^FO R M A TIO N TO USERS

This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original docum ent. While
the m ost advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this docum ent
have been used, th e quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original
subm itted.
The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand
markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction.
1. The sign or " ta rg e t" for pages apparently lacking from the docum ent
photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain th e missing
page(s) or section, they are spliced into th e film along with adjacent pages.
This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent
pages to insure you com plete continuity.
2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a targe round black m ark, it
is an indication th a t th e photographer suspected th a t the copy may have
moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a
good image of th e page in the adjacent frame.
3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being
photographed the photographer followed a definite m ethod in
"sectioning" the m aterial. It is custom ary to begin photoing a t the upper
left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to
right in equal sections w ith a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is
continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until
com plete.
4. The m ajority o f users indicate th a t the textual co n ten t is of greatest value,
however, a som ew hat higher quality reproduction could be made from
"photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver
prints o f "photographs" may be ordered a t additional charge by writing
the O rder D epartm ent, giving the catalog num ber, title, au th o r and
specific pages you wish reproduced.
5. PLEASE NOTE: Som e pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as
received.

Xerox U niversity M icrofilm s
300 N o rth Z e e b R o a d
A nn A rb o r, M ic h ig a n 48106

75-7198
KOEBERNICK, Thomas Edward, 1945THE MIGRATION OF OLDER PERSONS TO NONMETROPOLITAN
COUNTIES IN MICHIGAN: A CASE STUDY OF THE ORIGINS,
CHARACTERISTICS, AND ADJUSTMENT OF RECENT MIGRANTS
TO CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.
Michigan S ta te U n iv e rs ity , P h .D ., 1974
S ociology, demography

Xerox University M icrofilms,

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106

THE MIGRATION OF OLDER PERSONS TO NONMETROPOLITAN
COUNTIES IN MICHIGAN:

A CASE STUDY OF THE ORIGINS,

CHARACTERISTICS, AND ADJUSTMENT OF RECENT MIGRANTS
TO CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.
By
Thomas Edward K o e b e r n i c k

A DISSERTATION
S u b m itted t o
M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y
in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e r e q u ir e m e n ts
f o r th e d egree o f
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
D ep artm en t o f S o c i o l o g y
1974

ABSTRACT
THE MIGRATION OF OLDER PERSONS TO NONMETROPOLITAN
COUNTIES IN MICHIGAN: A CASE STUDY OF THE ORIGINS.
CHARACTERISTICS, AND ADJUSTMENT OF RECENT MIGRANTS
TO CLARE COUNTY, MICHIGAN.
By
Thomas Edward K o e b e r n i c k
The 1 9 7 0 D e c e n n i a l C e n s u s r e v e a l s t h a t s e v e r a l r u r a l
c o u n tie s

i n M ic h ig a n a r e e x p e r i e n c i n g h ig h r a t e s o f

g r a t i o n o f p e r s o n s s i x t y y e a r s o f a g e an d o l d e r .
C o u n ty , M ic h ig a n ,

is

se le c te d

stu d y o f su ch o ld e r m ig r a n ts.

C la r e

a s th e r e se a r c h s i t e

o f a case

The a n a l y s i s f o c u s e s u p o n

1) th e so c io -e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

o f th e o ld e r m ig r a n t,

2 ) th e c o n se q u e n c e s o f m ig r a t io n f o r m ig r a n ts*
tio n s h ip s ,

in -m i­

s o c ia l r e la ­

an d 3 ) t h e e l e m e n t s t h a t e n t e r i n t o t h e d e c i s i o n

p r o c e s s o f o l d e r p e r s o n s who b ecom e m i g r a n t s .
T h is r e s e a r c h can b e s t be d e s c r i b e d a s e x p l o r a t o r y
and d e s c r i p t i v e .

D a ta i s g a t h e r e d b y a s u r v e y

in str u m e n t

f r o m a s a m p l e o f 1 5 6 r e s i d e n t s who a r e 65 y e a r s o f a g e and
o l d e r and h a v e n o t r e s i d e d

in th e co u n ty p r io r t o

t e r v ie w s w ere co n d u c te d i n th e
o f 1973.
cess

A tw o -sta g e

In ­

F a l l o f 1972 and t h e S p r in g

c l u s t e r m e th o d w i t h a s c r e e n i n g p r o ­

i s u s e d t o d ra w t h e
For th e f i r s t

i 960.

sa m p le .

p hase o f th e a n a l y s i s ,

c h a r a c te r is tic s

o f th e resp o n d en ts are p resen te d f o r th e fo llo w in g e le v e n
v a r ia b le s:

1) B ackground, 2 ) S o c io e c o n o m ic S t a t u s ,

4 ) M ig r a tio n H is to r y ,

3 ) H e a lth ,

5 ) M ig r a tio n P r e p a r a tio n , 6 ) M ig r a tio n

D e c i s i o n - M a k i n g , 7 ) E v a l u a t i o n o f M ove,

6 ) Com m unity S o c i a l

Thomas Edward K o e b e r n i c k
T ie s,
11)

9 ) K in sh ip A v a i l a b i l i t y ,

K in sh ip I n t e r a c t i o n .

are c a te g o r iz e d

1 0 ) K i n s h i p P r o p i n q u i t y , and

In th e second p h ase,

resp o n d en ts

i n t o tw o g r o u p s b a s e d u p o n r e a s o n s g i v e n f o r

l e a v i n g t h e o r i g i n c o m m u n ity .

The n u l l h y p o t h e s i s t h a t t h e s e

t w o g r o u p s r e p r e s e n t t h e same p o p u l a t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o

in ­

d ic a t o r s o f th e

Non-

e le v e n v a r ia b le s n o ted above

p a r a m e tr ic s t a t i s t i c a l t e s t s
C o e ffic ie n t(C ),

is te ste d .

o f Chi S quare, th e C o r r e la tio n

t h e K r u s k a 1 - W a l l i s H, K e n d a l l ’s T a u , a s w e l l

a s t h e P e a r s o n P r o d u c t Moment C o r r e l a t i o n a r e u s e d .
N in e ty -se v e n p erc en t o f th e resp o n d en ts a re
m ig r a n ts.

in tr a sta te

The r e m a i n i n g t h r e e p e r c e n t moved f r o m a n o t h e r

sta te

t o M ic h ig a n .

S e v e n t y - e i g h t p e r c e n t o f t h e s a m p le r e ­

sid e d

i n an urban p la c e p r i o r t o m ig r a t in g .

The f i n d i n g s

su ggest th a t e ld e r ly

i n t r a s t a t e m i g r a n t s d i f f e r fr o m e l d e r l y

in te r s ta te

l o c a l m o v e r s , an d n o n m o v e r s .

m ig r a n ts,

p a r i s o n o f t h e s t u d y ’s s a m p le w i t h s a m p l e s o f t h e
b ility

ty p es

in d ic a te s d iffe r e n c e s

ten an cy s t a tu s a t th e o r ig in ,
a c tio n ,

r e tir e m e n t a g e , k in sh ip

in te r ­

an d r e a s o n s f o r

The c o m p a r i s o n o f m i g r a n t s g i v i n g s o c i a l n e t ­

w ork s and t h e s o c i a l e n v ir o n m e n t a s r e a s o n s f o r
th o se

o t h e r mo­

i n e m p lo y m e n t s t a t u s ,

lo c a tio n o f k in , m a r ita l s t a t u s ,

m ig r a tin g .

A com­

le a v in g to

n ot g iv in g such r e a so n s y i e l d s th e f o llo w in g s t a t i s ­

tic a lly

d iffe r e n t c h a r a c te r is tic s:

1)

S o c i a l m ig r a n ts r e t i r e

a t younger a g e s ,

2)

S o c i a l m i g r a n t s a r e m ore l i k e l y t o b e l i v i n g
v i l l a g e s r a th e r th a n th e o p e n -c o u n tr y ,

in

Thomas Edward K o e b e r n i c k
3)

S o c i a l m i g r a n t s a r e m ore l i k e l y t o g i v e s o c i a l
n etw ork s a s a r e a s o n Tor s e l e c t i n g th e d e s t i n a t i o n
and a s a " l i k e d n f e a t u r e o f t h e d e s t i n a t i o n ,

4)

S o c i a l m ig r a n ts a r e l e s s l i k e l y t o be l i v i n g in
a d w e l l i n g t h a t w as p r e v i o u s l y u s e d a s a v a c a ­
t i o n h o m e,

5)

The h i g h e s t l e v e l o f v i s i t i n g w i t h a n y o n e c h i l d
i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f o r t h e tw o g r o u p s .

In th e f i n a l c h a p te r ,
in

lig h t

o f th e e x is t in g

t h e o r e t i c a l m odel i s

th e f in d in g s a re

lite r a tu r e

su g g ested .

in te r p r e te d

o n m i g r a t i o n an d a

T h is m od el a t te m p t s t o

d e v e lo p a m id d le -r a n g e t h e o r y t o d e a l w ith m ig r a tio n b e­
h a v io r o f th e e l d e r ly .

I m p l i c a t i o n s f o r r u r a l a r e a s w h ich

a re r e c e i v i n g e l d e r l y m ig r a n ts a r e d is c u s s e d .

It

is

g e s t e d t h a t r u r a l co m m u n itie s s h o u ld be c o n s id e r e d a s
p o t e n t i a l r e t ir e m e n t c e n t e r s f o r urban e l d e r l y .

su g­

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

S p e c i a l th a n k s
t h e ir tim e ,

a d v ic e ,

is

d u e t o s e v e r a l p e r s o n s who h a v e g i v e n

and e n c o u r a g e m e n t.

D r.

D r. H a r r y S c h w a r z w e l l e r ,

P h i l i p M. M a r c u s ,

D r.

Bo A n d e r s o n ,

and t h e

la te

D r.

H e r b e r t K a r p , a s m em bers o f my c o m m i t t e e h a v e d i s p l a y e d

a c o n c e r n a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t h a s b o l s t e r e d me t h r o u g h ­
ou t g ra d u a te s c h o o l.

D r.

B i l l K im b a ll and o t h e r s

in th e

D e p a r t m e n t o f Com m unity D e v e lo p m e n t p r o v i d e d h e l p f u l g u i d ­
ance

in th e fo r m a tiv e s ta g e

g r a te fu l.

of th is

p r o j e c t f o r w h i c h I am

The c o n s i d e r a t i o n a n d s u p p o r t g i v e n t o me b y

Mr. G e o r g e M acQ u een , E x t e n s i o n D i r e c t o r o f C l a r e C o u n t y ,
was o f g r e a t a s s i s t a n c e
are a ls o

t o th e

s u c c e ss o f our r e se a r c h .

We

i n d e b t e d t o a l l t h e p e o p l e o f C l a r e C o u n t y who g a v e

o f t h e i r tim e and e n e r g y .
e n jo y a b le e x p e r ie n c e .

T h e i r g o o d w i l l made o u r w o r k a n

We m u st a l s o m e n t i o n o u r a p p r e c i a t i o n

t o Mr. A l l a n K ornow , who p r o v i d e d

in v a lu a b le a s s is t a n c e

in

p r o g ra m m in g an d a n a l y s i n g t h e d a t a .
The c o n t r i b u t i o n o f my a d v i s e r ,
e x te n d s f a r beyond h i s
r o le

D r.

su pp ort f o r t h i s

J. A lla n B e e g le ,
research or h is

i n my own d e v e l o p m e n t a s a p r o f e s s i o n a l .

as a d v ise r ,

K n ow ing h im

t e a c h e r , an d f r i e n d h a s b e e n a n e n r i c h i n g p e r ­

s o n a l e x p e r ie n c e .

We w a n t t o a l s o a c k n o w l e d g e my p a r e n t s who h a v e g i v e n
s o much l o v e a n d s u p p o r t t o o u r e n d e a v o r s o v e r t h e y e a r s .
To my w i f e , who n o t o n l y p r o v i d e d e m o t i o n a l s u p p o r t b u t
a lso

rendered in v a lu a b le a s s is t a n c e

research ,

X g iv e

at a l l sta g es

a v ery s p e c i a l th a n k you .

iii

o f th e

TABLE OF CONTENTS

P ag e
LIST OF T A B L E S ...............................................................................
LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................

v ii
xi

C h ap ter
I.

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE, LITERATURE REVIEW,
AND RESEARCH DESIGN...............................................

1

In tr o d u c tio n

1

S e le c te d
19 6 0 -7 0
P a r t O ne:

..........................................................................

P o p u la t io n C hanges in M ic h ig a n ,
2
T h e o r e t i c a l F ram ew ork o f M ig r a ­
t i o n .....................................................................

7

M i g r a t i o n a s a S p e c i a l C a se o f R e s i d e n ­
t i a l M o b i l i t y .....................................................................
P h a s e s o f t h e M i g r a t i o n P r o c e s s ......................
T y p o lo g ie s and S o c i a l A c t i o n T h e o r y . . .
T h e o r e t i c a l P e r s p e c t i v e s ......................................
The A d a p t a t i o n P r o c e s s ...........................................
The M over—S t a y e r P h e n o m e n o n ................................
Summary.....................................................................................

9
10
11
12
13
13
21

P a r t Two:

L i t e r a t u r e A bout O ld er
M i g r a n t s ...........................................................

C e n s u s D a t a ...........................................................................
S
u
m
m
a
r
y
S a m p le s f r o m L i m i t e d P o p u l a t i o n s . . . .
Summary.....................................................................................
R e s i d e n t i a l P r e f e r e n c e s and R e a so n s
f o r M o v i n g ..........................................................................
Sum mary.....................................................................................
K i n s h i p R o l e s o f t h e E l d e r l y ...........................
K i n s h i p S t r u c t u r e ...........................................................
K i n s h i p A v a i l a b i l i t y ................................................
R e s i d e n t i a l P r o p i n q u i t y ...........................................

iv

23
24
33
34
50
52
62
65
66
68
69

P age
K i n s h i p I n t e r a c t i o n .....................................................
M o b i l i t y ................................................................................
P a r e n t - C h i l d R e l a t i o n s ...........................................
S i b l i n g s ................................................................................
Sum mary.....................................................................................
P art Three:

II.

R e s e a r c h D e s i g n an d
M e t h o d o l o g y ...........................................

75

S a m p le S e l e c t i o n an d D a ta C o l l e c t i o n , .
A n a l y t i c a l P r o c e d u r e ................................................
O p e r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n of* t h e V a r i a b l e s . . .
S t a t i s t i c a l T e s t s ...........................................................
Sum mary.....................................................................................

77
82
83
92
92

F IN D IN G S .....................................................................................

94

S a m p le C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ......................

94

A g e , S e x , a n d M a r i t a l S t a t u s ...........................
O c c u p a t i o n an d E d u c a t i o n ......................................
R e t i r e m e n t A ge ........................... . . . . . . .
I n c o m e .....................................................................................
O th er C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . .
................................
H e a l t h .....................................................................................
M i g r a t i o n H i s t o r y ...........................................................
M i g r a t i o n D e c i s i o n P r o c e s s ................................
M i g r a t i o n P r e p a r a t i o n ................................................
E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e M o v e ...........................................
T i e s t o O r i g i n C o m m u n i t y ......................................
K i n s h i p A v a i l a b i l i t y ................................................
K i n s h i p P r o p i n q u i t y .....................................................
K i n s h i p I n t e r a c t i o n .....................................................
Summary.....................................................................................

94
95
104
109
114
115
116
124
126
129
134
137
136
141
149

P a r t O ne:

P a r t Two:

III.

69
71
73
74
74

A C o m p a r is o n o f Two M ig r a n t
T y p e s ................................................................

153

Summary.....................................................................................

168

Cone l u s i o n ................................................................................

171

An I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f T h e o r e t i c a l a n d
A p p l i e d I m p l i c a t i o n s .....................................................

173

A M o d e l f o r E l d e r l y M i g r a t i o n ...........................

173

R u r a l A r e a s an d E l d e r l y M i g r a n t s

v

. . . . .

.

186

P age
LIST OF REFERENCES.....................................................................................

192

LIST OF TABLES

1

P o p u la t io n C hanges T or S e l e c t e d M ic h ig a n
C o u n t i e s ..........................................................................................

6

2

C o m p o s i t i o n o f S a m p le s i n S u r v e y S t u d i e s
o f O l d e r M i g r a n t s .....................................................................

37

C o m p a r is o n o f S a m p le s f o r Age a t Time o f
I n t e r v i e w an d Age a t R e t i r e m e n t ................................

39

4

C o m p a r is o n o f S a m p le s f o r M a r i t a l S t a t u s
a n d L e v e l o f E d u c a t i o n .....................................................

40

5

C o m p a r is o n o f S a m p le s b y O c c u p a t i o n a l
S t a t u s ................................................................................................

42

6

C o m p a r is o n o f S a m p le s b y P r e - a n d P o s t R e t i r e m e n t I n c o m e .....................................................................

45

P r o p o r t i o n a n d Rank o f M i c h i g a n M i g r a n t s
f o r F o u r S a m p le s o f E l d e r l y M i g r a n t s . .

.

47

C o m p a r is o n o f S a m p le s o n H e a l t h S i n c e
R e tir e m e n t, P r e se n t H e a lth , V i s i t s t o
D o c t o r a n d H o s p i t a l C o n f i n e m e n t ................................

51

R easons f o r W illin g n e s s or U n w illin g n e s s
t o Move Out o f N e i g h b o r h o o d ...........................................

54

P e r c e n t o f S i t e R e s id e n t s G iv in g S p e c i f i e d
R e a s o n s f o r M o v in g ................................................................

56

A d v a n ta g es and D is a d v a n ta g e s o f L iv in g i n
R e t i r e m e n t H o u s in g a s P e r c e i v e d b y
C o n t r o l s ..........................................................................................

53

R e a s o n s f o r M o v in g o r f o r D e s t i n a t i o n
C h o i c e f o r S e l e c t e d S a m p le s o f O l d e r M o v ers
a n d M i g r a n t s ................................................................................

59

3

7
8

9
10

11

12

•

»

V II

.

T a b le
13

P age
L ik e s and D i s l i k e s A bout A g e - S e g r e g a t e d
R e t i r e m e n t C o m m u n it ie s i n F l o r i d a and
A r i z o n a ................................................................................................

64

C la r e C ou n ty S a m p lin g P o i n t s C l a s s i f i e d by
P e r c e n t o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n 65 Y e a r s o f Age
a n d O l d e r , P e r c e n t o f P o p u l a t i o n G row th ,
f r o m 1 9 6 0 —7 0 , and Number o f P e r s o n s a t
l e a s t 65 Y e a r s O l d ................................................................

79

M a r i t a l S t a t u s o f R e s p o n d e n t s b y Age a n d
S e x ..........................................................................................................

96

P e r c e n t M a r r ie d b y R e s p o n d e n t ' s Age a n d t h e
Y e a r o f M i g r a t i o n .....................................................................

97

O c c u p a t io n a l S t a t u s o f R esp o n d e n ts and
S p o u ses o f R esp on d en ts
......................................

96

H o u s e h o ld O c c u p a t i o n a l S t a t u s o f
R e s p o n d e n t s i n P e r c e n t a g e s ...........................................

100

19

W i v e s ' O c c u p a t i o n s b y H u s b a n d 's O c c u p a t i o n

.

100

20

E d u c a t i o n a l A t t a i n m e n t o f M a r r ie d M a le s
by th e E d u c a t io n a l A tta in m e n t o f t h e i r
S p o u s e s ................................................................................................

102

C e l l C h i S q u a r e s an d D i f f e r e n c e f o r
H o u s e h o l d O c c u p a t i o n a l S t a t u s an d
E d u c a t i o n a l A t t a i n m e n t ......................................................

103

R e t i r e m e n t Age b y t h e S e x an d M a r i t a l
S t a t u s o f t h e R e s p o n d e n t ................................................

106

23

S p o u s e ' s A ge o f R e t i r e m e n t b y S e x ............................

107

24

R e t ir e m e n t A ges o f R e s p o n d e n ts and S p o u s e s
A c c o r d i n g t o O c c u p a t i o n a l S t a t u s ...........................

108

O c c u p a t io n a l S t a t u s o f R e sp o n d e n ts and
S p o u s e s b y T h e i r Age o f R e t i r e m e n t ......................

109

Type o f In c o m e b y t h e Number o f S o u r c e s
o f I n c o m e ..........................................................................................

I ll

A d e q u a c y o f In co m e by H o u s e h o ld
O c c u p a t i o n a l S t a t u s ................................................................

113

14

15
16
17
18

21

22

25
26
27

v iii

T a b le
28
29
30

31

32
33
34
35

36

37
38
39
40

41
42

P age
O r ig in T enancy S t a t u s A c c o r d in g t o
P r e s e n t L o c a t i o n .....................................................................

115

T ype o f P l a c e o f O r i g i n i n P e r c e n t a g e s
A c c o r d i n g t o P r e s e n t L o c a t i o n ......................................

115

M a les and F em a le s w it h P h y s i c a l D e b i l i t i e s
A c c o r d in g t o H e a lth S t a t u s o f R esp o n d en t
a n d o f S p o u s e ................................................................................

117

M a le s an d F e m a le s w i t h D e b i l i t i e s
A c c o r d i n g t o V i s i t s t o D o c t o r and H o s p i t a l
C o n f i n e m e n t .....................................................................................

1 17

M a l e s and F e m a le s w i t h P r e v i o u s H o s p i t a l
C o n f i n e m e n t b y P l a c e o f C o n f i n e m e n t ......................

118

D i s t a n c e o f C o u n t y o f R e s i d e n c e From
C l a r e C o u n t y b y L i f e - C y c l e S t a g e ...............................
Type o f P l a c e o f R e s i d e n c e b y L i f e - C y c l e
S t a g e .....................................................................................................

120
122

Y e a r s o f R e s i d e n c e a t O r i g i n B a s e d on
P r e v io u s R e s id e n c e i n t h e C la r e A rea and
O r i g i n * s D i s t a n c e f r o m C l a r e C o u n t y ..........................

123

R e a s o n s f o r L e a v i n g an d S t a y i n g a t t h e
O r i g i n C om m unity a n d f o r C h o o s i n g C l a r e
C o u n t y a s t h e D e s t i n a t i o n .....................................................

125

L e n g t h o f P l a n n i n g o f t h e Move b y V a c a t i o n
Home S t a t u s o f t h e P r e s e n t D w e l l i n g .......................

129

P e r c e n t a g e s f o r P r e f e r r e d S i z e and
L o c a t i o n o f P l a c e o f R e s i d e n c e .................................

130

R e s p o n d e n t s G i v i n g L ik e d an d D i s l i k e d
F e a t u r e s o f C l a r e C o u n ty .................................................

131

R e s p o n d e n t s w i t h C h i l d r e n , S i b l i n g s , an d
Good F r i e n d s i n t h e O r i g i n C om m unity an d
Frequency o f I n t e r a c t io n w ith F r ie n d s. . .

.

135

C h i l d r e n an d S i b l i n g s L i v i n g C e r t a i n
D i s t a n c e s f r o m C l a r e C o u n t y ...........................................

138

C h ild r e n and S i b l i n g s L iv in g C e r ta in
D i s t a n c e s From C l a r e C o u n ty b y t h e Number
o f T h e s e K i n ..................................................................... .....

140

ix

.

T a b le
43

P age
Z e r o - O r d e r an d P a r t i a l C o r r e l a t i o n
C o e f f i c i e n t s f o r V i s i t i n g and T e l e ­
p h o n i n g C h i l d r e n an d S i b l i n g s w i t h
Number o f S i b l i n g s a n d C h i l d r e n a s
t h e C o n t r o l l e d V a r i a b l e s ................................................

145

S t a t i s t i c a l R e la t io n s h ip s b etw een
S a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h Time S p e n t w i t h t h e
F a m i l y an d I n t e r a c t i o n w i t h C h i l d r e n . . . .

1 47

S t a t i s t i c a l R e la t io n s h ip s b etw een
S a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h Time S p e n t w i t h t h e
F a m i l y an d I n t e r a c t i o n w i t h S i b l i n g s . . . .

14#

1+6

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f E l d e r l y M i g r a n t s ......................

150

47

S o c i a l a n d E c o n o m ic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
S o c i a l a n d N o n s o c i a l M i g r a n t T y p e s ......................

156

A sp e c ts o f th e M ig r a tio n H is to r y ,
P r e p a r a t i o n an d E v a l u a t i o n o f E a c h M ig r a n t
T y p e .....................................................................................................

158

R e a s o n s o f E a c h M i g r a n t Type f o r
S t a y in g a t th e O r ig in , C h o o sin g C la r e
C o u n t y , an d t h e L i k e s a n d D i s l i k e s o f
E a c h .....................................................................................................

160

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e K in s h ip N etw ork s
o f S o c i a l a n d N o n s o c i a l M i g r a n t s ...........................

166

K i n s h i p I n t e r a c t i o n w i t h C h i l d r e n and
S i b l i n g s f o r E a c h M i g r a n t T y p e ................................

167

H y p o th e siz e d E f f e c t s o f th e V a lu a tio n o f a
K in N e t w o r k , an d o f t h e C o m p a r is o n o f
D e s t i n a t i o n t o O r i g i n ...........................................................

179

44

45

48

49

50
51
52

x

LIST OF FIGURES

F ig u r e
1
2

3
4
5

P ag e
P e r c e n t C han ge i n S e l e c t e d M i c h i g a n
C o u n t y P o p u l a t i o n s , 1 9 6 0 - 7 0 .............................................

3

G a in t o S e l e c t e d C o u n t y P o p u l a t i o n s T h ro u gh
N et M ig r a tio n , 1 9 6 0 -7 0 a s P e r c e n t o f th e
i 9 6 0 P o p u l a t i o n ...........................................................................

4

M o b i l i t y T ypes D e f in e d by P la n , C h o ice
a n d S u b s e q u e n t B e h a v i o r .....................................................

16

H ig h I n c o n g r u e n c y B e t w e e n N i c h e an d
S o c i a l N e tw o r k ...........................................................................

176

H ig h C o n g r u e n c y B e t w e e n N i c h e and
S o c i a l N e tw o r k ...........................................................................

177

CHAPTER ONE
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE, LITERATURE REVIEW,
AND RESEARCH DESIGN
In tr o d u c tio n
T h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d fr o m a n
in te r e st
enced

i n p a t t e r n s o f p o p u l a t i o n c h a n g e now b e i n g e x p e r i ­

in s e v e r a l n o n m e tr o p o lita n c o u n t ie s

N o r t h e r n Lower P e n i n s u l a
r e v e a le d th a t th e s e

lo c a te d

(NLP) o f M i c h i g a n .

in th e

The 1 9 7 0 C e n s u s

c o u n t ie s had la r g e p e r c e n ta g e g a in s

p o p u l a t i o n d u r i n g t h e d e c a d e an d t h a t much o f t h e
w as due t o h ig h r a t e s o f n e t

in -m ig r a tio n .

in

in c r e a se

F u rth erm o re, a

la r g e p r o p o r t io n o f th e m ig r a n ts w ere o l d e r p e r s o n s o v e r
s ix ty years of age.

We h a v e u n d e r t a k e n a s t u d y o f s u c h

o ld e r m ig r a n ts

i n one o f t h e s e n o n m e t r o p o lit a n c o u n t i e s .

One p u r p o s e

to

is

in c r e a se

among o l d e r p e o p l e a n d t o

our u n d e r sta n d in g o f m ig r a tio n
in v e s tig a te th e

im p lic a tio n s o f

su c h m ig r a t io n f o r r u r a l c o m m u n itie s o f d e s t i n a t i o n .
a n a l y s i s f o c u s e s upon t h r e e broad t o p i c s :
an d e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

1)

o f o ld e r m ig r a n ts ;

The

th e s o c i a l
2)

con se­

q u e n c e s o f m ig r a t io n f o r m ig r a n t k i n s h i p s y s t e m s ; and 3 )
th e m ig r a tio n d e c is io n p r o c e s s .
a s u b p o p u la tio n o f a l l m ig r a n ts .

O ld e r m ig r a n ts a r e s e e n a s
We s e e k t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e

m i g r a t i o n b e h a v io r o f o l d e r p e r s o n s w i t h i n t h e fram ew ork o f
a g e n e r a l th e o r y o f m ig r a tio n .

1

2
S e le c te d

P o p u la t io n C hanges i n M ic h ig a n ,

D u r in g t h e S i x t i e s ,
(B e e g le ,

tw e lv e

1 9 7 1 ) had p o p u la t io n

F our o f t h e s e w ere
D e t r o i t S M SA 's.

lo c a te d

c o u n tie s

1 960 -70

i n M ic h ig a n

i n c r e a s e s o f 30?£ o r m o r e .

in th e

A n oth er c o u n ty ,

L a n s i n g , Ann A r b o r , an d
L iv in g s to n ,

b e t w e e n t h e D e t r o i t an d L a n s in g SMSA*s.

is

lo c a te d

The r e m a i n i n g

s e v e n c o u n t i e s a r e a l l n o n m e t r o p o l i t a n an d l o c a t e d
N o r t h e r n Lower P e n i n s u l a .
u la tio n

Of t h e e l e v e n c o u n t i e s w i t h p o p ­

i n c r e a s e s b e t w e e n 2 0 —2 9fot e i g h t a r e n o n m e t r o p o l i t a n

w ith f i v e

o f th ese

in th e

NLP.

From t h e map ( F i g u r e

c a n s e e t h a t m ost o f t h e r a p i d l y g r o w in g c o u n t i e s
a r e n o n m e t r o p o lit a n and l o c a t e d
t w e l v e NLP c o u n t i e s h a v e l e s s
liv in g

in th e

in urban p l a c e s .

in th e

NLP.

i n M ic h ig a n

E ig h t o f th e

t h a n 20fo o f t h e i r p o p u l a t i o n

In -m ig r a tio n has been th e

sin g le

m o st im p o r ta n t c a u s e o f su ch la r g e p o p u la t io n g a i n s ,
c ia lly

i n NLP c o u n t i e s

(see

1 ) one

F ig u r e 2 ) .

espe­

E ig h t o f th e te n

c o u n t i e s h a v i n g n e t i n - m i g r a t i o n r a t e s e x c e e d i n g 2 0 fo a r e
n o n m e t r o p o lit a n and s e v e n o f t h e s e e i g h t a r e
t h e NLP.

These s e v e n h ig h n e t

lo c a te d

in

in -m ig r a tio n c o u n tie s are

t h e same s e v e n c o u n t i e s h a v i n g t h e h i g h e s t g r o w t h r a t e s .
I t s h o u ld a l s o be n o te d t h a t f i v e

o f th e se v e n c o u n tie s

w it h n e t in - m ig r a t io n r a t e s o f 15- 19^ a re a l s o
p o l i t a n and in t h e
la tio n

T h e s e c o u n t i e s c o n t a i n no p o p u -

c la s s e d a s urban.

e x p e r ie n c in g
w ith in

NLP.

la r g e r a t e s

50 m ile s o f th e

n o n -m etro ­

1

O n ly t h r e e

o f th e tw e lv e c o u n tie s

o f n et in -m ig r a tio n

c ity

in th e

NLP a r e

o f 2 5 , 0 0 0 o r m ore p e r s o n s .

A n t r i m , G la d w in , K a l k a s k a , M o n tm o r e n c y , Ogemaw

53

20 t o 2 9 . 9#
3Q7S o r More
FIGURE 1 .

Boundary B etw een N o r th e r n
Lower P e n i n s u l a and
S o u t h e r n Lower P e n i n s u l a

P e r c e n t C hange i n S e l e c t e d M i c h i g a n
C o u n t y P o p u l a t i o n s , i 9 6 0 —7 0 .

k

15 t o

1976

B oundary B etw een N o r th e r n
Low er P e n i n s u l a a n d
S o u t h e r n Low er P e n i n s u l a

209& o r More
FIGURE 2 ,

G a in s t o ’ S e l e c t e d M i c h i g a n C o u n t y P o p u l a t i o n s
T h ro u g h N e t M i g r a t i o n , 1 9 6 0 - 7 0 .

The h i g h
by c o u n t i e s

le v e ls o f recent

in -m ig r a tio n e x p e r ie n c e d

i n t h e NLP r e p r e s e n t a s i g n i f i c a n t s h i f t

in

p o p u l a t i o n t r e n d s o f m o s t o f t h a t a r e a w hen p r e v i o u s n e t
m i g r a t i o n i s e x a m in e d .

S ix o f th e c o u n tie s

i n t h e NLP

h a v in g h ig h r a t e s o f i n - m i g r a t i o n f o r 1 9 6 0 -7 0 had e x p e ­
r i e n c e d n e t o u t - m i g r a t i o n r a t e s d u r i n g t h e p r e c e d i n g tw o
decades

( 1 9 4 0 - 5 0 an d 1 9 5 0 —6 0 ) .

Some u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e

d y n a m ic s o f t h e s e m i g r a t i o n f l o w s c a n be g a i n e d by l o o k i n g
a t n e t m ig r a tio n f i g u r e s f o r d i f f e r e n t age grou p s (s e e
T a b le 1 ) .

E s tim a te s p rep a red by th e E x e c u tiv e O f f ic e o f

t h e S t a t e o f M i c h ig a n i n d i c a t e t h a t many o f t h e s e c o u n t i e s
s t i l l have a n e t o u t- m ig r a t io n f o r th e young a d u lt a g e s
( 1 5 - 2 9 )f a n e t i n - r a i g r a t i o n f o r o l d e r a d u l t s
and t h a t t h e r e h a v e b een s i z a b l e

( 6 5 and o v e r )

in c r e a s e s o f n e t in -m ig r a

t i o n f o r th e m id d le -a g e d a d u lt group

(30- 6 4 ).

As a c o n ­

seq u en ce o f t h i s p a tte r n o f m ig r a tio n s e v e r a l o f th e s e
c o u n t i e s a r e u n d e r g o in g an a g in g o f t h e i r p o p u la t io n s in
c o n j u n c t io n w ith o v e r a l l p o p u la t io n grow th .
f o r t h e U .S . C e n s u s B u r e a u ( S t a r s i n i c ,
th r ee o f th e c o u n tie s

(C la r e ,

S ta tistic s

1 9 7 2 ) sh ow t h a t

O s c o d a , and Roscommon) a r e

among t h e t h i r t y - e i g h t c o u n t i e s o f t h e

U n i t e d S t a t e s w h ic h

h ad h i g h r a t e s o f i n - m i g r a t i o n o f p e r s o n s 6 5 y e a r s o l d and
o ld e r .

O n ly t h r e e o t h e r c o u n t i e s fr o m t h e t h i r t y - e i g h t

are not lo c a te d

i n t h e S o u t h e r n and W e s t e r n R e g i o n s o f t h e

U n ite d S t a t e s .
M i c h ig a n h ad a n e t i n - m i g r a t i o n o f o n l y 0 . 5 $ d u r i n g
th e S i x t i e s .

A p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0 , 0 0 0 p e r s o n s , 65 y e a r s and

6
TABLE 1 .

P o p u l a t i o n C h a n g e s f o r S e l e c t e d M ic h ig a n C o u n t i e s .

Co u n t y

T hree
D e c a d e N et
M ig r a tio n
P a ttern s
(1 9 4 0 -7 0 )

M ig r a tio n P a tte r n s f o r
Two Age G ro u p s
1 9 5 0 -1 9 6 0
1 5 -2 9
over
yrs
65

1 96 0-19 70
1 5 —2 3
over
yrs
65

A n t r im

OUT—OUT—IN

OUT

OUT

OUT

IN

C la r e

OUT—OUT—IN

OUT

IN

OUT

IN

C r a w fo r d

IN -IN -IN

OUT

IN

IN

IN

G la d w in

OUT—OUT—IN

OUT

IN

OUT

IN

IN

IN

IN

IN

OUT

IN

OUT

IN

IN

OUT

IN

IN

Iosco
K a lk a s k a
M ecosta

IN -IN -IN
OUT-OUT—IN
IN —OUT—IN

M on tm o ren cy

OUT—OUT-IN

OUT

IN

OUT

IN

Ogemaw

OUT-OUT—IN

OUT

IN

OUT

IN

O scoda

IN-OUT—IN

OUT

IN

OUT

IN

O tsego

OUT-OUT—IN

OUT

IN

IN

IN

IN -IN -IN

OUT

IN

OUT

IN

Roscommon

C han ge i n
M e d ia n Age
^ ^ 2 2 ^
A ge i n
1970
-1 .4 yr.
(3 0 .3 )
+2 . 4 y r*
(30. 9 )
-3 .1 yr.
(27. 5 )
+2 . 4 y r .
(30. 0 )
-1 .7 yr.
(25. 0 )
—1 . 2 y r .
(3 0 .9 )
-1 .1 yr.
(2 2 .7 )
+ 3 -0 y r .
(3 6 .0 )
+ 2 .5 y r .
(32. 6 )
+ 4-3 y r .
(3 7 .2 )
-1 .9 yr.
(2 6 .3 )
+4 . 5 y r .
(40. 9 )

o v e r , w ere

l o s t th ro u g h o u t-m ig r a tio n .

M ic h ig a n t h e f i f t h
fo r th is

h ig h e st

T h is g i v e s

(-3 * 9 ^ ) o u t-m ig r a tio n r a te

a g e g r o u p am ong t h e f i f t y

sta tes.

I f th is

l a t i o n had re m a in e d i n t h e s t a t e ,

th e p e r c e n ta g e

6 5 an d o v e r w o u ld b e 1 0 ^ ,

o f th e

D e sp ite t h i s
creased

lo ss ,

in ste a d

popu­

o f persons

p r e s e n t 8.595*

t h e t o t a l num ber o f o l d e r p e r s o n s

l&fo a n d t h e i r p r o p o r t i o n r e l a t i v e

t h e p o p u l a t i o n r o s e f r o m 8 . 2$ i n i 9 6 0 t o

to th e r e s t
8 . 5# i n

C o u n t y r a t e s o f n e t m i g r a t i o n sh o w t h a t t h e

of

1970.

o ld e r p o p u la ­

t i o n w a s a l s o a c t i v e l y m o v in g b e t w e e n c o u n t i e s
F o r t y —e i g h t o f M i c h i g a n ’s e i g h t y - t h r e e

in ­

in th e

sta te

c o u n t i e s had a n e t

in -m ig r a tio n o f o ld e r p erso n s.
F a r t O ne;

T h e o r e t i c a l F ram ew ork o f M i g r a t i o n

I n r e c e n t y e a r s t h e r e h a s b e e n a g r o w in g l i t e r a t u r e
d e v o t e d t o t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e o r e t i c a l m o d e ls o f m ig r a ­
t i o n b e h a v io r .
lim ita tio n s

Much o f t h i s w o r k i s a r e a c t i o n t o t h e

o f e a r l i e r m o d e ls t h a t r e l y upon a g g r e g a t e d a ta

and f o c u s upon t h e p r e d i c t i o n o f m ig r a t io n f l o w s .
m o d e ls a r e d i r e c t e d to w a rd

The

"new

" e x p la in in g " th e m ig r a tio n b e­

h a v io r o f in d iv id u a ls ,

and m ig r a t io n

r a th e r th a n an e v e n t .

U n d e r s t a n d i n g how t h e m i g r a n t p a r ­

tic ip a te s

in t h is

tic ip a tio n
m o d e ls.
th eo ry i s

are th e

is

v ie w e d a s a p r o c e s s

p r o c e s s an d w h a t f a c t o r s a f f e c t t h a t p a r ­
c e n t r a l q u e s tio n s u n d e r ly in g th e

The f e e l i n g

new er

t h a t a r e - o r i e n t a t i o n o f m ig r a tio n

n eed ed can in p a r t be t r a c e d t o a b ro a d er tr e n d

i n d e m o g r a p h ic a n a l y s i s ,
and s t r u c t u r e

th e

lin k in g o f p o p u la tio n p r o c e ss

t o s o c i a l and c u l t u r a l f a c t o r s .

F ord and

D ejon g

( 1 9 7 0 ) sp e a k o f t h i s a p p ro a ch a s s o c i a l dem ography.

C r i t i c s o f p a st m ig r a tio n r e se a r c h p o in t t o th e f a i l ­
u re o f m ost o f th e e f f o r t s
o f m ig r a tio n .
Jackson th a t

S ta rtu p
" it

is

t o produce s a t i s f a c t o r y t h e o r ie s

(1 9 7 1 :1 7 7 ) su p p o rts th e

c le a r th a t

i t may s t i l l

t o p r o v id e a c o m p le te ly s a t i s f a c t o r y

A n oth er c r i t i c

n o t be p o s s i b l e

s o c i o l o g i c a l m odel o f

m ig r a t io n w h ich ca n a d e q u a t e ly em brace i t s
and i m p l i c a t i o n s . "

comment o f

v a r io u s ty p e s

(G o ld sc h e id e r ,

1971)

a s s e r t s t h a t e f f o r t s t o s p e c if y m ig r a tio n d i f f e r e n t i a l s
h a v e s o f a r b e e n u n s u c c e s s f u l and t h a t e m p i r i c a l g e n e r a l ­
iz a tio n s are

la c k in g .

He d o e s n o t b e l i e v e

th a t t h is

prob­

le m i s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e s h o r t - c o m i n g s o f a v a i l a b l e d a t a
a lo n e .

Such m i g r a t i o n d i f f e r e n t i a l s

G o ld sc h e id e r b e l i e v e s ,

if

fo r

" R a th e r ," he

" u n iv e r s a l la w s" .

sta tes,

"our o b j e c t i v e

are p o s s ib le ,

th e y a re n ot pursued a s a q u e st
(G o ld sc h e id e r ,

in g e n e r a liz in g

is

197 1:3 09)

to e s ta b lis h

th e

d y n a m ic s o f how s o c i o —d e m o g r a p h ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e r e ­
la t e d t o m ig r a tio n under s p e c i f i c

c o n d itio n s. "

w ay o f s t a t i n g G o l d s c h e i d e r * s p o i n t

A n oth er

i s t h a t t h e d y n a m ic s

o f m i g r a t i o n b e h a v i o r may be d i f f e r e n t f o r d i f f e r e n t p o p u ­
la tio n s.

We c o n s i d e r o l d e r p e r s o n s t o b e o n e f a i r l y

u n iq u e

p o p u la t io n w hose m ig r a t io n b e h a v io r s h o u ld be s t u d i e d a p a r t
from o t h e r a g e g r o u p s .

To d a t e ,

th e r e has been l i t t l e

re­

s e a r c h on t h e m ig r a t io n b e h a v io r o f o l d e r p e r s o n s e v e n
th o u g h th e
edged

i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e p h en o m en o n h a s b e e n a c k n o w l ­

(W ile n sk y ,

1 9 6 5 > an d P a l m o r e ,

1973)*

M ig r a tio n a s a s p e c i a l c a s e
The U .S .

o f r e s id e n tia l m o b ility .

Bureau o f t h e C en su s d i s t i n g u i s h e s b e tw e e n

" m o v e r s" an d " m i g r a n t s " .

M o v e rs a r e p e r s o n s who c h a n g e

t h e i r p la c e

b u t do n o t change t h e i r c o u n ty

o f r e sid e n c e ,

o f r e sid e n c e .

M i g r a n t s a r e p e r s o n s who c h a n g e t h e i r p l a c e

o f r e s i d e n c e an d t h e i r c o u n t y o f r e s i d e n c e .
move t o a n o t h e r c o u n t y i n t h e sam e s t a t e
a co u n ty in a d i f f e r e n t s t a t e
co u n try

(e m ig r a n ts).

M i g r a n t s may

(in tr a s ta te ),

(in te r sta te ),

or to a n o th er

Our s a m p l e o f o l d e r m i g r a n t s

p o se d o v e r w h e lm in g ly o f i n t r a s t a t e m ig r a n ts .
c e p ts th a t m ig r a tio n i s
s o c ia l ev en t,

to

is

com­

I f one a c ­

b o t h a d e m o g r a p h ic e v e n t a n d a

som e w e a k n e s s e s i n t h e C e n s u s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

ca n be s u g g e s t e d .

The C e n s u s d e f i n i t i o n s a t t e m p t t o com­

b i n e t h e tw o b a s i c

c h a r a c te r is tic s

1)

its

sio n .

o f m ig r a tio n e v e n ts :

s y s t e m i c d im e n s io n , and 2 ) i t s
The f o r m e r ,

refe rs

t o th e m ig r a t io n e v e n t a s an

e l e m e n t i n t h e d e m o g r a p h ic e q u a t i o n .
is

s o c i a l a c t o r d im e n ­

That i s ,

one v a r i a b l e t h a t a f f e c t s t h e s t r u c t u r e

The l a t t e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

m ig r a tio n

o f p o p u la tio n s .

r e fe r s to th e con sequences o f

m ig r a t io n f o r t h e m ig r a n t i n term s o f h i s p s y c h o l o g i c a l
and s o c i a l c ir c u m s ta n c e s .

In f a c t ,

th ere are

in s ta n c e s

w h en C e n s u s d e f i n i t i o n s an d t h e i r a s s u m p t i o n s d o n o t se e m
t o be su p p o rted .

E x a m p le s o f q u e s t i o n a b l e c a t e g o r i e s

in c lu d e th e f o llo w in g :
1)

M oves a c r o s s a c o u n t y b o u n d a r y s h o u l d be
a c t o r - r e l e v a n t , b u t w hen o r i g i n an d d e s t i n a ­
t i o n c o u n t i e s a r e c o n t i g u o u s , t h i s assum p­
t i o n becom es q u e s t i o n a b le .

10
2)

M oves w i t h i n d e n s e l y p o p u l a t e d , u r b a n c o u n ­
t i e s c a n be b o t h s y s t e m - r e l e v a n t ( e x . s u b ­
u rb a n f l i g h t ) and a c t o r - r e l e v a n t , b u t s t i l l
n o t be c l a s s i f i e d a s m ig r a t io n .

R e s e a r c h e r s m u st k e e p s u c h l i m i t a t i o n s

i n m in d , e s p e ­

c ia lly

in t r a s t a t e m ig r a tio n .

w hen t h e s u b j e c t u n d e r s t u d y i s

P h ases o f th e M ig r a tio n P r o c e s s .
h a v io r m a n if e s ts an i n t r i n s i c
By d e f i n i t i o n ,
tin c t

p o in ts

M ig r a tio n b e­

t e m p o r a l an d s p a t i a l o r d e r .

we know t h a t m i g r a t i o n i n v o l v e s tw o d i s ­

i n s p a c e and t i m e .

There i s a p r e - M ig r a t io n

P h a s e f o l l o w e d b y a J o u r n e y P h a s e , an d f i n a l l y ,
M ig r a tio n P h ase.
grant r e sid e s

D u r in g t h e

in th e

o r ig in

a P o st-

P r e - M i g r a t i o n P h a s e t h e m i­
(o r se n d in g )

c o m m u n ity .

The

P o s t - M ig r a t io n Phase b e g in s upon th e a r r i v a l o f th e m ig r a n t
t o th e d e s tin a tio n
th e

(or r e c e iv in g )

c o m m u n ity .

O b v io u sly ,

J o u r n e y P h a s e r e p r e s e n t s t h a t p e r i o d o f t i m e t h e m i­

grant is

i n t r a n s i t b e t w e e n t h e s e tw o l o c a t i o n s .

S e ld o m

h a v e m i g r a t i o n r e s e a r c h e r s d e a l t w i t h t h e c o m p l e t e m i­
g r a tio n p ro ce ss.
o n ly one p h a s e .

The m ore common a p p r o a c h i s

t o f o c u s upon

T h is s e g m e n t a tio n o f m ig r a t io n r e s e a r c h

h a s b e e n a r e s u l t o f f a c t o r s s u c h a s t h e w ay i n w h i c h t h e
r e s e a r c h p r o b le m i s
d a ta ,
y s is .

d e fin e d ,

and t h e p r e v a l e n c e

th e s c a r c ity

o f a g g reg a te

o f lo n g itu d in a l

l e v e l d a ta and a n a l­

Survey r e se a r c h s t u d ie s have t r i e d

t o co m p en sa te

f o r t h e i r c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l b ia s e s by s e e k in g r e t r o s p e c t iv e
d a ta from r e s p o n d e n t s .

A lso ,

g r e g a te d a ta such a s

p r o v id e d

is

co h o rt a n a ly s is u sin g a g ­
in th e C ensus i s

regarded

a s a m e th o d f o r d e a l i n g w i t h s o c i a l p r o c e s s e s u s i n g c r o s s s e c t io n a l d a ta .

11
T y p o l o g i e s an d S o c i a l A c t i o n T h e o r y .

S tu d en ts o f

dem ography h a v e s o u g h t t o d e v e lo p m ig r a t io n t y p o l o g i e s .
(T h o m lin so n ,

1 9 6 5 # an d P e t e r s e n ,

b a sed upon a r e c o g n i t i o n o f th e
enon.

One o f t h e r e a s o n s f o r

d e a v o r w o u ld a p p e a r t o

195^ )*

T h is e f f o r t

seem s

c o m p l e x i t y o f t h e phenom ­

la c k o f s u c c e s s

in t h i s en ­

be a la c k o f a t h e o r e t i c a l p e r ­

s p e c t i v e t o g u id e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
R e c e n tly ,

on e w r i t e r

t o d ev e lo p a ty p o lo g y th a t
sp e c tiv e ,

d ir e c te d

grounded in su ch a p e r ­

p h a s e o f t h e m i g r a t i o n p r o c e s s an d
come

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f u n i t s v a ry a s do t h e i r

r e a so n s f o r m ig r a tio n .
term s o f th e

The t y p o l o g y

t o w a r d u n d e r s t a n d i n g how m i g r a t i o n u n i t s

t o be d e f in e d .

o f th e

is

1971) h as a ttem p ted

th a t o f s o c ia l a c tio n th eo ry .

p e r ta in s t o th e f i r s t
is

(S ta rtu p ,

He d e f i n e s t h e s e

v a r ia tio n s

v o lu n t a r y n a tu r e o f t h e m ove, and t h e

change t h a t

i n i t i a t e s m ig r a tio n .

in
n a tu re

H is t y p o l o g y

as fo llo w s:
1.

In v o lu n ta r y m ig r a tio n
A. E f f e c t e d b y n a t u r a l f o r c e s .
B. E f f e c t e d by s o c i a l a g e n c y ( i n v o l u n t a r y ) .
C. E f f e c t e d b y s o c i a l a g e n t ( v o l u n t a r y ) .

2.

V o lu n ta r y m ig r a t io n i n i t i a t e d by chan ge in
t h e m i g r a n t *s m a t e r i a l c o n d i t i o n o f a c t i o n .
A. R e s u l t i n g f r o m n a t u r a l f o r c e s .
B. R e s u l t i n g from s o c i a l f o r c e s .

3.

V o lu n ta r y m ig r a t io n i n i t i a t e d by a ch an ge in
t h e m i g r a n t ’s n o n - s o c i a l ( b u t n o n - m a t e r i a l )
c o n d itio n s o f a c tio n .

4.

V o lu n ta r y m ig r a t io n i n i t i a t e d by a ch an ge
t h e m i g r a n t ’s s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s o f a c t i o n
( c a s e s w here s a n c t i o n s a r e b e in g a p p lie d
a g a in s t th e in d iv id u a l or g ro u p ).

in

is

12
5-

V o lu n ta r y m ig r a t io n i n i t i a t e d by a change in
t h e p e r c e iv e d v a lu e o f d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s o f
th e e n v ir o n m e n t.
A.
C hange i n t h e k n o w le d g e o f a n i n d i v i d u a l
or g ro u p c o n c e r n in g i t s e n v ir o n m e n t.
B.
C han ge i n t h e s t a n d a r d o f e v a l u a t i o n .
C.
C han ge i n t h e c a t e g o r i e s d e t e r m i n g t h e
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f w hat i s p e r c e iv e d ,
( o r t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n ) an d t o w h i c h
e v a lu a t io n s a p p ly .

S ta rtu p s e e s th e se
th e

stru ctu re

c a te g o r ie s as d if f e r e n t ia lly

o f th e m ig r a n t a g g r e g a t e .

a ffe c tin g

H ow ever, w h e th e r

o r n o t i n d i v i d u a l s a c t u a l l y m ig r a te h a s t o be u n d e r s to o d
by c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f th e

in te r p r e ta tio n th a t

in d iv id u a ls

p la c e upon t h e i r s i t u a t i o n .
T h e o r e tic a l P e r s p e c tiv e s .

The r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t

P r e — an d P o s t —M i g r a t i o n P h a s e s r e p r e s e n t d i f f e r e n t o r d e r s
o f ev en ts o ften
is

is

r e fle c te d

in th e r e se a r c h d e s ig n th a t

u s e d , and in t h e d e f i n i t i o n

fo r each p hase.

o f t h e r e s e a r c h p r o b le m

The b u l k o f t h e w o r k o f d e m o g r a p h e r s i n ­

v o l v e s d e f i n i n g who w i l l m i g r a t e
th ey w i l l go.
terest

(L on g,

p r o file s .
u tiliz e d

The f i r s t

(se le c tiv ity )

concern has

and w here

le d t o a c u r r e n t in ­

1 9 7 3 ) i n p r o b a b i l i t y m o d e l s an d m i g r a n t

R esea rch on grow th o f a r e a p o p u la t io n s h as
t h e m o d e l s o f human e c o l o g y a n d e c o n o m i c s

1940; Z ip f,

1946;

L ow ry,

1 9 6 6 ; Karp a n d K e l l y ,

(S to u ffer,

19 7 1 ).

C hanges i n p o p u la t io n c o m p o s it io n a r e o f c e n t r a l c o n c e r n .
M o r r iso n

(1 9 & 9 ) h a s d e v e l o p e d a n i n t e r e s t i n g

m odel th a t o f f e r s
tio n

s e p a r a t e e x p l a n a t o r y m e c h a n is m s f o r s e l e c ­

o f m ig r a n ts and d e s t i n a t i o n c h o i c e s .

com es t h e

th e o r e tic a l

S e le c t io n be­

q u e s t i o n o f who m o v e s a n d who s t a y s .

M o r r iso n

p r e s e n t s a m i c r o - r e t e n t i o n m o d e l w i t h a b e h a v i o r a l fr a m e

13
o f r e f e r e n c e t o e x p l a i n t h e d y n a m ic s o f d e c i s i o n s t o
m ig r a te .

A m a c r o - a l l o c a t i v e m o d e l w o u ld be u s e d t o e x ­

p la in d e s tin a tio n

c h o ic e s

o f m i g r a n t s a n d w o u ld b e b a s e d

upon a n e c o l o g i c a l fram e o f r e f e r e n c e .
The A d a p t a t i o n P r o c e s s .

When s t u d y i n g t h e

con se­

q u e n c e s o f m i g r a t i o n one ca n f o c u s upon t h e e f f e c t s

fo r

t h e s e n d i n g a n d / o r r e c e i v i n g c o m m u n it y , o r t h e e f f e c t s o f
o
t h e move f o r t h e m i g r a n t .
The l a t t e r a p p r o a c h h a s r e ­
c e iv e d th e m ost a t t e n t i o n
a c te r iz e

by s o c i o l o g i s t s .

t h i s approach as th e a n a ly s is

We c a n c h a r ­

o f th e a d a p ta tio n

p r o c e s s e x p e r ie n c e d by m ig r a n ts d u r in g t h e

P o s t —M i g r a t i o n

P hase.

in term s o f

T h is p r o c e s s h a s a l s o b een d e f in e d

c o n c e p ts such a s a s s i m i l a t i o n ,
c u ltu r a tio n ,

a d ju stm en t,

The v o lu m e o f t h e s e

s o c ia l in te g r a tio n ,

and a b s o r p t i o n

stu d ie s

is

enorm ou s.

ac­

(E ise n s ta d t,

19 5 4 ).

I m m i g r a t i o n and

r u r a l —u r b a n m i g r a t i o n h a v e r e c e i v e d t h e g r e a t e s t a t t e n t i o n
by r e s e a r c h e r s d e a lin g w ith a d a p t a tio n .
ta k en a s o c i a l a c t io n p e r s p e c tiv e
1 9 6 9 ; S c h w a r z w e l l e r , et^ a l ,
p la in a d a p ta tio n
fa cto rs.

T h o se who h a v e

(M an g alam ,

I 9 6 S; B ro d y ,

1 9 7 1 ) a r e m ore i n c l i n e d t o e x ­

in term s o f o r i g i n a s w e l l a s d e s t i n a t i o n

Such i n t e g r a t i o n

o f t h e d y n a m ic s o f P r e - M i g r a t i o n

and P o s t - M i g r a t i o n p r o c e s s e s

is a n ecessary step

in th e

d ev elo p m en t o f a e x p la n a t o r y m odel o f th e m ig r a t io n p r o c e s s .
The M o v e r - S t a v e r P h e n o m e n o n .
o f a n a ly sis
■y

R e g a r d le ss o f th e

le v e l

e m p lo y e d , m ost r e s e a r c h e r s h a v e d i r e c t e d t h e i r

A s t u d y may i n v o l v e a l l t h r e e i s s u e s a s d i d
S c h w a r z w e l l e r , e t a l , ( 1 9 7 1 ) i n t h e i r a n a l y s i s o f w h i t e m i­
g r a n t s f r o m A p p a T a cK ia t o O h io .

14
a t t e n t i o n t o t h e m o v e r —s t a y e r q u e s t i o n w hen d e a l i n g w i t h
b e h a v io r d u r in g th e

P r e -M ig r a tio n P h a se.

A v a r ie ty o f

v a r i a b l e s h a v e b e e n u s e d t o e x p l a i n why some i n d i v i d u a l s
move a n d o t h e r s s t a y .
c y c le

sta g e,

o c c u p a tio n ,

S tr u c tu r a l v a r ia b le s such a s

h o m e o w n e r s h ip ,
e tc .,

la b o r fo r c e p a r t ic ip a t i o n ,

have a l l been t e s t e d

n e ss as m ig r a tio n d i f f e r e n t i a l s .
in sta n c e s o f resea rch
need t o

in te g r a te

life

fo r th e ir u se fu l­

O c c a sio n a lly ,

one f i n d s

w here t h e a u t h o r s r e c o g n iz e t h e

su ch s t r u c t u r a l v a r ia b le s w ith s o c i a l

p sy c h o lo g ic a l v a r ia b le s .

A r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t on r e s i d e n ­

t i a l m o b i l i t y c o n d u c te d by U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n
C a l i f o r n i a r e s e a r c h e r s h a s p r o d u c e d som e i n s i g h t f u l i d e a s
ab ou t g e o g r a p h ic m o b il it y .

The f o c u s o f t h i s

s u m m a r iz e d b y Van A r s d o l , e t a l ,

research

is

(1 9 6 6 :2 4 9 ) a s f o llo w s :

" F i r s t , c o m p a r i s o n s a r e made o f m o b i l i t y p l a n s
and c h o ic e s w ith su b s e q u e n t m o b i l i t y , c o n t r o l l i n g
f o r l i f e c y c le s ta g e s .
S econ d , m o b ility p la n ,
c h o i c e , and s u b s e q u e n t b e h a v io r a r e u s e d t o co n ­
s t r u c t a t y p o l o g y o f ’m o v e r s 1 a n d ’s t a y e r s ’ d e ­
f in e d in term s o f m o b ilit y a n t i c i p a t i o n , f u l ­
f i l l m e n t , an d b e h a v i o r .
T h ir d , p a s t m oves a r e
c o m p a red w i t h s u b s e q u e n t m o b i l i t y .
P ast m o b ility ,
p l a n , c h o i c e , an d t h e l i f e c y c l e a c c o u n t f o r
a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 0 fo o f t h e p o s s i b l e s u b s e q u e n t
m o b ility -r a te v a r ia tio n
f o r t h e L os A n g e l e s
m e tr o p o lis.
F or t h e tim e p e r i o d and i n d e x e s ,
th e g r e a te s r e la t iv e c o n tr ib u tio n s to su b seq u en t
m o b i l i t y r a t e s a r e made b y p l a n a n d c h o i c e , b u t
s t r i k i n g r a t e d i f f e r e n c e s a r e o b s e r v e d w hen p a s t
b e h a v io r i s ta k e n in t o a c c o u n t.
M o b ility expe­
r i e n c e s le a d t o a l i k e l i h o o d o f a p la n and c h o i c e
o f m o v e , an d i n c r e a s e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f r e a l i z i n g
th ese g o a ls ."
T h is a r t i c l e
1 9 6 6 ) g iv e

an d a s u b s e q u e n t o n e

som e s u p p o r t t o t h e

b e h a v io r s a re

in v o lv e d

(Y e e a n d Van A r s d o l ,

n o tio n th a t a sequ en ce o f

in m ig r a tio n d e c isio n -m a k in g

15
(th o u g h th e d ep en d en t v a r ia b le
d e n tia l m o b ility ).

in t h e ir stu d y i s

r e si­

C h o i c e an d p l a n c o n s t i t u t e d i f f e r e n t

d i m e n s i o n s o f a t t i t u d e s w i t h r e g a r d t o m o v in g b e h a v i o r .
The t y p o l o g y o f m o b i l i t y t y p e s

i n F ig u r e

3 is

su g g e stiv e

o f some o f t h e u n d e r l y i n g d y n a m ic s o f t h e m i g r a t i o n d e ­
c isio n p rocess.
e t a l.

C om m en ting o n t h e i r f i n d i n g s ,

Van A r s d o l

(1 9 6 6 :2 6 6 ) rem ark:

"The m o b i l i t y p r o c e s s h e r e d e s c r i b e d c a n be
in t e g r a t e d in f u t u r e r e s e a r c h w ith e x p la n a tio n s
b a s e d o n s o c i a l m o b i l i t y an d i t s p e r c e p t i o n ,
t h e f a m i l y l i f e c y c l e an d f a m i l i s m , e n v i r o n m e n t a l
c o n d i t i o n s a n d e v a l u a t i o n s , an d s o c i a l an d
lo c a lit y p a r tic ip a tio n .
E c o lo g ic a l as w e ll as
i n d i v i d u a l f a c t o r s t h a t im p e d e o r f a c i l i t a t e
m oves can be e x p e c t e d t o i n f l u e n c e t h e e f f i c a c y
o f m o b i l i t y c h o i c e s w h i c h may b e r e a l i z e d i n
a c c o r d w i t h c o m m u n it y - w id e r e l a t i o n s o f p o p u ­
l a t i o n s i z e an d a v a i l a b l e h o u s i n g s t o c k , an d
i n d i v i d u a l a c c e s s t o f i n a n c i a l an d s o c i a l
r e s o u r c e s ."
O t h e r r e c o m m e n d a t io n s b y t h e a u t h o r s
o f th e d iffe r e n c e s

in c lu d e e x a m in a tio n

b e t w e e n r e t r o s p e c t i v e m o v e r s an d

nonm overs in a b i l i t y t o a c t u a l i z e

t h e i r p la n s and c h o i c e s ,

t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f how a c t u a l i z i n g p l a n s a n d c h o i c e s
may l e a d p r e v i o u s l y s t a b l e
d if f e r e n t m o b ility

or s t a b i l i t y

s tr u c tio n o f ty p o lo g ie s
T h e ir a r t i c l e

o r m o v ile p o p u la tio n s

c h a n n e l s , and t h e co n ­

o f m o b i l e an d s t a b l e

(Van A r s d o l , e t a l . ,

w ith th e r e c o g n it io n t h a t

in to

1 9 6 6:26 7)

p o p u la tio n s .
c o n clu d es

"a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f m o b i l i t y

m o t iv a t io n s w ith c o n c e p ts o f b a la n c e t h e o r y ,

s e lf fe e lin g ,

t h e s e l f a s a p r i n c i p a l b a l a n c e , and c o g n i t i v e d is s o n a n c e "
is a n ecessary ste p

if

dem ographers w ant t o a c h ie v e e x ­

p la n a tio n o f r e sid e n c e ch an g es.

