­

vides i n f o r m a t i o n in f o u r v e r y c r i t i c a l a r e a s w h e r e o t h e r b o a tin g
stu d ies d o not p r o v id e d a ta .
1.

F irst,

it s h o w s th e a m o u n t of b o a tin g a c tiv ity w h ic h

a c t u a l l y o c c u r r e d i n M i c h i g a n in 1 9 6 8 .

1C h u b b , o £ . c l t .

pp.

158 a n d 162.

T his

is h a r d

Table 1 - -A ttractio n Index C alcu lation F o r m

C h a r a c te r is t ic s
1.

2.

A v e ra g e s i z e of lakes

Bonus for v e ry large lakes

Scoring Schedule

Max.
Sco re

S m all-u n d er 25 a c r e s = 0
M ed iu m -25 to 99 a c r e s = 10
L a r g e-1 0 0 to 499 a c r e s = 20
V. la r g e - o v e r 500 a c r e s = 30

30

F o r each lake o v e r 2 ,5 0 0 a c r e s
(C la ss 12 and over) s c o r e 5

25

P e r cent of lak es with good
road a c c e s s

25% = 10
75% = 25

50% = 20
100% = 30

P e r cen t of lakes with public
a c c e s s s it e s

25% = 5
75% = 10

50% = 7

Major town or city on sh o r e of
G reat Lakes or v e ry good lake

One = 5 : Two or th r e e = 10
T h r e e or four = 15

15

S h orelin e giving a c c e s s to
G reat Lakes

S co r e 10 if county has G reat
L akes sh o r e lin e

10

7.

G reat L akes harbor

S c o r e 10 for ea ch harbor

10

8.

Major r iv e r through county

S c o r e 10 for each m ajor r iv e r

10

9.

State park on G reat Lakes or
m ajor r iv e r

S co r e 5 for each park

20

3.
4.
5.
6.

30
10

Score

T a b l e 1 - - C o n t in u e d

C haracteristics
10.

11.
12.

Fis hing Quality

Sp ecial s c e n i c attraction
G en era l pollution of w a t e r s

Scoring Schedule

Max.
Sco re

G en er a lly good = 1 0
Ve ry good = 20
E x c e l le n t = 30

30

E x c e l le n t = 5
Superb = 1 0

10

Mild = minus 10
Serio u s = minus 20
V. bad = minus 30

Sco re

-30
Total

Source: M ichael Chubb, Outdoor R e c r e a t i o n Planning in M ichigan by a S y s t e m s A n a ly s is Approach.
p. 193.

41
quantitative data b a se d on data f r o m the 6 ,8 0 0 r e g i s t e r e d
b o a t o w n e r s w h o r e s p o n d e d to t h e 1968 s u r v e y .
2.

S e c o n d , it s h o w s t h e l o c a t i o n of b o a t i n g a c t i v i t y .

N o t only

ho w m u c h b o a t i n g , but w h e r e it o c c u r r e d in M i c h i g a n .
3.

T h ird,

it p r o v i d e s p r e d i c t i o n s in to t h e f u t u r e ( 1 9 8 0 ) a bo u t

w h e r e boating a c tiv it y ca n be e x p e c t e d to o c c u r .
4.

F o u r t h , th e o r i g i n - d e s t i n a t i o n f r a m e w o r k o f t h e s t u d y is
e s p e c ia lly c r it ic a l b e c a u s e the population grow th, d i s ­
p o s a b l e i n c o m e , and t h e n u m b e r o f r e g i s t e r e d b o a t s in
W a y n e C o u n t y w i l l a f f e c t f u t u r e b o a t i n g in O a k l a n d C o u n t y ,
M a c o m b C o u n t y , and e v e n C h e b o y g a n C o u n t y , f o r e x a m p l e .

T h e R E C S Y S - S Y M A P a p p r o a c h p r o v i d e s t h e b a s i c d a t a on
boating a c tiv ity f r o m w h ic h the c r i t e r i a w ill e v o lv e .

H o w e v e r , it

m u st be r e m e m b e r e d that the R E C SY S v a l u e s for p rob ab le futu re
boating p a r t ic ip a t io n a r e c r u d e e s t i m a t e s b a s e d on i m p e r f e c t data.
T h e t a s k i s to u s e t h i s q u a n t a t i v e d a t a a s t h e b a s i s f o r the c r i t e r i a
s y s t e m for fu tu r e a c q u is it io n .

T he R e g r e s s io n A n alysis

T h e a t t r a c t i o n i n d e x w a s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e o n e of t h e i m p o r t a n t
a r e a s w h e r e additional r e s e a r c h w a s needed.

T h e a t t r a c t io n index

had p r e v i o u s l y b e e n r u n o n a n i n t u i t i v e s c o r i n g b a s i s .

Inform ation

on c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e d e s t i n a t i o n c o u n t y and t h e r e s o u r c e c h a r a c ­
t e r i s t i c s w hich a ttr a c t boaterB n eed ed q u a n tifica tio n .

T h e r e f o r e , w ith

t h e i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m th e P u b l i c A c c e s s S i t e I n v e n t o r y a nd w it h a w i d e
r a n g e o f a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n o n the d e s t i n a t i o n c o u n t y , a r e g r e s s i o n
a n a l y s i s w a s plan n ed to pin poin t im p ortan t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

T im c-

d i s t a n c e f i g u r e s f o r e a c h c o u n t y to the n e a r e s t m a j o r p o p u l a t i o n c e n t e r
w e r e t a k e n f r o m t h e ne w s y s t e m s m o d e l d e v e l o p e d b y t h e H ig h w a y
D epartm ent.

T h e 1970 M i c h i g a n R e c r e a t i o n P l a n p r o v i d e d d a t a on

p u b l i c and p r i v a t e c a m p s i t e s .

The advan ce report of the c en su s p r o ­

v i d e d p o p u l a t i o n and s e a s o n a l h o u s i n g e s t i m a t e s .

A s p o r t s fishing

s u r v e y t h e n in p r o g r e s s b y t h e R e s e a r c h a nd D e v e l o p m e n t D i v i s i o n
p r o v i d e d in l a n d l a k e a n g l e r d a y s in p r e l i m i n a r y t a b u l a t i o n f o r m .
C o u n t y w a t e r r e s o u r c e d a t a s h e e t s p r o v i d e d G r e a t L a k e s f r o n t a g e and
m ile s of s t r e a m s .

T he P u b lic A c c e s s S ite Inventory, th e Great L a k e s

M a r i n a I n v e n t o r y and t h e 1 9 6 5 L a k e I n v e n t o r y p r o v i d e d t h e n u m b e r o f
public a c c e s s s i t e s , the p a r k in g c a p a c ity of public a c c e s s s i t e s , the
t o t a l m o o r i n g c a p a c i t y , t h e n u m b e r of i n l a n d l a k e s a nd l a k e a c r e s b y
county.
In t o t a l , 19 v a r i a b l e s w e r e run a g a i n s t 1966 B o a t i n g D a y s in e a c h
c o u n t y uBing a l e a s t s q u a r e s s t e p w i s e d e l e t i o n r o u t i n e .

The c h a r a c te r ­

i s t i c s w h i c h w e r e i d e n t i f i e d in t h e a n a l y s i s a s p r o b a b l y b e i n g m o s t
c l o s e l y r e l a t e d to t h e n u m b e r of b o a t i n g d a y s w e r e , in o r d e r of t h e i r
i m p o r t a n c e , th e n u m b e r o f r e g i s t e r e d b o a t s in the c o u n t y (1), t h e
n u m b e r o f a n g l e r d a y s (2 ), t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f a c r e s o f l a k e s u r f a c e
(3), t h e n u m b e r of p u b l i c c a m p s i t e s (4), t h e d i s p o s a b l e i n c o m e o f t h e

44
and
N u m b e r of a d d i t i o n a l
, .
#,n£o
i ■ \
j j. .
= ( 1 9 8 0 P a r k i n g ) - (1968 P a r k i n g )
s p a c e s n e e d e d by 1 9 8 0
'
*
T h i s m e a s u r e of d e m a n d , th e " m a g n i t u d e of a n t i c i p a t e d u s e , "
w a s then c o m p a r e d to the s u p p l y c r i t e r i a - - " r e s o u r c e p r e s e r v a t i o n
and c r e a t i o n . " T h e p o l i c y g u i d e l i n e s a p p r o v e d by th e W a t e r w a y s C o m ­
m i s s i o n p r o v i d e t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a n d a r d s f o r a p p l i c a t i o n of t h i s c r i t e r i a :

T a b l e 2 - - S t a n d a r d s f o r P a r k i n g C a p a c i t y by S i z e of L a k e 3

Lake S iz e
in A c r e s

N u m b e r of A c c e s s
S i t e s A l l o w e d on L a k e

Parking C apacity
A l l o w e d at E a c h
A c c e s s Site

U n d e r 159

1

10

160-249

1

15

250-399

1

35

400-599

1

75

600-999

1

100

1 ,0 0 0 -1 0 ,0 0 0

2

100

O v e r 1 0 , Q00

3

100

&S o u r c e :

" P r o g r a m S t a t e m e n t of t h e P u b l i c A c c e s s S i t e P r o g r a m "
( M i m e o g r a p h e d r e p o r t in t h e f i l e s of t h e W a t e r w a y s
D ivision).

E a c h l a k e in t h e c o u n t y i s a s s i g n e d t h e n u m b e r of a d d i t i o n a l
s i t e s and p a r k i n g that it c a n a c c o m m o d a t e .

S t a r t i n g at t h e to p of the

la ke l i s t , t h e h i g h e s t r a n k in g l a k e s a r e s e l e c t e d f i r s t u n t i l t h e d e m a n d
to 1980 h a s b e e n f i l l e d .
la k e i n v e s t i g a t i o n t e a m .

T h e s e lakes a r e then subm itted to the field
If n o s u i t a b l e p r o p e r t y c a n b e f oun d or if t h e

i

45
l a k e i s r e m o v e d f r o m c o n s i d e r a t i o n b y t h e l e g i s l a t u r e , it c a n be
r e p l a c e d b y l a k e s f u r t h e r do w n t h e l i s t p r o v i d e d th a t t h e y s u p p l y the
r e q u i r e d c a p a c i t y ; that i s , a l a k e of 6 0 0 - 9 9 9 a c r e s w i l l n e e d t w o l a k e s
to r e p l a c e i t - - o n e of 4 0 0 - 5 9 9 a c r e s and o n e of 2 5 0 - 3 9 9 a c r e s .

Two

4 0 0 - 5 9 9 a c r e l a k e s c o u l d a l s o b e s u b s t i t u t e d w ith o n e m a i n t a i n e d at
l e s s t ha n f u l l c a p a c i t y .
T h e c r i t e r i a s y s t e m that e v o l v e d f r o m t h e d e m a n d and s u p p l y
s t u d i e s d e s c r i b e d in t h e p r e v i o u s p a g e s h a s as i t s i m m e d i a t e p r o d u c t
a list of e lig ib le la k e s .

The on-going p ro g ra m , the field investigation ,

and t h e land b u y in g p r o c e s s w i l l m o d i f y t h i s l i s t of e l i g i b l e l a k e s , but
the b a s i c f r a m e w o r k b a s e d on t h e r e s e a r c h s t u d i e s s h o u l d r e m a i n
r ela tiv ely stable.

T h e p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s for t h i s s t u d y h a s b e e n s u m ­

m a r i z e d in t h e f o l l o w i n g f l o w c h a r t w h i c h p u l l s t o g e t h e r t h e b a s i c
s t e p s i n v o l v e d ( s e e F i g u r e 6) .

The ch art has b een a r tif ic ia lly divided

into a to p and b o t t o m h a l f - - t h e top r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e d a t a c o l l e c t i o n
p h a s e s - - t h e b o t t o m r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e d a t a a n a l y s i s and a p p l i c a t i o n of
the c r i t e r i a .

A c r o s a t h e t o p , th e b a s i c d a t a s o u r c e s and i n v e n t o r i e s

are labeled.

On t h e b o t t o m , t h e t w o c r i t e r i a " m a g n i t u d e of a n t i c i p a t e d

u s e " and " r e s o u r c e p r e s e r v a t i o n and c r e a t i o n " c o m e t o g e t h e r in t h e
a p p l i c a t i o n p h a s e w h i c h m a t c h e s t h e d e m a n d in t h e p l a n n i n g r e g i o n
with the s u p p l y of l a k e s in e a c h s i z e c l a s s .

T h e l i s t of e l i g i b l e l a k e s

for a c q u i s i t i o n i s t h e end p r o d u c t of t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s e c r i t e r i a .

46

L A* E b

ter 5
L * * t

[ s/*fti ft >?t

OVt f*

rs

ICO

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V LMArOF/; JM
Pun Lie HEARINGS

igao
P A S

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BOATING DEMAND
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DC

FiCLD
'NVENTQP*

AND

I Tin *T IO N

NLLMu SS'UN VANlAfU | S
S'ONffiC ANl PPf D'C TQPi

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A P P t i C A T i Q N L>

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ANTICIPATED UiE

K tgurn

C P lT E P l*

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TTo

n

C h a r i « f S t r p * In D a t a A n a l y a l a a n d C r i t e r i a A p p l i c a t i o n

47

T a b i c 3 - - S t e p s in D a t a C o l l e c t i o n and A n a l y s i s

T a s k o r E v e n t i n t h e P r o g r e s s i o n o f th e S t u d y

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

19

P u b lic A c c e s s Site Inventory
F ilin g s y s t e m for p u b lic a c c e s s s i t e s
M a s t e r l i s t of s i t e s
Set of c o u n ty m aps of a ll s i t e s
M a p of a l l p u b l i c a c c e s s s it e B in M i c h i g a n
Data s u m m a r y by co u n ty
L a k e s b y s i z e c l a s s in e a c h c o u n t y
L i s t o f a l l l a k e s o v e r 100 a c r e s b y n a m e and b y c o u n t y
G r e a t L a k e s , r i v e r a nd in la n d l a k e b a s e m a p s
F i e l d i n v e n t o r y of m a r i n a s
D a t a s u m m a r y of m o o r a g e by c o u n t y
M ap of r e c r e a t i o n a l h a r b o r s
G o v e r n o r ' s m o r a t o r i u m and p u b l i c h e a r i n g s on
a c q u i s i t i o n of p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s
P ublic A c c e s s Site P r o g r a m S ta tem en t
1968 B o a t i n g D e m a n d Study
1968 a nd 1 9 8 0 b o a t i n g d e m a n d m a p s
R e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s of d e s t i n a t i o n c o u n t y c h a r a c t e r ­
istics
S e l e c t i o n of t h e p r o g r a m c r i t e r i a f o r a c q u i s i t i o n
a . M a g n i t u d e of a n t i c i p a t e d u s e
b. R e s o u r c e p r e s e r v a t i o n and c r e a t i o n
D e m a n d c o r r e l a t e d w i t h s u p p l y in e a c h c o u n t y ( P a r k i n g
s p a c e s n e e d e d b y 1 9 8 0 c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e n u m b e r of
l a k e s in e a c h s i z e c l a s s by c o u n t y )
D e m a n d c o r r e l a t e d w i t h s u p p l y in e a c h p l a n n i n g r e g i o n
H ig h p r i o r i t y l a k e s s e l e c t e d f o r f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n

CHAPTER V

R E S U L T S AN D L I M I T A T I O N S OF
E X P E R IM E N T A L APPLICA TIO NS

A nalysis

of the R e su lts

T h e f i r s t run of t h e r e g r e s s i o n m o d e l i n d i c a t e d t h e b a s i c f a c ­
t o r s of i m p o r t a n c e in t h e d e s t i n a t i o n c o u n t i e s t o b e (1) m o o r i n g (the
to t a l n u m b e r of p u b l i c and p r i v a t e b o a t w e l l s in t h e c o u n t y ) , (2) a n g l e r
d a y s (the t o t a l n u m b e r of d a y s of in l a n d f i s h i n g s p e n t in e a c h c o u n t y
in 1 9 7 0 ) , * (3) th e n u m b e r of s e a s o n a l h o m e s in t h e c o u n t y (a s d e f i n e d
by t h e C e n s u s 1 97 0 A d v a n c e R e p o r t S e r i e s H C ), and (4) t h e t o t a l a c r e s
of l a k e s u r f a c e in t h e c o u n t y ( f r o m the 1 96 5 l a k e i n v e n t o r y ) .

These

f o u r f a c t o r s t o g e t h e r h a v e a m u l t i p l e c o e f f i c i e n t of d e t e r m i n a t i o n
(R^) of . 8 5 5 8 ; that i s , t h e y e x p l a i n 85 p e r c e n t of t h e v a r i a n c e of b o a t ­
ing d a y s a m o n g c o u n t i e s in M i c h i g a n ( s e e T a b l e 4 ).
T h e f i r s t run o f t h e m o d e l i d e n t i f i e d t h e b a s i c f a c t o r s of i m p o r ­
ta n ce but s e v e r a l r e f i n e m e n t s w e r e n e c e s s a r y .

F i r s t , the o v e r ­

w h e l m i n g i m p o r t a n c e of m o o r i n g m a y h a v e b e e n m a s k i n g t h e e f f e c t
of o th e r s i g n i f i c a n t t h o u g h l e s s i m p o r t a n t v a r i a b l e s s o a ne w a n a l y s i s
elim inating m oorin g w a s run.
* C o h o s a l m o n f i s h i n g s t u d i e s w e r e not c o m p l e t e at t h e t i m e of
t h e i i r s t r u n . A s t h e d a t a on C o h o f i s h i n g b e c o m e s a v a i l a b l e , it w i l l
b e k e y p u n c h e d i n t o t h e f i l e and r u n on f u t u r e r e g r e s s i o n s .
48

Table 4 - - S u m m a r y Table BMD-02R Stepw ise R e g r e s s i o n

Step
Number

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

V a r ia b le a
Entered
Removed

Moor
Ang Dy
Homes
Acres
Income
Pu Cmp
Park
400 K
P r Cmp
PAS
100 K
Pop/Bo
Pop
Lakes
S tr eam
Boats
1000 K

15
11
10
2
7
13
4
17
14
3
16
12
6
1
9
5
18

Multiple*3
R
RSQ

0.7204
0.9129
0.9215
0 .9 2 5 1
0.9283
0.9298
0.9315
0.9325
0.9337
0.9347
0 .9 3 5 5
0.9367
0.9383
0.9389
0 .9 3 9 8
0 .9 40 1
0.9402

0.5190
0.8333
0 .8 4 9 1
0.8558
0.8617
0.8645
0.8676
0.8695
0.8718
0.8736
0.8752
0.8773
0.8805
0.8815
0.8832
0.8837
0.8840

Increase**
in RSQ

0.5190
0.3143
0.0158
0.0067
0.0059
0.0028
0.0 0 31
0.0019
0.0023
0.0018
0.0016
0 .0 0 2 1
0.0032
0 .0 0 1 1
0.0017
0.0005
0.0002

F Value to Enter**
or R e m o ve

87.4129
1 5 0 .81 0 6
8.2613
3 .6131
3 .2 8 9 0
1. 5 760
1.7775
1 .0 65 7
1.3034
1 .0 4 1 3
0 .9 1 3 8
1. 1986
1 .8 2 1 7
0.6075
0.9713
0.2970
0.1265

Number of
Independent
V aria bles
Included
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

£

V a r ia b le s used in r e g r e s s i o n a re d e s c r i b e d in Appendix 1.
^Dixon, W, J. , ed. BM P - B io m e d ic a l Computer P r o g r a m , p. 5 and S n ed ec o r , G. W. , Stati stical
M e t h o d s, p. 132 - explains the u s e of R^ and F values in determ ining the effect of independent
v a r ia b le s on the dependent v a r i a b l e s .

50
S i n c e m o o r i n g d a t a is e n t i r e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h G r e a t L a k e s
b o a t i n g , it p o i n t s up t h e need f o r s e p a r a t i o n of G r e a t L a k e s b o a t i n g
and inland l a k e b o a t i n g w h ic h i s no t p r e s e n t l y a v a i l a b l e f o r d e s t i n a t i o n
c o u n t i e s in t h e 1968 B o a t i n g D e m a n d Study.

A much c le a r e r picture

of b o a tin g d e t e r m i n a n t s w i l l r e s u l t if s e p a r a t e r e g r e s s i o n s c a n b e run
for inland and G r e a t L a k e s b o a t i n g .
S e c o n d , th e c o r r e l a t i o n m a t r i x i d e n t i f i e d s e v e r a l i n d e p e n d e n t
v a r ia b le s w hich w e r e i n t e r - c o r r e l a t e d .

A b a sic assum p tion n e c e s s a r y

to m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n is that t h e X v a r i a b l e s a r e i n d e p e n d e n t of e a c h
other; t h e y c a n n o t b e h i g h l y i n t e r - c o r r e l a t e d o r t h e R
in fla ted .

2

v a l u e w i l l be

E a c h i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e e x p l a i n s p a r t of the v a r i a n c e and

they a r e add ed up t o e x p l a i n a l a r g e r p o r t i o n of t h e v a r i a n c e ; in t h i s
c a s e , th e f o u r m a j o r v a r i a b l e s e x p l a i n 85 p e r c e n t .

If t h e y a r e i n t e r -

c o r r e l a t e d t h e y a r e e x p l a i n i n g t h e s a m e v a r i a n c e t w i c e , t h u s in f l a t in g
the m u l t i p l e c o e f f i c i e n t of d e t e r m i n a t i o n .

To c o r r e c t this, th ese

v a r i a b l e s w e r e e n t e r e d s e p a r a t e l y in f u t u r e r u n s .
T h i r d , t h e c o v a r i a n c e m a t r i x had s e v e r a l o v e r f l o w f i e l d s ; t h e
n u m b e r s w e r e t o o l a r g e to fit into t h e c a p a c i t y of t h e c o m p u t e r to p r i n t
the m a t r i x .