16

PLAN

CHOICE

_

FIGURE 3 .
Source;

FULFILLED

==

BEHAVI OR

M o b i l i t y T y p e s D e f i n e d b y P l a n , C h o i c e an d
S u b seq u en t B e h a v io r .

Van A r s d o l ,

et a l.

(1969*259)

C o n c e p tu a liz a tio n o f th e m o v er-sta y er is s u e a s a
d e c i s i o n p r o b le m h a s b e e n b r i e f l y d i s c u s s e d w i t h r e g a r d
t o t h e w ork o f M o r r is o n .

A n oth er tr e a tm e n t o f th e a n a l y s i s

o f m ig r a tio n d e c is io n s

t h a t o f W o lp e r t ( 1 9 6 6 ) who c o n ­

is

s id e r s m ig r a tio n a s a r e sp o n se t o e n v ir o n m e n ta l s t r e s s .
S ta y e r s a re d e sc r ib e d as
th e a n tic ip a te d

i n d i v i d u a l s who h a v e r e j e c t e d

c o n s e q u e n c e s o f m o v i n g , an d m o v e r s a r e

t h o s e who r e j e c t t h e a n t i c i p a t e d

con sequ en ces o f s ta y in g .

W o lp e r t d ra w s u p o n t h e d e c i s i o n m o d e l s u s e d i n o t h e r
se ttin g s

( C y e r t an d M a r ch , 1 9 6 3 ) t o d e f i n e

th e p ro ce ss

w h e r e b y i n d i v i d u a l s c h o s e m i g r a t i o n a s a m ean s o f c o p i n g
w ith e n v ir o n m e n ta l s t r e s s .
of stress

to le r a n c e

He h y p o t h e s i z e s t h e e x i s t e n c e

l e v e l s among i n d i v i d u a l s a n d s u g g e s t s

t h a t m ig r a t io n becom es v i a b l e a s t h r e s h o ld s o f t h e s e
are approached.

le v e ls

A l t h o u g h h e m ak es a d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n

m i g r a t i o n r e s u l t i n g f r o m c h a n g e s i n s t a t u s an d f r o m s o c i o e n v ir o n m e n ta l s t r e s s ,
g u ity .

t h e d i s t i n c t i o n h a s a c e r t a i n a m b i­

S u p p o se d ly , ch an ges in s t a t u s have r a t h e r a u to m a tic

co n seq u en ces f o r m ig r a tio n b e h a v io r ,

but s t r e s s

q u e n c e s a r e m ore v a r i a b l e d ue t o a l a r g e r a n g e
th r e sh o ld s.
c u ssio n

An e x a m p le o f t h i s

con se­
in s t r e s s

a m b ig u ity i s h i s d i s ­

o f t h e t e n d e n c y to w a rd e q u i l i b r i u m

o f in d i v i d u a l s t o n e ig h b o r h o o d s.

i n t h e m a tc h in g

He s t a t e s t h a t d em and s

f o r ty p e s o f r e s id e n c e s a re a f f e c t e d by th e a c to r * s p r e ­
s e n t s t a t u s an d h i s a s p i r a t i o n

le v e ls .

M o v e rs a r e f o u n d

p r e d o m i n a n t l y among t h o s e who a r e u n d e r g o i n g a c h a n g e i n
sta tu s

o r who a n t i c i p a t e d is h a r m o n y w i t h t h e

im p lie d change

18
o f th e ir present sta tu s.
M o r r iso n ( 1 9 6 9 ) i n c o r p o r a t e s t h e t h r e s h o l d c o n c e p t
o f W o lp e r t i n t o h i s m ic r o a n a l y t i c a l m o d e l o f t h e d e c i ­
sio n p rocess
is

i n o r d e r t o e x p l a i n how s i t u a t i o n a l i n e r t i a

o v e r c o m e an d l o c a t i o n a l p r e f e r e n c e s a r e t r a n s l a t e d

in t o m ig r a tio n .

He ( M o r r i s o n ,

196 9 :1 0 ) p rop oses a

t h e o r e t i c a l fr a m e w o r k h a v i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g s t i p u l a t i o n s :
1)

A p o p u la tio n o f d e c isio n -m a k e r s i s arrayed
on a b road c o n tin u m , r a n g in g from " e a s i l y
m oved " t o " v i r t u a l l y i m m o b i l e , " c o r r e s p o n d i n g
t o an u n d e r ly in g d e c i s i o n t h r e s h o l d .
B e lo w
t h i s t h r e s h o ld , v o lu n ta r y m ig r a tio n i s n ot
p e r c e iv e d a s b e in g f e a s i b l e .

2)

T h o se who h a v e lo w t h r e s h o l d s a r e a l e r t t o
th e in e v it a b le e x is te n c e or p e r c e p tio n o f
o p p o r t u n i t i e s e l s e w h e r e , an d w i l l o f t e n c o n ­
v in c e t h e m s e lv e s t h a t t h e s e a r e w orth r e ­
s p o n d in g t o .

3)

T h o se h a v i n g h i g h t h r e s h o l d s , o n t h e o t h e r
hand, are n e ith e r a le r t to p o t e n t ia lly
a d v a n ta g e o u s m oves n o r r e s p o n s i v e t o op p or­
t u n i t i e s w hen a n a w a r e n e s s e x i s t s .

4)

The d e c i s i o n t h r e s h o l d v a r i e s among d i f f e r ­
e n t d e c i s i o n u n i t s a n d w i t h i n t h e sam e d e c i ­
s io n u n it o v er tim e .

5)

T h r e sh o ld s a re s t r u c t u r e d by a la r g e
e m p ir ic a lly a c c e s s ib le fa c t o r s .

set of

T h is fram ew ork a v o i d s t h e a s s u m p tio n o f a u t i l i t y
o p e r a t in g upon d e c i s io n - m a k i n g .
( i .e ., life

c y c le

ch osen in ste a d

sta g e,

S tr u c tu r a l v a r ia b le s

o c c u p a tio n a l s t a t u s ,

o f p sy c h o lo g ic a l on es.

h i s g o a l t o be t h e

fu n c tio n

e t c . ) are

M o r r iso n s e e s

c o n s tr u c tio n o f p o p u la tio n p r o f i l e s

t h a t p roduce r e l a t i v e l y hom ogeneous a g g r e g a t e s r e p r e ­
s e n t in g th e p o p u la tio n a t r i s k r e g a r d in g m ig r a tio n .

19
There h ave b e e n o t h e r e f f o r t s t o d e v e lo p m ig r a t io n
d e c i s i o n m o d e ls.

B eshers

(1 9 & 7 ) i d e n t i f i e d

th ree ty p es

o f m i g r a t i o n b e h a v i o r u s i n g W e b e r ’s c o n c e p t o f v a l u e
o r ie n ta tio n .
h a v io r ,

These t y p e s w ere r a t i o n a l - p u r p o s i v e b e ­

t r a d i t i o n a l b e h a v i o r , and h e d o n i s t i c

He s e e s t h e r a t i o n a l - p u r p o s i v e
r e p r e se n ta tiv e

b e h a v io r .

ty p e o f m ig r a tio n a s b e in g

o f a d e c isio n p ro cess.

B esh ers u s e s th e

h u s b a n d - w i f e d y a d a s t h e a c t o r m a k in g t h e d e c i s i o n an d
d is c u s s e s th e r o le th a t each p la y s.
o ld e r m ig r a n ts,
th e

G o ld sc h e id e r

stu d y o f

( 1 9 6 6 , 1971) c o n c lu d e s th a t

concept o f s o c ia l in te g r a tio n

e x p la n a to r y v a r ia b le .

From h i s

o f f e r s p r o m ise a s an

H is g e n e r a l h y p o t h e s is

is

th a t

s o c i a l i n t e g r a t i o n and m ig r a t io n a r e

in v e r se ly

T h erefo re,

l e s s m o b ile th a n

o ld e r person s are u s u a lly

younger on es.

The m o b i l e e l d e r l y a r e d e s c r i b e d a s a d e ­

v i a n t c a s e fro m th e
cept of r e la tiv e

la r g e r p o p u la tio n o f e l d e r l y .

d e p r iv a tio n

ta k es

The c o n ­

(M a n g a la m , 1 9 6 8 ) h a s a l s o b e e n

u sed t o e x p la in m ig r a tio n d e c is io n s .
tiv e

r e la te d .

M a n g a la m ’s p e r s p e c ­

i n t o a c c o u n t t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e m ove a s w e l l

a s th e c h o ic e

o f d e stin a tio n .

th e m ig r a n ts d e sir e

Such c h o i c e s a r e b a se d upon

to s a tis fy

n e e d s n o t b e i n g m et i n t h e

o r i g i n c o m m u n ity w i t h o u t c h a n g i n g o t h e r a s p e c t s o f t h e
m i g r a n t ’s s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n w h ich a r e c o n s id e r e d s a t i s f y i n g .
T h u s, d e s t i n a t i o n s a r e s e l e c t e d w h ich a r e a s s i m i l a r a s
p o ssib le

to th e

o r i g i n e x c e p t t h a t t h e unm et n e e d s a r e a l s o

p r o v id e d f o r .

The m e r i t o f t h i s

p e r s p e c tiv e

is

th a t

it

c h a lle n g e s th e

" h id d e n h a n d " a s s u m p t i o n s o f e c o n o m i c an d

20
e c o l o g i c a l m o d e ls.
to

D e c i s i o n s t o m i g r a t e w o u ld o f t e n se e m

in v o lv e a t t i t u d e s to w a rd t h e d e s t i n a t i o n a s w e l l a s

a t t i t u d e s tow ard t h e o r i g i n .
A n oth er c o n c e p t u a l i z a t i o n o f th e d e c i s i o n p r o c e s s
le a d in g t o m ig r a tio n i s

p r o v i d e d b y W a is a n e n ( 1 9 6 8 ) , who

u s e s a s o c i a l a c t i o n p e r s p e c t i v e t o c o n s i d e r t h e d y n a m ic s
o f s o c i a l and g e o g r a p h i c a l m o b i l i t y .
a t th e a c to r -in -s y s te m

(r e la tio n a l)

d ic a t e w hat th e a c t o r p u ts
ta k es out o f i t .

in to th e

He s u g g e s t s we l o o k
v a r i a b l e s w h ich i n ­
s y s t e m an d w h a t h e

W a is a n e n ( 1 9 6 8 : 7 - 8 ) o b s e r v e s :

As r e g a r d s b e h a v i o r a l o u t c o m e s i n t h e a c t o r s o c i a l sy stem r e la t io n s h ip , th e co n cep t o f d i s ­
tr ib u t iv e j u s t ic e is p a r tic u la r ly r e le v a n t.
P e r c e p tio n o f d i s t r i b u t i v e j u s t i c e i s e q u iv a le n t
t o p e r c e p t io n o f e q u it y b etw een in p u t and o u t­
p u t , an d h a s i t s c r i t i c a l f o c u s i n t h e r e l a t i o n ­
s h ip o f an a c t o r t o a p a r t i c u l a r s o c i a l sy ste m .
I f , in th e a c t o r ' s e s t im a t io n , o u tp u t i s l e s s th a n
in p u t d e s e r v e s , t h e p e r c e p t io n o f in e q u it y w i l l
r e q u i r e c h a n g e i n e i t h e r t h e s y s t e m (an d i t s r e ­
w a rd a l l o c a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s ) o r i n t h e a c t o r (a n d
in h i s e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e w orth o f h i s p e r f o r ­
m a n ce).
I f th e s e ch an ges are im p o s s ib le , th en
th e a c t o r s r e m a in in g o p t io n s a r e :
(1 ) t o le a v e
t h e s y s t e m , e i t h e r p h y s i c a l l y o r s o c i a l —p s y c h o ­
l o g i c a l l y , ( ? ) t o d e c l a r e h i s own r e w a r d s t o b e
ir r e l e v a n t — i . e . , t o ig n o r e h i s s e l f - c o n c e p t i o n
and t o p l a y t h e r o l e o f t h e m a r ty r ( i n s h o r t ,
s e l f - d i s s o c i a t i o n ) o r ( 3 ) t o l i v e w i t h t h e im­
b a la n c e in th e c o n t e x t o f r i t u a l i s m , r e s i g n a t i o n ,
and a p a t h y , i n w h ic h c a s e t h e a c t o r - s y s t e m r e l a ­
t i o n s h i p i s d e v o i d o f m e a n in g .
The b a s i c h y p o t h e s i s t h a t u n d e r l i e s t h i s
fram ew ork i s

th a t th e

system v a r ia b le s ,
s o c ia tiv e
a cto r.

lo w e r t h e

v a lu e o f th e a c t o r - i n -

th e g r e a te r th e

e x p e r ie n c e s

co n cep tu a l

lik e lih o o d

of d is­

(in c lu d in g m ig r a tio n ) f o r th e

S p e a k in g o f t h e p r o c e s s t h a t u n d e r l i e s d i s ­

s o c i a t i o n f r o m a s o c i a l s y s t e m , W a is a n e n ( 1 9 6 8 : 1 1 ) s t a t e s :

21
"The a c t o r may s e e t h e i n p u t - o u t p u t r a t i o a s
ju st or u n ju st.
W h ile t h e s y s t e m c o r e ( s i c .
c o g n i t i v e and b e h a v i o r a l s t y l e s ) s e r v e s a s a
g e n e r a l m odel f o r a s p i r a t i o n s , a c t o r s w ith
e q u iv a le n t in p u t s e n a b le c o m p a r a tiv e s e l f e v a l u a t i o n , a p r o c e s s w h ich fo rm s t h e b a s e o f
a p o s s ib le se n se o f r e l a t i v e d e p r iv a tio n , or
p e r c e iv e d la c k o f d is t r i b u t i v e j u s t i c e . "
One f i n a l comm ent s h o u l d b e made r e g a r d i n g t h e
b u lk o f m ig r a tio n r e s e a r c h .
o f th e m ost m o b ile g r o u p s.

S t u d i e s a r e u s u a l l y made
T h is i s

p a r tic u la r ly tru e

o f su rvey s t u d ie s ,

a lth o u g h c e n su s p u b lic a t io n s have

a ls o fo llo w e d t h i s

p r a c tic e .

i s th e

In such r e s e a r c h ,

a g e 65

c u t t in g p o in t f o r d e fin in g th e p o p u la tio n .

S in c e

much o f t h i s r e s e a r c h h a s b e e n c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e m o b i l ­
ity

o f th e

tic iz e d .

la b o r f o r c e ,

th is

r a tio n a b le

c a n n o t be c r i ­

H ow ever, w hat h a s r e s u l t e d from t h i s

tio n a l d e c isio n

is

opera­

a b i a s e d s a m p le o f m i g r a n t s w h i c h i s

u sed t o d e v e lo p g e n e r a l t h e o r ie s or a t
t i o n s a b o u t m i g r a t i o n and m ig r a n t s .

le a s t g e n e r a liz a ­

L ittle

research e x is ts

t h a t h as s e r i o u s l y a ttem p ted t o e x p la in m ig r a tio n
o f t h e n o n m o b i le among t h e h i g h m o b i l i t y g r o u p s ,
m o b i l e m em bers o f lo w m o b i l i t y g r o u p s .

in term s
o r th e

E x p la n a tio n s o f

m i g r a t i o n m u s t b e a b l e t o a c c o u n t f o r b o t h m o v e r s an d
sta y ers

in th e p o p u la tio n a t r is k .

A ls o , th e p o p u la tio n

at r isk

n e e d s t o b e r e c o g n i z e d a s an i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n

d e te r m in in g th e sc o p e o f any e x p la n a tio n .
Summary.

Our r e s e a r c h o n e l d e r l y m i g r a n t s t o C l a r e

C o u n t y , M i c h i g a n , e m p l o y s a s t r a t e g y o f e x p l o r a t i o n and
d e s c r ip tio n .^

We now c a n p r e s e n t t h e c o n c e p t u a l fr a m e w o r k

■^This s t r a t e g y i s d e f i n e d i n a s u b s e q u e n t s e c t i o n ,
D a ta A n a l y s i s and R e s e a r c h D e s ig n .

22
th a t u n d e r lie s t h is

research .

The p r e v i o u s d i s c u s s i o n o f

m i g r a t i o n t h e o r y an d t h e m i g r a t i o n p r o c e s s p r o v i d e m o s t
o f th is

fram ew ork .

M ig r a tio n i s

d e fin e d a s a p r o c e ss

h a v i n g e x p l i c i t t e m p o r a l and s p a t i a l p a r a m e t e r s ,
posed t o

c o n c e iv in g m ig r a t io n t o be an e v e n t .

t i n c t p hases are

id e n tifie d .

a s op­

Three d i s ­

S p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n w i l l be

g i v e n t o t h e P r e - M i g r a t i o n an d t h e

P o st-M ig r a tio n P h a ses.

The f o r m e r i s

c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t h e p o t e n t i a l m i g r a n t ’s

p a r tic ip a tio n

in a d e c is io n p r o c e ss.

le m i n t h i s

p hase

o th ers s ta y .

is

The r e s e a r c h p r o b ­

t o e x p l a i n why som e p e o p l e move an d

T e r m in a tio n o f th e d e c i s i o n p r o c e s s and th e

P r e - M i g r a t i o n P h a s e f o r t h e m i g r a n t o c c u r s w hen h e a c t u a l l y
m oves fro m h i s p la c e o f r e s i d e n c e .

We a c c e p t t h e

C ensu s B ureau d e f i n i t i o n s d i s t i n g u i s h i n g
from m ig r a t io n .
grant is
s id e r e d .^

U .S .

r e s i d e n t i a l m o ves

The J o u r n e y P h a s e d u r i n g w h i c h t h e m i­

i n t r a n s i t from o r i g i n t o d e s t i n a t i o n
We w i l l e x a m in e t h e

is

n o t con­

P o s t - M ig r a t io n P h ase w h ich

^ In th e U n ite d S t a t e s th e Jou rn ey Phase i s u s u a l l y o f
s h o r t d u r a t io n due t o t h e t e c h n o l o g y o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .
Con­
s e q u e n t l y , a move t a k e s o n l y a f e w d a y s .
The J o u r n e y s t i l l
p r e s e n t s c e r t a i n o b s t a c l e s t o t h e m ig r a n t e s p e c i a l l y f i n a n c i a l
o n e s , b u t i t s s o c i a l im p a c t c a n n o t m a tc h t h e j o u r n e y o f t h e
e a r l y s e t t l e r o r im m i g r a n t .
E v e n t s may o c c u r d u r i n g t h e J o u r ­
n e y P h a s e t h a t e f f e c t t h e o u tc o m e o f t h e move s u c h a s t h e
d e a t h o r s e r i o u s i l l n e s s o f a m ig r a n t o r s p o u s e .
L ittle
a t t e n t i o n i s p a id t o d a y t o t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e J o u rn ey Phase
in s t u d ie s o f in t e r n a l m ig r a tio n .
C e r ta in ly , th e " su ccess" o f
a m ig r a t io n ca n be a f f e c t e d by e v e n t s d u r in g th e j o u r n e y , b u t
we h a v e c h o s e n n o t t o d e a l w i t h t h i s s u b p r o c e s s o f t h e l a r g e r
m ig r a tio n p r o c e s s .
We a r e i n d e b t e d t o D r. H a r r y S c h w a r z w e l l e r f o r p o i n t i n g
o u t t h a t one c o u ld c o n c e p t u a l i z e t h e J o u rn ey Phase d i f f e r ­
e n t l y t h a n we h a v e d o n e .
T h is p h a se c o u ld in c lu d e a r r a n g e ­
m e n t s t o s e l l t h e o r i g i n h o m e, t o p a c k a n d s h i p p o s s e s s i o n s ,
t o lo c a te a r e sid e n c e in th e d e s t in a t io n , as w e ll a s o th e r
m o v in g p r e p a r a t i o n s .
I n c l u s i o n o f s u c h a c t i v i t i e s g i v e s m ore
s i g n i f i c a n c e t o t h i s p h a s e t h a n d o e s o u r m ore l i m i t e d d e f i n i -

23
com m en ces w i t h t h e a r r i v a l o f t h e m i g r a n t i n t h e d e s t i n a ­
tio n

c o m m u n ity .

T h is p e r i o d o f tim e

is

d i s t i n g u i s h e d by

an a d a p t a t i o n p r o c e s s e x p e r ie n c e d by t h e m ig r a n t.

A n a ly sis

o f t h e a d a p t a t i o n p r o c e s s d e a l s w i t h t h e r e s e a r c h p r o b le m
o f d is c o v e r in g th e f a c t o r s t h a t a f f e c t th e ty p e o f ad ap ta­
t i o n a t t a in e d by m ig r a n ts.
C o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e d e c i s i o n m o d e ls u s e d t o e x p l a i n
m i g r a t i o n b e h a v i o r i n d i c a t e s t h a t s u c h m o d e ls d e a l w i t h
w h a t we h a v e d e f i n e d a s v o l u n t a r y m i g r a t i o n .

I t has been

s u g g e s t e d t h a t a s o c i a l a c t i o n fram e o f r e f e r e n c e

is

com­

p a t i b l e w i t h b o t h t h e d e c i s i o n m o d e l an d t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f
v o lu n ta r y m ig r a tio n .
a lso

S tu d ie s o f th e a d a p ta tio n p ro cess

c a n e m p lo y a n a c t i o n f r a m e o f r e f e r e n c e .

In t h is

s e c t i o n t h e o r e t i c a l and e m p i r i c a l s u p p o r t f o r t h e a c t i o n
p e r s p e c tiv e

is

p r e s e n t e d , an d t h i s

p e r s p e c tiv e u n d e r lie s

th e r e se a r c h s t r a t e g y u sed in our stu d y .
We w i l l n e x t r e v i e w r e s e a r c h f i n d i n g s p e r t a i n i n g t o
m ig r a t io n by o ld e r p e r s o n s .
g e th e r a v a ila b le

Our p u r p o s e

is

to p u ll to ­

d a ta a b o u t o ld e r m ig r a n ts and t o d i s ­

cover f r u it f u l areas fo r fu rth er research .
P a r t T w o;

L i t e r a t u r e About O ld e r M ig r a n ts

The im p o r t a n c e o f o l d e r p e r s o n s a s m i g r a n t s t o
m e tr o p o lita n c o u n tie s
in tr o d u c tio n o f t h is

i n M ich ig a n i s
ch a p ter.

d e a lin g w ith o ld e r m ig r a n ts .

non-

d ocu m en ted i n t h e

We now w i l l r e v i e w r e s e a r c h
C ensus d a ta f o r r u r a l a r e a s

t e n d s t o be s p a r s e and m ig r a t io n d a ta

is

no e x c e p t i o n .

The

q u e s t i o n on r e s i d e n c e f i v e y e a r s p r i o r t o t h e c e n s u s y e a r

24
is

a s k e d f o r a 15?6 s a m p le o f c e n s u s h o u s e h o l d s .

r e sid in g

P ersons

i n a c o u n t y d i f f e r e n t fr o m t h e c o u n t y o f r e s i d e n c e

f i v e y e a r s ago a re d e fin e d a s m ig r a n ts.
c la ssific a tio n
beyond s e x ,

T h er e

is

no c r o s s ­

o f th e m ig r a tio n d a ta a t th e co u n ty l e v e l

r a c e , and a g e .

M o st o f t h e s t u d i e s

in v e s ti­

g a t in g o ld e r m ig r a n ts r e l y upon a g g r e g a te d a ta a t th e
n a tio n a l le v e l.
W ilb u r Z i l e n s k y ,
n iz in g th e

a geographer,

is

among t h o s e

recog­

im p o r t a n c e o f m i g r a t i o n o f o l d e r p e r s o n s a s a

d e m o g r a p h ic an d g e o g r a p h i c p h e n o m en a .

S a y s W ile n sk y

(1 9 6 5 :4 4 5 ):
" R e c e n t l y a f e w g e o g r a p h e r s an d d e m o g r a p h e r s w i t h
a s p a t i a l b en t have begun t o r e a l i z e t h a t th e
g e o g r a p h y o f t h e a g e d i s nov: s u f f i c i e n t l y d i s t i n c t
f r o m t h a t o f o t h e r a g e g r o u p s t h a t i t s s t u d y may
a m p ly r e p a y t h e i n v e s t m e n t o f som e t i m e a n d e f f o r t . "
He n o t e s t h a t t h e w o r k o f B o w le s a n d T a v e s

( i 9 6 0 ) r e v e a ls

t h a t th e m ig r a tio n o f th e aged a t a co u n ty l e v e l d e p a r ts
m a r k e d ly f r o m a t o t a l s t a t e

le v e l.

T h is d a ta a l s o

s t r o n g ly s u g g e s t s th a t th e m ig r a tio n p a tte r n o f t h i s age
g rou p d u r in g t h e

1950*s began t o d iv e r g e s i g n i f i c a n t l y

f r o m t h e r e s t o f t h e A m e r ic a n p o p u l a t i o n .

T h is c h a p te r

r e v ie w s s t u d ie s o f m ig r a tio n o f o ld e r p erso n s th a t a re o f
tw o b a s i c t y p e s :
sa m p le s u r v e y s ,
lim ite d

( 1 ) t h o s e u s i n g c e n s u s d a t a an d n a t i o n a l
and ( 2 ) t h o s e u s i n g s a m p le s o f s p e c i a l

p o p u la tio n s.

C ensus D a ta .

T h i s s e c t i o n c o n s i d e r s tw o t y p e s o f

a n a l y s e s t h a t h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t u s in g D e c e n n ia l C ensus
d a t a a n d C u r r e n t P o p u l a t i o n R e p o r t s , a n a t i o n a l s a m p le

25
s u r v e y t a k e n m o n th ly by t h e C en su s B u reau .

On o n e h a n d ,

t h e r e a r e m ig r a tio n r e p o r ts t h a t p r e s e n t d a ta
i n w h ich i t was c o l l e c t e d .
are o fte n o f t h is
secon dary a n a ly se s

in th e form at

(C en su s B ureau p u b l i c a t i o n s

s ty le .)

On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e r e a r e

o f c e n s u s d a ta i n w h ich r e l a t i o n s h i p s

b etw een v a r i a b le s a re e x p lo r e d .
In terest

i n t h e m i g r a t i o n o f o l d e r p e r s o n s among

d em o g ra p h ers and o t h e r s a r o s e

in th e

1950*s,

in th e S o u th ,

in F lo r id a .

T.

( 1 9 5 1 ) a n d Homer L. H i t t

Lynn S m it h

in te r e ste d

e s p e c ia lly

E a r ly s c h o la r s su ch a s
( 1 9 5 4 ) who w e r e

in th e m ig r a tio n b e h a v io r o f o ld e r p erso n s

s o u g h t t o m e a s u r e t h e m a g n it u d e o f i n t e r s t a t e

m ig r a tio n

f o r t h i s a g e g r o u p , and t o e s t i m a t e t h e e f f e c t s

s u c h m ove­

m e n t w a s h a v i n g u p o n t h e a g e s t r u c t u r e s o f s e n d i n g and r e ­
c e iv in g a rea s.

O th ers

(T h o m p so n ,

1 9 5 1 ) began t o

p o p u la tio n tr e n d s f o r th e n a tio n a s a w h o le.
cu ssan t

(W o lff,

G e r o n to lo g y ,
D r.

1951) a t th e

p o in te d o u t,

lo o k a t

As a d i s ­

1 9 5 1 S o u t h e r n C o n f e r e n c e on

"By u s i n g a s t a t i s t i c a l a p p r o a c h ,

T hom pson a r r i v e s a t h i s

c o n c lu sio n th a t th e r e w i l l not

be a g r e a t d e a l o f m ig r a tio n o f o ld e r p e o p le , w h ile
D r. S m it h a r r i v e s a t t h e c o n t r a r y c o n c l u s i o n b y s p e c i f i c a l l y
a p p ly in g t h i s
th a t t h is

to th e

lo c a l l e v e l ."

He f u r t h e r s u g g e s t s

s e e m in g ly p a r a d o x ic a l c o n c lu s io n can be r e c o n c i l e d

th r o u g h t h e f o l l o w i n g ex a m p le :

"In t h e n e x t t e n y e a r s t h e

t o t a l p e r c e n t a g e o f o l d e r p e r s o n s who move may n o t b e
s ig n if ic a n t . . . b u t,

if

te le s c o p e d to th e F lo r id a p o p u la tio n

you w i l l s e e th a t a sm a ll p ercen ta g e

o f m i g r a n t s c a n make

26
a g r e a t d e a l o f d i f f e r e n c e . H.
t h e sam e p a r a d o x .

Age i s

T o d a y , we a r e f a c e d w i t h

s till

c o n s i d e r e d t o be t h e m o s t

i m p o r t a n t an d g e n e r a l i z a b l e m i g r a t i o n d i f f e r e n t i a l .

Young

a d u l t s a r e c o n s i s t e n t l y t h e m ost m o b ile seg m en t o f t h e
p o p u l a t i o n an d m i g r a t i o n r a t e s d e c l i n e w i t h

in c r e a s in g age

a s d o e s t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f an i n d i v i d u a l e x p e r ie n c i n g a
m ove,

or m ig r a tio n .

1966; R ile y ,

(L o n g ,

1 9 7 2 an d 1 9 7 3 :

CPR, 1 9 6 6 and

1 9 6 8 ).

A l t h o u g h no a p p a r e n t c h a n g e i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f
o l d e r p e r s o n s m ig r a t in g a n n u a lly seem s t o be o c c u r in g
( a b o u t 4 - 5$ a n n u a l l y ) ,

th e

v o lu m e o f m i g r a t i o n o f o l d e r

p e r s o n s a p p e a r s t o be i n c r e a s i n g m a r k e d l y .
sta n d a b le

in lig h t

o f th e

age groups r e la t iv e

T h is i s

under­

c o n t in u e d gro w th o f t h e o l d e r

t o th e t o t a l p o p u la tio n .

W h ile t h e

n a t i o n a l p o p u la t io n d o u b le d in t h e p r e c e d in g 50 y e a r s ,
n o te d by S t a r s i n i c

(1 9 7 2 ),

d r u p l e d f r o m 576 t o

10JS o f t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n t o d a y .

t h e p o p u l a t i o n 65 an d o v e r q u a ­

1 9 2 0 , t h e r e w e r e 5 m i l l i o n p e r s o n s 6 5 an d o v e r ;
t h e num ber w a s 2 0 m i l l i o n .
tio n

is

in 19 7 0 ,

W h ile n o n w h i t e s c o n s t i t u t e

o ld e r p o p u la tio n ,

t o t a l p o p u la tio n .

In

F u rth erm o re, t h e o ld e r p o p u la ­

d o m in a te d by w h i t e s .

o n ly 9# o f th e

as

t h e y c o m p r ise 13^ o f t h e

T h is o l d e r p o p u la t io n i s

d istr ib u te d

in

a m an n er s i m i l a r t o t h e g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n w i t h r o u g h l y
tw o -th ir d s
c itie s

in m e tr o p o lita n a rea s

an d 6 m i l l i o n

effect

is

in c e n t r a l

i n s u b u r b s ) and th e o t h e r 7 m i l l i o n

in n o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s .
o f e ld e r ly

(7 m i l l i o n

H o w e v e r , w h en t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n

e x a m in e d a t t h e

co u n ty l e v e l ,

n o t e d b y H i t t an d S m it h i s

th e t e le s c o p in g

c le a r ly e v id e n t.

27
S m it h

( 1 9 5 1 .) made u s e o f 1 9 4 0 c e n s u s d a t a t o e x a m in e

n a tio n a l tren d s
effects
of

in th e d i s t r ib u t io n

o f m ig r a t io n upon t h a t d i s t r i b u t i o n .

i n - an d o u t - m i g r a t i o n f o r t h e

fic a tio n

o f t h e a g e d an d t h e

o f c o u n tie s r e c e iv in g

N e t v o lu m e s

s t a t e s and t h e

siz a b le

n u m b ers o f o l d e r

m i g r a n t s w e r e t h e m a in c o n c e r n s o f h i s a n a l y s i s .
th e

le a d o f S m ith , H i t t

g r a tio n

(1 9 5 4 ) e x p lo r e d th e r o le

F o llo w in g
o f m i­

i n a f f e c t i n g t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l r a t e s o f gro w th o f

t h e a g e d among t h e s t a t e s .
s is

id e n ti­

fo r th e

He r e p l i c a t e d S m i t h ' s a n a l y ­

1 9 4 0 -5 0 d e c a d e , and e v a lu a t e d t h e q u e s t i o n o f

w h e th e r s t a t e ag e s t r u c t u r e s w ere i n c r e a s i n g l y d e te r m in e d
by th e m ig r a tio n o f aged p e r s o n s .
fir m e d .

Such an e f f e c t was c o n ­

Each i n v e s t i g a t o r d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e r e was su b ­

s t a n t i a l v a r i a t i o n a t b o th c o u n ty and s t a t e
reg a rd t o th e m ig r a tio n o f o ld e r p e r s o n s.

l e v e l s w ith
N o r t h e r n an d

E a s t e r n u r b a n c o u n t i e s w e r e t h e p r im a r y s e n d e r s a n d
S o u t h e r n a n d W e s t e r n u r b a n c o u n t i e s w e r e t h e p r im e r e ­
c e iv e r s.
S h e ld o n ( 1 9 6 5 ) and C o w g ill ( 1 9 6 5 ) i n v e s t i g a t e d popu­
l a t i o n t r e n d s f o r t h e o ld e r p o p u la t io n d u r in g th e
decade.

1950 -6 0

S i m i l a r th e m e s and c o n c l u s i o n s a r e fo u n d i n b o th

stu d ie s.

T hey c o n c l u d e t h a t h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f a g e d

in r u r a l c o u n t ie s a re m a in ly a c o n se q u e n c e o f th e
g r a t io n o f th e younger age g rou p s.

o u t-m i­

A lso , p la c e s o f 1 ,0 0 0 -

2 ,5 0 0 in r u r a l a r e a s m a n ife s t th e h ig h e s t p r o p o r tio n s o f
e ld e r ly .
m a r ily th e

T h is c o n c e n t r a t io n

in v ill a g e s

is

v ie w e d a s p r i ­

r e s u l t o f t h e r e t i r e m e n t o f f a r m e r s fr o m t h e

28
su r r o u n d in g a r e a

(C o w g ill;

282;

o f t h e M i d w e s t , C o w g i l l (1 9 & 5 :

S h e ld o n :

S p e a k in g

2 8 1 ) n o te s t h a t o n ly a

few a r e a s a re s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d
th e aged.

3 8 ).

by in - m ig r a t io n o f

H ow ever, b o th S h e ld o n and C o w g ill d e t e c t

some

c o u n t i e s e x p e r i e n c i n g s i z a b l e gro w th o f a g ed p e r s o n s t h a t
can be c h a r a c t e r iz e d a s r e s o r t o r r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a s .
T h e s e a r e a s h a d a m a r k e d ly l o w e r l e v e l o f m a le
p a r tic ip a tio n

(C o w g ill:29 5)•

la b o r f o r c e

C o w g ill a l s o fo u n d t h a t th e

a g e d d i d n o t move i n t o t h e m o s t r e m o t e r u r a l a r e a s .
is,

c o u n tie s

That

i n t h e M id w e s t w i t h h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f

a g e d w e r e u s u a l l y w i t h i n 1 0 0 —1 5 0 m i l e s
a r e a an d o n l y s e l d o m m ore r e m o t e .

It

o f a la r g e urban
i s th e

v ie w o f C o w g ill

t h a t m i g r a t i o n o f t h e e l d e r l y h a d a s t r o n g e r im p a c t u p o n
s e x r a t i o s t h a n u p o n a g e s t r u c t u r e b e c a u s e o l d e r men s t a y e d
in r u r a l a r e a s w h ile
c itie s .

o l d e r women m oved t o

or

T hese s t u d i e s fo u n d o n ly a fe w in s t a n c e s w here

r u r a l a r e a s e x p e r ie n c e d

in -m ig r a tio n .

o f su ch a r e a s w here i n c r e a s e s
s u l t e d from t h e
areas.

v illa g e s

in th e

No m e n t i o n i s made
o ld e r p o p u la tio n r e ­

i n - m i g r a t i o n o f o l d e r p e r s o n s fr o m u r b a n

5

A c c o r d i n g t o S t a r s i n i c ’s

(1972) a n a ly s is o f 1970

C en su s d a t a , t h e o v e r w h e lm in g c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c o u n t i e s
w ith

la r g e p r o p o r tio n s o f e l d e r l y a re

in th e

cen tra l s ta te s ,

^ F u g u i t t an d F i e l d ( 1 9 7 2 ) do n o t e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f i n m ig r a tio n o f o ld e r p erso n s t o r u r a l c o u n tie s w ith r e c r e a t io n
r e s o r t f a c i l i t i e s , b u t o n l y a s a n a s i d e t o t h e i r m a in a n a l ­
y sis .

29
th e a g r ic u lt u r a l b read b ask et o f th e co u n try .
a re m e tr o p o lita n .
re m a in in g

S ta r sin ic a ls o

n o te s t h a t m ost o f th e

" o l d e r 11 c o u n t i e s c a n b e i d e n t i f i e d

a n d /o r r e tir e m e n t a r e a s .

A lm o s t none

as reso rt

M ost o f t h e s e c o u n t i e s e x p e r i ­

e n c e d a n a t u r a l d e c r e a s e a s w e l l a s an o v e r a l l d e c r e a s e
in t h e ir p o p u la tio n s .

But t h o s e

c o u n tie s w ith n a tu r a l

d e c r e a s e s t h a t w e r e a l s o r e s o r t —t y p e c o u n t i e s
had a n e t

in -m ig r a tio n

in v a r ia b ly

( a n d p r e s u m a b l y , may h a v e had an

o v e r a ll p o p u la tio n g ro w th ).

The N o r t h e r n s t a t e s

lo st

a b o u t 5fo o f t h e i r o l d e r p o p u l a t i o n due t o m i g r a t i o n d u r i n g
th e decade.

G a in s o f 8 $ w e r e e x p e r i e n c e d b y t h e S o u t h e r n

and W estern s t a t e s .
I llin o is ,

M a jo r l o s i n g s t a t e s w e r e New Y o r k ,

P e n n sy lv a n ia ,

O h io , a n d M i c h i g a n .

fo u n d t o be o u t o f th e m e t r o p o lit a n c i t i e s

M ovement w as
o f t h e N o r th

t o t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s o f t h e S o u t h an d W e s t .
gard to m ig r a tio n e x p e r ie n c e s
S ta r sin ic

W ith r e ­

in n o n m e tr o p o lita n c o u n t ie s ,

( 1 9 7 2 :6 - 7 ) rem arks,

"A s u r p r i s i n g l y l a r g e num ber e x p e r i e n c e d n e t
i n - m i g r a t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n 6 5 an d o v e r .
N e a r l y 1 , 9 0 0 o r GOfi o f a l l c o u n t i e s sh o w e d
som e m i g r a t i o n g a i n s , c o m p a red w i t h l e s s
th a n a th o u sa n d w ith m ig r a t io n g a in s f o r th e
t o t a l p o p u la tio n .
T h er e i s a h e a v y c o n c e n ­
t r a t i o n o f c o u n t ie s g a in in g o ld e r m ig r a n ts in th e
sam e S t a t e s t h a t h a v e a l a r g e number o f c o u n t i e s
w i t h v e r y o l d p o p u l a t i o n s . . . The num ber o f m i g r a n t s
in v o lv e d is n * t la r g e , but th e p a tte r n i s so p er­
v a s i v e t h r o u g h o u t t h e M id d le W est t h a t i t c a n ' t
be i g n o r e d . "
S ta r sin ic a ls o

s p e c u la t e d a s t o w h eth er t h i s m ig r a tio n

r e p r e s e n t s a r e t u r n o f r e t i r e e s who l e f t
y ears ago.

t h e fa r m c o u n t r y

30
P a rt o f S t a r s i n i c 's d i s c u s s i o n d e a ls w ith th e
c o u n t ie s t h a t w ere th e
o f o ld e r m ig r a n ts,
le a st

1 ,0 0 0 .

th o se w ith a n et m ig r a tio n o f a t

Two m i g r a t i o n p henom en a c h a r a c t e r i z e t h i s

group o f c o u n tie s .
tr a l c itie s
m o v em en t.

l a r g e s t s e n d e r s an d r e c e i v e r s

F ir s t,

th ere

i s m ovem ent f r o m c e n ­

t o s u b u r b s , and s e c o n d ,

th ere

is

lo n g d is t a n c e

"Most o f t h e c o u n t i e s c o n t a i n i n g t h e

c i t i e s h a v e o u t - m i g r a t i o n , w h ich i s

la r g e st

o f f s e t t o som e e x ­

t e n t b y m ovem en t i n t o a d j a c e n t c o u n t i e s , " S t a r s i n i c
N in e ty p e r c e n t o f th e
m e tr o p o lita n .

104 h ig h o u t-m ig r a tio n c o u n tie s are

Some 4 7 n o n m e t r o p o l i t a n c o u n t i e s a t t r a c t e d

l a r g e n u m b ers o f o l d e r i n - m i g r a n t s .
p o lita n

says.

Two M i c h i g a n m e t r o ­

c o u n t i e s , Macomb an d O a k la n d , w e r e h i g h

g r a tio n c o u n tie s f o r e ld e r ly ,

but seven

in -m i-

( G e n e s e e , In g h a m ,

J a c k s o n , K a la m a z o o , S a g i n a w , W a sh te n a w , and W ayne) w e r e
h ig h o u t-m ig r a tio n c o u n t ie s .

The D e t r o i t SMSA r a n k e d

t h i r d b e h i n d New Y ork a n d C h i c a g o i n t h e r a t e o f n e t o u t ­
m ig r a tio n .

We h a v e a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d t h a t t h r e e c o u n t i e s

i n M ic h ig a n ( C l a r e ,
3# c o u n tie s

O s c o d a , a n d R oscom m on) w e r e among t h e

in th e U n ite d S t a t e s w ith th e h ig h e s t

in -r a i-

g r a tio n r a te s f o r e ld e r ly .
S t a r s i n i c *s f i n d i n g s s u p p o r t t h e e a r l i e r c o n t e n t i o n s
o f S m it h
is

( 1 9 5 1 ) and H i t t

(1 9 5 4 ) t h a t m ig r a tio n by th e aged

b e c o m in g a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r

in t h e s t r u c t u r e and d i s ­

t r i b u t i o n o f t h e A m e r ic a n p o p u l a t i o n .

H is d i s c u s s i o n a l s o

f o r c e s u s t o r e —t h i n k o u r a s s u m p t i o n s a b o u t t h e a g e s t r u c ­
tu re

in r u r a l a r e a s.

In -m ig r a tio n o f o ld e r p erso n s to

31
ru ra l areas is
It

is

s t i l l m o d est, b u t a p p a r e n tly i t

im p o r ta n t t o r e a l i z e

in c r e a sin g .

th e t e le s c o p in g n a tu re o f t h i s

p h en o m en o n a n d t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e

c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h i s m i­

g r a tio n p a ttern fo r r e c e iv in g a re a s.
a l e r t s us t o th e

is

q u e stio n a b le

v a lid ity

The d a t a p r e s e n t e d
o f a ssu m in g t h a t

g ro w th a n d /o r a g in g o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n r u r a l c o m m u n ities
r e su lts

o n ly from t h e

o u t-m ig r a tio n o f younger p erso n s or

t h e r e t i r e m e n t o f f a r m e r s an d o t h e r r u r a l p e o p l e .

C le a r ly ,

new p a t t e r n s a r e e m e r g i n g .
S e v e r a l a n a ly se s

o f c e n s u s d a ta and n a t i o n a l s a m p le s

d e a l w ith th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
stu d ie s
a b le ,

o f o ld e r m ig r a n ts.

Many

o f th e g e n e r a l p o p u la tio n have u sed age a s a v a r i­

and o c c a s i o n a l l y t h e s e

d e n t s o v e r 65 y e a r s o f a g e .
and G o l d s t e i n

sa m p les h ave in c lu d e d r e s p o n ­
A r t i c l e s by L enzer ( 1 9 6 5 )

( 1 9 6 6 ) make u s e o f d a t a f r o m t h e

I n c o m p a r in g o l d e r m i g r a n t s t o n o n m i g r a n t s ,
no r e l a t i o n s h i p
e ith e r sex.

L enzer fo u n d

b e t w e e n m o b i l i t y an d e d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l f o r

He a l s o f o u n d t h a t o l d e r m i g r a n t s a s co m p a red

w i t h n o n m i g r a n t s a r e m ore l i k e l y
lo w i n c o m e s , t o b e s e p a r a t e d ,
lo d g e r s,

i 960 c e n su s.

liv in g

L e n z e r *s f i n d i n g

t o b e u n e m p lo y e d , t o h a v e

o r d i v o r c e d , an d t o be

in group q u a r te r s ,

o r w ith r e l a t i v e s .

o f a n e g a t iv e r e l a t i o n s h i p b etw een ed u ca­

t i o n an d m i g r a t i o n c o n t r a d i c t s g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s a b o u t m i­
grant c h a r a c te r is tic s

o f th e

la r g e r p o p u la tio n

(L on g,

1 9 7 3 ).

U s in g c e n s u s d a t a f o r p e r s o n s 65 y e a r s a n d o l d e r ,
G o ld ste in

( 1966) in v e stig a te d

s o c i o - e c o n o m i c an d m i g r a t i o n

d i f f e r e n t i a l s b e t w e e n t h e a g e d p o p u l a t i o n s i n an d o u t o f

32
th e

la b o r f o r c e .

T here was h ig h

la b o r f o r c e

p a r tic ip a tio n

b y a g e d among p r o f e s s i o n a l / t e c h n i c a l , m a n a g e r i a l , an d fa r m
o c c u p a t i o n s , a n d lo w p a r t i c i p a t i o n b y a g e d among c r a f t s m e n /
forem en ,

o p e r a tiv e s,

s a l e s w o r k e r s , and la b o r e r s .

w ere n e i t h e r o v e r o r u n d er r e p r e s e n t e d
h o ld s e r v i c e ,

Aged

in c l e r i c a l ,

and f a r m l a b o r o c c u p a t i o n s .

h ouse­

A stro n g r e la ­

t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a in m e n t and a t e n d e n c y t o
rem a in in t h e

l a b o r f o r c e w as f o u n d .

are not lik e ly

t o be i n t h e

m em bers o f t h e

la b o r f o r c e

G o ld ste in d iv id e s th o se

I n t e r s t a t e m ig r a n ts

la b o r f o r c e .

M o b ilit y by o ld e r

i s u s u a l l y by th o s e

not in th e

la b o r fo r c e

n o t w o r k in g ,
in to th o se

who h ad w o r k e d d u r i n g t h e p r e v i o u s t e n y e a r s

(th e

r e s e r v e ) a n d t h o s e who h a d n o t w o r k e d i n t h e

la s t ten

years.

He f i n d s t h a t t h o s e

r e sid e n tia l s ta b ilit y

in th e

th a n th o se

T w ic e a s many m a l e s i n t h e

la b o r

la b o r fo r c e have g r e a te r

in th e

la b o r r e s e r v e .

" la b o r r e s e r v e "

liv e d

in a d i f ­

f e r e n t h o u se i n a d i f f e r e n t c o u n ty from t h e i r r e s id e n c e
i n 1955*
m ig r a n ts .
is

A s i m i l a r p r o p o r t i o n w as f o u n d among i n t e r s t a t e
T h is g r e a t e r m o b i l i t y o f t h e

" la b o r r e s e r v e "

v ie w e d b y G o l d s t e i n a s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e

o f t h e i r w ith d r a w a l from t h e
in th e

la b o r f o r c e

nor th e

m o b ility o f th e th r e e

la b o r f o r c e .

In d iv id u a ls not

l a b o r r e s e r v e h ad t h e

c a te g o r ie s .

th a t a p a ttern ed r e la t io n s h ip
ch a n g e and w it h d r a w a l from t h e
l e s s fr e q u e n tly

im m e d ia c y

lo w e st

G o ld s te in c o n c lu d e s

e x ists

b etw een r e s i d e n t i a l

la b o r f o r c e ;

m o b ility occurs

i m m e d i a t e l y u p o n r e t i r e m e n t o r m ore t h a n

f i v e y e a r s a fterw a rd .

33
In c o n c lu d in g t h i s

s e c t i o n , we s h o u l d b r i e f l y m e n t i o n

som e o t h e r v a r i a b l e s t h a t h a v e b e e n s u g g e s t e d a s i m p o r t a n t
m ig r a tio n d i f f e r e n t i a l s

i n s t u d i e s o f t h e g e n e r a l popu­

la tio n .^

life

Speare,

These in c lu d e

c y c le sta g e

1 9 7 0 ; Y ee a n d Van A r s d o l ,

o c c u p a tio n

(L on g,

1969; Speare,

1 9 7 3 ),

197 0 ).

a s c o n t r o l s on a g e .

1972;

1 9 6 8 ) , E d u c a tio n and

d u r a tio n o f r e s id e n c e

(L a n d ,

In g e n e r a l s t u d ie s u se such v a r ia b le s
The g e n e r a l v a l i d i t y

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n a g e an d m i g r a t i o n i s
by th e s e

(G u est,

o f th e

in v e r s e

not c o n tr a d ic te d

stu d ie s.

Summary.

The d a t a r e v i e w e d

in t h i s

s e c t io n su p p ort

t h e p r o p o s i t i o n s t h a t e l d e r l y m i g r a n t s a r e b e c o m in g m ore
n u m er o u s an d t h a t e l d e r l y m i g r a t i o n p a t t e r n s d i f f e r f r o m
m ore g e n e r a l m i g r a t i o n p a t t e r n s .
t o be h i g h l y s e l e c t i v e
Such a t e l e s c o p i n g

E ld e r ly m ig r a tio n te n d s

in regard to a rea s o f d e s tin a tio n .

e f f e c t m ean s t h a t a r e a s s e l e c t e d

as

d e s t i n a t i o n s by o ld e r m ig r a n ts sh o u ld e x p e r ie n c e ch a n g e s
i n t h e a g e s t r u c t u r e and o t h e r a s p e c t s
c h a r a c te r is tic s.

T here i s

lim ite d

o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n ’s

r e c o g n itio n th a t ru ra l

1l
I n a s t u d y c o m p a r in g y o u n g e r m i g r a n t s , 25 t o 3 4
y e a r s o f a g e , t o o l d e r m i g r a n t s 65 o r m o r e , K a la b an d
G a lle (1 9 7 3 ) p o in t ou t s e v e r a l d i s s i m i l a r i t i e s b etw een
t h e tw o a g e g r o u p s .
E s p e c i a l l y p e r t i n e n t t o o u r own
c o n c e r n s a r e t h e i r f i n d i n g s t h a t e l d e r l y m ig r a n ts a re
m ore l i k e l y t o g o t o r u r a l a r e a s , t o b e h o m e o w n e r s , t o
move t o t h e S o u t h , t o h a v e l o w e r v a l u a t i o n o f h o u s i n g o r
l o w e r r e n t , an d t o h a v e l o w e r i n c o m e s , w hen c o m p a r e d t o
t h e y ou n ger m ig r a n t.
E ld e r ly m ig r a n ts a r e a l s o a s l i k e l y
t o b e w id o w e d a s t o b e m a r r i e d , an d t h e y a r e c o n c e n t r a t e d
in sm a lle r h o u se h o ld s.
O l d e r m i g r a n t s t e n d t o be f e m a l e s
and y o u n g e r o n e s , m a le s .

34
a r e a s w i t h s p e c i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s u c h a s r e s o r t an d
r e c r e a tio n

in d u str y have a p o t e n t ia l as m ig r a tio n d e s ­

t in a t io n s fo r th e e ld e r ly .

But th e g e n e r a l c o n se n su s

is

t h a t r u r a l a r e a s h a v e a g e d o r a g i n g p o p u l a t i o n s d ue t o
o u t-m ig r a tio n o f younger p e r so n s,
in -m ig r a n ts go t o

v illa g e s

N orth ern s t a t e s a re

and t h a t m o s t e l d e r l y

o r s m a l l to w n s from t h e fa rm .

l o s i n g e l d e r l y due t o o u t - m i g r a t i o n

o f y o u n g e r p e r s o n s , and t h a t m ost e l d e r l y
go to

v illa g e s

s t a t e s are

in -m ig r a n ts

o r s m a l l to w n s from t h e fa rm .

N orth ern

l o s i n g e l d e r l y d ue t o o u t - m i g r a t i o n w h i l e

W e s t e r n an d S o u t h e r n s t a t e s a r e g a i n i n g e l d e r l y fr o m i n m ig r a tio n .
M ig r a tio n d i f f e r e n t i a l s

among t h e e l d e r l y d o n o t

a lw a y s f o l l o w f i n d i n g s f o r t h e g e n e r a l p o p u la t io n .

A lso ,

th e m ig r a tio n o f o ld e r p e r so n s

la b o r

fo rce

s t a t u s and o c c u p a t i o n .

p r e se n t a break in th e

is a ffected

by t h e i r

R e tir e m e n t a p p e a r s t o r e ­

life -c y c le

o f th e o ld e r p erson th a t

en co u ra g es m ig r a tio n , b u t o n ly f o r a lim it e d p e r io d o f
tim e .

S tu d ie s o f m ig r a tio n d i f f e r e n t i a l s f o r th e g e n e r a l

p o p u l a t i o n s u g g e s t some a d d i t i o n a l v a r i a b l e s t h a t h a v e n o t
been f u l l y

e x p lo r e d

in s t u d ie s o f e l d e r l y m ig r a n ts.

S a m p le s f r o m L i m i t e d P o p u l a t i o n s .
th is

The s t u d i e s

in

c a t e g o r y u s e s u r v e y t e c h n i q u e s a n d d raw t h e i r s a m p l e s

from p o p u la t io n s w ith s p e c i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

That i s ,

sa m p les a r e ta k e n o f a l o c a l p o p u la t io n o f o ld e r p e r s o n s
in a s t a t e ,

co u n ty ,

th a n one l o c a l e

or c ity .

in th e sa m p le.

Some s t u d i e s

i n c l u d e m ore

Any g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s f r o m

su c h sa m p le s h a v e t o be e v a lu a t e d w i t h i n th e c o n t e x t o f

35
th e

la r g e r p o p u la tio n .

A l a r g e num ber o f v a r i a b l e s h a v e

b e e n u s e d i n t h e s e s t u d i e s a n d we w i l l su m m a r iz e t h e
fin d in g s

i n term s o f s e v e r a l o f t h e s e

sam e t i m e , we s e e k t o
fo r th ese

in d ic a te

v a r ia b le s.

At th e

d i f f e r e n c e s among s a m p l e s

v a r ia b le s .

A num ber o f s t u d i e s a b o u t e l d e r l y

i n t e r s t a t e m ig r a n ts

f r o m t h e M id w e s t w e r e d o n e b y t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f W i s c o n s i n
in th e

la te

1 9 6 0 , s an d 1 9 7 0 .

The p r im a r y c o n c e r n o f t h e

r e s e a r c h e r s w a s r e t i r e m e n t and i t s
H o n n e n , e t aJL. ,

r e l a t i o n to m ig r a tio n .

( 1 9 6 9 ) co m p a red a s a m p l e o f W i s c o n s i n

r e t i r e e s w it h sa m p les o f r e t i r e d m ig r a n ts l i v i n g

in

F l o r i d a a n d o f s e a s o n a l r e t i r e d m i g r a n t s who s p e n t t h e
w in te r in F lo r id a .

L a t e r , S m it h a n d M a r s h a l l ( 1 9 7 0 ) com­

p ared sa m p les o f r e t i r e d

m ig r a n ts

i n tw o "Sun C i t y " r e ­

t ir e m e n t d e v e lo p m e n ts

i n F l o r i d a an d A r i z o n a .

s t u d y b a se d upon t h i s

p r o j e c t w as d one by B u lt e n a and

Wood ( 1 9 6 9 ) u s i n g s a m p l e s f r o m tw o t y p e s

A n oth er

o f c o m m u n itie s

in A r iz o n a , t h o s e t h a t w ere a g e - s e g r e g a t e d and t h o s e t h a t
w e r e a g e —i n t e g r a t e d .

One o f t h e e a r l i e s t

s tu d ie s o f

e l d e r l y m i g r a n t s w a s d o n e b y W ebber ( 1 9 5 1 ) who s a m p le d
from t h e c i t y

of S t.

P etersb u rg,

on e l d e r l y m ig r a tio n .

C le la n d

F lo r id a f o r h i s

( 1 9 6 5 ) lo o k e d a t

g r a n t s t o a s m a l l to w n i n N o r t h D a k o t a .
G o ld sc h e id e r ( 1 9 6 6 ),

in -m i-

The s t u d y b y

r e f e r r e d t o e a r l i e r , was l o n g i t u ­

d i n a l an d u s e d a s a m p l e draw n f r o m t h e
A y e a r a f t e r th e

research

in itia l

a g a in c o n ta c te d t o se e

if

in te r v ie w ,

Los A n g e l e s SMSA.

r e s p o n d e n ts w ere

t h e y h a d m o v ed .

C o m p a r is o n s

36
b e t w e e n o l d e r m o v e r s a n d n o n m o v e r s a r e m ad e.

T h er e w a s

n o way t o a s c e r t a i n w h e t h e r m o v e r s w o u ld q u a l i f y a s m i­
g ra n ts

(i.e.,

F in a lly ,

m o v e r s who c h a n g e d t h e i r c o u n t y o f r e s i d e n c e ) .

th ere

is

t h e s t u d y o f S herm an ( 1 9 7 1 ) t h a t d i s ­

c u s s e s th e h o u sin g c h o ic e s o f th e

"w ell-elderlySam ples

a r e draw n f r o m r e s i d e n t s o f s i x t y p e s o f r e t i r e m e n t
h o u sin g

in C a lif o r n ia .

b u t we h a v e no s p e c i f i c
m ig r a n ts a s w e l l .
liv in g

A l l r e s p o n d e n t s w o u ld be m o v e r s ,
i n f o r m a t i o n a s t o how many w e r e

A c o n t r o l sa m p le o f e l d e r l y p e r s o n s n o t

i n r e t i r e m e n t - t y p e h o u s i n g w as a l s o d r a w n .

Com­

p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n t h e s a m p l e s a r e made w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e
r e a so n s a h o u sin g typ e

is

ch osen,

l i k e s ) and t h e d is a d v a n t a g e s

an d t h e a d v a n t a g e s

(o r d i s l i k e s )

T h e s e f i n d i n g s w i l l be d i s c u s s e d

(o r

of each ty p e.

in th e subsequent s e c t io n

o n r e s i d e n t i a l p r e f e r e n c e s and r e a s o n s f o r m i g r a t i o n .
stu d y i s

p resen ted

E ach

i n T a b le 2 w i t h a f u l l e r d e s c r i p t i o n

o f t h e s a m p le u s e d .
The a g e o f r e s p o n d e n t s a t t h e t i m e o f i n t e r v i e w
s u g g e s t s t h a t m ig r a n ts t o

o t h e r s t a t e s te n d t o be y o u n g e r

th an th e g e n e r a l p o p u la tio n o f e l d e r l y
and o l d e r ) .

( t h o s e 65 y e a r s

One o b s e r v e s s u c h a g e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n

m i g r a n t a n d n o n m ig r a n t s a m p l e s

( s e e H onnen, e t a l . , 19 6 9 ;

B u l t e n a a n d Wood, 1 9 6 9 ; a n d S m it h an d M a r s h a l l ,
W e b b e r 's F l o r i d a s a m p le w a s a l s o

1 9 7 0 ).

c o m p a r a tiv e ly you n g, but

37
TABLE 2 .

C o m p o s i t i o n o f S a m p le s i n S u r v e y S t u d i e s
o f O ld e r M ig r a n ts .

A.

E ld e r ly r e t i r e e s in S t . P e te r sb u r g , F lo r id a (o n ly
r e s i d e d i n t h e c i t y p r i o r t o r e t i r e m e n t , b u t no d i s ­
t i n c t i o n i s made b e t w e e n m o v e r s a n d m i g r a n t s ) . A

B.

1)
N o n m ig r a n t W i s c o n s i n r e t i r e e s , 2 ) m i g r a n t r e t i r e e s
fr o m N o r t h C e n t r a l S t a t e s who a r e y e a r - r o u n d r e s i d e n t s
i n tw o F l o r i d a c o m m u n i t i e s , W i n t e r H aven a n d B r a d e n t o n ,
and 3 ) s e a s o n a l r e t i r e d m ig r a n t s fro m N orth C e n t r a l
S t a t e s r e s i d i n g i n B r a d e n to n .B

C.

1)
R e t i r e d m i g r a n t s fr o m N o r t h C e n t r a l S t a t e s l i v i n g
i n a g e —i n t e g r a t e d c o m m u n i t i e s i n F l o r i d a —W i n t e r H aven
a n d B r a d e n t o n ; A r i z o n a —T u c s o n , Tem pe, a n d M esa ; an d
2 ) r e t i r e d m i g r a n t s f r o m t h e M id w e s t l i v i n g i n a g e s e g r e g a t e d c o m m u n i t i e s i n A r i z o n a - S u n C i t y , Y o u n g to w n ,
D re a m la n d V i l l a , a n d G r e e n V a l l e y . C

D.

R e t i r e d m ig r a n t s fro m N orth C e n t r a l S t a t e s l i v i n g
Sun C i t y , A r i z o n a , a n d Sun C i t y , F l o r i d a . 0

E.

A l l p e r s o n s 50*f y e a r s
Los A n g e l e s a r e a . E

F.

33?£ random s a m p le o f a l l a g e d r e s i d e n t s . F

G.

1)
100 r e s id e n ts p er s i t e f o r each o f s i x ty p e s o f
r e tir e m e n t h o u sin g :
a ) r e t i r e m e n t h o t e l , dow ntow n
Los A n g e l e s ; b ) r e n t a l r e t i r e m e n t v i l l a g e s u b u r b a n
a r e a ; c ) a p a rtm e n t to w er-d o w n to w n ; d ) p u r c h a se v i l ­
la g e -su b u r b a n ; e ) c o o p e r a tiv e v illa g e - s u b u r b a n ; f )
l i f e - c a r e f a c i l i t y - u r b a n c o l l e g e to w n , and 2 )
600
m a tc h e d c o n t r o l s n o t l i v i n g i n r e t i r e m e n t h o u s i n g . G

H.

R e tir e e s

liv in g

in S t.

in

i n a s a m p le draw n fr o m

P etersb u rg ,

^ W eb b er, 1 9 5 1
p H o n n en , e t , a l . , 1 9 ^ 9
^ B u l t e n a and~"^ood, 1 9 ^ 9
i;S m ith a n d M a r s h a l l , 1 9 7 0
•p G o ld sc h e id e r , 1966
p C le la n d , 1965
u S h erm a n , 1 9 7 1
C a t a u , 1973

F lo r id a .H

36
C l e l a n d ’s N o r th D a k o t a s a m p l e a p p e a r s t o be r e l a t i v e l y
7
o ld .
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o r S h e r m a n 's s a m p le o f m o v e r s
s u g g e s ts th a t age
tio n

is

a v a r ia b le

of a r e sid e n tia l se ttin g

in flu e n c in g th e s e le c ­

by an o l d e r p e r s o n .

c o r d in g t o a r e c e n t C ensus r e p o r t

(CPR, 1 9 7 3 ) a b o u t 3 ^

o f M i c h i g a n ’s 6 5 an d o v e r p o p u l a t i o n a r e a l s o
years o f age.

Ac­

75 o r m ore

The t e n d e n c y o f m i g r a n t s t o b e y o u n g e r

t h a n t h e g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n o f a g e d c a n be u n d e r s t o o d
w h en r e t i r e m e n t a g e i s

ta k en in to a cc o u n t.

The r e p o r t e d

r e t i r e m e n t a g e o f m i g r a n t s b a s e d on T a b le 3 s u r v e y s i s
on t h e a v e r a g e f o u r t o f i v e y e a r s s o o n e r th a n f o r n o n m ig r a n ts
C a ta u ,

(H o n n e n , erfc aJL. , 1 9 ^ 9 ; S m it h an d M a r s h a l l ,

1973)*

In S t.

P etersb u rg ,

F lo r id a ,

1970;

C a ta u f o u n d

t h a t o n t h e a v e r a g e , m i g r a n t s m oved a p p r o x i m a t e l y tw o
years

(o r a t 6 3 .6 y e a r s o f a g e ) a f t e r t h e ir r e tir e m e n t.
A c c o r d in g t o th e

1970 U.S.

C en su s,

73^ o f th e m a le s

65 a n d o v e r an d 36 % o f t h e f e m a l e s a r e m a r r i e d .

S ev en ty -

s i x p e r c e n t o f t h e W is c o n s in sa m p le o f n o n -m ig r a n ts
T a b l e 4» b a d t h e s p o u s e p r e s e n t .

in

G e n e r a lly , t h e m ig r a n t

s a m p l e s sh o w s u b s t a n t i a l l y h i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f m a r r i e d
t h a n a r e fo u n d in th e g e n e r a l p o p u la t io n o f t h e a g e d .

The

w o r k o f Sherm an a g a i n p o i n t s o u t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n
h o u s in g t y p e s and o c c u p a n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

7

'T h e a g e s t r u c t u r e o f t h i s s a m p l e i s s t r o n g l y i n f l u ­
e n c e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h i s co m m u n ity h a s a n o l d a g e home
t h a t draw s r e s i d e n t s from t h e w h o le r e g i o n .
Home r e s i d e n t s
r e p r e s e n t a s i z a b l e p r o p o r t io n o f t h e e n t i r e v i l l a g e popu­
la tio n .

39

TABLE 3*

C o m p a r is o n o f S a m p le s f o r Age a t Time o f
I n t e r v i e w an d Age a t R e t i r e m e n t .

S t u d y an d S a m p le

I n t e r v i e w Age

W eb b er ( 1 9 5 1 )

24?S o v e r 7 5 y r .

N .A .

C le la n d

X = 76 y r .

N .A .

H o n n e n , ejt a l . , ( 1 9 6 9 )
W i s c o n s i n TTonm igrants
F lo r id a R e g u la r s
F l o r i d a S n o w b ir d s

749& o v e r 7 0 y r .
6 ij& o v e r 7 0 y r .
52fo o v e r 7 0 y r .

$ = 67 y r .
X = 63 y r .
X = 63 y r .

B u l t e n a & Wood ( 1 9 ^ 9 )
A g e-S eg reg a ted
A ge—I n t e g r a t e d

5 0 fo o v e r 7 0 y r .
5 O7S o v e r 6B y r .

N .A .
N .A .

S m it h & M a r s h a l l ( 1 9 7 0 )
F lo r id a A g e-S eg reg a ted
A r iz o n a A g e -S e g r e g a te d

40?& o v e r 7 0 y r .
479^ o v e r 7 0 y r .

X = 63 y r ,
X = 6 3 yr,

S h erm an ( 1 9 7 1 )
P urch ase & C o o p e r a tiv e
V illa g e s
O th er f o u r t y p e s

X = 68 y r .
X = 76 y r .

N .A .
N .A .

CPR ( 1 9 7 3 )
A ll persons 6 5 + y r.
M ic h ig a n
E a s t N orth C e n t r a l
U .S .

389S o v e r 7 4 y r .
39T& o v e r 7 4 y r .
389S o v e r 7 4 y r .

N .A .
N .A .
N .A .

( 1965)

C a ta u ( 1 9 7 3 )
S t. P etersb u rg,

F lo r id a

N .A .

R e t i r e m e n t Age

X = 62 y r .

40
TABLE 4«

C o m p a r is o n o f S a m p le s f o r M a r i t a l S t a t u s
an d L e v e l o f E d u c a t i o n .

S t u d y a n d S a m p le

L evel o f
E d u c a tio n

<f0 M a r r ie d

W eb b er ( 1 9 5 1 )

75#

X = 12 y r .

C le la n d

36#

16# = 1 2 + y r .

62#

25# = 13+ y r .

B u l t e n a & Wood ( 1 9 6 9 )
A g e-S eg reg a ted
A g e-In teg ra ted

N .A .
N .A .

43# - 1 3 + y r.
36# = 13+ y r .

H onnen, e t a l . , ( 1 9 6 9 )
W i s c o n s i n N o n m ig r a n t s
F lo r id a R e g u la r s
F l o r i d a S n o w b ir d s

76#
86#
87#

X = 9 yr.
X = 10 y r .
X * 11. 8 y r .

S m it h & M a r s h a l l ( 1 9 7 0 )
F lo r id a A g e-S eg reg a ted
A r iz o n a A g e -S e g r e g a te d

94#
95#

X = 1 4 .5 y r .
X = 1 2 .4 y r .

(1965)

G o ld sc h e id e r

( 1966)

S h erm an ( 1 9 7 1 )
H otel
A p a r tm e n t T o w e r / L i f e C are
R en ta l V illa g e
C o o p e r a tiv e
P urchase
U .S . C en su s (1 9 7 0 )
O ver 65 y r .
C a ta u ( 1 9 7 3 )

21#
32#
82#
92#
m a le s- 76#
fe m a le s-3 6 #
5 7 .5 #

(M e d ia n )
9 -1 1
7 -8
H .S . G rad. &
C o l l e g e Grad
H .S . G r a d .
H .S . G r a d .
1 2 . 3# = 13+ y r
1 2 .6 # = 13 + y r
N .A .

The o c c u p a t i o n a l b a c k g r o u n d s o f r e s p o n d e n t s a r e
p resen ted

i n T a b l e 5-

m ost i n s t r u c t i v e .
te c h n ic a l,

The W i s c o n s i n S t u d y s a m p l e s a r e

On t h e w h o l e ,

t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l an d

an d m a n a g e r i a l c a t e g o r i e s a r e m a r k e d ly o v e r ­

r e p r e s e n t e d among m i g r a n t s .

B lu e c o l l a r o c c u p a t io n s a s

w e ll a s farm ers are u n d e r r e p r e se n te d .
c o l la r groups

( s a l e s and c l e r i c a l )

b e in g g e n e r a lly u n d e r r e p r e se n te d .

a r e a " m ix ed b a g " ,
T here a r e p a t t e r n s

u n iq u e t o t h e d i f f e r e n t m ig r a n t g r o u p s .
c u p a tio n s are b e s t r e p r e se n te d

The o t h e r w h i t e

B lu e c o l l a r o c ­

in th e a g e -in te g r a te d r e ­

t ir e m e n t c o m m u n itie s , w h i l e a g e - s e g r e g a t e d co m m u n itie s
a r e s t r o n g l y d o m i n a t e d b y u p p e r SES o c c u p a t i o n s .

The

" S n o w b ir d s " a r e u n u s u a l i n t h a t a l a r g e p e r c e n t a g e
farm ers
lik e ly

i s f o u n d among t h e m .

G o ld sc h e id e r

p o r t i o n o f m oves i n t h e
by th e

B lu e c o l l a r m ig r a n ts a r e m ost

t o be c r a ft s m e n o r fo rem en a s o p p o sed t o

In te r e stin g ly ,

o p e r a tiv e s.

( 1 9 6 6 ) fo u n d th e h i g h e s t p r o ­

lo w b l u e c o l l a r g r o u p , f o l l o w e d

lo w w h i t e c o l l a r g r o u p .

c o m p le te ly c o n tr a d ic to r y

of

T h i s f i n d i n g may n o t b e

i f we r e c o g n i z e t h a t t h e

L os A n g e l e s m o v e r s p r o b a b l y d i d n o t m ove t o a n o t h e r s t a t e .
O th ers h a v e fo u n d t h a t s h o r t d i s t a n c e m overs and lo n g d i s ­
ta n c e m overs have d i f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
M u e lle r ,

1 9 6 7 ).

e x a m p le o f

(L a n sin g &

The N o r t h D a k o ta s a m p l e a p p e a r s t o b e a n

" th e r e t i r e d

farm er g o in g t o th e

nom enon d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r .

v i l l a g e ” phe­

S ev en ty -fo u r o f th e

s p o n d e n ts w ere e i t h e r fa r m e r s o r farm h o u s e w iv e s
1 9 6 5 ).

109 r e ­
(C le la n d ,

TABLE 5*

Study and Sample
Webber (1951)

Com parison o f Sam ples by O c c u p a tio n a l S t a t u s .

P r o fe ssio n a l

Below 8#

M a n a g eria l

C raftsm en

Other

W ell r e p r e s e n te d

P re d o m in a n t
C ategory

Farmers

1 .696

C le la n d ( 1 9 6 5 )

G o ld sc h e id e r (1 9 6 6 )A
Honnen, e t a l . , (1969)
W isco n sin Nonm igrant
F lo r id a R eg u lar
F lo r id a Snow birds

1156
9 ?6
1996

Upper
W.C.

Lower
W.C.

Upper
B.C.

Lower
B.C.

10.39&

1 7 .6 #

I I .856

2 3 .9 #

1256

2556
3296

11?6

32 96

I 696

1796

23#

A ll Blue C o lla r
289&
4196

B u lte n a & Wood ( 1 9 6 9 )
A ge-S eg reg ated
A g e -In te g ra te d

2 O96

32$

1995

2095

Sm ith & M a rs h a ll (1970)
F lo r id a A ge-S eg reg ated
A rizo n a A ge-S eg reg ated

379&

49 96

%

2696

3696

1356

696
696

2.595
4/5

T able 5 ( c o n t ' d . )

Study and Sample
Sherman (1 9 7 1 )
H otel
R en ta l V illa g e
Apartment T ow er/purchase
C o o p e r a tiv e /L ife -c a r e

P r o fe ssio n a l

M a n a g eria l

C raftsm en _ Other

Farmers

j _____________________ Median O ccu p a tio n _______________
C l e r i c a l and s a l e s w o r k e r s, t e c h n i c i a n s , owners o f
s m a ll b u s i n e s s
S k i l l e d manual
A d m in is t r a t o r s , s m a l l in d e p e n d en t b u s i n e s s e s , and
m inor p r o f e s s i o n a l s
M anagers, p r o p r i e t o r s o f m ed iu m -sized b u s i n e s s and
le s s e r p r o fe ssio n a ls

T----------------------------------------------- ;---------------------------------------------------P r o p o r t io n o f ea c h o c c u p a t i o n a l group who were "movers11.

44
I n 1 9 7 0 , t h e m e d ia n y e a r s o f s c h o o l c o m p l e t e d b y
p e r s o n s 6 5 y e a r s a n d o l d e r w as 8 . 7 y e a r s .
o f T a b le 4 s h o w s a n a b o v e a v e r a g e

E x a m in a tio n

l e v e l o f e d u c a tio n f o r

t h e m ig r a n t sa m p le s c o m p r is in g t h e W is c o n s in S tu d y .
W ebber ( 1 9 5 1 ) r e p o r t s a n a v e r a g e o f 12 y e a r s o f e d u c a t i o n ,
b u t i n C l e l a n d ’s

(1 9 & 5 ) r u r a l s a m p l e l e s s t h a n 207$. w e r e

h ig h s c h o o l g r a d u a te s .

Once a g a i n G o l d s c h e i d e r ’s

fin d in g s p resen t a d iffe r e n t p e r s p e c tiv e .
la tio n s h ip

( 1966)

An i n v e r s e r e ­

b e t w e e n e d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l a n d m o v in g w as f o u n d .

Sherm an ( 1 9 7 1 ) f o u n d d i f f e r e n c e s

in e d u c a tio n a l le v e ls

am ong t h e d i f f e r e n t r e t i r e m e n t h o u s i n g t y p e s .
In co m e i s

a n o t h e r v a r i a b l e f o r w h ich t h e sa m p le s

c a n be c o m p a r e d .
r e tir e m e n t
f r o m 257$ t o
S t.

The p r o p o r t i o n o f m i g r a n t s w i t h p r e ­

in c o m e s o f $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 o r m ore i n T a b le 7 r a n g e d
847$ i n t h e W i s c o n s i n s t u d y a n d w a s 397$ i n t h e

P e t e r s b u r g sa m p le

com pares t o

(C atau ,

1973)*

The l a t t e r f i g u r e

117$ w i t h s u c h a n in c o m e l e v e l i n t h e n o n m i­

g r a n t W is c o n s in sa m p le.
r e v e a l th a t th o se

But a g a in ,

o ld e r p erso n s w ith

G o ld sc h e id e r * s d a ta
in c o m e s u n d e r $ 5 , 0 0 0

m oved i n g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n s t h a n t h o s e w i t h
$ 5 ,0 0 0

( I S . 37$ v s .

1 0 . 87$ ) .

in c o m e s o v e r

A d d i t i o n a l in f o r m a t io n on p o s t ­

r e t i r e m e n t in c o m e f o r t h e W i s c o n s i n S t u d y m i g r a n t s an d
C a ta u sh o w h i g h p r o p o r t i o n s w i t h

in co m es o v e r $ 5 ,0 0 0 .

r a n g e i s f r o m 277$ b o 997$ co m p a r e d t o
m ig r a n t sa m p le .

non-

M e d ia n in c o m e f o r S h e r m a n ’s s a m p l e s r a n g e d

from a b o u t $ 2 ,0 0 0 t o $ 1 0 ,5 9 5 *
h ig h e st

o n l y I 87S o f t h e

The

H o w e v e r , o n l y 807$ o f t h e

in c o m e h o u s i n g p r o j e c t w e r e r e t i r e d .

As t o t h e

TABLE 6 .

C om parison o f Sam ples by P r e - and P o s t-R e tir e m e n t Income

S tu dy and Sample
Webber (1 9 5 1 )
G o ld s c h e id e r (1 9 6 6 )
Honnen, e t a l . (19^ 9)
W isc o n s in Nonmigrants
F lo r i d a R e g u la r s
F lo r i d a Snowbirds

P r e -R e tir e m e n t
Income (A nnual)
N.A.
A l l R esp on d en ts
50 y e a r s o f age
$ 1 0 , 000+

m

P o s t -R e t ir e m e n t
Income (Annual)
Median = $ 1 ,4 4 0
Income (HH Head) $ 5 ,0 0 0
Income (F a m ily ) $ 5 ,0 0 0
$ 5 , 000+

“w

25$
54$

27$
62 $

B u lte n a & Wood ( 1 9 6 9 )
A g e -S e g r e g a te d
A g e-In teg ra ted

N.A.
N.A.

47$
36$

Sm ith & M a r sh a ll (1 9 7 0 )
F lo r i d a A g e -S e g r e g a te d
A riz o n a A g e -S e g r e g a te d

64$
57$

99$
63$

Catau (1 9 7 3 )

50$

39$

Sherman ( 1 9 7 1 )
H otel
R en ta l
Apartment Tower
P u r c h a s e /L if e - C a r e
C o o p e r a tiv e

Median Income
$ 2 ,0 1 3
(9 5 $ r e t i r e d )
$ 2 ,3 9 0
(9&$ r e t i r e d )
$ 3 1129
(9 1 $ r e t i r e d )
$ 5 ,7 0 0 /5 ,6 1 5
( 979S/9056 r e t i r e d )
$ 1 0 ,6 1 5
(9 0 $ r e t i r e d )

= 4 2 .7 $
= 5 0 .0 $

46
a d eq u a cy o r t h e i r p r e s e n t in co m e, 7 # o f t h e r e s p o n d e n ts
i n N o rth D ak ota ( C l e l a n d ,

1 9 6 5 ) s a id th e y d id n ot have

enough t o g e t by and 5 0# f e l t

t h e y had j u s t enough " to

g e t b y ” , and o t h e r s

d o in g b e t t e r on t h e i r

com es.

Among W i s c o n s i n n o n m i g r a n t s ,

had l e s s
f o r th e
14# ,

in d ic a te d

th a n enough t o

liv e

in ­

27# in d ic a te d th ey

c o m fo r ta b ly .

P ercen ta g es

" F l o r i d a R e g u l a r s " an d " S n o w b ir d s " w e r e 1 1 # an d

r e sp e c tiv e ly .
A lt h o u g h a l l t h e m i g r a n t s

i n t h e W is c o n s in S tu d y

came fr o m t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l S t a t e s ,
was s e l e c t i v e .

sta te

o f o r ig in

M ic h ig a n m ig r a n ts w ere w e l l r e p r e s e n t e d

in a l l sa m p le s.

O v er o n e - t h i r d

M i c h i g a n a n d T a b le 7 s h o w s t h e
to p th ree

th e

se n d in g a r e a s

o f t h e S n o w b ir d s w e r e fr o m
sta te

ranked a s one o f th e

in e a c h sa m p le.

In S t.

P etersb u rg

i n 1 9 5 1 , W ebber f o u n d t h a t 4 2 # o f t h e s a m p l e came f r o m
th e N o rth ea st,

2 7 # from t h e M id w e s t,

and t h e

r e m a in in g

m ig r a n ts w ere m o s t ly from o t h e r S o u t h e a s t e r n s t a t e s .
tw en ty y e a r s
to S t.

la te r ,

P etersb u rg

C a ta u s t i l l fo u n d 6 7 # o f t h e m ig r a n t s

i n h i s s a m p l e c o m in g fr o m t h e

M id d le A t l a n t i c , a n d E a s t N o r t h C e n t r a l S t a t e s .
in d e x o f r e l a t i v e

O ver

N o rth ea st,
On a n

c o n t r i b u t i o n , M ic h ig a n ra n k ed s e c o n d

h ig h e s t w ith a sc o r e

o f 342.

T h i s s c o r e m ean s t h a t f o r

e v e r y 1 0 0 m i g r a n t s M i c h i g a n w o u ld b e e x p e c t e d t o c o n t r i b u t e
b a sed upon th e s i z e
a c t u a l l y w ere s e n t .

of its

ag ed p o p u la t io n , 342 m ig r a n ts

47
TABLE 7*

P r o p o r t i o n a n d Rank o f M i c h i g a n M i g r a n t s f o r
F o u r S a m p le s o f E l d e r l y M i g r a n t s .

S ta tes of
O r ig in

S a m p le

Rank

Percent

M ic h ig a n

1

3 6 ?S

F lo r id a

O h io
Illin o is
M ic h ig a n

1
2
3

22&
2 1 fa
1796

S un C i t y , A r i z o n a

Illin o is
M isso u r i
M ic h ig a n

1
2
3

2996
3.395
1296

A g e-In teg ra ted ,
F lo r id a

Illin o is
M ic h ig a n

1
2

3096
2396

S n o w b ir d s
S un C i t y ,

M o st m i g r a n t s
p la c e s o f a t

le a s t

(61 ^ ) t o S t .

P e t e r s b u r g came f r o m u r b a n

5 0 ,0 0 0 p o p u la tio n

(C a ta u ,

1973)*

t h a n 4 $ came f r o m p l a c e s s m a l l e r t h a n 2 , 5 0 0 p e o p l e .
W is c o n s in S tu d y sh ow s t h a t t h e
sa m p le i s
r u r a l.

L ess
The

F lo r id a a g e -s e g r e g a te d

t h e m o s t u r b a n a n d t h e S n o w b ir d s a m p l e t h e m o s t

G o ld s c h e id e r ( 1 9 6 6 ) fo u n d a p o s i t i v e

r e la tio n sh ip

b e t w e e n t h e num ber o f m o v e s i n t h e t e n p r e c e e d i n g y e a r s an d
t h e s u b s e q u e n t m ovem en t o f o l d e r p e r s o n s
H o w e v e r , C a ta u

(1 9 7 3 ) fo u n d t h a t

in h is

68# o f th e S t.

s a m p le h a d t h r e e o r l e s s m o v es d u r i n g t h e i r
t o t h e i r m ig r a tio n .

sa m p le.
P etersb u rg

life tim e

p r io r

A sa m p le by T aves and H an sen o f 1 7 0 0

e l d e r l y p e r s o n s i n M in n e so ta show ed o n ly

w i t h m ore t h a n

t h r e e m oves i n t h e p r e v i o u s e i g h t y e a r s .

E ig h ty -fiv e

cen t o f th e S t.

1973) sa id th a t

P e t e r s b u r g sa m p le

(C a ta u ,

per­

48
t h e y w e r e f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e a r e a p r i o r t o m o v in g .
w as t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g

V isitin g

(9 7 # ) r e a so n g iv e n f o r such f a m i l i a r i t y .

T h i r t y - s e v e n p e r c e n t o f t h e s a m p l e made t h e i r d e c i s i o n t o
move t o S t .

P e te r sb u r g b e fo r e th e y r e t i r e d , b u t o n ly 14#

ow ned p r o p e r t y t h e r e p r i o r t o m o v in g a n d 6 0 # o f t h e s e h a d
ow ned t h e p r o p e r t y f o r a y e a r o r l e s s .

C a ta u a l s o f o u n d

t h a t 8 6 # o f t h e m i g r a n t s h a d come s t r a i g h t t o S t .

P etersb u rg

w ith o u t any in te r v e n in g s t o p s .
M ig r a n ts in t h e W is c o n s in S tu d y had fe w e r l i v i n g
c h i ld r e n th a n n o n m ig r a n ts.

B u l t e n a a n d Wood ( 1 9 6 9 ) f o u n d

t h a t 3 3 # o f t h e m ig r a n ts t o A r iz o n a a g e - s e g r e g a t e d
n i t i e s had no c h i l d r e n .
n itie s ,
C itie s

commu­

I n a g e - i n t e g r a t e d A r i z o n a commu­

21# w ere c h i l d l e s s .

M ig ra n ts l i v i n g

i n t h e Sun

o f F l o r i d a a n d A r i z o n a o f t e n h a d no c h i l d r e n

in th e s t a t e

( 5 6 # an d 53#» r e s p e c t i v e l y ) .

I n N orth D a k o ta ,

r e s p o n d e n t s h ad t w o - t h i r d s o f a l l t h e i r c h i l d r e n
e i t h e r N orth D ak ota o r M in n e s o ta
p e r c e n t o f t h e sa m p le had a t
an h o u r 's d r iv e .

On t h e

(C le la n d ,

le a st

1965)*

one c h i l d

o th e r hand,

liv in g

liv in g

F o rty -tw o

liv in g w ith in

B u l t e n a a n d Wood ( I 9 6 9 )

f o u n d t h a t o n l y 2 5 # o f t h e i r r e s p o n d e n t s h ad a c h i l d
i n t h e o r i g i n c o m m u n ity .

liv in g

S ev en ty -o n e p erc en t o f th e s e g r e ­

g a t e d c o m m u n ity m em bers a n d 5 6 # o f t h e
m em bers s t i l l h a d c h i l d r e n

in

i n t e g r a t e d c o m m u n ity

i n t h e M id w est.

The p e r c e n t i n

e a c h c o m m u n ity w i t h a c h i l d w i t h i n 2 0 m i l e s w a s 1 7 # an d 5 6# ,
r e sp e c tiv e ly .

O v er o n e - h a l f o f t h e tw o s a m p l e s h a d o n e o r

m ore c h i l d r e n c l o s e r t o th e m now t h a n b e f o r e m i g r a t i n g , and
4 3 # h ad a t

l e a s t h a l f t h e i r c h i l d r e n c l o s e r d u e t o m o v in g .

T h i s i s u n d e r s t a n d a b l e s i n c e m o s t o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t *s
c h i l d r e n who h a d l e f t t h e M i d w e s t . h a d m oved t o t h e W e s t e r n
an d M o u n ta in s t a t e s .

S t i l l o n ly 16# o f th e s e g r e g a te d

s a m p le sa w a c h i l d a t

l e a s t w e e k ly v e r s u s

te g r a te d group.

Few er r e s i d e n t s

rep o rted d e c lin e s

in ­

o f s e g r e g a t e d c o m m u n itie s

i n t h e num ber o f c l o s e f r i e n d s t h a n d i d

r e s id e n ts o f in te g r a te d
sim ila r d is tr ib u tio n

co m m u n itie s

( 3 4 # v e r s u s 5 6# ) .

A

o cc u r s a s t o d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w ith th e

num ber o f f r i e n d s a t t h e d e s t i n a t i o n .
g a t e d c o m m u n itie s v e r s u s 2 5 # i n
d issa tisfie d .

50# o f th e

O v e r a ll,

O n ly 1 1 # i n s e g r e ­

i n t e g r a t e d co m m u n itie s w ere

B u l t e n a a n d Wood f o u n d t h a t 7 2 #

o f t h e i r sa m p les had a c h i l d ,

a r e la tiv e ,

or a c lo s e fr ie n d

f r o m t h e i r h o m eto w n w i t h i n a s h o r t d r i v e f r o m t h e i r r e s i ­
dence.

C a ta u

r e la tiv e
th ere.

( 1 9 7 3 ) fo u n d t h a t 3 4 # o f h i s sa m p le had a

liv in g

a t t h e d e s t i n a t i o n an d 5 0 # h a d a f r i e n d

T w e n ty -s e v e n p e r c e n t d id n o t h a v e any a c q u a in ta n c e

r e sid in g

in th e d e s t in a t io n

c o m m u n ity .

A d d it io n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f o ld e r m ig r a n ts a r e t h a t
t h e y a r e m ost l i k e l y
be J e w ish

t o b e P r o t e s t a n t s an d l e a s t

(G o ld sc h e id e r ,

1966 and W ebber,

lik e ly

to

1 9 5 1 ).

G o l d s c h e i d e r a l s o f o u n d t h a t r e n t e r s w e r e more m o b i l e t h a n
h o m e o w n er s i n t h e
te r istic s

o f th e

Los A n g e l e s a r e a .

H o w e v e r , t h e SES c h a r a c

o t h e r m i g r a n t s a m p l e s we h a v e c o n s i d e r e d

r a i s e s a q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r t h i s w o u ld be t r u e o f t h e s e s a m p le
The l a s t m a j o r v a r i a b l e u s e d
is

th e h e a lt h o f th e m ig r a n t.

i n a num ber o f s t u d i e s

The W i s c o n s i n S t u d y s h o w s

t h a t a l l m ig r a n t g r o u p s w ere h e a l t h i e r th a n t h e g e n e r a l

50
p o p u la tio n o f W isc o n sin w it h re g a rd t o t h e i r p r e s e n t
h e a lth ,

t h e i r h e a l t h a f t e r r e t i r e m e n t co m p a red t o b e f o r e

r e t i r e m e n t , and number o f v i s i t s

t o d o c t o r s and h o s p i t a l s .

T a b le & s h o w s t h a t t h e s e a s o n a l m i g r a n t s h a d so m ew h a t f e w e r
v isits

t o d o c t o r s t h a n t h e o t h e r m i g r a n t s a n d t h e y h a d m ore

i n d i v i d u a l s who h a d n o t b e e n c o n f i n e d t o a h o s p i t a l t h e
p r e v io u s y e a r .
Summary.
in t h is

What i s

se c tio n

s t u d ie s rep o rted

i s th e c o n t r a s t b etw een c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

i n t e r s t a t e m ig r a n ts,
p o p u la tio n s .

s t r ik in g about th e

of

l o c a l m o v e r s , a n d t h e n o n m o b i le o l d e r

E ld e r ly i n t e r s t a t e m ig r a n ts a re r e l a t i v e l y

a d v a n ta g ed , e l d e r l y m overs r e l a t i v e l y

d isa d v a n ta g e d f o r

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s such a s r e tir e m e n t a g e , m a r ita l s t a t u s ,
e d u c a tio n a l l e v e l ,

o c c u p a tio n a l s t a t u s ,

co m p a red w i t h e l d e r l y n o n m o v e r s .

an d i n c o m e , w hen

L o c a l m overs have e x p e r i ­

e n c e d m ore p r e v i o u s m o v e s t h a n i n t e r s t a t e
t h a t m ig r a n t sa m p le s a l s o d i f f e r

m ig r a n ts.

We f i n d

in t h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

D i f f e r e n c e s se e m t o be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e t y p e o f co m m u n ity
se le c te d

a s th e d e s t in a t io n .

A l s o , we l e a r n t h a t h o u s i n g

c h o ic e s r e f l e c t d i f f e r e n c e s b etw een th e o c c u p a n ts .

There

a l s o a p p e a r s t o be d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e m i g r a n t s a m p l e s
a s t o th e

in flu e n c e

o f k i n s h i p an d f r i e n d s h i p f a c t o r s u p o n

m ig r a tio n d e c is io n s .

E ld e r ly m ig r a n ts o f h ig h e r s o c i o ­

e c o n o m ic s t a t u s t e n d t o s e t t l e
and have w eak er k in s h ip t i e s

i n a g e —s e g r e g a t e d c o m m u n i t i e s

but str o n g e r fr ie n d sh ip t i e s ,

t h a n e l d e r l y m i g r a n t s o f l o w e r s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s t a t u s who
a r e m ore p r e v a l e n t

in t h e a g e - i n t e g r a t e d co m m u n itie s.

TABLE 8.

Comparison of Samples on Health Since Retirement, Present
Health, V is its to Doctor, and H ospital Confinement.

S tu d y and Sample

H e a lth
Worse S in c e
R etire m e n t
(In P ercen ts)

P r e s e n t H e a lth
Good and
Very Good
( in P ercen ts)

Webber (1 9 5 1 )
Honnen, e t a l . , (1 9 5 9 )
W is c o n s in
F lo r i d a R eg u la r *
F lo r i d a Snowbirds

34
19
8

67
74

B u lte n a & Wood (1969)
A g e -In te g ra te d
A ge-S egregated

N.A.
N.A.

59
75

7
11

81
73

Smith & M a r sh a ll (1 9 7 0 )
F lo r i d a A g e -S e g r e g a te d
A riz o n a A g e -S e g r e g a te d

V is it s to
H o sp ita l
D o ctor
C onfinem ent
(In P e r c e n ts)
(in P ercen ts)
Per 6 months
None=62

None=7

5+ p e r y e a r
29
30
24

0 p er y e a r
45
49
76

N.A.
N.A.
4+ p er y e a r
- 25
40

N.A.
N.A.
56
62

52
D e s tin a tio n c h o ic e s appear to

in v o lv e f a c t o r s su ch a s

h o u s in g p r e f e r e n c e s , m ig r a n t s t a t u s ,
g ra n ts' s o c ia l t ie s .
r e g a r d in g th e

There i s

in tr a sta te

tem p ts t o b e g in t o f i l l
In t h i s

an d t h e

n a t u r e o f m i­

a gap in m ig r a tio n s t u d ie s

e l d e r l y m ig r a n t.

Our s t u d y a t ­

th a t gap.

s e c t i o n a num ber o f v a r i a b l e s an d r e l a t i o n ­

s h i p s h a v e b e e n e x a m in e d an d we w i l l i n c l u d e many o f th e m i n
our in v e s tig a tio n .

I n t h e n e x t s e c t i o n , we e x p l o r e r e s e a r c h

on o ld e r m ig r a n ts d e a lin g w ith t h e i r m ig r a tio n d e c i s i o n s .
R e s i d e n t i a l P r e f e r e n c e s an d R e a s o n s f o r M o v in g .

A

num ber o f s u r v e y s t u d i e s h a v e u s e d q u e s t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g r e a ­
s o n s f o r m o v in g , c h o i c e
about d e s tin a tio n s .
stu d ie s

is

One g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n f r o m t h e s e

t h a t e c o n o m ic f a c t o r s d o n o t d o m in a t e among o l d e r

m ig r a n ts t o
s till

o f d e s t i n a t i o n and l i k e s an d d i s l i k e s

in th e

t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e y do among y o u n g e r p e r s o n s
la b o r f o r c e .

F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e e c o n o m ic f a c t o r s

im p o r ta n t f o r o l d e r m ig r a n t s a r e d i f f e r e n t from t h o s e a f ­
f e c t i n g you n ger m ig r a n ts .

F ir s t,

l e t u s e x a m in e tw o s t u d i e s

o f o ld e r p o p u la tio n s n ot e x c l u s i v e l y m ig r a n ts .

T a v e s an d

H a n se n ( 1 9 6 7 ) f o u n d t h a t o n l y a b o u t 5 # o f t h e i r u r b a n an d
m e t r o p o lit a n sa m p le s w an ted t o

liv e

in a v illa g e

th a n 1 ,0 0 0 p o p u la tio n or in a r u r a l a r e a .

of le ss

B u t 459& o f t h e

5-------F u g u it t and Z u ic h e s ( 1 9 7 2 ) fo u n d i n W is c o n s in t h a t s i z e
p r e f e r e n c e s a r e o n ly one d im e n s io n o f r e s i d e n t i a l p r e f e r e n c e .
The g e o g r a p h i c l o c a t i o n o f a p l a c e i s a l s o a n i m p o r t a n t c o n ­
sid e r a tio n .
A r u r a l s e t t i n g , o r a s m a l l c i t y o r tow n w i t h i n
co m m u tin g d i s t a n c e o f a c e n t r a l c i t y a r e t h e m o s t d e s i r e d
p la c e s o f r e s id e n c e .
N o n m e t r o p o l i t a n p l a c e s b e y o n d co m m u tin g
d i s t a n c e s w e r e m ore f a v o r e d b y p e r s o n s o v e r 35 y e a r s o f a g e .

53
u r b a n s a m p le a n d 1 0 $ o f t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n s a m p le p r e f e r r e d
liv in g

i n a p l a c e b e t w e e n 1 , 0 0 0 an d 9 » 9 9 9 p o p u l a t i o n .

p referen ces e x is te d

in b o th sa m p les f o r a l o c a t i o n

do w n tow n o r a l a r g e

s h o p p in g c e n t e r , and c l o s e

and r e l a t i v e s .
sir e

A siz a b le

M e t r o p o l i t a n = 21+$) an d i n a p r i v a t e
(U rb a n = 1 2 $ an d M e t r o p o l i t a n = l 6 $>).

sta tu s

quo ( 3 3 $ ) !

a b ility

t o w a lk ,

le ss

S e c u r ity

c o m m u n ity o f a g e d
The f i v e

2 ) co n v e n ie n c e

tr a ffic );

in th e a re a .

reason s

in ran k o r d e r a r e :
(e a sy to g e t around,

3 ) f r i e n d s and r e l a t i v e s

n ear; 4 ) a d v a n ta g es o f f a c i l i t i e s
o f p e o p le

to fr ie n d s

(U r b a n = 1 8 $ an d

lik e d t h e ir p resen t lo c a tio n

1 ) lik e

c lo se to

p r o p o r tio n a l s o e x p r e s s e d a d e­

t o b e aw ay f r o m p o p u l a t i o n c e n t e r s

resp o n d en ts

S tro n g

p resen t;

and 5 ) t h e k in d

I n a s t u d y o f p e r s o n s on S o c i a l

in urban p l a c e s ,

L an gford ( 1 9 6 2 ) d is c o v e r e d t h a t

r e a s o n s f o r w i l l i n g n e s s a n d u n w i l l i n g n e s s t o move w e r e b a s e d
upon d i f f e r i n g

c o n sid e r a tio n s.

H o u s in g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,

e c o n o m ic f a c t o r s a n d n e i g h b o r h o o d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e sh ow n
i n T a b l e 9 t o be t h e m o s t p r e v a l e n t r e a s o n s f o r w i l l i n g n e s s
t o m o v e.
sir e
fo r
is

T ie s t o c h ild r e n ,

t o be o u t o f t h e
le a v in g .

c o m m u n ity f a c i l i t i e s ,

and a d e ­

c i t y a r e m o d e r a te ly im p o r ta n t r e a s o n s

A g e n e r a l s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h o n e *s s i t u a t i o n

t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l i n h i b i t o r o f m o v e m e n t, f o l l o w e d b y t h e

c h a r a c te r is tic s

o f th e

m u n ity f a c i l i t i e s ,

n e ig h b o r h o o d , t i e s

to o th ers,

and h o u s in g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

com­

E c o n o m ic ,

f a m i l y a n d h e a l t h r e a s o n s w e r e f o u n d t o be m o s t i m p o r t a n t
by G o ld s c h e id e r

( 1966) fo r h is

Los A n g e l e s s a m p l e .

54

TABLE 9*
R e a s o n s T o r W i l l i n g n e s s o r U n w i l l i n g n e s s t o Move
Out o f N e ig h b o r h o o d ( P e r c e n t M e n t i o n i n g E a ch R e a s o n ) .

R eason s

T o ta l

G eneral S a t is f a c t io n
G eneral U n w illin g n e ss
N e ig h b o r h o o d C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
C om m unity F a c i l i t i e s
S o c ia l T ie s
To C h i l d r e n
To O t h e r s
H o u se C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
E c o n o m ic F a c t o r s
R e l a t i o n s h i p t o U rban A r e a
C lo se r t o C ity
C lo s e r t o C ou n try

34
5
14
11

Source:

L an gford ,

1962.

U n w illin g
To Move
43
8

11
7

15
13

14
9

9
4
20
16

8
14
12
6

1
2

3
7

3
11

1
C lim a te
T o p o g r a p h ic a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
1
1
H e a lth F a c t o r s
O th er
2
Number R e p o r t i n g
(5 ,0 7 6 )

* L e s s t h a n 0 . 5?S

W illin g
To Move

3
3
*

*
*

2

1
2

(1 ,4 9 3 )

(3 ,5 8 3 )

55
A r e p o r t on r e a s o n s f o r m o v in g p u b l i s h e d b y t h e
C e n s u s B u r e a u (CPR, 1 9 6 6 ) g i v e s som e c l u e s a s t o d i f f e r ­
e n c e s b e t w e e n a g e g r o u p s e v e n t h o u g h t h e s a m p le d o e s n o t
in c lu d e p erso n s o v er 6 5 *

I n t r a s t a t e m ig r a n ts a g ed 45 t o

65 y e a r s d i d n o t g i v e a s many j o b —r e l a t e d

reason s as

in te r sta te

H e a lth r e a s o n s

in c r e a s e
g ra n ts

m ig r a n ts from t h i s

c o n sid e r a b ly

in t h i s

v e r su s m overs.

age group.

a g e g r o u p e s p e c i a l l y f o r m i­

Of t h o s e g i v i n g

o n ly one r e a s o n f o r

m o v i n g , 6.7T& o f t h e m i g r a n t s v e r s u s 1 . 9 ^ o f t h e m o v e r s men­
tio n e d h e a lth f a c t o r s .

Among t h o s e g i v i n g m ore t h a n o n e

r e a s o n t h e m ig r a n t-m o v e r p e r c e n t a g e s f o r h e a l t h - r e l a t e d
r e a s o n s w e r e IVfo t o

5*1$* r e s p e c t i v e l y .

age group w ere

lik e ly

le ss

n e e d s , m ore l i k e l y
sta tu s

M ig ra n ts in t h i s

t o be r e s p o n d in g t o h o u s in g

t o be r e sp o n d in g t o

(g o w ith or j o i n f a m i l y ) ,

changes in fa m ily

but le s s

lik e ly

t o be

r e s p o n d in g t o m a r it a l s t a t u s change th a n w ere th e m o v ers.
A g a i n S h e r m a n ’s
is h e lp fu l.

F ir s t,

( 1 9 7 1 ) w ork on h o u s in g p r e f e r e n c e s
sh e show s t h a t d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f o ld e r

p ersons s p e c ify d iffe r e n t rea so n s.

Second,

she p r o v id e s

i n s i g h t s a s t o why o l d e r p e r s o n s d o n o t move i n t o r e t i r e ­
m en t h o u s i n g p r o j e c t s .

T a b le 1 0 s h o w s t h a t r e t i r e m e n t

h o u sin g r e s i d e n t s w ere m o tiv a te d by d e s i r e s t o red u ce e f ­
fo rts

n e e d e d f o r h o u s i n g m a i n t e n a n c e , t o h a v e h e a l t h an d

p e r so n a l needs cared f o r ,

t o b e w i t h t h e i r own a g e g r o u p ,

and by c h a n g e s i n t h e i r p h y s i c a l s t r e n g t h .

A v a r ie ty o f

fa cto rs

These in c lu d e

th e

in flu e n c e d t h e ir c h o ic e o f a s i t e .

q u a lity

o f th e d w e llin g ,

nearness to f a c i l i t i e s ,

nearness

56

TABLE 1 0 .

P e r c e n t o f S i t e R e s id e n t s G iv in g S p e c i f i e d
R e a s o n s f o r M o v in g .

R e a s o n s f o r M o vin g t o
Some R e t i r e m e n t
H o u s in g F a c i l i t y :

T o ta l P ercent

E a sy M a in ten a n c e
H e a lth and p e r s o n a l
needs care f o r
C h a n ge i n p h y s i c a l s t r e n g t h

73
42
36

W ish t o be w i t h own a g e g r o u p

36

R e a so n s f o r C h o o sin g
P a r tic u la r S ite ;
Q u a lity o f d w e llin g u n it

6S

N earness t o f a c i l i t i e s
and s e r v i c e s
C ost

62
56

S e c u r ity
C lim a te
R e c r e a tio n f a c i l i t i e s

53
46
45

C h ild r e n or r e l a t i v e s

nearby

F r ie n d s o r r e l a t i v e s h e r e
P r o v is io n o f m e a lsa

a A sk e d o n l y a t t h e r e l e v a n t s i t e s
Source:

S h e r m a n , 1971*

35
19
76

57
to

c h ild r e n or r e l a t i v e s ,

r e la t iv e s a t th e s i t e .

and t h e p r e s e n c e o f f r i e n d s o r

C on trast t h i s

lis t

to th e per­

c e i v e d a d v a n t a g e s o f su c h h o u s in g by n o n - h o u s in g p r o j e c t
r e sid e n ts

i n T a b le 1 1 .

ta g e s are s o c ia l

The m o s t f r e q u e n t l y c i t e d a d v a n ­

(c o m p a n io n sh ip , h a v in g t h in g s t o d o ,

r e c r e a tio n a l f a c i l i t i e s ,
I n te r e stin g ly ,
s o c ia l

an d p r e s e n c e o f a g e p e e r s ) .

t h e m a jo r d is a d v a n t a g e s c i t e d a r e a l s o

( t o o many o l d p e o p l e ,

and t o o r e g i m e n t e d ) .
th e s i t e s

b o r in g ,

n o t enough p r i v a c y ,

As f o r t h e m o s t a t t r a c t i v e

r e p o r te d by r e s i d e n t s ,

rank h ig h f o r a l l s i t e s .

s o c ia l reason s

The l e a s t a t t r a c t i v e

r e s id e n ts are s i t e - s p e c i f i c

( m a n a g e m e n t, f o o d ,

a r r a n g e m e n t , an d g o s s i p y o r l o n e s o m e f e l l o w
F in a lly ,
T a b le 1 2 .

le t

us c o n sid e r th e s t u d ie s

asp ect of
(fr ie n d s )

fe a tu r e s to
p h y sic a l

r e sid e n ts ).

s u m m a r iz e d i n

A l l e x c e p t f o r t h a t r e p o r t e d b y S m it h an d

M a r s h a l l f o c u s o n t h e r e a s o n s v a r i o u s s a m p l e s o f o l d e r m i­
g r a n t s g a v e f o r t h e i r m ove o r f o r t h e i r c h o i c e
tio n .

S m it h an d M a r s h a l l ( 1 9 7 0 )

o f d e stin a ­

i n v e s t i g a t e m ig r a n ts l i k e s

and d i s l i k e s a b o u t t h e i r d e s t i n a t i o n c o m m u n itie s .

C lim a te

i s an im p o r ta n t f a c t o r

in d e c isio n -m a k in g f o r a l l th e

sta te

(1 9 7 3 ) fo u n d t h a t o r i g i n a s w e l l a s

m ig r a n ts.

C a ta u

d e s t i n a t i o n c l i m a t e s w ere

im p o r ta n t.

in te r ­

A n o th e r m ajor r e a s o n

o f i n t e r s t a t e m i g r a n t s an d o f C l e l a n d ' s r u r a l v i l l a g e

m i­

g r a n t s was h e a l t h ,

The

in c lu d in g th e e f f e c t s

im p o r t a n c e o f e c o n o m ic f a c t o r s
B u rgess, e t a l .

(1 9 5 5 )*

C le la n d

is

o f o ld a g e.

u n even in th e sa m p les.

(1 9 6 5 )» and G o la n t

fo u n d th e s e c o n d m ost im p o r ta n t s e t

(1 9 7 1 )

o f fa c to r s a ffe c tin g

53
TABLE 1 1 .
A d v a n ta g es and D is a d v a n t a g e s o f L iv in g in
R e t i r e m e n t H o u s in g a s P e r c e i v e d by C o n t r o l s .

A d v a n ta g es:
M e et p e o p l e , h a v e c o m p a n i o n s h i p
P r o v i d e s p l e a s a n t t h i n g s t o do
t o p a s s t h e tim e
R e l i e v e d o f h o u s e k e e p i n g an d
g a r d e n in g
M e d ica l p la n or f a c i l i t i e s
P r o v i s i o n o f r e c r e a t i o n a l and
hobby f a c i l i t i e s
T h ey c a n w a t c h o u t f o r y o u ,
ta k e care o f p e r s o n a l needs
S im i la r i n t e r e s t s , n eed s and
e x p e r ie n c e s because o f s im ila r
age

T o ta l P ercen ta
34
21
19
16
14
14

14

D isa d v a n ta g e s:
Too many o l d p e o p l e , b o r i n g ,
t o o many d e a t h s
N ot enough p r iv a c y
Too r e g i m e n t e d
Too e x p e n s i v e

29
26
20
17

a P e r c e n t s c a n ad d t o m ore t h a n 1 0 0 , s i n c e a r e s p o n d e n t
c o u l d l i s t m ore t h a n o n e a d v a n t a g e o r d i s a d v a n t a g e .
Source:

Sherm an,

1971*

TABLE 12.

R easons f o r Moving o r f o r D i s t i n a t i o n C hoice f o r S e l e c t e d Samples
o f O lder Movers and M ig r a n ts.

In tern a l
S ta tes

S o c ia l
Network

S o c ia l
S ta tu s

Study and Sample
B urgess, e t a l .

(1955)

Economic
E n v iron ­
ment

M a t e r ia l
E n viron ­
ment

A Ranking o f M o tiv e s f o r M ig r a tin g t o F lo r id a
Age &
H e a lth
(2)

Catau ( 1 9 7 3 )

S o c ia l
E n v iro n ­
ment

R e la tiv e s
(7)
F r ie n d s
(6)

Economic
(3)

R ecrea­
tio n
A c tiv i­
t i e s (5)

Economic
(3)

C lim a te ,
W eather
(1 )

Two Most Im portan t R easons f o r M ig r a tin g t o S t . P e t e r s b u r g , F lo r i d a
Age &
H e a lth
(2 )

------

------

R ecreatio n
4 .5 #

C o st o f
L iv in g ,
4 .5 #

C lim a te ,
W eather
67#

C en tra l
C it y
D e to r ia t i o n , 12?!

C ost o f
L iv in g ,
3?S

C lim a te ,
W eather
32*

Push F a c t o r s I n f l u e n c i n g M ig r a tio n

T ab le 12 ( c o n t M . )

In te rn a l
S ta te s

S o c ia l
Network

S o c ia l
S ta tu s

S o c ia l
E n v iro n ­
ment

Economic
E n v iro n ­
ment

Change in
L o c a tio n
(4 )
P ro p e rty /
B u sin ess
(2 )

C hurches
(4 )

t o s t ol

S tudy and Sample
C le la n d (19^5)

Ranking o f R easons f o r Moving
Age &
H e a lth
(3 )

Honnen, e t a l .

1)

Perm anent
R e s id e n ts

M a te r ia l
E n v iro n ­
ment

(1969)

R e la tiv e s
(1 )
F rie n d s
(4 )

L iv in g ,
(4 )

—

R eason Chose F lo r id a a s D e s tin a tio n
Age &
H e a lth
7$

R e la tiv e s
17$

P re v io u s
V a c a tio n
o r V is it
18 $

~1

uan-ra

C lim ateJ
W eather
20$
D ista n c e
from O rig in

10$
2)

S easonal
R e s id e n ts

Age &
H e a lth
3$

R e la tiv e s
& F rie n d s
33$

P re v io u s
V is it or
V a c a tio n
19$

-------

C a l if o r n i a
to o expen­
s iv e /
crowded
5$

C lim a te ,
W eather
21$1
D ista n c e
from o r i g i n
12$

T ab le 12 ( c o n t fd . )

In tern a l
S ta tes

S o c ia l
Network

S tu dy and Sample
G olan t ( 1 9 7 3 )

S o c ia l
E n v ir o n ­
ment

Economic
E n v iro n ­
ment

M a te r ia l
E n v iro n ­
ment

C o st o i
Housing
5595

Good Roads
59#

Im p ortan t F a c t o r s i n D e c i s i o n s by R ecen t Movers
F r ie n d s &
R e la tiv e s
Nearby
32 fo

1

S o c ia l
S ta tu s

I n c lu d e s a v a i l a b l e o u td o o r r e c r e a t i o n .

N eigh b or­
h o od , 5&#
T ranspor­
ta tio n /
P u b lic
36#
Shopping
Near
Local
57#
Churches
Near
25#

62
m ig r a t io n d e c i s i o n s t o be e c o n o m ic .
and H onnen, e t a l .
o f n e g lia b le

B u t C a ta u ( 1 9 7 3 )

( 1 9 6 9 ) f o u n d e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s t o b e

im p o r ta n c e .

T h er e

is

a l s o an u n ev en n ess

o f rep o rted

i n f l u e n c e from k in and f r i e n d s upon m ig r a t io n

d e c isio n s.

C l e l a n d ’s

im p o r ta n t,

but B u rg ess,

( 1 9 6 5 ) sa m p le ra n k ed r e l a t i v e s m ost
e t , a_l.

( 1 9 5 5 ) and G o l a n t

(1 9 7 1 )*

f o u n d th e m t o b e o f s e c o n d a r y i m p o r t a n c e , an d C a ta u
fo u n d r e l a t i v e s t o

(1 9 7 3 )

be v i r t u a l l y u n i m p o r t a n t i n t h e r e a s o n s

g i v e n by m ig r a n t s .
Summary. I n t h i s
p e r ta in in g to th r ee
t o m ove,
tio n ,

s e c t i o n we h a v e r e v i e w e d l i t e r a t u r e

con cern s:

2) what c r i t e r i a

an d 3 ) t h e i r

1 ) why o l d e r p e o p l e w a n t

th e y use

in s e l e c t i n g

l i k e s and d i s l i k e s

t i o n a f t e r t h e m ove.

The d a t a

about th e d e s tin a ­

in d ic a t e t h a t a la r g e

p o r t i o n o f o l d e r p e r s o n s w o u ld b e w i l l i n g
r e sid e n c e ,
v a r ie d .

a d e stin a ­

to

change t h e i r

b u t t h e r e a s o n s why t h e y w o u l d l i k e

t o move a r e

G e n e r a l l y a w i l l i n g n e s s t o move r e f l e c t s

s a t i s f a c t i o n w ith

o n e *s p e r s o n a l s i t u a t i o n

la r g e r e n v ir o n m e n t.

From t h e

o f o ccu p a n ts o f s i x ty p e s

v a r ia tio n

pro­

d is­

o r w ith th e

in c h a r a c t e r is t ic s

o f r e t i r e m e n t h o u s i n g , we c a n

c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e h o u s i n g an d g e n e r a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l n e e d s
o f th e e ld e r ly

vary.

From t h e s t u d i e s o f i n t e r s t a t e

g r a n t s , we l e a r n t h a t t h e
lik e ly to

is

l a r g e r e n v i r o n m e n t i s much m ore

in flu e n c e m ig r a tio n d e c is io n s th a n i s

p e r s o n a l e n v ir o n m e n t

^For t h e s t u d i e s
u s u a lly urban.

m i­

(i.e.,

fa m ily ,

r e v ie w e d h e r e ,

fr ie n d s,

th e

t h e more

n e ig h b o r h o o d ).^

l a r g e r e n v ir o n m e n t

63
I m p o r ta n t m acro e n v ir o n m e n t a l r e a s o n s
o f co m m u n ity s e r v i c e s ,

t h e e c o n o m ic s i t u a t i o n

t a x e s and c o s t o f l i v i n g ) ,

O b v io u sly , m ig r a tio n i s

(e sp e c ia lly

in lo n g - d is t a n c e m oves.

one o f t h e fe w a l t e r n a t i v e s a v a i l ­

in d iv id u a ls f o r c o r r e c t in g such c o n d itio n s .

m overs a r e c o n s id e r e d ,
in th e

le v e l

and c l i m a t e an d t o p o g r a p h y .

K in c a n a l s o b e i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r s

a b le to

in c lu d e th e

G o la n t* s d a ta

When

in d ic a te s a r e v e r s a l

im p o r t a n c e o f p e r s o n a l e n v i r o n m e n t v e r s u s m a cro

e n v ir o n m e n t.

H o w e v e r , f o r b o t h m o v e r s an d m i g r a n t s f r i e n d s

and r e l a t i v e s a r e g iv e n a s

im p o r ta n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n s by

p a r t o f th e sa m p le s.
A p r o b le m e x i s t s

in u sin g su ch s u b j e c t iv e

One c o u l d a ssu m e t h a t r e a s o n s f o r

l e a v i n g o n e p l a c e an d

g o in g t o a n o t h e r a r e c o m p lem en ta r y .
r e q u ir e s c a u tio n .

It

is

resp onses.

Such an a ssu m p tio n

n o t im p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e p r o s p e c ­

t i v e m i g r a n t h a s m ore t h a n o n e p o t e n t i a l d e s t i n a t i o n ,
w h ich m in im iz e s t h e f a c t o r s t h a t
B u t h o w , we c a n s t i l l a s k ,
tiv e s?

le a d t o h i s

What v a r i a b l e s a f f e c t t h a t d e c i s i o n ?

c h o ic e s

le a v e .

d e s i r e t o m o v e.

d o es he ch o o se b etw een a l t e r n a ­

th a t a d d it io n a l c r i t e r i a are o f te n u sed
tio n

each

One e x p e c t s

i n m a k in g d e s t i n a ­

in a d d i t i o n t o th e r e a s o n s f o r w a n tin g t o

T u r n in g t o t h e d i s l i k e s a n d l i k e s

m u n i t y e x p r e s s e d b y m i g r a n t s , we f i n d

o f t h e new com­

th a t p e r so n a l e n v i­

r o n m e n t a l c o n c e r n s s e e m t o d o m in a t e b o t h a t t i t u d e s .
p r i s i n g l y , h ig h p r o p o r t io n s o f t h e sa m p les

Sur­

i n T a b l e 13 e x ­

p r e s s e d n o d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h t h e d e s t i n a t i o n c o m m u n ity .

TABUS 13.

L ikes and D is lik e s About A ge-S egregated R etirem en t
Communities in F lo r id a and A riz o n a.

S o c ia l
Environm ent
L ocal
P o p u la tio n

L ikes

Economic
E nvironm ent

M a te r ia l
Environm ent

R e c re a tio n
A c tiv itie s

None

Housing'*'

A rizo n a

2 :%

23#

F lo r id a

21%

12 #

D is lik e s

Community
F a c ilitie s

C ost o f
L iving

A rizo n a

3#

4#

2#

39#

w%

F lo r id a

41#

10 #

6#

2#

395?

1

12 #

----------

------ —

25#

2

Housing

C lim a te /
W eather

Physical environment including the development, maintenance of housing, quiet
and lo ca tio n .
2

Problems with management.

Source:

Smith and Marshall, 1970.

65
K in sh ip R o le s o f th e E l d e r l y .

The k i n s h i p r o l e h a s

b e e n v i e w e d b y s o c i a l g e r o n t o l o g i s t s t o be o f m a j o r s i g n i ­
fic a n c e
is

in th e

liv e s

seen as a s o c ia l,

R o le

lo ss

a g in g

is

o f o ld e r p erso n s.

The a g i n g p r o c e s s

a s w e l l a s a b i o l o g i c a l p h e n o m en o n .

c o n sid e r e d a p r e v a le n t s o c i a l con seq u en ce o f

( S t r i e b and S c h n e i d e r ,

1971)*

W h e th e r d e c r e a s i n g

r o l e s a r e a r e s u l t o f c h o ic e by e l d e r l y
th e o r e tic a l i s s u e .^

p ersons has been a

But i n t h e s e d e b a t e s k in s h ip r o l e s

a r e th o u g h t o f a s d i s t i n c t from o t h e r r o l e s .

That i s ,

th e

im p o r ta n c e o f k i n s h i p r o l e s d o e s n o t d e c r e a s e w it h a g i n g ,
b u t m ore t h a n l i k e l y b eco m e e v e n m ore i m p o r t a n t i n t e r m s
o f o c c u p y i n g a g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e r o l e —s e t .
I n t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n , we f o u n d t h a t k i n s h i p
im p o r ta n t b u t v a r y in g
o f o ld e r p erso n s.

in flu e n c e

an

on t h e m ig r a t io n b e h a v io r

E liz a b e th B o tts

( 1971s3 0 5 -3 0 6 ) reco n ­

s i d e r i n g h e r w ork on k i n s h i p n e tw o r k s
research ,

is

in

lig h t

of subsequent

c o n s i d e r s g e o g r a p h i c a l m o b i l i t y t o be one o f

e ig h t v a r ia b le s o f

im m e d ia t e i m p o r t a n c e t o t h e s t u d y o f

k in s h ip n etw ork s.

She a l s o s t r e s s e s t h e

im p o r ta n ce o f e c o ­

l o g i c a l f a c t o r s such as th e fo llo w in g :
A.
B.

—

N e ig h b o r h o o d p h y s i c a l s t r u c t u r e ,
N e ig h b o r h o o d s o c i a l c o m p o s i t i o n :
w h eth er i t i s
h o m o g e n e o u s o r h e t e r o g e n e o u s i n SES l e v e l a n d / o r
c o m p o sitio n ,
------------------

The m o s t i n f l u e n t i a l t h e o r y h a s b e e n t h e d i s e n g a g e m e n t
m o d e l o r i g i n a t e d b y H en ry an d Cumming ( 1 9 6 1 ) .
There i s a l s o
an a c t i v i t y th e o r y m odel t h a t h a s b een i n f l u e n t i a l in S o c ia l
G e r o n t o l o g y ( H a v e n s , 1 9 6 6 ; Lemon, B e n g s t o n , a n d P e t e r s o n ,
1 9 7 2 ).
Some s o c i o l o g i s t s ( R o s e , 1 9 6 5 S R o so w , 1 9 6 7 ) h a v e
s t r e s s e d t h e c o n c e p t o f an a g in g s u b c u lt u r e .
At is s u e i s
t h e e x t e n t t o w h ich d is e n g a g e m e n t i s an i n e v i t a b l e b e h a v io r
i n m od ern s o c i e t i e s f o r a g i n g p e r s o n s .
We a r e n o t c o n c e r n e d
w i t h t h i s p r o b le m i n o u r r e s e a r c h .

66
C.

D e g r e e t o w h i c h n e i g h b o r h o o d h a s a co m m u n ity
id e n tity ,
I n an d o u t - m i g r a t i o n r a t e s o f t h e c o m m u n it y , and
L o c a t i o n o f m em bers o f t h e f a m i l y n e t w o r k i n
r e l a t i o n t o t h e n e ig h b o r h o o d .

D.
E.
We r e v i e w

lite r a tu r e

d e a lin g w ith th e k in s h ip r e l a t i o n s

o ld e r p erson s in t h i s

se c tio n .

I f k in s h ip

i s t h e d o m in a n t

o r e v e n m a jo r s o u r c e o f s o c i a l r o l e s f o r t h e e l d e r l y ,
k n o w le d g e a b o u t t h e e f f e c t s

of

th en

o f m ig r a tio n f o r k in s h ip r e la ­

t i o n s sh o u ld a id our u n d e r sta n d in g o f th e m ig r a tio n e x p e r i­
en ces o f o ld e r p erso n s.
fa cto rs

G iv e n s u c h s a l i e n c e ,

sh o u ld in f lu e n c e m ig r a tio n d e c i s i o n s a s w e l l a s

th e a d ju stm e n t o f m ig r a n ts
It

is

k in s h ip

e q u a lly

i n t h e d e s t i n a t i o n c o m m u n ity .

im p o r ta n t t o u n d e r s ta n d u n d er w hat c ir c u m s t a n c e s

k in s h ip d oes not a f f e c t

th e m ig r a tio n e x p e r ie n c e s o f th e

e ld e r ly .
The l i t e r a t u r e
k in s h ip r o le
B r itto n ,

c o n t a i n s f o u r m a jo r r e v ie w s o f t h e

and t h e e l d e r l y

1967; R ile y ,

et a l.,

o u s b o o k s an d a r t i c l e s
in th e

lite r a tu r e

her a r t ic le ,

(S m ith ,

1 9 6 5 ; B r i t t o n an d

1 9 6 8 ; an d T r o l l ,

d e a lin g w ith t h i s

to p ic

19 7 1 ).

Numer­

c a n be f o u n d

o f g e r o n t o l o g y an d f a m i l y s o c i o l o g y .

"The F a m i ly o f L a t e r L i f e :

In

A D ecade R ev ie w " ,

T r o ll (1 9 7 1 ) p r o v id e s a very s a t i s f a c t o r y c a ta lo g u in g o f th e
im p o r ta n t a r e a s o f s t u d y w i t h r e g a r d t o

o ld e r p erso n s.

We

w i l l d raw u p o n h e r w o r k t o s p e c i f y t h e v a r i a b l e s we c o n s i d e r .
K in sh ip S t r u c t u r e .
a c c e p tin g th e e x is te n c e
fa m ily ,
g ists

In e x p r e ssin g th e n e c e s s it y o f
o f a m o d if ie d form o f t h e e x te n d e d

T r o l l s p e a k s f o r t h e m a j o r i t y o f A m e r ic a n g e r o n t o l o ­

and f a m i l y s o c i o l o g i s t s

(fo r a d isse n tin g

v ie w s e e

67
G ib so n , 1 9 7 1 )-

She

(T r o ll,

r e s i d e n t i a l p r o p in q u ity ,

1 9 7 1 :2 6 5 ) n o te s t h a t

v isitin g ,

’’t h e r e

is

an d m u t u a l a i d b e t w e e n

a d u l t c h i l d r e n a n d t h e i r p a r e n t s , an d t o a so m ew h a t l e s s e r
ex ten t,

b e t w e e n a d u l t s i b l i n g s a n d som ew h a t m ore d i s t a n t

r e la tiv e s .”