T o c o r r e c t t h i s , t h e l a r g e r v a r i a b l e s w e r e d i v i d e d b y 100

and r e s e t in t h e e q u a t i o n a s t r a n s f o r m e d v a r i a b l e s (T v a r i a b l e s ) .
T h e s e c o n d and t h i r d r uns of t h e r e g r e s s i o n w it h o u t m o o r i n g ,
and a g a i n w i t h o u t m o o r i n g and a n g l e r d a y s , p r o d u c e d t h e f o l l o w i n g

51
r e s u l t s . ^ " B o a t s ” (t he n u m b e r of r e g i s t e r e d b o a t s in t h e c o u n t r y )
"p ublic c a m p s i t e s " (the n u m b e r o f c a m p s i t e s in t h e c o u n t y at s t a t e
p a r k s , s t a t e f o r e s t s , n a t i o n a l f o r e s t s , e t c . ) " l a k e a c r e s , " and " i n c o m e "
( e f f e c t i v e buying i n c o m e p e r h o u s e h o l d in t h e c o u n t y a s r e p o r t e d by
Sales M a n a g em en t M agazine) w e r e the four m o s t im portant v a r ia b le s
2
p r o d u c i n g a c o e f f i c i e n t of m u l t i p l e d e t e r m i n a t i o n (R ) of . 5448 to

e x p l a i n about 55 p e r c e n t o f th e v a r i a n c e .

In s u m m a r y , the v a r i a b l e s

w h ic h h a v e b e e n i d e n t i f i e d in th e s e v e r a l r e g r e s s i o n s a s " s i g n i f i c a n t
p r e d i c t o r s " of b o a t i n g d e m a n d in t h e d e s t i n a t i o n c o u n t i e s a r e aa
follow s:
1.

M ooring f a c ilit ie s

2.

N u m b e r of r e g i s t e r e d b o a t s

3.

Num ber of angler days

4.

N u m b e r of s e a s o n a l h o m e B

5.

A c r e s of l a k e s u r f a c e

6.

N u m b e r of p u b l i c c a m p s i t e s

7.

D isp o sa b le incom e

8.

P a r k i n g s p a c e s at p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s ( T h i s v a r i a b l e w a s
a l w a y s t h e next to e n t e r th e e q u a t i o n a l t h o u g h it a c c o u n t e d
f o r a v e r y s m a l l a m o u n t of t h e v a r i a n c e , )

*A f o u r t h and f i f t h run at t h e m o d e l u s i n g t r a n s f o r m e d v a r i a b l e s ,
d i f f e r e n t g r o u p s of v a r i a b l e s and a c o m p l e t e l y d i f f e r e n t r e g r e s s i o n
r o u t i n e (BASIS: S T E P R P a g e s 9 - 2 1 in B u r r o u g h s A d v a n c e d S t a t i s t i c a l
Inquiry S y s t e m ) p r o d u c e d s i m i l a r r e s u l t s t o t h o s e d e s c r i b e d h e r e f o r
the B M D 02R R o u t i n e .

T h e n e x t q u e s t i o n i s t h e r e l e v a n c e of t h e i m p o r t a n t r e g r e s s i o n v a r i ­
a b le s to inland la k e public a c c e s s s i t e s w h ic h a r c under in v e s t ig a t io n .
M o o r i n g f a c i l i t i e s w i l l not e n t e r t h e c r i t e r i a f o r t h i s p r o g r a m e v a l u a ­
tion although th ey w i l l be c o n s i d e r e d fo r other p r o g r a m s su ch as
e v a l u a t i o n of H a r b o r s - o f - R e f u g e and t h e G r e a t L a k e s L a u n c h i n g R a m p
Program s.

S e a s o n a l h o m e s w i l l not b e c o n s i d e r e d b e c a u s e t h e y a r e

private fa c ilitie s .

T h e a s s u m p t i o n u n d e r l y i n g t h e 198 0 d e m a n d p r o ­

j e c t i o n i s t h a t t h e p u b l i c t o p r i v a t e r a t i o w i l l r e m a i n t h e s a m e a s it
w a s in 1 9 6 8 . * T h i s l e a v e s r e g i s t e r e d b o a t s , a n g l e r d a y s ,

la k e a c r e s ,

p u b l i c c a m p s i t e s , d i s p o s a b l e i n c o m e , and p a r k i n g s p a c e s at p u b l i c
a c c e s s B i t e s aB r e l e v a n t v a r i a b l e s t o c o m p a r e t o t h e p u b l i c a c c e s s
site c riter ia .
J u s t a s s o m e of t h e r e g r e s s i o n v a r i a b l e s d o not a p p l y to i n l a n d
l a k e s , s o not a l l of t h e p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e c r i t e r i a a p p ly t o a c q u i s i t i o n .
S o m e of t h e c r i t e r i a a p p ly to d e s i g n and d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s i t e , n o t
to t h e s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s f o r a c q u i s i t i o n .
t h e m a r e a p p l i c a b l e to a c q u i s i t i o n .

Of t h e t e n c r i t e r i a , s i x o f

T he follow in g d ia g r a m lists th e

s i x i m p o r t a n t r e g r e s s i o n v a r i a b l e s and the s i x a c q u i s i t i o n c r i t e r i a .
T he lin e s in d ic a te w h ic h r e g r e s s i o n v a r ia b le m o s t fu lly a p p lie s to e a c h
c r i t e r i a ( s e e F i g u r e 7).

P u b lic a c c e s s s ite u s e stu d ies a r e p r e s e n t ly being fo rm u la te d
in s p e c i f i c c o u n t i e s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p e r c e n t o f p u b l i c a c c e s s b o a t i n g
v e r su s p r iv a te boating.

Inland Lake
R e g r e s s i o n V ar iables

Public A c c e s s Site
Acqu is ition C r ite r ia
*■

Magnitude of Anticipated use

1.

R e g i s t e r e d Boats

2.

Angler Days

Resource Preservation

3.

Lake A c r e s

• F e a s i b i l i t y of Acqu isition

4.

Public C a m p s it e s

• Cost E f f e c t i v e n e s s

5.

D i sp o sa b le Income

• Equitable Distribution

6.

Parking Spaces

• Quality of E x p er ie n c e

F i g u r e 7 - -Application of R e g r e s s i o n V a r iables to Acquisition C r i te r i a ,

54
A p plication of the C r i t e r i a

T h e t w o c r i t e r i a u s e d f o r t h e i n i t i a l l i s t of e l i g i b l e l a k e s a r e
" m a g n i t u d e o f a n t i c i p a t e d u s e " w h i c h c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d an i n d e x of
d e m a n d , and " r e s o u r c e p r e s e n t a t i o n and c r e a t i o n " w h i c h c a n b e c o n ­
s i d e r e d an i n d e x of s u p p l y .

The rem a in in g c r it e r ia w ill be applied

and s c o r e d in a f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f e l i g i b l e l a k e s .
1.

M a g n i t u d e of a n t i c i p a t e d u s e .
E a c h p l a n n i n g r e g i o n w i l l b e r a n k e d a c c o r d i n g to the
a d d i t i o n a l p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e c a p a c i t y n e e d e d to m e e t t h e
1 9 8 0 b o a t i n g d e m a n d . ( S e e A p p e n d i x 11 f o r a m a p o f t h e
o f f i c i a l st a t e planning r e g i o n s . )
19 68 B o a t i n g D a y s _ 1968 P a r k i n g C a p a c i t y
1980 B oating D ays
1980 P a r k in g C a p a c it y
and

1980
^ o980
1980 P
P aa rr kk ii nn gs C
C aa n
p aa cc ii tt vy -- f1 9 6 8 P a r( lk9i6ngg ) B
a t i n Boatjn&Dajra),
g Days)
and
N u m b e r of
a d d i t i o n a l s p a c e s = (1 9 8 0 P a r k i n g ) - (19 6 8 P a r k i n g )
n e e d e d b y 1 98 0
2.

R e s o u r c e p r e s e r v a t i o n and c r e a t i o n .
T h e l a k e s in e a c h p l a n n i n g r e g i o n w i l l b e r a n k e d by s i z e
c l a s s and c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y s t a n d a r d s . T h e 1980 a n t i c i ­
p a t e d p a r k i n g c a p a c i t y r e q u i r e m e n t w i l l b e f i l l e d f r o m top
r a n k i n g l a k e s f i r s t and d o w n t o s m a l l e r s i z e c l a s s e s u n t i l
1980 r e q u ir e m e n ts a re m et.
L a k e s up t o 159 a c r e s in s i z e : One s i t e w i t h p a r k i n g
c a p a c i t y n o t t o e x c e e d 10 c a r s and t r a i l e r s .
L a k e s 160 t o 2 4 9 a c r e s in s i z e : O ne s i t e w i t h p a r k i n g
c a p a c i t y f o r up t o 15 c a r s and t r a i l e r s .

55
L a k e s 2 5 0 to 3 99 a c r e s in s i z e : One s i t e w i t h p a r k i n g
c a p a c i t y f o r up to 35 c a r s and t r a i l e r s .
L a k e s 4 0 0 to 5 9 9 a c r e s in s i z e : One s i t e w i t h p a r k i n g
c a p a c i t y f o r up t o 75 c a r s a nd t r a i l e r s .
L a k e s 6 0 0 t o 9 9 9 a c r e s in s i z e : O ne s i t e w i t h p a r k i n g
c a p a c i t y fo r up to 100 c a r s and t r a i l e r s .
L a k e s 1 , 0 0 0 to 1 0 , 0 0 0 a c r e s in s i z e : T w o s i t e s , e a c h
w i t h p a r k i n g c a p a c i t y f o r up to 100 c a r s and t r a i l e r s .
L a k e s o v e r 1 0 , 0 0 0 a c r e s in s i z e : T h r e e s i t e s , e a c h
w i t h p a r k i n g c a p a c i t y f o r up t o 100 c a r s and t r a i l e r s .
If 198 0 d e m a n d is n o t m e t b y t h e a v a i l a b l e l a k e s w i t h i n t h e
p l a n n i n g r e g i o n , th e r e m a i n i n g u n f i l l e d d e m a n d w i l l b e
t r a n s f e r r e d t o l a k e s in t h e c o n t i g u o u s p l a n n i n g r e g i o n s a f t e r
they have fu lfilled their in tern a l dem and r e q u ir e m e n t s . T he
l i s t of l a k e s s o i d e n t i f i e d in e a c h p l a n n i n g r e g i o n w i l l b e s u b ­
m i t t e d f o r f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n and s c o r i n g o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e
rem aining c r ite r ia .
3.

F e a s i b i l i t y of a c q u i s it i o n .
If n o p r o p e r t y i s a v a i l a b l e on a h i g h p r i o r i t y l a k e w i t h o u t
c o n d e m n a t i o n , o r if t h e l e g i s l a t u r e h a s c u t t h i s l a k e f r o m
t h e l a k e l i s t , t h e n e x t l a k e on t h e l i s t w i l l t a k e i t s p l a c e in
p r i o r i t y . T h i s c r i t e r i a w i l l b e a y e s o r no c o n s i d e r a t i o n ,

4.

E quitable d istrib u tio n .
E ach lake w i l l be g iv e n a 1 -3 rating b a sed on the fo llo w in g
consid eration s:
3 “ th e n e e d f o r a d d i t i o n a l b o a t i n g f a c i l i t i e s i s a c u t e in
this a r e a (within l / 2 hour t r a v e l t im e ) .
2 = the a r e a n e e d s a d d itio n a l f a c i l it i e s to h a n d le fu tu re
use.
1 = th e re a r e other fa c ilitie s nearby.

5.

I n c r e a s e d s a t is f a c t io n or qu ality of e x p e r i e n c e .
3 = T h i s i s a h i g h q u a l i t y l a k e f o r f i s h i n g a nd b o a t i n g .
2 = T his is a m e d iu m quality la k e for fish in g or boating.

56
1 = T h i s l a k e is not a h i g h q u a l i t y f i s h i n g o r b o a t i n g l a k e .
It i s s h a l l o w , m u d d y , p o o r f i s h i n g , not b o a t a b l e or
p o llu ted , etc.
6.

Cost e ffe c tiv e n e ss.
3 = Cost
lake
2 = Cost
also
1 = Cost
Lake

i s v e r y l o w c o n s i d e r i n g t h e n u m b e r of b o a t e r s t h i s
w ill se rv e .
m a y b e h i g h , but t h e n u m b e r o f b o a t e r s s e r v e d i s
v e r y high.
i s v e r y h i g h r e l a t i v e t o t h e n u m b e r of b o a t e r s t h i s
w ill se r v e .

County V e r s u s P lanning R e g io n A p p ro ach

In th e f i r s t a t t e m p t s a t s e l e c t i n g s i t e s , a c o u n t y by c o u n t y b a s i s
was used.

T h e c o u n t i e s w e r e r a n k e d by t h e n u m b e r of b o a t i n g d a y s

in 1968 and a List o f l a k e s o v e r 10 0 a c r e s in e a c h c o u n t y w a s p r e p a r e d
( s e e A ppendix 12).

T h e r e a r e s l i g h t l y m o r e t h a n 1 , 0 0 0 l a k e s in

M i c h i g a n o v e r 100 a c r e s in s i z e ,

th u s t h e t a s k o f p r e p a r i n g a l i s t o f

t h e s e l a k e s o v e r 100 a c r e s w a s f o r m i d a b l e .

T h e 1968 b o a t i n g d e m a n d

w a s t h e n c o m p a r e d t o t h e 1 9 8 0 b o a t i n g d e m a n d s i m u l a t e d in t h e
RECSYS m odel.

T h e p e r c e n t of i n c r e a s e in b o a t i n g w a s c o m p a r e d

to the n u m b e r of e x i s t i n g a c c e s s s i t e s and m o r e i m p o r t a n t l y , the
ex istin g c a p a c ity of s i t e s fo r handling boating u s e .

T h e n u m b e r of

a d d i t i o n a l p a r k i n g s p a c e s n e e d e d b y 19 8 0 w a s c a l c u l a t e d b y t h e
f o r m u l a d e s c r i b e d in t h e d i s c u s s a i o n of c r i t e r i a n u m b e r o n e , " m a g n i ­
t u d e of a n t i c i p a t e d u s e . "
T h e a s s u m p t i o n i s m a d e h e r e that t h e p u b l i c t o p r i v a t e r a t i o w i l l
r e m a i n th e s a m e ; th a t i s ,

if b o a t i n g d e m a n d i n c r e a s e s 10 p e r c e n t

f r o m 1968 t o 1 9 8 0 , t h e n t h e p u b l i c s u p p l y s h o u l d b e i n c r e a s e d b y t e n
p e r cent.

F o r e x a m p l e , if a c o u n t y h a s a p r e s e n t c a p a c i t y o f 2 0 0

parking s p a c e s at public a c c e s s s i t e s ,

it w o u l d n e e d 220 s p a c e s by

1 9 8 0 , p ro v id in g that th e p u b lic is p r e s e n t l y bein g a d e q u a t e ly s e r v e d
and th a t the p u b l i c t o p r i v a t e r a t i o d o e s n o t c h a n g e in th e c o u n t y , t h u s
p u t t in g m o r e o r l e s s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o n t h e p u b l i c s e c t o r to f i l l t h e
recreation dem and.

T h e s e a s s u m p t io n s need fu r th e r in v e stig a tio n .

F i r s t , a Btudy o f l a t e n t d e m a n d m a y s h o w t h a t m a n y p o t e n t i a l u s e r s
a r e not now b e i n g s e r v e d , a nd s e c o n d , a s t u d y of p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e
u s e m a y c l a r i f y e x a c t l y how m a n y boating d a y s a r e g e n e r a t e d by e a c h
public a c c e s s s i t e o r ea ch parkin g s p a c e at a public a c c e s s s i t e .

A

u s e s t u d y of s e l e c t e d a c c e s s s i t e s in M i c h i g a n is p r e s e n t l y b e i n g p r o ­
p o s e d u s i n g t r a f f i c c o u n t e r s and q u e s t i o n n a i r e s a m p l i n g at t h e s i t e .
R e c r e a t i o n a l b o a t i n g r e s e a r c h i s h a m p e r e d by t h e l a c k o f a t t e n d a n c e
d a t a that o t h e r a r e a s s u c h a s s t a t e p a r k s o r s t a t e f o r e s t c a m p g r o u n d s
have collected for m any y e a r s .
W ith in t h e s e a s s u m p t i o n s , t h e n u m b e r o f p a r k i n g s p a c e s n e e d e d
b y 1 98 0 w a s c a l c u l a t e d f o r s e v e r a l c o u n t i e s .

T h is need w a s then

c o m p a r e d t o t h e l a k e l i s t f o r t h e s e c o u n t i e s and in s o m e c a s e s t h e
s u p p l y of l a k e s w a s i n a d e q u a t e t o m e e t f u t u r e n e e d s .

T h u s, to sa tisfy

the d em and f o r boating by 1 980, this n e e d is s p r e a d to c o n tig u o u s
counties.

T h e d i f f i c u l t y o f s p r e a d i n g t h i s e x c e s s n e e d , in o t h e r w o r d s

t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s of t r a n s f e r o f d e m a n d , r e q u i r e d a p l a n n i n g r e g i o n

58
approach.

T h e " m a g n i t u d e o f a n t i c i p a t e d u s e " and t h e " r e s o u r c e

p r e s e r v a tio n " c o m p u ta tio n s w e r e t h e r e f o r e r e d o n e by planning r e g io n
a s s h o w n in T a b l e 5 .
T h i s e x a m p l e p r o v i d e s s o m e i n s i g h t s in t o t h e p r o b l e m s a s s o c i ­
ated w i t h a n o n p a r a m e t r i c o r r a n k i n g p r i o r i t y s y s t e m .

In the f i r s t

a t t e m p t at a c o u n t y b y c o u n t y s y s t e m , t h e p r o b l e m s o f w h a t t h e s i z e
of the p l a n n i n g a r e a s h o u l d b e a r c a m p l y i l l u s t r a t e d .

T h e planning

r e g i o n s o f the s t a t e m o r e c l o s e l y p a r a l l e l t h e 1/ 2 h o u r s t i m e d i s t a n c e
a r e a a r o u n d a m a j o r u r b a n a r e a , t h u s , a w o r k a b l e s o l u t i o n is a v a i l a b l e
to 1980.
Another i n t e r e s t i n g o b s e r v a t i o n of the public a c c e s s s it e s y s t e m
r e l a t i v e to o t h e r r e c r e a t i o n s y s t e m s i s t h e f r a c t i o n a l i z e d u n its of
access sites.

T h e y a r e s m a l l , l e s s e x p e n s i v e , and l o c a t e d in m a n y

p l a c e s w i t h i n a g i v e n r e g i o n , w i t h s o m e c o n s t r a i n t s d u e t o the a m o u n t
and l o c a t i o n of w a t e r in t h e r e g i o n .

T h i s i s in c o n t r a s t t o n a t u r a l

a r e a s o r p a r k s w h i c h c o m e in l a r g e , r a t h e r e x p e n s i v e p a r c e l s l o c a t e d
w here c i r c u m s t a n c e s h a ve left la r g e r e s o u r c e a r e a s intact.

These

l a r g e r p a r k s e x h i b i t a " c h u n k i n e s s " * of i n v e s t m e n t a nd l o c a t i o n w h i c h
differs f r o m public a c c e s s s i t e s .
A l a s t and v e r y i m p o r t a n t m e a s u r e m e n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s t h e
w e i g h t i n g of e a c h of t h e s e p a r a t e c r i t e r i a .

A s y s t e m w h ich s c o r e s

*F or a d i s c u s s i o n of in v e stm e n t "chunkiness" s e e W erner H ir sc h
" P r o g r a m B u d g e t f o r N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e A c t i v i t i e s " in P r o g r a m
B u d g e t i n g - P r o g r a m A n a l y s i s a nd t h e F e d e r a l B u d g e t . D a v i d N o v i c k
ed. W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . , G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g Off i c e , ' 1 9 6 5 . pp. 2 1 8 23 6.

Table 5 - -B oa tin g Days and Parking Capacity by Planning Region

Planning
Region 1
47
50
58
63
74
81
82

Livingston
Macomb
Monroe
Oakland
St. Clair
Washtenaw
Wayne

1968a
Boat Days

1980a
Boat Days

1968
Parking
Spaces

264,384
773,654
1 83 ,4 7 9
6 4 3 ,5 6 2
5 66 ,0 0 8
173,529
7 18 ,2 5 1
3,322,867

3 4 2 ,2 7 7
9 5 0 ,5 2 5
217,389
3 4 5 ,9 1 0
7 9 7 ,9 8 2
2 1 6 ,6 3 0
1,004,749
4, 3 7 5 ,4 6 2

754

1980
Parking
Spaces

993

Region 2
30
38
46

H illsd a le
138,311
18 6 ,1 7 0
Jackson
258,467
3 5 7 ,4 8 6
Lenawee______________ 138,311___________1 86 ,1 7 0_______________________________
5 3 5 ,0 8 9
7 2 9 ,8 2 6
118
161
Region 3

8
12
13
39
75

Barry
Branch
Calhoun
Kala m azoo
St. J o s e p h

286, 345
357,524
157,091
2 9 6 ,7 3 6
157,091
296,736
1 13 ,5 7 8
133,144
186, 628__________ 250, 410
9 0 0 ,7 3 3
1,334,550

893

1 ,3 2 3

Table 5 --C ontinued

Planning
Region 4
11
14
80

Berrien
Cass
Van Buren

1968
Boat Days

1980
Boat Days

1968
Park ing
Spaces

1980
Parking
Spaces

13 4 ,4 5 9
121,263
186 ,6 2 8
2 5 0 ,4 1 0
21 3 .0 91 ___________ 2 8 9 ,6 7 1 _________________________________
534,178
752,344
655
922

Region 5
25
44
78

Genesee
Lapeer
Shiawassee

1 2 8 ,6 7 3
171,968
1 2 8 ,5 7 3
171,968
16,001___________ 10,171
273,147
3 5 4 ,1 0 7

73

95

Region 6
19
23
33

Clinton
Eaton
Ingham

5,473
6,163
2 8 ,2 6 9
15,648
2 8 ,2 6 9 ____________ 15, 648________________________________
6 2 ,0 1 1
37,464
41
25

Region 7 A
9
29
37

Bay
Gratiot
Isabella

1 0 9 ,0 4 4
5,473
3 7 ,1 3 5

135,104
6,1 6 8
24,290

T able 5 --Continued

Planning
Region 7 A
56
73

Midland
Saginaw

1968
Parking
Sp aces

1980
Parking
Spaces

Additional
Parking
Needed

1968
Boat Days

1980
Boat Days

4 2 ,7 2 8
15,5 2 3
209,903

2 9 ,0 1 2
2 6 .1 3 6
2 2 0 ,7 1 0

70

74

4

86,289
3 6 ,4 7 3
28,860
1 51 ,6 2 2

88,942
37,1 35
38,242
1 64 ,3 1 9

8

9

1

6 1 ,0 9 3
1 63 ,7 4 7
163 ,7 4 7
2 1 0 ,2 7 8
59,074
3 6 6 .4 3 3
1,024,372

102,051
2 4 6 ,8 1 6
2 4 6 ,8 1 6
166 ,9 4 7
93,832
7 41 ,0 9 8
1,597,560

337

526

189

Region 7B
32
76
79

Huron
Sanilac
Tu scola

Region 7C
6
18
26
35
65
72

Arenac
Clare
Gladwin
Iosco
Ogemaw
Roscommon

T able 5 --Continued

Planning
Region 8 A
3
34
41
59
61
70

Allegan
Ionia
Kent
Montcalm
Muskegon
Ottawa

1980
Parking
Space s

1968
Boat Days

1980
Boat Days

1968
Parking
Spaces

1 73,4 09
89.625
2 1 3 ,5 8 1
8 9 .6 2 5
2 2 6 ,8 1 8
255,355
1,048,413

265,420
1 10 .7 6 0
2 5 2 ,8 6 9
1 1 0 .7 6 0
3 1 4 ,4 1 4
318,9 01
1,373,124

511

669

7 3,4 0 8
1 1 0 ,5 4 6
1 1 0 ,2 9 3
230,463
68,373
1 1 0 ,2 9 3
703,376

82,459
2 3 1 ,2 5 8
158 .0 4 9
3 2 9 ,2 9 5
92,458
1 5 8 .0 4 9
1,052,198

1,162

1,7 3 8

109 ,7 0 6
139,831
280,449

2 3 7 ,4 5 1
1 86 ,9 7 7
4 4 3 ,5 6 6

Region 8B
43
53
54
62
64
67

Lake
M ason
M ec o sta
Newago
Oceana
Oscealo

Region 9
1
4
16

Alcona
Alpena
Cheboygan

Table 5 - -Continued

Planning
Region 9
20
60
68
69
71

Crawford
M ontmorency
Oscoda
Otsego
P r e s q u e I s le

1968
Boat Days
53,347
88,103
59,074
34,387
18 ,9 8 2
7 8 3 ,8 7 9

1980
Boat Days

1968
Parking
Sp ace s

1980
Parking
Sp aces

3 5 ,8 6 8
100 ,9 9 0
93,832
4 5 ,3 9 0
2 6, 731__________________________________
1,170,805
1 ,1 0 8
1 ,6 5 5

Region 10
5
10
15
24
28
40
45
51
57
83

A ntrim
B enzie
C harlevoix
Em m et
Grand T r a v e r s e
Kalkaska
Leelanau
M anistee
M is s a u k e e
Wexford

164,859
17 6 ,2 77
121 ,7 1 2
1 0 4 ,7 5 9
292,999
4 1 ,8 4 8
1 02 ,0 2 3
2 83 ,2 6 1
4 1,8 4 8
82,556
1,412,142

3 02,8 51
308,929
208,740
7 4,24 1
5 3 8 ,4 7 8
44, 787
191,858
474,210
44,787
12 1.52 7
2,310,408

1,183

1 ,9 3 5

T a b l e 5 - - C o n t in u e d

17
48
49

1968
Park ing
Spaces

1980
Parking
Sp aces

Additional
Parking
Needed

37

Planning
Region 11

1968
Boat Days

1980
Boat Days

Chippewa
Luce
Mackinac

1 6 1 ,0 8 0
3 0 ,2 0 0
1 30 .6 3 9
321,919

1 1 9 ,8 4 6
7 ,0 9 0
2 3 2 .5 1 6
359,452

316

353

6 5 ,3 4 6
32,235
57,265
154 ,8 4 6

4 0 ,6 4 3
28,529
2 5 .8 9 8
95,070

660

405

47,28 1
3 4 ,3 8 7
1 0 3 ,2 9 3
1 84,9 61

28,313
1 9 ,8 3 4
1 5 3 ,2 5 6
2 0 1 ,4 0 3

631

687

Region 12
21
55
77

Delta
M en o m in ee
Schoolcraft

Region 13
2
22
52

Alger
Dickenson
Marquette

56

T a b l e 5 - - C o n t in u e d

Planning
Region 14
7
27
31
36
42
66

Baraga
Gogebic
Houghton
Iron
Keeweenaw
Ontanogon

1980
Parking
Spaces

Additional
Parking
Need ed

1968
Boat Days

1980
Boat Days

4 3 ,3 3 5
37,740
5 3 ,6 3 2
63,163
39,344
2 6 .4 4 9
263,663

6 3 ,1 6 1
41,112
73,981
85,610
10,8 68
2 6 ,8 3 8
301,570

378

432

54

11,887,121

16,430,374

8,898

12,0 0 2

3, 375

Planning
Region
1
2
3
4
5
6
7A
7B
7C
8A
8B

1968
Parking
Spaces

3,322,867
535,089
900,733
534,178
273,147
62 ,0 1 1
209,903
1 5 1 ,6 2 2
1,024,372
1, 048 , 413
703,376

4,375,462
729,826
1 , 3 3 4 , 550
752,344
3 5 4 ,1 0 7
37,464
2 2 0 ,7 1 0
1 64 ,3 1 9
1,597,560
1 , 3 7 3 , 124
1,052,198

1968
Capacity

1980
Capacity

754
118
893
655
73
41
70
8
337
511
1 ,1 6 2

993
161
1 ,3 2 3
922
95
25
74
9
526
669
1 ,7 3 8

Additional
Capacity
239
43
430
267
22
4
1
189
158
576

Table 5 --C ontinued

Planning
Region
9
10
11
12
13
14

Additional
Capacity

1968
Boat Days

1980
Boat Days

1968
Capacity

1980
Capacity

783,879
1,412,142
3 2 1 ,9 1 9
1 5 4 ,8 4 6
184,961
263,663

1,170,805
2,310,408
359,452
95,070
201,403
3 0 1 ,5 7 0

1,108
1,183
316
660
631
378

1 ,6 55
1 ,9 35
353
405
687
432

547
752
37

1 1 ,8 8 7 , 1 2 1

16,430,374

8,898

1 2 ,0 0 2

3 ,3 7 5

56
54

1968 and 1980 boat days taken f r o m p r e li m in a r y tabular data of the ” 1968 Boating Demand Study”
R e c r e a t i o n R e s e a r c h and Planning Unit, Michigan State U n iv e r sity . The 1968 data is b a sed on the
q u estio n na ir e sa m p le while the 1980 boat days a r e e s t i m a t e d through the u s e of computer simulation.

e a c h c r i t e r i a o n a 3 , 2,

1 r a n k i n g b a s i s iB e s s e n t i a l l y a s s u m i n g t h a t

all c r i t e r i a a r e of equal w e ig h t.

It i s t o b e e m p h a s i z e d t h a t t h e c r i ­

t e r i a s i m p l y p r e s e n t a m e a n s of a r r i v i n g a t s y s t e m a t i z e d j u d g m e n t
for s e le c tin g high p r io r ity p r o je c t s .

T h e s y s te m does not o ffer a

m a g ic a l m a th e m a tic a l f o r m u la fo r a r r iv in g at in fallibly c o r r e c t s o lu ­
tio n s, b u t r a t h e r is intended to b e a to o l w hich w ill f a c i l it a t e and
r e q u i r e t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of o r g a n i z e d t h i n k i n g ,
re le v a n t s o u rc e s of in fo rm atio n .

and o r d e r l y u s e of all

T he s y s t e m sh o u ld e n a b le an y tw o

or m o r e e q u a lly w e l l - i n f o r m e d d e c is io n m a k e r s to a r r i v e a t s i m i l a r
d e c i s i o n s on a s c r i e s of c a s e s .

At t h e v e r y l e a s t ,

it s h o u l d s u p p l y

th e m e a n s f o r c l e a r e x p l a n a t i o n a s to t h e b a s i s f o r a n y p a r t i c u l a r
d e c i s i o n , and t h e c o n s e q u e n c e of th a t d e c i s i o n .

A p ro je c t w hich e v e r y ­

o n e k n o w s is a g o o d p r o j e c t s h o u l d n o t b e d i s c a r d e d b e c a u s e i t d o c s
not f it a r ig i d c r i t e r i a s y s t e m .

C o n v ersely ,

n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s of a

p r o j e c t Bhould b e c o u n t e d e v e n t h o u g h e x p l i c i t c r i t e r i a d o n o t e x i s t
for n e g a tiv e e ffe c ts .

Staff ju d g m e n t s h o u ld b e c o n s i d e r e d a t a ll t i m e s

f o r s p e c i a l f a c t o r s o r e x c e p t i o n a l w e i g h t i n g of c e r t a i n c r i t e r i a .
ThiB is a p o l i t i c a l l y s e n s i t i v e a r e a ,

how ever.

T h e logic behind

p r o g r a m p la n n in g an d p r o j e c t c r i t e r i a is o fte n m o r e fo r th e " e x p l a i n a b ility ” to th e p u b lic and f o r j u s t i f i c a t i o n of p r o j e c t s th a n f o r s y s ­
te m a tiz e d judgm ent.

M ore and m ore,

th e p u b lic and often th e policy

m a k e r s w ant a s y s t e m that a s s ig n s a s c o r e on a n a lm o s t m e c h a n iz e d
b a s i s a n d t e l l s u s w h i c h p r o j e c t is b e s t .

The v ery re a l im p o rtan ce

68
o f s t a f f j u d g m e n t is d e e m p h a s i z e d .

T h is w ill only le a d to in flex ib le

c r i te r i a w hich m ay o v erlo o k tru ly o u tstan d in g p ro je c ts or r e s o u r c e s
w h i c h c a n n o t s c o r e h i g h b e c a u s e of t h e i r u n i q u e n e s s .

P lanning R egion Tw o a s an E x a m p le

In o r d e r t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e c r i t e r i a .
R egion Two,

P lanning

c o n s i s t i n g of H il l s d a l e , J a c k s o n and L e n a w e e c o u n t i e s ,

w ill be u sed as an e x a m p le .
lakes for H illsd a le ,

( S e c A p p e n d i x 12 f o r t h e c o u n t y l i s t s of

L e n a w e e and J a c k s o n county. )

T h e six c r i t e r i a

a r e ap p lied on a s te p - b y - s t e p b a s is u sin g the d a ta c o lle c te d f o r this
planning re g io n .

T h e s a m e m e t h o d o l o g y c a n b e u t i l i z e d in e a c h p l a n ­

ning r e g i o n of th e s ta t e .

T he fin a l r e s u l t of the a p p lic a tio n of su ch a

m e th o d o lo g y is a l i s t of la k e s w h e r e p u b lic a c c e s s s i t e s s h o u ld b e
p u r c h a s e d , h o w m a n y p a r k i n g s p a c e s a r c a l l o w e d o n e a c h l a k e , a n d if
no p r o p e r t y is a v a i l a b l e o n th e h i g h e s t p r i o r i t y l a k e s , w h ic h o t h e r
lakes m ay th en be se le c te d .
1.

M a g n itu d e of a n tic ip a te d u s e .
1 9 6 8 B o a t i n g D a y s _ 1968 P a r k i n g C a p a c i t y
1980 B o a tin g D a y s
1980 P a r k i n g C a p a c i t y
"7 2 9 ! 8 2 6 =

X = 161,

1980 P a r k i n g C a p a c ity

1980 P a r k i n g - 1968 P a r k i n g = N u m b e r o f a d d i t i o n a l s p a c e s
n e e d e d by 1980
161 - 118 = 4 3 a d d i t i o n a l s p a c e s n e e d e d
in p lan n in g R eg io n T w o

69
2.

R e so u rc e p re se rv a tio n and c re a tio n .
L a k e s u p to 159 a c r e s in
size:

One s ite w ith p a r k in g c a p a c ity
n o t t o e x c e e d 10 c a r s a n d t r a i l e r s .

L a k e s 160 to 2 4 9 a c r e s
in s i z e :

One s ite w ith p a r k in g c a p a c ity
f o r u p t o 15 c a r s a n d t r a i l e r s .

L a k e s 250 to 399 a c r e s
in s i z e :

One s i t e w ith p a r k in g c a p a c ity
f o r u p t o 35 c a r s a n d t r a i l e r s .

L a k e s 400 to 599 a c r e s
in s i z e :

One s ite w ith p a rk in g c a p a c ity
f o r u p t o 75 c a r s a n d t r a i l e r s .

L a k e s 600 to 999 a c r e s
in b i z e :

One s i t e w ith p a r k in g c a p a c ity
f o r u p t o 100 c a r s a n d t r a i l e r s ,

L a k e s 1 , 0 0 0 to 1 0 , 0 0 0
a c r e s in s iz e :

L ak es o v e r 10,000
a c r e s in s iz e :

Two s ite s , each w ith parking
c a p a c i t y f o r up to 100 c a r s a n d
tra ile rs.
T h re e s ite s , each w ith parking
c a p a c i t y f o r up t o 100 c a r s a n d
tra ile rs.

T a b l e 6 - - L a k e s in P l a n n i n g R e g i o n T w o

P o ssib le N um ber
of S i t e s an d P a r k i n g
C ap acity

C ounty

Lake Nam e

H illsdale

Leann

48 5

1 -75

Baw beese

329

1 -35

Long

213

1 -15 +

Cub

128

1 -10 +

Bear

117

1-10 +

B ird

113

1-10 +

Lenawee

Lake A cres

D evils

1, 330

2 -100*+

Round

515

1 -75

Sand

440

1 -75 +

70
T ab le 6 --C o ntin ued

C ounty

Lake N am e

Lenawee

Evans

201

1-15

G oose

200

1-15

P o s ey

150

1-10

C olum bia

800

1-100

Jackson

M ich.

C en ter

Lake A cres

P o ssible N um ber
of S ite s a n d P a r k i n g
C a p a c i ty

730

1-100*

P o r t a g e (Big)

531

1-75*

V ineyard L a k e s

505

1-75

C lark

470

1-75

W am plers

440

1-75*

Goose

378

1-35

W olf

355

1 -35

G illett

340

1-35

G rass

326

1-35

P leasan t

268

1-35

B row ns

210

1-15

F arew ell

195

1-15

Stony

175

1-15

P o r ta g e (L ittle)

174

1-15

M id

171

1-15

N a rv e ll M ill Pond

154

1-15

V andercook

144

1-10

B rill

142

1-10

Mud

140

1-10

C lear

137

1-10

Round

137

1-10

A ckerson

130

1-10

W elch

106

1-10

71
T ab le 6 --C ontinued

P o ssib le N um ber
of S i te s and P a r k i n g
C ap acity

C ounty

Lake N am e

Jackson

Sweezey

105

1-10

No N am e

100

1-10

Lake A cres

26-855
T h e s e L a k e s w ill b e S e le c te d fo r
F ie ld Investigation
1, 3 3 0

D evils

2-100^

C olum bia

500

1 -75

Round

515

1-75

V ineyard

500

1-75

Leann

485

1 -75

C lark

470

1 -75

♦ In d ic a te s th e r e is a lr e a d y a s ite o n th is la k e .
♦♦Two site s p re se n tly .

3.

F e a s i b i l i t y of a c q u i s i t i o n .
L akes L eann and C o lu m b ia h av e been e lim in a te d f r o m c o n ­
s id e ra tio n by the L e g is la tu re .
D evils

Round
2

V ineyard

C lark

2

2
2

4.

E quitable d istrib u tio n

1

5.

Q u a lity of e x p e r i e n c e

3

3

3

6.

C ost effectiveness

2_

3_

2_

6

8

7

7

72
A s i t e w o u l d b e r e c o m m e n d e d f o r p u r c h a s e o n R o u n d L a k e if t h e
fie ld in v e s tig a tio n t e a m o r th e L a n d s D iv is io n c a n find a s u ita b le s i t e
fo r sale.

If n o t ,

V in e y a rd an d C la r k L a k e w ould b e c o n s id e r e d .

F r o m this e x am p le,

it c a n b e o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e n u m b e r of l a k e s

u n d er c o n s id e r a tio n has b e e n d r a s ti c a ll y re d u c e d f r o m the ex istin g
38 l a k e s o v e r 1 0 0 a c r e s t o t h e 6 l a k e s w h i c h w i l l b e s e l e c t e d f o r f i e l d
investigation.

T h e s e le c tio n p r o c e s s h a s p in p o in ted the h ig h e r p r io r ity

la k e s o t h a t t h e f ie ld i n v e s t i g a t i o n w i l l b e of m a n a g e a b l e p r o p o r t i o n s .
P r e v i o u s m e t h o d s u s e d in t h e W a t e r w a y s D i v i s i o n r e l i e d o n t h e
r e g i o n a l f ie ld s u p e r v i s o r t o s u b m i t l a k e s in h i s r e g i o n w h i c h h e t h i n k s
should h a v e a p u b l ic a c c e s s s ite .

W hen s u ita b le p r o p e r t i e s c o m e up

for s a le on th e s e la k e s , th e y a r e p u r c h a s e d and d e v e lo p e d until the
b u d g e t f o r th a t f i s c a l y e a r h a s b e e n u s e d up.
d e n t in t h i s m e t h o d .

F irst,

Tw o p ro b le m s a r e e v i­

t h e s e l e c t i o n of l a k e s is e n t i r e l y le f t to

th e j u d g m e n t of t h e r e g i o n a l s u p e r v i s o r in c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e
d i r e c t o r a n d s e c o n d , th e n e e d s of e a c h r e g i o n a r e not b a l a n c e d a g a i n s t
the p r e s e n t a n d f u tu r e b o a tin g d e m a n d b u t a g a in s t th e b u d g e t a llo c a tio n
to each r e g io n .

T h is b u d g e t a llo c a tio n to b e s u r e ,

u sed th e b e s t ju d g ­

m e n t of t h e W a t e r w a y s D i v i s i o n , b u t i t w a s n o t b a s e d o n d a t a w h i c h
could d e m o n s t r a t e th a t f o r e a c h d o lla r s p e n t, th e D iv is io n w ould
m a x im iz e th e n u m b e r of b o a tin g d a y s s e r v e d .
W h ile it is o b v io u s t h a t th is e x a m p l e s i m p l i f i e s th e f ie ld i n v e s t i ­
g a t i o n p r o c e s s f r o m 38 t o 6 l a k e s a n d i t r e p l a c e s a j u d g m e n t o r i e n t e d
process for a d ata based p ro c e ss ,

t h e r e is a l s o a l e s s o b v io u s

73
a d v a n ta g e of th is s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s :

I t b a l a n c e s t h e b o a t i n g d e m a n d in

th is p l a n n i n g r e g i o n a g a i n s t th e b o a t i n g d e m a n d of a l l o t h e r p la n n i n g
reg io n s in the s ta te .

T h u s o n l y 6 l a k e s m a y b e i n v e s t i g a t e d o u t o f 38

in t h i s p l a n n i n g r e g i o n w h e r e i n a n o t h e r p l a n n i n g r e g i o n ,
b e s e l e c t e d o u t o f o n l y 30 l a k e s o v e r 100 a c r e s .

12 l a k e s m a y

The boating d e m a n d ,

no t t h e b u d g e t , d e t e r m i n e s h o w m a n y l a k e s a r e s e l e c t e d .

The budget

c a n l a t e r b e u s e d to s e l e c t ho w m u c h of t h e d e m a n d c a n b e m e t w i t h i n
fiscal c o n s tra in ts .

T h i s w ill g iv e a m e a s u r e of how w e l l th e n e e d s of

the b o a t e r s a r e b e in g m e t by th e b u d g e t.
T h is se le c tio n p r o c e s s th e r e f o r e m e e ts th e g u id elin es set up by
the M ic h ig a n S ta te W a t e r w a y s C o m m i s s i o n in t e r m s of a c q u i s it i o n
criteria.

T h e m a g n i t u d e of a n t i c i p a t e d u s e h a s b e e n m e a s u r e d a g a i n s t

r e s o u r c e p r e s e r v a t i o n to p r o d u c e a s y s t e m w h ic h e m p h a s iz e s th e
eq u itable d is tr ib u tio n of f a c ilitie s , and fin a lly , the c o s t e ffe c tiv e n e s s
of e a c h e x p e n d i t u r e c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d w h e n b u d g e t s a r e c o m p a r e d t o
t h e n u m b e r of l a k e s w h e r e p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s a r e n e e d e d .

The

f e a s i b i l i t y of a c q u i s i t i o n a n d t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e e x p e r i e n c e a r e a l s o
m e a s u r e d t h r o u g h t h e u s e of a s c o r i n g s y s t e m to b e a d m i n i s t e r e d b y
the f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n t e a m .
T h e c r i t e r i a h a v e b e e n d e f in e d in m e a s u r a b l e t e r m s .

The

q u e s t i o n s c a n now b e a n s w e r e d a s to how m a n y p u b lic a c c e s s s i t e s c a n
be p u r c h a s e d ,w h e r e s h o u ld they b e p u r c h a s e d ,
be p u r c h a s e d f ir s t.

and w hich s ite s should

74
T h e r a n k i n g p r i o r i t y l i s t of p o t e n t i a l p u b lic a c c e s s s i t e s c a n b e
p r o d u c e d f o r e a c h p l a n n i n g r e g i o n in t h e s t a t e if t h e s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s
o u tlin e d h e r e is follow ed.