The r e f e r e n c e p o i n t f o r t h i s

( 1 9 4 3 ) a s s e r t io n th a t th e

iso la te d

iss u e

is

P a r s o n ’s

n u c le a r fa m ily i s

th e

p r e v a l e n t and t h e m ost f u n c t i o n a l t y p e o f k i n s h i p s t r u c t u r e
in an a c h ie v e m e n t-o r ie n te d
own.

in d u s t r ia l s o c ie t y su ch a s our

F or a lm o s t tw o d e c a d e s t h i s a s s e r t i o n h a s s p u r r e d p a s ­

s i o n a t e d e b a t e among f a m i l y s o c i o l o g i s t s .
s c h o l a r s s u c h a s S u ss m a n ( 1 9 5 9 :
( 1 9 6 2 ) ; an d L it w a k ( I 9 6 O:
siz a b le

am oun t o f

At th e p r e s e n t,

19 6 5 );

The w o r k o f
S u ss m a n a n d B u r c h i n a l

1 9 6 5 ); show s t h a t t h e r e

is a

i n t e r a c t i o n b etw een g e n e r a t io n s o f k in .

th ere

seem s t o be a c o o l i n g o f th e

iss u e as

new p e r s p e c t i v e s r e g a r d i n g k i n s h i p s t r u c t u r e s a n d r e l a t i o n s
a r ise

from r e s e a r c h .

th eory,

e s p e c ia lly

th e resu rg en ce
th eo ry ,

of

t h e w h o le

W ith t h e d e - e m p h a s i s o f f u n c t i o n a l

its

d e d u c tiv e grand th e o r y s t r a t e g y ,

in d u c tiv e approaches t o s o c i o l o g i c a l
i s s u e h a s come t o b e r a t h e r p a sse* .

c o n c e p ts h ave b een in tr o d u c e d
as E liz a b e th B o tt* s

th e

in te r e st

T h u s, G ib so n e n d s h i s

iso la te d

upon w h ich t o

ju d ge th e

d oes n ot a ttem p t t o

Such co n ­

in e m p ir ic a lly grounded

argum ent a g a i n s t c r i t i c s

n u c le a r f a m il y by c a l l i n g f o r th e

put t o th e e m p ir ic a l t e s t .

New

in t o th e stu d y o f k in s h ip such

id e a o f a s o c i a l n etw ork .

cep ts rep resen t a r is in g
th eory.

and

He a l s o

v a lid ity

d e a l w ith th e

iss u e

of

t o be

s t i p u l a t e s th e c r i t e r i a

o f th e co n c e p t.
is s u e

Our s t u d y

o f fa m ily s tr u c tu r e

63
r a i s e d by P a r s o n s .
th e a d v ise

What we h a v e t r i e d

o f G ib s o n ( 1 9 7 1 ) an d o t h e r s

1971) to u se co n cep ts th a t
and t o

c le a r ly d e lin e a te

t o do i s

to fo llo w

(R osow ,

1965; B o tt,

can be o p e r a t i o n a l l y d e f in e d ,

th e su b d im e n sio n s o f f a m ily

in te r ­

a c t i o n t h a t we a r e u s i n g .
K in sh ip A v a i l a b i l i t y .
1971;

T r o ll,

I t has b een p o in te d ou t

1971) th a t s tu d ie s

o f t e n been r e m iss

o f k in s h ip

in t e r a c t io n have

i n t a k i n g a c c o u n t o f t h e num ber o f k i n

t h a t a n a c t o r h a s w hen d i s c u s s i n g f r e q u e n c y o f
etc.

An o l d e r a d u l t may l i v e

o n ly 3

o t h e r c h i l d r e n who

one can h a r d ly a t t r i b u t e

k n it k in s h ip n etw ork .

in te r a c tio n ,

n e x t d o o r t o one c h i l d and

s e e h im e v e r y d a y , b u t i f h e h a s f i v e
a r e se ld o m s e e n ,

(G ib so n ,

R ile y ,

et a l .,

o f th e u n in s t it u t io n a liz e d

G ib so n ( 1 9 7 1 ) s t u d i e d t h e k i n s h i p

t o h im a c l o s e -

(1963) e s tim a te th a t

e l d e r l y h a v e no k in .
lin k a g e s o f p erson s 60

t o 7 0 y e a r s o l d who w e r e r e c e i v i n g d i s a b i l i t y

b e n e f i t s fr o m

th e s t a te

i n d i c a t e how

o f O h io .

R esp o n d en ts w ere a sk e d t o

many n o n h o u s e h o l d k i n t h e y h a d f r o m a l i s t
p o ssib le

sta tu ses.

The mean num ber o f n o n h o u s e h o l d k i n f o r

t h e sa m p le w as 4 - 9 p e r s o n s .
sa m p le had t h r e e

o f tw en ty -fo u r

T h ir ty -e ig h t p ercen t o f t h is

o r fe w e r n o n h o u se h o ld k in .

B u lte n a

( 1969)

fo u n d t h a t h i s r u r a l sa m p le had an a v e r a g e o f 2 . 9 a d u l t
c h i l d r e n an d 2 . 2 s i b l i n g s .
p a r a b le p e r c e n ta g e s w ere 2 .3

F o r t h e u r b a n s a m p l e , t h e com­
an d 2 . 1 .

R ev ie w in g r e s e a r c h

o n t h e r u r a l f a m i l y , B r i t t o n an d B r i t t o n
r a n g e f o r t h o s e w i t h no l i v i n g
aged 60 t o 64 y e a r s

(1 9 6 7 ) fo u n d a

c h i l d f r o m Vfo f o r r e s p o n d e n t s

i n a r u r a l K e n t u c k y s a m p le

(Y o u m an s,

69
1967)»

t o 3C$ i n a s a m p l e o f e l d e r l y

P e n n s y lv a n ia .

R e se a r c h by S ten h o u w er ( 1 9 6 5 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t

2556 o f t h e e l d e r l y
liv in g

L u th eran s in

c h ild r e n .

i n a n a t i o n a l sa m p le d id n o t h a v e any
Youmans ( 1 9 6 5 ) f o u n d t h a t 3 # o f h i s r u r a l

K e n t u c k y s a m p le a g e d 6 0 t o 6 4 y e a r s h a d n o l i v i n g s i b l i n g s
com pared t o

15?£ o f t h e u r b a n s a m p l e i n t h a t a g e g r o u p .

r e s p o n d e n t s 75 and o v e r ,

1 5 ^ o f t h e r u r a l s a m p l e an d 32?S o f

t h e u r b a n s a m p le h a d no l i v i n g
R e s id e n t ia l P r o p in q u ity .
w h i l e Z lia o f h i s

sib lin g s .
G ib s o n ( 1 9 7 1 ) f o u n d t h a t

o l d e r s a m p le h a d no k i n l i v i n g

own c o m m u n it y , 4 7 ft h ad a l l t h e i r k i n l i v i n g
c o m m u n ity .

The m ean num ber o f k i n

c o m m u n ity w a s 2 . 1
k in l i v i n g

i n t h e r e s p o n d e n t *s

O n ly 2 6 fo o f B u l t e n a *s r u r a l s a m p l e had

H ow ever, Shanas

K in sh ip I n t e r a c t i o n .

been u sed .

l i v i n g w it h in an

im m e d ia t e v i c i n i t y

9 0 fo i n t h e s t u d i e s c i t e d

about k in s h ip

t h a t 53%

The num ber o f p a r e n t s w i t h c h i l d r e n

sam e c o m m u n ity o r t h e
to

51^ o f th e

( 1962) sta te s

o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n o v e r 65 h a v e a c h i l d
h o u r ’s d r i v e .

in t h e ir

i n t h e i r own

i n t h e sam e co m m u n ity c o m p a r e d t o

urban d w e lle r s .

by B r i t t o n and B r i t t o n

A v a r ie t y o f in d ic a to r s have

T r o ll (1 9 7 1 ) c a u tio n s us about th e

r e p o r t e d on v i s i t i n g

n a m e ly , b e t w e e n p a r e n t s ,

( 1 9 6 7 )*

There i s a b u n d an t l i t e r a t u r e

in te r a c tio n .

lite r a tu r e

in th e

v a r i e d from 5 0 $

need t o

d i s t i n g u i s h b e tw e e n v i s i t i n g and c o m m u n ic a tio n .
r e v ie w th e

For

c h ild r e n ,

We w i l l

b etw een k in ,

an d s i b l i n g s .

There i s

a l i m i t e d am oun t o f i n f o r m a t i o n o n i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h m ore
d is t a n t k in su ch a s c o u s in s

(A d am s, 1 9 6 5 ) an d g r a n d c h i l d r e n

70
(A ld o u s and H i l l ,

1965),

k in s h ip r e la t io n s h ip s
et a l.

b u t we w i l l n o t d e a l w i t h t h e s e

in our stu d y .

(1962) th a t

The f i n d i n g s o f S h a n a s ,

o f t h e aged p o p u la t io n o f th e U n ite d

S t a t e s s e e s one o f t h e i r c h i l d r e n e v e r y w eek i s a w i d e l y
q u oted f i g u r e .

They a l s o f o u n d t h a t t h i s

p ercen ta g e ro se

t o 909S w h en a m e a s u r e o f o n e m onth i s u s e d .
R o se n b e r g 's

( 1 9 7 0 ) s a m p le o f u r b a n w o r k i n g c l a s s r e t i r e d

persons v is it e d
in te r v ie w .

A lm o s t a l l o f

a r e la tiv e

I n E n g la n d ,

d u r in g th e w eek p r io r t o th e

6 9 f<> o f t h e e l d e r l y

p o r t e d t o s e e som e r e l a t i v e

d a ily

r e t i r e d w ere r e ­

(T o w n s e n d ,

1 9 5 7 ).

I n a c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n r u r a l an d u r b a n e l d e r l y ,
B u lte n a

( 1 9 6 9 ) f o u n d no s i g n i f i c a n t r u r a l - u r b a n d i f f e r e n c e

f o r re sp o n d e n ts w ith 1 t o 3 c h ild r e n ,
m ore t h a n t h r e e ,
score.

but f o r th o se w ith

t h e u r b a n s a m p le h a s t h e h i g h e r i n t e r a c t i o n

No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e w a s f o u n d b e t w e e n r u r a l

and u rb a n a g ed i n t h e i r c o n t a c t w i t h s i b l i n g s .
any d if f e r e n c e

N e i t h e r w as

b e tw e e n t h e tw o sa m p le s fo u n d i n t h e p r o p o r ­

t io n o f s ib lin g s r e sid in g
o f th e resp o n d en t,

i n t h e sam e co m m u n ity o r c o u n t y

nor in th e p r o p o r tio n h a v in g a t

one b r o t h e r o r s i s t e r

lo c a te d nearby.

le a s t

I n K e n t u c k y , Youmans

( 1 9 6 7 ) fo u n d t h a t o l d e r p e r s o n s 6 0 t o 64 y e a r s o ld w ere
more l i k e l y t o s e e t h e i r c h i l d r e n d a i l y
th e c it y

r a th e r th a n th e co u n try

i f th ey

(4 C $ v s .

liv e d

in

3 5 ^ ) , b u t among

t h e o l d e r a g e g r o u p ( o v e r 75 y e a r s ) t h e p a t t e r n w a s r e ­
v e r s e d and r u r a l p e r s o n s w ere m ost l i k e l y t o h ave s e e n a
c h i l d d a i l y o r w e e k ly th a n urban d w e l l e r s
w ith

13#)*

Among s i b l i n g s

( 2 9 # a s c o m p a red

o f b o th age grou p s p e r s o n s .in

71
r u r a l a r e a s w e r e m ore l i k e l y

t o h ave s e e n one a n o t h e r

d a ily or

w e e k ly

(22$ v s.

1 6 $ f o r a g e s 6 0 - 6 4 , a n d 14$ v s . 1 0 $ f o r a g e s

and o v e r ) .

th a n w ere p e r s o n s

B r i t t o n and B r i t t o n

liv in g

in urban a r e a s
75

( 1 9 6 7 ) re p o r t th e fo llo w in g

fin d in g s :
1.

T w en ty p e r c e n t i n o p e n c o u n t r y a r e a s v e r s u s
10$ in s m a ll to w n s had n o t s e e n any o f t h e i r
c h i l d r e n i n t h e p r e v i o u s m onth ( F u l l e r ,
e t a l . , 1 9 6 3 )•

2.

Among a s a m p le f r o m a r u r a l - u r b a n f r i n g e ,
o n e -th ir d r a r e ly v i s i t e d t h e i r f a m ilie s in
t h e a r e a and 4 0 $ n e v e r v i s i t e d ( K u r t z an d
S m ith , I 9 6 I ) .

3.

I n a C a n a d ia n r u r a l s a m p le 9 0 $ v i s i t e d
w e e k ly , b u t o n ly 65$ o f th e urban grou p
d id s o ( S t e v e n s , 1 959)*

4*

T w e n t y - f i v e p e r c e n t i n on e r u r a l s a m p le had
n o t s e e n any c h i l d r e n a s o f t e n a s o n ce a
m onth ( M a r t e l , 1 9 6 1 ) .

In G ib so n 's
co n ta cted

( 1 9 7 1 ) s t u d y t h e mean number o f k i n

(v isite d )

p e r m onth w a s 2 . 6 .

No k i n w e r e s e e n

o n a m o n t h l y b a s i s b y 2 2 $ o f t h e o l d e r p e r s o n s , an d 5 2 $
o f a l l th e a v a ila b le

k in o f r e s p o n d e n t s w ere s e e n a t

le a st

m o n th ly .
M o b ility .
c lo se

sc r u tin y .

lite r a tu r e
e tie s

T r o ll's d is c u s s io n o f m o b ility m e r its
N o tin g th e s c a r c i t y

o n t h e A m e r ic a n f a m i l y

o f stu d ie s

in th e

(s tu d ie s o f o th er s o c i­

a re m e n tio n e d , b u t n o t d i s c u s s e d ) d e a lin g w ith t h i s

v a r ia b le ,

she e x p r e s s e s

th a t d isr u p tiv e e f f e c t s
rary. "

And a g a i n ,

(1 9 7 1 :2 7 1 )

"a m o u n t in g c o n v i c t i o n

on k in s h ip t i e s

she s u g g e s t s ,

a r e a t m o s t te m p o ­

" F u rth erm ore, t h e r e

is

te n d e n c y a f t e r a p e r io d o f tim e f o r t h e o l d e r p a r e n t s ,

a
p ast

r e t i r e m e n t t o move n e a r t h e i r now s e t t l e d
c h ild r e n .

m id d le -a g e d

E v e n t u a l l y , t h e r e a r e m ore k i n a v a i l a b l e t o

t h o s e who h a v e m oved t o t h e new a r e a t h a n t h e r e a r e t o
t h o s e who s t a y e d b e h i n d . ”

U n f o r t u n a t e l y , no c i t a t i o n

g iv e n to resea rch th a t su p p o rts th e se

o p in io n s.

is

The n o n ­

d i s r u p t i v e c o n se q u e n c e o f m ig r a t io n a f f ir m e d by T r o l l i s
based

l a r g e l y upon L itw a k * s s t u d y

fa m ilie s.
a g a in st:

S h e m a k e s t h e e r r o r w h ic h s h e p r e v i o u s l y w a r n e d
The d i m e n s i o n s o f k i n s h i p r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e n o t

kept d is t in c t .
tern s

A lso ,

T r o ll (1 9 7 0 :2 7 0 ) h as n o ted t h a t h e lp p a t­

vary by s o c i a l c l a s s .

to g iv e

( i 9 6 0 ) o f m id d le c l a s s

W o r k in g -c la ss p e r s o n s ten d

s e r v i c e s an d m i d d l e —c l a s s t o g i v e f i n a n c i a l a i d .

t h e a r g u m e n t w as made t h a t m i d d l e - c l a s s

f r e q u e n t l y w hen d i s t a n c e
c la ss.

v i s i t more

i s h e l d c o n s t a n t t h a n do w o r k in g

H ow ever, k i n s h i p v i s i t s

p o r t i o n o f a l l w o r k in g c l a s s
th a t m id d le -c la ss f a m ilie s ,

c o n s t it u t e a g r e a te r pro­

v is itin g .

Now we a l s o

e s p e c i a l l y young a d u l t s ,

m ore g e o g r a p h i c a l l y m o b i l e t h a n t h e w o r k i n g - c l a s s .

know
are
T r o ll

a p p e a r s t o e q u a t e v i s i t i n g w i t h c o m m u n ic a t io n a n d w i t h o t h e r
r e l a t i o n s h i p s su ch a s g i v i n g m u tu al a i d .

H ow ever, a k i n s h i p

n e t w o r k h e l d t o g e t h e r b y f r e q u e n t v i s i t i n g w o u l d se e m t o be
d i f f e r e n t i n s o c i a l m e a n in g f o r a c t o r s t h a n on e h e l d t o ­
g e t h e r by non f a c e - t o - f a c e

in te r a c tio n .

A lso ,

i t w o u ld

s t i l l a p p e a r t h a t w o r k i n g - c l a s s k i n f o r m a m ore c l o s e k n i t s o c i a l n etw o rk th a n do m i d d l e - c l a s s .

S o m o b i l i t y may

n o t s e r i o u s l y a f f e c t t h e m i d d l e - c l a s s n etw ork b e c a u se f a c e to -fa ce

in te r a c tio n

i s n ’t

its

d e fin in g c h a r a c t e r is t ic .

B ut

73
c a n we s a y t h e sam e a b o u t t h e e f f e c t s
th e w o r k in g -c la ss?
a ffectu a l tie s

o f m ig r a t io n upon

Even i f m i g r a t i o n d o e s n ' t a f f e c t t h e

b etw een k in ,

it

sh o u ld s i g n i f i c a n t l y a l t e r

t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e k in s h ip n etw ork o f th e m ig r a n t.

The

t e m p o r a r y n a t u r e o f s u c h e f f e c t s w o u ld se e m t o b e a n e m p i r ­
i c a l q u e stio n .
O c c a sio n a lly

in th e

lite r a tu r e

one f i n d s s u g g e s t i o n s

in agreem en t w ith T r o l l ' s n o tio n t h a t th e r e t i r e d f o l l o w
t h e ir c h ild r e n
grant is

(H u b ert,

1 9 ^ 5 ) and i n t h e

in c l o s e r to u c h w ith k in

t h a n i f he had re m a in e d a t t h e

l o n g - r u n t h e m i­

( B u l t e n a a n d W ood, 1 9 6 9 )

o r i g i n c o m m u n ity .

s a y t h a t t h e m i g r a n t im p r o v e s h i s

But t o

in t e r a c t io n w ith k in ,

a n d e n d s up w i t h b e t t e r c o m m u n ic a t io n t h a n t h o s e who d i d
n o t m ig r a te seem s t o be p u r e ly s p e c u l a t i v e .

T h is s e c t i o n

b ea rs out th e c o n te n tio n o f t h i s w r ite r th a t

in f a c t

s u b s t a n t i a l in fo r m a tio n e x i s t s

about th e con sequences o f

m ig r a tio n f o r th e k in s h ip r e l a t i o n s
P a r e n t-C h ild R e la t io n s .

little

o f o ld e r p erso n s.

W ith r e g a r d t o s e x o f c h i l d

a n d i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h p a r e n t s , Adams ( I 9 6 &) f o u n d no r e l a t i o n ­
s h ip b etw een a f f e c t i o n ,

c o n s e n s u s on v a l u e s ,

o f in te r a c tio n fo r so n s.
im p o r ta n t i n d i r e c t l y .

an d f r e q u e n c y

H ow ever, g e o g r a p h ic d i s t a n c e was

To q u o t e T r o l l ( 1 9 6 9 * 2 7 7 )

o f r e l a t i o n b etw een f e e l i n g

c l o s e and v i s i t i n g

p a r e n t s an d c h i l d r e n e i t h e r

liv e

d ista n t,

but i f

t e r a c t io n c h o ic e
course,

"The l a c k

a p p l i e s w hen

near each o th e r or are

very

th ey are w ith in 250 m ile s o f each o th e r ,
is

b a sed upon e m o t io n a l a tta c h m e n t."

Of

i t m u st b e r e c o g n i z e d t h a t r e s i d e n t i a l p r o x i m i t y

d o es n ot g u a ra n tee

in te r a c tio n

(a s a p r e v io u s s e c t io n

in ­

74
r e v e a le d ).

F u rth erm o re,

in t e r a c t io n can vary q u a l i t a t i v e l y .

Much v i s i t i n g may b e l i t t l e
out of fe e lin g

m ore t h a n m o n i t o r i n g a r i s i n g

o f o b lig a tio n

o r c o n c e r n , b u t v o id o f in tim a c y

o r m e a n in g fu l c o n t a c t .
S ib lin g s.

The r e l a t i o n s h i p

o f aged t o t h e i r s i b l i n g s

h a s n o t r e c e i v e d much a t t e n t i o n an d t h e
One i n t e r e s t i n g
case

v ie w i s

th a t s ib lin g

o f g e n e r a tio n a l s o lid a r it y

1 9 6 1 ).

Some s t u d i e s

lite r a tu r e

so lid a r ity

is

is

sp arse.

a s p e c ia l

(Cumming an d S c h n e i d e r ,

( C l a r k an d A n d e r s o n ,

1 9 6 7 ; Y oum ans,

I 9 6 3 ) h a v e f o u n d t h a t p e o p l e o v e r 65 h a v e m ore o r a s many
s i b l i n g s th a n any o th e r r e l a t i v e .
( 1 9 6 3 : 1 6 6 ) com m en t,

F in a lly , R ile y ,

eit a l . ,

"Old p e o p l e who h a v e n e v e r m a r r i e d t e n d

t o m a i n t a i n much c l o s e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h t h e i r b r o t h e r s
and s i s t e r s

t h a n t h o s e who m a rry a n d h a v e c h i l d r e n .

P ersons

w i t h o u t c h i l d r e n t e n d t o r e su m e c l o s e r a s s o c i a t i o n s w i t h
s i b l i n g s upon d ea th o f a s p o u s e ,
c lo se

as sin g le

p e r s o n s ."

but in t e r e s t in g ly ,

G ib so n ( 1 9 7 1 : 2 2 ) r e a c h e s a s i m i ­

la r c o n c lu sio n .

He s t a t e s

t h e h o u se h o ld

th e r e le v a n t fa m ily sy stem ,

is

l i v i n g a l o n e , and s i n g l e ,

not as

" ...w h e r e a s f o r n u c le a r f a m ilie s

w id o w e d ,

f o r th ose

or d iv o r c e d ,

th e ex ten d ed

k i n n e t w o r k may i n d e e d b e t h e b a s i c f a m i l y s y s t e m . "
Sum mary.

In t h is

s e c t i o n we h a v e d e a l t w i t h som e o f

t h e m a jo r d im e n s io n s o f k i n s h i p

in te r a c tio n .

The im p o r t a n c e

o f m a k in g c o n c e p t u a l an d o p e r a t i o n a l d i s t i n c t i o n s among
th ese

v a r ia b le s

is

stressed .

S tu d ie s o f p a r e n t-c h ild r e la ­

t i o n s h i p s d o m in a t e w i t h o n l y a f e w d e a l i n g w i t h s i b l i n g s .
Our r e s e a r c h

in te r e st

is

i n t h e e f f e c t m i g r a t i o n h a s u p on

75
th e k in sh ip in t e r a c t io n

o f e l d e r l y w ith t h e i r c h ild r e n

and w ith t h e i r s i b l i n g s .
m ig r a tio n has l i t t l e

One r e a d s i n t h e

o r no e f f e c t

When i t h a s a n e f f e c t ,

it

is

on k i n s h i p

p o sitiv e

b i n d i n g up o f s e v e r e d r e l a t i o n s h i p s .
th is

p e r s p e c tiv e .

resp ect to th e ir

lite r a tu r e

th a t

in te r a c tio n .

and le a d s t o th e
We h a v e q u e s t i o n e d

K in s h ip f a c t o r s w i l l a l s o be s t u d ie d w ith
im p o r ta n c e i n m ig r a t io n d e c is io n - m a k in g

an d a d j u s t m e n t .
P art T hree:

R e s e a r c h D e s i g n an d M e t h o d o lo g y

One d i m e n s i o n o f t h e m i s s i o n o f t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l
E x p e r im e n t S t a t i o n

is

to

ca rry out a p p lie d r e se a r c h d e a lin g

w it h s o c i a l p r o b le m s f a c i n g r u r a l a r e a s .
cu ssed th e s it u a tio n

We h a v e d i s ­

o f s e v e r a l r u r a l c o u n tie s

i n M ic h ig a n

t h a t m ust a d j u s t t o r a p id p o p u la t io n g ro w th due p r im a r il y
t o h ig h n et
p lic a te d

in -m ig r a tio n r a t e s .

T h is a d ju s tm e n t i s

s in c e a la r g e p r o p o r tio n o f th e

com­

in -r a ig r a n ts a r e

r e t i r e e s s o t h a t t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f many o f t h e s e c o u n t i e s
is

b e c o m in g o l d e r a s w e l l a s l a r g e r .

t e n d e d t o p r o v id e d a ta on t h i s

T h is s t u d y i s

r e la tiv e ly

in ­

new p o p u l a t i o n

g ro u p in n o n m e tr o p o lita n a r e a s o f M ic h ig a n ,

th e r e tir e d

m ig r a n t.
Once t h e s c o p e o f t h e r e s e a r c h p r o b le m w as a s s e s s e d ,
t h e d e c i s i o n w a s made t o
w h ich t o

se le c t

c a r r y o u t- a c a s e s t u d y .

s e v e r a l o f th ese

one t y p i c a l c o u n ty in
We made f i e l d

tr ip s to

in -m ig r a tio n c o u n t ie s t o t a l k w ith

lo c a l

i n f o r m a n t s an d t o g a t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n a s t o t h e p o t e n t i a l
o f th e co u n ty a s th e r e s e a r c h s i t e .

The s e l e c t i o n

of

76
C la r e C ou n ty a s t h e

research s i t e

w a s made f o r t h e

fo llo w in g rea so n s:
1.

C la r e C ou n ty h a s a s u f f i c i e n t d e n s i t y o f
o l d e r m i g r a n t s t o p e r m i t a c l u s t e r s a m p le
d e s i g n an d t h u s t o r e d u c e t h e c o s t o f d o i n g
th e su rvey in a r u r a l a rea .

2.

O th er r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s h a ve b een c o n d u c te d
i n C l a r e C o u n t y t h r o u g h t h e MSU E x p e r im e n t
S t a t i o n and a r e c e p t i v e a t t i t u d e by t h e
l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n to w a r d s t h e E x p e r im e n t
S t a t i o n was fo u n d .

3-

The E x t e n s i o n D i r e c t o r , G e o r g e M acQ ueen, w a s
q u it e i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e p r o j e c t and o f f e r e d
v a lu a b le p e r s o n a l a s s is t a n c e as w e l l a s su p ­
p o r t fro m h i s s t a f f , and

4-

C la r e C ou n ty i s r e l a t i v e l y n e a r t o M ic h ig a n
S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y an d i s e a s i l y a c c e s s i b l e
b y i n t e r s t a t e h i g h w a y , a n o t h e r ec o n o m y
c o n sid e r a tio n .

E x a m in a tio n o f t h e a v a i l a b l e
m ig r a n ts
th is

in d ic a te s th a t

to p ic .

im p le m e n t a

o f e x p l o r a t i o n an d d e s c r i p t i o n .

(1 9 7 1 ) s p e a k in g o f a c o m p o site ap p roach t o th e

r e s e a r c h —t h e o r y q u e s t i o n s u g g e s t s t h r e e
tific

on o ld e r

r e s e a r c h h a s b e e n d o n e on

T h e r e f o r e , we h a v e c h o s e n t o

research stra teg y
R e y n o ld s

little

lite r a tu r e

a c tiv ity :

Our s t r a t e g y

is

e x p lo r a to r y ,
d e sc r ip tiv e

sta g es fo r sc ie n ­

d e sc r ip tiv e ,

an d e x p l a n a t o r y .

i n t h a t we a l s o t r y t o make

som e e m p i r i c a l g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s w i t h

r e s p e c t t o e l d e r l y m i­

g r a n t s t o th e r u r a l a r e a s o f n o r th e r n lo w e r M ic h ig a n .
d e v e l o p m e n t an d t e s t i n g

The

o f t h e o r e t i c a l m o d e ls f o r e x p l a i n i n g

th e m ig r a tio n o f o ld e r p erso n s r e q u ir e s a r e se a r c h d e s ig n
m ore d e m a n d in g t h a n o u r ow n.

We h o p e t h a t o u r f i n d i n g s w i l l

p r o v id e a b a s i s f o r th e c o n s t r u c t io n o f su ch a t h e o r e t i c a l
m o d e l.

We h a v e p r e s e n t e d t h e

c o n c e p t u a l and e m p i r i c a l

77
u n d e r p in in g s o f t h i s

p ro ject.

T h is s e c t i o n p r e s e n t s th e

m e t h o d o l o g y e m p lo y e d i n g a t h e r i n g an d a n a l y z i n g t h e d a t a .
S a m p le S e l e c t i o n an d D a ta C o l l e c t i o n .

D ra w in g a

s a m p le o f e l d e r l y m i g r a n t s f r o m t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f a r u r a l
co u n ty p r e s e n ts s e v e r a l d i f f i c u l t i e s .

F ir s t,

p r o b le m o f l a c k o f c o m p l e t e s a m p l i n g f r a m e s .
and r e l i a b l e

lis t

g r a t i o n know s, no l i s t

In f a c t ,

th e

No c o m p l e t e

a s a n y o n e s t u d y i n g m i­

o f m ig r a n ts i s

a v a ila b le

age grou p t h a t a s s u r e s c o m p le te c o v e r a g e .
ca n be th o u g h t o f a s a " rare" p o p u la t io n ,

th is

is

o f p e r s o n s a g e d 65 a n d o v e r c o u l d b e o b ­

t a i n e d f o r C la r e C ou n ty.

r e la tiv e ly

th ere

f o r any

E ld e r ly m ig r a n ts
in t h a t o n ly a

s m a ll segm ent o f th e t o t a l p o p u la t io n p o s s e s s e s

c h a r a c te r is tic .

T here a r e a l s o

o f d o in g s u r v e y w ork i n r u r a l a r e a s .

l o g i s t i c a l p r o b le m s
Among th e m a r e

in ­

a d e q u a t e m a p s, u nm ark ed s t r e e t s an d u n n u m b ered r e s i d e n c e s ,
and l a r g e d i s t a n c e s b e tw e e n d w e l l i n g u n i t s ,
v i e w i n g t i m e - c o n s u m i n g an d e x p e n s i v e .
fic u lty

h a m p ered t h i s

stu d y .

m a k in g i n t e r ­

One a d d i t i o n a l d i f ­

I t w as o r i g i n a l l y

th ou gh t

t h a t many e l d e r l y m i g r a n t s w e r e s e a s o n a l r e s i d e n t s who
s p e n t t h e summer m o n th s i n C l a r e C o u n ty an d t h e c o o l e r F a l l ,
W i n t e r , a n d e a r l y S p r i n g m o n th s e l s e w h e r e .
s t r a t e g y was t o g e t
la te

in to th e f i e l d

W h ile o u r

i n t h e e a r l y F a l l and

S p r i n g , t h e r e w e r e s t i l l a num ber o f i n d i v i d u a l s who

had a l r e a d y

le ft

p r ise d a s iz e a b le
at g rea ter

o r had n o t y e t r e t u r n e d .
part o f th ose

le n g th ).

A lso ,

b u d g et.

n o t a t home ( d i s c u s s e d

on s e v e r a l o c c a s i o n s

w e a t h e r h a m p ered i n t e r v i e w i n g ,
lim ite d

T h e s e c a s e s com­
la te r

in c le m e n t

t h u s w h i t t l i n g aw ay a t t h e

78
T a k in g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e . a f o r e m e n t i o n e d r e s t r a i n t s ,
we d e c i d e d t o u s e a r e a s a m p l i n g t e c h n i q u e s c o n s i s t i n g
t w o - s t a g e c l u s t e r m eth od .

In a d d itio n ,

of a

a sc r e e n in g pro­

c e s s h ad t o be u s e d t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e m i g r a n t an d n o n m ig r a n t
cases.

The c r i t e r i o n u s e d t o d e f i n e a m i g r a n t w a s s i m p l y

t h a t t h e r e s p o n d e n t h a d m oved t o C l a r e C o u n ty no e a r l i e r
th an i 9 6 0 .

For ou r p u r p o se , a c a s e

is

d e fin e d a s e it h e r

a m a r r i e d m i g r a n t c o u p l e r e s i d i n g t o g e t h e r o r a s i n g l e m i­
gra n t.

T h e r e a r e s i x t e e n t o w n s h i p s a n d tw o p l a c e s

in

C l a r e C o u n ty t h a t w e r e c o n s i d e r e d a s p o t e n t i a l s a m p l i n g
p o in ts.

T h e s e 18 p o i n t s v a r i e d

i n t h e num ber an d p r o p o r ­

t i o n s o f p o p u l a t i o n o v e r 65 i n 1 9 7 0 and i n t h e r a t e

of

p o p u la t io n g row th from 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 7 0 (a n i n d i c a t o r o f n e t —
m ig r a t io n ).
Our g o a l w a s t o s e l e c t s a m p l i n g p o i n t s h a v i n g

la r g e

n um b ers a n d p r o p o r t i o n s o f p o p u l a t i o n 6 5 an d o v e r a s w e l l
a s h i g h r a t e s o f p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h fr o m i 9 6 0 t o
th ese

1970.

When

v a r i a b l e s a r e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t a s sh ow n i n T a b le 1 4 ,

we f i n d t h a t H a r r i s o n C i t y , C l a r e C i t y ,
o f H ayes, G a r f ie ld ,

F ro st,

an d t h e

T o w n s h ip s

and G rant a l l h a v e d i s t r i b u t i o n s

c o n s i s t e n t w ith ou r sa m p lin g g o a l s .
Our n e x t t a s k w as t o

s e c u r e a sa m p lin g l i s t ,

sin c e

e v e n i n o u r r e l a t i v e l y a g e d s a m p l i n g p o i n t s o n l y 16 t o 2096
o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n w a s 65 y e a r s o l d o r o l d e r .
a n d on e s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e w e r e u s e d t o
F ir s t,

a lis t

o f a l l persons f i l i n g

Two p r im a r y

c o n s tr u c t such a l i s t .

a S e n i o r C i t i z e n Home­

s t e a d Tax E x e m p t io n A f f a d a v i t w a s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e

79
TABLE 14*
C l a r e C o u n t y S a m p lin g P o i n t s C l a s s i f i e d b y
P e r c e n t o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n 6 5 Y e a r s o f Age an d O l d e r ,
P e r c e n t o f P o p u l a t i o n G row th f r o m 1 9 6 0 - 7 0 , a n d t h e
Number o f P e r s o n s a t L e a s t 6 5 Y e a r s O ld .

P e r c e n t G rowth
196 0-70

P e r c e n t o f P o p u la t io n 65 y e a r s o r o l d e r
(N Number o f P e r s o n s 65 y e a r s o r o l d e r )
L ess th a n 11#
1 1 —1 6 #
O v er l 6 #

Low G r o w th 25# or le s s

P o in t

HU

P o in t

(N )

A rth u r

(4 7 )

C la r e
C ity

(300)

S h e r id a n

(5 0 )

W in te r fie ld

(4 3 )

P o in t

(N )

Medium G row th

2 6 - 65 #
G rant

(123 )

H a r r iso n (2 2 0 )
C ity

G a r fie ld

R e d d in g

(3 7 )

G reen w o od ( 5 3 )

Surrey

(245)

F r a n k lin

(4 7 )

(1 86)

H a m ilt o n ( 8 5 )
H a tto n

(6 0 )

F re em a n

(30)

H ig h G r o w th over 65#

S u m m e r f ie I d ( 3 0 )
L in c o ln

Sources

F rost

(1 0 0 )

H ayes

(270)

(9 4 )

U n ite d S t a t e s B ureau o f th e C e n su s,

1970.

a p p r o p r ia te to w n sh ip s u p e r v is o r s .

Such d a ta a r e n o t

u s u a l l y T i l e d o r p r o c e s s e d b e y o n d t h e o r i g i n a l f o r m i n m o st
ru ral areas.

Thus e a c h l i s t h a d t o b e h a n d c o p i e d b y t h e

research s t a f f ,

u s u a l l y from o r i g i n a l fo r m s , and th e n a lp h a ­

b e t i z e d and c r o s s - c h e c k e d t o e l i m i n a t e
a l l v o ter r e g is tr a tio n
c h ec k e d and a l i s t

lis ts

d u p lic a tio n s.

f o r th e s e le c te d

to w n s h ip s w ere

o f p e r s o n s 6 5 y e a r s a n d o l d e r who h a d

m oved t o t h e c o u n t y s i n c e

i 9 6 0 was c o m p ile d .

I n an e f f o r t

t o c o u n t e r a c t SES b i a s e s t h a t may be r e f l e c t e d
sou rces,

th e co u n ty o f f i c e

in su ch

o f t h e M ic h ig a n D ep artm en t o f

S o c ia l S e r v ic e s responded t o our r e q u e st f o r a l i s t
s o n s who w e r e r e c e i v i n g OAA an d w e r e m i g r a n t s .
th ese

nam es w e r e a l s o

on t h e

o t h e r tw o l i s t s .

L i s t s w e r e r e —o r g a n i z e d

an d c a s e s l i s t e d

o f r e s id e n c e f o r ea c h o f th e sa m p lin g p o i n t s .
w ere v ie w e d a s c l u s t e r s
w ith th e

c lu ste r ,

by s t r e e t
T hese s t r e e t s

o f r e s p o n d e n ts and t h o s e

in str u c te d to

in te r v ie w th o se

we h a v e n o way t o

cen ta g e o f th e

in te r v ie w s .

o f th e

in th e

c a s e , and t o

c o n sid e r e d e l i g i b l e .

B e c a u s e we d o n o t know t h e s i z e
e lig ib le s ,

c lu ste r s

c o n ta c t each ca se

t o d e te r m in e th e e l i g i b i l i t y

o f per­

M ost o f

l a r g e s t num ber o f c a s e s w e r e c h o s e n f o r

I n t e r v ie w e r s w ere

Second,

p o p u la tio n i s

o f th e p o p u la tio n o f

p r e c i s e l y d e te r m in e w hat
in th e

sa m p le.

t y p e s o f d a t a p e r m i t u s t o make som e e s t i m a t e
m ig r a n t p o p u la t io n .

per­

H o w e v e r , tw o
o f th e e ld e r ly

One s e t o f d a t a d e a l s w i t h n e t - m i g r a t i o n

th e o th e r , w ith th e age s tr u c tu r e

o f th e p o p u la tio n .

m ig r a tio n e s tim a t e s

1 9 7 3 ) sh o w a n e t

(U .S .

C en su s,

N et

81
i n - m i g r a t i o n o f 7 6 4 p e r s o n s 65 y e a r s a n d o v e r b e t w e e n i 9 6 0
and 1 9 7 0 .

T h is f i g u r e

r e p r e s e n ts 21# o f th e

e x p e r ie n c e d by C la r e C ou n ty.
th e t o t a l

in c r e a se

net

in -m ig r a tio n

C e n s u s d a t a a l s o sh o w t h a t

i n p e r s o n s 6 5 y e a r s o f a g e an d o v e r w as

1 , 6 9 2 , a 90# in c r e a se ov er i 9 6 0 .

The p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e

p o p u l a t i o n 6 5 an d o v e r r o s e f r o m 1 1 , 7 $ i n i 9 6 0 t o 1 3 . 2 $ i n
1970.

The t o t a l num ber o f p e r s o n s 65 an d o v e r i n 1 9 7 0 w a s

2 ,2 0 0 .

A lo o k a t th e h o u s e h o ld s t a t u s

o f p e r s o n s 65 y e a r s

o ld and o v e r i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e m a j o r it y o f o l d e r p e r s o n s
(6 2 # ) are

l i v i n g w ith t h e i r s p o u s e s .

Our s i x s a m p l i n g

p o i n t s a s o f 1 9 7 0 c o n t a i n 1 , 1 5 0 p e r s o n s 65 y e a r s an d o v e r
( 5 2$ o f t h a t p o p u l a t i o n ) ,

and t h e y a l s o

c o n ta in 60$ o f th e

p o p u la tio n in c r e a s e f o r th e decade 196 0 -1 9 7 0 .

P o p u la tio n

p r o j e c t i o n s f o r C l a r e C o u n ty i n d i c a t e a c o n t i n u a t i o n

of

p r e v io u s m ig r a t io n p a t t e r n s w it h an e s t im a t e d 2 ,9 3 8 p e r s o n s
6 5 y e a r s a n d o v e r i n 19 7 5 *

T a k in g 5 0 # o f t h i s

in c r e a se as

a n e s t i m a t e f o r 1 9 7 2 - 1 9 7 3 » we h a v e a n e s t i m a t e d p o p u l a t i o n
o f 2 ,5 6 9 a t t h e tim e o f o u r s u r v e y .
L e t u s now e x a m in e t h e r e s u l t s
The l i s t
th e s ix

o f ou r sa m p lin g e f f o r t s .

c o m p i l e d c o n t a i n e d 9 53 c a s e s
sa m p lin g p o i n t s ,

c o u n t e d f o r 573 c a s e s .

an d t h e d e s i g n a t e d c l u s t e r s a c ­
F o r t y —f i v e

percent o f th ese

d id n o t q u a l i f y a s r e s p o n d e n t s due t o
dence,

or r e sid e n c e

o f o ld e r p erso n s fo r

d ea th ,

i n C la r e C ou n ty p r i o r t o

change o f r e s i ­
i 960.

m a te ly 4# o f t h o s e c o n ta c te d q u a l i f i e d a s m ig r a n ts ,
f u s e d t o be in te r v ie w e d .
a t home w h en t h e

cases

A p p r o x i­
but re­

A n oth er 23 # o f t h e c a s e s w ere n o t

in te r v ie w e r c a lle d .

T h erefo re, th e

82
p ercen ta g e o f c a s e s

i n t e r v ie w e d fro m t h e c l u s t e r s was 28$ .

One h u n d r e d a n d f i f t y - s i x

u sa b le

in t e r v ie w s w ere o b ta in e d .

The r e m a i n i n g 7 i n t e r v i e w s w e r e n o t u s a b l e e i t h e r b e c a u s e
t h e y w ere in c o m p le t e o r w ere t e r m in a t e d by t h e r e s p o n d e n t .
The 1 5 6 i n t e r v i e w s r e p r e s e n t 2 0 % o f t h e

953 c a s e s f o r t h e

s i x sa m p lin g p o i n t s .
B ecause th e

s i x s a m p l i n g p o i n t s c o n t a i n e d 52% o f t h e

o ld e r p erso n s r e s id in g

i n C la r e C ou n ty and b e c a u s e t h e y

e x p e r ie n c e d th e

la r g e s t p ercen ta g e

p ast decade,

seem s r e a s o n a b le t o assum e t h a t t h e s a m p lin g

p o in ts a ls o
g ra n ts

it

p o s s e s s th e m a jo r ity o f th e

( p r o b a b l y i n e x c e s s o f 6 0 % ).

m a n ip u la tio n o f th e
it

i n c r e a s e s d u r in g th e

c o u n t y ' s o l d e r m i­

F u rth erm o re, a d d i t i o n a l

p o p u la tio n d a ta s t r o n g ly s u g g e s t s th a t

i s u n l i k e l y t h e t o t a l m ig r a n t p o p u la t io n c o u ld e x c e e d

1 ,5 0 0 .

A lth o u g h o u r s a m p lin g

e x h a u stiv e ,

th e

lis t

1 5 6 c a s e s we h a v e

232 o ld e r m ig r a n ts .

T h erefo re,

can n ot be reg a rd ed as
in te r v ie w e d a cco u n t f o r

th e sa m p le m o st c e r t a i n l y

e x c e e d s 10% o f t h e m i g r a n t p o p u l a t i o n an d p r o b a b l y r a n g e s
b e t w e e n 15 an d 20% o f t h a t p o p u l a t i o n .
A n a ly tic a l P rocedure.

S c h e d u le

i t e m s a r e draw n f r o m

our c o n c e p t u a liz a t io n o f th e m ig r a tio n p r o c e s s ,
o f p r e v io u s r e s e a r c h ,

an d t h e

d u r i n g t h e p r e —s u r v e y f i e l d

com m en ts o f l o c a l i n f o r m a n t s

w ork.

punched on co m p u ter d a ta c a r d s .
cessed to
ite m s .
se le c te d

th e f in d in g s

D a ta a r e f i r s t

c o d e d an d

A l l ite m s a r e t h e n p ro ­

p r o v id e f r e q u e n c y c o u n t s and p e r c e n t a g e s f o r t h e

S e v e r a l broad c a t e g o r ie s o f v a r ia b le s have b een
fo r fu rth er a n a ly s is .

s e v e r a l In d ic a to r s

(i.e.,

O ften t h e s e

sc h e d u le

c a t e g o r i e s have

it e m s m e a su r in g t h e

63
v a r ia b le ).

The e l e v e n t y p e s o r v a r i a b l e s t h a t a r e u s e d

in c lu d e th e fo llo w in g s
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9*
10.
11.

B ackground c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,
Soc io e c o n o m ic s t a t u s ,
H e a lth ,
M ig r a tio n h i s t o r y ,
M ig r a tio n d e c is io n -m a k in g ,
M ig ra t i o n p r e p a r a t i o n ,
P o st-m ig r a tio n e v a lu a tio n ,
C om m unity s o c i a l t i e s ,
K in sh ip , a v a i l a b i l i t y ,
K in s h ip p r o p in q u it y , and
K in sh ip i n t e r a c t i o n .

C o n tin g e n c y t a b l e a n a l y s i s
s h ip b etw een s e l e c t e d

is

v a r ia b le

u s e d t o e x a m in e t h e r e l a t i o n ­
in d ic a to r s.

From o u r t e s t s

o f r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n i n d i c a t o r s we w i l l s e l e c t t h o s e
t h a t we w a n t t o u s e
g r a n ts are d iv id e d
to th e

ite m ,

in th e
in to

" L et*s t a l k a l i t t l e

Our f i r s t

Mi­

tw o s u b s a m p l e s b a s e d o n r e s p o n s e s

l e a v e y o u r o l d c o m m u n it y .
le a v in g ? "

l a s t phase o f th e a n a l y s i s .

about your d e c is io n to

What w e r e y o u r r e a s o n s f o r

su b sa m p le

i n c l u d e s a l l m i g r a n t s who g a v e

s o c i a l n etw o rk o r s o c i a l e n v ir o n m e n t a s r e a s o n s f o r

le a v in g .

The s e c o n d s u b s a m p l e i n c l u d e s a l l r e m a i n i n g r e s p o n d e n t s who
gave s o c ia l s t a t u s ,

e c o n o m i c , e n v i r o n m e n t , and m a t e r i a l e n ­

v ir o n m en t a s a n s w e r s .

U sin g s e l e c t e d

we w i l l p e r f o r m s t a t i s t i c a l t e s t s

v a r ia b le

in d ic a to r s,

t o d e te r m in e w h e th er or

n o t t h e s e t w o s u b s a m p l e s c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d t o come f r o m t h e
sam e p o p u l a t i o n .
O p e r a tio n a liz a tio n o f th e V a r ia b le s.
we d e f i n e

th e

In t h i s s e c t i o n

v a r i a b l e s t o b e u s e d an d s p e c i f y t h e p r o c e d u r e

S /f­

u sed t o o p e r a t i o n a l i z e th e v a r io u s i n d i c a t o r s Tor t h e s e
11
c a te g o r ie s .
As i n d i c a t e d p r e v i o u s l y , we w i l l on o c ­
c a s io n p resen t a d d itio n a l v a r ia b le s f o r d e s c r ip tiv e
p oses.

T hese v a r i a b l e s a r e n o t d is c u s s e d

pur­

in t h i s s e c t io n ,

b u t t h e i r o p e r a t i o n a l d e f i n i t i o n s s h o u ld be e v i d e n t from
t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f f r e q u e n c y an d p e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n s .
E lev en v a r ia b le

c a t e g o r i e s a r e p r e s e n te d b e lo w .

T hey a r e

as fo llo w s:
1.

Background C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

v a r ia b le s

in c lu d e s a v a r ie ty o f s t a t u s e s .

c la ssifie d
m a r r ie d ,
sta tu s

by s e x

d iv o r c e d ,

T h is c a t e g o r y o f
R esp on d en ts a re

( m a le o r f e m a l e ) ; m a r i t a l s t a t u s

(n ev er

s e p a r a t e d , w id o w e d , o r m a r r i e d ) ;

ten a n cy

(h o m eo w n er v e r s u s n o t h o m e o w n e r ); r e s i d e n t i a l s t a t u s

b a s e d o n t h e num ber o f y e a r s t h e r e s p o n d e n t h a s l i v e d
C l a r e C o u n ty ( 4 y e a r s o r l e s s ,
y ea rs);

5 to

5 years,

an d c u r r e n t l o c a t i o n o f r e s i d e n c e

(op en -cou n try v ersu s to w n ).
as e ith e r r e tir e d ,
or o th er.

o r 9 o r m ore

i n C l a r e C o u n ty

E m p loym en t s t a t u s

e m p lo y e d f u l l t i m e ,

is

d e fin e d

e m p lo y e d p a r t - t i m e ,

The a g e s o f r e s p o n d e n t s an d s p o u s e s

a re coded a s f o l l o w s :

in

60 y ea rs or l e s s ,

(if

m a rried )

6 1 -6 5 , 6 6 -7 0 , 7 1 -7 5 ,

7 6 - 6 0 , an d o v e r 8 0 y e a r s o f a g e .

R e tir e m e n t a g e s a r e cod ed

as fo llo w s:

6 0 -6 4 y e a r s o ld ,

y ea rs o ld ,

B efo re 60 y e a r s o ld ,
7 0 o r m ore y e a r s o l d .

6 5 -6 9

The h o u s e h o l d s t a t u s

of

-1 - 1

No A n s w e r , D o n ' t Know, a n d No R e s p o n s e c a t e g o r i e s
are not g iv e n h ere b ecau se th e s e resp o n ses are not u sed f o r
s t a t i s t i c a l t e s t s of a sso c ia tio n .
Such r e s p o n s e s a r e r e ­
p o r te d f o r t h e a p p r o p r ia te t a b l e s w i t h i n th e body o f th e
tex t.

65
resp o n d en ts

i s r e p o r t e d a s A) h e a d of* h o u s e h o l d o r s p o u s e ,

B ) p a r e n t o f h o u s e h o l d h e a d , o r C ) member o f j o i n t
h o u se h o ld .
2.

S o c io -E c o n o m ic S t a t u s .

F iv e

in d ic a to r s are u sed .

E d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l i s m e a s u r e d b y t h e num ber o f y e a r s o f
s c h o o l i n g and i s
11 y e a r s ,

coded a s f o l l o w s :

12 o r 13 y e a r s ,

S years or le s s ,

and 1 4 o r m ore y e a r s .

9 to

D e te r m in a ­

t i o n o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t *s s o u r c e s o f in c o m e i s b a s e d u p o n
h i s r e s p o n s e a s t o w h eth er he
r e c e iv e s

(and h i s s p o u s e ,

i f m a rried )

in c o m e f r o m t h e f o l l o w i n g :

A. E a r n i n g f r o m w a g e s
o f sa la r y ,
B.
S o c i a l S e c u r it y o r governm ent p e n s io n ,
C.
I n t e r e s t an d i n v e s t m e n t in c o m e ,
D.
P u b lic a s s i s t a n c e ,
E . W i t h d r a w a l s fr o m s a v i n g s ,
F.
C h ild r e n o r o th e r r e l a t i v e s ,
G.
P r iv a te p e n sio n s.
E a ch s o u r c e o f in c o m e i s
used

is

A n oth er in d i c a t o r

t h e t o t a l number o f s o u r c e s o f in c o m e a v a i l a b l e

th e resp ond en t

( 0 t o 7 )* The a d e q u a c y

come o f o l d e r m i g r a n t s i s
g e t by,

coded y e s or no.

o r m ore t h a n e n o u g h .

o f th e p r e s e n t in ­

coded a s e i t h e r ,

j u s t enough t o g e t b y ,

enough t o

O c c u p a tio n a l s t a t u s

n o t enough t o

liv e
is

c o m fo r ta b ly ,
b a se d upon

th e n a tu r e o f th e o c c u p a t io n a s d e f in e d by th e U. S.
(1 9 7 3 )*
t o ta k e

to

C ensus

We u s e t h e c o n c e p t o f H o u s e h o ld O c c u p a t i o n a l S t a t u s ,
i n t o a c c o u n t t h e e m p lo y m e n t e x p e r i e n c e s o f t h e r e ­

spondent a s w e ll as h is sp o u se ,

i f he i s

m a rried .

T h is con ­

c e p t d i s t i n g u i s h e s b e t w e e n o n e w a g e - e a r n e r an d tw o w a g e —
ea r n e r h o u se h o ld s.
C o lla r ,

O c c u p a t i o n s a r e c o d e d a s U pp er W h ite

Lower W h ite C o l l a r ,

U p p er B lu e C o l l a r ,

Lower B l u e

36
C o l l a r , an d O t h e r , u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a :
1.

U p p er W h ite C o l l a r - T e c h n i c a l , P r o f e s s i o n a l
a n d K i n d r e d , an d M a n a g e r s an d A d m i n i s t r a t o r s ,
e x c e p t Farm;

2.

Lower W h it e C o l l a r - S a l e s W o r k e r s , an d
C l e r i c a l an d K in d r e d W o r k e r s ;

3.

U p p er B l u e C o l l a r - C r a f t s m e n ,
K in d r e d W o r k e r s ;

4.

Lower B l u e C o l i a r - L a b o r e r s ( f a r m an d n o n ­
fa rm ).
O p e r a t i v e s , F a r m e r s , Farm M a n a g e r s ,
Farm F o r e m e n , a n d S e r v i c e W o r k e r s ;

5*

O t h e r - P e r s o n s who h ad n e v e r w o r k e d ,
h o u se w iv e s.

Each c a s e

F orem en a n d

in c lu d in g

r e c e iv e d th e O c c u p a tio n a l S ta t u s o f th e r e sp o n ­

d e n t , e x c e p t f o r m a r r i e d f e m a l e s , who r e c e i v e t h e
tio n

s t a t u s o f th e h usb an d, ev e n i f

p lo y e d .

t h e w i f e w a s a l s o em­

When t h e h o u s e h o l d o c c u p a t i o n a l s t a t u s

c a s e s are d e sig n a te d

occupa­

i s d e te r m in e d ,

o n e o r tw o w a g e - e a r n e r h o u s e h o l d s .

f i n a l c o d e f o r H o u s e h o ld O c c u p a t i o n a l S t a t u s

is

The

as fo llo w s:

One W a g e - e a r n e r H o u s e h o ld
U pp er w h i t e c o l l a r , Lower w h i t e c o l l a r ,
U pp er b l u e c o l l a r , Lower b l u e c o l l a r ;
Two W a g e - e a r n e r H o u s e h o ld
U p p er w h i t e c o l l a r , Lower w h i t e c o l l a r ,
U pp er b l u e c o l l a r , Low er b l u e c o l l a r ;
O th er.
T h is c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

p e r m its u s t o c o l l a p s e th e

in t o e i t h e r w h ite c o l l a r

v e r su s b lu e c o l l a r ,

in d ic a to r

o r one w a g e -

e r n e r h o u s e h o l d v e r s u s tw o w a g e - e a r n e r h o u s e h o l d .
3.

H e a lth .

le v e l o f h e a lth ca re.
is

T here a r e f i v e

C overage by p r iv a t e h e a lt h

coded e i t h e r y e s or no.

in su r a n c e

The num ber o f v i s i t s t o a d o c t o r

d u r in g th e p r e c e e d in g y e a r i s
5 i o r 6 o r m ore.

i n d i c a t o r s f o r h e a l t h and

coded a s f o l l o w s :

W h e th e r t h e r e s p o n d e n t

none,

1 to

( o r s p o u s e ) w as

$7
c o n fin e d t o a h o s p i t a l d u r in g th e p r e c e e d in g y e a r i s
e i t h e r y e s or no.

R esp o n d en ts w ere a sk ed t o e v a lu a t e t h e i r

own h e a l t h a n d t h e i r s p o u s e ’s
c o d e d i n tw o c a t e g o r i e s ,
good.

The f i n a l h e a l t h

( i f m a r r ie d ).

p o o r and f a i r

R esp on ses are

v e r s u s good and v ery

in d ic a t o r d e a ls w ith th e o ccu rren ce

o f p h y s i c a l d e b i l i t y among r e s p o n d e n t s .
reads,

coded

’’A re t h e r e a n y a c t i v i t i e s

The s c h e d u l e

ite m

th a t your p resen t s t a t e

of

h e a l t h p r e v e n t s y o u fr o m d o i n g ? " an d w a s c o d e d y e s v e r s u s n o .
4.

M ig r a tio n H is t o r y .

Seven in d ic a t o r s o f th e p re­

v io u s r e s id e n c e e x p e r ie n c e s o f re sp o n d en ts a re u sed .
i n c l u d e t h e number, o f p r e v i o u s r e s i d e n c e s
t o 6 ) b a se d upon s i x

ite m s:

c h ild h o o d was s p e n t ,

p la c e

p la c e o f b ir t h ,
la st

c h a r a c te r is tic s.

B ir th ,

p la c e

or c ity .

w o r k in g l i f e ,

is a ls o

coded f o r

r e tir e m e n t,

i n t h e o r i g i n co m m u n ity

o r 3 0 o r m ore y e a r s ) .

(co d e:

d u r in g h i s

A n oth er in d i c a t o r

W h e th e r t h e
in th e C la r e

( C l a r e C o u n ty an d t h e a d j a c e n t c o u n t i e s )

a n o th er in d ic a t o r

v illa g e

th a n 2 ,5 0 0 in p o p u la tio n ) or

r e s p o n d e n t or h i s / h e r s p o u s e had e v e r l i v e d
area

siz e

and b e f o r e m o v in g t o C l a r e C o u n ty

num ber o f y e a r s o f r e s i d e n c e
2 0 -2 9 ,

its

f a r m and o p e n - c o u n t r y ,

u r b a n (m o r e t h a n 2 , 5 0 0 i n p o p u l a t i o n ) .

(1 9 o r l e s s ,

E a ch p l a c e

P la c e s th e resp o n d en t liv e d

a re coded e i t h e r r u r a l ( l e s s

th e

l i v e d w hen r e t i r e d ,

c h i l d h o o d , an d l a s t s c h o o l a t t e n ­

dance a re coded a s f o l l o w s :

is

p la c e m ost o f

l i v e d b e f o r e m o v in g t o C l a r e C o u n t y .

g iv e n f o r th e above c a t e g o r ie s

and to w n ,

2 t o 3» o r 4

a tten d ed p u b lic s c h o o l,

p l a c e s p e n t m ost o f w o r k in g l i f e ,
and p l a c e

(1 ,

These

no o r y e s ) .

i s used as

U sin g t h e c o u n ty in

88
w h i c h t h e r e s p o n d e n t r e s i d e d b e f o r e m o v in g t o C l a r e C o u n t y ,
th e d ista n c e

o f t h e move i s

c o u n ty , from w i t h i n
100 m ile s

coded a s f o llo w s :

50 m i l e s ,

from 51 t o

From a d j a c e n t

100 m ile s ,

( i n M ic h ig a n ) , o u t s i d e M ic h ig a n .

over

The a g e o f t h e

r e s p o n d e n t w hen m ovem en t t o C l a r e C o u n ty o c c u r r e d i s m ea­
su re d by th e f o llo w in g co d e:
years,
5.

6 5 -6 9 y e a r s ,

L ess th a n 60 y e a r s o l d ,

7 0 -7 4 y e a r s ,

6 0 -6 4

75 o r m ore y e a r s .

P r e p a r a tio n f o r M ig r a tio n .

The f i r s t

in d ic a to r

o f t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h m i g r a n t s p r e p a r e d f o r t h e i r move i s
t h e am o u n t o f t i m e t h e y p l a n n e d f o r t h e m o v e.
to r

is

coded a s f o llo w s :

o r 6 y e a r s o r m ore.
th e p r e se n t r e sid e n c e

L ess th a n one y e a r ,

The s e c o n d

in d ic a t o r used

T h is i n d i c a ­
1 to

5 years,

i s w h eth er

o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t h ad b e e n a v a c a ­

t i o n home u s e d b y h i m s e l f o r a member o f h i s f a m i l y

(cod ed :

no o r y e s ) .
6.

E lem en ts in th e M ig r a tio n D e c i s i o n .

Three o p e n -

ended q u e s t io n s a re ask ed d e a lin g w ith r e s p o n d e n t s 1 r e a so n s
f o r m o v in g ,
in th e

c h o o s in g C la r e C o u n ty , and f o r w a n tin g t o

o r i g i n c o m m u n it y .

sta y

We d e c i d e d t o u s e t h e sam e c o d i n g

schem e f o r a l l t h r e e r e s p o n s e s and i t

r e p r e s e n ts a ty p o lo g y

o f m ig r a t io n r e a s o n s b a se d upon a s o c i a l a c t i o n t h e o r e t i c a l
p e r s p e c tiv e

(se e S ta rtu p ,

Our t y p o l o g y i s

197 1»

f o r a s im ila r a p p ro a ch ).

o r g a n i z e d a r o u n d t h e tw o m a j o r e l e m e n t s o f

th e s o c ia l a c tio n p e r s p e c tiv e ,

th e a c t o r and t h e s i t u a t i o n .

A c t o r e l e m e n t s h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g t h r e e m a jo r d im e n s io n s :
A.

The i n t e r n a l s t a t e s o f t h e a c t o r c o n s i s t i n g o f
h i s p h y s i c a l c o n d it i o n , h i s v a lu e s t r u c t u r e .

69
B.

The s o c i a l n e t w o r k s of* t h e a c t o r c o n s i s t i n g o f
h i s s o c i a l r o l e s an d h i s i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h o t h e r
a cto rs.

C.

The s o c i a l s t a t u s e s

o f a cto rs.

S o c i a l n etw o rk s and s o c i a l s t a t u s e s a r e u s u a l l y c o n s id e r e d
d im e n sio n s o f th e s i t u a t i o n ,
a te

th e m i n t o t h e

b u t we h a v e c h o s e n t o

c o n ce p t o f " a cto r e lem en ts" b eca u se th e y

h a v e t h e q u a l i t y o f b e i n g a c t o r —c e n t e r e d .
d i f f e r from s i t u a t i o n a l d im e n s io n s t h a t
out r e fe r e n c e t o th e a c to r .
o n m en t e l e m e n t s " .

in c o r p o r ­

The l a t t e r ,

T hese d im e n s io n s

ca n be d e f in e d w i t h ­
we d e f i n e a s

" e n v i—

The f o l l o w i n g t h r e e d i m e n s i o n s o f e n v i ­

ronm ent h a v e b een s e l e c t e d

f o r our ty p o lo g y :

A.

The s o c i a l e n v i r o n m e n t , c o n s i s t i n g o f t h o s e
a t t r i b u t e s o f t h e e n v ir o n m e n t t h a t a r e p r o ­
d u c t s o f t h e s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e an d t h e p o p u ­
la tio n o f a p a r tic u la r lo c a le .

B.

The e c o n o m i c e n v i r o n m e n t , c o n s i s t i n g o f c o n d i t i o n s t h a t a r e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h e e c o n o m ic
s y s t e m an d t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e l o c a l e w i t h i n
th a t sy stem .

C.

The m a t e r i a l e n v i r o n m e n t , c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e
p h y sic a l a ttr ib u te s o f a p a r tic u la r lo c a le
w h e t h e r m an-m ade o r n a t u r a l .

R e s p o n d e n t s 1 r e a s o n s a r e co d ed y e s o r no f o r e a c h o f t h e
se v en ty p o lo g y c a t e g o r ie s .

F or e x a m p le ,

if

" fa m ily " i s

g i v e n a s a r e a s o n f o r c h o o s i n g C l a r e C o u n ty a s t h e d e s t i n a ­
tio n ,

t h e n S o c i a l N e tw o r k i s

coded y e s f o r t h a t

ite m .

E a ch

r e a s o n ite m h a s s e v e n c a t e g o r i e s w ith ea ch c a t e g o r y coded
a s Y es ( g i v e n b y r e s p o n d e n t ) ,

o r No ( n o t g i v e n b y r e s p o n d e n t ) .