T h e p r o c e s s d o e s n o t a s s i g n d o l l a r valueB

t o c o s t s a n d b e n e f i t s of e a c h s i t e b u t a s s i g n s t h e i r p r i o r i t y o n th e
b a s i s of q u a l i t a t i v e a s w e l l a s q u a n t i t a t i v e c r i t e r i a .
All of t h e a b o v e a d v a n t a g e s of t h i s s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s d o e s not
m e a n t h a t th e c r i t e r i a s y s t e m is w i t h o u t l i m i t a t i o n s .
d a ta on boating d e m a n d sh o u ld be im p ro v e d .

The im p erfect

T h e p r o j e c t i o n of d e m a n d

into t h e f u t u r e is b a s e d o n a s e t of a s s u m p t i o n s w h i c h m u s t b e c o n ­
tin u ally re e x a m in e d and updated.
a c r o s s the s ta te m ay c h a n g e

T h e lo c a tio n of b o a tin g a c tiv ity

in t h e f u t u r e .

a c tiv ity p r e f e r r e d by b o a t e r s m ay c h a n g e .

T h e t y p e of b o a t i n g
A ll of t h e s e l i m i t a t i o n s ,

a s w e l l a s t h o s e p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d in t h i s c h a p t e r , w ill r e q u i r e t h a t
f u r t h e r i m p r o v e m e n t s b e m a d e o n t h i s c r i t e r i a s y s t e m a s it is a p p lie d
and u sed by th e r e s e a r c h staff and fie ld p e r s o n n e l.

C O N C LU SIO N S AND R E C O M M E N D A T IO N S

T h e m a j o r c o n c l u s i o n o f t h i s s t u d y is t h a t a w e i g h t e d c r i t e r i a
s y s t e m c a n b e d e v e l o p e d a n d a p p l i e d t o p r o d u c e a p r i o r i t y l i s t of l a k e s
for acq u isitio n .

T h i s c r i t e r i a s y s t e m m e e t s t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of th e

M ich ig an S tate W a te rw a y s C o m m i s s i o n fo r a p u b lic a c c e s s s i t e s e l e c ­
t i o n p r o c e d u r e i n t h a t t h e c r i t e r i a h a v e b e e n d e f i n e d in m e a s u r a b l e
term s.

T h e n u m b e r of public a c c e s s s ite s w h ic h sh o u ld b e p u r c h a s e d

can be d e te rm in e d .

T h e lak es w h e r e public a c c e s s s ite s sh o u ld be

located can be d e te r m in e d .

And fin a lly ,

the siteB w hich s h o u ld be

p u r c h a s e d f i r s t a r e i d e n tif ie d in a p r i o r i t y l i s t .
A s c o r i n g s y s t e m w a s d e v i s e d t o r a n k l a k e s in e a c h c o u n t y o n t h e
b a s i s of th e d e s i r a b i l i t y f o r p u r c h a s e .

T w o p h a s e s of a n a l y s i s w e r e

n e c e s s a r y - - a m e a s u r e of d e m a n d f o r b o a t i n g ( i. e . , h o w m a n y p u b l i c
accesB s ite s to buy); and a m e a s u r e of s u p p ly of b o a tin g r e s o u r c e s
(w h e re to buy p u b lic a c c e s s s i t e s to s e r v e th e d e m a n d , on w h ic h la k e s ,
in w h i c h c o u n t y ) .
T h e R E C S Y S S Y M A P p r o c e d u r e f i r s t d e v e l o p e d b y t h e O f f i c e of
P lanning S e r v ic e s ,

D e p a r t m e n t of N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s , w a s u s e d to

o b t a i n a m e a s u r e o f d e m a n d b y c o u n t y in 1 9 6 8 a n d 1 9 8 0 .

T he present

c a p a c i t y of t h e P u b l i c A c c e s s S i t e P r o g r a m w a s t h e n e x t r a p o l a t e d in
1980 a s a m e a s u r e of th e f a c i l i t i e s n e c e s s a r y t o m e e t th e 1 9 8 0 d e m a n d .

75

76
On the su p p ly s id e , the la k e s w e r e f i r s t ra n k e d a c c o r d in g to s iz e
class,

r e s o u rc e capacity,

and e x is tin g f a c i l i t i e s .

T h e d e m a n d in e a c h

c o u n ty w a s t h e n c o m p a r e d to th e r e s o u r c e s u p p l y s t a r t i n g w i t h t h e h i g h
p r io r ity lakes f ir s t and p ro c e e d in g dow n the lak e lis t until th e d e m a n d
had b e e n filled .
T h is p r o c e d u r e w a s applied on a c o u n ty -b y

county b a s is and

fou n d to b e u n w o r k a b l e d u e to t r a n s f e r of b o a tin g d e m a n d ; t h a t i s , t h e
d e m a n d e x c e e d e d th e s u p p l y of l a k e s in t h e c o u n t y .
re o rg a n iz e d on a planning reg io n b a s i s .

T h e d e m a n d in t h e r e g i o n w a s

a p p lie d to th e h ig h p r i o r i t y la k e s in t h e r e g io n .
d u c e d a f i n a l l i s t of l a k e s ,

T he d a ta was th en

T his p ro c e d u re p r o ­

ran k ed by the r e s o u r c e ca p a c ity and s iz e

c la s s , w h ich could be c o n s id e r e d f o r fie ld in v e stig a tio n w h e r e th e
r e m a in in g d e s ig n and d e v e lo p m e n t c r i t e r i a could b e a p p lie d .
A f u r t h e r c o n c l u s i o n of the s t u d y is t h a t s i x c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of
t h e d e s t i n a t i o n c o u n t y a r e i m p o r t a n t in d e t e r m i n i n g t h e a m o u n t o f
r e c r e a t i o n a l b o a tin g in t h a t c o u n ty .

T hese c h a ra c te ristic s are:

1.

B o a t s ( t h e n u m b e r of r e g i s t e r e d b o a t s i n t h e c o u n t y )

2.

A n g l e r d a y s ( t h e t o t a l n u m b e r of d a y s o r p a r t - d a y s s p e n t
f i s h i n g in t h e c o u n t y e a c h y e a r )

3.

L a k e A c r e s ( t o t a l a c r e s o f l a k e s u r f a c e in t h e c o u n t y )

4.

P u b l i c C a m p s i t e s ( t h e n u m b e r of c a m p s i t e s l o c a t e d in e a c h
c o u n t y in S t a t e F o r e s t s ,
C am pgrounds)

S tate P a rk s ,

o r N ational F o r e s t

77
5.

D i s p o s a b l e I n c o m e ( m e d ia n e f fe c tiv e b u y in g in c o m e of
f a m i l i e s in th e c o u n t y - - S a l e s M a n a g e m e n t M a g a z i n e )

6*

P a r k i n g ( n u m b e r o f p a r k i n g s p a c e s a t p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s in
the county)

Of t h e s e s i x c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,

f o u r w e r e a p p lie d to the c r i t e r i a

on t h e d e m a n d s i d e - - t h e " m a g n i t u d e o f a n t i c i p a t e d u s e " c r i t e r i a - - a n d
tw o w e r e a p p lie d to th e su p p ly s i d e - - t h e " r e s o u r c e p r e s e r v a t i o n and
creation" c rite ria .

F r o m thcB e tw o c r i t e r i a , th e s c o r i n g s y s t e m w a s

d e v e l o p e d to r a n k l a k e s in e a c h c o u n t y o n t h e b a s i s of t h e i r d e s i r a b i l i t y
f o r a c q u i s it i o n of p u b lic a c c e s s s i t e s .
T h e r e s u l t s o b ta in e d in t h is s tu d y a n d th e p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h a p p l i c a t i o n of n e w m e t h o d s o f a n a l y s e s ,
m en d atio n s for f u r th e r u s e be outlined.

r e q u ire that r e c o m ­

T h e follow ing r e c o m m e n d a ­

t i o n s a r c f o r w a r d e d f o r r e f i n e m e n t of t h e p r o c e d u r e s in f u t u r e s t u d i e s
and f o r f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e b t of th e p l a n n i n g a n d p o l i c i e s f r a m e w o r k
of t h e W a t e r w a y s D i v i s i o n P u b l i c A c c e s s S i t e P r o g r a m .
1.

T h e 1971 B o a t i n g D e m a n d S t u d y w h i c h w i l l b e g i n i n O c t o b e r

1971 a s a n u p d a t i n g of t h e 1 9 6 8 s t u d y s h o u l d d e v e l o p d e m a n d p r o j e c ­
tio n s and S Y M A P e x h ib its f o r b o th Inland and G r e a t L a k e s b o a tin g .
T h e 1968 s t u d y p r o v i d e s o n ly t o t a l b o a t i n g d e m a n d in e a c h d e s t i n a t i o n
c o u n t y f o r 1968 a n d 1 9 8 0 .

T h is r e f i n e m e n t of th e d a t a r e q u i r e s th a t

tw o a d d i t i o n a l 83 X 83 m a t r i c e s b e r u n o n th e R E C S Y S p r o g r a m .
2.

T h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e w h i c h w a s u s e d i n t h e 1 9 6 8 B tudy w a s

len g th y an d d e ta ile d (s e e A p p e n d ix 8).

In o r d e r t o i m p r o v e t h e

78
r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e d a t a a n d t o c o n c e n t r a t e o n t h e d a t a n e e d e d f o r t h e
inland and G r e a t L a k e s b o a tin g , th e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s h o u ld b e r e d u c e d
t o f o u r pagcB.

T h e tw o i n n e r p a g e s s h o u ld open up to tw o ta b le s la b e le d

" In la n d L a k e s " and " G r e a t L a k e s " in l a r g e c a p tio n s w ith o n e t a b l e in
each page,
3.

T h e in fo rm a tio n on fish in g , c r u is in g , w a te r sk iin g ,

etc. - -

t h e t y p e s of b o a t i n g a c t i v i t i e s - - s h o u l d b e o m i t t e d f r o m t h e 1971
q u estio n n aire.

T h e r e a r e tw o r e a s o n s fo r this d e le tio n .

i n f o r m a t i o n is d e t a i l e d a n d c o n f u s i n g t o t h e r e s p o n d e n t .

F i r s t , the
T his c o n ­

f u s i o n m a y b e i n t e r f e r i n g w i t h th e r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e r e s u l t s on th e
m o r e i m p o r t a n t d a t a a b o u t t h e n u m b e r o f b o a t i n g d a y s s p e n t in e a c h
county.

It m u s t b e r e m e m b e r e d t h a t t h i s i s a r e c a l l q u e s t i o n n a i r e

c o m p l e t e d a f t e r t h e s u m m e r b o a t i n g s e a s o n is o v e r .

Second, the d ata

on b o a t i n g a c t i v i t i e s h a s a l r e a d y b e e n o b t a i n e d in t h e 1968 s t u d y .

The

o n l y v a l u e in a s k i n g f o r t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n a g a i n w o u l d b e t o e x a m i n e
w h e th e r th e a c t i v i t i e s h a v e s h if te d s ig n if ic a n tly in th e l a s t t h r e e y e a r s .
4.

T h e 1971 S t u d y s h o u l d h a v e a o n e y e a r c o n t r a c t d e a d l i n e

f r o m J a n u a r y 1, 1 9 7 2 t o J a n u a r y 1,

1973 fo r the a n a l y s i s p h a s e .

The

q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w i l l b e s e n t o u t in t h e f a l l a f t e r t h e c l o s e o f t h e 1971
b o a t i n g s e a s o n b u t b e f o r e t h e D e c e m b e r 31 f i n a l d e a d l i n e f o r t h e t h r e e
year re g is tra tio n cycle.

T h is p r o c e d u r e w ill s h o rte n th e r e c a ll

p e r io d e v e n th o u g h th e to ta l p o p u la tio n of r e g i s t e r e d b o a ts w ill b e
s l i g h t l y s m a l l e r t h a n a t t h e e n d of t h e r e g i s t r a t i o n c y c l e .

79
5.

T h e R E C S Y S p r o g r a m s h o u ld b e r u n w ith th e 8 3 c o u n t i e s of

M ich ig an as s e p a r a te o rig in s and d e s tin a tio n s r a t h e r th a n lum ping
tw o c o u n t i e s t o g e t h e r a s a s i n g l e n o d e.

T h is p r o c e d u re w as u sed

b e c a u s e of th e l i m i t e d d a t a c a p a c i t y of t h e C D C 3500.
no l o n g e r e x i s t s w i t h t h e C D C 6 5 0 0 .

T he lim itatio n

In a d d itio n , th e o u t - o f - s t a t e

d e s tin a tio n s should b e s e p a r a te d f r o m th e a s s o c ia te d M ic h ig a n co u n ty
so that a s in g le d e m a n d f ig u r e m a y b e a s s ig n e d to each d e s tin a tio n
r a t h e r th a n lu m p in g t h e m a s in th e p r e v i o u s s tu d y .
6.

T h e 2300

Zone T raffic

M ich ig an D e p a r tm e n t of S ta te

F o recastin g

H ighw ays

fo r i n c l u s i o n in t h e R E C S Y S m o d e l .

S ystem

of th e

should b e in v e s tig a te d

T h is s y s te m can a c c o m m o d a te

th e 83 c o u n t y o r i g i n a n d d e s t i n a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e R E C S Y S
s y s te m and p ro v id e u p d ated highw ay t i m e - d i s t a n c e d a ta f o r th e t r a n s ­
p o rta tio n linkage betw een each o rig in and d estin atio n .
7.

M a rk s e n sin g o r coding d i r e c t ly on th e q u e s ti o n n a i r e sh ould

b e i n v e s t i g a t e d to e l i m i n a t e a s t e p in t h e d a t a h a n d l i n g p r o c e s s .
8.

A s u m m a r y r e p o r t of t h e 1971 b o a t i n g d e m a n d s t u d y s h o u l d

be p r e p a r e d f o r d is tr ib u tio n by the W a te r w a y s D iv isio n .

A pp ro p riate

t a b l e s , c h a r t s a n d m a p s s h o u ld b e u t i l i z e d to p r e s e n t th e d a t a in u n d e r ­
s ta n d a b le g r a p h ic f o r m a t to the p u b lic .
9.

C o m p a r i s o n of t h e 1965,

1968 a n d 1971 s t u d i e s B ho u ld b e

c o n s i d e r e d to d e t e c t s h i f t s in t h e a m o u n t a n d l o c a t i o n of b o a t i n g
dem and.

80
10.

A f t e r t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e 1971 b o a t i n g s t u d y , w h e n t h e

G r e a t L a k es and in lan d la k e b oating d a ta b e c o m e s a v a ila b le , the
fo llo w in g r e f i n e m e n t s in th e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s sh o u ld b e i n v e s tig a te d .
A.

G r e a t L a k e s and inland la k e r e g r e s s i o n m o d e ls should be
run s e p a ra te ly .

B.

C oho a n g le r d a y s and a s s o c i a t e d G r e a t L a k e s fis h in g should
b e in c lu d e d in th e G r e a t L a k e s a n a l y s i s .

C.

V a r i a b l e s w i t h h i g h i n t c r c o r r e l a t i o n s s h o u l d b e r u n in
se p a ra te groups.

D.

E a c h v a r ia b le sh ould be in d iv id u ally te s te d a g a in s t boating
d a y s to c h e c k f o r c u r v i l i n e a r r e l a tio n s h ip s .

These v a ri­

a b l e s c a n th e n b e r e i n t r o d u c e d into th e m o d e l a s l o g a r i t h m i c
o r exponential v a ria b le s .
11.

T h e a t t r a c t i o n i n d e x u s e d in t h e R E C S Y S p r o g r a m s h o u l d

b e r e e x a m i n e d a n d r e w c i g h t e d in t h e l i g h t of t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e r e g r e s ­
s io n a n a l y s i s of t h e d e s t i n a t i o n c o u n t i e s .

F u r t h e r r e f i n e m e n t s in t h e

r e g r e s s i o n sh o u ld b e c o n s id e r e d to im p r o v e th e a t t r a c t io n index.

T his

r e c o m m e n d a t i o n a n d p r e v i o u s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s by C h u b b in th e f i r s t
R E C S Y S p r o g r a m s h o u ld b e i n c o r p o r a t e d into th e a t t r a c t i o n in d e x of
t h e 1 9 7 1 s t u d y if a t a l l p o s s i b l e .
T hese rec o m m e n d a tio n s have been largely p ro c e d u ra l or
m e t h o d o l o g i c a l in n a t u r e ,
stu d ies.

c o n c e r n e d w ith r e fin e m e n ts fo r fu tu re

T h e follow ing r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w ill c o n c e r n th e planning

»

81
and p o l i c i e s f r a m e w o r k of th e W a t e r w a y s D i v is io n P u b l i c A c c e s s S ite
Program .
1.

T h e t o t a l P u b l i c A c c e s s S ite P r o g r a m s h o u ld b e s p l i t into

t h r e e p a r t s f o r p l a n n i n g p u r p o s e s - - ( 1 ) G r e a t L a k e s , (2) r i v e r s ,
(3) i n l a n d l a k e s .

and

S e p a r a t e o v e r l a y s of e a c h kind of p u b lic a c c e s s s i t e

should b e p r e p a r e d .

T h is w ill r e q u i r e c o m p le tio n of the t h r e e n e g a ­

tive s e p a r a t i o n m y l a r s d e v e l o p e d f r o m t h e G r e a t L a k e s B a s i n C o m ­
m i s s i o n and A r m y M ap S e r v i c e 1 :2 5 0 ,0 0 0 s e r i e s .
2.

P r o g r a m c r i t e r i a o r g o a ls should be e s ta b lis h e d fo r r iv e r

and g r e a t la k e b o a t i n g a s t h e y h a v e f o r in la n d l a k e s .

F o r ex am p le,

one c a n o e la u n c h in g s i t e e v e r y tw o m i l e s o n c a n o e - c l a s s i f i e d r i v e r s
or o n e t r a i l e r la u n c h in g s ite e v e r y fiv e m i l e s on b o a ta b le r i v e r s
d e p e n d i n g on t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of t h e r i v e r o r o t h e r c r i t e r i a y e t to
be e s t a b l i s h e d .

S uch a g o al o r ie n te d s y s t e m h a s w o r k e d w e ll fo r the

H a r b o r - o f - R e f u g e P r o g r a m d e s i g n a t e d e v e r y 30 m i l e s a l o n g t h e G r e a t
Lakes.

" E x p l a i n a b i l i t y " to t h e p u b l i c h a s b e e n a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r in

this p r o g r a m .
3.

U p d a tin g th e p u b lic a c c e s s s y s t e m to a c c o m m o d a t e l a r g e r

boats a n d t r a i l e r s s h o u ld not o c c u r at th e e x p e n s e of th e o r i g i n a l
public f is h in g s i t e s y s t e m .

M a n y of t h e s i t e s p u r c h a s e d f r o m 1938

to i 9 6 0 a r e l e s s t h a n o n e a c r e , d e v e l o p e d p r i m a r i l y f o r f i s h i n g b o a t s
or c a r t o p b o a ts a n d lo c a te d o n s m a l l e r l a k e s in n o r t h e r n M ic h i g a n .
T h e se s m a l l e r s i t e s should n o t b e r e d e v e lo p e d f o r t r a i l e r e d b o a ts .
E x t e n s i v e f illin g a n d d r e d g i n g r e q u i r e d to m a k e low m a r s h y s h o r e l i n e

82
su itab le fo r launching r a m p s ,
neig h b o rin g p r o p e r tie s ,

t h e l a c k of b u f f e r s p a c e to p r o t e c t

an d c r o w d e d s ite c o n d itio n s a r e o ften p r o b ­

le m s w h e n s i t e s on s m a l l i r r e g u l a r p r o p e r t i e s a r e d e v e lo p e d .

If a

s m a ll o n e - a c r e s ite e x ists and th e d e m a n d w a r r a n ts a d ev elo p ed site,
a new p i e c e of p r o p e r t y s h o u l d b e p u r c h a s e d on t h e l a k e r a t h e r th a n
d e v e lo p in g th e old s ite .

T h e new s ite sh o u ld m e e t a m in im u m r e q u i r e ­

m e n t of t w o a c r e s a n d 2 0 0 f e e t of f r o n t a g e .
suitab le fo r u se ,

T he sm a lle r site,

if

sh o u ld b e r e ta in e d f o r its o r ig in a l u s e - - f i s h i n g and

carto p b o ats,
4.

B o a t i n g u s e r e g u l a t i o n s s h o u l d b e d e v e l o p e d in li n e w i t h a

s t a t e w i d e s y s t e m r a t h e r t h a n in r e s p o n s e t o l o c a l p r o b l e m s o n i n ­
dividual la k e s .

In p a r t i c u l a r ,

fo r n o n -m o to r b oating.

a p p r o p r ia te lak es should be d e s ig n a te d

S m a ll la k e s w ith c o m p le te public o w n e r s h ip

of r i p a r i a n p r o p e r t i e s c a n b e s e l e c t e d f o r t h i s t y p e o f l e s s i n t e n s i v e
boating u s e .

L a k e s w ith m ix e d pub lic and p r iv a te r ip a r ia n o w n e r s h ip

c a n c o m e u n d e r b o a tin g u s e r e g u l a t io n s p r o v id e d th a t the p r o p e r t y
ow ners a g r e e and p a s s fa v o ra b ly on th e re g u la tio n s u n d er th e p r o ­
v is io n s of th e M a r i n e S afety A c t of 1967.
have re g u la tio n s w h ich p ro h ib it m o to rs .

Only a few la k e s in M ic h ig a n
On s m a l l la k e s w h e r e

p ro p e rty o w n e rs a g r e e th at a n a tu ra l settin g and a quiet l e is u r e
ex p erience a r e d e sira b le ,

such u se reg u latio n s a r e a p p ro p ria te .

r e c o m m e n d a tio n is not s u ita b le f o r m o s t lak es in M ich ig an ,
larg er lakes,

T his

esp ecially

w h e r e u s e s s u c h a s w a t e r skiing a n d c r u is in g p r e d o m i n ­

ate, but a few la k e s should r e m a i n w h e r e q u iet b o a tin g a c tiv itie s such

83
a s canoeing and ro w b o atin g can p r e d o m in a te .

O ther re g u la tio n s such

a s t i m e z o n i n g a n d a r e a z o n i n g of t h e l a k e a r e p o s s i b l e u n d e r t h e
M a r i n e S afety A ct.

T h e s e re g u la tio n s p re v e n t conflicts betw een u s e s

s u c h a s f is h in g and w a t e r sk iin g by s e p a r a t i n g t h e m into s e p a r a t e p a r t s
of t h e l a k e o r s e p a r a t e t i m e s of t h e d a y .

Slow s p e e d o r no w a k e z o n e s

in t h e c h a n n e l s a n d n e a r s h o r e a l s o r e d u c e c o n f l i c t and p r e v e n t b o a tin g
accidents.
5.

A ’G u i d e t o P u b l i c A c c e s s S i t e s i n M i c h i g a n " s h o u l d b e

developed f r o m th e P ublic A c c e ss S ite Inventory.

D eveloped s ite s

w ith p a rk in g c a p a c ity and b o a t u s e re g u la tio n s should b e m a p p e d and
n u m b e re d on a s m a ll b r o c h u r e fo r d is tr ib u tio n to the p u b lic .
6.

A v i s i t o r study of s e le c te d p u b lic a c c e s s s ite s sh o u ld be

u n d e rta k e n to in v e s tig a te th e p a tte r n s of u s e a t th e s ite - - h o w m a n y
v i s i t o r s , how m a n y c a r s ,

h o w l o n g t h e s t a y , w h a t t i m e o f d a y iB t h e

h e a v i e s t u s e , w h a t w e e k ly a n d m o n th ly p a t t e r n s of u s e a r e ty p ic a l,
w h o u s e s a c c e s s s i t e s a n d w h a t is t h e t u r n o v e r t i m e o r m u l t i p l i e r
for each p a rk in g sp a c e .

A g r o u p of 25 s ite s c o u ld b e m o n i t o r e d

th ro u g h o u t th e y e a r w ith t r a f f i c c o u n t e r s at th e e n try .

F iv e o r six

of t h e s e Bites c o u l d b e i n t e n s i v e l y i n v e s t i g a t e d w i t h u s e r q u e s t i o n ­
n a i r e s o r e v e n o b s e r v e r s to co u n t t r a i l e r s and v i s i t o r s p e r c a r ,
of b o a t s , e t c .

kinds

T h e s e d a ta c a n b e in te g ra te d w ith the s ta te w id e d e m a n d

s t u d i e s t o g i v e a m o r e d e t a i l e d e s t i m a t e of p u b l i c b o a t i n g i n r e l a t i o n
to p r i v a t e b o a tin g .

T h e d a t a on s t a t e w i d e b o a tin g d e m a n d in M ic h ig a n

84
is w e ll d e v e lo p e d w h ile th e t r a d i t i o n a l a t t e n d a n c e f i g u r e s c o m m o n to
State P a r k s and S tate F o r e s t c a m p g ro u n d s a r e lack in g .
7.

A d e m o n s t r a t i o n p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s h o u l d b e d e v e l o p e d in

R e g i o n I II w i t h a l a r g e e m p h a s i s o n l a n d s c a p i n g a n d a e s t h e t i c d e s i g n .
V a rie d fencing m a t e r i a l s , w ide b u ffe r a r e a s p la n te d w ith n ativ e
vegetatio n fo r screen in g and noise co n tro l,

re d e s ig n e d sign k io sk s,

litte r c o n ta in e r s and s e a tin g a r e a s could b e u sed to c r e a t e a b e a u tifu l
as w ell as functional e n v iro n m e n t.

A ttra c tiv e to ilet buildings and a

la n d s c a p e d p a r k i n g lot s h o u ld b e i n t e g r a t e d into t h e s i t e w ith e a r t h
m ounds.

E x is tin g t r e e s s h o u ld b e c a r e f u l l y w o rk e d into th e p la n

r a th e r than being re m o v e d and r e p la c e d w ith a p la n te d tw ig.

A flat,

t r e e l e s s s ite m a y be c h o s e n f o r th is d e m o n s t r a t i o n p r o je c t to i l l u s t r a t e
that e a r t h m o u n d s and w o o d e n fen cin g w ith b a lle d and b u r la p p e d s h r u b s ,
in c lu d in g a p r e p o n d e r a n c e of e v e r g r e e n m a t e r i a l , c a n b e u s e d to
c r e a te an a e s th e tic a lly p le a sin g site.

T h is should b e a u g m e n te d w ith

3” d i a m e t e r t r e e s p l a n t e d in g r o u p s of t h r e e , f iv e a n d s e v e n to c r e a t e
an i m m e d i a t e o v e r s t o r y e f f e c t f o r s h a d e a n d c o n t r o l of t h e p e r c e p t u a l
en v iro n m en t.
8.

B e f o r e a n d a f t e r p i c t u r e s of t h i s d e m o n s t r a t i o n s i t e i n c l u d i n g

a e r ia l photos should be c o n s id e r e d .

A g ro u p of s lid e s d e s c rib in g the

p r o g r a m w hould b e u sefu l f r o m the r e s e a r c h and p lan n in g p h a s e
th ro u g h to d e s ig n and e n g in e e r in g , th ro u g h a c tu a l c o n s tr u c tio n ,

opera­

tio n a n d m a i n t e n a n c e and f in a lly to th e m a n y r e c r e a t i o n e x p e r i e n c e s
and u s e s th a t o c c u r on the s ite .

T h e s e s lid e s should not b e c o n s id e re d

a p u b l i c i t y t e c h n i q u e b u t r a t h e r t h e n u c l e u s of a p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e
slid e p r e s e n t a t i o n w hich c a n b e u sed to e x p lain th e r e a l b e n e fits and
r e a l p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d w ith a ll p a r t s of the p r o g r a m f r o m a d m i n ­
i s tr a tio n to m a in te n a n c e .

U n le s s the p u b lic u n d e r s ta n d s th e c o m p l e x ­

itie s of r e c r e a t i o n p la n n in g ,
M ichigan for g r a n te d .

it w i l l t a k e t h e r e c r e a t i o n r e s o u r c e s of

T h is w ill p r e v e n t f u tu r e d e v e lo p m e n t and

p r e s e r v a t i o n of t h e s e r e s o u r c e s b e c a u s e of lack of p u b lic s u p p o r t .
On th e o th e r h a n d , u n d e r s ta n d in g and a p p r e c ia tio n of th e r e s o u r c e and
its m a n y f a c e ts w ill b rin g s u p p o r t f r o m th e p u b lic as w e ll a s d e e p e r
e n j o y m e n t of t h e i r o w n r e c r e a t i o n e x p e r i e n c e s .

S E L E C T E D B IB L IO G R A PH Y

S E L E C T E D B IB L IO G R A PH Y

Books

C h ic c h e tti, C h a r l e s J. ; S e n e c a , J o s e p h J. ; and D a v id s o n , P a u l. T h e
D e m a n d and S upply of O u td o o r R e c r e a t i o n . N ew B r u n s w i c k ,
New J e r s e y : B u r e a u of E c o n o m i c R e s e a r c h , R u t g e r s - T h c
S tate U n iv e r s ity , 1969.
H irsch , W e rn e r. " P r o g r a m Budget for N atu ral R e so u rc e A ctiv ities,"
P r o g r a m B udgeting - P r o g r a m A n aly sis and th e F e d e r a l
B u d g e t . D a v i d N o v i c k , cd. W a s h i n g t o n , D . C , , G o v e r n m e n t
P r in tin g O ffice, 1965..
H u m p h r y s , C . R . L a k e s and P o n d s in M ic h i g a n
East L an sin g ,
M i c h i g a n : D e p a r t m e n t of R e s o u r c e D e v e l o p m e n t , 1 9 6 5 .
N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y of S c i e n c e s .
A lte r n a tiv e s in W a te r M a n a g e m e n t.
P u b . 1 4 0 8 , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . : N a ti o n a l A c a d e m y of S c i e n c e s ,
1966.
S n e d e c o r , G e o r g e W. S t a t i s t i c a l M e t h o d s . 5 t h e d .
Iowa S t a t e C o l le g e P r e s s , 1 9 5 1 .

Am es,

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R e p o rts and D ocum ents

B a x te r, A lfre d and A s s o c ia te s . W h ic h P a r k s a n d W hy: A C o s t B enefit P r o c e d u r e f o r B udgeting S tate P a r k A c q u isitio n
B e r k e l e y , C a lif o rn ia ; A lfred B a x te r and A s s o c ia te s , 1966 .
p . 1.
B a x t e r , M c D o n a l d and C o m p a n y .
B udgeting f o r D e v e lo p m e n t at
State P a r k S ites: A C o s t E f f e c tiv e n e s s A p p r o a c h . B e r k e le y ,
C a lifo rn ia : B a x te r, M cD onald and C o m p a n y ,
1968.

86

87
Chubb, M ich ael.
O u t d o o r R e c r e a t i o n P l a n n i n g in M i c h i g a n b y a
S y s t e m s A n a l y s i s A p p r o a c h , P a r t III, T h e P r a c t i c a l A p p l i c a t i o n
o f P r o g r a m R E C S Y S a n d S Y M A F . T e c h n i c a l R e p o r t N o . 12.
L a n s in g , M ic h ig a n : S tate R e s o u r c e P la n n in g P r o g r a m ,
D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m e r c e , 1967.
D ixon, W. J.
ed.
B M P -B io m ed ical C o m puter P r o g r a m s , U niversity
of C a l i f o r n i a P u b l i c a t i o n s in A u t o m a t i c C o m p u t a t i o n No. 2
B e r k e l e y ; L o s A n g e l e s : U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s , 1968.
M i c h i g a n , D e p a r t m e n t of C o n s e r v a t i o n , W a t e r w a y s D i v i s i o n .
T ra n s p o rta tio n P red ictiv e P ro c e d u re s : R e c re a tio n a l B o aters
an d C o m m e r c i a l S h ip p in g . T e c h n i c a l R e p o r t No. 9C .
L ansing,
M ich ig an ; S tate R e s o u rc e P lan n in g P r o g r a m , M ich ig an D e p a r t­
m e n t of C o m m e r c e , D e c e m b e r , 1 9 6 6 .
M i c h i g a n , D e p a r t m e n t of N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s , O f f i c e of P l a n n i n g
S e r v ic e s , M ic h ig a n O utdoor R e c r e a tio n P la n . 1970. L a n sin g ,
M ic h ig a n : M ic h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t of N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s , 1970.
4 V ol.
M ichigan S tate U n iv e rs ity , D e p a r tm e n t of R e s o u r c e D e v e lo p m e n t,
M ic h ig a n O u td o o r R e c r e a tio n D e m a n d S tu d y . L a n sin g , M ichigan:
S t a t e R e s o u r c e P la n n in g P r o g r a m , M ic h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t of
C o m m e r c e , J u n e , 1966.
2 V ol.
N ational A s s o c ia tio n of E ngine an d B o a t M a n u f a c t u r e r s and O u tb o a rd
B o a tin g C lub of A m e r ic a , B o a tin g 1 9 6 4 - -A S ta tis tic a l R e p o rt
on A m e r ic a 's T op F a m ily S p o r t, New Y ork: N atio n al A sso c ia tio n
of E n g in e and B o a t M a n u f a c t u r e r s a n d O u t b o a r d B o a tin g C lu b
of A m e r i c a , 1964.
Oakwood, J a m e s and C hubb, M ic h a e l. P la n n in g P u b lic R e c re a tio n a l
B o a t i n g F a c i l i t i e s I n M i c h i g a n . T e c h n i c a l R e p o r t N o . 1, E a s t
L a n s i n g , M ic h ig a n : R e c r e a t i o n R e s e a r c h a n d P la n n in g U nit,
D e p a r t m e n t of P a r k and R e c r e a t i o n R e s o u r c e s , M ic h ig a n S ta te
U n iv e rs ity , F e b r u a r y , 1968.
U. S. , D e p a r t m e n t o f
An E c o n o m e tr ic
R ecreatio n D em
P rin tin g O ffice,

A g ric u ltu re , E conom ic R e s e a rc h S erv ic e.
M odel f o r P r e d ic tin g W a te r - O r ie n te d O utdoor
a n d . E R S-402.
W a s h in g to n , D. C . : G o v e r n m e n t
1969.

U. S. , D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , E c o n o m i c R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e .
S o c i o e c o n o m i c F a c t o r s A f f e c t i n g P a r t i c i p a t i o n in W a t e r - O r i e n t e d
O u td o o r R e c r e a t i o n . E R S -4 0 3 . W a s h in g to n , D. C . : G o v e r n m e n t
P r i n t i n g O ffic e , 1969.

88
W ater R e s o u r c e s C ouncil.
P r o c e d u r e s f o r E v a l u a t i o n of W a t e r a n d
R e l a t e d L a n d R e s o u r c e s . W a s h i n g t o n , to. C . : G o v e r n m e n t
P r in tin g O fficq , J u n e , 1969.

O ther S o u rces

F isk e,

P a u l R . " A n A n a l y s i s of I n t e r r e g i o n a l V a r i a t i o n in R e c r e a ­
tio n a l B o a tin g in M ic h ig a n ^ " U n p u b lis h e d s tu d y p la n , D e p a r t m e n t
of R e s o u r c e D e v e l o p m e n t , M i c h i g a n S ta te U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 7 2 .

G ullidge, E lls w o rth J. and U ra b e c k , F r a n k J. "P la n n in g fo r P l e a s u r e
B o a t i n g o n R e g i o n a l B a s i s , " J o u r n a l of t h e W a t e r w a y s , H a r b o r s
and C o a s ta l E n g in e e rin g D ivision.
P r o c e e d i n g s of t h e A m e r i c a n
S o c ie ty of C i v i l E n g i n e e r s , V ol. 9 6 , No. W W 3 , W a s h i n g to n ,
D. C . , 1970.
Igo, A llis o n .
" A n A n a ly s is o f th e V a lid ity of M a ll S u r v e y s f o r U s e
in R e c r e a t i o n R e s e a r c h . " U n p u b lis h e d M a s t e r ' s T h e s i s ,
D e p a r t m e n t of P a r k an d R e c r e a t i o n R e s o u r c e s , M ic h i g a n S ta te
U n iv e rs ity , 1971.
K a is e r , R onald.
" A S tu d y of M u l t i p l e B o a t O w n e r s h i p in M i c h i g a n . "
U n p u b lis h e d M a s t e r ' s T h e s i s , D e p a r t m e n t of P a r k an d R e c r e a ­
tio n R e s o u r c e s , M ic h ig a n S tate U n iv e r s ity , 1970.
M e g a n c k , R i c h a r d A. " R e c r e a t i o n a l B o a t T r a n s p o r t a t i o n in M i c h i g a n :
A Study of U s e P a t t e r n s a n d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of B o a t e r s W ho
T r a n s p o r t T h e ir B o a ts ." U npublished M a s t e r 's T h e s is , D e p a r t­
m e n t of P a r k a n d R e c r e a t i o n R e s o u r c e s , M ic h ig a n S ta te
U n iv e r s ity , 1971.
M i c h i g a n , D e p a r t m e n t of S t a t e , " S i z e a n d T y p e o f R e g i s t e r e d B o a t s in
M ich ig an C o u n tie s , " L a n sin g , M ic h ig a n , D e c e m b e r , 1968.
(m im eog raphed)
T ucker, T hom as.
" T h e 1980 S u p p ly of O u td o o r R e c r e a t i o n F a c i l i t i e s
in M i c h i g a n . " U n p u b l i s h e d P h . D . D i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t of
F o r e s t r y , M ic h ig a n S ta te U n i v e r s i t y , 1971.
U. S . , G r e a t L a k e s B a s i n C o m m i s s i o n .
"G re a t L a k es B asin F r a m e ­
w o r k S t u d y , A p p e n d i x 9 , R e c r e a t i o n N a v i g a t i o n . 11 R o u g h d r a f t
o f a r e p o r t b y t h e R e c r e a t i o n N a v i g a t i o n T a s k F o r c e t o t h e U . S. ,
G reat L akes B asin C o m m issio n ,
D e c e m b e r , 1970 ( f r o m t h e
f i l e s of t h e M ic h i g a n S t a t e W a t e r w a y s C o m m i s s i o n ) .

89
W i l d a v s k y , A a r o n . " T h e P o l i t i c a l E c o n o m y of E c o n o m y of E f f i c i e n c y :
C o s t-B e n e fit A n a ly s is , S y s te m s A n a ly sis and P r o g r a m B u d g e ting. " P u b l i c A d m i n i s t r a t i o n Revitew , V o l.,2 6 , N o. 4 ( A p r i l ,
1966) 2 9 2 - 3 1 0 .

A P P E N D IC E S

A P PE N D IX 1

L IS T O F V A R I A B L E S I N C L U D E D
IN M O D E L

L I S T O F V A R I A B L E S I N C L U D E D IN M O D E L

V ariab le D escription

V ariable
Num ber
Y

N u m b e r of B o a t i n g D a y s
(1970 B o a tin g D e m a n d Study)

x i

=

N u m b e r of I n la n d L a k e s O v e r F i v e A c r e s
(1965 L a k e I n v e n t o r y )

X2

*

T otal Lake A creag e
(1965 L a k e I n v e n to ry )

X3

‘

N u m b e r of P u b l i c A c c e s s S i t e s
(C ounty D a ta S h e e ts - - W a t e r w a y s F i l e s )

X4

■

N u m b e r of P a r k i n g S p a c e s a t P u b l i c A c c e s s S ite s
(C ounty D a ta S h e e ts - - W a te r w a y s F i l e s )

X5

=

N u m b e r of R e g i s t e r e d B o a t s
( S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e - - 1 9 6 8 B o a t R e g i s t r a t i o n s )

X6

‘

T o tal P opulation
(1970 C e n s u s - - A d v a n c e R e p o r ts )

X7

■

X8

■

X9

■

X )0

■

X 11

*

N u m b e r of S e a s o n a l H o m e s
( H C S e r i e s V. 1 A d v a n c e R e p o r t s )

X J2

■

N u m b e r of P u b l i c C a m p s i t e s
(M ich ig an R e c r e a tio n P la n 1 9 7 0 --A ppendix)

E f f e c tiv e B uying In c o m e P e r H o u se h o ld
( S a l e s M a n a g e m e n t M a g a z i n e " S u r v e y of B u y i n g
Pow er")
B oats P e r P opulation
(X5 / X 6 >
G r e a t L a k e s S h o r e l i n e in M i l e s
(M ichigan S tate W a te r R e s o u r c e s C o m m i s s i o n - C o u n ty D ata)
M ile s of In lan d S t r e a m s
(M ichigan S tate W a te r R e s o u r c e s C o m m i s s i o n - C o u n ty D ata)

90

91
A P P E N D IX 1 - -C ontinued

V ariab le
N um ber

V ariab le D escrip tio n

=

N u m b e r of P r i v a t e C a m p s i t e s
(M ic h ig a n R e c r e a t i o n P la n 1 9 7 0 - - A ppendix)

X ^

=

N u m b e r of A n g le r D a y a
( M i c h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t of N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s - *
R e s e a r c h a n d D e v e l o p m e n t R e p o r t s 2 1 1 , 2 3 4 , 235)

X

=

A c r e s of P u b l i c R e c r e a t i o n a l I _ a n d - - S t a t e F o r e s t ,
S ta te P a r k , S tate G a m e , S tate R e c r e a t io n A r e a p ,
N ational F o r e s ts
( M ic h ig a n R e c r e a t i o n P la n 19 7 0 - -A p p e n d ix )

X ^

=

D is ta n c e to M a jo r P o p u la tio n C e n te r s O v er 1 0 ,0 0 0
(M ich ig an S ta te D e p a r tm e n t of H ig h w a y - S K IM T R E E T im e D istan ce M a trix )

X j^

=

D is ta n c e to M a jo r P o p u la tio n C e n t e r s O v e r 5 0 ,0 0 0
( M i c h i g a n S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y - S K IM T R E E T im e D istan ce M a trix )

X jg

=

D i s ta n c e to M a jo r P o p u la tio n C e n t e r s O v e r 1 0 0 ,0 0 0
(M ichigan S tate D e p a rtm e n t of H ighw ay- S K IM T R E E T im e D istan ce M a trix )

X j^

~

D is ta n c e to M a jo r P o p u la tio n C e n te r s O v e r 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
( M ic h ig a n S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y - S K IM T R E E T im e D istan ce M a trix )

A P PE N D IX 2

S T A T E M E N T O F PU B L IC ACCESS SIT E LAND
A C Q U ISITIO N P R O G R A M C R IT E R IA

S T A T E M E N T O F P U B L IC A C C E SS S IT E LAND
A C Q U ISITIO N P R O G R A M C R IT E R IA

T h e f o llo w in g c r i t e r i a s h a l l b e a p p lie d in e s t a b l i s h i n g p r i o r i t i e s and
in e v a l u a t i n g o f f e r e d p r o p e r t i e s o n t h e i n l a n d l a k e s o f t h i s S t a t e :
1.

M a g n i t u d e of A n t i c i p a t e d U s e .
T h e L and A c q u is itio n P r o g r a m s h a ll, to the e x te n t p o s s i b l e , be
p r e d i c a t e d u p o n t h e d e m a n d s f o r t h e p e r i o d c o m m e n c i n g 15 y e a r s
h e n c e , i. e , 1 9 7 0 a c q u i s i t i o n s s h a l l b e b a s e d u p o n 1 9 8 5 n e e d s .
T o d e te r m in e fu tu re n e e d s, fu tu re d e m a n d s m u s t be e sta b lish e d
a n d t h e e x i s t i n g s u p p ly of f a c i l i t i e s d e d u c t e d t h e r e f r o m . F o r t h i s
p u rp o s e , r e lia n c e sh all be m a d e upon the R E C SY S-SY M A P*
s y s t e m in p r e d i c t i n g f u t u r e d e m a n d s . T o p r o v i d e a d e q u a t e in put
d a ta fo r this s y s te m , f o r m a l stu d ies sh a ll be conducted at le a st
e v e r y t h r e e y e a r s to d e t e r m i n e t h e e x t e n t of b o a tin g a c t i v i t y ,
p a rtic ip a tio n r a t e s by p e o p le f ro m v a r io u s o rig in s , tr a v e l p a t ­
t e r n s of b o a t e r s , a n d t h e k i n d of w a t e r s o n w h i c h t h e y p r e f e r t o
b o a t . T o th e g r e a t e s t e x t e n t p o s s i b l e , it s h a l l c o n t i n u e to b e th e
p o l i c y of th e C o m m i s s i o n to s h if t b o a t i n g u s a g e f r o m in la n d to
G r e a t L a k e s w a t e r s t h r o u g h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of a d e q u a t e f a c i l i t i e s .