The t o t a l num ber o f r e a s o n s g i v e n b y t h e r e s p o n d e n t f o r e a c h
ite m

is

a lso

c o d e d 1 t h r o u g h 7*

90
7.

P o st-M ig r a tio n E v a lu a tio n .

F iv e

in d ic a to

u s e d i n c l u d i n g t h e r e s p o n d e n t s * e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e move
( w o u ld move t o C l a r e a g a i n v e r s u s o t h e r o p i n i o n s ) ;

w h eth er

t h e r e s p o n d e n t h a s g i v e n t h o u g h t t o m o v in g i n t h e n e x t f e w
years

(y es or no);

lik e s

or d is lik e s

a b o u t C l a r e C o u n ty

w h ich a re co d ed u s in g t h e

same t y p o l o g y a s i s

g r a tio n d e c is io n elem en ts

(see

ite m t h a t e l i c i t s

d ic a to r

is

six ,

a b o v e);

th e r e s id e n t ia l p referen ce

d en t w ith r e s p e c t t o th e
o f t h e co m m u n ity

v a r ia b le

siz e

r e la tiv e

u s e d f o r m i­
and an

o f th e resp on ­

o f co m m u n ity an d t h e

t o an u rb an c e n t e r .

The

lo c a tio n
la st

in ­

coded a s f o llo w s !

A.

S i z e o f p r e f e r r e d c o m m u n ity .
1.
A tow n o r v i l l a g e u n d e r 1 0 ,0 0 0 i n p o p u la ­
t i o n , or in th e c o u n tr y , o u ts id e o f any
c it y or v illa g e .
2.
In a c i t y o f 1 0 ,0 0 0 t o 5 0 ,0 0 0 in p o p u la tio n .
3.
I n a c i t y o f 5 0 , 0 0 0 o r m ore i n p o p u l a t i o n .

B.

L o c a t i o n o f p r e f e r r e d c o m m u n ity .
(A sked o n ly
f o r # 1 and # 2 r e s p o n s e s t o s i z e ite m )
1.
W ith in 3 0 m ile s o f a c i t y o f 5 0 ,0 0 0 or
m ore i n p o p u l a t i o n .
2.
F a r t h e r th a n 3 0 m i l e s from a c i t y o f 5 0 ,0 0 0
o r m ore i n p o p u l a t i o n .

S.

Com m unity S o c i a l T i e s .

T h is v a r i a b l e

r e fe r s to

t h e e x t e n s i v e n e s s o f c o n t a c t t h a t th e m ig r a n t m a in ta in s
w i t h t h e o r i g i n c o m m u n ity .

One i n d i c a t o r i s

t h a t m ig r a n ts have w ith f r i e n d s
m u n ity .
coded:

C o n ta cts by v i s i t i n g ,
never,

o c c a sio n a lly ,

liv in g

th e c o n ta c t

in th e o r ig in

te le p h o n in g ,

and w r i t i n g a r e

or fr e q u e n tly .

c a t o r i s w h eth er th e re sp o n d en t s t i l l h as k in
sib lin g s)

liv in g

som e o r a l l ) .

in th e

com­

A n oth er i n d i ­
(c h ild r e n or

o r i g i n co m m u n ity ( n o k i n v e r s u s

T r i p s made t o t h e o r i g i n c o m m u n ity f o r

b u sin e ss,

s o c i a l (o th e r th a n fa m ily or f r i e n d s ) ,

reason s a ls o
ca to rs is
trips).

in d ic a te t i e s .

e ith e r y e s,
Our l a s t

(local),

The c o d e f o r t h e s e t h r e e

(m a k es t r i p s )

in d ic a to r is

h a v io r o f re sp o n d e n ts.

or no,

( d o e s n o t make

S u b s c r i p t i o n t o a C l a r e C o u n ty p a p e r

a n d t o a p a p e r fr o m t h e o r i g i n c o m m u n ity a r e u s e d
su b sc r ib e s

(o r purch ases

or no, d oes not su b sc r ib e .

9.

K in sh ip A v a i l a b i l i t y .

The t o t a l num ber o f

c h i l d r e n and s i b l i n g s f o r e a c h r e s p o n d e n t a r e u s e d a s
c a to r s o f k in s h ip a v a i l a b i l i t y .
1,

in d i­

th e new spaper r e a d in g b e­

w ith each b e in g coded e i t h e r y e s ,
daily),

and h e a l t h

The c o d e u s e d

2 t o 3 i a n d 4 o r m ore c h i l d r e n
10.

K in sh ip P r o p in q u it y .

p r o p in q u ity .
sib lin g s

is

in d i­

is as fo llo w s

(o r s i b l i n g s ) .

Two i n d i c a t o r s a r e u s e d f o r

The d i s t a n c e fr o m C l a r e C o u n ty o f c h i l d r e n an d
b a sed upon t h e

and co d ed a s f o l l o w s ;

co u n ty o f r e s id e n c e o f th e k in

w i t h i n C la r e C ou n ty, w i t h i n a co u n ty

a d ja c e n t t o C la r e , w it h in a co u n ty l e s s

th a n 50 m ile s away,

w it h in a co u n ty l e s s th a n 100 m ile s aw ay, w it h in a co u n ty
m ore t h a n 1 0 0 m i l e s aw ay ( b u t i n t h e S t a t e o f M i c h i g a n ) ,
w i t h in a c o u n ty n o t in M ic h ig a n ,
S ta tes

(fo r sib lin g s

o n ly ).

or o u ts id e o f th e

U n ited

Our s e c o n d i n d i c a t o r g i v e s

t o t a l num ber o f p l a c e s t h a t a r e s p o n d e n t h a s c h i l d r e n o r
s i b l i n g s r e s i d i n g and i s

coded e i t h e r o n e , tw o ,

or th ree

a n d m ore p l a c e s .
11.

K in sh ip I n t e r a c t i o n .

The f r e q u e n c y o f v i s i t i n g

a n d t e l e p h o n i n g c h i l d r e n an d s i b l i n g s a n d t h e r a t i o
sen t

o f pre­

v i s i t i n g and t e l e p h o n i n g t o p r e - m i g r a t i o n v i s i t i n g

and

92
te le p h o n in g are th e b a sic
For c h ild r e n ,

v is itin g

coded a s f o llo w s :
m o n th ly .

k in s h ip

in te r a c tio n

in d ic a to r s.

an d t e l e p h o n i n g f r e q u e n c i e s a r e

D a i l y an d w e e k l y , m o n t h l y ,

l e s s th a n

V i s i t i n g an d t e l e p h o n i n g r a t i o s a r e c o d e d e i t h e r

l e s s t h a n b e f o r e t h e m o v e , same a s b e f o r e m o v e , o r m ore t h a n
b e f o r e t h e m o v e.

The sam e c o d e i s u s e d f o r s i b l i n g s e x c e p t

f o r te le p h o n in g fr e q u e n c y th e code

i s m o n t h l y o r m ore f r e ­

q u e n tly v e r su s l e s s

There a r e m e a su r e s o f

in te r a c tio n

th a n m o n th ly .

i n d i c a t o r s f o r tw o d i f f e r e n t

I n d iv id u a l m easures o f th e a v er a g e

le v e ls

of a n a ly sis:

in te r a c tio n fr e q u e n c ie s

and r a t i o s f o r e a c h r e s p o n d e n t , and i n d i v i d u a l m e a su r e s o f
th e h ig h e st

l e v e l o f i n t e r a c t i o n p o s s e s s e d by th e r e s p o n d e n t.

The l a s t

in d ic a t o r o f k in s h ip

a ttitu d e

o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t to w a rd t h e p r e s e n t

fa m ily

in te r a c tio n .

in t e r a c t io n d e a ls w ith th e

The c o d e i s

to o

little

le v e l o f

v e r s u s enough

a n d t o o much.
S ta tis tic a l T ests.

W id e s p r e a d u s e

i s made o f p e r ­

c e n ta g e s t o d e sc r ib e freq u en cy d is t r ib u t io n s ;
a ls o u sed.

m ean s a r e

The s t a t i s t i c a l t e s t s u s e d a r e t h o s e c o m p u te d

b y t h e CISSR D a ta A n a l y s i s S y s t e m o f t h e C om p u ter I n s t i t u t e
f o r S o c i a l S c i e n c e R e s e a r c h , M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y .
T hese t e s t s
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

in c lu d e th e f o llo w in g s t a t i s t i c s :

Chi Square.
K e n d a l l ' s Tau.
K r u s k a l - W a l l i s H, o n e way a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e .
C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t - C.
P e a r s o n P r o d u c t Moment C o r r e l a t i o n .

Summary.

T h is c h a p te r h a s p r e s e n te d th e r e s e a r c h

d e s i g n an d m e t h o d o l o g y f o r o u r s t u d y o f e l d e r l y m i g r a n t s t o

93
C la r e C ou n ty, M ic h ig a n .
d e sc r ip tio n

is u sed.

A s t r a t e g y o f e x p l o r a t i o n an d

CHAPTER TWO
FINDINGS
The f i r s t

part o f t h is

c h a r a c te r is tic s

ch a p ter p r e s e n ts th e

o f th e e n t ir e

v a r ia b le s p r e v io u sly

s a m p le

id e n tifie d .

in term s o f t h e e l e v e n

The o b j e c t i v e

is

to pro­

v id e a th o r o u g h d e s c r i p t i o n o f e l d e r l y m ig r a n ts t o C la r e
C ou n ty.

F o llo w in g t h i s d e s c r i p t i o n ,

t h e sa m p le i s

i n t o tw o p a r t s b a s e d u p o n t h e r e a s o n s g i v e n f o r
th e

d iv id e d

le a v in g

o r i g i n c o m m u n ity .

T h e s e t w o s u b s a m p l e s a r e co m p a red

and s t a t i s t i c a l t e s t s

a r e made f o r a num ber o f v a r i a b l e s

t o d e te r m in e t h e d i s t i n g u i s h i n g

c h a r a c te r is tic s

o f th e

tw o g r o u p s .
P a r t One:

S a m p le C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

A g e , S e x , an d M a r i t a l S t a t u s
Our s a m p l i n g p r o c e d u r e p r o d u c e s a b i a s
d is t r ib u t io n b ecau se th e

in th e s e x

in t e r v ie w e r s w ere in s t r u c t e d t o

i n t e r v i e w t h e h e a d o f t h e h o u s e h o l d w hen p o s s i b l e .
th is

For

r e a s o n , m a le s c o m p r ise 7 1 .6 # o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t s .

S e v e n t y - t w o p e r c e n t o f t h e h o u s e h o ld s c o m p r ise m a r r ie d
e ld e r ly

c o u p le s.

U n m a r r ie d r e s p o n d e n t s c o n s i s t o f t h e

w id o w e d ( 2 1 . 8 # ) , t h e d i v o r c e d o r s e p a r a t e d
n e v e r m a rried

(3 * 2 # ).

( 2 . 6 # ) , and th e

Among m a le r e s p o n d e n t s ,

8 6 .6 # are

m a r r ie d , w h ile o n ly 3 6 . 4# o f t h e fe m a le r e s p o n d e n ts a r e
m a r r ie d .
years.

The m ean a g e o f t h e e l d e r l y m i g r a n t s i s

7 0 .2

S p o u s e s o f m i g r a n t s h a v e a m ean a g e o f 6 6 . 6 y e a r s .

M o st s p o u s e s

( 8 5 . 8# ) a r e f e m a l e s .
94

The u s u a l m i g r a n t

95
u n i t f o r t h e e l d e r l y m i g r a n t s t o C l a r e C o u n ty i s
p e r so n h u sb a n d -w ife h o u se h o ld .
r e la tio n s h ip

is

I n T a b l e 15 we f i n d t h e

b e t w e e n a g e an d m a r i t a l s t a t u s f o r m a l e s i s

m od erate and s i g n i f i c a n t
d ir e c tio n

n e g a tiv e ;

(C = . 4 0 9 a n d

th a t i s ,

as age

lih o o d o f b e in g m a rried d e c r e a s e s .
r e la tio n s h ip

th e tw o -

= .0 0 5 )*
in c r e a se s,

There i s

The
th e

lik e ­

no s i g n i f i c a n t

b e t w e e n m a r i t a l s t a t u s an d a g e f o r f e m a l e s .

T h is f i n d i n g f o r f e m a le s d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y c o n t r a d i c t
our p r e v io u s sta te m e n t t h a t th e p r in c ip le m ig r a tio n u n it i s
t h a t o f t h e h u s b a n d an d w i f e .

One c o u l d h y p o t h e s i z e t h a t

many o f t h e s p o u s e s o f w id o w e d f e m a l e s d i e d a f t e r t h e move
w a s m a d e.

C o m p a r is o n o f t h e p e r c e n t a g e s m a r r i e d i n e a c h

a g e g rou p by t h e y e a r o f m ig r a t io n

i n T a b l e 16 a p p e a r s t o

s u p p o r t s u c h an a s s u m p t i o n .
O c c u p a t i o n an d E d u c a t i o n
O n ly 2 fo o f t h e s a m p l e a r e p r e s e n t l y e m p lo y e d o n a
fu ll-tim e

b a sis.

The r e m a i n i n g 90?& a r e r e t i r e d

n e v e r w orked enough t o be c o n s id e r e d
p a r tic ip a n ts
a r e e m p lo y e d .

(m o stly h o u se w iv e s).

lo n g -te r m

or have
la b o r fo r c e

O n ly B.2%> o f t h e s p o u s e s

O th ers a r e e i t h e r r e t i r e e s o r h o u s e w iv e s .

S c r u t i n y o f T a b le 1 7 r e v e a l s t h e d o m in a n t o c c u p a t i o n a l
s tr a tu m t o be s k i l l e d

b lu e c o l l a r w o rk ers.

Com pared t o t h e

n a t i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n , m i g r a n t s a r e d ra w n d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y
f r o m t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l an d m a n a g e r i a l c a t e g o r i e s .
g ra n ts

( 6 .0 ? 6 ) h a d a f a r m o c c u p a t i o n a l b a c k g r o u n d .

t h e g r o w th o f C la r e C ou n ty i s

O n ly 9 m i­
C le a r ly

n ot a con sequ en ce o f fa r m e r s'

a n d t h e i r w i v e s m o v in g i n t o t h e s m a l l t o w n s .

We f i n d

TABLE 15*

M a r ita l S t a t u s o f R esp o n d en ts by Age and S ex

Age o f R espondent ( i n y e a r s )
S ex and
M a r it a l S t a t u s

61 t o
65

66 t o
70

71 t o
75

T otal
jt

76 t o
80

Over

6 4 .3
2 8 .6

50.0
50.0
0 .0
1 0 0 .0
(4)

8 7 .3
8 .2
4 .5
1 00.6
(1 1 0 )

20.0
80.0
0.0

36.4
54.5
9 .1

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

(5)

(44)

80

(In P ercen ts)
Males
M arried
Widowed
Other
T otal
T otal N

9 3 .7
6 .3
0 .0
1 66.0
(16)

9 1 .1
2 .2
6 .7
106.0
(45)

9 3 -6
3 .2
3_-2
1 0 0 .0
(3 1 )

I-1
1 0 0 .0
(14)

F em ales
M arried
Widowed
Other
T otal
T otal N

37.5
37.5
25.0
io o .o
(8)

46.7

27.3

40.0

6 3 .6

60.0

T<$7T5
(11)

0.0
T67H5
(5)

4 6 .7

6.6

1 6 6.0

(15)

T o t a l N = 154; NA, In co m p lete = 2; Sample T o t a l N = 156.

TABLE 16.

P e r c e n t M arried by R e sp o n d e n t's Age and th e Y ears o f M ig r a tio n

Age o f R espondent ( i n y e a r s )
Year o f
M ig r a tio n

6 l t o 65

66 t o 7 0

71 t o 75

76 t o 30

Over 80

(In P ercen ts)
I 960 t o
1964
(Base N)

33*3
(3 )

6 2 .5
(8)

7 8 .9
(19)

5 4 .5
(11)

3 3 .3
(6)

1965 t o
1968
(B ase N)

2 5 .0
(4 )

7 5 .0
(3 2 )

7 8 .6
(1 4 )

7 5 .0
(4)

5 0 .0
(2)

1969 t o
1972
(Base N)

94*1
(17)

9 4 .7
(19)

6 6 .7
(9 )

5 0 .0
(4)

0 .0
(1 )

90
TABLE 1 7 -

O c c u p a t i o n a l S t a t u s o f R e s p o n d e n t s an d
S p ou ses o f R esp on d en ts.

O c c u p a tio n a l S ta t u s

R esp on d en ts

S pouses

(In P e r c e n ts)
P r o fe ssio n a l,

etc.

1 1 .3

0 .5

M a n a g er s

9*9

2 .8

S a le s

2 .0

9-4

C le r ic a l

7 .9

1 7 -0

2 7 .0

7 .5

O p e r a tiv e s

4* 6

5-7

T r a n s p o r t a t io n O per.

5 .3

Laborers

4 .6

2 .8

F arm ers, e t c .

4 .0

0. 9

Farm L a b o r e r s

2 .0

——

1 0 .6

1 0 .4

C ra ftsm en

(n o n fa rm )

S e r v ic e
P r i v a t e H o u s e h o ld
N e v e r W orked

T o t a l N-------------

1 .3

-----

-----

8 .6
1 0 0 .0

100. 0

151
c
156

106
n
7
113

99
c o n s i d e r a b l e o c c u p a t i o n a l d i v e r s i t y among s p o u s e s , b u t
th ere

is

a heavy c o n c e n tr a tio n

and s e r v i c e

( 3 6 . 8# )

in s a le s ,

o c c u p a tio n s— a T act s u g g e s tiv e

o f th e p re­

d o m in a n tly fe m a le c o m p o s it io n o f th e g r o u p .
r e sp o n se s on th e s c h e d u le

in d ic a te

In d iv id u a l

t h a t m ost o f th e

f e s s i o n a l s among s p o u s e s a r e c o n c e n t r a t e d
t i o n a l l y fe m a le f i e l d s

c le r ic a l,

pro­

in such t r a d i­

a s e d u c a t i o n an d h e a l t h .

B e c a u se 6 1 . 2 # o f t h e s p o u s e s do h a v e o c c u p a t i o n a l
e x p e r ie n c e s,

a n i n d i c a t o r o f H o u s e h o ld O c c u p a t i o n a l S t a t u s

(HHOS) h a s b e e n c o n s t r u c t e d t o

d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n tw o

v e r s u s o n e —w age e a r n e r h o u s e h o l d s .

The o c c u p a t i o n a l

s t a t u s f o r t h e tw o w a g e - e a r n e r h o u s e h o l d
th e h u sb a n d 's o c c u p a tio n .
le n t to th e

is

d e t e r m i n e d by

T h e r e f o r e , HHOS i s

n ot e q u iv a ­

o c c u p a t i o n a l s t a t u s o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t w hen t h e

r e s p o n d e n t i s a m a rried f e m a le .

As sh o w n i n T a b le 1 8 , tw o

w a g e -e a r n e r h o u se h o ld s a re

lik e ly

le a s t

h o l d h e a d fr o m t h e h i g h e s t s t r a t a .
c la ssific a tio n

t o have th e h o u se­

H ow ever, a c r o s s -

o f o c c u p a t io n s o f h usb an ds and w iv e s in

T a b le 1 9 r e v e a l s a s u b s t a n t i a l m ix b e t w e e n t h e f o u r s t r a t a
f o r t h e t w o —w age e a r n e r h o u s e h o l d .
p lo r e th e u t i l i t y
sta tu s

We w i l l f u r t h e r e x ­

o f t h e HHOS a s a n i n d i c a t o r o f e c o n o m ic

i n o u r s u b s e q u e n t d i s c u s s i o n o f in c o m e .

c o m in g o f t h e HHOS a s a n i n d i c a t o r i s
w id o w e d r e s p o n d e n t s c o n s t i t u t e
or are

in th e

One s h o r t ­

t h a t by d e f i n i t i o n

one w a g e - e a r n e r h o u s e h o l d s

" n ev er w orked" c a t e g o r y .

O c c u p a tio n s o f d e­

crea sed sp o u ses are n o t ta k en in to a cco u n t.

100
TABLE 1 8 .

O c c u p a tio n a l
S ta tu s

H o u s e h o ld O c c u p a t i o n a l S t a t u s of* R e s p o n d e n t s .

One W a g e - E a r n e r
H o u s e h o ld

Two W age—E a r n e r
H ousehoId

T ota1

(In P ercen ts)
W h ite C o l l a r
U pp er
Lower

1 6 .3
4 .6

6 .6
5 .2

2 2 .9
9 .8

B lu e C o l l a r
U pp er
Lower

1 5 .0
2 1 .6

13-7
1 1 .8

2 8 .7
3 3 .4

5 .2

0 .0

5 .2

6 2 .7

3 7 .3

100. 0

N e v e r W orked
T o ta l

N = 153;

NA, I n c o m p l e t e

TABLE 19*

= 3» S am p le N - 1 5 6 .

W iv e s * O c c u p a t i o n s b y H u sb a n d s* O c c u p a t i o n s .

________H u sb a n d * s O c c u p a t i o n ____________
W if e *s
O c c u p a tio n

W h it e C o l l a r
U pp er
Lower

B lu e C o l l a r
U pp er
Lower

(In P e r c e n ts)
W h it e C o l l a r
U pper
Lower

1 6 .7
4 1 -7

0 .0
7 5 .0

2 3 .8
3 3 .3

1 5 .8
36. 8

B lu e C o lla r
U p p er
Lower

33 -3
8 .3

0 .0
2 5 .0

9 .6
3 3 .3

0 .0
4 7 .4

100. 0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

(12)

(8)

(21)

(19)

B ase N

101
A mean o f t e n y e a r s

i s fo u n d f o r th e r e s p o n d e n ts *

l e v e l o f e d u c a t io n w h ich com pares q u i t e f a v o r a b l y t o t h e
n a tio n a l average o f 6 .8 y e a r s f o r a l l p erso n s s i x t y - f i v e
y e a r s and o l d e r i n 1 9 7 0 .
o f e d u c a t i o n make up t h e

T h o se w i t h e i g h t o r f e w e r y e a r s
l a r g e s t g r o u p (449^)» a n d 1 9 ^

have b een ed u c a te d beyond th e h ig h s c h o o l l e v e l .
f o r m a le m i g r a n t s a r e t h e r e e n o u g h c a s e s t o

O n ly

ju stify

sta tis­

t i c a l a n a l y s i s t o co m p a re e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t o f h u s ­
bands t o w iv e s .

A su b sta n tia l p o sitiv e

( K e n d a l l ' s Tau B = . 5 7 5 )
p resen ted

i n T a b le 2 0 .

r e la tio n s h ip

i s f o u n d f o r t h e tw o v a r i a b l e s
The e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t o f w i v e s

i s g e n e r a lly h ig h e r th a n th a t o f husbands.
lik e ly

T h ey a r e more

t o h a v e c o m p l e t e d h i g h s c h o o l (49*5?^ v e r s u s 3 3 * 6 ^ ) ,

w h ereas h usb an ds a re h e a v i l y c o n c e n tr a te d
e d u c a tio n a l s tr a ta

in th e

lo w e st

(4 3 * 9 $ v e r s u s 27*1?0*

E d u c a t io n a l and o c c u p a t i o n a l s t a t u s e s a r e m o d e r a t e ly
c o r r e l a t e d f o r b o th r e s p o n d e n ts
(r = - .2 3 ) .

1?

(r = - .3 4 )

and s p o u s e s

G iv e n t h e a g e s o f r e s p o n d e n t s a n d t h e c h a r ­

a c te r istic s

o f th e

o c c u p a t io n a l s t r u c t u r e a t t h e tim e t h e y

en tered th e

la b o r f o r c e

(p r io r to

we a r e n o t s u r p r i s e d t h a t t h e s e

1920 f o r th e m a jo r ity ),

c o r r e la t io n s a re n ot h ig h e r .

The c o m p a r i s o n o f e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a i n m e n t among d i f f e r e n t
stra ta

o f HHOS f o u n d i n T a b le 2 1 m a k es u s e o f t h e t e c h n i q u e

o f c e l l a n a ly sis
"

15

(D a v is,

19 7 1 ).

H o u seh o ld o c c u p a t i o n a l

---------------------

The n e g a t i v e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e c o r r e l a t i o n i n d i c a t e s
t h a t t h e lo w e r t h e e d u c a t io n a l s t a t u s , th e l e s s l i k e l y t h a t
a resp o n d en t h as a h ig h o c c u p a tio n a l s t a t u s .

TABLE 2 0 .

E d u c a t io n a l A tta in m e n t o f M arried M ales by th e E d u c a t io n a l
A tta in m e n t o f T h e ir S p o u se s.

E d u c a t io n a l A tta in m e n t o f M arried
_________________ Male R esp on dents___________________
E d u c a t io n a l A tta in m e n t
o f S p o u ses

L ess th a n
9 years

9 bo 11
years

12 and 13
years

14 o r more
years

T o tal
#

Base
N

(In P ercen t)
$ .3

4 .2

0 .0

1 0 0 .0

24

. 4 7 .6

3&.1

9 .5

4. $

1 0 0 .0

21

12 and 13 y e a r s

2 3 -5

2 3 -5

2 9 .4

2 3 .5

1 0 0 .0

34

14 o r more y e a r s

7 .7

7 .7

2 3 .1

6 1 .5

1 0 0 .0

13

9 t o 11 y e a r s

N = 92; NA - 4; T o t a l N = 96

102

$ 7 .5

L ess th a n 9 y e a r s

103
TABLE 2 1 .
C e l l C h i S q u a re s and D i f f e r e n c e
H o u seh o ld O c c u p a t io n a l S t a t u s and
E d u c a t io n a l A tta in m e n t.

fo r

Y ears o f E d u c a tio n
H o u se h o ld O c c u p a t io n a l
S ta tu s

L ess
Than 9

U p p er W h it e C o l l a r
One Wage—E a r n e r
Two W a g e - E a r n e r

1 .0 2 —
1 .0 7

.0 5
.2 8

Low er W h ite C o l l a r
One Wage—E a r n e r
Two Wage—E a r n e r

.0 1
3 .2 3

U pper B lu e C o l l a r
One W a g e - E a r n e r
Two W a g e - E a r n e r
Lower B lu e C o l l a r
One W a g e - E a r n e r
Two Wage—E a r n e r
N e v e r W orked

D iffe r e n c e

. 44 +
.0 5 —
1 .4 9
.9 4

+
+

.5 0

—

9 to

11

12 t o

=
+

.7 2
1 .9 5

13

More
Than 13

—

7 .2 9
6 .0 7

+
+

.2 0 .8 5 +

1*97 +
1 .3 4 +

1 .2 2
.2 6

+

.0 0 .2 4 -

.1 2
3 -4 9

+
+

2 .1 0
3 .1 4

.9 1
.0 7 —

2 .4 5
.2 3

+

—

.2 6

+

.3 9 +
2 .2 4 .

85 +

.2 0

(D ) = O b s e r v e d C e l l F r e q u e n c y — E x p e c t e d C e l l
Frequency

104
s t a t u s a p p e a r s t o be r e l a t e d t o e d u c a t i o n a l a t t a in m e n t in
a m a n n er s i m i l a r t o
w ith in s tr a ta

o c c u p a tio n a l s t a t u s .

When d i f f e r e n c e s

o c c u r b e t w e e n o n e a n d tw o w a g e - e a r n e r h o u s e ­

h o l d s , tw o w a g e - e a r n e r h o u s e h o l d s c o n s i s t e n t l y a r e c o n c e n ­
tra ted

i n t h e h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n a l s t r a t a an d o n e - w a g e

h o u se h o ld s

in th e

lo w e r s t r a t a .

R e t i r e m e n t Age
P r e v io u s s t u d i e s
have a ttr ib u te d
in p a rt t o th e
p a r tic u la r ly

(H o n n e n , e t a l . , 19&9; C a t a u ,

in te r s ta te

1973)

m i g r a t i o n among t h e e l d e r l y

in c r e a se d p r e v a le n c e

o f e a r ly r e tir e m e n t,

in t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l and m a n a g e r ia l o c c u p a t io n s .

B u t now we a r e s e e i n g e a r l y r e t i r e m e n t ,

p r io r t o age 6 5 ,

b e c o m in g a common p a t t e r n f o r many b l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s .
S e v e r a l m ajor i n d u s t r i e s
u n io n s f o r

"30 a n d o u t " r e t i r e m e n t p r o g r a m s .

w ith 30 y e a r s o f s e r v ic e
p e n sio n s.

in M ic h ig a n h a v e n e g o t i a t e d w it h

b ecom e e l i g i b l e

E m p lo y e e s

f o r r e tir e m e n t w ith

C o n c e iv a b ly , em p lo y e e s 50 y e a r s o f a g e o r e v e n

y o u n g e r c o u l d b eco m e r e t i r e e s .

G o ld ste in

th a t e ld e r ly

la b o r f o r c e a r e m ost l i k e l y

p erson s not in th e

( 1 9 6 5 ) h a s sh ow n

t o m ove w i t h i n f i v e y e a r s a f t e r t h e i r c h a n g e i n e m p lo y m e n t
sta tu s.

There i s

w o u ld be s o .

S u ffic e

f r o m e m p lo y e d t o
fo r

no n e e d t o d i s c u s s a t
it

r e tir e d

l e n g t h why t h i s

t o sa y th a t th e change in s t a t u s
e n t a i l s a w id e r a n g e o f a d j u s t m e n t s

i n d i v i d u a l s an d f a m i l i e s .

C hanges i n s t a t u s ca n a l s o

p r o v i d e o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r c h a n g e s i n o t h e r a s p e c t s o f o n e *s
life .
job .

The p r i m a r y t i e
When t h i s

tie

t o p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e may b e o n e ’s

i s broken,

i n d i v i d u a l s may s e e k t o

105
s a tisfy

o t h e r n e e d s w h ich h a v e b e e n s u b o r d in a t e d t o t h e

d em and s o f t h e j o b .
I f r e tir e m e n t o ccu rs a t e a r ly a g es

(50 to 60 y e a r s ) ,

r e t i r e e s a r e much m ore l i k e l y t o b e m a r r i e d b e c a u s e b o t h
m a l e s a n d f e m a l e s a r e m ore l i k e l y

to have sp ou ses a l i v e .

I t f o l l o w s t h a t th e m a rria g e u n i t

i s much more l i k e l y

be t h e m ig r a t io n u n i t .
among m a l e s

M a r r ie d m a l e s r e t i r e

d i v o r c e d o r w id o w e d m a l e s .

v e r s u s w id o w e d f e m a l e s ,
sin g le

T a b le 2 2 sh o w s t h i s t o b e t h e c a s e

in ou r sa m p le.

a g e s th a n s i n g l e ,

to

a t younger

F or m a rried

t h e sam e r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t s ,

but

an d d i v o r c e d f e m a l e s a l s o a r e c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t h e

younger age group.
I f a l l m a le s
to a l l fe m a le s,
sim ila r .
sexes

is

( r e s p o n d e n t s a n d s p o u s e s ) a r e c o m p a red

one n o te s t h a t th e age d i s t r i b u t i o n s a r e

A s tr ik in g d iffe r e n c e

in r e tir e m e n t a g es o f th e

f o u n d w h en we l o o k a t s p o u s e s

i n T a b le 2 3 .

c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f women i n t h e y o u n g e r a g e g r o u p i s
w h e lm in g

(95?6 b e f o r e a g e 6 5 ) .

over­

Men, o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a r e

a lm o st e q u a lly d i s t r i b u t e d a c r o s s th e age ra n g e.
se e th e e f f e c t s

The

H ere we

o f t h e tw o-w age e a r n e r h o u s e h o ld s i t u a t i o n .

Some h u s b a n d s w i l l p r o l o n g t h e i r p a r t i c i p a t i o n
f o r c e t o e n a b le t h e i r w iv e s t o

in th e

la b o r

reach r e tir e m e n t age or to

b e n e f i t f r o m a d d i t i o n a l in c o m e f r o m t h e w i f e .

On t h e

o th er

hand, th e w ife te r m in a te s h er la b o r f o r c e p a r t i c i p a t i o n
e i t h e r a s so o n a s th e husband r e t i r e s
q u a lifie s fo r s o c ia l se c u r ity .

o r a s soon a s sh e

TABLE 2 2 .

R e tir e m e n t Age by t h e S e x and M a r it a l S t a t u s
o f t h e R esp o n d en t.

R e tir e m e n t Age ( i n y e a r s )
L ess Than
60

60 t o 64

65 t o 69

More Than
69

T otal

1 0 0 .0
1 00.0
1 00.0
1 0 0 .0

Base
N

(In P ercen ts)
M ales
O ther
Widowed
M arried
Percent o f T o ta l

25.0

7 5 .0

20.0

40.0

0.0
20.0

6 .7

58.4

3 0 .3
3 3 .0

4 .5
5 .8

7.8

5 3 .4

0.0

0.0

7 5 .0

7 .7

30.8

38.5

9.1

63.6
50.0

18.2

7 .1

25.0

25.0
2 3 .1
9 .1
1 7 .9

1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0

4

10
89
103

4
13

11
28

106

Fem ales
Other
Widowed
M arried
Percent o f T o ta l

0.0
20.0

107
S p o u s e ’s Age o f R e t i r e m e n t b y S e x .

TABLE 2 3 .

S ex o f S pouse

R e t i r e m e n t Age
o f Spouse
( in y e a r s )

F e m a le

T o t a l io

4 4 .4
5 1 .2

4 0 .0
4 5 .0

1 0 0 .0

4* 4
0. 0
100. 0

3 .3
6_.7
100. 0

(1 5 )

(4 5 )

(6 0 )

M ale

L e s s Than 6 0

2 6 .7

6 0 t o 64
65 t o 69
More Than 6 9

2 6 .7
20. 0
2 6 .6

T o t a l fo
B ase N

The r e t i r e m e n t a g e o f r e s p o n d e n t s an d s p o u s e s c a n
a l s o b e co m p a red a c c o r d i n g t o o c c u p a t i o n a l s t a t u s .

One

s h o u l d k e e p i n m ind t h a t r e s p o n d e n t s a r e p r e d o m i n a n t l y
m a le s , and s p o u s e s ,

fe m a le s.

For r e sp o n d e n ts

i n T a b le 2 4

upper w h ite c o l l a r o c c u p a tio n s have e a r l i e r r e tir e m e n t a g e s
th a n do th e r e m a in in g c a t e g o r i e s .
among a g e g r o u p s f o r s p o u s e s

The m a j o r d i s t i n c t i o n

i s f o u n d b y c o m p a r in g a l l

w h it e - c o lla r t o a l l b lu e - c o lla r w ork ers.
d e n t s and s p o u s e s a n d l o o k i n g s t r i c t l y

C o m b in in g r e s p o n ­

a t th e r e la tio n s h ip

b e t w e e n o c c u p a t i o n a l s t a t u s an d r e t i r e m e n t a g e , we s e e
T a b le 25 t h a t t h e w h i t e c o l l a r - b l u e
siz e a b le .

c o lla r d iffe r e n c e s are

I t a p p ea rs t h a t r e tir e m e n t age i s a f f e c t e d by a

c o n ste lla tio n

of fa cto rs

m a r ita l s t a tu s .

in c lu d in g o c c u p a tio n , s e x ,

F or m a rried p e r s o n s ,

and

t h e e m p lo y m e n t s t a t u s e s

o f b o th h u sb an d and w i f e h a v e an e f f e c t upon r e t i r e m e n t
d e c isio n s.

in

108
TABLE 2 4 -

R e t i r e m e n t A g e s o f R e s p o n d e n t s an d S p o u s e s
A c c o r d in g t o O c c u p a tio n a l S t a t u s .

R e t i r e m e n t Age ( i n y e a r s )
O c c u p a tio n a l
S ta tu s

L e s s Than
60

60 t o 64

65 o r
More

T o t a l ?£

N

R esp on d en ts
( in p ercen ts)
W h ite C o l l a r
U pp er
Lower

6 .5
6 .5
6 .7

5 8 .7
6 4 .5
4 6 .7

3 4 .8
2 9 .0
4 6 .7

1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0

46
31
15

B lu e C o lla r
U pp er
Lower

8 .3
5 .3
1 0 .9

4 8 .9
5 0 .0
4 7 .8

42. 8
4 4 .7
41-3

1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0

84
38
46

S pou ses
( in p e r c e n t s )
W h ite C o l l a r
U pper
Lower

4 7 .1
5 0 .0
4 5 .5

5 0 .0
4 1 .7
5 4 .5

2 .9
8 .3
0. 0

1 0 0 .0
100. 0
1 0 0 .0

34
12
22

B lu e C o lla r
U pp er
Lower

3 0 .8
2 5 .0
33-3

3 8 .4
3 7 .5
3 8 .9

3 0 .8
3 7 .5
2 7 .8

1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 ,0
1 0 0 .0

26
8
18

109
TABLE 25*

O c c u p a t i o n a l S t a t u s o f R e s p o n d e n t s an d S p o u s e s
b y T h e i r Age o f R e t i r e m e n t .

R e t i r e m e n t Age
L e s s Than
60

O c c u p a tio n a l
S ta tu s

( in y e a r s )

60 t o 64

65 o r
More

T o ta l

N

(3 0)
(43)
(37)

(In P ercen ts)
W h ite C o l l a r
U p p er
Lower

2 3 .7
1 3 .6
2 9 .7

5 5 .1
5 3 .1
5 1 .4

2 1 .2
2 3 .3
1 3 .9

1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
100. 0

B lu e C o l l a r
U p p er
Lower

1 3 .6
3 .7
1 7 .2

4 6 .4
4 7 .3
4 5 .3

40. 0
4 3 .5
3 7 .5

1 0 0 .0 (1 1 0 )
100. 0
1 0 0 .0

I n co m e
The d e c i s i o n w as made n o t t o a s k r e s p o n d e n t s t h e i r
c u r r e n t in c o m e b e c a u s e o l d e r p e r s o n s w e r e p e r c e i v e d a s
b e in g l i k e l y
d e c isio n

is

to r e s e n t su ch an in q u ir y .
su p p o rted t o

fe r e n t q u e stio n ,
r e tir e d ."

The w isd o m o f t h i s

some d e g r e e b y r e s p o n s e s t o a d i f ­

"What w a s y o u r y e a r l y

The p e r c e n t a g e s o f

in c o m e b e f o r e y o u

"no a n s w e r " r e s p o n s e s f o r

r e s p o n d e n t s a n d s p o u s e s a r e 4 0 . 1 # an d 6 1 . 5#» r e s p e c t i v e l y .
Two i t e m s ,
how ever,

t y p e o f in c o m e a n d num ber o f s o u r c e s o f in c o m e ,

d o p r o v i d e som e i n s i g h t

o f th e m ig r a n ts.
d is tr ib u tio n
h a lf

is

in to th e f in a n c ia l s ta tu s

F o r t h e num ber o f s o u r c e s o f i n c o m e ,
s k e w e d t o w a r d f o u r o r m ore s o u r c e s .

th e

N e a r ly

( 4 3 - 7 # ) o f t h e e l d e r l y h a v e tw o s o u r c e s o f i n c o m e ,

about o n e -fifth
th ree so u rc es,

( 2 0 .2 # ) have o n ly one s o u r c e ,

2 3 .3 # have

a n d 1 1 . 2 # h a v e f o u r o r more s o u r c e s .

110
S o c i a l s e c u r i t y p r o v i d e s in co m e f o r 9 5 - 5 # o f t h e e l d e r l y
m ig r a n ts.
ty .

No o t h e r s o u r c e a p p r o a c h e s t h a t f o r s o c i a l s e c u r i ­

Incom e fr o m i n t e r e s t an d i n v e s t m e n t s

p r iv a t e p e n sio n s

( 4 0 . 3 $ ) and fro m

( 4 2 . 2 $ ) a r e t h e n e x t m o st l i k e l y t y p e s o f

in com e t h a t e l d e r l y r e c e i v e .

W it h d r a w a ls fr o m s a v i n g s p r o ­

v i d e s in co m e f o r 2 6 $ o f t h e s a m p l e , and 1 7 $ h a v e e a r n i n g s
fr o m w a g e s o r s a l a r i e s .

P u b l i c a s s i s t a n c e and c h i l d r e n o r

r e l a t i v e s w e r e s o u r c e s o f in co m e f o r o n l y 3 * 9 $ an d 4 * 5 $ f
r e sp e c tiv e ly .

When number o f s o u r c e s o f in co m e and t y p e s

o f in co m e a r e e x a m in e d t o g e t h e r
o f in c o m e — i n t e r e s t ,

i n T a b le 26 o n l y t h r e e t y p e s

e t c . , s a v i n g s w i t h d r a w a l s , and p r i v a t e

p e n s i o n s ~ * a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h number o f s o u r c e s a t a s t a t i s ­
tic a lly

sig n ific a n t

le v e l.

T y p es o f in co m e v a r y among h o u s e h o l d o c c u p a t i o n s t a t u s
g r o u p s and b e t w e e n o n e - and t w o - w a g e - e a r n e r h o u s e h o l d s .
Incom e fr o m e a r n i n g s i s

c o n c e n tr a te d in th e upper w h it e -

c o l l a r an d lo w e r b l u e - c o l l a r s t r a t a .

The tw o w a g e - e a r n e r

h o u s e h o l d s i n a l l b u t t h e u p p e r w h i t e - c o l l a r s t r a t a a r e more
l i k e l y t o h a v e w a g e s a s a s o u r c e o f in c o m e .

T h i s same p a t ­

t e r n e x i s t s f o r i n t e r e s t an d d i v i d e n d in co m e ( w i t h o n e r e ­
v e r s a l f o r lo w er b l u e - c o l l a r h o u s e h o l d s ) , p r iv a t e p e n s io n
in c o m e , and in co m e fr o m w i t h d r a w a l s fr o m s a v i n g s , w i t h a
very s l i g h t r e v e r s a l in th e upper w h i t e - c o l l a r s t r a t a .

A ll

r e c i p i e n t s o f p u b l i c a s s i s t a n c e a n d m o st g e t t i n g f i n a n c i a l
h e l p fr o m r e l a t i v e s a r e members o f one w a g e - e a r n e r h o u s e h o l d s .

TABIE 2 6 .

Type o f Income by th e Number o f S o u r c e s o f Incom e.

Number o f S o u r c e s
Type o f Income

1

2

3

4

5

T otal
P e r c e n ta g e
With Type

(N)

C o n tin g en cy
C o e ffic ie n t

E a r n in g s

1 1 .8

3 5 .3

2 9 .4

1 7 .6

5-9

1 1 .3

(17)

.1 9

S o c ia l S ecu rity

2 0 .7

43 *4

24.6

9 .7

1 .4

9 6 .0

(145)

.1 2

I n t e r e s t or
In v estm en t

3 .3

3 9 .3

36 .1

1 8 .0

3 .3

4 0 .4

(6 1 )

P u b lic A s s i s t a n c e

0 .0

3 3 .3

1 6 .7

0 .0

0 .0

4 .0

(6)

W ithd raw als o f
S a v in g s

2 .6

I 8.4

4 4 .7

2 8 .9

5.3

25.2

(3 6 )

R e la tiv e s

0 .0

28.6

5 7 .1

1 4 .3

0 .0

4.6

(7)

P r iv a t e P e n s io n

6 .3

4 9 .2

2 8 .6

1 4 .3

1 .6

4 1 .7

(63)

.1 7
. 50*
.1 9
.3 0 *

111

* L e v e ls o f s i g n i f i c a n c e e q u a l .0 5

.4 2 *

112
A n o t h e r i n d i c a t o r o f in c o m e i s
tio n

th e s u b j e c tiv e e v a lu a ­

o f t h e a d e q u a c y o f in c o m e b y t h e r e s p o n d e n t .

R esponses

r e v e a l t h a t 1 7 .5 $ o f th e e l d e r l y m ig r a n ts do n o t c o n s id e r
th e ir

in c o m e a d e q u a t e , w h i l e

e n o u g h o r m ore t h a n e n o u g h .
m od erate

8 2 .5 $ c o n s id e r t h a t t h e y have
A l t h o u g h T a b le 27 r e v e a l s a

l e v e l o f a s s o c i a t i o n b etw een h o u se h o ld o c c u p a t io n a l

s t a t u s an d in c o m e a d e q u a c y , t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l i n c o n s i s ­
te n c ie s

if

t h e num ber o f w a g e - e a r n e r s

in c o n sid e r e d .
vs.

I f num ber o f w a g e - e a r n e r s o r w h i t e - c o l l a r

b lu e -c o lla r are t e s t e d

quacy, th e s e

se p a r a te ly a g a in st

i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s d o now s h o w .

h o u s e h o l d s a r e m ore l i k e l y
c o m es

in th e h o u se h o ld a l s o

(T a b le 2 7 ) .

in co m e s i t u a t i o n

in c o m e a d e ­

W h ite -c o lla r

t o h a v e m ore t h a n a d e q u a t e

in ­

Two w a g e - e a r n e r f a m i l i e s h a v e a s i m i l a r
co m p a r e d t o o n e w a g e - e a r n e r f a m i l i e s .

C o m p a r in g in c o m e a d e q u a c y w i t h t h e num ber o f in c o m e s o u r c e s
o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t p r o d u c e s no s i g n i f i c a n t
tw een th e

r e la t io n s h ip be­

in d ic a to r s.

An e x p l a n a t i o n o f why t h e r e

is

o n ly m od erate a s s o c i a ­

t i o n b e t w e e n h o u s e h o l d o c c u p a t i o n a l s t a t u s a n d in c o m e a d e ­
q u a c y c a n b e f o r m u l a t e d b y a s s e s s i n g t h e c o m b in e d e f f e c t s
t h a t r e t i r e m e n t an d a g i n g h a v e u p o n t h e o l d e r p e r s o n .
F ir s t,

th e r e t i r e e

is

on a f i x e d

l i v e s t h e more i n f l a t i o n

in c o m e .

The l o n g e r h e

e r o d e s h i s b u y in g p ow er.

Second,

r e t i r e e s c a n be e s p e c i a l l y h u r t by u n u s u a l f i n a n c i a l d e­
m an d s.

O ld e r p e r s o n s w i t h d e c l i n i n g h e a l t h a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y

v u ln e r a b le t o m e d ic a l c o s t s .

A m a jo r m e d ic a l c r i s i s

can

d e p le t e t h e s a v in g s o f t h e m ost c o n s c i e n t i o u s p la n n e r .

TABLE 2 ? .

Adequacy o f Income by H ousehold O c c u p a tio n a l S t a t u s .

Adeauacv o f Income
H ousehold O c c u p a tio n a l
S t a t u s and Number o f
Wage E arn ers

In a d eq u a te

Adequate

More Than
Adequate

T otal
36

N

(In P ercen ts)
Upper W hite C o lla r
One
Two

12.0
3 0 .0

68 .0
50.0

20.0
2 0.0

100.0
100.0

(25)
( 10)

Lower W hite C o l l a r
One
Two

1+2.8
0.0

28.6
3 7 .5

28.6
6 2 .5

1 00.0
1 00.0

(7)
(8)

Upper B lue C o l l a r
One
Two

13.0
10.0

69.6
5 5 .0

1 7 .4
3 5 .0

100.0
1 0 0 .0

(23)
(2 0 )

Lower B lu e C o lla r
One
Two

2 4 .2
5 .9

72.8
7 6 .4

3 .0
1 7 .7

1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0

(3 3 )
(1 7 )

Never Worked

3 7 .5

6 2 .5

0 .0

1 0 0 .0

(8)

114
T h e r e f o r e , we d o n o t f i n d a n y r e a s o n t o d o u b t t h e

v a lid ity

o f c a s e s w ith tw o w a g e -e a r n e r u p p er w h ite c o l l a r h o u s e ­
h o ld s w ith o u t a d eq u ate
th a t fa m ilie s

in co m es.

vary in t h e i r a b i l i t y

an d p l a n f o r t h e f u t u r e ,
are

O th er c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a re

in r e la t io n

t o m anage m o n e y , s a v e

an d t h a t j u d g m e n t s o f a d e q u a c y

t o a s u b j e c t i v e a s s e s s m e n t by t h e r e s p o n ­

d e n t b a s e d on h i s d e s i r e d

le v e l o f liv in g

and l i f e s t y l e

e x p e c ta tio n s.
O th er C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
A co m p a r iso n o f r e s p o n d e n t s * p r e s e n t h o u s e h o ld s t a t u s
t o w h e t h e r t h e y w e r e h o m e o w n er s i n t h e o r i g i n co m m u n ity
s h o w s no r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e

v a r ia b le s.

A p p r o x i­

m a te ly 93^ o f ea ch te n a n c y s t a t u s g rou p a re t h e h ead o f
th e h o u se h o ld o r th e h e a d 's s p o u s e .
sta tu s r e la te d

N e ith e r i s h o u se h o ld

t o h o u se h o ld o c c u p a tio n a l s t a t u s .

a l l persons liv in g

H ow ever,

in j o i n t h o u se h o ld s o r w ith c h ild r e n

d o come fr o m h o u s e h o l d s w i t h o n e o r n o w a g e - e a r n e r .

We d o

f in d th e ten a n cy s t a t u s

com­

o f resp o n d en ts

in th e o r ig in

m u n it y s i g n i f i c a n t l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e p r e s e n t
o f r e sid e n c e s,
very s lig h t
s e ttle

but th e c o r r e la tio n

(see

T a b le 2 6 ) .

(C = . 175» &• = . 0 5 )

in th e o p en -co u n try a r e a s

o p en -co u n ty r e s id e n t s

is

O r i g i n h o m e o w n er s t e n d t o
(th e to w n sh ip s),

h o m e o w n e r s t e n d t o move i n t o H a r r i s o n V i l l a g e
A lso ,

lo c a tio n

b u t non­

and C la r e C i t y .

i n T a b le 2 9 a r e m ore l i k e l y

to

115
m ig r a te from u rb a n p l a c e s t h a n from n o n -u rb a n p l a c e s ,
co m p a red t o r e s i d e n t s

in th e

v illa g e

o r t o w n (C -

as

.2 3 3 *

<*•*= . 0 0 5 ) .
TABLE 2 3 .

O r ig in T enancy S t a t u s A c c o r d in g
t o P r e s e n t L o c a tio n .

Tenancy S t a t u s a t O r ig in
P r e se n t L o c a tio n

N onhom eow ner

Hom eowner

T o ta l

B ase N

(In P ercen ts)
Open C o u n t r y

1 2 .5

37-5

1 0 0 .0

(33)

V illa g e /T o w n

2 6 .5

73*5

1 0 0 .0

(63)
( 156)

TABLE 2 9 -

Type o f P l a c e o f O r i g i n A c c o r d i n g
to P r e se n t L o c a tio n .

Type o f P l a c e ______ O r i g i n ________
P r e se n t L o c a tio n

N o n u rb a n

T o ta l

T o ta l
N

U rban

(In P ercen ts)
Open C o u n t r y

1 3 .6

3 6 .4

1 0 0 .0

(3 3 )

V illa g e

33*3

6 6 .2

1 0 0 .0

(6 3 )

o r Town

( 156)

H e a lth
A c c o r d in g t o s e v e r a l i n d i c a t o r s ,

th e h e a lt h o f th e

s a m p le c a n b e j u d g e d t o b e f a i r l y g o o d .

More t h a n h a l f

116
( 569S) o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t s

i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e y h ave no

s ig n if ic a n t p h y sic a l d e b ilit y .

R e s t r i c t i o n s upon t h e

s o c i a l and r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s
m ost o f t e n

(2 3 -7 7 0 m e n tio n e d .

fo r h e a lth

reason s are

A s m a lle r p r o p o r tio n

o f t h e sa m p le h a v e t r o u b l e d o in g h o u s e h o ld t a s k s .
are sev en p erson s

w iv e s.

There

( 4 - 5 # ) w h o s e d e b i l i t i e s a r e much more

s e r i o u s a n d who c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d
on s t a t e

( 1 4 - 1 f°)

" in fir m " .

S e lf-r a tin g s

o f h e a l t h w e r e r e q u e s t e d f o r b o t h h u s b a n d s and
R esp o n d en ts w ith o u t s p o u s e s a r e coded a s e i t h e r

h u sb a n d s o r w iv e s d e p e n d in g on t h e i r s e x .
695^ o f t h e m a l e s
r a te t h e ir h e a lth

A p p r o x im a te ly

(r e s p o n d e n t s and r e s p o n d e n t s 1 h u sb a n d s)
"good" o r " v ery g o o d " , a s com pared t o

6 1 .5 # o f th e fe m a le s .
When s e p a r a t e d b y s e x o f r e s p o n d e n t ,
t i o n b etw een v a r io u s h e a lt h
d e b ility
r a tin g s
v isits

in d ic a to r s o ccu rs.

i s fo u n d t o be s i g n i f i c a n t l y
i n T a b le 3 0 , a s w e l l a s

d o c t o r an d h e a l t h r a t i n g s a r e t e s t e d

d e b ility

is

.0 0 5

sig n ific a n tly

. 0 1 an d . 0 2 5

T here i s
v isits

to th e

le v e ls

For m a le s,
to h e a lth
d o c t o r , and

When v i s i t s

t o th e

fo r a sso c ia tio n ,

le v e l o f sig n ific a n c e .

For f e m a le s ,

a s s o c ia t e d w ith h e a lt h

i n T a b le 3 0 , and w i t h h o s p i t a l s t a y s
a t th e

r e la te d

v is its

t o t h e h o s p i t a l i n T a b l e 31*

C = .3 5 a t t h e

stro n g a s s o c ia ­

(C -

-3 3 )

of s ig n ific a n c e ,

(C -

.366)

i n T a b l e 31*

r e sp e c tiv e ly .

no s i g n i f i c a n t a s s o c i a t i o n b e tw e e n d e b i l i t y

and

t o th e d o cto r.

W here d o t h e a g e d g o f o r h e a l t h c a r e n e e d s ?
i n T a b le 3 2 , w h en h o s p i t a l c o n f i n e m e n t i s

A s sh o w n

n ecessary,

th e

1 17
TABLE 3 0 .
M a le s an d F e m a le s w i t h P h y s i c a l D e b i l i t i e s
A c c o r d in g t o H e a l t h S t a t u s o f R e s p o n d e n t an d o f S p o u s e .

M a le s and F e m a le s w i t h P h y s i c a l D e b i l i t i e s
M a le s

( B a s e N)

F e m a le s

( B a s e N)

(In P ercen ts)
H e a lth o f S e l f
Good
Poor

7 0 .5
2 0 .0

(4 4 )

5 7 .9

(3 8 )
(6 0 )

(6 5 )

7 3 .3
3 2 .1

(15 )
(2 8 )

5 0 .0

(6)

3 0 .0

(10)

H e a lth o f Spouse
( M a r r ie d , o n l y )
Good
Poor

3 1 -7

TABLE 3 1 M a le s and F e m a le s w i t h D e b i l i t i e s A c c o r d i n g
t o V i s i t s t o D o c t o r and H o s p i t a l C o n f in e m e n t .

M a le s and F e m a le s w i t h P h y s i c a l D e b i l i t i e s
Number o f V i s i t s
i n L a s t 12 M onths

M a le s

( B a s e N)

F e m a le s

( B a s e N)

(In P e r c e n ts)
To D o c t o r
None
1 to 5
6 o r more

23-5
AO. 0
6 2 .1

(34)
(45)
(29)

33-3
3 3-3
6 8 .8

(9
(18 )
(1 6 )

3 2 .4

(68)

3 0 .4

(23 )

53-7

(41)

6 5 .0

(20)

H o sp ita l
C o n f in e m e n t
S in c e M ig r a tio n
No C o n f in e m e n t
Has b e e n
C o n f in e d

118
TABLE 3 2 .
M a le s an d F e m a le s w i t h P r e v i o u s H o s p i t a l
C o n f in e m e n t b y P l a c e o f C o n f i n e m e n t

Sex
C o n fin em en t i n H o s p i t a l S in c e
M i g r a t i o n and P l a c e C o n f i n e d

M a les

F e m a le s

(In P e r c e n ts)
None
I n C l a r e C o u n ty
I n A d j a c e n t C o u n ty
O th er P la c e
TOTAL
(N )

m a jo r ity o f th e e ld e r ly go o u ts id e
t o an a d j a c e n t c o u n t y .

6 1 .1

64.I

13.5
1 5 .9
9 .5
1 0 0 .0
(142)

1 3 .4
1 3 .4
9 .1
1 0 0 .0
(126)

o f C la r e C o u n ty , u s u a l l y

J u d g i n g fr o m t h e h i g h f r e q u e n c y

o f h o s p i t a l c o n fin e m e n t,

o fte n a t c o n sid e r a b le d is ta n c e

f r o m t h e p a t i e n t ’s h om e, we c a n s u r m i s e t h a t m e d i c a l and
r e la te d exp en ses are

im p o r ta n t c o n c e r n s o f t h e e l d e r l y .

Y e t many r e s p o n d e n t s a r e w i t h o u t a n y p r i v a t e h e a l t h
surance

in ­

( 4 0 . 5fo) .

M ig r a tio n H is to r y
The mean a g e a t w h i c h r e s p o n d e n t s m oved t o C l a r e
C o u n ty i s

6 3 .5 y e a r s.

th e ir o r ig in
is

O v er 5676 o f t h e s a m p le l i v e d

c o m m u n ity f o r a t

le a s t th ir ty y ears.

not su r p r is in g th a t

8 2 $ o f t h e s a m p le

in
T here­

fo re,

it

liv e d

th ree

o r f e w e r p l a c e s p r i o r t o m o v in g t o C l a r e C o u n t y .

in
It

a p p e a r s t h a t m ost m ig r a n ts e x p e r ie n c e d a lo n g - s t a n d in g r e ­
l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e o r i g i n c o m m u n ity .

For a s iz e a b le

119
p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e s a m p l e , m ovem ent t o C l a r e C o u n ty d o e s
r e p r e s e n t so m eth in g o f a r e tu r n t o e a r l i e r r o o t s .
th e resp on d en t or spouse p r e v io u sly r e sid e d
area

( C l a r e an d t h e a d j a c e n t c o u n t i e s )

E ith e r

in th e C la r e

in 42# o f th e c a s e s .

The y e a r t h e r e s p o n d e n t m oved t o C l a r e C o u n ty i s

ra th er

e v e n ly d iv id e d , w ith 32# a r r iv in g b etw een 196 9 - 1 9 7 2 , 37#
b e t w e e n 1 9 6 5 —1 9 6 8 , an d 3 0 # b e f o r e
w h ich r e s p o n d e n ts

1 9 &5 *

The l o c a t i o n s

liv e d a t s i x d if f e r e n t p o in ts

in tim e

a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le 33 w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e d i s t a n c e
t h e c o u n ty o f r e s i d e n c e fro m C la r e C o u n ty .

in

of

You w i l l n o t e

t h a t o n ly a s m a ll p e r c e n ta g e o f th e m ig r a n ts e v e r l i v e d
i n C l a r e C o u n ty p r e v i o u s t o t h e i r
d o e s r e v e a l t h a t som e o f t h e

l a s t m o v e.

The t a b l e

s a m p le m oved t o C l a r e w h i l e

s t i l l e m p lo y e d a n d h a v e r e m a i n e d t h e r e a f t e r r e t i r e m e n t .
A lm o s t f o r t y p e r c e n t o f t h e m i g r a n t s w e r e b o r n i n a n o t h e r
s t a t e and m ost o f t h o s e
t h e y h ad f i n i s h e d

liv e d

o u tsid e

t h e i r e d u c a tio n .

o f M ic h ig a n u n t i l

H ow ever, n in e t y - o n e

p e r c e n t o f t h e s a m p le s p e n t m o s t o f t h e i r w o r k i n g l i f e
in M ic h ig a n .

A n oth er i n t e r e s t i n g f in d in g

o f th e m ig r a n ts a r e

in te r s ta te

r e t u r n and s t e p m ig r a t io n a r e

m ig r a n ts .

is

th a t 4*5#

P a t t e r n s o f b o th

im p lie d in th e t a b l e .

F i­

n a l l y , m o s t o f t h e m i g r a n t s h a v e come f r o m o r i g i n com­
m u n itie s f a r t h e r th a n f i f t y
s t i l l w i t h i n M ic h ig a n .

m i l e s from C la r e C o u n ty , b u t

TABLE 33*

L i f e C y cle
S ta g e

C la r e

Distance o f County of Residence from Clare County
by Life Cycle Stage.

A d ja c e n t

Over
50 M ile s

W ith in
50 M ile s

O u ts id e
Mich ig a n

Tot a 1

( N)

(In P ercen ts)
7 .0

7 .7

1 4 .1

3 2 .7

3 8 .5

1 0 0 .0

(156)

C h ild h ood

7 .0

1 2 .2

1 2 .2

3 7 .8

3 0 .8

1 0 0 .0

(156)

L ast
School

5 .8

1 2 .8

1 1 .5

4 2 .3

2 7 .6

1 0 0 .0

(156)

6 .4

1 2 .3

7 0 .3

9 .0

1 0 0 .0

(1 5 5 )

R e tir e m e n t

1 .9
7 .8

8 .5

1 2 .5

3* 9

1 0 0 .0

(153)

B e fo r e
M ig r a tin g

0 .0

1 2 .9

1 1 .6

4 .5

1 0 0 .0

(155)

Working
L ife

50 t o
100
3 3 .5

6 7 .3

Over
100
T73

120

B ir t h

121
A n oth er a s p e c t o f p r e v io u s r e s id e n c e s
p la c e

i n w h ich r e s p o n d e n t s

sid e n c e s

(b ir th ,

liv e d .

is

For th e f i r s t

c h i l d h o o d , and l a s t s c h o o l ) ,

th e d e c r e a sin g r u r a lit y

th e ty p e o f
th ree r e ­

T a b le 3 4 s h o w s

o f t h e s a m p le *s r e s i d e n c e s .

The

l a s t t h r e e p l a c e s o f r e s i d e n c e sh ow n i n T a b le 3 4 a r e c l a s ­
sifie d

b y n o n u r b a n an d u r b a n p l a c e .

t h e sa m p le l i v e d

O ver t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f

i n a n u r b a n p l a c e p r i o r t o m o v in g t o

C l a r e C o u n t y , co m p a r e d t o an e q u a l p e r c e n t a g e g i v i n g t h e i r
p la c e o f b ir t h a s nonurban.
age c o h o r t,

L ik e o t h e r m em bers o f t h e i r

o u r sa m p le was a p a r t o f t h e r u r a l t o u rb a n

m i g r a t i o n t h a t g a i n e d momentum i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 0 0 * s.
A c o m p a r i s o n o f r e s p o n d e n t s a n d t h e i r s p o u s e s who
e v e r had r e s id e d

i n t h e C l a r e a r e a w i t h r e s p o n d e n t s an d

t h e i r sp o u se s w ith o u t su ch a p r e v io u s r e s id e n c e
to d ista n c e

in regard

o f t h e o r i g i n co m m u n ity f r o m C l a r e C o u n t y , a n d

le n g th o f r e s id e n c e a t th e o r ig in

c o m m u n it y ,

is

r e v e a lin g .

P r e v io u s r e s i d e n t s o f t h e a r e a can be t r e a t e d a s r e t u r n
m ig r a n ts.

R e t u r n e e s who h a v e m i g r a t e d fr o m a c o u n t y a d j a ­

c e n t t o C l a r e C o u n ty r e p r e s e n t a r e d u n d a n t c a t e g o r y .
sid e r a tio n
c o u n tie s,
in th e

o f T a b le 3 5* e x c l u d i n g t h o s e f r o m a d j a c e n t
sh o w s t h a t r e g a r d l e s s o f d u r a t i o n o f r e s i d e n c e

o r i g i n c o m m u n it y , b o t h r e t u r n e e s an d new m i g r a n t s

a r e d ra w n p r i m a r i l y f r o m c o u n t i e s f a r t h e r t h a n f i f t y
aw ay b u t s t i l l
few er p e r so n s

in th e s t a t e

o f M ic h ig a n .