2.

F e a s i b i l i t y of A c q u i s i t i o n .
A c q u is itio n s h a ll b e m a d e of p r o p e r t i e s f r e e l y o f fe r e d by th e ir
o w n e r s a n d n o u s e s h a l l b e m a d e o f t h e p o w e r of e m i n e n t d o m a i n .

3.

E co lo g ical C o n s id e ra tio n s .
S ites s h a ll b e a c q u ir e d th a t offer th e b e s t p o te n tia l fo r public u s e
w ith m i n i m u m d e g r a d a t i o n of th e s i t e . S ite d e s i g n s h a ll b e
s i m i l a r l y o r i e n t e d . All t o i l e t s p r o v i d e d a t p u b lic a c c e s s s i t e s
s h a l l b e of a d e s i g n to a s s u r e th e y w i l l not b e o r b e c o m e a s o u r c e
of p o l l u t i o n . M a x i m u m s u p p o r t s h a l l b e g i v e n to e n f o r c e m e n t
of a n t i - p o l l u t i o n a n d a n t i - l i t t e r l a w s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s . S u i t a b l e
r e c e p ta c le s s h a ll be p ro v id e d at e v e ry developed site fo r d ep o sit
of l i t t e r and t h e s e r e c e p t a c l e s s h a l l b e r e g u l a r l y e m p t i e d and th e
s i t e k e p t in a l i t t e r - f r e e c o n d itio n .

4.

S afety and R e g u la tio n .
C o n s i d e r a t i o n to s a f e t y s h a l l b e g i v e n in s i t e s e l e c t i o n . T h is
c o n s id e r a t i o n s h a l l e x te n d not only to b o atin g and w a t e r sa fe ty ,
but a l s o to tr a f f ic and p e d e s t r i a n s a fe ty as w ell.

92

93
E n f o r c e m e n t of m a r i n e l a w s b y t h e a p p r o p r i a t e l a w e n f o r c e m e n t
a g e n c y s h a l l b e e n c o u r a g e d . M a x i m u m u s e s h a l l b e m a d e of c u r ­
r e n t l a w s p r o v i d i n g f o r e s t a b l i s h m e n t of r e g u l a t i o n s g o v e r n i n g
b oating on inland w a t e r s .
H o w e v e r , it is th e p o l i c y of th e
W a te r w a y s C o m m i s s i o n to r e c o g n i z e th e r ig h t to s e e k boating
r e g u l a t i o n s a s b e i n g a r i g h t of l o c a l p r o p e r t y o w n e r s w h i c h s h a l l
b e r e s p e c t e d to th e g r e a t e s t e x te n t p o s s i b l e . Any re g u la tio n s
a d o p t e d i n t h i s m a n n e r s h a l l a p p l y e q u a l l y t o a l l u s e r s of t h e l a k e
and s h a ll b e r e s p e c t e d by th e C o m m i s s i o n in th e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n
of th e s ite .
5.

I n c r e a s e d S a t i s f a c t i o n o r Q u a l i t y of E x p e r i e n c e .
T o p ro v id e site u s e s a tis fa c tio n to b o th the u s e r and the lo c a l
p r o p e r t y o w n e r s , new s ite s s h a ll not b e o p en ed to th e public u n til
c o m p l e t e l y d e v e l o p e d . In a d d i t i o n , s i t e s s h a l l p r o v i d e a d e q u a t e
b u ffe r s tr i p s on e a c h p r o p e r t y lin e w h ich s h a ll b e la n d s c a p e d to
p ro v id e m a x im u m screen in g f ro m ad jacent p r o p e rtie s . The site
d e s ig n s h a ll g iv e d u e c o n s id e r a tio n to a e s th e tic a s w e ll as u t i l i ­
ta r ia n c o n s id e r a tio n s . D en sity of s ite u s e sh a ll be c o n s id e re d as
a d esig n c rite rio n .
T h e s t a f f s h a l l c o n t i n u e r e s e a r c h t o d e t e r m i n e t h e q u a l i t y of t h e
r e c r e a t i o n e x p e r i e n c e of b o t h s i t e u s e r s a n d l o c a l p r o p e r t y
o w n e r s . T h e s t a f f s h a l l b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r s u b m i s s i o n of c h a n g e s
t o t h i s p r o g r a m c r i t e r i a in t h e i n t e r e s t of e n h a c i n g th e s a t i s f a c ­
tio n of b o th s i t e u s e r s and p r o p e r t y o w n e r s .

6.

In tc rp ro g ram E ffects.
C l o s e c o o r d i n a t i o n s h a l l b e m a i n t a i n e d w i t h a l l D i v i s i o n s of t h e
D e p a r t m e n t of N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s a n d w i t h o t h e r a g e n c i e s of t h e
S tate having p r o g r a m s w h ich in flu e n c e o r a r e in flu en c ed by th e
P u b lic A c c e s s S ite P r o g r a m in p la n n in g f o r f u t u r e s i t e a c q u i s i ­
tio n . R e f e r e n c e s h a ll b e m a d e to lo c a l zoning o r d i n a n c e s and
e x istin g land u s e w h e n r e p o r tin g to th e C o m m i s s i o n upon p r o p o s e d
p r o p e r t y a c q u i s i t i o n s . P r i o r t o d e v e l o p m e n t of a s i t e , l o c a l
u n i t s of g o v e r n m e n t s h a l l b e a d v i s e d o f t h e C o m m i s s i o n ' s p l a n s ;
and given an o p p o rtu n ity to c o m m e n t th e re o n . S afety a s p e c ts and
e n f o r c e m e n t n e e d s of th e s i t e s h a ll b e d i s c u s s e d w ith lo c a l e n ­
f o r c e m e n t o ffic ia ls p r io r to d e v e lo p m e n t of the s ite .

7.

R esource P reserv atio n or C reatio n .
E v e r y a c c e s s s ite s h a ll be d e s ig n e d to allow u s e of th e w a te r by
th e n u m b e r of b o a ts f r o m th e p u b lic s e c t o r th e la k e c a n r e a s o n a b l y
su pport.
R e s e a r c h s h a l l b e c o n t i n u e d on t h e c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y of

94
i n l a n d l a k e s u n t i l a m e a n s of r e a s o n a b l y d e t e r m i n i n g s u c h c a p a ­
city has b een e s ta b lis h e d .
U ntil s u c h a s y s t e m h a s b e e n e s t a b ­
lis h e d , th e follow ing g e n e r a l g u id e lin e s s h a ll be c o n s i d e r e d as
l i m i t a ti o n s in a c q u i r i n g p r o p e r t y on in la n d la k e s f o r u s e a s p u b lic
a c cess sites:
L a k e s u p to 159 a c r e s in s i z e :

O n e s it e w ith p a r k i n g c a p a c i t y
n o t t o e x c e e d 10 c a r s a n d
tra ile rs.

L a k e s 160 t o 249 a c r e s in s i z e :

O ne s ite w ith p a rk in g c a p a c ity
f o r u p t o 15 c a r s a n d t r a i l e r s .

L a k e s 250 t o 399 a c r e s in s i z e :

One s ite w ith p a r k in g c a p a c ity
f o r u p t o 35 c a r s a n d t r a i l e r s .

L a k e s 400 t o 599 a c r e s in s i z e :

O ne s ite w ith p a r k in g c a p a c ity
f o r u p t o 75 c a r s a n d t r a i l e r s .

L a k e s 600 t o 999 a c r e s in s i z e :

O ne s ite w ith p a r k in g c a p a c ity
f o r u p t o 100 c a r s a n d t r a i l e r s .

L a k e s 1 , 0 0 0 t o 1 0 , 0 0 0 a c r e s in
size:

T w o s ite s , each w ith p a rk in g
c a p a c i t y fo r up to 100 c a r s a n d
tra ilers.

L a k e s o v e r 1 0 , 0 0 0 a c r e s in
size:

T h r e e s ite s , e a c h w ith p a rk in g
c a p a c i t y f o r up to 100 c a r s and
tra ilers.

T h e a b o v e g u i d e l i n e s a r e i n t e n d e d f o r u s e on i n t e n s i v e l y d e v e l o p e d
la k e s and a r e to b e c o n s i d e r e d a s m i n i m u m s t a n d a r d s . H o w e v e r,
w h e r e v e r t h e s ta f f is of t h e b e l i e f t h a t s p e c i f i c l a k e c o n d i t i o n s
r e q u ir e v a r ia tio n ab o v e o r below th e s e s ta n d a r d s , su c h a r e c o m ­
m e n d a tio n s h a ll b e m a d e to th e C o m m i s s i o n w ith th e ju s tif ic a tio n
th e r e f o r e and site a c q u is itio n e ffo rts s h a ll be b a s e d upon the
d e c i s i o n of th e C o m m i s s i o n .
N o e f f o r t s h a l l b e m a d e t o s a t i s f y l o n g - r a n g e b o a tin g d e m a n d s of
l a k e s of l e s s t h a n 1 6 0 a c r e s .
H o w e v e r, sh ould a d e s i r a b l e body
of w a t e r o f l e s s t h a n 160 a c r e s of s i z e b e l o c a t e d u p o n w h i c h a n
a c c e s s s i t e is e s p e c i a l l y d e s i r a b l e b e c a u s e of u n i q u e f is h i n g o r
b o a tin g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , a c q u i s i t i o n m a y b e r e c o m m e n d e d to th e
C o m m issio n .
C o n s i d e r a t i o n s h a ll b e g iv e n to e x i s t i n g p r i v a t e a n d p u b lic a c c e s s
s ite s w h e n r e p o rtin g upon th e d e s ir a b i l i t y of a c c e s s s ite land
a c q u i s it i o n on a g iv e n b o d y of w a t e r .

95
8.

C ost E ffectiv en ess.
A lth o u g h it is g e n e r a l l y a s s u m e d t h a t in d iv id u a ls p r e f e r to u s e
s m a l l e r , m o r e c o m p a c t s ite s , c o n s tru c tio n and m a in te n a n c e c o s ts
p e r u n i t a r e u s u a l l y r e d u c e d b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e s i z e of t h e s i t e .
S ite s i z e s h a l l b e b a s e d u p o n t h e c a p a c i t y s t a n d a r d s c o n t a i n e d in
S e c t i o n 7 h e r e o f p l u s t h e b u f f e r r e q u i r e m e n t s of S e c t i o n 5 a n d
o th e r d e v e lo p m e n t needs su ch as su ita b le road a c c e s s .

9.

Secondary B en e fits.
It i s a s s u m e d t h a t e c o n o m i c b e n e f i t s a c c r u e t o t h e i m m e d i a t e
v i c i n i t y of t h e s i t e a s a r e s u l t of u s e r e x p e n d i t u r e s .
B en efits also
a c c r u e to the e c o n o m y as a w h o le th ro u g h the s tim u la tio n of s a le
of b o a t s , f u e l , a n d r e l a t e d i t e m s .
H o w ev er, the p r im a r y p u rp o s e
of t h i s p r o g r a m s h a l l b e to p r o v i d e r e c r e a t i o n a l b o a t i n g o p p o r ­
tu n ities r a th e r th an to s tim u la te eco n o m ic d ev elo p m en t.
T here­
f o r e , s e c o n d a r y b e n e f i t s of a n e c o n o m i c n a t u r e s h a l l not b e u s e d
a s a p r o g r a m c r i t e r i o n at this tim e .

1 0.

E q u ita b le D i s t r i b u t i o n of F a c i l i t i e s .
R e l i a n c e e n t i r e l y u p o n d e m a n d c r i t e r i a c o u l d r e s u l t in m a n y a r e a s
of t h e S t a t e n o t b e i n g p r o v i d e d w i t h p u b l i c a c c e s s s i t e s . G e o ­
g r a p h ic c o n s id e r a ti o n s s h a ll b e b ro u g h t into th e p r o g r a m by th e
W a t e r w a y s C o m m i s s i o n in i t s a l l o t m e n t of land a c q u i s i t i o n fu n d s
t o t h e v a r i o u s P l a n n i n g R e g i o n s of t h e S t a t e .
*

R E C S Y S -S Y M A P (R e c re a tio n S y ste m s A n aly sis and S y n ag rap h lc
M a p p in g ) is a c o m p u t e r i z e d a p p r o a c h to p l a n n i n g . U n d e r t h i s s y s t e m ,
d a t a on r e s i d e n c e of b o a t o w n e r , u s e of t h e b o a t , f r e q u e n c y of u s e ,
and r e l a t e d m a t t e r s a r e p r o c e s s e d by c o m p u te r to p r o d u c e a n a l y s is
in b o t h t a b u l a r a n d m a p f o r m .
P r o j e c t i o n s c a n t h e n b e m a d e of t h i s
d a t a to p r e d i c t f u t u r e p a t t e r n s of b o a t i n g a c t i v i t y .

A P PE N D IX 3

N U M B E R O F P U B L I C A C C E S S S I T E S IN M I C H I G A N
AS O F J U L Y

1970

R E G I O N III
W aterw ays

S tate
Parks

R ecreatio n
A reas

13
14
4
15
10
17
3
3
3
7
5
3
2
14
11
1
3
6
2
6
17
2
19
4
4
15

G am e

6
5

7

6
6

8
2
2
5
2
1
2
9
3
2

4
2
6
1

3
12
1

1
1
1

12
3
3
6

2

1
2
19

2
26
3
1
235

State
F orest

8
1

8

10

39

96

0

114

19
26
4
15
10
23
9
0
3
11

7
7
2

8
4
15
13
14

8
14
2
10
29
4
32

8
3
12
15
1
2
21
26
19
2

97

REG IO N
C ounty

A lcona
A lpena
A n trim
A renac
Bay
B en zie
C harlevoix
Cheboygan
C lare
C raw ford
Em m et
G ladw in
G rand
T ravers e
Iosco
Isabella
K alkaska
Lake
L eelanau
M an istee
M ason
M ecosta
M idland
M issau k ee
M on tm o ren cy
Newaygo
Oc e a n a
Og e m a w
O sceola
O scoda
O tsego
P r e s q u e Isle
Roscom m on
W exford
TOTAL

W aterw ays

3
3
29
6
2
20
16
18
14
23
6
9

S tate
P arks

II

R ecreatio n
A reas

S tate
F orest

Gam e

2
1

2

1

1
1
1
3

2
2
4
3
7

3

4

23
9
3
29
38
13
23
17
19
2
4
18
19
6
21
19
8
15
11
6
7

2

1
1
1
1

459

21

I

3
1
5
1
2
7

6
1

3

3
4
1
1

1

2
1
5
5

6
1
5
4

1

1
1
1
2

2
3
6
2
6
1

2

74

1
10
52

T otal

4
7
30
6
6
24
19
30
17
34
8
20
34
10
3
33
42
15
24
18
27
4
14
28
20
7
25
19
11
22
15
23
9
608

98

REG IO N I
C ounty

W aterw ays

S tate
Parks

R ecreatio n
A reas

S tate
F orest

A lger

10

C hippew a

11

3

4

D elta

20

1

1

D ickinson

20

C ogcbic

12

2

Iron

26

1

K eweenaw

G am e

12

2

5

5

14

M ackinaw

12

M arquette

49

M enom inee

7

O ntonagon

4

23
22

4

29

1

15

1

28

6

Luce

T otal

6
1

1

13

2

30

9

1

22

5

1

56

2

2

11
4

S choolcraft

13

1

B araga

20

1

4

H oughton

16

1

1

240

12

47

28

327

934
T otal

43

121

194

1333
T otal

TOTAL
STATE
TOTALS

569
U sable

41

11

25

1

26
18

968
U sable

A PPE N D IX 4

P U B L IC A C C E S S S IT E IN V EN T O R Y

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A PPE N D IX 5

P U B L IC A C C ESS S IT E IN V EN T O R Y
M A R K -SEN SE FO R M

100
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A P PE N D IX 6

M IC H IG A N L A K E I N V E N T O R Y - 1965
W EXFORD COUNTY

1965 Mic higan Lake Inventory
L a k e s By Siz e

and By T y p e

Size Class
1

No.

Numbers

2

Acres

Area Covered:

of L a k e s

3

4

5

6

N o of
Lakes

4
Of
Col
Tot

1
Of
All
Lakes

Cun
Tot

Area

of

Wexford

Lakes

L e n g t h of Shore

7

8

9

10

11

Cun
Tot

In t e r
Area
Lakes
Incld

Total
Acres
Asgnd

Acres
Asgnd
This
Area

I
Of
Col
Tot

Of
All
Lakes

Cun
Total

\

&

Not Asd

County

12

13

14

15

16

17
%
Of
All

\

Miles

1
Of
Col
Tot

\

Cun
Tot

18

19

20

Lakes

Cun
Total

Cun
Tot
1
No.

1

5 -

9

9

35

35

26

*»

0

57

57

1

1

64 5 2

•*

3.2

6

6

57.7

•*

1

2

10 -

IS

4

15

15

17

65

0

46

46

1

1

6395

99

2.5

4

4

54.5

94

2

3

16 -

24

3

12

12

13

50

0

52

52

1

1

6349

98

2.9

5

5

52.0

90

3

0

0

62 9 7

9B

0. 0

0

0

49.1

85

4

1

1

6297

98

1.5

3

3

49.1

85

5

291

291

5

5

6245

97

6.6

11

11

47.6

82

6

1

229

119

2

2

5954

92

1.7

3

3

41.0

71

7

15

0

1B7

187

3

3

58 3 5

90

3.5

6

6

39.3

68

8

3

12

0

0

0

0

0

5648

88

0.0

0

0

35.8

62

9

3

12

0

0

0

0

0

5648

88

0. 0

0

0

35.8

62

10

0

0

0

0

5648

88

0. 0

0

0

35.8

62

11
12

25 -

39

0

0

0

10

38

0

0

40 -

S9

1

4

4

10

38

0

0

6

60

-

99

4

15

15

9

35

0

7

100 -

159

1

4

4

5

19

B

160 -

249

1

4

4

4

9

250 -

399

0

0

0

10

400 -

599

0

0

0

-

600 -

999

0

0

0

3

12

0

12

1000 -

1599

1

4

4

3

12

0

1235

1235

19

19

5648

88

6.8

12

12

3 5.8

62

13

1600 -

249 9

1

4

4

2

8

1

1661

1613

25

25

4413

68

20.0

35

35

2 9.0

50

13
14

u

14

2500 -

3999

1

4

4

1

4

0

2800

280 0

43

43

2800

43

9.0

16

16

9.0

16

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 .0

0

0

0.0

0

15

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.0

0

0

0.0

0

16

0

0 .0

0

17

0.0

0

18

57.7

**

15

4000 -

599 9

0

16

6000 -

9999

0

17

10000 -

15 9 9 9

0

18

16000 -

•

0
26

Total

v

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

26

••

645 2

0

0

0

0

**

••

0

2

6558

0

0

0. 0

0

0

0 .0

0

0

64 5 2

•*

57.7

•t

••

0

0

0

0

ft*

**

0

101

0
52

4
5

A P PE N D IX 7

C O M P A R I S O N O F ” 1965 L A K E I N V E N T O R Y ” A N D
C.

R.

H U M PH RY S' "M IC H IG A N L A K ES
AND PO N D S"

1
r

342 A

i
i

600 A, T o ta l

258 A

H u m p h ry s' In te rc o u n ty L ak e A c r e a g e A c r e a g e W h ic h L i e s in C o u n ty

480 A
80%

L_

120 A

600 A.

20%

1965 L a k e I n v e n t o r y - P e r c e n t of L a k e S h o r e l i n e
W h ic h L i e s in C o u n ty
102

T otal

A P PE N D IX 8

M IC H IG A N R E C R E A T IO N A L B O A T IN G
N EED S Q U E STIO N N A IR E

103
STATE O F M IC H IG A N

U naM
H U IT

K H M K I I COM M IIIKX4

• U T l t W M I CO M M IIIK M

G EORGE RO M N EY , G o v v r n o r

DEPARTMENT O F NATURAL RESOURCES

CA Pl V lO tlN tO N

C M, t AITALA

iA IP H A MAC MUILAN,

to rn

r

VQIM A* I . M U Ift

Vic* CKrIhwm

nm«jc«

AUOUIT tC M O U l
i.

Q wIi w

U C M A IO M. TtK M tO N
■ O K tT f. KIMO

t O M T C. McLAUOMUM

*OM*T

a.

chm ui

M W M ITtLtT

*mOMO

IN

o touw, jr.

w ri

T. IM m r k l U i n i

r
J
Dear Boat

Owner:

At t h i s time of y e a r, when boats are out of the water, the Waterways Comnl ssl o n , l i k e everyone e l s e , 1s making plans f o r the coming season and
seasons ahead. We want to make sure t h a t the r i v e r s and lakes of Michigan,
Including th e Great Lakes, o f f e r sa fe and a c c e s s ib l e r e c r e a t i o n t o a l l who
love the water.
To help us In our j o b , we need your a s s i s t a n c e In fin di ng out more about
the kinds o f f a c i l i t i e s you and o t h e r bo aters r e q u i r e . If ther e are
shortages 1n c e r t a i n a r e a s , we would l i k e to know about them. We a re ,
t h e r e f o r e , sending you t h i s q u e s tio n n a ir e with the requ es t t h a t you take
a few moments to f i l l I t out and send 1t back to us. This study 1s one
of several resea rch p r o j e c t s being undertaken f o r the Waterways Division
by the Recreation Research and Planning Unit a t Michigan Sta te University.
Your name was taken a t random from the l i s t of boat r e g i s t r a n t s , and your
reply need not be signed. I t will be used with a l l the ot her r e p l i e s to
show us the p a t t e r n of boating 1n Michigan and I n d ic a te where we should
be providing new o r Improved f a c i l i t i e s . Simply place your completed
q u e s tio n n a ir e In the stamped, pre-addressed envelope and mall I t back to
us a t your convenience.
Thank you very much f o r your help.
With b e s t wishes f o r a good season 1n 1969.