(1 7 * 9 $ v e r su s 3 2 .5 $ ) w ith

y e a r s o f r e sid e n c e
g ra n ts .

Con­

A lso ,

m ile s

one f i n d s

l e s s th a n tw en ty

i n t h e o r i g i n co m m u n ity among new m i­

TABLE 34*

Type o f Place o f Residence by Life-Cycle Stage.

Type of Place
Life Cycle Stage

Urban

V illage/Sm all Town

City

Total

(N)

(In Percents)
Birth
Childhood
Last School

2 5 .7

2 1 .7

100.0

(152)

49-0

2 5 .6

25.2

100.0

(155)

3 7-9

26.6

3 3 -3

1 00.0

(153)

Nonurban
Place

Urban
Place

2 0 .5

7 9 .5

100.0

(151)

2 2 .9

7 7 .1

100.0

(1 5 3 )

2 2 .4

7 7 .6

100.0

( 156)

122

Working Life
Retirement
Before Clare

52.6

TABIE 3 5 .

Years o f R e sid e n c e a t O r ig in Based on P r e v io u s R e s id e n c e i n th e
C la r e Area and O r i g i n ’s D is t a n c e from C lare County.

No P r e v io u s R e sid e n c e
i n C la r e Area
D is t a n c e o f
O r ig in County

A d ja cen t

P r e v io u s R e sid e n c e i n
C la re Area

a t ,O r ig in
L ess Than
20

20 t o 29

Y ears a t O r ig in -----------30 or
More

L ess Than
20

20 t o 29

3 0 or
More

0 .0

0 .0

0 .0

31.8

2 0 .0

2 7 .8

W ith in 50 M ile s

13-3

5 .6

19.6

13.6

0 .0

5 .5

51 t o 100 M ile s

4 0 .0

6 1 .1

3 1.4

1 6 .2

2 0 .0

3 0 .6

Over 100 M ile s

4 0 .0

43.1

2 7 .3

6 0 .0

6.7

3 3 .3
0 .0

9 .1

0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

?•?
1 0 0 .0

3 3 .3
2 .8

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

1 0 0 .0

(15)

(1 8 )

(51)

(2 2 )

(1 0 )

(3 6 )

O u tsid e M ichigan
T otal
N

124
M ig r a tio n D e c is io n P ro c ess
T h is s e c t i o n r e p o r t s th e r e s p o n s e s t o th e f o l l o w i n g
th r e e sc h e d u le
1.

ite m s:

"What w er e y o u r r e a s o n s f o r l e a v i n g ( t h e o r i g i n
c o m m u n ity )"?
"Were t h e r e a n y r e a s o n s y o u w o u ld l i k e t o h a v e
stayed " ?
"How d i d y o u come t o c h o o s e C l a r e C o u n ty a s y o u r
new com m un ity"?

2.
3-

N i n e t y - e i g h t p e r c e n t o f t h e s a m p le a r e
m ig r a n ts.

" v o lu n ta r y "

Two p e r s o n s a r e i n v o l u n t a r y m i g r a n t s and one

d id n ot resp ond t o th e

ite m s.

O n ly v o l u n t a r y m i g r a n t s

a r e a s k e d t o g i v e r e a s o n s f o r l e a v i n g and s t a y i n g .

A ll

m i g r a n t s a r e a s k e d t h e i r r e a s o n s f o r c h o o s i n g C l a r e C o u n ty
fo r th e ir d e stin a tio n .

M ost m i g r a n t s

(67. ^ )

g iv e o n ly

o n e r e a s o n f o r l e a v i n g , b u t some g i v e tw o ( 2 6 . 3 T&) o r t h r e e
(5»9?6) r e a s o n s .

The m o s t f r e q u e n t l y g i v e n r e a s o n f o r

l e a v i n g r e l a t e s t o t h e m a t e r i a l e n v ir o n m e n t o f t h e o r i g i n
( s e e T a b le 3 6 ) .

S p e c i f i c s m e n t io n e d b y 4 2 . 5 $ o f t h e sa m p le

g i v i n g t h i s r e a s o n i n c l u d e a d e s i r e t o g e t away fr o m t h e
u r b a n e n v ir o n m e n t ( n o i s e , p o l l u t i o n ,

c o n g e s tio n ,

e tc .)

and

t o e n j o y t h e a t t r i b u t e s o f a r u r a l e n v ir o n m e n t ( f r e s h a i r ,
scen ery , q u ie t,

s lo w e r pace o f l i v i n g ,

e tc .).

C h a n g es i n

s o c i a l s t a t u s a r e th e n e x t m ost f r e q u e n t l y m en tio n e d r e a ­
son s.

M ost r e s p o n d e n t s

(24.45&) m e n t i o n i n g c h a n g e s i n

s o c i a l s ta tu s say th a t th ey l e f t because th ey r e t ir e d .
p a r e n tly , th e p r in c ip le rea so n th a t th e y liv e d
g i n com m un ity w as t h e i r j o b .

Ap­

in th e o r i­

A n o t h e r 3 * 3 $ o f t h e sa m p le

m e n t io n e d s t a t u s c h a n g e s , s u c h a s m a r r i a g e o r w id o w h o o d .
D isa d v a n ta g e s o f th e o r i g i n o r a d v a n ta g es o f th e d e s t i n a t i o n

125
TABLE 3 6 .
R e a s o n s f o r l e a v i n g an d S t a y i n g a t t h e O r i g i n
Com m unity an d f o r C h o o s i n g C l a r e C o u n ty a s t h e D e s t i n a t i o n .

Type o f D e c i s i o n
Leave*

R e a s o n s G iv e n

C hoose
C la r e *

S ta y *
(In P ercen ts)

0 .0

None
In te r n a l S ta te
S o c i a l N e tw o r k
S o c ia l S ta tu s
S o c i a l E n v ir o n m e n t
E c o n o m ic E n v ir o n m e n t
M a t e r i a l E n v ir o n m e n t
G eneral
N

0 .6

6 1 .0
1 .8

6 .5
2 0 .3
2 3 .a

1 .3
3 7 .5

5 7 .4
0. 0

1 6 .3
2 2 .2
4 2 .3

1 6 .7
I 6 .7
1. 8

0 .0

9 .7
(1 5 4 )

(1 5 3 )

5 9 .9
1 1 .8
2 1 .7
2 3 .5
4 .7
(14 9)

^ P e r c e n t a g e s d o n o t e q u a l 1 0 0 b e c a u s e m ore t h a n on e
r e a s o n c o u ld be g i v e n by a r e s p o n d e n t.
w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e e c o n o m ic e n v i r o n m e n t a r e r e a s o n s why
2 2 . 2 ^ o f t h e m i g r a n t s m ov ed .

The m i g r a n t s a r e s e e k i n g e s ­

ca p e from t h e c o s t s o f l i v i n g and h ig h t a x e s
F o r some m i g r a n t s

(2 0.3/& )> t h e move t o C l a r e C o u n t y i s

r e sp o n se t o u n s a t i s f a c t o r y s o c i a l n etw ork s
fr ie n d s )

in th e

in urban a r e a s .

o r ig in

c o m m u n ity .

n etw o rk s m o tiv a te m ig r a n ts t o

a

( f a m i l y an d

U n s a tis fa c to r y s o c ia l

le a v e by r e d u c in g th e a t t r a c ­

tiv e n e ss

o f t h e o r i g i n co m m u n ity a n d b y p r e s e n t i n g t h e p o s ­

sib ility

t h a t m ovem en t c o u l d

im p r o v e t h e

t h e m i g r a n t a n d o t h e r n e t w o r k m em b e rs.
fa m ily

lin k a g e s

is

lin k a g e s b etw een
A d e sir e t o

im p r o v e

i n d i c a t e d b y m o s t who s a y s o c i a l n e t w o r k s

126
w ere im p o r ta n t r e a s o n s f o r

le a v in g .

The s o c i a l e n v i r o n m e n t o f t h e o r i g i n
1 6 .3 $ o f . th e m ig r a n ts, le a v in g .

is

F a c t o r s su ch a s t h e c h a n g in g

c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d ’s p o p u l a t i o n
r a c i a l c h a n g e s ) an d t h e
ta n t f o r t h is group.

a reason fo r

in c r e a se

(p a r tic u la r ly

i n c r im e a r e m o s t im p o r ­

A fe w m e n tio n t h e q u a l i t y o f s o c i a l

s e r v i c e s an d r e l a t e d a s p e c t s o f t h e s o c i a l o r i g i n .
r e la te d to th e

in te r n a l s ta te

h e a l t h an d m e n t a l w e l l - b e i n g ,

o f th e m ig r a n t, t h a t

R easons
is,

h is

a r e m e n t i o n e d b y o n l y 6 . 5#

o f th e sa m p le.
The m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g

f i n d i n g c o n c e r n i n g r e a s o n s why

m i g r a n t s may h a v e l i k e d t o h a v e r e m a i n e d i n t h e o r i g i n
co m m u n ity i s
w o u ld h a v e
sta y in g ,

t h a t 6 1 . 0?S s t a t e t h a t t h e r e

lik e d t o s ta y .

O f t h e 39*

is

no r e a s o n t h e y

g iv in g reason s fo r

o n e -fo u r th sim p ly e x p r e s s e d a g e n e r a l s a t i s f a c t i o n

w i t h t h e o r i g i n c o m m u n ity .

For t h i s g rou p ,

p u s h f a c t o r s a t t h e o r i g i n w e r e much l e s s
p u ll f a c t o r s a t th e d e s tin a tio n .

it

appears th a t

im p o r ta n t th a n

For th e o th e r t h r e e -

q u a r te r s o f th e m ig r a n ts g iv in g a r e a so n f o r s t a y i n g ,

o r i­

g i n s o c i a l n etw o r k s a r e th e m ost im p o r ta n t r e a s o n (5 7 * 4 ^ )*
Of m in o r i m p o r t a n c e a r e t h e s o c i a l e n v i r o n m e n t ( 1 6 . 7 # ) an d
t h e e c o n o m ic e n v i r o n m e n t ( 1 6 . 7 ? 0 *
(9 3 * 2 # ) g iv in g a rea so n f o r s ta y in g

A lm o s t e v e r y m i g r a n t
i n t h e o r i g i n commun­

i t y g a v e one r e a s o n o n l y .
One h u n d r e d a n d f o r t y - e i g h t r e s p o n d e n t s
on e o r m ore s p e c i f i c

(9 4 * 9 # ) g iv e

r e a s o n s f o r c h o o s i n g C l a r e C o u n ty a s

t h e i r d e s t i n a t i o n co m m u n ity ( T a b l e 3 6 ) .

The m o s t f r e q u e n t

127
reason ,

s o c ia l sta tu s,

one p a r t i c u l a r s t a t u s ,

r e q u i r e s some d i s c u s s i o n .

th e p r e -m ig r a tio n a s s o c ia t io n

m ig r a n ts w it h C la r e C o u n ty , t o a c c o u n t f o r m ost
th e r e sp o n se s.

of

( 8 7 . 9# )

of

M i g r a n t s who c h o o s e C l a r e C o u n ty f o r s o c i a l

s ta tu s r e la te d
v is itin g

We f i n d

r e a s o n s a r e m ost l i k e l y t o m e n tio n p r e v io u s

and v a c a t i o n i n g

in th e a rea

o f p r o p e r ty a n d /o r h o u sin g

( 4 0 . 7# )

(4 7 -2 # ) th e r e .

o r o w n e r sh ip

S o c i a l n etw ork

r e a s o n s o f f a m i l y o r f r i e n d s a r e m e n t i o n e d b y 3 7 . 5# o f t h e
m ig r a n ts .

T h i s d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y mean t h a t m i g r a n t s

have k in a c t u a l l y
lo c a tio n
tie s .

is

liv in g

in C la r e C ou n ty, b u t t h a t t h i s

s e e n a s f a v o r a b le t o th e m a in te n a n c e o f f a m i l y

An a l m o s t e q u a l p e r c e n t a g e

(2 1 .7 # v ersu s 23*5$)

m e n t i o n e c o n o m i c an d m a t e r i a l e n v i r o n m e n t a s
s id e r a tio n s

in c h o ic e o f d e s t in a t io n .

a s p e c t o f t h e e c o n o m ic e n v i r o n m e n t i s
h o u s i n g i n C l a r e C o u n ty ( 7 5 * 8 # ) .
C la r e C ou n ty b e f o r e t h e y r e t i r e
cau se th e y are
or because i t
th ey have.

th e a v a i l a b i l i t y

d ue t o

job t r a n s f e r s ,

N a tu r a l e n v ir o n m e n t ( c l i m a t e ,

of

of

in th e

be­

b uy a s m a l l b u s i n e s s ,

lo c a te d a d v a n ta g e o u sly near t o

o p p o r tu n itie s f o r r e c r e a tio n
th e r u r a lit y

The m o s t m e n t i o n e d

O t h e r m i g r a n t s come t o

lo o k in g f o r a p la c e t o
is

im p o r ta n t con ­

a ir ,

in v e stm e n ts
te r r a in )

l a k e s and r i v e r s ,

an d

la n d u s e p a t t e r n s a r e a l l a s p e c t s o f t h e

m a t e r i a l e n v ir o n m e n t t h a t a t t r a c t m ig r a n t s .

A few 1 1 .8 # )

m e n tio n t h e s o c i a l e n v ir o n m e n t ( f r i e n d l y p e o p le o r s o c i a l
s e r v ic e s ) as a reason .

O n ly tw o m i g r a n t s h a v e m oved t o

C la r e C ou n ty f o r h e a l t h

reason s.

M i g r a n t s a r e m ore l i k e l y

t o g i v e m ore t h a n o n e r e a s o n f o r c h o o s i n g t h e i r d e s t i n a t i o n s

128
(4 5 .2 $ )

th a n f o r e i t h e r le a v in g

in th e o r ig in

(32. 2t f>) o r s t a y i n g

c o m m u n ity .

A co m p a r iso n o f r e a s o n s f o r
se le c tin g

th e d e s t in a t io n

im p o r ta n c e o f v a r i a b l e s
sio n s.

(9*5^ )

is

l e a v i n g t h e o r i g i n and

(T a b le 3 6 )

in d ic a t e s th a t th e

d i f f e r e n t f o r t h e s e tw o d e c i ­

S o c i a l n e t w o r k an d s o c i a l s t a t u s

r e a s o n s a r e much

m ore i m p o r t a n t f o r d e c i s i o n s a s t o d e s t i n a t i o n t h a n f o r
d e c isio n s to
much l e s s

le a v e th e

o r ig in .

im p o r ta n t a s i s

S m a lle r d e c r e a s e s

in

th e

M a t e r i a l e n v ir o n m e n t i s
in te r n a l s ta te

o f th e m ig r a n t.

im p o r t a n c e f o r d e s t i n a t i o n d e c i s i o n s

a r e r e c o r d e d f o r s o c i a l an d e c o n o m ic e n v i r o n m e n t .

T h is

f i n d i n g g i v e s s u p p o r t t o t h o s e who w i s h t o s t u d y t h e d e c i ­
s io n -p r o c e s s

o f m ig r a tio n .

p e a r s t o be o p e r a t in g .
reasons fo r
is

le a v in g ,

A tw o -step d e c isio n

A test

p ro ce ss ap­

o f th e r e l a t i o n s h i p b etw een

f o r s t a y i n g , and f o r d e s t i n a t i o n c h o i c e

co n d u cted in th e f i n a l s t a g e o f our a n a l y s i s .

M ig r a tio n P r e p a r a tio n
M o st m i g r a n t s s p e n t a v e r y s h o r t am ount o f t i m e
p l a n n i n g f o r t h e i r m o v e.

T h o se p l a n n i n g f o r

l e s s th a n a

y e a r r e p r e s e n te d 47^ o f a l l r e s p o n s e s t o t h i s
p r e p a r a t i o n c a n i n v o l v e m ore t h a n p l a n n i n g .
p erc en t o f th e resp o n d en ts are

liv in g

ite m .

But

T h ir ty -se v e n

i n h o u s in g t h a t was

u s e d a s a v a c a t i o n home p r i o r t o t h e i r p r e s e n t p e r m a n e n t
occupancy.

E x a m in a tio n o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p

tim e t o t h e

v a c a t i o n home s t a t u s o f t h e d w e l l i n g u n i t

( T a b l e 3 7 ) sh o w s t h a t

in d iv id u a ls

hom es a r e s l i g h t l y m ore l i k e l y
p la n n e r s

(C = .2 5 >

CL = . 0 2 ) .

liv in g

o f p la n n in g

in form er v a c a t io n

t o h ave b een lo n g -r a n g e

129
TABLE 3 7 L e n g t h o f P l a n n i n g o f t h e Move b y V a c a t i o n
Home S t a t u s o f t h e P r e s e n t D w e l l i n g .

P resen t
D w e llin g
Was V a c a t i o n
Home

L en gth o f P la n n in g £ i n y e a r s )
L e s s Than
One

1 to

6 o r More

5

T o ta l

Base
N

(In P ercen ts)
No

5 6 .1

3 1 -7

1 2 .2

1 0 0 .0

(62 )

Y es

3 2 .7

3 3 .4

2 g *9

1 0 0 .0

(52)

E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e Move
The l a r g e m a j o r i t y o f m i g r a n t s w o u ld n o t c h a n g e
t h e i r m in d s,

if

th e y c o u ld

"do i t

o ver a g a in ."

w o u ld e i t h e r move t o a d i f f e r e n t d e s t i n a t i o n
at a ll.

o r n o t move

On t h e o t h e r h a n d , 1 9 * 9 $ h a v e c o n s i d e r e d m o v in g

from C la r e

in th e n e x t few y e a r s .

p la c e th a t th ey p r e fe r to

r e sid e

When a s k e d t h e s i z e
in ,

a n d t h i r t y —f i v e

persons g iv in g t h is

w h e t h e r t h e y w o u ld l i k e t h i s

of

3 9 -4 # o f t h o s e r e sp o n d in g

i n T a b le 3 3 c h o s e a r u r a l a r e a o r v i l l a g e .

When t h e h u n d r e d

r e sp o n se w ere a sk ed

s m a ll p la c e t o be w i t h i n o r

f a r t h e r th a n t h i r t y m i l e s from a la r g e
t o be w i t h i n th e t h i r t y - m i l e d i s t a n c e .
is

O n ly 1 4 * 4 $

c ity ,

4 4 * 9 $ w ish e d

S i n c e C l a r e C o u n ty

n ot w it h in t h i r t y m ile s o f su ch a la r g e c i t y ,

1 1 . 6 $ o f t h e s a m p l e d i d n o t w a n t t o be l i v i n g

an d s i n c e

in a r u r a l

a r e a o r a s m a l l t o w n , we c a n c o n c l u d e t h a t 5 6 . 5 $ o f t h e
e l d e r l y m ig r a n ts a re n o t l i v i n g

in a lo c a tio n th a t th e y

c o n s i d e r t o be m o s t d e s i r e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o e i t h e r p o p u l a t i o n

130
siz e

or a c c e s s t o an urban c e n t e r .

Of c o u r s e t h e r e a r e

many o t h e r v a r i a b l e s t h a t may h a v e i n f l u e n c e d m i g r a t i o n
d e c is io n s b e sid e s s iz e
TABLE 3

P referred S iz e

o f p la c e and l o c a t i o n .

P r e f e r r e d S i z e an d L o c a t i o n o f
P la c e o f R e sid e n c e .

o f P la c e o f R e sid e n c e

In th e c o u n tr y , o u t s i d e o f any c i t y
or v illa g e
I n a to w n o r v i l l a g e u n d e r 1 0 , 0 0 0
in p o p u la tio n
I n a s m a ll e r c i t y from 1 0 ,0 0 0 t o
5 0 ,0 0 0 in p o p u la tio n
I n a m e d iu m -s iz e d c i t y from 5 0 ,0 0 0
t o 5 0 0 ,0 0 0 in p o p u la tio n
TOTAL
B ase N

3 9 .4

4 .0
6 .6
1 0 0 .0
(151)

P r e f e r r e d L o c a tio n o f t h o s e C h o o sin g a
P la c e S m a lle r th a n 1 0 ,0 0 0
W i t h i n 3 0 m i l e s o f a l a r g e o r m edium ­
siz e d c it y
B ase N

A n oth er ap p roach t o

Percent

Percent
5 2 .0
(135)

l e a r n i n g how m i g r a n t s f e e l a b o u t

t h e i r move i s t o d i s c o v e r t h e i r a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d t h e p r e ­
s e n t c o m m u n ity o f r e s i d e n c e .
g iv e a t

le a st

th a t th ey
at

A lm o s t a l l m i g r a n t s

one c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

lik e .

(9 2 .5 # )

o f t h e i r new co m m u n ity

H o w e v e r , o n l y 4 7 . 4 # o f t h e m i g r a n t s name

l e a s t o n e a s p e c t o f t h e d e s t i n a t i o n co m m u n ity t h a t t h e y

d is lik e .

A b o u t o n e —t h i r d o f t h o s e g i v i n g p o s i t i v e

charac­

t e r i s t i c s g i v e m ore t h a n o n e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , b u t o n l y 1 6 . 3 #

131
g i v e m ore t h a n o n e n e g a t i v e .

The t y p e s o f l i k e s and

d i s l i k e s m e n t i o n e d a r e sh o w n i n T a b l e 39*

The m o s t l i k e d

and. d i s l i k e d

th e m a te r ia l

q u a lity o f th e d e s tin a tio n

e n v ir o n m e n t.

S o c i a l e n v ir o n m e n t i s g i v e n a s s e c o n d m ost

l i k e d an d d i s l i k e d a t t r i b u t e .

One p r o b le m i n

t h e m e a n in g o f s u c h a t t i t u d e s
c h a r a c te r is tic
p o sitiv e
g ra n t,

is

(e .g .,

is

in te r p r e tin g

t h a t t h e sam e g e n e r a l

m a t e r i a l e n v i r o n m e n t ) may e l i c i t

and n e g a t i v e a t t i t u d e s f r o m t h e m i g r a n t .

fo r

i n s t a n c e , may l i k e

th e r u r a l sc e n e r y ,
TABLE 39*

th e

but d is lik e

la k e s,

b o th

The m i­

t h e f r e s h a i r and

th e c o ld w in te r s .

R e s p o n d e n t s G i v i n g L ik e d an d D i s l i k e d
F e a t u r e s o f C la r e C ou n ty.

L i k e s a n d D i s l i k e s A b o u t C l a r e C o u n ty
L ik e s

D islik e s
(In P e r c e n ts)

No A n sw e r
None
G eneral
S p e c i f i c R eason
T o ta l
B ase N

5 .6
1 -3
5 .1

B ase N

0.0

87*8

T5'C7<3
(

)

S p e c ific
In te r n a l S ta te
S o c i a l N e tw o r k
S o c ia l S ta tu s
S o c i a l E n v ir o n m e n t
E c o n o m ic E n v ir o n m e n t
M a t e r i a l E n v ir o n m e n t

3 .8

46.8

L ik e s*
5*6
7*0
0 .0
4 3 .7
2 .1
7 2 .7

(137)

(156)
S p e c ific

D islik e s*
0 .0
1 1 .8
1 .3
44*0
13 *3
4 6 .7
(7 4 )

* R e s p o n d e n t s may g i v e m ore t h a n o n e r e a s o n s o p e r c e n t a g e s
do n o t e q u a l 100 p e r c e n t.

132
O n ly a s l i g h t r e l a t i o n s h i p

i s fo u n d b e tw e e n th e

r e s p o n d e n t ’s e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e move an d t h e

c o n sid e r a tio n

o f m o v in g i n t h e n e x t f e w y e a r s .

A c o n tin g e n c y c o e f f i c i e n t

o f C = .1 7

le v e l of sig n ific a n c e .

is

o b ta in e d w ith a .0 5

Thus we m u st c o n s i d e r o t h e r f a c t o r s a s a l s o a f f e c t i n g m i­
g r a n t s who a s s e r t t h a t t h e y a r e t h i n k i n g a b o u t f u t u r e m o v e s .
When c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f f u t u r e m o v e s i s u s e d a g a i n a s t h e
dependent v a r ia b le f o r th e
le ss

lo c a tio n a l p referen ce

th a n t h i r t y m ile s from a la r g e u rb an p l a c e ) ,

tio n sh ip

(m ore o r
no r e l a ­

i s f o u n d f o r t h e s u b s a m p le w i s h i n g t o be t h i r t y

m ile s o r l e s s from su ch a p l a c e .
la t io n s h i p b etw een d e s ir e d s i z e
(C = . 2 6 w i t h

But t h e r e

is

a slig h t re­

a n d c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f m o v in g

le v e l o f s ig n ific a n c e

= 0 .1 0 ) f o r th e su b ­

s a m p le who d i d n o t c o n s i d e r t h e t h i r t y m i l e p r o x i m i t y t o
be im p o r ta n t.

T here i s

no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t

of s iz e

pre­

f e r e n c e s u p o n a r e s p o n d e n t *s e v a l u a t i o n o f h i s move a s t o
w h e t h e r h e w o u ld "do i t

o v er a g a in " , u s in g

fe re n c e as a c o n tr o l v a r ia b le .
flu e n c e

P referred s iz e

l i v e w i t h i n t h i r t y m i l e s o f an u rb an p la c e

s i z e w a s n o t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h num ber o f d i s l i k e s .

Z e r o —o r d e r c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r s i z e
l i k e s do n o t a t t a i n
is

an d num ber o f l i k e s

s ig n ific a n c e .

lim it e d by th e

or d is ­

H ow ever, su c h a c o n c l u ­

v e r y lo w i n c i d e n c e

m ore t h a n o n e n e g a t i v e e v a l u a t i o n .
g iv e n

(C = . 4 9

= . 0 1 ) , b u t t o t h o s e who h ad no s u c h l o c a t i o n a l p r e ­

feren ce,

sio n

d id in ­

t h e num ber o f d i s l i k e s m e n t i o n e d b y r e s p o n d e n t s who

w an ted t o
and

lo c a tio n a l pre­

o f persons g iv in g

When t h e num ber o f l i k e s

i s used a s th e dependent v a r ia b le ,

siz e

a s th e

133
i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e and l o c a t i o n a s t h e c o n t r o l v a r i a b l e ,
no s i g n i f i c a n t
a sso c ia tio n

r e la tio n s h ip occu rs.

(C -

.2 2 ,

There i s

a sig n ific a n t

= .0 1 ) b etw een th e s e x o f r e sp o n ­

d e n t s and t h e e x p r e s s i o n s o f d i s l i k e .

F e m a le s a r e more

lik e ly to exp ress d is lik e s .
The f i n d i n g t h a t f e m a l e s a r e m ore d i s s a t i s f i e d
t h e d e s t i n a t i o n co m m u n ity t h a n m a l e s r a i s e s
e s tin g

q u e stio n s about th e r o le s

w ith

som e i n t e r ­

o f h u s b a n d s an d w i v e s

t h e m a k in g o f r e t i r e m e n t d e c i s i o n s .

in

From o u r own i n t e r ­

v i e w i n g e x p e r i e n c e , we d i s c o v e r e d t h a t w hen tw o s p o u s e s
are p resen t i t

is

t h e h u s b a n d who t e n d s t o e m p h a s i z e t h e

m a t e r i a l e n v ir o n m e n t o f th e a r e a a s a l i k e ,
r e c r e a tio n f a c i l i t i e s .

On t h e o t h e r h a n d ,

e s p e c i a l l y th e
it

is

u su a lly

t h e w i f e who v o l u n t e e r s t h a t t h e y m i s s n o t s e e i n g t h e
c h i l d r e n o r o ld f r i e n d s m ore.
know i f t h e r e a r e d i f f e r e n c e s

I t w o u ld be w o r t h w h i l e t o
in th e

in te r p e r so n a l r e la t io n ­

s h i p s b e t w e e n h u s b a n d s a n d w i v e s f o r e l d e r l y c o u p l e s who
m i g r a t e a s o p p o s e d t o t h o s e who a r e s t a t i o n a r y .
t h e husband w o rk s, t h e r e

is

m en t w i l l b e a d i s s o c i a t i v e

reason to b e lie v e th a t r e t ir e ­
e x p e r i e n c e f o r h im , b u t t h a t

t h e w i f e may n o t be s o a f f e c t e d
s t i l l m a in ta in s th e

I f o n ly

(C ra w fo rd ,

19 7 2 ).

She

im p o r ta n t i n t e r p e r s o n a l c o n t a c t s h e

h a s made i n t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d , e t c .

an d h e r r o l e - s e t a n d p e r ­

s o n a l r o le s are n ot n e a r ly a s a lt e r e d as i s

th e h usb an d*s.

U nder w h a t c i r c u m s t a n c e d o e s t h e c o u p l e o p t f o r m i g r a t i o n
w h ic h e n a b l e s t h e h u s b a n d t o r e d e f i n e h i s r o l e
e lse ,

set,

or

c h o o s e t o r e m a i n s t a t i o n a r y and t h u s e n a b l e t h e w i f e

134
t o a v o id d is r u p t io n o f h e r s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s ?

B esh ers

( 1 9 6 7 ) e x a m in e s t h i s q u e s t i o n o f h u s b a n d -w ife d e c i s i o n ­
m a k in g , b u t h i s a n a l y s i s d e a l s w i t h t h e e m p lo y e d h u s b a n d
s itu a tio n .

Of c o u r s e ,

it

is

q u ite p o s s ib le t h a t th e w ife

h as a ls o e x p e r ie n c e d such d i s s o c i a t i o n ,
f r i e n d s and f a m i l y h a v e a l r e a d y

le ft

I n s u c h c a s e s t h e move may s a t i s f y

th e

e x p e c ia lly
o r ig in

if

c o m m u n ity .

th e n eed s o f b o th

p a r t i e s by le a d in g t o g r e a t e r a c c e s s i b i l i t y

o f s ig n ific a n t

o t h e r s a s w e l l a s g i v i n g t h e r e t i r e d h u s b a n d a n ew ,
o r ie n te d

o ld

le isu r e

life -sty le .

T i e s t o O r i g i n C o n n u m ity
S o c ia l t i e s

to th e

o r i g i n co m m u n ity a r e m e a s u r e d i n

term s o f in t e r p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s
sib lin g s,

such as c h ild r e n ,

a n d f r i e n d s who p r e s e n t l y r e s i d e

in th e o r ig in

c o m m u n ity an d i n t e r m s o f o t h e r f o r m s o f c o n t a c t t h a t a
r e s p o n d e n t m a i n t a i n s w i t h t h e o r i g i n c o m m u n ity .
sa m p le,

In our

5 3 * 6 $ o f t h e m i g r a n t s h a v e no c h i l d r e n r e s i d i n g

i n t h e o r i g i n c o m m u n ity a n d 7 6.1?6 h a v e n o s i b l i n g
th ere

(T a b le 4 0 ) .

H ow ever,

91*7?£ o f t h e s a m p l e do h a v e o n e

o r m ore "good f r i e n d s " s t i l l
fr e q u e n tly th ey v i s i t
9 O .69S r e s p o n d
"never".

fr ie n d s

liv in g th ere.
in th e o r ig in

When a s k e d how
c o m m u n ity ,

" o c c a s i o n a l l y " o r " o f t e n " a n d o n l y 9* 5?&

The f r e q u e n c y w i t h w h i c h o l d f r i e n d s a r e w r i t t e n

i s m ore e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d .
le a st

r e sid in g

U se o f t h e t e l e p h o n e

l i k e l y mode o f c o n t a c t b y t h e m i g r a n t s .

is

th e

O n ly one

r e s p o n d e n t o u t o f 1 3 9 had no c o n t a c t w it h o r i g i n f r i e n d s .
We c a n c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e a b i l i t y

o f m ig r a n ts t o u t i l i z e

TABLE 4 0 .

R esp on dents w it h C h ild r e n , S i b l i n g s , and Good F r ie n d s i n th e O r ig in
Community and Frequency o f I n t e r a c t i o n w it h F r ie n d s .

O r ig in C o n ta ct
Type o f C o n ta ct

C h ild r e n

S ib lin g s

Good F r ie n d s

(In P ercen ts)
L iv e s There

4 5 .1

2 2 .9

9 1 .7

N

(1 5 3 )

(1 5 3 )

(1 5 6 )

N ever

O c c a s io n a ll y

F r e a u e n t ly

135

Frequency o f I n t e r a c t i o n w it h
O r ig in F r ie n d s
T otal

N

(In P ercen ts)
9 .3

7 4 .2

1 6 .5

1 0 0 .0

(1 3 9 )

T elep h o n in g

3 2 .2

4 2 .2

19.6

1 0 0 .0

(1 4 3 )

W r itin g

23-1

4 3 .3

3 3 .6

1 0 0 .0

(1 4 3 )

V isitin g

136
tr a n sp o r ta tio n f a c i l i t i e s ,

e s p e c i a l l y th e a u to m o b ile ,

e n a b l e s th e m t o k e e p i n t o u c h w i t h o l d f r i e n d s
c o m m u n ity .

When t h e s e t h r e e

no s i g n i f i c a n t

r e la tio n s h ip

in th e

o r ig in

v a r ia b le s a r e a n a ly z e d t o g e t h e r ,
o c c u r s among t h e

A p p a r e n tly , each ty p e o f c o n t a c t

is

v a r ia b le s .

in d e p e n d e n t o f th e

o th ers.
N ew spaper s u b s c r i p t i o n and r e a d e r s h ip
u s in g th r e e c a t e g o r ie s o f n ew sp apers:
o r ig in
o th er

(th e s p e c i f i c

co u n ty ,

or p la c e

( m e t r o p o lit a n and n a t i o n a l ) .

is

lo c a l

e x a m in e d
(C la re C o u n ty ),

o f r e s i d e n c e ) an d

S u r p r isin g ly ,

o n e -h a lf o f th e

s a m p le d o n o t r e a d t h e

r e g u la r b a s is .

A lso ,

a lm o st

l o c a l p a p e r s on a

o n ly a s m a l l p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e sa m p le

(29*57&) s u b s c r i b e s t o a p a p e r f r o m t h e

o r ig in

c o m m u n ity .

A

m a j o r i t y o f t h e s a m p le d o e s s u b s c r i b e t o a n e w s p a p e r o t h e r
th an th e

lo c a l or o r ig in paper.

te le v isio n

S in c e th e r e

is

o r r a d io s t a t i o n w i t h i n C la r e C oun ty,

no l o c a l
it

appears

t h a t a l m o s t o n e - h a l f o f t h e m i g r a n t s h a v e no r e g u l a r s o u r c e
o f i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e i r c o m m u n ity .

Of c o u r s e , many

p e r s o n s may r e a d l o c a l p a p e r s o n a n i r r e g u l a r b a s i s .
L o o k in g a t o t h e r r e a s o n s t h a t r e s p o n d e n t s may h a v e
f o r r e t u r n i n g t o t h e o r i g i n c o m m u n it y , we c a n i d e n t i f y
t h r e e m a jo r o n e s .

T hese a re a s f o l l o w s :

c l u d i n g s h o p p i n g an d f i n a n c i a l i n t e r e s t s ) ,
and h e a l t h - r e l a t e d m a t t e r s

b u sin e ss

(in ­

s o c ia l a c t iv it ie s ,

( d o c t o r 's a p p o in tm e n ts,

e tc .).

M ost r e t u r n t r i p s a r e b u s i n e s s - r e l a t e d w i t h 2 0 . 5 # o f t h e
s a m p le m a k in g s u c h t r i p s .

H ow ever,

a l s o make t r i p s f o r h e a l t h - r e l a t e d

1 0 . 2 $ o f t h e sa m p le
r e a s o n s , and 6 . 3 $ f o r

137
so c ia l a c tiv itie s .

F i n a l l y , we c a n a s k how t h e d e s t i n a t i o n

com m u n ity c o m p a r e s t o t h e o r i g i n com m un ity w i t h r e g a r d t o
th e a v a i l a b i l i t y
tio n

o f F r ie n d s For m ig r a n ts .

A s iz a b le por­

( 2 3 - 9 $ ) oF t h e s a m p le i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y now h a v e

F ew er F r i e n d s t h a n t h e y d i d w hen l i v i n g
m u n ity .

A lm o s t t h e same p r o p o r t i o n

i n t h e o r i g i n com­

(2 7 -6 $ ) rep ort th a t

t h e y h a v e more F r i e n d s a t t h e d e s t i n a t i o n com m un ity a s com­
p a r e d t o t h e o r i g i n com m u n ity.

O b v i o u s l y , t h e e F F e c t s oF

m i g r a t i o n u pon F r i e n d s h i p n e t w o r k s oF t h e e l d e r l y
sa m p le i s

in t h i s

v e r y m ix e d .

K in sh ip A v a i l a b i l i t y
The g r e a t m a j o r i t y
c h ild r e n .

( 7 8 * 9 $ ) oF t h e r e s p o n d e n t s h a v e

T h ese p a r e n t s a v e r a g e 2 . 3 c h i l d r e n .

T h ose w i t h

o n l y one c h i l d and t h o s e w i t h F o u r o r more c h i l d r e n e a c h
r e p r e s e n t a b o u t o n e —F o u r th oF t h e p a r e n t s
r e sp e c tiv e ly ).

( 2 4 * 0 $ and 2 6 . 5 $

A b ou t o n e —h a l F oF t h e p a r e n t s h a v e tw o o r

t h r e e c h i l d r e n , and t h e a v e r a g e number ( 2 . 9 ) oF s i b l i n g s
i s a b o u t t h e same a s t h e a v e r a g e number oF c h i l d r e n .

Per­

c e n t a g e s h a v i n g v a r i o u s num bers oF s i b l i n g s a r e a l s o com­
p a r a b le t o t h o s e For c h i l d r e n , w ith s l i g h t l y h ig h e r p e r ­
c e n t a g e s i n t h e on e s i b l i n g
s ib lin g

(2 9 .2 $ ) c a t e g o r ie s .

( 2 5 . 8 $ ) an d F o u r o r more
When a v a i l a b i l i t y

and c h i l d r e n a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o g e t h e r

oF s i b l i n g s

( b a s e d o n 1 5 1 com­

p l e t e r e s p o n s e s ) , we F in d t h a t 6 0 . 3 $ oF t h e s a m p le h a v e
b o th ,
lin g s.

1 9 - 9 $ h a v e o n l y c h i l d r e n , and 1 9 *9$ h a v e o n l y s i b ­
R e s p o n d e n t s w i t h s i b l i n g s and c h i l d r e n a r e more

l i k e l y t o h a v e F o u r o r more c h i l d r e n
th a n are th o s e w ith o u t s i b l i n g s .

(2 3 .6 $ v s.

2 0 .0 $ )

138
K in sh ip P r o p in q u ity
How n e a r a r e t h e k i n o f e l d e r l y m i g r a n t s ?
number o f p l a c e s w h e r e m i g r a n t s h a v e c h i l d r e n
tw o.

A lm o s t 40?£ o f t h e s a m p le

liv in g

i n tw o p l a c e s .

o f th e m ig r a n ts l i v e
c h ild r e n

liv in g

The mean
liv in g

is

(39*790 have c h ild r e n

The c h i l d r e n o f o n e - t h i r d

( 3 4 . 2# )

in o n ly one p l a c e , w h ile 3 0 .6 ^ have

in b etw een t h r e e t o s i x d i f f e r e n t p la c e s .

For s i b l i n g s t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n

is

q u ite s im ila r

(Y = 2 ) ,

e x c e p t t h a t t h e y a r e e v e n more c o n c e n t r a t e d w i t h o n l y 2 3 . 99^
o f th e m ig r a n ts h a v in g s i b l i n g s
p la c e s.

liv in g

i n t h r e e o r more

I n o r d e r t o a c q u i r e some i d e a o f how c h i l d r e n and

s i b l i n g s a r e d i s t r i b u t e d r e l a t i v e t o C l a r e C o u n t y , T a b le 4 1
p r e s e n t s th e p e r c e n ta g e o f p la c e s t h a t m ig r a n ts have k in
b y t h e d i s t a n c e fr o m C l a r e C o u n ty .
TABLE 41*

C h i l d r e n and S i b l i n g s L i v i n g C e r t a i n D i s t a n c e s
fr o m C l a r e C o u n ty .

Di s t a n c e o f Co u n t y
fr o m C l a r e C o u n ty

C h ild r e n

S ib lin g s

(In P er cen ts)
I n C l a r e C o u n ty
A d j a c e n t C o u n ty
W ith in 50 M ile s
50 t o 100 M ile s
O ver 1 0 0 M i l e s
O u t s i d e M ic h ig a n
T o t a l Number o f P l a c e s
K in R e s i d e

7 .9
7 .5
8 .6

9 .7
7 .7

2 6 .2
3 2 .6

8 .9
1 9 .4
2 2 .1

1 7 .2
1 0 0 .0

3 2 .2 *
160;0

(2 7 9 )

(256)

^ I n c lu d e s p l a c e s o u t s id e o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s

(3 .5 9 0 *

139
O n ly 7 - 9 # o f a l l t h e p l a c e s w h e r e c h i l d r e n o f r e s p o n ­
d en ts are

liv in g are

o f th e se p la c e s are

lo c a te d

in a d ja c en t c o u n tie s .

o f p la c e s fo r s ib lin g s

is

m i l e s o f C la r e C oun ty.

fifty

m i l e s away a r e

co u n try .

lo c a te d c lo s e r to resp o n d en ts th a n a re

t o be l o c a t e d

T h is i s

o n e -th ir d o f th e

h is k in ,

S i b l i n g s a r e much

in a n o th er s t a t e

not su r p r is in g

or a fo r e ig n

i f we rem em b er t h a t a b o u t

s a m p le g r e w up i n a n o t h e r s t a t e ,

To b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d how t h e
flu e n c e th e

The d i s t r i b u t i o n

C h ild r e n l i v i n g f a r t h e r th a n

lo c a t e d beyond t h a t d i s t a n c e .

m ore l i k e l y

A n o th er 7 .5 ^

q u ite s im ila r f o r p la c e s w ith in

fifty

sib lin g s

i n C la r e C oun ty.

or co u n try .

l o c a t i o n o f k i n may i n ­

l e v e l o f i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e m i g r a n t and

T a b le 4 2 p r e s e n t s

l o c a t i o n f r e q u e n c ie s by th e

num ber o f c h i l d r e n and o f s i b l i n g s .
one c h i l d h a s t h a t c h i l d

liv in g

O n ly on e m i g r a n t w i t h

o u tsid e

o f M ic h ig a n .

w i t h m ore t h a n o n e c h i l d a r e much m ore l i k e l y
dren r e s id in g

o u tsid e th e s t a t e .

T h o se

to have c h i l ­

M ig ra n ts w it h f o u r o r

m ore c h i l d r e n a r e s l i g h t l y more l i k e l y

t o have c h ild r e n

c l o s e r t o C la r e C ou n ty.
From t h e d a t a o n t h e

l o c a t i o n o f c h i l d r e n , we c a n

c o n c lu d e t h a t m ost m ig r a n ts do n ot h ave c h ild r e n c l o s e
enough t o m a in ta in h ig h

le v e ls

of fa ce-to -fa ce

Y e t , a l m o s t a l l t h e s a m p le d o h a v e c h i l d r e n
M ic h ig a n .

N earness o f c h ild r e n

in te r a c tio n .

liv in g

in

i s a f f e c t e d b y t h e num ber

o f c h ild r e n th a t th e resp ond en t h a s.

The z e r o - o r d e r c o r ­

r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e num ber o f c h i l d r e n o f a r e s p o n d e n t
a n d t h e num ber o f p l a c e s w h e r e t h e r e s p o n d e n t h a s c h i l d r e n

140
i s m o d e r a te ly h ig h
c h ild r e n

( r = . 5 6 ) a n d i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e more

in th e f a m ily ,

t h e m ore l i k e l y

th e c h ild r e n are

g e o g r a p h ic a lly d isp e r se d .
TABLE 4 2 .

D ista n c e f o r
C ou n ty o f
R e sid e n c e

D i s t a n c e : o f K in f r o m C l a r e C o u n ty A c c o r d i n g
t o Number o f K in .

Number o f C h i l d r e n
2 to
1
P lu s
3

Number o f S i b l i n g s

1

2

(In P er cen ts)
I n C la r e
A d ja cen t
W ith in
50 M i l e s
50 t o 100
M ile s
O v er 100
M ile s
O u tsid e
M ic h ig a n
T o t a l Number
o f P la c e s

4

3

(In P ercen ts)

22.3
7.4

5.3
4.5

7.1
6.1

30.0
10.0

14.3

11.1

3.3

9.1

18.6

27.3

37.1

0.0

3.3
11.5

7.3

6.7

4.1

6.6

13.6

28.3

3.3

14.3

22.9

2 3 .6

34.2

33*2

13.3

36.7

22.9

18.2

100. 0

3*?

20.4
100. 0

16.2
lo o . 0

36.7
100. 0

30.6
lo o . 0

32.8
looTT)

'1 0 6 . 0

(27)

(136)

(1 0 1 )

(30)

(52)

(61)

(109)

6.4

3 g .9

S i b l i n g s o f o n e - s i b l i n g m ig r a n ts a re e i t h e r c l o s e
(w ith in

50 m ile s )

or fa r

( o u t s i d e o f M ic h ig a n ) aw ay.

s u g g e s t s t h a t e i t h e r s i b l i n g s had n o t l e f t

t h e a r e a a s d id

many o f t h e m i g r a n t s a t a n e a r l i e r p o i n t i n t i m e ,
s i b l i n g s a r e m o v in g t o t h e a r e a a l s o .
r e la tio n

or th a t

A zero -o rd er cor­

o f r = . 6 9 b e t w e e n num ber o f s i b l i n g s an d number

o f p la c e s th a t s ib lin g s
p lic a tio n

T h is

r e sid e ,

su p p o rts th e t a b l e ' s

im­

t h a t r e s p o n d e n t s w i t h s e v e r a l s i b l i n g s h a v e th e m

d is p e r s e d w i t h i n and o u t s i d e t h e s t a t e .

141
F i n a l l y , we s h o u l d n o t e t h a t som e m i g r a n t s h a v e o t h e r
k in such a s n i e c e s ,
liv in g

nephew s,

c o u s i n s and g r a n d c h ild r e n

i n C la r e C ou n ty a s i d e fro m c h i l d r e n and s i b l i n g s .

Such k in a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r 1 4 * 7 o f t h e m ig r a n ts .

K in s h ip I n t e r a c t i o n
M o st m i g r a n t s

( 6 9 .1 # ) e x p r e s s s a t i s f a c t i o n w ith th e

am ount o f t i m e t h e y s p e n d w i t h t h e i r k i n , b u t a s i z a b l e
m in o r ity

( 3 0 . 9 ?&) f e e l t h a t t h i s

f a m il y tim e

is

n ot enough.

Let u s lo o k a t th e d a ta r e g a r d in g th e m ost f r e q u e n t i n t e r ­
a c tio n s

in term s o f v i s i t i n g

an d t e l e p h o n e

c o n v e r sa tio n s

t h a t m ig r a n ts e x p e r ie n c e w ith t h e i r c h ild r e n .
t o m ost n a t i o n a l s a m p le s

(R ile y ,

s e e a n y on e c h i l d a s o f t e n
cen ta g e
m o n th ly .

(30. 3 )

f a i l to

a s w e e k ly .

w e e k ly b a s i s .

o n l y 32.8?£

As l a r g e a p e r ­

s e e an y one c h i l d a s o f t e n a s

M i g r a n t s a r e much more l i k e l y

th e te le p h o n e t o a t

at

et a l . , 1966),

C on trary

l e a s t one c h i l d

( 5 1 * 676) t o t a l k on

o n no l e s s

th an a

O n ly 16.1+fo o f t h e m i g r a n t s d o n o t t a l k t o

l e a s t one c h i l d a s o f t e n a s m o n th ly .

V i s i t i n g an d t e l e ­

p h o n e c o n v e r s a t i o n s w i t h s i b l i n g s a r e much l e s s f r e q u e n t .
The m o s t f r e q u e n t
m ig r a n ts
cen ta g e

is

on

(62. 6 )

any s ib lin g

v i s i t i n g w ith a s i b l i n g f o r 6 4 *4# o f th e
le s s

th a n a m o n th ly b a s i s .

o f m i g r a n t s do n o t t a l k

A lik e per­

on t h e t e l e p h o n e t o

on a m o n th ly b a s i s .

P e r h a p s a m ore a c c u r a t e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e k i n s h i p
in te r a c tio n

le v e ls

o f m ig r a n ts i s

th e use o f average r a te s

f o r a l l c h i l d r e n and f o r a l l s i b l i n g s .

A g a i n we w i l l d i s ­

c u s s tw o t y p e s o f i n t e r a c t i o n — v i s i t i n g

an d t e l e p h o n e

142
c o n v e r sa tio n s .

A n o t h e r m e a s u r e o f t h e s e tw o i n d i c a t o r s

w o u ld be a r a t i o t h a t com p ares i n t e r a c t i o n

le v e ls

o f th e

p o s t-m ig r a tio n p e r io d w ith p r e -m ig r a tio n in t e r a c t io n
A s o n e w o u ld e x p e c t , a v e r a g e v i s i t i n g
d ren o f m ig r a n ts a re
o n e -fifth
v isitin g

(2 1 .7 # )

fr e q u e n c ie s fo r c h i l ­

lo w e r th a n h i g h e s t f r e q u e n c i e s .

A b ou t

o f th e p a r e n t s have a w e e k ly a v e r a g e

freq u en cy .

m o n th ly a v e r a g e .

le v e ls.

O n e -th ir d

(3 4 * 2 $ ) have a l e s s th a n

A verage te le p h o n e c o n v e r s a t io n s f o r 4 2 .5 #

o f t h e s a m p le a r e on a w e e k l y b a s i s .
g r a n ts have a l e s s

O n ly 1 8 . 3 # o f t h e m i­

th a n m o n th ly a v e r a g e f o r f r e q u e n c y o f

te le p h o n e c o n ta c t w ith c h ild r e n .

A verages f o r v i s i t i n g

and t e l e p h o n e c o n v e r s a t i o n s w it h s i b l i n g s a r e p r a c t i c a l l y
i d e n t i c a l w ith

1 3 # h a v in g c o n t a c t on a w e e k ly b a s i s ,

on a m o n th ly b a s i s ,

and 6 7 # on a l e s s

C o m p a rin g c h i l d r e n t o

th a n m o n th ly b a s i s .

s i b l i n g s , we f i n d t h e mean f r e q u e n c y

o f v i s i t i n g f o r t h e f o r m e r t o b e 1 . 9 an d t h e
Mean t e l e p h o n e c o n t a c t w i t h c h i l d r e n
s ib lin g s,

19#

is

la tte r ,

1 .5 *

2 . 2 and w it h

1 .5 * *

I f we c o m p a re t h e r e s p o n d e n t ' s p r e s e n t
in te r a c tio n to th e

le v e l of

l e v e l he had b e f o r e m ig r a t in g t o C la r e

C o u n t y , we f i n d t h a t m i g r a t i o n h a s a much g r e a t e r e f f e c t
on i n t e r a c t i o n w it h c h i l d r e n a s o p p o se d t o s i b l i n g s .
F o r t y - t h r e e p e r c e n t o f th e m ig r a n ts e x p e r ie n c e d an o v e r a l l
d ecrease

in i n t e r a c t i o n w ith c h ild r e n v e r su s 23# e x p e r i­

e n c in g an o v e r a l l in c r e a s e .

A verage t e le p h o n in g f r e q u e n c ie s

* 1 - l e s s th a n m o n th ly ; 2 = m o n th ly ; 3 - w e e k ly .

143

a r e somewhat I n c l i n e d to w a r d s s t a b i l i t y sh o w in g s l i g h t
d e c r e a s e s i n t h e p e r c e n t a g e s w i t h l e s s and more c o n t a c t
compared t o v i s i t i n g and a c o n s e q u e n t i n c r e a s e i n th e
p ercen ta g e

( 4 0 . 7 # v e r s u s 3 3 * 9 # l o r v i s i t i n g ) r e m a in in g

t h e sam e.

S in c e m ost moves were i n t r a s t a t e ,

it

is

lo g ic a l

t o e x p e c t t e l e p h o n i n g c o n t a c t t o have g r e a t e r s t a b i l i t y .
Only c h i l d r e n who l i v e

i n t h e o r i g i n o r d e s t i n a t i o n com­

m u n i t i e s w ould seem t o be a f f e c t e d .

We have shown t h a t

o n ly a s m a ll p r o p o r tio n o f c h ild r e n a re lo c a te d in th e s e
p la c e s.

However, d i f f e r e n c e s i n v i s i t i n g and t e l e p h o n i n g

r a t i o s a r e n o t a l l t h a t d r a m a t ic .

T h i r t y - n i n e p e r c e n t do

h ave an o v e r a l l d e c r e a s e i n t e le p h o n e c o n t a c t s .

In p a r t,

t h i s can be e x p l a i n e d i n te rm s o f t h e changed f i n a n c i a l
s t a t u s o f m ig r a n ts who a r e now a l s o r e t i r e d .

Long d i s t a n c e

c a l l i n g m ust be c o n t r o l l e d t o f i t a t i g h t b u d g e t .
V i s i t i n g w ith s i b l i n g s
have no c h a n g e ).

i s much l e s s a f f e c t e d

U n lik e f o r c h i l d r e n ,

o u tn u m b e r d e c r e a s e s

(1 9 * 1 $ ).

Perhaps t h i s

in cr ea se d

le is u r e

tu n ity to

in c r e a s e what w as a r a t h e r

in te r a c tio n ?
sib lin g s
in c r e a se s

(23*5#)

r e fle c ts

tim e o f m ig r a n ts t h a t p r o v id e s t h e

The s t a b i l i t y

is even g re a ter;
(2 0 .4 # )

in c r e a se s

(5 7 * 4 #

th e
oppor­

lo w l e v e l o f s i b l i n g

o f te le p h o n in g c o n t a c t s w ith

6 5 - 5 # h ave no c h a n g e.

o u tn u m b e r d e c r e a s e s

But a g a i n ,

(1 4 * 2 # ).

V i s i t i n g and t e l e p h o n i n g f r e q u e n c i e s o f m ig r a n t s w it h
t h e i r c h i l d r e n a r e m o d e r a t e ly c o r r e l a t e d

(r = .4 1 )*

If

t h e number o f c h i l d r e n i s u s e d a s a c o n t r o l v a r i a b l e i n
T ab le 4 3 we f i n d a l a r g e r e d u c t i o n i n t h e c o r r e l a t i o n f o r

144
o n e —c h i l d
v isitin g

p a ren ts.

C o r r e l a t i o n s f o r t e l e p h o n i n g and

are s li g h t ly

i n c r e a s e d from th e

zero -o rd er cor­

r e l a t i o n f o r t h o s e p a r e n t s w i t h m ore t h a n o n e c h i l d .
c o r r e la tio n o f v is it in g
c h ild r e n

is

q u e n c ie s.

an d t e l e p h o n i n g r a t i o s f o r m i g r a n t *s

s l i g h t l y h ig h e r

(r = *55)

is

c o n tr o lle d ,

T a b le 43 s h o w s a s i z a b l e d e ­

r = . 3 9 9 f o r m i g r a n t s w i t h f o u r o r m ore c h i l d r e n .

The num ber o f c h i l d r e n e x e r t s

its

c o r r e l a t i o n b etw een th e h ig h e s t
f r e q u e n c ie s f o r any c h i l d .
r = .4 3

is

reduced to

and in c r e a s e d t o

lik e ly

g r e a t e s t e f f e c t upon th e

v isitin g

an d t e l e p h o n i n g

The z e r o o r d e r c o r r e l a t i o n

. 5 3 f o r m i g r a n t s w i t h tw o o r m ore c h i l d r e n .
o n ly one c h i l d a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y

t o have b o th a h ig h fr e q u e n c y o f v i s i t i n g

o f te le p h o n in g

m o d e r a te ly h ig h .
an d t e l e p h o n i n g

i n T a b l e 43 a r e

F o r b o t h t h e mean a n d t h e h i g h e s t v i s i t i n g
in te r a c tio n s th ere

is

a ten d en cy f o r th e

p a r t ia l c o r r e la tio n s t o d ecrea se as th e
One c a n s e e t h a t t h e

siz e

num ber o f s i b l i n g s

o f th e

d u c e d b y n e a r l y h a l f w hen o n e v e r s u s f o u r ,
a r e c o m p a red f o r m ean f r e q u e n c y
h ig h e s t fr e q u e n c ie s
crease

in th e s iz e

but i t

is

th ree

(.6 9 5 v s.

(.6 9 5

.3 9 0 )*

vs.

T a u 's a r e r e ­
p lu s s i b l i n g s

. 3 1 4 ) an d f o r

T here

is

a ls o a de­

o f t h e p a r t i a l s f o r t h e m ean r a t i o s ,

in c o n siste n t.

sib lin g

an d

in te r a c tio n .

Z ero -o rd er c o r r e la tio n s f o r s ib lin g s

in c r e a se .

of

. 1&3 f o r m i g r a n t s w i t h o n l y o n e c h i l d ,

A p p a r e n tly , m ig r a n ts w ith
le s s

th a n t h a t f o r f r e ­

L o o k in g a t t h e p a r t i a l c o r r e l a t i o n s w h en number

o f c h ild r e n
crease to

The

ca teg o ry

The l o w e s t p a r t i a l i s f o r t h e
(T au = . 5 4 ^ ) .

We c a n n o t p r o v i d e

14 5
TABLE 4 3 Z e r o - o r d e r and P a r t i a l C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s
f o r V i s i t i n g a n d T e l e p h o n i n g C h i l d r e n an d S i b l i n g s w i t h
Number o f S i b l i n g s a n d C h i l d r e n a s t h e C o n t r o l l e d V a r i a b l e .

In te r a c tio n
w ith C h ild r e n ,
Z e r o —O r d e r

V isitin g :
T e le p h o n in g

Mean F r e q u e n c ie s
Mean R a t i o s
H ig h e s t F req u en cy

Mean F r e q u e n c ie s
Mean R a t i o s
H i g h e s t F req u en cy

o f th e p a r t ia ls

.4 1

.1 7 3

.4 7 6

. 4 S7

• 55
• 43

.5 4 5
.1 6 3

.5 5 1
.5 3 2

.3 9 9
.5 3 2

In te r a c tio n
w ith S i b l i n g s ,
Z ero -O r d e r

V isitin g :
T e le p h o n in g

any d e f i n i t i v e

P a r t ia ls C o n tr o llin g f o r
Number o f C h i l d r e n .
2 to 3

• 65

P a r t ia ls C o n tr o llin g f o r
Number o f S i b l i n g s .
1
.6 9 5
.7 2 3
.6 9 5

.7 1
.6 2

e x p la n a tio n f o r th e
on h i g h e s t

2
.7 1 3
.7 5 9
.665

3

4+

.6 2 6
.5 4 6
.5 3 1

.3 1 4
.6 6 3
.3 9 0

r e v e r s a l in th e d ir e c t io n

in t e r a c t io n fr e q u e n c ie s fo r

s i b l i n g s a s com pared w it h c h i l d r e n .
Mean v i s i t i n g

fr e q u e n c ie s

o f m ig r a n ts w ith c h ild r e n

a n d s i b l i n g s w h en co m p a red y i e l d e d
tio n

is

f o u n d w h en l e v e l s

no s i g n i f i c a n t a s s o c i a ­

o f i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h c h i l d r e n an d

s i b l i n g s a r e co m p a red u s i n g t h e
p h o n e f r e q u e n c y , 3? v i s i t i n g

o th er in d ic a to r s:

r a tio ,

T u r n in g t o o u r f i n a l i n d i c a t o r ,

X te le ­

a n d 3? t e l e p h o n e r a t i o .

th e s a t i s f a c t i o n

o f respon­

d e n ts w ith th e p r e s e n t l e v e l o f in t e r a c t i o n ,

we f i n d

b e in g d i s s a t i s f i e d

b y t h e num ber

is

s ig n ific a n tly

a ffe cted

th a t

o f c h i l d r e n o f t h e m i g r a n t b u t n o t b y t h e num ber o f s i b l i n g s .
T w e n ty -fo u r p e r c e n t o f th e o n e - c h i l d m ig r a n ts a re d i s s a t i s f i e

146
co m p a r e d t o 3 1 # w i t h 2 o r 3 c h i l d r e n , a n d 5 3 # w i t h m ore
th an th r e e c h ild r e n
w i t h tw o o r t h r e e

(C = . 2 2 7 an d

O n ly tw o o f o u r s i x

le a st d is s a tis fie d

r e la te d to th e

s a tisfa c tio n

c o e f f i c i e n t o f C = .2 7 w ith

sa tisfa c tio n

a t th e

o f m i g r a n t *s c h i l d r e n
.0 5

is

we f i n d t h a t t h i s

t h e mean v i s i t i n g

le v e l of s a tis fa c tio n
is

occu rs.

r e la te d

to s a tis fa c tio n

A sm a ll n e g a tiv e

cor­

The r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n

is

c o n tr o l­

s m a ll and p o s i t i v e

fr e q u e n c ie s are s i g n i f i c a n t l y

l e v e l s f o r o n ly t h o s e m ig r a n ts

w hose h i g h e s t fr e q u e n c y o f t e le p h o n e
m o n th ly b a s i s .

i n T a b le 44*

r a t i o an d l e v e l o f s a t i s f a c t i o n ,

H ig h e s t v i s i t i n g

freq u en cy

o n ly s i g n i f i c a n t f o r th o se

l i n g f o r t h e m ean t e l e p h o n i n g r a t i o ,
(T a u . 1 5 1 ) .

The

r e la te d to

an d t h e mean v i s i t i n g

r e la tio n s h ip

(T au = - . 1 5 7 )

is

.0 2 .

I f t h e mean t e l e p h o n e f r e ­

w it h a m o n th ly l e v e l o f t e l e p h o n i n g .
r e la tio n

a c o n tin g e n c y

l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e w ith C = .2 3 .

used as a c o n tr o l,

c o r r e la t e d w ith th e

o f m ig r a n ts

le v e l of sig n ific a n c e

B oth r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e m o d e st.
quency i s

(3 1 -0 # ).

S a t i s f a c t i o n an d t h e mean

freq u en cy f o r a l l c h ild r e n y i e l d

mean t e l e p h o n e r a t i o

(4 9 * 0 # ),

in d ic a t o r s o f i n t e r a c t i o n w ith c h ild r e n

w ith th e tim e s p e n t w ith f a m il y .
v isitin g

M ig r a n ts

s i b l i n g s a re th e m ost d i s s a t i s f i e d

and th e o n e - s i b l i n g m ig r a n t i s

are s ig n if ic a n t ly

= .0 5 ).

The Tau i s

in te r a c tio n

n e g a tiv e and, a g a in ,

is

on a

s m a ll ( - .1 7 5 ) .

F or e a c h s e t o f r e l a t i o n s h i p s t h e r e d o e s a p p e a r t o be a
t e n d e n c y f o r t h e c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n s a t i s f a c t i o n and v i s i t i n g
t o b eco m e l e s s
ta ct

in c r e a se s.

n e g a tiv e a s th e freq u en cy o f te le p h o n e con­

147
TABLE 44*

S t a t i s t i c a l R e la t io n s h ip s b etw een S a t i s f a c t i o n
w i t h Time S p e n t w i t h t h e F a m i l y an d
I n t e r a c t i o n w ith C h ild r e n .