Keith Wilson
Di rector
KW:Jaw
Enclosures

I 04

FOR Y O U R ASSISTANCE:
A COUNTY A N D HIGHWAY MAP
OF MICHIGAN

ffsmnst

vihiii

I

•o

\r tt*

fJ,i vo.

,11

_

_L

_

I

105
M IC H IG A N R E C R E A T IO N A L B O A T IN G N E E D S Q U E S T IO N N A IR E
PL E A S E ANSWER Q U E S T IO N S 1 T H R O U G H 13 F O R THE BOAT ID E N T IF IE D
BY THE R E G IST R A T IO N NUM BER A N D BO A T LEN G T H WHICH
APPEAR U N D E R Y O U R A D D R E S S O N PAGE 1

1

W HA T TYPE OF PO W ER SYSTEM DOES T H jS BO A T HAVE? (C heck one)
□
□

O u tb o ard m o to r
S ailboat w ith m o to r

tH In b o a rd m o to r
C In b o a rd m o to r w ith o u tb o a r d drive
□ O th * r |w r ite in ) ______________________________________________

2

W HA T IS THE H O R SE PO W E R RATING O F THE PR IM A R Y M O TO R (OR M OTORS) U SED O N THIS BO A T?
Mp.
Hp_
Indic4tfl h o r n p o w tr o f m y othM m o to ri uteri o n ( h it b o a t ; ______________
, ____

3

W HA T COUNTY IS T H IS BOAT R E G IS T E R E D IN ?

4

W H E R E DO YOU U S U A L L Y KEEP T H IS BOA T
Hi
[Tl
O
□
G
□
Q

5

...........................

.___

_ C o u n ty

D U R IN G THE BO A TIN G SEA SO N ? (C heek one)

At m y p e rm a n e n l h o m t, w hich
it n o t
o n a lake or river.
Al w a te tf ro n iao # lo ra te d at m y
p e rm a n e n t h o m e lot.
Al a c o m m e rc ia l m arina b erth
A t i tu tn m e r c o t l i g t
A t i p u b lic I/-o w n e d m arina.
A t i b o a t or y e c b t club.
O th er ( ip e c ity ) _____________________________________________ _____________________________

W AS T H IS BOAT T R A N S P O R T E D FROM YOUR HOME OR O T H E R LOCATION TO P A R T IC U L A R LAUNCH
IN G SIT E S D U R IN G THE PAST BOA TING SEA S O N (calendar year 10681?
C

YES

Q

NO

If "N O " drip over q u e i li o n t 6 , 7, and 8 , an d p ro ceed
w ith q u e ttio n 0.

6

W AS T H IS BOAT T R A N S P O R T E D BY

[ J trailer

□

car to p carrier

7

P L E A S E INDICATE T H E TO TA L NUM BER O F TIM ES YOU T R A N S P O R T E D T H IS BO A T FROM THE PLACE
O F STO R A G E OR M O O R IN G TO THE PLACE O F U S E . N um ber o l t i m e i __________________________________________

8

IN THE TABLE BELO W . NAME THE C O U N T IE S W HERE YOU M O ST O FT E N L A U N C H E D THIS BOAT; A N D
IN D IC A T E THE N U M B E R OF TIMES THE BO A T WAS LAUNCHED A T EACH BOATING A CC ESS POINT.
Num ber ©t Tima* T h k Boat L aunched a i C ounty
IWrtt* in)

Public Mm iim of flim p
C ity. C ounty
or Township

M od L suD chn

■

2nd m oat U u n c h e

«

A n o th e r Launch**

w

S im
Faciliua*

Commercia*
aaar ina
Federal

Prtwate
property
or o t h a

106

9

D ID Y O U USE T H IS B O A T ON ANY O F T H E M ICH IG A N S E C T IO N S O F T H E G R E A T LA K ES. O R C O N N EC T
IN G W A T E R S *. O U R IN G THE PA ST B O A T IN G SEA SO N (c a la n d a r y w 1968)7
’ (G raat L a k a i an d c o n n a c tln g w atary a n L ak at H u ro n , S u p e rio r, E rla , M ichigan, an d S t. C lair;
S t. M a rv 'i R tvar, S t. C lair R hrar, a n d D a tro it R tvar.)
O
□

10

N O
YES

——

If " N O " , plaaaa p r o ceed to q u a t t k x i I t .
If "Y E S ” plaaaa c o n tin u e w ith Q u e stio n 10.

IN TH E TA B L E BELO W , NAM E THE T H R E E G R E A T L A K E S O R C O N N E C T IN G W A T ER S C O U N T IE 5 W HERE
T H U BO A T WAS U S E D O U R IN G T H E PA S T BO A TIN G S E A S O N . Giva th a n u m b e r of d « v l t h a t th a b o a t w as
a c tu a lly in th a w a ta r u n d a r pow ar or ta il In aa c h c o u n ty ; a n d give th a n u m b a r o f b o a tin g d a y t a p a n t o n p articu lar
ecliv ltlea. (Saa m a p o n p ag a 7.)

USE OF T H It BOAT ON GREAT LAKES AND CONNECTING WATERS ONLY

Nota: Count aach part day g iw t boating a* a full day.
Tha n u n t a of dayt want on waoHIt boating activities
•nay not equal tha total numbar of dayt dtown in tha
laft-hond column.

Count aach part day apant on
a particular boating activity
aa ■ hilt day for that activity.

1
AciMim
No. d*y« vow UNd thtatxw l f o r -

Taial
Oaya

County
IWrna Ini

of
Snattng

17

y v ta w i
4 *
*

4

11

s

flying

Hunting

ttrtrr
Wllng

Cru i4ng

Othar

(No
D tyi)

Omni

(No.

INo.
Oayil

INO.
Dayal

(NO.
Oayyl

INo.
O tytl

o

9

s

o

11

z

County of
moat u a
County of
JnOmoal uat
County 4
3 rf moat u u

4

LitZL.

Olhm

fWiIng

Troul/Solmon

Soatlna In "All
O thar" Count Mi

►

m

D ID YOU U SE T H I t B O A T O N A N Y IN L A N D L A K ES O R ST R E A M S IN M IC H IG A N D U R IN G T H E PA ST
BO A TIN G S E A S O N le a lan d a f y aar 1968)7
d
D

N O
YES —— -

II " N O " plaaaa p r o caad to Q u a il Ion 13.
II " Y E S " plaaaa c o n tln u a w ith q u a a tio n n o . 17.

107

12

IN T H E TA B L E B E L O W . NAME T H E T H R E E M ICH IG A N C O U N T IE S W HERE T H I t B O A T WAS U S E D M O ST ON
IN L A N D L A K E S A N D STR EA M S O U R IN G T H E PA ST B O A TIN G S E A S O N ' G Iva th a n u m b a r of d a y t th a t I h lt b o a t
w a t a c tu a lly In t h a w a ta r u n d a r p o w ar o r call In aa c h of thaaa c o u n tia * ; and glva th a n u m b a r o f b o a tin g d a y t v a n t o n
v a r io u t a c tM tio t (S aa m m o n paga 2.1

USE OF THIS BOAT ON INLAND LAKES » STREAMS
Nota: Count aach part day apant boating at a lull day.
Tha numbar of dayt tpant on gatlflc boating act Mt tat
may not aqual tha total numbar of dayt dtown in tha
lofi-hand column.

Count aach part day apant on
a particular boating actMty
aa a fu d day lor that actMty.

i
B ottlnf A clM ltn
No d kyt you um d thlt boot for -

Total

Oaya
af

County
(ttrila in)

•o o tlrv

EXAMPLE

ti
County of
molt L r« »

<*

County of
2nd motl

m
4

County of
3rd m oit u«*

4

13

fMhlng

Hum in|

(No
D tyil

(No
Day*}

(No
Dlytt

'V

J

JL
4m

—

Oth*

Ttoul/StlmoR
f rthinf

Wptar
dtifof

CrutPng

Of hat

(No
DM

INo.
Davd

(No
O artl

Z

a

o

►

um

m ftoattnf in "All

—

O lh*t“ C ounim

D ID Y O U USE THIS BO A T IN ANY C A N A D IA N PR O V IN C E O R A STA TE O T H E R T H A N M IC H IG A N D U R IN G
TH E PA ST B O A T IN G SE A S O N (calan d ar y a a r 196817
□
□

N O
YES — — —

II " N O " . * l p o v ar th a ram alndar o f ttili q u a tllo n and p ro c a a d w ith q u a ttlo n 14.
If "Y E S ," p la a a a c o m p la ta th a ta b la b alo w .

O th o S la tH Gtvv i h t Nurrtoar <4 D a y i Boot mot
In ih a INotor Undar N w r or Soil
C o u n ty o* n—HH
c ity Of know n) a
C ounty of m o it u m .

H

um

■

C o u n ty o f 3rd m o d um :

m

C o u n ty of 2n d m oot

Nam* of Star* or

Canadian Frovfnca

*11 u n k n o w n , p la a ta c o n tu lt a h ig h w a y m ap.
* * (N 0 T E : c o u n t a a c h p o rt t h y o f b o a tin g a t a full d ay ).

Nurrfcor of
b o a tln f d»yt* *

I08
THE F O L L O W IN G O U E STIO N C O N C E R N S O T H E R R E C R E A T IO N A L BOATS OW NED IN A D D ITIO N
T O THE O N E ID E N T IF IE D BY THE R E G IST R A T IO N N U M BER ON PAGE 1.
(N o t*
1 4

If y o u Own n o o th e r b o a tt. pleaee check h e re

CD

an d (h ip oyer to q u e ttlo n IS )

IN THE TA BLE BELOW , G IV E THE NUM BER O F O T H E R R E G IS T E R E D AND U N R E G IS T E R E D BOA TS OWNED
BY Y O U , AND BY THE M EM BERS OF Y O U R IM M EDIATE F A M IL Y R E S ID IN G WITH Y O U A lao. Give lb* boat
length an d h o raep o w et ratin g o t th e m otor ueed o n it

Length

Typa of boat*

Horeppovwt rating of tha motor

--------------

- .............. - ---------------- ---------------- -----------

'I n c lu d e o th e r m b o ard t, o u ttx re rd i. ta illw a ti, carroef, in b o ard o u tb o a rd i, ro w b o a li. e tc

IN O R D E R T O FO RECA ST THE F U T U R E DEM AND F O R B O A TIN G F A C IL IT IE S IN M IC H IG A N .
IT IS N E C E SSA R Y FO R US T O BE ABLE TO TIE IN F A M IL Y C H A R A C T E R IS T IC S
W ITH BOA TING USE P A T T E R N S PLEASE ASSIST US BY ANSW ERING THE
Q U E ST IO N S IN THE FOLLOW ING S E C T IO N .

15

PLEASE G IV E Y O U R C O U N TY AND STA TE OF PERM ANENT R E S ID E N C E , AND WRITE IN Y O U R PO STA L ZIP
CODE
C o u n ty n a m e ________

16

W HAT IS THE AGE AND SEX OF THE "H E A D
A ge

1 7

yean

___ S t a te .

P o tta l Z ip C o d e ______

O F YOUR F A M IL Y ?"
S ex

FI] Male

C J F em ale

GIV E THE AGE AND SEX O F EACH M EM BER O F YOUR FAM ILY R E S ID IN G WITH YOU (e* elu d in g th e "h ead ol
ho u aah o ld ")
M a lt.

18

...

iQ f t

_

Fem ale;

W HAT IS THE O CC U PA TIO N O F THE "H E A D O F Y O U R F A M IL Y ?" (P leaw in d icate th e ty p e o l jo b th a t you hold,
NO T I h t o rg a n iz a tio n for w h ich y o u w ork I .

fMVrn* m l

1 9

PLEA SE EST IM A T E Y O U R TOTAL FA M ILY INCOM E FOR 1968 BY CH EC K IN G THE P R O P E R BOX BELOW.
(Chech o n ly o n e b o a ).
□
□

U nder S .1 .0 0 0
S 3 ,0 0 0 to $ 5 ,9 9 9

□

U

$ 6 .0 0 0 to S 7 ,0 9 9
$ 8 ,0 0 0 to $ 9 ,9 9 9

f
□

1 S 10.0 0 0

t o $ 1 4 ,9 9 9
$ 1 5 ,0 0 0 to $ 3 4 ,9 9 9

H

$ 7 5 ,0 0 0 an d over

109
2 0

WHICH OF T H E A N S W E R S BE LO W BE ST I N D I C A T E S THE T O T A L Y E A R S O F E D U C A T IO N C O M P L E T E D BY
THE " H E A O OF Y O U R F A M I L Y ? " (C heck o n e b o « )

□ □□□□□□□ □ n a □ □□□□□□
1

2 1

2

3

4

6

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

IS

16

17

IN THE S P A C E BELO W . P LE A S E IN D IC A T E A N Y S P EC IA L B O A T I N G P R O B L E M S Y O U M A Y H A V E :

TH A N K S F OR YOUR HELP I
If you M d d n llr ml (piece the return awMl ope provided, pleete mail to:
Recreation R iiiiri* end Planning Unit
Room 317 Natural Reeourcee Building
MMitgan State Univertity
Eaat Lanalng, M kM ^n 4BBZ3

or m ore

A PPE N D IX 9

SIZE AND T Y P E O F R E G ISTER ED BOATS
IN M I C H I G A N C O U N T I E S

S iz e and Type of R e g iste r e d B oats in M ichigan C ounties (P rep ared by the
M ichigan D epartm en t of State, D e ce m b e r 31, 1968)

on

County
N um ber

N am e of
County

Type of
P r o p u lsio n

12*0” &
Under

12' 1" to
20'0"

20'1" to
30'0"

30'1" to
40'0"

4 0 '1 ” &
Over

T ota ls

01

Alcona

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

198
0
2
200

489
14
2
505

1
5
1
7

0
1
0
1

0
0
0
0

688
20
5
713

02

A lger

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

357
3
1
361

500
7
2
509

4
11
0
15

0
1
0
1

0
0
0
0

861
22
3
886

03

A llegan

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

2 ,0 0 6
27
10
2 ,0 4 3

2 ,0 9 1
113
8
2 ,2 1 2

57
47
5
109

0
13
1
14

0
3
0
3

4 ,1 5 4
203
24
4 ,3 8 1

04

Alpena

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

745
5
8
758

2 ,3 4 8
62
10
2 ,4 2 0

51
28
15
94

1
4
1
6

0
0
0
0

3 ,1 4 5
99
34
3 ,2 7 8

05

A n trim

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

550
3
___0
553

1 ,5 9 9
145
8
1 ,7 5 2

14
49
___ 1
64

1
1
0
2

0
1
0
1

2 ,1 6 4
199
9
2 ,3 7 2

APPENDIX 9 --C ontinued

County
N um ber
06

N am e of
County
A renac

Type of
P ro p u lsio n

12'0" &
Under

12' 1" to
20'0"

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

130
1
3
134

434
18
__ 4
456

20'1" to
3 0 '0 M

30'1” to
40'0"

40' 1" &
Over

T otals

7
10
0
17

0
1
0
1

0
0
0
0

571
30
7
608

_______

B a rage

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

156
1
3
160

509
9
0
518

0
11
0
11

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

665
21
3
689

08

B arry

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

1 ,5 8 6
8
6
1 ,6 0 0

1 ,8 9 5
95
3
1 ,9 9 3

77
17
2
96

0
1
0
1

1
0
0
1

3 ,5 5 9
121
11
3 ,6 9 2

_______

09

Bay

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

1 ,4 1 5
7
9
1 ,4 3 1

3 ,5 1 2
227
34
3 ,7 7 3

49
193
14
256

2
57
2
61

2
17
1
20

4 ,9 8 0
501
60
5 ,5 4 1

10

B e n z ie

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

388
7
4
399

1 ,1 2 7
80
1
1 ,2 0 8

12
16
__ 3
31

0
1
0
1

0
0
0
0

1 ,5 2 7
104
8
1 ,6 3 9

‘

111

07

APPENDIX 9 --C ontinued

County
Number

N a m e of
County

Type of
P ro p u lsio n

12'0" k
Under

12' 1" to
2 0 '0 U

20'1" to
3 0 '0 M

11

B e r r ie n

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

3 ,5 8 2
16
7
3 ,6 0 5

4,6 01
216
20
4 ,8 3 7

83
196
8
287

4
50
7
61

2
6
0
8

8 ,2 7 2
484
42
8 ,7 9 8

12

Branch

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

1 ,6 0 4
6
6
1 ,6 1 6

3 ,3 8 4
118
4
3 ,5 0 6

115
4
0
119

1
1
0
2

0
0
0
0

5 ,1 0 4
129
10
5 ,2 4 3

13

Calhoun

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

4 ,0 2 5
22
14
4 ,0 6 1

4 ,0 4 9
180
5
4 ,2 3 4

161
42
0
203

5
18
1
24

0
11
0
11

8 ,2 4 0
273
20
8 ,5 3 3

14

C ass

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

2 ,3 4 8
6
9
2 ,3 6 3

4,0 3 8
240
10
4 ,2 8 8

169
20
0
189

3
1
0
4

0
1
0
1

6 ,5 5 8
268
19
6 ,8 4 5

15

C h a rle v o ix

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

511
7
6
524

1 ,2 3 4
150
6
1 .3 9 0

62
88
11
161

1
11
3
15

0
2
2
4

1 ,8 0 8
258
28
2 ,0 9 4

30' 1" to
40'0"

40' 1" &
Over

T otals

112

A P P E N D I X 9 - - C o n t in u e d

County
Num ber

N a m e of
County

Type of
P ro p u lsio n

U'O" k
Under

12' 1" to
20 '0 ”

20' 1" to
30'0"

3 0 T 1 to
40'0"

40 ’ 1" &
Over

T ota ls

16

Cheboygan

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

.4 26
3
__ 1_2
441

1 ,9 0 7
157
7
2 ,0 7 1

25
70
__ 3
98

0
9
1
10

0
1
0
1

2 ,3 5 8
240
23
2 ,6 2 1

17

Chippewa

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

436
0
8
444

2 ,4 7 2
90
1
2 ,5 6 3

19
93
9
121

0
11
___0
11

1
2
___0
3

2 ,9 2 8
196
18
3 ,1 4 2

18

C la r e

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

655
2
2
659

694
22
3
719

20
7
0
27

0
0
0
0

0
0
___ 0
0

1,3 6 9
31
5
1 ,40 5

19

Clinton

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

879
10
__ 4
893

1 ,6 0 5
29
4
1,6 3 8

42
11
0
53

0
3
0
3

0
0
___ 0
0

2 ,5 2 6
53
8
2 ,5 8 7

20

Crawford

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

192
5
4
201

311
9
__ 5
325

23
4
0
27

1
0
0
1

0
0
___ 0
0

527
18
9
554

A P P E N D IX 9 - - C o n t i n u e d

County
Number

N am e of
County

Type of
P ro p u lsio n

i2 '(r
Under

12' 1" to
20'0"

20' 1" to
30'0"

3 0 '1 M to
4 0 ’0"

40’ 1" &
Over

T otals

D elta

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

467
3
__ 3
473

1 ,268
28
5
1,301

14
23
1
38

0
8
__ 3
11

1
3
___0
4

1 ,7 5 0
65
12
1 ,8 2 7

22

D ickinson

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

756
4
2
762

848
15
1
864

4
1
0
5

1
2
0
3

0
1
___0
1

1,6 0 9
23
3
1 ,635

23

Eaton

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

1 ,4 3 9
12
11
1 ,4 6 2

1 ,9 9 2
75
9
2 ,0 7 6

75
16
1
92

1
3
1
5

0
0
0
0

3 ,5 0 7
106
22
3 ,6 3 5

24

E m m et

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

542
5
6
553

1,418
157
5
1 ,5 8 0

29
66
7
102

0
17
3
20

0
3
2
5

1,9 8 9
248
23
2 ,2 6 0

25

G enesee

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

7 ,7 7 2
48
89
7 ,8 5 9

13,941
816
44
14,801

386
242
28
656

1
83
8
92

0
14
1
15

2 2 ,1 0 0
1 ,1 8 9
120
2 3 ,4 0 9

114

21

A P P E N D IX 9 - - C o n t i n u e d

N a m e of
County

Type of
P ro p u lsio n

26

Gladwin

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

27

Gogebic

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

28

Grand

29

30

12'0n &
Under
410
0
3
413

12' 1" to
2 0 ,0 M

2 0 ' r ' to
30'0"

30'1" to
40, 0"

40’ 1" &
Over

T ota ls

689
24
1
714

20
4
0
24

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

1 ,1 1 9
28
4
1,151

510
2
5
517

1,3 48
29
2
1,3 79

11
22
0
33

1
5
0
6

0
0
0
0

1 ,8 7 0
58
7
1 ,9 3 5

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

1 ,3 2 2
13
23
1,3 5 8

3,1 3 8
162
23
3 ,3 2 3

45
82
10
137

1
21
5
27

0
3
0
3

4 ,5 0 6
278
61
4 ,8 4 5

G ratiot

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

753
3
3
759

1,2 7 3
45
1
1,3 1 9

29
5
1
35

0
2
0
2

0
0
0
0

2 ,0 5 5
55
5
2 ,1 1 5

H illsd a le

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

1 ,0 6 2
4
12
1,078

1 ,5 4 4
44
8
1 .5 9 6

49
6
0
55

1
1
0
2

0
1
0
1

2 ,6 5 6
56
20
2 ,7 3 2

115

County
Num ber

APPENDIX 9 --C ontinued

County
Num ber

N am e of
County

Type of
P ro p u lsio n

12’0M h
Under

U ' l " to
20'0"