F a m i ly Time S a t i s f a c t i o n and
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
H ig h
H ig h

V i s i t i n g Frequency
T e le p h o n e F re q u en cy
V is it in g R a tio
T e lep h o n e R a t io
V i s i t i n g Frequency
T e le p h o n e F r e q u e n c y

Zero-Order
04
18

22
23

06
16

C o n tin g e n c y
C o eff ic ie n t
. 27**

.21
.21
.2 3 *
* 19

.16

Family Time S a t i s f a c t i o n and Mean V is it in g Frequency.
K end all*s
C o n tin g e n c y
C o n tr o llin g f o r
C o e ffic ie n t
Tau C
Mean Telephone Frequency
L e s s t h a n M o n t h ly
M o n t h ly
W e e k ly o r More

-.3 4 0
-.1 5 7

. 160

*35
.4 1 * *
.3 1

Family Time S a t i s f a c t i o n and Mean V is it in g R a tio .
C o n tr o llin g f o r
Mean Telephone R atio
Less
.2 5
.0 5 4
Same
- . 023
.0 5
More
.1 5 1
.4 9 * *
Fam ily Time S a t i s f a c t i o n and H igh est V i s i t Frequency.
C o n tr o llin g For
H igh est Telephone Frequency
L e s s t h a n M o n t h ly
M o n t h ly
W e e k ly o r m ore

-.3 2 1
-.1 7 5
-.0 5 0

* E q u a ls a .0 5 l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e
* * E q u a ls .0 2 l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e .

.3 3
.4 2 * *
.1 2

143
TABLE 4 5 -

S t a t i s t i c a l R e la t io n s h ip s b etw een S a t i s f a c t i o n
w i t h Time S p e n t w i t h t h e F a m i l y and
I n t e r a c t io n w ith S i b l i n g s .

F a m i ly Time S a t i s f a c t i o n a n d :
Mean
Mean
Mean
Mean
H ig h
H ig h

V is i t in g Frequency
T e le p h o n e F r e q u e n c y
V is it in g R a tio
T e le p h o n e R a t io
V i s i t i n g Frequency
T e le p h o n e F r e q u e n c y

Z ero-O rd er
.0 1 6
.1 3 3
-.0 4 2
.0 1 7
.0 2 9
.1 2 9

F a m i l y Time S a t i s f a c t i o n an d Mean V i s i t i n g
K e n d a ll* s
C o n tr o llin g fo r
Tau C
Mean T e l e p h o n e F r e q u e n c y
- . 033
L e s s t h a n M o n t h ly
M o n th ly
.0 7 3
W e e k ly o r More
-.0 3 9

C o n tin g e n c y
C o e ffic ie n t
.0 3 2
.2 0 2
.0 4 3
.0 9 4
.0 5 1
.1 3 7
F requency,
C o n tin g e n c y
C o e ffic ie n t
.1 6 2
.1 7 3
.1 3 6

F a m i ly Time S a t i s f a c t i o n an d Mean V i s i t i n g R a t i o .
C o n tr o llin g fo r
Mean T e l e p h o n e R a t i o
L ess
Same
More

-.2 1 3
-.0 6 4
-.0 9 1

F a m i ly Time S a t i s f a c t i o n an d H i g h e s t V i s i t

.2 6 3
.1 0 8
.2 8 0
Frequency.

C o n tr o llin g fo r
H ig h e s t T e le p h o n e F req u en cy
L e s s t h a n M o n t h ly
M o n th ly
W e e k ly o r More

-.1 A 3
. 066
.3 1 0

.2 2 9
.1 5 8
•398

149
When s i m i l a r t e s t s

a re run f o r th e

c a to r s f o r s i b l i n g s w ith regard t o
w ith fa m ily tim e ,

no s i g n i f i c a n t

b etw een th e v a r i a b le s .

in te r a c tio n

le v e ls

of sa tis fa c tio n

r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e fo u n d

The e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h i s

la c k o f

c o n g r u e n c y b e t w e e n d a t a o n c h i l d r e n a n d on s i b l i n g s
p a r t may r e s t w i t h a p o s s i b l e
to r,

in d i­

in

b ia s p r e se n t f o r our in d ic a ­

s a t i s f a c t i o n w ith fa m ily tim e .

We s u s p e c t t h a t r e ­

s p o n d e n t s who h a v e b o t h c h i l d r e n an d s i b l i n g s

( 6 0 . 3# ) te n d

t o t h i n k o f an d d e f i n e t h e i r f a m i l y m ore i n t e r m s o f t h e i r
c h ild r e n

r a th e r th a n t h e i r s i b l i n g s .

s c o r e s may a c t u a l l y

r e fle c t

T hus s a t i s f a c t i o n

co n ten tm en t w ith

in te r a c tio n

w ith c h ild r e n o n ly .
Summary
In t h i s

s e c t i o n we w i l l d i s c u s s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

o f o u r s a m p le o f e l d e r l y m i g r a n t s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r
sim ila r itie s
m ig r a n ts .

and d i f f e r e n c e s w i t h s a m p le s o f o t h e r e l d e r l y

We c a n o f f e r t h e g e n e r a l i z a t i o n t h a t t h e C l a r e

C o u n ty s a m p l e o f i n t r a s t a t e m i g r a n t s

is

not

w hen c o m p a r e d t o m i g r a n t s 1 c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

" ty p ic a l”
rep o rted

in

s t u d i e s u s in g C ensus d a t a .

The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

C l a r e s a m p le a r e c o n t r a s t e d

i n T a b le 46 w it h t h e f i n d i n g s

o f L enzer ( 1 9 6 5 ) b a sed upon th e
Our s a m p le f a i l s
stu d y

(G o ld ste in ,

o f th e

i 960 D e c e n n ia l C en su s.

t o s u p p o r t t h e d a ta from a n o t h e r C en su s
1 9 6 6 ).

There i s

n o t e n d e n c y among C l a r e

m ig r a n ts from p r o f e s s i o n a l and m a n a g e r ia l o c c u p a t io n s t o
r e m a in i n t h e
grou p s.

la b o r f o r c e

In f a c t ,

lo n g e r th a n o th e r o c c u p a tio n a l

e x a c tly th e

o p p o s it e o c c u r s w it h m ig r a n ts

150
TABLE 4 6 .

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f E ld e r ly M ig r a n ts .

A l l M o v ers
L enzer ( 1 9 6 5 )

Unemployed
S ep arated or
D ivorced
Lodgers or in
J o in t H ouseholds
Low Income

C la r e M ig r a n ts

R etired
Married
Homeowners
NA

from t h e s e tw o o c c u p a t i o n a l c a t e g o r i e s r e t i r i n g a t y o u n g e r
a g e s t h a n m ig r a n t s from b l u e - c o l l a r o c c u p a t i o n s .
fin d

We do

s u p p o r t f o r G o l d s t e i n ’s c o n c l u s i o n t h a t r e t i r e e s a r e

m ost l i k e l y t o m ig r a te w it h in t e n y e a r s o f th e tim e o f
t h e ir r e tir e m e n t.

The mean l e n g t h o f t i m e b e t w e e n r e t i r e ­

m en t a n d m i g r a t i o n f o r t h e C l a r e s a m p le
is

a lm o st i d e n t i c a l t o th e

is

1 .5 y e a r s , w h ich

1 . 3 y e a r s C a ta u

(1 9 7 3 ) fo u n d f o r

h i s s a m p le o f e l d e r l y

i n t e r s t a t e m ig r a n ts t o S t .

F lo r id a .

t h e C l a r e s a m p le d i s p l a y s e q u i v a l e n t

In g e n e r a l,

or str o n g e r k in sh ip
th ou gh th e r e

is

l in k a g e s th a n do i n t e r s t a t e m ig r a n t s ,

v a r i a t i o n d e p e n d in g upon t h e sa m p le o f

in t e r s t a t e m ig r a n ts .
t h e C l a r e s a m p le

is

H ow ever, k in s h ip

i n t e r a c t i o n among

l e s s fr e q u e n t th an f o r th e g e n e r a l

p o p u la tio n o f th e e ld e r ly .
to

P etersb u rg ,

C o n sid e r a tio n o f v a r io u s e f f o r t s

i d e n t i f y r e a s o n s f o r m i g r a t i o n o r m o v in g r e v e a l s t h a t

C l a r e m i g r a n t s , m o s t o f whom made i n t r a s t a t e m o v e s , g i v e
r e a s o n s w h ich a r e a m ix tu r e o f t h e k in d s o f r e a s o n s g i v e n

151

by in t e r s t a t e m igran ts and by l o c a l m overs.

Aging and

h e a lth are not im portant rea so n s f o r C lare m igrants le a v in g
t h e i r o r ig in com m unities as i s th e ca se f o r most i n t e r s t a t e
sam p les.

W hile a l l sam ples o f m igrants a tta c h g r e a t impor­

ta n c e t o th e m a te r ia l en vironm en t, th e f e a t u r e s o f th e en­
vironm ent co n sid e r e d im portant by C lare m igran ts and by
i n t e r s t a t e m igran ts d i f f e r .

The l a t t e r p la c e str o n g em­

p h a sis upon c lim a te and w ea th er, but C lare m igran ts speak
o f u r b a n -r e la te d en viron m en tal c o n d itio n s ( p o llu t i o n , n o is e ,
c o n g e s tio n ) and o f r u r a l- r e la t e d en v iro n m en ta l v ir tu e s
(f r e s h a i r , s c e n e r y , q u ie t , and a slo w er pace o f l i v i n g ) .
In f a c t , c lim a te ( i . e . ,

th e w in te r s ) was one o f th e most

fr e q u e n tly m entioned d i s l i k e s o f th e m ig ra n ts.

A l l m igrant

and mover sam ples g iv e some im portance t o k in sh ip and f r ie n d ­
s h ip f a c t o r s in making m ig r a tio n d e c is io n s .

For i n t e r s t a t e

m igran ts t o F lo r id a , r e c r e a t io n a c t i v i t i e s a v a ila b le a t th e
d e s t in a t io n and c o s t o f l i v i n g a t th e o r ig in are somewhat
im portant c o n s id e r a t io n s .

U n fo r tu r a te ly , none o f th e o th e r

sam ples se p a r a te rea so n s f o r le a v in g and rea so n s f o r ch o o sin g
th e d e s t in a t io n .

In C lare County, we fin d th a t f a c t o r s in ­

flu e n c in g th e s e d e c is io n s vary.

A ls o , o n ly one o f th e

s t u d ie s we c i t e d a ttem p ts t o d e a l w ith th e im portance o f
v a r ia b le s f o r m o tiv a tio n t o le a v e in c o n tr a s t t o t h e i r im­
p ortan ce f o r m o tiv a tio n s t o s t a y .

Though Langford ( 1 9 6 2 )

u se s two sa m p les, th o se w i l l i n g t o move and w i l l i n g t o s t a y ,
we f in d many s i m i l a r i t i e s in th e r e l a t i v e im portance o f
rea so n s betw een th e s e two groups and th e r e l a t i v e im portance

152
o f r e a s o n s g i v e n by C la r e m ig r a n t s f o r w a n tin g t o
and t o s t a y

i n t h e o r i g i n c o m m u n ity .

h e a lth -r e la te d
w illin g

r e a s o n s a r e among t h e

le a v e

For a l l t h r e e s a m p le s ,
le a st

im p o r ta n t.

t o move a s w e l l a s C l a r e m i g r a n t s g i v e

reason s r e ­

l a t e d t o t h e m a t e r i a l e n v i r o n m e n t , e c o n o m ic f a c t o r s ,
n e tw o r k s , and s o c i a l e n v ir o n m e n t a s
c h a r a c te r is tic s ,
w illin g

im p o r ta n t.

H o u s in g

n o t a n i m p o r t a n t r e a s o n f o r C l a r e m i­
le a v e .

The o v e r w h e l m i n g r e a s o n

u n w i l l i n g n e s s t o move i n L a n g f o r d ’s s a m p l e i s
sa tisfa c tio n

so c ia l

t h e m ost im p o r ta n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h o s e

t o move i s

g r a n t s w a n tin g t o

T h o se

(56?£) f o r

a general

or u n w illin g n e s s t o change r e s id e n c e .

O n ly

a b o u t 10?& o f t h e C l a r e s a m p le e x p r e s s e d s u c h g e n e r a l s a t i s ­
f a c t i o n a s a r e a s o n f o r w a n tin g t o s t a y ;
f o u r t h m ost m e n tio n e d r e a s o n .

O th e r w ise ,

s till,

it

is

th e

p r e t t y much t h e

sam e r e a s o n s a r e g i v e n b y b o t h s a m p l e s , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n
o f h o u s in g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h ich i s
tio n fo r

L a n g f o r d ’s s a m p l e b u t n o t f o r C l a r e m i g r a n t s .

T here a r e d i f f e r e n c e s
th ree

an im p o r ta n t c o n s id e r a ­

i n t h e r a n k i n g o f r e a s o n s among t h e

s a m p l e s an d p e r h a p s t h e s e

d iffe r e n c e s

a s t o w h ich r e a s o n s a r e m ost l i k e l y

p r o v id e c lu e s

t o p r o m o te m o v e s o r

o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , how s a l i e n t t h e s e r e a s o n s a r e f o r p o t e n ­
t i a l m overs v e r s u s m ig r a n ts .
B ased upon ou r sa m p le o f m ig r a n t s t o C la r e C o u n ty ,
M i c h i g a n , w h a t c o n c l u s i o n s c a n we d ra w w i t h r e g a r d t o
e l d e r l y m ig r a tio n in g e n e r a l?

I t ap p ears our f in d in g s su p ­

p o rt th e h y p o th e sis th a t th e r e are d if f e r e n c e s
c h a r a c te r is tic

o f e l d e r l y p e r s o n s who a r e

in th e

l o c a l m overs,

153

in t r a s t a t e m ig r a n ts, and i n t e r s t a t e m ig ra n ts.

In p a r t ic u la r ,

th e li m it a t io n s o f g e n e r a liz in g about e ld e r ly m igrants from
Census d ata are brought o u t.

For th e th r e e d if f e r e n t de­

g r e e s o f g e o g r a p h ic a l m o b ilit y , com parison o f the SES char­
a c t e r i s t i c s s u g g e s ts t h a t d is ta n c e o f th e move i s p o s i t i v e l y
a s s o c ia t e d w ith SES.

Yet o th er f in d in g s from th e data cau­

t io n a g a in s t th e assum ption th a t SES i s th e most im portant
d eterm in ant o f d is ta n c e o f a move.

Exam ination o f th e k in ­

s h ip networks o f i n t e r - v s . in t r a s t a t e m igrants shows th a t
th e in t r a s t a t e sample have a much g r e a te r p ro p o rtio n o f kin
lo c a te d in th e o r ig in community as w e l l a s th e o r ig in s t a t e
o f M ichigan.

There d oes appear to be some r e la t io n s h ip be­

tween th e g e o g r a p h ic a l d is t r ib u t io n o f k in r e l a t i v e t o th e
o r ig in and d e s t in a t io n com m unities and th e d is ta n c e o f mi­
g r a t io n .

Each m igrant cou ple has a d if f e r e n t p a tte r n o f

k in sh ip lin k a g e s in th e o r ig in and d e s t in a t io n com m unities,
y e t one g e t s th e f e e l i n g th a t m ig ra tio n d e c is io n s by
e l d e r ly on d e s t in a t io n s u s u a lly tak e in to accou n t th e k in ­
sh ip f a c t o r and se e k s t o s e l e c t a lo c a t io n th a t a c h ie v e s
some d egree o f s a t i s f a c t i o n .
Part Two:

A Comparison o f Two Migrant Types

For t h i s s ta g e o f th e a n a ly s is , our sample o f e ld e r ly
m igran ts are d iv id e d in t o two grou p s.

One group, th e s o c i a l

m ig r a n ts, are composed o f a l l resp on d en ts who g iv e s o c i a l
network and s o c i a l environm ent as rea so n s f o r le a v in g th e
o r ig in community.

The second group, n o n s o c ia l m ig ra n ts,

c o n ta in s th e rem ainder o f th e sample e x c e p t f o r two

154
r e s p o n d e n t s who a r e
who f a i l e d

i n v o l u n t a r y m i g r a n t s and o n e r e s p o n d e n t

t o g iv e a r e sp o n se t o th e sc h e d u le

ite m .

tw o g r o u p s a r e co m p a red u s i n g s e v e r a l v a r i a b l e s .
fiv e

o f th ese

th a t

is

T hese

O n ly

v a r ia b le s produce a c o n tin g e n c y c o e f f i c i e n t

s ig n if ic a n t a t th e

m e a n in g o f t h e s e

.0 5

le v e l.

To i n t e r p r e t t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p s , we a l s o e x a m in e t h e d i s t r i ­

b u t i o n s o f many o f t h e o t h e r v a r i a b l e s w h i c h f a i l t o a t t a i n
s t a t i s t i c a l sig n ific a n c e .
C o n s id e r a tio n o f th e so c io e c o n o m ic
o f t h e tw o m i g r a n t t y p e s
d i f f e r e n c e s do e x i s t
te r istic s,

i n T a b le 4 7 i n d i c a t e s t h a t w h i l e

in th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f su ch ch a ra c­

o n l y tw o c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a t t a i n a l e v e l o f s t a ­

t i s t i c a l s ig n if ic a n c e as g r e a t as th e
tw o v a r i a b l e s a r e t h e p r e s e n t

lo c a tio n

th e age o f r e tir e m e n t o f th e m ig r a n t.
a r e m ore l i k e l y

to

liv e

le v e l.

T hese

o f r e s i d e n c e an d
S o c i a l m ig r a n ts

to

liv e

i n o p e n —c o u n t r y

(C = . 2 7 w i t h a . 0 0 1 l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e ) .

is a s ig n if ic a n t d iffe r e n c e
sig n ific a n c e )

(C = . 2 4 w i t h a

.0 5

T h er e

le v e l of

i n t h e a g e s a t w h i c h t h e tw o g r o u p s r e t i r e d .

More s o c i a l m i g r a n t s h a v e r e t i r e d
(15*9 v e r su s 4 * 6 $ ).

a t age s e v e n ty or la t e r

I f we l o o k a t t h e

d iffe r e n c e s fo r o th er,
is

.0 5

in C la r e C it y o r H a r r iso n , w h ile

o t h e r m i g r a n t s a r e m ore l i k e l y
areas

c h a r a c te r is tic s

d ir e c tio n

o f th e

n o n sig n ific a n t r e la tio n s h ip s ,

c o n s i s t e n c y b e t w e e n t h e s e r e l a t i o n s h i p s an d t h o s e

are s ig n if ic a n t .

For e x a m p le ,

s o c i a l m ig r a n ts a re

in c lu d e a g r e a t e r p r o p o r tio n o f fe m a le s ,

are

th ere
th a t

o ld e r ,

le s s ed u ca ted ,

h a v e f e w e r U p p er W h ite C o l l a r H o u s e h o l d s , an d m ore

155
i n d i v i d u a l s who h a v e n e v e r w o r k e d

(see

T a b le 4 7 ) *

T here

i s a l s o a te n d e n c y f o r s o c i a l m ig r a n ts t o have a g r e a t e r
p r o p o r t io n o f m a rried p e r s o n s , a l e s s e r p r o p o r t io n o f
w id o w e d , a n d a g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n o f p e r s o n s who w e r e
h o m e o w n er s i n t h e o r i g i n co m m u n ity t h a n a r e f o u n d among
th e

o th e r m ig r a n ts.
E x a m in a tio n o f t h e e le m e n t s o f th e m ig r a t io n d e c i s i o n

i n T a b le 4 9 an d o f f e a t u r e s

o f th e m ig r a tio n h is t o r y

of

e a c h s a m p le i n T a b le 1+8 s h o w s s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s
fo r fo u r v a r ia b le s.
m ig r a n ts i s

The a g e o f m i g r a t i o n f o r t h e

sig n ific a n tly

la te r

(C -

so c ia l

.2 3 w it h a .0 5

le v e l

o f s i g n i f i c a n c e ) t h a n t h e m i g r a t i o n a g e o f n o n s o c i a l m i­
g ra n ts.

T w e n t y - f o u r p e r c e n t o f t h e s o c i a l m i g r a n t s m oved

a t sev en ty years o f age or la t e r ,
o th e r m ig r a n ts .

There i s

co m p a red t o

11$ o f th e

a ls o a sm a ll ten d en cy

(1 3 .9 $

v e r s u s 2 6 .3 $ ) f o r s o c i a l m ig r a n ts t o have fe w e r p e r s o n s
w ith

l e s s th a n tw en ty y e a r s o f r e s id e n c e

c o m m u n ity .

in th e o r ig in

On t h e o t h e r h a n d , s o c i a l m i g r a n t s h a v e m ore

p e r s o n s who h a v e l i v e d

i n f o u r o r m ore p l a c e s

(2 2 .2 $

v e r su s 14*3$) p r io r t o m ig r a tin g t o C la r e .
A s ig n ific a n t r e la tio n sh ip

is

o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n m i­

g r a n t t y p e a n d t h e u s e o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t ’s p r e s e n t d w e l l ­
i n g a s a v a c a t i o n home p r i o r t o m i g r a t i o n .

O n ly 2 0 . 4 $ o f

t h e s o c i a l m ig r a n ts com pared t o 4 7 * 4 $ o f t h e o t h e r g ro u p
are

liv in g

in a form er v a c a t io n d w e llin g

.0 1 l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e ) .
lik e ly

(C = . 2 6 w i t h a

T hey a r e a l s o s l i g h t l y more

( 5 0 .0 $ v e r su s 44 * 9 $ ) th a n th e n o n s o c ia l group t o

TABLE 47.

S o c i a l and Economic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f S o c i a l and
N o n so cia l M igrant Types.

P e rc e n ta g e s o f Each
M igrant Type
Socioeconomic
C h a ra c te ristic s
Females

S o c ia l

(N)

N o n so c ia l

(N)

2 5 .2

31.5
(54)

.07
(99)

Age
06 t o 75 y e a rs
76+ years

.13
7 0 .1

59.3
2 4 .1

1L. 4
(54)

M a rita l S tatu s
M arried
Widowed

7 7 .8
16 .7

(97)

3 1 .4

O rig in Homeowner

S5.2

V illa g e R e sid e n t

6 1 .1

.12

7 0 .7
2 3 .2
(54)

Years o f E d u ca tio n
12+ y e a r s

(99)

.12

4 1 .8
(51)

(93)
7 9 .8

(54)

.07
(99)

32.3
(54)

R e tire m e n t Age
70+ y e a r s

C ontingency
C o e ffic ie n t

(99)
4* 8

1 5 .9
(44)

,27***
.24*

(85)

Table 47 ( c o n t ' d . )

P e rc e n ta g e s o f Each
M igrant Type
Socioeconomic
C h a ra c te ris tic s

(N)

N o n so c ia l

IS. 9

23.3

13-2

9.3

2 2 .6

9.3

3 5 .9

3 4 .0

(N)

157

Household Occu­
p a tio n a l S ta tu s
Upper White
C o lla r
Lover White
C o lla r
Upper Blue
C o lla r
Lower Blue
C o lla r
Never Worked

S o c ia l

T6?;&
(53)

^ S i g n i f i c a n t a t th e .05 l e v e l .
* * * S i g n if ic a n t a t th e .001 l e v e l .

C ontingency
C o e ffic ie n t

(97)

TABLE 4 8 .

A spects o f th e M ig ra tio n H i s t o r y , P r e p a r a t io n and
E v a lu a tio n o f Each M igrant Type.

P e r c e n t a g e s o f Each
M igrant Tvpe
V a r ia b le

S o c ia l

Age M ig rated
70+ y e a r s

2 4 .1

Planned One Year

5 0 .0

Dwelling Was a
V ac atio n Home

Year M igrated
1965 t o 1968
1969 t o 1972

N o n s o c ia l

.23
(54)

(98)
55*1

(44)
2 0 .4

. 2 6 **

4 7 .4
(97)

(54)
2 6 .8

1 8 .9

.05

(89)

.11
(97)

(53)

.1 6
2 9 .6
4 2 .6

42.3
2 7 .8
(97)

2 2.2

.1 0

14.3
(98)

(54)
D ista n c e o f O rig in
From D e s t i n a t i o n
100+ M iles
Out o f S t a t e

C o n tin g en cy
C o e ffic ie n t

11.2

(54)
P re v io u s R esidence
Three o r More

(N)

158

Less t h a n 20 y e a r s
a t R esidence
o f O rig in

(N)

.23
4 6.3
9-3

33.3
2 .0
(54)

(99)

Table 4$ ( c o n t ' d . )

P e r c e n t a g e s o f Each
M igrant Type
V a r ia b le
Urban O r ig in

S o c ia l

(N)

N o n s o c ia l
78.8

7 7 .2
(5 4 )

P la c e o f B i r t h
Farm o r V i l l a g e

8 0.0

7 4 .1

.0 7
(9 5 )

8 7 .8

8 2 .7
(52)

.0 7
(98)

18.6

2 3 .1
(5 2 )

**E q u als a . 0 1 l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e .

.0 5
(97)

159

C o n sid e re d Moving
I n Future

.01
(99)

(5 4 )
S a t i s f i e d With
D e c isio n

(N)

C o n tin g en cy
C o e ffic ie n t

TABIE 49*

Reasons of Each Migrant Type fo r Staying at the Origin, Choosing
Clare County, and the Likes and D islik es of Each.

Percentage of Each
Migrant Type
Variable
A Reason
to Stay

S o cia l

(N)

Nonsocial
3 3 .0

4 6 .3

S o cia l
Environment

25 .0

6 0 .4

(96)

(53)
64.6

5 0 .9
1 5 .1

M aterial
Environment

22.6

(96)
.01

2 1 .9
(96)

(5 3 )
26.6

19.2
(5 2 )

Liked Features of
Clare County
Health, e tc .

.0 7

1 0 .4
(50)

Economic
Environment

.13
(96)

(5 3 )

.08
(9 4 )

5 .6

6 .0
(5 0 )

.0 2
(9 2 )

160

S o cia l Status

.13
(97)

(5 4 )

Reason Chose
Clare County
S o cia l Networks

(N)

Contingency
C oefficien t

Table 49 (c o n t ’d . )

P e r c e n ta g e o f Each
M igran t Type
V a r ia b le
S o c i a l Networks

S o c ia l

(N)

N o n s o c ia l

1 .1

8.5

(50)
Economic
Environm ent

1 .1

4 .1

(92)

5 3 .8

4 6 .9

(52)
S o c i a l Networks
S o c ia l S ta tu s

1 7 .9

.14

8.5
(28)

(47)
0 .0

3 .6
4 6 .4

.07
(96)

(28)
S o c ia l
Environm ent

.0 4

7 5 .0

(28)

(46)

.15
.05

41.3
(46)

161

7 1 .4

.1 0
(92)

(49)
D i s l i k e d F e a tu r e s
o f C lare County
Have D i s l i k e s

.07
(92)

(49)
M a t e r ia l
Environm ent

.18*

4 0 .2

4 8 .0

C o n tin g en cy
C o e ffic ie n t

(92)

(47)
S o c ia l
Environment

(N)

Table 49 ( c o n t ' d . )

P e r c e n ta g e o f Each
M igrant Type
V a r ia b le
Economic
Environm ent

S o c ia l

(N)

N o n s o c ia l

.10

1 0 .9

17*9
(28)

M a t e r ia l
Environment

(N)

(46)
52.2

3 9 .3
(28)

.12
(4 6 )

162

*E quals a .0 5 l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e .
***E quals a .0 0 1 l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e .

C o n tin g en cy
C o e ffic ie n t

163
h a v e s p e n t l e s s t h a n a y e a r p l a n n i n g f o r t h e i r m o v e.
A n o th er d i f f e r e n c e b etw e en th e tw o g r o u p s i s
m i g r a n t s a r e m ore l i k e l y

th a t s o c ia l

t o h a v e m oved f r o m c o m m u n i t i e s i n

M i c h i g a n t h a t a r e f a r t h e r t h a n 1 0 0 m i l e s fr o m C l a r e C o u n ty
and fro m co m m u n itie s l o c a t e d o u t s i d e

o f M ic h ig a n .

F in a lly ,

T a b le 1+8 s h o w s t h a t s o c i a l m i g r a n t s a r e more l i k e l y
r e c e n t m overs t o C la r e C oun ty.

t o be

These f i n d i n g s s u g g e s t t h a t

i n d i v i d u a l s p r e f e r t o h a v e v a c a t i o n h om es w i t h i n 1 0 0 m i l e s
o f t h e ir r e sid e n c e .

A lso ,

if

th e m ig r a n t d o e s n o t a lr e a d y

own a v a c a t i o n home i n C l a r e C o u n t y ,
i s m ost a v a i l a b l e
co u n try a r e a s .
th e

it

a p p ea rs t h a t h o u sin g

i n t h e tow n s a s o p p o se d t o t h e o p e n -

The t e n d e n c y o f r e c e n t m i g r a n t s t o h a v e l e f t

o r i g i n co m m u n ity f o r s o c i a l r e a s o n s an d o f e a r l i e r m i­

g r a n ts t o have
e s tin g

l e f t f o r n o n so c ia l rea so n s r a is e s

q u e s tio n s ab out th e n a tu re o f fu tu r e

g r a t i o n by M ic h ig a n e l d e r l y .

i n t r a s t a t e m i­

To w h a t e x t e n t w i l l f u t u r e

m ig r a n t s be f o l l o w i n g t h e i r f r i e n d s and s i b l i n g s
areas?

W ill th e se

som e i n t e r ­

to th e r u r a l

r u r a l a r e a s t a k e on t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

o f p erm anent r e t i r e m e n t c o m m u n itie s?
The i n f o r m a t i o n o n m i g r a t i o n d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g
49 p r o v id e s a d d it io n a l in s ig h t
t h e tw o s a m p l e s .

s o c i a l m ig r a n ts a r e

s o c i a l n etw ork r e a s o n s f o r c h o o s in g

C la r e C ou n ty a s t h e d e s t i n a t i o n
of sig n ific a n c e ).

in t o th e d i f f e r e n c e s b etw een

A s m ig h t be e x p e c t e d ,

much m ore l i k e l y t o g i v e

i n T a b le

(C = . 3 3 w i t h a . 0 0 1 l e v e l

The o t h e r v a r i a b l e s i g n i f i c a n t l y a s s o c i ­

a t e d w it h a m ig r a n t t y p e

i s th e g iv in g

o f s o c i a l n etw ork s

164
a s one f e a t u r e

t h e r e s p o n d e n t l i k e s a b o u t C l a r e C o u n ty

(C = . 1 6 w i t h a . 0 5

le v e l of sig n ific a n c e ).

m i g r a n t s a r e m ore l i k e l y
to have sta y e d

in th e

H ow ever, s o c i a l

t o e x p r e s s a r e a s o n t h e y w o u ld l i k e

o r i g i n c o m m u n it y .

The p r o p o r t i o n o f

s o c i a l t o n o n s o c ia l m ig r a n ts f o r o t h e r r e a so n s f o r c h o o sin g
C la r e C ou n ty p r e s e n t e d

i n T a b le 4 9 a r e

w o u ld e x p e c t g i v e n t h e

c o m p o s itio n o f th e sa m p le.

s o c i a l m ig r a n ts te n d t o g iv e

i n t h e d i r e c t i o n one
A lso ,

s o c i a l e n v ir o n m e n t a s a l i k e

( 4 6 . 0^ v e r s u s 4 0 . 0 fi) t o a g r e a t e r e x t e n t t h a n d o o t h e r m i­
g ra n ts.

It

is

in te r e stin g

to

ob serve

i n T a b le 4 9 t h a t

s o c i a l m ig r a n ts m a n if e s t g r e a t e r d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n
v e r s u s 4 6 . 9^ ) th a n o t h e r s
group have d e f i n i t e

(53*6^

i n t h e s e n s e t h a t m ore o f t h i s

d i s l i k e s a b o u t C la r e C ou n ty.

S o c ia l

m i g r a n t s h a v e a g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e i r s a m p le e x ­
p r e s s in g each ty p e o f d i s l i k e

m e n tio n e d .

Only one o f th e v a r ia b le s p e r ta in in g t o k in sh ip i s
s i g n i f i c a n t l y a s s o c ia t e d w ith th e ty p e o f m igran t.

A con­

tin g e n c y c o e f f i c i e n t o f .27 w ith a l e v e l o f s ig n if ic a n c e o f
.0 1 i s found when th e two m igrant groups are compared f o r
t h e i r h ig h e s t v i s i t i n g freq u en cy w ith any one c h ild .

S o c ia l

m igran ts are more l i k e l y t o have h ig h fr e q u e n c ie s a t the
l e s s than m onthly (43*9?^ v ersu s 2 2 •&%) as w e l l as a t th e
w eekly or more l e v e l s ( 3 6 . 6$ v ersu s 30.1?£) o f v i s i t i n g .
N o n so c ia l m igran ts are co n cen tra ted a t the m onthly v i s i t i n g
freq u en cy l e v e l .

By lo o k in g a t th e d ir e c t io n o f o th e r r e ­

la t io n s h ip s in v o lv in g k in sh ip v a r ia b le s , we w i l l tr y to
b e t t e r in te r p r e t t h i s f in d in g .

165
T hough t h e r e

is

no d i f T e r e n c e

e i t h e r s a m p le t o h a v e a c h i l d

in th e

s till

lik e lih o o d

liv in g

of

in th e o r i g in

c o m m u n it y , T a b le 5 0 s h o w s t h a t s o c i a l m i g r a n t s a r e s l i g h t l y
le s s

l i k e l y t o have s i b l i n g s

no d i f f e r e n c e

liv in g

th ere.

b etw een th e m ig r a n t t y p e s

s ib lin g s th ey have.

But t h e r e

in th e

num ber o f

The p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e tw o t y p e s d o e s

v a r y w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r num ber o f c h i l d r e n .
g r a n t s a r e m ore l i k e l y t o h a v e o n e c h i l d

18.47&) a n d l e s s l i k e l y
th ree c h ild r e n .

is

S o c i a l m i­

( 3 4 * 97^ v e r s u s

(37*276 v e r s u s 5 5 * 3 7 0 t o h a v e tw o o r

A c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e num ber o f p l a c e s w h e r e

m ig r a n ts have c h ild r e n
o n num ber o f c h i l d r e n .

liv in g

is

c o n s is t e n t w ith th e f in d in g

S o c i a l m ig r a n ts have a g r e a t e r p ro ­

p o r tio n o f t h e ir c h ild r e n

liv in g

in one p la c e

( 36.676 v e r s u s

26.976) a n d i n t h r e e o r m ore p l a c e s (39*076 v e r s u s 25.676).
A l s o , m ore o f t h e s o c i a l m i g r a n t s a m p l e

( 7 4 *47^ v e r s u s 6 6 . 37°)

e x p r e s s s a t i s f a c t i o n w it h t h e tim e t h a t t h e y sp en d w it h
t h e ir fa m ily .

A lo o k a t o th e r in t e r a c t io n v a r ia b le s in Table 5 1
in d ic a t e s t h a t s o c i a l m igran ts have more in d iv id u a ls w ith
low mean v i s i t i n g fr e q u e n c ie s (45*076 versu s 26.276) f o r
c h ild r e n , w h ile th e n o n s o c ia l group has most o f i t s members
in th e medium (m onthly) freq u en cy ( 5 1 *37^ v ersu s 3 2 . 5 7 0 *
S o c ia l m igran ts are l e s s l i k e l y (36.876 versu s 4 6 . I 7O to
have ex p erien ced a d e c r e a se in t h e i r v i s i t i n g freq u en cy
w ith c h ild r e n and more l i k e l y (42.17& v ersu s 30.876) t o have
no change in th e v i s i t i n g freq u en cy .

There i s a s iz a b le

d if f e r e n c e between th e two sam ples in t h e i r p ro p o rtio n s

166

TABLE 5 0 .

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e K in s h ip N etw ork s o f
S o c i a l and N o n s o c i a l M ig r a n t s .

P e r c e n t a g e o f E a ch
M ig r a n t Type
V a r ia b le
C h ild r e n
At O r ig in

S o c ia l

(N )

N o n so c ia l

8 1 .1

(9 7 )

(9 7 )
.2 0

3 4 .9
3 7 .2

1 8 .4
55-3
(7 6 )

(4 3 )
Number o f
S ib lin g s
Number o f P l a c e s
Where C h i l d r e n
L iv e
One
F o u r o r More

.0 5

.2 2
2 6 .9
2 5 .6

3 6 .6
3 9 .0

(7 6 )

(4 1 )

to
O

6 6 .3

7 4 .1
(5 4 )

•

F a m i ly Time
S a tis fa c tio n

.0 8

74* 4
(5 3 )

Number o f C h i l d r e n
One
Two t o t h r e e

C o n tin g e n c y
C o e ffic ie n t
.0 1

4 5 .4

45*3
(5 3 )

No S i b l i n g s
At O r ig in

(N )

(9 2 )

167
TABLE 51*

K i n s h i p I n t e r a c t i o n w i t h C h i l d r e n an d
S i b l i n g s f o r E a c h M i g r a n t T y p e.

P e r c e n t a g e o f E ach
M ig r a n t Type
V a r ia b le

S o c ia l

(N )

N o n so c ia l

(N )

C h ild r e n
Mean V i s i t i n g
F requency

Low
Medium
Mean V i s i t i n g
R a tio
L ess
Same

45*0
3 2 .5

(4 0 )

2 8 .2
5 1-3

.1 9
(78)
.1 1

3 6 .8
4 2 .1

4 6 .1
3 0 .8
(3 6 )

(7 6 )

H ig h e st V i s i t i n g
Frequency

.2 7 * *

S ib lin g s
Mean V i s i t i n g
Frequency

Low

H ig h

.2 0
7 2 .6
8 .2

57*5
22. 5
(40)

Mean V i s i t i n g
R a tio
L ess
More

(73)
.0 7
1 7 .6
2 3 .0

2 2 .5
25*0
(4 0 )

(7 4 )

Hi g h e s t V i s i t i n g
Freauency

Low
H igh

.1 8
5 2 .4
2 6 .2

7 0 .7
1 4 .7
(42)

* * E q u a ls a .0 5

C o n tin g e n c y
C o eff ic ie n t

le v e l o f sig n ific a n c e .

(75)

168
w ith

lo w a n d h i g h mean v i s i t i n g f r e q u e n c i e s w i t h s i b l i n g s .

S o c i a l m ig r a n ts h ave fe w e r p e r s o n s
w ith

le s s

th a n m o n th ly v i s i t i n g

(57*5$ v ersu s 7 2 .6 $ )

a v e r a g e s , b u t m ore p e r s o n s

( 2 2 .5 $ v e r s u s 8 .2 $ ) w ith w e e k ly v i s i t i n g
r a t io s f o r s ib lin g s are d is tr ib u te d
grou p s w ith

averages.

V isitin g

q u it e s i m i l a r l y f o r b o th

5 2 . 5 $ o f t h e s o c i a l m ig r a n t s and 5 9 * 5 $ o f t h e

o t h e r s e x p e r i e n c i n g no c h a n g e i n t h e i r a v e r a g e v i s i t i n g f r e ­
q u e n c ie s.

L o o k in g a t t h e h i g h e s t v i s i t i n g

an y one s i b l i n g ,
lik e ly

fr e q u e n c y w ith

we s e e t h a t t h e s o c i a l m i g r a n t s a r e

le ss

( 5 2 . 4 $ v e r s u s 7 0 . 7 $ ) t o h a v e lo w f r e q u e n c i e s an d

more l i k e l y

( 2 6 . 2$ v e r s u s 1 4 * 7 $ ) t o h a v e h i g h f r e q u e n c i e s .

Summary
O v e r a l l , s o c i a l m i g r a n t s d o a p p e a r t o h a v e m ore
c o n ta c t w ith k in , e s p e c i a l l y s i b l i n g s ,
s o c i a l group.

th a n d o e s t h e non­

A num ber o f f a c t o r s s u p p o r t t h i s

c o n c lu sio n

and s u g g e s t t h a t t h i s g r o u p t a k e s k i n s h i p f a c t o r s
a ccou n t t o a g r e a te r e x te n t th an does th e
F ew er s o c i a l m i g r a n t s h a v e s i b l i n g s
c o m m u n ity .

S in c e

an d we h a v e sh ow n

in to

n o n s o c ia l group.

liv in g

in th e o r ig in

many s o c i a l m i g r a n t s h a v e o n l y o n e
t h a t o n ly c h ild r e n a re n o t

c h ild

lo c a te d in

p l a c e s c l o s e e n o u g h t o C l a r e C o u n ty t o p e r m i t i n t e n s i v e
i n t e r a c t i o n , we a r e n o t s u r p r i s e d t o f i n d t h a t t h i s g r o u p
h a s a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n who s e e a n y o n e c h i l d

on l e s s th a n

a m o n th ly b a s i s .

t o h a v e lo w e r

m ean v i s i t i n g

The t e n d e n c y o f t h i s g r o u p

f r e q u e n c ie s w ith c h ild r e n th a n fo u n d in th e

n o n s o c ia l group i s

in p a rt a r e f l e c t i o n

o f th e o n ly c h ild

phenom en a and i n p a r t d u e t o t h e g r e a t e r d i s p e r s i o n o f

169

c h i l d r e n f o r t h o s e w i t h more th a n one c h i l d .

The c h i l d r e n

o f n o n s o c i a l m ig r a n ts a r e more l i k e l y t o be c o n c e n t r a t e d in
few er p la c e s .

P erhap s t h e g r e a t e r s a t i s f a c t i o n e x p r e s s e d

by s o c i a l m ig r a n ts w it h t h e i r tim e s p e n t w i t h f a m i l y i s
more a r e f l e c t i o n o f t h e i r lo w er i n c i d e n c e o f p e r s o n s who
e x p e r i e n c e d a d e c r e a s e i n t h e i r v i s i t i n g fr e q u e n c y w i t h
c h ild r e n .

A l s o , th ou gh b o th g r o u p s show c o n s i s t e n c y i n

t h e i r v i s i t i n g p a t t e r n s w i t h s i b l i n g s b e f o r e and a f t e r t h e
move, s o c i a l m ig r a n ts h ave h i g h e r v i s i t i n g f r e q u e n c i e s .
For s o c i a l m i g r a n t s , i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h s i b l i n g s seem t o
e i t h e r r e i n f o r c e o r su p p lem en t i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h c h i l d r e n .
O ther m ig r a n ts a p p e a r t o be p e r s o n s who have c h o s e n non­
k i n s h i p f a c t o r s o v e r k i n s h i p o n e s i n making t h e i r d e c i s i o n
to m ig r a te .

Based upon t h e d a ta f o r s i b l i n g s , we a l s o s u s ­

p e c t t h a t t h e y had l e s s o v e r a l l in v o lv e m e n t i n k i n s h i p
n etw o rk s when l i v i n g a t t h e o r i g i n com munity.
The f i n d i n g s g i v e s u p p o r t t o t h e r a t i o n a l e u se d f o r
d i v i d i n g t h e sam p le i n t o t h e two g r o u p s , s o c i a l (m ig r a n t s
g i v i n g f a m i l y , f r i e n d s , o r s o c i a l e n v ir o n m e n t a s r e a s o n s
f o r l e a v i n g ) and n o n s o c i a l (m ig r a n ts n o t g i v i n g t h e s e r e a ­
so n s).

We i n f e r from t h e f i n d i n g s t h a t p e r s o n s who g i v e

s o c i a l r e a s o n s f o r l e a v i n g a r e r e s p o n d in g t o i n a d e q u a c i e s
i n t h e i r s o c i a l n etw o r k s and im m ediate s o c i a l e n v ir o n m e n t.
I n t h e o r i g i n com m unity, t h e y e x p e r ie n c e a d e f i c i e n c y in
o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r m e a n in g fu l i n t e r p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s
w h e th e r p rim ary o r s e c o n d a r y .

A lth o u g h s o c i a l m ig r a n t s

a r e more l i k e l y t o have c h o s e n t h e i r d e s t i n a t i o n on t h e

170
b a s i s o f t h e sam e r e a s o n s t h e y g i v e f o r

le a v in g th e o r ig in ,

o th er c o n sid e r a tio n s are a ls o p r e se n t.

We c a n b e s t c h a r ­

a c te r iz e

s o c i a l m ig r a n ts a s

i n d i v i d u a l s who a r e p u s h e d f r o m

t h e o r i g i n c o m m u n ity d u e t o s o c i a l n e t w o r k d e f i c i e n c i e s .
T here i s
tio n

a lso

th a t

in d ic a t io n th a t th e y have ch osen a d e s t in a ­

im p r o v e s t h e i r

s o c i a l n etw ork e le m e n t s .

in te r a c tio n

The g r e a t e r f r e q u e n c y o f d i s ­

l i k e s among s o c i a l m i g r a n t s s e e m t o
fa ilu r e

o f t h e new c o m m u n ity t o

w h ic h w ere d i s s a t i s f y i n g

l e v e l s w ith t h e i r

in th e

in te r p r e ta t io n o f th e d i s l i k e s

be i n d i c a t i v e

o f th e

im p r o v e t h e c o n d i t i o n s
o r ig in

c o m m u n ity .

A n oth er

e x p r e s s e d by t h i s g ro u p i s

th a t th ey tra d ed o f f c e r t a in a d van ta ges or s a t i s f a c t i o n s
en jo yed

i n t h e o r i g i n co m m u n ity f o r t h e

t h e i r s o c i a l n etw o rk s.

im p r o v e m e n t o f

T h i s p o s s i b i l i t y may b e r e f l e c t e d

i n t h e g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n o f s o c i a l m i g r a n t s who g i v e
s o n s t h e y may h a v e

lik e d t o have sta y e d

rea­

in th e o r ig in

c o m m u n ity .
We a l s o
to

s u s p e c t t h a t s o c i a l m i g r a n t s may b e m ore l i k e l y

r e p r e s e n t t h e p h en o m en o n o f c h a i n m i g r a t i o n .

Remember

t h a t t h e m od al a g e o f a l l i n - m i g r a n t s t o C la r e C oun ty i s
fifty -fiv e ,
th e

w h i l e s o c i a l m i g r a n t s a r e m ore c o n c e n t r a t e d

over se v e n ty age grou p .

It

is

p o ssib le

th a t th e

s o c i a l m i g r a n t g r o u p i n c l u d e s many p e r s o n s m o v in g t o
t h e i r m id d le -a g e d c h i l d r e n ,

o ld e r
jo in

o r p e r h a p s ■ t h e i r s i b l i n g s who

h a v e a l r e a d y m oved t o C l a r e C o u n t y .
in c r e a s e d

in

S o c i a l m ig r a n ts have

in p r o p o r t io n t o a l l e l d e r l y m ig r a n ts

in r e c e n t

y e a r s f r o m 2 8 . 1 $ o f a l l m i g r a n t s a r r i v i n g b e t w e e n 1 9 6 5 an d

171
I 9 6 6 t o 4 6 . Ofo o f t h o s e a r r i v i n g fr o m 19&9 t o
fig u r e s

s u g g e s t t h a t c h a in m ig r a tio n i s

1972.

T hese

r e p l a c i n g ow ner­

s h i p o f v a c a t i o n h om es a s t h e m a in r e a s o n f o r e l d e r l y
s e le c tin g

C la r e C ou n ty a s t h e i r d e s t i n a t i o n .

c h a n g e may r e f l e c t t h e
a b le

in th e a rea a s th e

in c r e a sin g s c a r c it y

In p a r t,

th is

o f h o u sin g a v a i l ­

p o p u la tio n in c r e a s e s .

E l d e r l y who

have c o n ta c ts

i n t h e c o u n t y may a c q u i r e a n a d v a n t a g e o v e r

o th er e ld e r ly

in th e c o m p e titio n f o r h o u sin g .

A lso ,

sin c e

many o f t h e n o n s o c i a l m i g r a n t s a r e a t t r a c t e d t o C l a r e C o u n ty
fo r

its

crease

r e c r e a t i o n a l an d p h y s i c a l q u a l i t i e s ,

th e r a p id

in ­

i n p o p u l a t i o n t h e r e may be s e e n b y t h e s e e l d e r l y a s

d e t r a c t i n g from t h e r u r a l a p p e a l o f t h e a r e a .
C o n c lu sio n
C o n s id e r a tio n o f th e f in d in g s o f t h i s
c o n ju n c tio n w ith th o s e

o f p r e v io u s s t u d ie s

g ra n ts su p p o rts th e e a r lie r

stu d y in
o f e l d e r l y m i­

c o n te n tio n o f t h i s t h e s is

th a t

a m i d d l e —r a n g e t h e o r y t o e x p l a i n t h e m i g r a t i o n b e h a v i o r o f
one p o p u la t io n ,

th e e ld e r ly ,

c a n be j u s t i f i e d .

Such a

t h e o r y s h o u l d b e c a p a b l e o f h a n d l i n g t h e tw o b a s i c
id e n tifie d

by M o r r iso n

( 1 9 6 9 ):

q u e stio n s

1 ) who m o v es a n d who s t a y s ,

and 2 ) w hat d e t e r m in e s w here m overs g o ?

We h a v e d e a l t w i t h

t h e s e q u e s t i o n s a s tw o s u b p r o c e s s e s o f a d e c i s i o n p r o c e s s .
The m o v e r —s t a y e r d i m e n s i o n t a k e s
te r istic s
m u n ity ,

s itu a tio n

i n t h e o r i g i n com­

i n c l u d i n g t h e s o c i a l and m a t e r i a l c o n d i t i o n s

c o m m u n ity .
d e sir e

o f t h e a c t o r an d h i s

in to acco u n t th e ch a ra c­

to

D e c is io n s t o m ig r a te e x p r e s s e d
le a v e th e

o f th e

in term s o f a

o r i g i n co m m u n ity a r e s e e n a s c o n s e q u e n c e s

172

o f su ch a c t o r - s i t u a t i o n f a c t o r s .

The d e s t i n a t i o n s e l e c t i o n

d im e n s io n r e q u i r e s t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f a d d i t i o n a l v a r i a b l e s
t o be u n d e r s t o o d .

The m i g r a n t ' s p e r c e p t i o n o f t h e p o t e n ­

t i a l c o n s e q u e n c e s o f a move w i t h r e s p e c t t o h i s t o t a l s i t u a ­
t i o n as w e l l as th e s p e c i f i c d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n s
community a re o f im p o r ta n c e .

i n th e o r i g i n

We a r e n o t d i s m i s s i n g t h e i n ­

f l u e n c e o f e c o l o g i c a l c o n s t r a i n t s upon d e s t i n a t i o n d e c i s i o n s .
I n s t e a d , su ch c o n s t r a i n t s a r e c o n s i d e r e d i n t e r v e n i n g v a r i ­
a b l e s w h ich s e t p a r a m e te r s f o r t h e ra n g e o f a l t e r n a t i v e
d e s t i n a t i o n c h o i c e s a v a i l a b l e t o t h e p r o s p e c t i v e m ig r a n t.
A t h e o r e t i c a l m od el u t i l i z i n g t h i s p e r s p e c t i v e i s p r e s e n t e d
i n C h a p ter T h ree.

CHAPTER THREE
AN INTERPRETATION OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED IMPLICATIONS
A M odel F or E l d e r l y M ig r a t io n
In o r d e r t o u n d er sta n d b o th th e d e c i s i o n t o m ig r a te a s
w e ll as th e d e c is io n
h e lp fu l to

s e le c tin g

th e d e s t in a t io n ,

i n t e g r a t e t h e s o c i a l a c t i o n p e r s p e c t i v e w it h an

e c o lo g ic a l one.

A s o c i a l a c tio n p e r s p e c tiv e ta k e s

a c c o u n t t h e a c t o r an d t h e s i t u a t i o n
1 9 6 8 ; W a isa n en ,
tu a liz e s

i t may be

1 9 6 8 ).

(S ta rtu p ,

in to

1 9 7 1 ; M a n galam ,

We w a n t t o c o n s i d e r how one c o n c e p ­

th e s it u a t io n .

What a r e t h e

p aram eters?

I t appears

t h a t t h o s e who u s e t h e s o c i a l a c t i o n f r a m e w o r k h a v e f o l ­
lo w e d t h e u s u a l p r a c t i c e

in m i g r a t i o n w ork and h ave f o c u s e d

a t t e n t i o n u p o n t h e c o m m u n ity o f o r i g i n an d o f d e s t i n a t i o n .
T h e s e c o m m u n i t i e s a r e v i e w e d a s s o c i a l s y s t e m s an d t h e
a c to r 's s itu a tio n

is

d e fin e d

S o c i a l s y s t e m and g e o g r a p h ic
e n tity .

i n t e r m s o f t h e s e tw o s y s t e m s .
p l a c e a r e c o n s i d e r e d t h e sam e

C o n se q u e n tly , e x p la n a t io n f o r m ig r a tio n d e c i s i o n s

and d e s t i n a t i o n s e l e c t i o n

are sou ght

in term s o f th e a c t o r ' s

r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e s o c i a l s y s t e m s o f t h e o r i g i n an d t h e
d e stin a tio n .

We c o n t e n d t h a t

it

is

u s e f u l t o se p a r a te th e

a c t o r - r e l e v a n t s o c i a l s y s te m from t h e g e o g r a p h ic p l a c e .
T h is s e p a r a t i o n

is

p r e m ise d upon t h e e x p a n s io n o f t h e

c e p t o f " th e s i t u a t i o n " t o

con­

in c lu d e e le m e n ts o f th e a c t o r ' s

s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s n o t c o n ta in e d w it h in th e b o u n d a r ie s
o f e it h e r th e

o r ig in or th e d e s t in a t io n
173

c o m m u n ity .

174
Our p e r s p e c t i v e r e c o g n i z e s t h a t a c t o r s b e l o n g t o a
s o c i a l , n etw ork o f r e l a t i o n s h i p s t h a t e x te n d beyond e i t h e r
c o m m u n ity .

In th e case

o f o l d e r p e r s o n s , c h i l d r e n an d

s i b l i n g s may n o t b e l o c a t e d

i n e i t h e r c o m m u n ity , b u t s t i l l

ca n be t h e m ost im p o r ta n t s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s f o r th e a c t o r .
The s i t u a t i o n
life -s p a c e

o f th e a c t o r can th e n be e q u a te d t o h i s t o t a l

com posed o f h i s s o c i a l n etw o r k and t h e p l a c e

r e s i d e n c e , w h ich i s

c h a r a c t e r iz e d a s t h e en v ir o n m e n t.

of
Our

c o n c e p t o f e n v i r o n m e n t h a s tw o d i m e n s i o n s , t h e h a b i t a t and
th e s o c i a l sy stem .

The h a b i t a t ,

is

th e m a te r ia l c o n d itio n s

o f t h e a c t o r ' s e n v i r o n m e n t an d t h e s o c i a l s y s t e m v i e w e d a s
th e s o c i a l en v ir o n m e n t.

The m o d e l we a r e s u g g e s t i n g h a s t h e

fo llo w in g fo u r b a s ic ele m e n ts:

1 ) th e a c to r ,

2 ) th e s o c ia l

n etw ork o f th e a c t o r ,

3 ) th e s o c i a l e n v ir o n m e n t, and 4 ) th e

m a t e r i a l e n v ir o n m e n t.

T o g eth er t h e s e fo u r e le m e n ts r e p r e ­

s e n t a sy ste m o f a c t io n such t h a t th e a l t e r i n g
o f th e elem en ts has th e

p o te n tia l o f a lte r in g

s h ip s o f a l l th e e le m e n ts.
tu te th e a c t o r 's

o f a n y on e
th e r e l a t i o n ­

The l a s t t h r e e e l e m e n t s c o n s t i ­

life -s p a c e .

W ith in t h e c o n t e x t s t a t e d , m ig r a t io n ca n be v ie w e d a s
one p o s s i b l e r e s p o n s e by an a c t o r t o ch a n g es
o f a c tio n .

We p e r c e i v e m i g r a t i o n t o b e a w ay i n w h i c h t h e

a c to r i s a b le t o
a c tio n .

system .

r e d e fin e h is

The c o n c e p t o f n i c h e

f e r s to th e

in h is sy stem

n ic h e w it h in th e sy ste m o f
is

t a k e n fr o m e c o l o g y a n d r e ­

lo c a t io n o f a s p e c ie s w it h in an e c o l o g i c a l

The n i c h e o f a s p e c i e s

is th a t

l o c a t i o n w h ich o f ­

f e r s th e b e s t o p p o r tu n ity f o r th e s u r v iv a l o f th e s p e c ie s ,

175
g iv e n th e c o n s t r a in t s

im p o s e d b y o t h e r c o m p e t i n g s p e c i e s .

We a r e n o t s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e a c t o r ’s n i c h e b e d e f i n e d
such D a r w in istic term s, but in s te a d th a t

it

be t h o u g h t o f

in term s o f a l o c a t i o n t h a t a c h i e v e s th e b e s t f i t
a c t o r w ith reg a rd t o h i s
so n a l n eed s.

life -s p a c e

The s e l e c t i o n

h a b ita t.

o f a n ic h e th e r e b y in c o r p o r a te s

t e r m s o f t h e s o c i a l e n v i r o n m e n t an d t h e
to

is

d e fin e d

in

lo c a tio n o f th e

th e s o c i a l n etw ork o f t h e a c t o r .

F ig u r e s 4 and 5 ,
to

A n ic h e h as a

d e f in e d by t h e boundary o f th e

The s o c i a l d i m e n s i o n o f a n i c h e

n ic h e r e l a t i v e

f o r th e

e l e m e n t s an d h i s p e r ­

t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l m e c h a n is m o f s a t i s f i c i n g .
s p a t i a l d i m e n s i o n w h ic h i s

in

illu str a te

t h e a c t o r ’s n i c h e .

som e r e l a t i o n s h i p s r e l e v a n t

I n F i g u r e 4* we s e e a s i t u a t i o n

in

w h ic h a l m o s t a l l o f t h e a c t o r ’s s o c i a l n e t w o r k l i e s

o u tsid e

o f th e h a b ita t.

If

The o p p o s i t e

a s s u m e s , a s we d o ,
s io n s,

th a t

is

tru e

i n F i g u r e 5*

v o l u n t a r y m i g r a n t s m u st make d e c i ­

t h e n what a r e t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s t h a t t h e y t a k e

acco u n t?

We a r e s u g g e s t i n g t h a t s u c h d e c i s i o n s

u n d ersto o d a s e v a lu a t io n s o f th e r e l a t i v e
n ic h e p r o p e r t ie s
e r tie s

one

o f v a r io u s lo c a t io n s .

in to

can b e s t be

s u ita b ility

o f th e

These n ic h e prop ­

in c lu d e n o t o n ly th e s i t e - s p e c i f i c

c h a r a c te r is tic s

o f th e s o c i a l and m a t e r i a l e n v ir o n m e n t, b u t a l s o

th e p o -

s o t i o n o f t h e n i c h e v i s —a —v i s t h e a c t o r ’s s o c i a l n e t w o r k .
S t a r t u p ’s t y p o l o g y o f m i g r a t i o n d e c i s i o n s
becau se

it

is u sefu l

e m p h a s i z e s t h a t c h a n g e s i n t h e a c t o r ’s e v a l u a ­

t i o n o f t h e o r i g i n co m m u n ity ( i . e . h i s n i c h e ) may b e t h e
c o n s e q u e n c e o f m a t e r i a l o r s o c i a l c h a n g e s i n t h e c o m m u n ity ,

176

HABITAT

S ib lin g
C h ild

A ctor

C h ild

C h ild
S ib lin g

FIGURE 4 .

H ig h I n c o n g r u e n c y B e t w e e n N ic h e a n d S o c i a l
N etw ork .

S ib lin g

HABITAT

C h ild

C h ild

A cto r

S ib lin g

FIGURE 5 .

C h ild

H ig h C o n g r u e n c y B e tw e e n N i c h e a n d
S o c i a l N etvrork.

173
in th e p o s it io n

o f t h e a c t o r i n t h e c o m m u n ity ,

or or th e

v a l u e s o f t h e a c t o r w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e c o m m u n ity .
ever,

he f a i l s

How­

t o c o n s i d e r c h a n g e s t h a t may o c c u r o u t s i d e

o f t h e co m m u n ity b u t w h i c h may b e a c t o r - r e l e v a n t .
a m p le ,

if

th e o n ly c h ild

o f an e l d e r l y p e r so n once l i v e d

50 m i l e s from t h e a c t o r ,

b u t t h e n m oves t o a n o t h e r s t a t e ,

t h e a c t o r may b eco m e d i s s a t i s f i e d
t i o n and s e e k t o

For ex ­

w ith th e p r e s e n t

lo c a ­

r e l o c a t e h i m s e l f i n a co m m u n ity t h a t e n ­

a b l e s h im t o r e s t o r e t h e p r e v i o u s r e l a t i o n s h i p
ta in e d w ith th e c h ild .

t h a t w a s m a in ­

Much w i l l d e p e n d on t h e

a c t o r p l a c e s upon t h a t r e l a t i o n s h i p

r e la tiv e

v a lu e th e

t o th e

p la c e d upon o t h e r f e a t u r e s o f h i s p r e s e n t n i c h e .
th e a c to r s p e r c e p tio n o f th e c h a r a c t e r is t ic s
n a tiv e n ic h e s are

v a lu e

A lso ,

o f th e a l t e r ­

i m p o r t a n t t o a d e c i s i o n t o m o v e.

T a b le 5 2 o f f e r s s i x h y p o t h e t i c a l c a s e s b a s e d u p o n t h e
e x a m p le ,

and s u g g e s t s w h a t t h e d e c i s i o n

I n a l l c a s e s th e a ssu m p tio n i s
th e system o f a c t io n
is

(i.e.

th a t th e

i n e a c h c a s e may b e .
o r i g i n a l change in

t h e m o v in g aw ay o f t h e o n l y c h i l d )

p e r c e i v e d by t h e a c t o r a s an u n f a v o r a b le

one.

That i s ,

t h e move d e c r e a s e s t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n

o f th e a c t o r w ith h is

p r e se n t n ic h e .

in th e a c to r s

G iv e n t h i s d e c r e a s e

o f th e p r e se n t n ic h e ,
h is

th e

lik e lih o o d

v a lu a tio n

o f th e a c t o r c h a n g in g

n i c h e v a r i e s w i t h t h e s a l i e n c y o f t h e c h a n g e an d t h e

c o n s e q u e n c e s t h a t r e l o c a t i o n w o u ld h a v e u p o n t h e o t h e r e l e ­
m en ts o f t h e s y s t e m ,
m en t.

The t a b l e

t h e a c t o r ' s s o c i a l and m a t e r i a l e n v ir o n ­

s u g g e s t s t h a t w h en t h e k i n n e t w o r k e l e m e n t

i s h i g h l y v a l u e d an d t h e a l t e r n a t i v e e n v i r o n m e n t i s

seen

179
TABLE 5 2 .
H y p o t h e s i z e d E f f e c t s o f t h e V a l u a t i o n o f a K in
N e t w o r k , an d o f t h e C o m p a r is o n o f D e s t i n a t i o n t o O r i g i n .

V a lu e G iv e n
K in N e tw o r k
H ig h
Low
H ig h
Low
H ig h
Low

D e stin a tio n :
O r i g i n C o m p a r is o n

E x p ected
D e c isio n

V ery F a v o r a b le
V ery F a v o r a b le
E q u iv a le n t
E q u iv a le n t
V ery U n fa v o r a b le
V ery U n fa v o r a b le

M ig ra te
M ig ra te
M ig ra te
U n c e r ta in
U n c e r ta in
S ta y

a s su p e r io r or eq u a l to th e p resen t on e,
ch oose to r e lo c a t e .
v a lu e d h i g h l y ,
su p e r io r ,

I f th e k in n etw ork e le m e n t i s

is

w i l l be c h o s e n .

s t i l l a good p o s s i b i l i t y th a t r e lo c a t io n

A lo w v a l u a t i o n o f t h e k i n n e t w o r k e l e m e n t

an d a n i n f e r i o r a l t e r n a t i v e
m o b i l i t y by t h e a c t o r .

e n v ir o n m e n t s h o u ld

F in a lly ,

w h ich t h e k in n etw o r k e le m e n t

m en t,

not

b u t th e a l t e r n a t i v e e n v ir o n m e n t i s s e e n a s

th ere

a lte r n a tiv e

th e a c t o r sh o u ld

e n v ir o n m e n t i s

is

th e r e are th e

le a d t o
cases

im­

in

n o t h i g h l y v a l u e d an d t h e

c o m p a r a b le t o t h e p r e s e n t e n v i r o n ­

o r i n w h ich t h e k in n e tw o r k e le m e n t i s h i g h l y v a lu e d

b ut th e a lt e r n a t iv e
se n t one.

The f i r s t

tio n to sta y ,

e n v ir o n m e n t i s
s itu a tio n

very in f e r io r to th e p re­

sh o u ld produce an i n c l i n a ­

and t h e s e c o n d , an i n c l i n a t i o n t o m ove, b u t

b o th s i t u a t i o n s s h o u ld le a d t o a m b iv a le n t a t t i t u d e s by a c t o r s .
The a b o v e
e x p e r ie n c e .

is

j u s t o n e t y p e o f c h a n g e t h a t a c t o r s may

Any o f t h e e l e m e n t s i n t h e m o d e l c o u l d b e t h e

a v en u e th r o u g h w h ich ch an ge

is

in tr o d u c e d .

We m u st a l s o

s t r e s s t h a t m ig r a t io n r e p r e s e n t s one s t r a t e g y f o r c o p in g

iso
w ith such ch a n g es.

S t a y e r s c a n b e e i t h e r a c t o r s who h a v e

n o t e x p e r ie n c e d su ch c h a n g es,

o r t h o s e who h a v e a d a p t e d t o

th e change in a d i f f e r e n t way.
in c lu d e th e

r e o r d e r in g o f th e

t o make th e m f i t

O th er p o s s i b l e

con sequ en ces

v a lu e s g iv e n t o th e e le m e n ts

t h e new s i t u a t i o n ,

th e e x p e r ie n c in g

s t r a i n an d o t h e r n e g a t i v e p s y c h o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s ,
c h a n g in g o f b e h a v io r t o r e s t o r e
approaches th e

an d t h e

th e elem en ts t o a s t a t e

o r ig in a l s itu a tio n .

th r e e a l t e r n a t i v e s t o m ig r a tio n

of

th a t

Some e x a m p l e s o f t h e s e

in c lu d e :

1.

The c a s e o f t h e e l d e r l y p e r s o n who e x p e r i e n c e s
th e l o s s o f h i s c l o s e f r ie n d s th rou gh d ea th
o r t h e i r m o v in g aw ay a n d d e p e n d s m ore on h i s
f a m i l y f o r p rim a ry r e l a t i o n s .

2.

The c a s e o f t h e e l d e r l y p e r s o n who l i v e s i n
a n e i g h b o r h o o d t h a t i s i n t r a n s i t i o n d ue t o
t h e ch a n g e i n t h e r a c i a l and s o c i o - e c o n o m i c
c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f th e p o p u la tio n , but does
n o t f e e l t h a t h e c a n a f f o r d t o move ( i . e . s e e s
no f e a s i b l e a l t e r n a t i v e t o h i s p r e s e n t l o c a t i o n ) .

3.

The c a s e o f t h e e l d e r l y p e r s o n vfh o s e c h i l d r e n
move t o s u b u r b i a , who a d a p t s b y i n c r e a s i n g
t e l e p h o n e c o n t a c t a n d v i s i t i n g on w e e k - e n d s o r
f o r m ore e x t e n d e d p e r i o d s .

The m o d e l p o i n t s o u t t h a t d e c i s i o n s t o move and t h e
se le c tio n

o f d e s t i n a t i o n s a r e c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e sam e g e n e r a l

p h e n o m e n a , t h e a c t o r ’s p e r c e p t i o n o f h i s s i t u a t i o n .
d e c isio n s

r e p r e s e n t m e c h a n is m s a v a i l a b l e

to th e a c to r fo r

r e d e f i n in g h i s n ic h e

in a system o f a c t io n .

tio n

o n e m ean s b y w h i c h t h e a c t o r c a n

o f th e n ic h e

is

a c h ie v e a b e t t e r f i t

b etw een h i s

These

T h is r e d e f i n i ­

v a l u e s an d h i s e x p e r i e n c e s .

The i m p o r t a n c e o f v a l u e s f o r t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e m i­
g r a t i o n p r o c e s s r e s u l t s fro m t h e

im p o r ta n ce t h a t t h e a c t o r

a tta c h e s t o th e d if f e r e n t e le m e n ts.

That i s ,

th e w e ig h t o f

181
a n y one e le m e n t i n a m ig r a t io n d e c i s i o n d ep en d s upon th e
sa lie n c y

o f t h a t ele m e n t f o r th e a c t o r .

u s t o u n d e r s t a n d why m i g r a n t s may g i v e
le a v in g ,

T h is n o t i o n h e l p s
one r e a s o n f o r

and a n o t h e r f o r c h o o s i n g a d e s t i n a t i o n .

For e x a m p le ,

tw o m i g r a n t s may b o t h e x p r e s s a d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h t h e
s o c i a l e n v i r o n m e n t o f t h e o r i g i n c o m m u n ity .

Y et t h e g o a l s

t h a t t h e y s e e k t o a c t u a l i z e may be q u i t e d i f f e r e n t ,

so th e

b a s i s upon w h ich t h e y s e l e c t t h e d e s t i n a t i o n w i l l be d i f f e r ­
en t.

One m i g r a n t may b e m o t i v a t e d b y a c o n s e r v a t i v e o r i e n ­

ta tio n .

C hanges i n th e

h im o u t and h e s e l e c t s

o r i g i n n e i g h b o r h o o d may h a v e

a d e stin a tio n th a t w i l l resto re to

h im a n e n v i r o n m e n t c o m p a r a b le t o t h e
change.
m en t t o

H is s e l e c t i o n
its

is

in h i s

one he had b e f o r e t h e

one t h a t r e s t o r e s t h e ch a n g ed e l e ­

p re v io u s s t a t e

o th e r elem en ts

and h a s t h e

life -s p a c e .

l e a s t e f f e c t upon t h e

A n o th er m ig r a n t a l s o e x ­

p e r ie n c e s th e ch an ged s o c i a l e n v ir o n m e n t,
i s m ore a s s e r t i v e .
r e tir e m e n t e t h ic .
ita t

The d i m i n i s h e d v a l u e o f t h e p r e s e n t h a b ­

p r o v i d e s a n o p p o r t u n i t y f o r h im t o

e le m e n ts,

in c r e a se th e

sa lie n c y

b y m o v in g t o a h a b i t a t m ore s u p p o r ­

o f t h e new l i f e - s t y l e .

sponded t o th e

but h is resp onse

Perhaps he has ad o p ted a l e i s u r e - o r i e n t e d

o f h is re tir e m e n t e t h ic
tiv e

" forced "

The l a t t e r m i g r a n t h a s r e ­

change by a r e o r d e r in g o f th e

v a lu e s o f th e

in s te a d o f s e e k in g t o r e s t o r e th e ele m e n ts to

t h e i r p r e —c h a n g e s t a t u s e s .
The e s s e n t i a l c o n c e p t t h a t h o l d s t o g e t h e r t h e m o d e l
we p r e s e n t i s
from t h i s

th e s y s te m ic n a tu re o f th e e le m e n ts .

It

s y s te m ic r e l a t i o n s h i p t h a t th e n ic h e d e r iv e s

is
its

182
im p o r ta n c e .

A n i c h e c a n b e more o r l e s s

su p p o r tiv e

in

m a in t a in in g t h e s y s t e m o f a c t i o n d e s i r e d by a g i v e n a c t o r .
We m u st c o n c l u d e f r o m o u r own s t u d y t h a t n i c h e s e l e c t i o n
u su a lly

in v o lv e s a p ro ce ss o f s a t i s f i c i n g

does th e

by th e a c t o r .

He

b e s t h e c a n , g i v e n h i s g o a l s an d t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s

a v a ila b le .

For th e e l d e r l y ,

th e s o c i a l n etw ork a p p e a r s t o

a l w a y s b e a s a l i e n t e l e m e n t , e s p e c i a l l y when t h a t n e t w o r k
in c lu d e s c h ild r e n .

For th o s e w ith o u t c h ild r e n ,

may a c h i e v e c o m p a r a b le i m p o r t a n c e .

sib lin g s

T h is g e n e r a l i z a t i o n

d o e s n o t m ean t h a t a c t o r s a l w a y s c h o o s e t o f o l l o w
c h ild r e n ,
What i t

o r th a t th ey n ev er ch oose t o

l e a v e th e m b e h i n d .

d o e s mean i s t h a t t h e s e l e c t i o n

w i l l u su a lly e ith e r
lin k a g e s or a t

o f th e d e s t in a t io n

l e a d t o a n im p r o v e m e n t o f t h e n e t w o r k

l e a s t n ot produce a w orse s i t u a t i o n .

A n o t uncommon e x a m p le f r o m t h e C l a r e s a m p le
th is

p o in t.

illu str a te s

C a se X i s a n o l d e r c o u p l e who h a s l i v e d

o r i g i n co m m u n ity f o r o v e r t h i r t y y e a r s .
tir e d .

th e ir

T h eir c h ild r e n

g i n c o m m u n ity .

liv e

in th e

The h u s b a n d i s

in M ic h ig a n , b u t n o t in th e o r i ­

The X fs a r e f e d up w i t h t r y i n g t o

cope w ith

t h e c h a n g e s b r o u g h t on b y t h e i r a d v a n c i n g a g e , t h e i r
in c o m e , a n d t h e d e c l i n e

o f th e n e ig h b o r h o o d .

lo w e r

T hey w a n t t o

f i n d a m ore a m e n a b le s o c i a l and m a t e r i a l e n v i r o n m e n t .
h ave no r e l a t i v e s r e s i d i n g
c o m m u n ity , t h e y

liv e d

in C la r e C ou n ty.

c l o s e enough t o

t o s e e h e r on t h e w e e k e n d s .

re­

In th e

They

o r ig in

on e o f t h e i r c h i l d r e n

T h ey s a w t h e o t h e r s o n h o l i d a y s

a n d o t h e r o c c a s s i o n s w h en t h e y m i g h t come f o r a v i s i t .
M ov in g t o C l a r e C o u n ty i s g o i n g t o p r e v e n t th em f r o m s e e i n g

183
t h e one d a u g h te r on t h e w e e k e n d s.
I s n ea rer t o th e

o t h e r tw o c h i l d r e n who t h e y now s e e

much m ore r e g u l a r b a s i s .

The d a u g h t e r l e f t

s e e n on h o l i d a y s an d e s p e c i a l l y
f a m i l y co m es t o

H ow ever, C la r e C ou n ty

v is it

r u r a l e n v ir o n m e n t.

on a

b e h in d i s

s till

i n t h e summer w h en e a c h

and t o e n j o y t h e a m e n i t i e s

o f th e

O c c a s s io n a lly , th e g r a n d c h ild r e n go

a n d v i s i t g r a n d p a a n d g ran d m a b y t h e m s e l v e s d u r i n g s c h o o l
v a c a tio n s.

Though X d i d n o t m i g r a t e s p e c i f i c a l l y

n earer to t h e ir c h ild r e n ,
a lo ss

t h e y d id n o t want t o e x p e r ie n c e

in t h e i r c o n ta c t w ith c h ild r e n ,

e ith e r .

A b a s ic h y p o th e s is o f t h i s m odel i s
u n l i k e l y t o change t h e i r
a l t e r s t h e ir n ic h e .
w ill to ta lly

It

lo c a tio n
is

d o m in a t e t h e

t o be

if

th a t a c to r s are

th e change r a d i c a l l y

u n l i k e l y t h a t any one e le m e n t
o th ers.

A cto rs a re n o t g o in g to

m a x im iz e s o c i a l n e t w o r k e l e m e n t s t o t h e e x c l u s i o n o f a l l
o t h e r v a lu e d e le m e n t s .
m en t d o e s t o t a l l y
b a sis

In extrem e c a s e s

i n w h ich one e l e ­

d o m in a t e an d t h e a c t o r r e l o c a t e s

o f t h i s e le m e n t,

d e s p ite th e n e g a tiv e

f o r o t h e r e l e m e n t s , we c a n e x p e c t t h a t h e i s
be s a t i s f i e d

w i t h t h e new c o m m u n ity , e i t h e r .

on t h e

con sequences
u n lik e ly to
Or a t

t h a t su ch m ig r a n ts w i l l have th e g r e a t e s t d i f f i c u l t y
a c h ie v in g a s a t is f y in g

le a st,
in

a d a p t a t i o n t o t h e i r new e n v i r o n m e n t .

I t w o u ld n o t b e t o o r e m o t e t o s u g g e s t t h a t t h i s

situ a tio n

r e p r e s e n t s t h e b o r d e r l i n e c a s e b e t w e e n w h a t we c a l l v o l u n ­
t a r y an d i n v o l u n t a r y m i g r a t i o n .

Such p e r s o n s a r e b e in g

p u sh ed from th e

o r i g i n c o m m u n ity a n d a r e p r o b a b l y u n p r e p a r e d

p sy c h o lo g ic a lly

or o th e r w ise t o

c o p e w i t h t h e new s i t u a t i o n .

184
We s e e t h i s

p r e lim in a r y m odel a s u s e f u l f o r d e a lin g

w it h s e v e r a l o f t h e m ajor q u e s t i o n s c o n f r o n t i n g a t h e o r y
o f m ig r a tio n .
a d a p tin g t o
a c tio n .

I t e x p l a i n s why p e o p l e m i g r a t e .

changes

T h ey a r e

in s a l i e n t elem en ts o f t h e i r sy stem o f

S t a y e r s a r e e x p l a i n e d a s a c t o r s who h a v e n o t

e x p e r i e n c e d c h a n g e s o r who h a v e a d a p t e d t o
ou t m ig r a tin g .

Second,

changes w ith ­

th e m odel r e c o g n iz e s t h a t e l e ­

m en ts m ost s a l i e n t f o r t h e d e c i s i o n t o m ig r a t e a r e n o t
n e c e s s a r i l y m ost s a l i e n t f o r d e c i s i o n s a b o u t d e s t i n a t i o n
s e le c tio n .

Y et b o th d e c i s i o n s a d d r e s s t h e m s e lv e s t o t h e

sam e c o n s i d e r a t i o n ,

th e

im p r o v e m e n t o f t h e a c t o r ' s

n ic h e .

T h ir d , th o u g h t h e m o d el c a n n o t p r e d ic t t h e e x a c t d e s t i n a ­
t i o n t h a t w i l l be s e l e c t e d ,

it

d oes a llo w us t o d ev elo p

h y p o th e s e s ab ou t th e k in d s o f d e s t i n a t i o n
c h a r a c te r is tic s)
th e

(i.e.

p r o s p e c t iv e m ig r a n ts w i l l ch o o se g iv e n

s t r u c t u r e o f th e m ig r a n t* s sy ste m o f a c t i o n .

th e p o s s i b i l i t y

th e ir

o f fo r m u la tin g such

F in a lly ,

" o p tim a l" d e s t i n a t i o n

t y p e s may e n a b l e u s t o b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d t h e m i g r a n t *s
a d a p ta tio n w ith in th e d e s t in a t io n
tio n
fit

can be c o n c e p t u a l i z e d

c o m m u n ity .

T h is a d a p ta ­

in term s o f th e c l o s e n e s s

o f th e

b e t w e e n a t h e o r e t i c a l " o p t i m a l " t y p e o f d e s t i n a t i o n and

th e a c tu a l d e s t in a tio n .
th ese

The m o d e l c a n d e a l w i t h e a c h o f

q u e s t i o n s s e p a r a t e l y o r w i t h a l l o f th e m t o g e t h e r ,

d e p e n d in g upon t h e
Of c o u r s e ,
each is s u e .

th e

re sea r ch d e sig n .
i d e a l d e s i g n w o u ld b e a b l e t o a s s e s s

I t w o u ld b e l o n g i t u d i n a l ,

u s e a p a n e l sa m p lin g

t e c h n i q u e , and i n c l u d e b o t h m i g r a n t s a n d n o n m i g r a n t s .

D a ta

185
w o u ld b e c o l l e c t e d
o f a c o m m u n ity .
be c o l l e c t e d

a t one p o in t

in tim e f o r th e p o p u la t io n

At a l a t e r p o in t

in tim e ,

d a t a w o u ld a g a i n

f o r t h e p o p u l a t i o n w h i c h w o u ld c o n s i s t o f tw o

su b grou p s, th o se

s till

liv in g

in th e

o r i g i n co m m u n ity an d

t h o s e who h a d m i g r a t e d t o a n o t h e r c o m m u n ity .
m ost r e s e a r c h e r s
dem and.

l a c k t h e r e s o u r c e s t h a t s u c h a s t u d y w o u ld

The m o s t p r a c t i c a l d e s i g n s g i v e n t h e

o f s o c i a l sc ie n c e

U n fo r tu r a te ly ,

c o n str a in ts

r e s e a r c h w o u ld be o n e o f t h e f o l l o w i n g :

1.

F o l l o w t h e d e s i g n u s e d b y Van A r s d o l , e t . a l .
( 1 9 6 8 ) and i n t e r v ie w a p o p u la t io n a t T i w it f iin
a g i v e n c o m m u n ity ; t h e n r e - i n t e r v i e w t h e p o p u ­
l a t i o n a t T2 Compare t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
t h e s t a y e r s an d t h e m i g r a n t s .
U n fo r tu n a te ly ,
t h i s d e s i g n d o e s n o t a l l o w u s t o know o f a n y
c h a n g e s t h a t m o v e r s may h a v e e x p e r i e n c e s
d u r in g th e in t e r v e n i n g p e r io d .

2.

F o llo w th e d e s ig n u sed in t h i s s tu d y o f i n t e r ­
v ie w in g m ig r a n ts a t th e d e s t i n a t i o n p o in t .
I n t h i s d e s i g n y o u a r e a t t h e m e r c y o f t h e m i­
g r a n t *s p e r c e p t i o n o f t h e s i t u a t i o n p r i o r t o
m ig r a tio n .
The a c c u r a c y o f t h e m i g r a n t *s r e ­
c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e p a s t ca n be a f f e c t e d by
h i s c u r r e n t c o g n i t i v e s t a t e , d is s o n a n c e he
e x p e r i e n c e s f r o m t h e m i g r a t i o n d e c i s i o n , an d
t h e a c c u r a c y o f h i s m em ory.

3.

I t may b e p o s s i b l e t o u s e a d e s i g n i n c o r ­
p o r a t in g f i e l d r e s e a r c h m eth o d o lo g y .
If a
s m a l l sa m p le i s a c c e p t a b l e , one c o u ld l o c a t e
a l i m i t e d num ber o f e l d e r l y w i t h i n a d e f i n e d
c o m m u n ity an d d e v e l o p i n - d e p t h c a s e s t u d i e s .
W ith a d e q u a t e r a p p o r t w i t h t h e s u b j e c t s , o n e
may b e a b l e t o f o l l o w th e m t h r o u g h t h e e n t i r e
d e c isio n p ro cess.

T here i s

stro n g

ju stific a tio n

f o r p ursuan ce o f a

sound s o c i o l o g i c a l e x p la n a tio n o f e l d e r l y m ig r a t io n .
im p o r ta n c e o f s u c h m i g r a t i o n a s a f a c t o r a f f e c t i n g

popu­

l a t i o n h a s b e e n r e c o g n i z e d f o r som e t i m e among s t a t e s
th e

The

in

U n ite d S t a t e s t h a t h ave b een r e c e i v i n g a r e a s o f su ch

186
m ig r a tio n .

I m p o r t a n t s o c i a l a s w e l l a s d e m o g r a p h ic c o n ­

s e q u e n c e s h a v e b e e n e x p e r i e n c e d b y b o t h t h e s e n d i n g and
th e r e c e i v i n g c o m m u n itie s.

S u ch m i g r a t i o n a l s o h a s a

s i g n i f i c a n t p e r s o n a l co n seq u en ce f o r th e m ig r a n t.

We h a v e

a tte m p te d t o p r o v id e a t h e o r e t i c a l p e r s p e c t iv e f o r th e
f u r t h e r s t u d y o f e l d e r l y m i g r a t i o n an d t o s u g g e s t some
p o s s ib le r e s e a r c h d e s ig n s f o r such s t u d i e s .
e f f o r t can b e s t be c a l l e d p r e lim in a r y .

Our own

More e f f o r t m u st

be e x p e n d e d on t h e o p e r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n o f t h e v a r i a b l e s s u g ­
g ested

i n t h e m o d e l.

T h is n e e d f o r f u t u r e r e s e a r c h

is

one

t h a t we i n t e n d t o p u r s u e i n o u r own w o rk .
R u r a l A r e a s and E l d e r l y M i g r a n t s
The i n - m i g r a t i o n o f e l d e r l y t o r u r a l a r e a s i n M ic h ig a n
p r e s e n t s p r o b le m s f o r t h e r e c e i v i n g c o m m u n i t i e s .

T h ese

p r o b le m s a r i s e fr o m t h e a t t e n d a n t c h a n g e i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n
o f t h e com m un ity an d fr o m t h e e x p e c t a t i o n s t h a t t h e new
members b r i n g w i t h th e m .
E ld e r ly m ig r a n ts a re s e e k in g th e a m e n it ie s o f a
r u r a l e n v ir o n m e n t.

They w ant t o e n j o y t h e a t t r i b u t e s

t h a t th e y a s s o c i a t e w ith r u r a ln e s s

(i.e.

b ea u ty ,

The e l d e r l y m i g r a n t c a n ­

l a k e s an d s t r e a m s , e t c . ) .

not str o n g ly r e la te to concerns o f o th ers

q u ie tn e ss,

i n t h e com m unity

o v e r t h e e c o n o m ic c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n .
t h in g , he h as l e f t th e

la b o r f o r c e .

n a t u r e ’s

F o r on e

E co n o m ic d e v e l o p m e n t

may be v ie w e d a s i n i m i c a l t o h i s own n e e d s .

F o r e x a m p le ,

d e v e l o p m e n t o f a r e c r e a t i o n econ om y i n c r e a s e s t r a f f i c ,
n o i s e , an d b r i n g s l a r g e num bers o f p e o p l e

in t o th e a rea in

187
many w a y s t h r e a t e n s t h e t y p e o f e n v i r o n m e n t t h a t m i g r a n t s
came t o C l a r e C o u n t y s e e k i n g .
b r in g in g

I f d e v e l o p m e n t m ea n s t h e

i n o f new i n d u s t r y , e s p e c i a l l y m a n u f a c t u r i n g , a n d

p e r h a p s t h e s u b s e q u e n t u r b a n i z a t i o n o f t h e c o m m u n it y , t h e
m i g r a n t *s o r i g i n a l p u r p o s e f o r m o v in g i s

a g a in th w a rted .

E s p e c i a l l y w it h r e s p e c t t o t h e m a t e r i a l e n v ir o n m e n t o f th e
c o m m u n it y , t h e m i g r a n t

seek s s t a b ilit y

th e

ru ra ls e t t in g ) .

s t a t u s quo ( i . e .

a

an d

m a in te n a n c e o f

We a r e n o t s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e e l d e r l y m i g r a n t i s
u n c r it ic a l o b serv er o f th e
h im a s e t
o f th e

lo c a l scen e.

o f e x p e r ie n c e s th a t d i f f e r s

in d ig e n o u s p o p u la tio n .

urban r e s id e n t ;

On t h e w h o l e , h e i s

f o u n d among t h e

g r a n t s may h a v e d i f f e r i n g
and e v e n t s .

The r e t i r e d

v o te R e p u b lic a n .

ber o f th e

Many m i g r a n t s a l s o

r e lig io u s,

o r e t h n ic back­

l o c a l p o p u la tio n .

Thus m i­

v a lu e s o r a t t i t u d e s tow ard
u n i o n member w i l l f i n d

A C a th o lic

is

lo c a l P r o te sta n t church.

w i l l u su a lly

b e t t e r ed u ca ted

r u r a l co m m u n ity i s

i n term s o f su ch e x p e r i e n c e s .

ground th a n i s

o f m ost

The m i g r a n t h a s b e e n a n

come f r o m a d i f f e r e n t p o l i t i c a l ,

to

from t h o s e

r u r a l c o u n te r p a r ts . O ften th e

e v a lu a te d

He b r i n g s w i t h

he h as an o c c u p a tio n a l background n o t u s u a l ly

fo u n d i n r u r a l a r e a s .
th an h is

an

it

iss u e s

d iffic u lt

u n l i k e l y t o b eco m e a mem­
Put s im p ly ,

in c r e a se th e h e te r o g e n e it y o f th e

th e m ig r a n ts

p o p u la tio n

a l o n g a num ber o f d i m e n s i o n s .
The d em and s t h a t e l d e r l y m i g r a n t s make u p o n t h e
m u n ity a r i s e
o f e ld e r ly

com­

from n e e d s t y p i c a l o f t h e g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n

in our s o c ie t y .

V a r io u s s o c i a l s e r v i c e s and

188
p u b lic a m e n itie s are d e s ir e d .

B e tte r h e a lth

care,

r o a d s , a n d m ore c o n v e n i e n t s h o p p i n g f a c i l i t i e s
d e sir e d .

th a t r e q u ir e th e u se o f lo c a l p u b lic fu n d s.

on a f i x e d

in c o m e , he h a s no d e s i r e

in c r e a se d .

in sig h t

are e s p e c ia lly

But t h e e l d e r l y m ig r a n t i s a p p r e h e n s iv e a b o u t

se r v ic e s

ta x es

im p r o v e d

to

jo b s.

personal

T h i s e c o n o m i c s t a t u s a l s o p r o v i d e s some

in t o th e m ig r a n ts d i s i n t e r e s t

e s p e c ia lly

see h is

L iv in g

He i s

in th e

not n e c e s s a r ily

l o c a l econom y,

oppossed t o

im­

p r o v e m e n t s i n t h e c o m m u n it y , b u t s u c h im p r o v e m e n t s m u s t b e
w e ig h e d

in term s o f th e p e r s o n a l c o s t s

p r io r itie s
o r itie s

The

o f t h e e l d e r l y m i g r a n t may b e a t o d d s w i t h p r i ­

o f o th er age-g ro u p s.

An a t t i t u d e
te r iz e

in v o lv e d .

o f lim ite d

c o m m itt m e n t c o u l d b e s t c h a r a c ­

th e m ig r a n t's r e la t io n s h ip w ith th e r e c e iv in g

com­

m u n ity .

P e r c e p t i o n o f t h e s a l i e n t f e a t u r e s o f t h e c o m m u n ity

is

se le c tiv e .

q u ite

c o n sid e r e d ,
h e a lth

T hough t h e

im p lic a tio n s are not o fte n

t h e e l d e r l y m ig r a n t i s aw are t h a t d e c l i n i n g

or lo s s

o f o n e *s s p o u s e

is

very

lik e ly .

Such an

e v e n t w i l l mean a n a d d i t i o n a l move f o r many m i g r a n t s .
m i g r a n t s h a v e no d e f i n i t e

p la n s f o r c o n fr o n tin g su ch ev e n ­

tu a litie s.

But t h e y a r e aw are o f t h e

lim ita tio n s

i n p r o v i d i n g r e s o u r c e s f o r th e m t o

such ch a n g es.
son s.
is

M ost

M ig ra n ts a r e

r u r a l c o m m u n ity 's
cope w ith

v ig o r o u s and h e a l t h y o l d e r p e r ­

C la r e C ou n ty (an d a s s u m e d ly r u r a l M ic h ig a n i n g e n e r a l )

p e r c e iv e d a s a good p la c e t o

en jo y th e a c t iv e y ea r s o f

o ld a g e.

When t h e s e a c t i v e y e a r s come t o a c l o s e ,

areas are

l i k e l y t o be e v a l u a t e d d i f f e r e n t l y .

such r u r a l

I f th e

169
m ig r a n ts have c l o s e
effects

k in in th e d e s t i n a t i o n

o f a g i n g may h a v e

w o u ld be i n t e r e s t i n g

le ss

d r a stic

t o know i f

c o m m u n it y , t h e

im p lic a tio n s.

It

su ch p er so n s c o n s id e r t h e i r

move a s m ore p e r m a n e n t .
Our r e m a r k s s h o u l d n o t b e c o n s t r u e d a s
e l d e r l y m ig r a n ts s ta n d in o p p o s it io n t o th e
t h e r u r a l c o m m u n ity .

M ig ra n ts can o f f e r

s o u r c e s t o t h e c o m m u n ity .

a h e a d o f th e m .

of

im p o r ta n t r e ­
sk ills ,

in s h o r t su p p ly

Many m i g r a n t s h a v e s e v e r a l a c t i v e y e a r s
A l l o f u s a r e aw are t h a t b e in g r e t i r e d

n o t synonom ous w it h b e in g u n p r o d u c t iv e .
e n a b le th e r e t i r e d
o th ers

in te r e sts

T hey b r i n g new i d e a s ,

an d v a l u a b l e e x p e r i e n c e s w h ic h a r e o f t e n
in r u r a l a r e a s .

im p ly in g t h a t

is

P ro g ra m s w h i c h

t o c o n t r i b u t e t h e i r k n o w le d g e t o h e l p

i n t h e co m m u n ity d o e x i s t .

M ig ra n ts a r e a l s o
o f t h e c o m m u n ity .

con su m ers o f s e r v i c e s and p r o d u c ts

R e c e iv in g co m m u n itie s s h o u ld c o n s i d e r

t h e i r p o t e n t i a l a s r e t ir e m e n t c o m m u n itie s.
su ch a s C la r e ,

th ere

is

In c o u n tie s

a p o t e n t i a l m arket f o r a l t e r n a t i v e

t y p e s o f l o w - an d m edium —p r i c e d h o u s i n g , a s i d e fr o m t h e
t r a d i t i o n a l s i n g l e —f a m i l y d w e l l i n g .
fa c ilitie s

w o u ld p r o v i d e s h o r t - t e r m

o p e r a t i o n an d m a i n t e n a n c e w o u ld g i v e

C o n s tr u c tio n o f su ch
e m p lo y m e n t , an d t h e i r
l o n g - t e r m e m p lo y m e n t

t o a l e s s e r num ber o f t h e y o u n g e r p o p u l a t i o n .
jo b o p p o r t u n i t ie s c o u ld a r i s e

A d d itio n a l

o u t o f t h e demand f o r h e a l t h

c a r e an d o t h e r s e r v i c e s .

I m p r o v e d h e a l t h c a r e w o u ld b e o n e

e x a m p le o f how t h e e n t i r e

p o p u l a t i o n c o u l d b e n e f i t fr o m

such r e tir e m e n t c e n t e r s .

190
Our r e s e a r c h h a s d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e r e

i s a demand

T o r r u r a l h o u s i n g among t h e u r b a n e l d e r l y o f M i c h i g a n .

We

a r e s u g g e s t i n g t h a t r u r a l c o m m u n itie s h a v e t h e p o t e n t i a l
t o c h a n n e l t h a t dem and i n s u c h a w ay a s t o
ity

of life

o f a l l t h e i r m em b e rs.

im p r o v e t h e

q u a l­

I f a r u r a l co m m u n ity c a n

d e v e lo p a f u l l r a n g e o f s e r v i c e s n ee d ed by t h e e l d e r l y ,

th ey

s h o u l d a l s o b e i n a b e t t e r p o s i t i o n t o r e t a i n e l d e r l y m i­
g r a n t s a s t h e y m ove t h r o u g h t h e a g i n g e x p e r i e n c e .

I f m i­

g r a n t s p e r c e i v e o f t h e c o m m u n ity a s a p o t e n t i a l l y p e r m a n e n t
r e sid e n c e ,

t h e i r c o m m itt m e n t t o t h e

co m m u n ity s h o u l d

c r e a s e and t h e y s h o u ld a c h i e v e a f u l l e r
t h e c o m m u n ity .

One s u g g e s t i o n f o r

o p t i o n s now a v a i l a b l e

in te g r a tio n

in ­
in to

in c r e a s in g th e h o u sin g

i n C l a r e C o u n t y w o u ld be t o s e e k e x ­

p a n s i o n o f t h e n u r s i n g home f a c i l i t i e s

an d t o

co n stru ct

lo w c o s t a p a r t m e n t s s u i t e d t o t h e n e e d s o f t h e e l d e r l y .
Then p e r h a p s w hen o l d e r p e r s o n s e x p e r i e n c e p h y s i c a l d e b i l ­
itie s

o r d eath o f a sp o u s e ,

t h e y may n o t h a v e t o move a w a y .

I n c o n c l u s i o n , we s e e t h e r u r a l s e t t i n g

a s b e in g

v e r y s u i t a b l e t o t h e n e e d s o f many o l d e r p e r s o n s .

G iv e n

th e str u c tu r e

its

lim ite d
lik e ly

o f t h e A m e r ic a n f a m i l y ,

p a r tic u la r ly

s i z e and g e o g r a p h ic a l d i s p e r s i o n ,

o ld e r p e o p le a re

t o e x p e c t som e d e g r e e o f s e p a r a t i o n f r o m k i n .

d o e s n ’t mean t h a t t h e y d e s i r e

iso la tio n .

E f f o r t s t o d e v e lo p

r u r a l a r e a s a s r e t i r e m e n t c o m m u n itie s s h o u ld
p la n n in g s u p p o r tiv e o f th e
t h e i r k in .

in te r a c tio n

Two w a y s t o f a c i l i t a t e

T h is

in c lu d e

o f e l d e r l y w ith

i n t e r a c t i o n w o u ld b e t o

p r o v id e a c c e s s t o t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r e l d e r l y u n a b le t o

191
d r i v e a n d t o d e s i g n h o u s i n g t h a t i s a b l e t o a c c o r o e n d a te
k i n who come t o

v isit.

S u c c e s s f u l u rb a n and s u b u r b a n r e ­

t i r e m e n t c o m m u n it ie s s h o u l d be s t u d i e d t o s e e w h a t l e s s o n s
th e y p r o v id e .
le v e ls

We s t r o n g l y recommend t h a t s t a t e an d f e d e r a l

o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t s e r i o u s l y e x a m in e t h e p o t e n t i a l o f

r u r a l a r e a s a s r e tir e m e n t c e n te r s f o r th e o ld e r p o p u la tio n .

LIST OF REFERENCES

L IS T OF REFERENCES

Adam s, B e r t N.
1968
K i n s h i p i n a n U rban S e t t i n g .
Co.

Markham P u b l i s h i n g

A ld o u s,
1965

J o a n an d R eu b en H i l l .
" S o c i a l C o h e s i o n , L in e a g e t y p e , and I n t e r g e n e r a tio n a l T r a n s m is s io n ." S o c ia l F orces
43 (M ay)
:4 7 1 -4 3 2 .

B e e g le ,
1971

J. A lla n .
P o p u l a t i o n G rowth an d R e d i s t r i b u t i o n .
R esearch
R eport 150 (O c to b e r ).
E a s t L a n sin g , M ic h ig a n :
A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r im e n t S t a t i o n , M i c h ig a n S t a t e
U n iv e r s ity .

B esher,
1967

Jam es M.
P o p u la tio n P r o c e s s e s
F ree P r e s s .

in S o c i a l S y stem s.

New Y o rk :

B ott, E liza b eth .
1971

F a m i ly an d S o c i a l N e t w o r k .
New Y o r k : F r e e P r e s s .

Second E d it io n ,

B o w l e s , G la d y s K. an d Jam es D. T a r v e r .
1965
"Net M i g r a t i o n o f t h e P o p u l a t i o n , 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 6 0 By
A g e , S e x , an d C o l o r . "
Volume I , P a r t 2 .
W a s h i n g t o n , D .C .: E c o n o m ic R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e ,
U.S.D.A.
B r itto n ,
1967

J o s e p h H. an d J e a n 0 . B r i t t o n .
"The M i d d le - A g e d an d O ld e r R u r a l P e r s o n an d H is
F a m ily ."
Pp. 4 4 “ 7 4 i n E. G r a n t Youmans ( e d . ) ,
O ld e r R u r a l A m e r ic a n s .
L e x in g to n :U n iv e r sity
K en tu ck y P r e s s .

Brody, E ugene, (ed . )
I 9691
B e h a v i o r i n New E n v i r o n m e n t s : A d a p t a t i o n o f M ig r a n t
P o p u la tio n s.
B e v e r ly H i l l s , C a lifo r n ia :S a g e .
B u l t e n a , G ordon L.
1969
" R u r a l U rban D i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e F a m i l i a l I n t e r ­
a c t i o n o f t h e A g e d ." R u r a l S o c i o l o g y 3 4 (M a r c h ):
5 -1 5 .

192

193
B u lte n a ,
1969
C a ta u ,
1973

G ordon L. an d V. Wood.
" A m erican R e t i r e m e n t C om m u nity: Bane o r B l e s s i n g . 11
J o u r n a l o f G e r o n to lo g y 24 ( A p r i l ) :209-2 1 7 *

John.
The P r o c e s s o f " R e t i r e d 1' M i g r a t i o n t o
S t. P etersb u rg , F lo r id a .
U n p u b li s h e d d o c t o r a l
d i s s e r t a t i o n , M i c h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , E a s t
L a n sin g .

C l a r k , M a r g a r e t an d B a r b a r a G. A n d e r s o n .
1967
C u l t u r e an d A g i n g .
S p r in g fie ld ,
C h a r l e s C. Thomas.

I llin o is:

C le la n d ,
1965

C o u r t n e y B.
" M o b i l i t y o f O ld e r P e o p l e . "
Pp. 3 2 3 - 3 3 9 i n
A r n o ld R o se an d W arren A. P e t e r s o n ( e d s . ) ,
O ld e r P e o p l e and T h e i r S o c i a l W o rld .
P h i l a d e l p h i a : F . A , D a v i s Company.

C o w g ill,
1965

D o n a ld 0 .
"The D em ography o f A g in g i n t h e M i d w e s t . "
Pp. 2 7 5 - 3 1 0 i n A r n o ld R o se an d W arren A. P e t e r s o n
( e d s . ) , O l d e r P e o p l e a n d T h e i r S o c i a l W o r ld .
P h i l a d e l p h i a : F . A . D a v i s Company.

C urrent P o p u la tio n R ep o rts.
1966
" R e a so n s f o r M o v in g :M a r c h , 1 9 6 2 t o M arch , 1 9 6 3 ."
S e r i e s P - 2 0 , Number 1 5 4 ( A u g u s t ) .
W a s h in g t o n ,
D .C . : B u r e a u o f t h e C e n s u s , U . S . D e p a r tm e n t o f
Commerce.
I 96S
" L i f e t i m e M i g r a t i o n H i s t o r i e s o f t h e A m e r ic a n
P e o p le ."
S e r i e s P - 2 0 , Number 25 ( M a r c h ) .
W a s h in g t o n , D . C . : U . S . B u re a u o f t h e C e n s u s ,
D e p a r tm e n t o f Commerce.
1973
"Some D em o g ra p h ic A s p e c t s o f A g in g i n t h e U . S . "
S e r i e s P - 2 3 , Number 43 ( F e b r u a r y ) .
W a s h in g t o n ,
D . C . : B u r e a u o f t h e C e n s u s , U . S . D e p a r tm e n t o f
Com m erce.
C r a w f o r d , M a r io n .
1972
" R e t ir e m e n t a n d R o l e - P l a y i n g . "
(M ay) : 2 1 5 - 2 3 6 .

S o c io lo g y 6

C y e r t , R. M. an d J . G. March
1963
A B e h a v i o r a l T h e o r y o f t h e F ir m .
E n g le w o o d
C l i f f s , New J e r s e y : P r e n t i c e - H a l l .
D a v is,
1971

Jam es A.
E lem en ta ry S u rv ey A n a l y s i s .
New J e r s e y : P r e n t i c e - H a l l .

E n g le w o o d C l i f f s ,

194
E i s e n s t a d t , S a m u e l N.
1954
The A b s o r p t i o n o f I m m i g r a n t s . L o n d o n : R o u t le d g e
a n d K egan P a u l L td .
E t e n g , W. I . A. an d D. G. M a r s h a l l .
1970
R e t i r e m e n t an d M i g r a t i o n i n t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l
S t a t e s : A C o m p a r a t iv e A n a l y s i s : W i s c o n s i n , F l o r i d a ,
and A r iz o n a .
P o p u l a t i o n S e r i e s , Number 2 0 .
M a d is o n :
D ep artm en t o f R u r a l S o c i o l o g y ,
U n iv e r s it y o f W isc o n sin .
F o r d , Thomas R. an d G ordon F . D e J o n g .
1970
S o c i a l D em og ra p h y.
E n g le w o o d
P r e n t i c e -H a 1 1 .

C l i f f s , New J e r s e y :

F u g u itt,
1972

G le n V. an d D o n a ld R. F i e l d .
"Some P o p u l a t i o n C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f V i l l a g e s
D i f f e r e n t i a t e d b y s i z e , l o c a t i o n , and g r o w t h . "
D em ography 9 (M ay) : 2 9 5 - 3 0 6 .

F u g u itt,
1972

G le n V. an d Jam es J . Z u i c h e s .
" N o n m e t r o p o l i t a n C i t i e s o f S u s t a i n e d G row th o r
C h r o n ic D e c l i n e . " P ap er p r e p a r e d f o r P o p u la t io n
A s s o c i a t i o n , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C.

F u l l e r , Wayne A . , Ray E . W a k e ly , W a l t e r A. L u n d e n ,
P e a r l S w a n s o n , an d E l i z a b e t h W i l l i s .
1963
" C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f P e r s o n s 6 0 Y e a r s o f Age an d
O l d e r i n L in n C o u n t y , I o w a . "
S p e c i a l R eport
Number 3 3 • ( J u n e ) .
A m es, I o w a : I o w a A g r i c u l t u r a l
and Home E c o n o m ic s E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n .
G ib so n ,
1972

G o effrey .
"Kin F a m i l y N e t w o r k : O v e r h e r a l d e d S t r u c t u r e i n
P a s t C o n c e p t u a l i z a t i o n s o f F a m ily F u n c t i o n i n g ."
J o u r n a l M a r r ia g e an d F a m i ly 3 4 s ( F e b r u a r y ) 1 3 - 2 3 .

G o la n t,
1972

S t e p h e n M.
The R e s i d e n t i a l L o c a t i o n a n d S p a t i a l B e h a v i o r
o f th e E ld e r ly .
R e s e a r c h P a p e r s , Number 1 4 3 .
C h i c a g o : U n i v e r s i t y o f C h ic a g o , D ep artm ent o f
G eography.

G o ld sc h e id e r , C a lv in .
1966
" D i f f e r e n t i a l R e s i d e n t i a l M o b i l i t y o f t h e O ld e r
P o p u la tio n ."
J o u r n a l o f G e r o n to lo g y 2 (J a n u a r y ):
1971

103- 108 .

P o p u la t io n , M o d e r n iz a tio n , and S o c i a l S t r u c t u r e .
B o s t o n : L i t t l e , Brown an d Company.

195
G o ld ste i n , S id n e y .
1967
" S o c i o - E c o n o m ic an d M i g r a t i o n D i f f e r e n t i a l s
B e tw e e n t h e A ged i n t h e L abor F o r c e and i n t h e
Labor R e s e r v e . "
G e r o n t o l o g i s t 7 (M a r c h ) : 3 1 -4 0 *
G u e s t , A v e r y M.
1972
" P a t t e r n s o f F a m i ly L o c a t i o n . "
( F ebruary):1 5 9 -1 7 2 .

Demography 9

H avens, B e tty J.
I 966
"An I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f A c t i v i t y P a t t e r n s and
A d j u s t m e n t i n a n A g in g P o p u l a t i o n . ” P a p e r p r e ­
p a r e d f o r G e r o n t o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y , ( N o v e m b e r ):
New Y o rk .
H i t t , Homer L.
1954
"The R o le o f M i g r a t i o n i n P o p u l a t i o n C hange
Among t h e A g e d . " A m e r ic a n S o c i o l o g i c a l R e v ie w
19 ( A p r i l ) : 1 9 4 -2 0 0 .
H on nen, J . S . , W. I . A. E t e n g , and D. G. M a r s h a l l .
1969
" R e t ir e m e n t and M i g r a t i o n i n t h e N o r th C e n t r a l
S t a t e s : A C o m p a r a t iv e S o c i o - E c o n o m i c A n a l y s i s :
W i s c o n s i n and F l o r i d a .
P o p u la tio n S e r i e s ,
Number 1 9 .
M a d is o n : D e p a r tm e n t o f R u r a l S o c i o l o g y ,
U n iv e r s it y o f W isc o n sin .
H u b ert,
1965

Jane.
" K in s h ip and G e o g r a p h i c a l M o b i l i t y i n a S a m p le
fr o m a London M i d d l e - C l a s s A r e a . ” I n t e r n a t i o n a l
J o u r n a l o f C o m p a r a tiv e S o c i o l o g y 6 (M a r c h ) : 6 l - 8 0 .

K a la b , K a t h l e e n A. and Omer R. G a l l e .
1973
" C o m p a rison o f Y o u n g er an d E l d e r l y M i g r a n t s i n
th e U n ite d S t a t e s . "
Paper p rep ared f o r tw e n t y s i x t h A n n u a l S c i e n t i f i c M e e t in g o f t h e G e r o n t o l o ­
g i c a l S o c i e t y w i t h t h e A m e r ic a n G e r i a t r i c s
S o c i e t y , (N o v e m b e r ) :M iam i B e a c h , F l o r i d a .
K arp , H e r b e r t and K e v in K e l l y .
1971
Toward a n E c o l o g i c a l A n a l y s i s o f I n t e r m e t r o p o l i t a n
M ig r a tio n .
C h ica g o :M a rk h a m .
K u r t z , R. A. an d J o e l S m it h .
1961
" S o c i a l L i f e o n t h e R u r a l- U r b a n F r i n g e . "
S o c i o l o g y 26 ( M a r c h ) : 2 4 - 3 6 *

R ural

Land, K e n n e th C.
1969
" D u r a t io n o f R e s i d e n c e and P r o s p e c t i v e M i g r a t i o n :
F u rth er E v id e n c e ."
Dem ography 6 (M ay) : 1 3 3 —1 4 0 .

196
L a n sin g ,
1967

Joh n B. and Eva M u e l l e r .
The G e o g r a p h ic M o b i l i t y o f L a b o r.
Survey R esearch C en te r, I n s t i t u t e
R esearch.

Lemon, B r u c e W ., V er n L.
1972
"An E x p l o r a t i o n
A c t i v i t y Types
In -M o v ers t o a
o f G e r o n to lo g y

Ann A r b o r :
fo r S o c ia l

B e n g t s o n , an d Jam es A. P e t e r s o n .
o f t h e A c t i v i t y T h e o r y o f A g in g :
an d L i f e S a t i s f a c t i o n Among
R e t i r e m e n t C o m m u n ity ." J o u r n a l
(O c to b e r ):5 1 1 -5 2 3 •

L e n z e r , A n th o n y .
1965
" M o b i l i t y P a t t e r n s Among t h e A g e d ,
The G e r o n t o l o g i s t 5 (M a r c h ) : 1 2 - 1 5 •

1 9 5 5 -1 9 6 0 ."

L itw a k , E u g e n e .
1960b
" G e o g r a p h ic M o b i l i t y and E x t e n d e d F a m ily
C o h e s i o n . " A m e r ic a n S o c i o l o g i c a l R e v ie w 25
(J u n e):3 6 5 -3 9 4 .
1965
" E x te n d e d K in R e l a t i o n s i n an I n d u s t r i a l
D e m o c r a t ic S o c i e t y . ” Pp. 2 9 0 —323 i n E t h e l S h a n a s
and G ordon F . S t r e i b ( e d s . ) , S o c i a l S t r u c t u r e
a n d The F a m i l y : G e n e r a t i o n a l R e l a t i o n s .
E n g le w o o d
C l i f f s , New J e r s e y : P r e n t i c e - H a 1 1 .
Low ry, I r a S .
1960
M i g r a t i o n an d M e t r o p o l i t a n G rowth:Two A n a l y t i c a l
M o d e ls .
S an F r a n c i s c o : C h a n d l e r .
M angalam , J . J .
1966
Human M i g r a t i o n .
K e n tu c k y P r e s s .

L e x in g to n :U n iv e r sity o f

M a r t e 1 , M art i n U.
1961
" H o u sin g an d L i v i n g A r r a n g e m e n t s , " P a r t V I I I o f
"A R e p o r t o f t h e Io w a S u r v e y o f L i f e A f t e r S i x t y ”
i n A d d in g L i f e t o Y e a r s .
S u p p le m e n t Number 6 ,
I n s t i t u t e o f G e r o n to lo g y , (A u g u s t).
Iow a C i t y :
S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f Io w a .
M o r r i s o n , P e t e r A.
1967
" D u r a t io n o f R e s i d e n c e an d P r o s p e c t i v e M i g r a t i o n :
The E v a l u a t i o n o f a S t o c h a s t i c M o d e l . " Demo­
graphy 4 :5 5 3 -5 6 1 .
1969
T h e o r e t ic a l I s s u e s in th e D esig n o f P o p u la tio n
M o b i l i t y M o d els.
# F —4 1 7 9 ( S e p t e m b e r ) .
S an ta
M o n ic a , C a lif o r n ia : R A N D C o r p o r a t i o n .
P a lm o r e , Erdman B.
1973
" P o t e n t i a l D em o g r a p h ic C o n t r i b u t i o n s t o G e r o n t o l o g y . ”
The G e r o n t o l o g i s t (Sum m er) : 2 3 6 - 2 4 2 .

197
P arson s,
1943

T a lc o tt.
"The K i n s h i p S y s t e m o f t h e C o n t e m p o r a r y U n i t e d
S ta te s ."
A m e r ic a n A n t h r o p o l o g i s t 4 5 ( J a n u a r y ) :
2 2 -2 3 .

P e te r s o n , W illia m .
1953
"A G e n e r a l T y p o l o g y o f M i g r a t i o n . " A m e r ic a n
S o c i o l o g i c a l R e v i e w 2 2 ( J u n e ) : 2 $ 6 —2 6 6 .
R e y n o ld s , P a u l D a v id so n .
1971
A P r im e r i n T h e o r y C o n s t r u c t i o n .
In d ia n a p o lis
a n d New Y o r k :T h e B o b b s - M e r r i l l Company.
Riley,
1963

M. W. a n d A. F o n e r ( e d s . )
An I n v e n t o r y o f R e s e a r c h F i n d i n g s , V olum e I ,
o f A g in g a n d S o c i e t y .
New Y o r k : R u s s e l l S a g e
F o u n d a tio n .

R o s e , A r n o l d a n d W a rren A. P e t e r s o n ( e d s . )
1965
O l d e r P e o p l e a n d T h e i r S o c i a l W o r ld .
F . A. D a v i s C om pany.
R o sen b u rg , G eorge S .
1970
The W o rk er Grows O ld .
R o so w ,
1965

1967

P h ila d e lp h ia :

San F r a n c i s c o : J o s s e y - B a s s .

Ir v in g .
" I n t e r g e n e r a t i o n a l R e l a t i o n s h i p s : P r o b le m s an d
P r o p o s a ls ."
P p . 3 41 -3 7 * 3 i n E t h e l S h a n a s a n d
G ord on F . S t r i e b ( e d s . ) , S o c i a l S t r u c t u r e a n d
The F a m i l y : G e n e r a t i o n a l R e l a t i o n s .
E n g le w o o d
C l i f f s , New J e r s e y : P r e n t i c e - H a l l .
S o c i a l I n t e g r a t i o n o f th e A ged.
New Y o r k :
Free P r e ss.

S c h w a r z w e l l e r , H a r r y K . , J am es S . B r o w n , J . J . M angalam .
1971
M o u n t a in F a m i l i e s i n T r a n s i t i o n .
U n iv e r s it y Park:
The P e n n s y l v a n i a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s .
S han as, E th e l.
1971
"The S o c i o l o g y o f A g i n g an d t h e A g e d . "
S o c i o l o g i c a l Q u a r t e r l y 12 ( S p r i n g ) : 1 5 9 - 1 7 6 .
S h a n a s , E t h e l a n d G ord o n F . S t r i e b ( e d s . )
1965
S o c i a l S t r u c t u r e and th e F a m ily :G e n e r a t io n a l
R e la tio n s.
E n g le w o o d C l i f f s , New J e r s e y :
P r e n t i c e —H a l l .
S h a n a s , E t h e l , et_ a l .
1963
O ld P eo p T e i n T h r e e I n d u s t r i a l S o c i e t i e s .
New Y o r k : A t h e r t o n P r e s s .

198

S h e l d o n , H en ry D.
1953
The O l d e r P o p u l a t i o n o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .
New Y o r k : W i le y
1962
"R ecent C hanges i n th e P o p u la t io n o f th e
U n i t e d S t a t e s . ” Pp. 9 9 - 1 1 6 i n R uth E . A l b r e c h t
( e d . ) A g in g i n a C h a n g in g S o c i e t y .
U n iv e r sity
F lo r id a I n s t i t u t e o f G e r o n to lo g y : U n iv e r s ity
F lo r id a P r e ss.
1967
" D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e R u r a l A ged P o p u l a t i o n , 11
P p. 1 1 7 - 1 4 3 i n E . G r a n t Youmans ( e d . ) O l d e r
R u r a l A m e r ic a n s.
L e x in g to n :U n iv e r sity
K en tu ck y P r e s s .
S h e r m a n , S u s a n R.
"The C h o i c e o f R e t i r e m e n t H o u s in g Among t h e
1971
W e l l - E l d e r l y . ” A g in g an d Human D e v e lo p m e n t 2 :
11 3-1 3 3 .
S m i t h , H. E .
" F a m ily I n t e r a c t i o n P a t t e r n s o f t h e A g e d :
1965
A R e v i e w . " Pp. 1 4 4 - 1 6 1 i n A r n o ld R o se an d
W arren P e t e r s o n ( e d s . ) O ld e r P e o p l e and T h e i r
W o r ld .
P h i l a d e l p h i a : D a v i s Company.
S m ith ,
1970

Joh n an d D. G. M a r s h a l l .
R e t i r e m e n t and M i g r a t i o n i n t h e N o r th C e n t r a l
S t a t e s : T w o P la n n e d R e t i r e m e n t C o m m u n it ie s .
M a d is o n : D e p a r t m e n t o f R u r a l S o c i o l o g y ,
U n iv e r s it y o f W isc o n sin .

S m i t h , T . Lynn
"The M i g r a t i o n o f t h e A g e d . " P p. 1 5 - 2 8 i n
1951
T. Lynn S m it h ( e d . ) .
P r o b le m s o f A m e r i c a ' s
A g in g P o p u l a t i o n .
G a in sv i1 l e :U n iv e r s ity F lo r id a
P ress.
S p e a r e , A ld e n .
"Horae O w n e r s h ip , L i f e C y c l e S t a t e , an d R e s i ­
1970
d e n t ia l M o b ility ."
D em ography 7 ( N o v e m b e r ):
4 4 9 -4 5 3 .
S t a r s i n i c , D o n a ld E .
1972
" G e o g r a p h ic an d Age D i f f e r e n t i a l s i n P o p u l a t i o n
G r o w th , I 9 6 O-7 O . ” P a p e r p r e p a r e d f o r t h e P u b l i c
H e a l t h C o n f e r e n c e o n R e c o r d s and S t a t i s t i c s ,
and N a t i o n a l C o n fe r e n c e on M en ta l H e a lth S t a t i s ­
t i c s , (June).
W a s h i n g t o n , D. C.
S t a r t u p , R ic h a r d .
1971
MA S o c i o l o g y o f M i g r a t i o n ? " S o c i o l o g i c a l
Q u a r t e r l y 12 ( S p r i n g ) : 1 7 7 - 1 9 0 *

199
S ten h o u w er, Jan .
1965
" R e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n G e n e r a t i o n s and t h e T h ree
G e n e r a t i o n H o u s e h o ld i n D en m ark ."
Pp. 1 4 2 - 1 6 2
i n E t h e l S h a n a s an d G ordon F . S t r i e b ( e d s . ) .
S o c i a l S t r u c t u r e an d The F a m i l y : G e n e r a t i o n a l
R e la tio n s.
E n g le w o o d C l i f f s , New J e r s e y :
P r e n tic e -H a ll.
S tev en s,
1959

V ern o n S .
The A g in g P o p u l a t i o n o f W e l l i n g t o n C o u n ty .
G u e lp h , O n t a r i o : D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r a l
E c o n o m ic s, O n ta r io A g r i c u l t u r a l C o l l e g e .

S t o u f f e r , S a m u e l A.
1940
" I n t e r v e n in g O p p o r t u n i t i e s :A T heory R e la t in g
M o b i l i t y and D i s t a n c e . "
A m e r ic a n S o c i o l o g i c a l
R e v ie w 5 ( D e c e m b e r ) : 5 4 5 - 6 7 *
S tr ie b ,
1971

G ordon F . an d C le m e n t J . S c h n e i d e r .
R e t i r e m e n t i n A m e r ic a n S o c i e t y .
I t h a c a : C o r n e 11
U n iv e r sity P re ss.

S u s s m a n , M a rv in B.
" F a m ily C o n t i n u i t y :S e l e c t i v e F a c t o r s W hich
1954
A f f e c t R e la t io n s h ip s b etw een F a m ilie s a t
G e n e r a t i o n a l L e v e l s . " J o u r n a l o f M a r r ia g e and
t h e F a m i ly 16 (M ay) : 1 1 2 - 1 2 0 .
" R e la t io n s h ip s o f A d u lt C h ild r e n w it h T h e ir
1965
P a r e n t s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . " Pp. 6 2 - 9 2 i n
E t h e l S h a n a s an d G ordon F. S t r i e b ( e d s . ) , S o c i a l
S t r u c t u r e a n d The F a m i l y : G e n e r a t i o n a l R e l a t i o n s .
E n g le w o o d C l i f f s , New J e r s e y : P r e n t i c e - H a l l .
S u s s m a n , M a r v in D. a n d Lee B u r c h i n a l .
1962
" P a r e n t a l A id t o M a r r ie d C h i l d r e n : I m p l i c a t i o n s
f o r F a m i ly F u n c t i o n i n g . "
J o u r n a l o f M a r r ia g e
a n d t h e F a m i l y 2 4 (N o v e m b e r ) : 3 2 0 - 3 3 2 .
T a v e s , M a r v in J . a n d G ary D. H a n s e n .
1963
" S e v e n t e e n H undred E l d e r l y C i t i z e n s . "
Pp. 7 3 - 1 6 1
i n A r n o ld R o s e ( e d . ) , A g in g i n M i n n e s o t a ,
M i n n e a p o lis : U n i v e r s it y M in n eso ta P r e s s .
T h o m lin s o n , R a lp h .
1965
P o p u l a t i o n D y n a m ic s .

New Y ork:R andom H o u s e .

T hom pson, W arren S .
1951
"Our O ld P e o p l e . "
P p. 7 - 1 4 i n T. Lynn S m ith
( e d . ) , P r o b le m s o f A m e r i c a ’s A g in g P o p u l a t i o n .
G a i n s v i l l e : U n iv e r s ity F lo r id a P r e ss.

200
T ow nsend, P e t e r .
1964
" F a m ily an d K i n s h i p i n I n d u s t r i a l S o c i e t y . "
The S o c i o l o g i c a l R e v i e w , M onograph Number 6 ,
( O c to b e r ) : 69- 9 6 .
T r o ll,
1971

L i l l i a n E.
"The F a m i l y o f L a t e r L i f e : A D e c a d e o f R e v i e w . "
J o u r n a l o f M a r r i a g e a n d t h e F a m i ly 33 ( Ma y ) :

263- 2 9 0 .

U n ite d S t a t e s B ureau o f t h e C en su s.
1973
C en su s P o p u la t io n : 1 9 70 .
Volume 1 , C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
o f th e P o p u la tio n .
W a s h i n g t o n , D .C . : D e p a r t m e n t
o f Com m erce.
Van A r s d o l , J r . , M a u r ic e D . , G e o r g e S a b a g h , an d
E d g a r W. B u t l e r .
1966
" R e t r o s p e c t i v e an d S u b s e q u e n t M e t r o p o l i t a n
R e s id e n tia l M o b ility ."
D em ograp hy 5 s 2 4 9 “ 2 6 7 .
W a i s a n e n , F . B.
1966
" A c to r s, S o c i a l S y ste m s and M o d e r n iz a tio n
P r o c e s s . " P a p er p r e p a r e d f o r C a r n e g ie S e m in a r ,
(April).
B lo o m in g to n :In d ia n a U n iv e r s it y .
W e b b e r , I r v i n g L.
1951
"The R e t i r e d P o p u l a t i o n o f a F l o r i d a C o m m u n it y ."
Pp. 6 7 - 1 0 1 i n T. Lynn S m it h ( e d . ) , P r o b le m s o f
A m e r ic a * s A g in g P o p u la t io n .
(March).
G a in sv ille :
U n iv e r s ity o f F lo r id a P r e ss.
W ile n s k y , W ilb u r .
1966
"Human G e o g r a p h y . . . Toward A G e o g r a p h y o f t h e
Aged."
G e o g r a p h i c a l R e v ie w ( J u l y ) : 4 4 5 - 4 4 7 *
W o l f f , R.
1951

W o lp e r t,
1966

P.
" C o m m en ts."
P p . 3 1 - 3 2 i n T. Lynn S m it h ( e d . ) ,
P r o b le m s o f A m e r i c a ' s A g in g P o p u l a t i o n .
(M a rch ).
G a i n s v i l l e : U n iv e r s ity o f F lo r id a P r e ss.
J u lia n .
" M ig r a tio n a s an A d ju stm e n t t o E n v ir o n m e n ta l
S tr e s s ."
J o u r n a l o f S o c i a l I s s u e s 22 ( O c t o b e r ) :
92- 1 0 2 .

Y e e , W i l l i a m a n d M a u r ic e D. Van A r s d o l , J r .
1966
" I n d iv id u a l and A g g r e g a te L e v e ls o f R e s i d e n t i a l
M o b i l i t y , A g e, and t h e L if e C y c l e . "
Paper p r e ­
p a red f o r D ep artm en t o f S o c i o l o g y , P o p u la t io n
R e s e a r c h L ab, ( A p r i l ) .
U n iv e r s ity o f S ou th ern
C a lifo r n ia .

201
Y ou m an s, E . G r a n t .
" D is e n g a g e m e n t Among O l d e r R u r a l and U rban
1967
M e n ."
P p. 9 7 - 1 1 6 i n E . G r a n t Youmans ( e d . ) f
O ld e r R u r a l A m e r ic a n s .
L e x in g to n :U n iv e r sity
K entucky P r e s s .
Z i p f , G.
1940

"The H y p o t h e s i s : 0 n t h e M ovement o f P e r s o n s . "
A m e r ic a n S o c i o l o g i c a l R e v ie w 1 1 ( D e c e m b e r ) :

677 - 6 6 .

Z u i c h e s , J am es J . an d G le n n V. F u g u i t t .
" R e sid e n tia l P r e fe r e n c e s im p lic a t io n s fo r
1972
P o p u la tio n R e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n N o n m e tr o p o lita n
Areas."
U n p u b lish e d P a p er.