20' 1" to
30'1"

30’ 1" to
4 0 , 1"

4 0 , 1" &
Over

T o tals

Houghton

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

433
1
5
439

1 ,3 8 3
81
4
1 ,4 6 8

6
70
0
76

0
13
1
14

0
3
0
3

1 ,8 2 2
168
10
2 ,0 0 0

32

Huron

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

144
3
1
148

1 ,1 3 4
53
5
1 ,1 9 2

9
48
2
59

0
13
1
14

0
0
0
0

1 ,2 8 7
117
9
1 ,4 1 3

33

Ingham

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

4 ,9 1 5
54
35
5 ,0 0 4

7,5 61
348
47
7 ,9 5 6

216
121
8
345

2
36
3
41

0
5
0
5

1 2 ,6 9 4
564
93
13,351

34

Ionia

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

1 ,3 4 3
7
10
1 ,3 6 0

1 ,3 6 3
29
5
1 ,3 9 7

37
11
1
49

1
3
0
4

0
2
0
2

2 ,7 4 4
52
16
2 ,8 1 2

35

Io sc o

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

548
12
3
563

1 ,4 9 2
44
3
1,5 3 9

9
19
4
32

0
1
0
1

0
2
0
2

2 ,0 4 9
78
10
2 ,1 3 7

116

31

A P P E N D IX 9 - - C o n t i n u e d

County
Number

N a m e of
County

Type of
P ro p u lsion

12'0U k
Under

40, r ’ k
Over

i 2 ' r ' to
20'0"

2 0 ’ 1" to
3 0 '0 M

30'1" to
4 0 ,0 M

1 ,128
13
2
1 ,1 4 3

9
1
0
10

2
1
0
3

0
0
0
0

1 ,9 3 0
20
2
1 ,9 5 4

957
38
1
996

23
9
0
32

0
1
0
1

0
1
0
1

1,681
49
2
1 ,7 3 2

T otals

Iron

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

791
5
2
798

37

Isa b ella

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

701
0
___ 1_
702

38

J a ck so n

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

4 ,5 6 0
26
18
4 ,6 0 4

5 ,0 6 5
302
22
5 ,3 8 9

217
42
5
264

6
12
4
22

0
1
0
1

9 ,8 4 6
383
49
1 0 ,2 8 0

39

K alam azoo

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

5 ,4 7 7
22
21
5 ,5 2 0

5 ,4 6 3
392
20
5 ,8 7 5

228
108
13
349

6
33
2
41

0
7
1
8

1 1 ,1 7 4
562
57
1 1 ,7 9 3

40

Kalkaska

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

389
12
1
402

8
6
_0
14

1
1
_0
2

0
0
_0
0

696
21
2
719

298
2
___ 1_
301

117

36

APPENDIX 9 --C ontinued

County
Number

N am e of
County

T ype of
P ro p u lsio n

12'0" &
Under

U ' l " to
20'0"

20' 1" to
30' 0 T

30' 1" t*
40'0"

40' r ’ &
Over

T otals

41

Kent

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

9 ,1 8 0
59
49
9 ,2 8 8

12,998
746
70
1 3 ,8 1 4

378
401
35
814

14
120
11
145

3
22
__ 1_
26

2 2 ,5 7 3
1,3 48
166
2 4 ,0 6 7

42

Keweenaw

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

40
0
0
40

137
6
0
143

1
10
0
11

0
1
_0
1

0
0
_0
0

178
17
__ 0
195

43

Lake

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

315
1
0
316

320
4
0
324

1
2
_0
3

0
0
_0
0

0
0
_0
0

636
7
__ 0
643

44

L apeer

Outboard
Inboard
5ailboat

768
3
__ 3
774

1 ,0 9 2
37
2
1,131

16
10
0
26

1
5
0
6

0
0
_0
0

1 ,8 7 7
55
5
1 ,9 3 7

45

Leelanau

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

357
2
9
368

1 ,3 1 4
113
6
1 ,4 3 3

25
59
4
88

0
6
1
7

0
1
0
1

1 ,6 9 6
181
20
1 ,8 9 7

A P P E N D I X 9 - " C o n tin u e d

County
N um ber

N a m e of
County

Type of
P r o p u lsio n

12'0" &
Under

12' 1" to
2 0 ’0 M

20'1" to
30'0"

30'1" to
40'0"

40' 1" &
Over

T ota ls

Lenaw ee

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

1 ,7 1 3
16
12
1 ,7 4 1

3 ,4 0 9
197
7
3 ,6 1 3

141
19
0
160

0
8
0
8

0
0
0
0

5 ,2 6 3
240
19
5 ,5 2 2

47

L ivin gston

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

1 ,4 1 6
4
2
1 ,4 2 2

1 ,9 7 2
100
6
2 ,0 7 8

64
13
2
79

0
3
1
4

0
0
0
0

3 ,4 5 2
120
11
3 ,5 8 3

48

L uce

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

266
1
0
467

485
6
1
492

4
1
0
5

0
0
0
0

0
2
0
2

755
10
1
765

49

M ackinac

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

240
2
2
244

1 ,658
71
2
1,731

7
129
2
138

0
11
1
12

1
5
0
6

1 ,9 0 6
218
7
2 ,1 3 1

50

M acom b

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

3 ,7 5 9
120
60
3 ,9 3 9

1 3 ,0 4 3
1 ,4 0 9
119
14,571

230
2 ,8 3 8
135
3 ,2 0 3

16
492
14
522

0
41
3
44

17 ,0 4 8
4 ,9 0 0
331
2 2 ,2 7 9

119

46

APPENDIX 9 --C ontinued

County
N um ber

N a m e of
County

Type of
P ro p u lsio n

12T0 ’T &
Under

12' 1" to
20*0"

20' 1" to
30'0"

SO'l" to
40'0"

40' 1" it
Over

T o tals

51

M a n iste e

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

508
0
6
514

1 ,5 0 3
73
7
1 ,5 8 3

15
40
5
60

0
9
0
9

0
1
0
1

2 ,0 2 6
123
18
2 ,1 6 7

52

M arquette

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

1 ,4 9 0
8
4
1 ,5 0 2

1 ,6 9 6
53
15
1 ,7 6 4

10
49
5
64

0
11
0
11

0
1
0
1

3 ,1 9 6
122
24
3 ,3 4 2

53

M ason

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

539
3
__ 5
547

i ; 622
63
5
1 ,6 9 0

11
43
3
57

0
8
1
9

0
0
_0
0

2 ,1 7 2
117
14
2 ,3 0 3

54

M e c o sta

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

907
5
4
916

1 ,0 2 8
22
0
1,051

27
10
1
38

3
2
_0
5

0
0
J)
0

1 ,9 6 5
40
5
2 ,0 1 0

55

M en om in ee

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

499
6
3

686
12
9

7
30
4

0
10
2

0
2
2

1 ,1 9 2
60
20

A P P E N D IX 9 - -C o n t in u e d

12'0" &
Under

12'1Mto
20'0"

20'1" to
30' 0"

3 0 '1 ” to
40' 0"

40'1" &
Over

T ota ls

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

1 ,378
4
10
1 ,3 9 2

2 ,7 1 4
107
19
2 ,8 4 0

79
30
9
118

4
4
2
10

0
1
1
2

4 ,1 7 5
146
41
4 ,3 6 2

M issa u k ee

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

235
2
___0
237

370
6
0
376

9
0
_0
9

0
0
_0
0

0
0
J>
0

614
8
0
622

58

M onroe

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

1 ,1 7 2
14
3
1 ,1 8 9

3,3 7 5
214
23
3 ,6 1 2

67
270
19
356

5
61
__ 5
71

0
4
_0
4

4 ,6 1 9
563
50
5 ,2 3 2

59

M ontcalm

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

1 ,5 4 5
14
8
1 ,5 6 7

1 ,5 9 9
25
1
1 ,6 2 5

35
6
___ 1
42

1
0
0
1

0
0
0
0

3 ,1 8 0
45
10
3 ,2 3 5

60

M ontm orency Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

354
3

473
8
0
481

18
2
_0
20

0
0
_0
0

0
1
0
1

845
14
1
860

County
Number

N am e of
County

Type of
P rop u lsion

56

Midland

57

___I

358

APPENDIX 9 --C ontinued

County
Number

N am e of
County

Type of
P ro p u lsio n

lZ ’O” t
Under

12' 1" to
20'0"

2 0 ’ 1" to
30'0"

30' 1" to
40'0"

40'1"
Over

Totals

61

M uskegon

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

2 ,8 6 3
11
14
2 ,8 8 8

5 ,2 5 6
332
29
5 ,6 1 7

43
247
30
320

0
41
6
47

0
9
1
10

8 ,1 6 2
640
80
8 ,8 8 2

62

N ew aygo

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

1 ,0 8 0
3
5
1 ,0 8 8

1 ,4 0 4
32
7
1 ,4 4 3

17
11
0
28

2
3
0
5

0
1
0
1

2 ,5 0 3
49
12
2 ,5 6 4

63

Oakland

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

1 1 ,4 1 4
89
101
1 1 ,6 0 4

2 0 ,6 8 9
2 ,1 7 2
221
2 3 ,0 8 2

439
1 ,1 1 9
131
1 ,6 8 9

19
457
41
517

0
93
7
100

3 2,5 6 1
3 ,9 3 0
501
3 6 ,9 9 2

64

Oceana

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

421
1
0
422

747
20
2
769

4
13
0
17

1
2
0
3

0
1
_0
1

1 ,1 7 3
37
2
1 ,2 1 2

65

Ogemaw

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

428
2
2
432

607
6
0
613

8
2
0
10

0
0
_0
0

0
0
0
0

1 ,0 4 3
10
2
1 ,0 5 5

12'0M &
Under

12’ 1" to
20*0"

SO'O"

40'0"

o

Type of
P ro p u lsio n

o
*—
*

N am e of
County

o

County
Number

o
>—
'

APPENDIX 9 --C ontinued

40' 1" &
Over

T otals

66

Ontonagon

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

183
0
4
187

459
13
0
472

1
16
0
17

0
1
0
1

0
0
0
0

643
30
__ 4
677

67

O sc e o la

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

501
7
0
508

436
12
0
448

9
4
0
13

0
0
0
0

0
0
_0
0

946
23
0
969

68

O scoda

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

172
2
0
174

226
1
__ 1_
228

2
0

0
0

J_

_0

3

0

0
0
_0
0

400
3
2
405

483
3
3
489

592
24
3
619

14
5
_2
21

0
2
_0
2

0
1

1,0 8 9
35
8
1,1 3 2

2 ,1 1 3
14
28
2 ,1 5 5

4 ,0 4 1
369
34
4 ,4 4 4

98
260
44
402

2
74
6
82

i

6 ,2 5 5
726
113
7 ,0 9 4

69

70

O tsego

Ottawa

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

T

i

ii

APPEND IX 9 - - C o n t i n u e d
County
Number

N am e of
County

Type of
P ro p u lsio n

12'0" &
Under

12' 1" to
20 '0 ”

20'1" to
30*0"

30*1" to
40*0”

71

P r e sq u e

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

390
1
__ 2
393

886
18
__ 3
907

7
6
_0
13

0
0
_0
0

0
0
_0
0

1 ,2 8 3
25
5
1 ,3 1 3

72

R o sco m m o n

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

430
4
16
450

2 ,4 5 2
70
4
2 ,5 2 6

126
9
3
138

0
1
0
1

0
0
_0
0

3 ,0 0 8
84
23
3 ,1 1 5

73

Saginaw

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

2 ,8 2 1
15
18
2 ,8 5 4

6 ,6 0 1
283
28
6 ,9 1 2

111
131
26
268

3
59
5
67

0
7
J>
7

9 ,5 3 6
495
77
10 ,108

74

St. C lair

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

882
9
28
919

4 ,3 6 6
512
30
4 ,9 0 8

35
710
20
765

8
90
10
108

0
18
4
22

5,2 9 1
1 ,3 3 9
92
6 ,7 2 2

75

St. J osep h

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

2 ,6 2 5
14
14
2 ,6 5 3

2 ,8 2 2
75
7
2 ,9 0 4

95
14
4
113

0
8
0
8

0
3
0
3

5 ,5 4 2
114
25
5 ,6 8 1

40'1"
Over

T otals

APPENDIX 9 --Continued
County
Number

N a m e of
County

Type of
P r o p u lsio n

12'0M &
Under

12' 1" to
20'0"

20'1" to
30'0"

3 0 'I" to
4 0 '0 M

40' 1" k
Over

T otals

76

Sanilac

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

237
0
__ 2
239

621
22
3
646

5
15
0
20

1
6
_0
7

0
2
0
2

864
45
__ 5
914

77

Schoolcraft

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

405
3
7
415

838
6
___0
844

4
8
_0
12

1
0
0
1

0
0
J>
0

1,248
17
7
1 ,2 7 2

78

S h ia w a ss e e

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

1 ,1 1 8
6
1
1 ,1 2 5

1 ,9 3 7
51
3
1,991

42
21

0
0

64

0
3
_0
3

JL
0

3 ,0 9 7
81
5
3 ,1 8 3

_J_

79

T u sc o la

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

548
3
__ 4
555

1 ,2 3 0
37
6
1 ,2 7 3

13
36
_0
49

3
8
J_
12

0
3
J)
3

1 ,7 9 4
87
11
1 ,8 9 2

80

Van B uren

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

2 ,2 0 7
2
5
2 ,2 1 4

2 ,2 6 8
66
6
2 ,3 4 0

31
23
_2
56

0
5
0
5

0
0
0
0

4 ,5 0 6
96
13
4 ,6 1 5

APPENDIX 9 --C ontinued

County
Number

N a m e of
County

Type of
P r o p u lsio n

12' 1" &
Under

12’ 1" to
20, 0"

20' 1" to
3 0 '0 ”

3 0 '1 ” to
4 0 ’0"

40’ 1" &
Over

T ota ls

81

Washtenaw

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

3 ,2 7 5
22
24
3,3 2 1

4 ,2 6 0
250
38
4 ,5 4 8

116
80
21
217

2
37
3
42

0
8
0
8

7 ,6 5 3
397
86
8 ,1 3 6

82

Wayne

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

1 5 ,5 4 6
207
158
15,911

4 1 ,4 3 3
3 ,7 0 6
503
4 5 ,6 4 2

633
4 ,2 6 7
354
5 ,2 5 4

37
1 ,2 4 7
88
1 ,3 7 2

4
202
20
226

5 7 ,6 5 3
9 ,6 2 9
1 ,1 2 3
6 8 ,4 0 5

83

W exford

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

626
4
4
634

1 ,2 2 7
21
2
1 ,2 5 0

25
7
0
32

0
3
0
3

0
0
0
0

1 ,8 7 8
35
6
1 ,9 1 9

84

Other

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

3 ,1 4 8
14
15
3 ,1 7 7

7,6 71
494
35
8 ,2 0 0

213
248
28
489

0
79
4
83

0
9
2
11

1 1 ,0 3 2
844
84
1 1 ,9 6 0

Outboard
Inboard
Sailboat

1 3 7 ,0 2 9
1 ,0 6 8
958
1 3 9 ,0 5 5

2 5 6 ,7 5 6
1 6 ,5 3 5
1 .6 0 3
2 7 4 ,8 9 4

5 ,6 5 1
13 ,0 3 8
1 ,0 4 5
1 9 .7 3 4

166
3 ,3 1 7
249
3 ,7 3 2

16
537
49
602

3 9 9 ,6 1 8
3 4 ,4 9 5
3 .9 0 4
4 3 8 ,0 1 7

State T otals

FINA L TOTALS

A P P E N D I X 10

COUNTY DA TA SH EET

COUNTY DA TA S U M M A R Y - - A L C O N A COUNTY

Lake
Size
C la s s *

Num ber
Lakes

5
10
16
25
40
60
100
160
250
400
600
1 ,0 0 0
1 ,6 0 0
2 ,5 0 0
4 ,0 0 0
6 ,0 0 0
1 0 ,0 0 0
16 ,00 0+

4
16
4
6
5
7
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0

T otal

47

Num ber
A cres
29
199
72
194
228
546
115
193
0
0
729
1 ,0 0 8
0
0
0
9 ,2 0 0 Hubbard 9 ,2 0 0 (2 s it e s )
0
0
1 3 ,4 8 9

APPENDIX 10--C ontinued
Number
Lakes

47

Num ber
A cres

13 ,4 8 9

Num ber
WW S ites

3

Lake A c r e s
with
WW Sites
9 ,2 0 0

N um ber of S ites Number
F o r e str y , P a rk U sable
and G am e S ites S ites
0

2

Dem a nd
1965
1 5 6 ,4 9 7

1980
4 5 1 ,5 1 3

P e r Cent In c r e a se

APPEN DIX II

S T A T E PLA N N IN G REGIONS AS O F JU N E,

19 71

129
Alcona County
W a te r R e s o u rc e Data
(1)

Inland L akes
T o t a l n u m b e r 91

T o tal a r e a 12,260 a c re s

N u m b e r l e s s th an 200 a c r e s - - 8 8
Largest lake--H ubbard,

M o r e th a n 200
acres --3

8,850 a c r e s

O t h e r l a r g e l a k e s - - C e d a r ( p a r t i a l l y in I o s c o County)
1,075 acres; M cC o llu m (partially
in O s c o d a C o u n ty ) 224 a c r e s and
A lcona D a m 'P o n d 1,007 a c r e s .
Inland S t r e a m s
(1)

T o t a l m i l e s of s t r e a m s

362

T h u n d e r B a y R i v e r d r a i n s a b o u t 27 5 s q u a r e m i l e s in t h e c o u n t y .
T h e P i n e R i v e r d r a i n s a b o u t 209 s q u a r e m i l e s in t h e c o u n t y .
A u S a b l c R i v e r d r a i n s a b o u t 98 B q u a r e m i l e s i n t h e c o u n t y .
(3)

G r e a t Lakes S h o r e lin e - -25 m iles
G r o u n d W a t e r - - L a r g e s u p p lie s , t e m p e r a t u r e about 47°.
Pow er Dams
Name
Alcona D am

(2)

R iver
AuSable

Owner
C o n su m ers Power Company

P u b lic W ater Supplies
H arrisville from w ells

(1)

W a t e r s i d e R e c r e a t i o n A r e a s (State)
P u b l i c F i s h i n g S i t e s - - 5 . 6 8 a c r e s , 250 f e e t f r o n t a g e o n 1 la k e
s i t e and 0. 6 a c r e s , 265 f e e t f r o n t a g e on
1 s tre a m site
P a r k s - - H a r r i s v i l l e State P a rk ,
U .S.

77 a c r e s .

Lake Huron

W eather B u re a u Station
H arrisville,

annual precipitation 30.73 inches.

Irrig a tlo n -- Two sy ste m s irrigating six a c re s.

130

B
9
10
11
13
14

DETROIT
JA CKSO N
KAl A M A Z O O - B A T T L E c r e e k
BENTON H A R B O R -ST JO S E P H
FLINT
LANSING
SA GI N AW BAY
GRAND R A P I O S - M U S K E G O N
ALPENA
T R A V E R SE CITY ■
SAULT S T E M A R IE
ESCANABA
M A R Q U E T T E - I R O N MOUNTAIN
HOUGHTON-IRONW OOD

r ~ tn 7At
lZ

9 AJ 7 m

T3T*

< A ta

|

«

A M

J

» A J»

I

_J— i— LZi

I

i

-

—

ft

M

M

I t

O f f i c i a l S ta te P l a n n i n g R e g i o n s and R e c r e a t i o n P l a n
Sub R e g i o n s a s o f J u n e 1971

A P P E N D I X 12

CO U N TY LAKE LISTS F O R H ILL SD A L E ,
AND JACKSON CO U N TIES

LENAWEE

Lake
Acres

N u m b e r of
Sites and
Existing
Parking

Lake Name

Lake
Rank

Hym phrys' Lake
Number

Hill s d a le C ou nty
48 5. 0

Le Ann

1

3

329. 0

Baw B c e s c ( F ir s t)

2

184

213. 0

Long

1 /8

3

278

140. 0

H em lock

1 /1 0

4

194

128. 0

Cub

1 /1 0

5

274

117.0

Bear

1 /0

6

259

113.0

Bird

1 /1 0

7

245

1

45

2

163

3

80
49*

L en aw ee County
1 /1 0

1330.0

D e v i Is

515.0

Round

440. 0

Sand

394. 0

W a m p Ie r a

4

201. 0

Evans

5

130

200. 0

Goose

6

4

150. 0

Posey

7

172

125. 0

Silver

8

7

104. 0

Dewey

9

89

1/5

J a c k s o n County
800.0

Colum bia

1

519

730. 0

M ichigan C e n te r

2

348

531. 0

P o r t a g e (Big)

3

25

505. 0

V ineyard Lakes

4

503

470. 0

C lark

5

518

1/489

_ _

131

132
A P P E N D IX 12- -C ontinued

Lake
Acres
0

Lake Name

N u m b e r of
S ites and
Existing
Parking

Lake
Rank

H ym phrys' Lake
Number

W am plers

6

510*

398. 0

Goose

7

127

355. 0

Wolf

8

317

340. 0

Gillett

9

161

326. 0

Grass

10

134

268. 7

Pleasant

11

34

210. 0

B r o w n 1s

12

297

195. 0

Farew ell

13

601

175. 0

Stony

14

368

174.00

P o r ta g e (Little)

15

23

171. 0

Mud

16

141

154. 0

Nor veil M ill Pond

17

474*

144. 0

Vandercock

18

396

141. 9

B rill

19

159

140. 0

Mud

20

494

138. 0

C lear

21

32

137. 0

Round

22

568

130. 0

A ckerson

23

352

106. 0

W elch

24

126

J a c k s o n County
105. 0

Sweezey

25

336

100. 0

No N a m e

26

344