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I

I
I

t

75-14,764
KESLING, Robert Vernon, Jr., 1943AN ADMINISTRATIVE STUDY OF SOUTHERN MICHIGAN
STATE GAME AREAS.
Michigan State University, Ph.D., 1974
Agriculture, forestry & wildlife

Xerox University Microfilms,

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106

A N A D M I N I S T R A T I V E S T U D Y OF S O U T H E R N
M I C H I G A N S T A T E G A M E AR E A S

By

R o b e r t V e r n o n Kesling#

Jr.

A DISSERTATION

S u b m i t t e d to
M i c h i g a n State U n i v e r s i t y
in pa rtial f u l f i l l m e n t of the r e q u i r e m e n t s
for the d e g r e e of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
D e p a r t m e n t of F o r e s t r y

1974

ABSTRACT
A N A D M I N I S T R A T I V E S T U D Y OF S O U T H E R N
M I C H I G A N S T A T E G A M E A RE A S
By
R o b e r t V e r n o n Kesl ing, Jr.

In the s o u t h e r n h a l f of the L o w e r P e n i n s u l a of
Michigan,

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n o f the M i c h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t

of N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s
T h e s e are s i t u a t e d

a dmi nis ter s 46 state game areas.

in the D N R 's R e g i o n I I I , and to ge t h e r

c o m p r i s e a bou t 214,000

acres of s t a t e — owned land.

g a me area u s e has d r a m a t i c a l l y inc re a s e d
and i n t e n s i t y d u r i n g

this p a s t decade.

flicts are n o w evident,
uses are lacking.

and faciliti es

State

in b o t h v a r i e t y
M a n y use c on­

for m a n y

author ize d

T h e p r o b l e m of e f f e c t i v e l y a d m i n i s t e r ­

ing these areas for o pt i m a l use led to this s t u d y of tra­
ditional

administration.
T he s y st e m o f a d m i n i s t e r i n g state ga m e areas was

e x a m i n e d and criti qued.
tr ation c o u l d b e
organized

M e t h o d s b y w h i c h this

improved were

into a c o n c e p t u a l

investigated,

framework.

1

This

adminis­

devised,
f ra m ew o rk

and

R o b e r t V e r n o n Kesling,

c o n s i s t e d o f m a i n re sou r c e s

and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e su b­

s y s t e m s of the W i l d l i f e Di vis i o n .
the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n include:
and funding,

Jr.

lands, e qui pme nt,

The m a i n res ou r c e s of

clients,

authorization

and person nel .

Adminis­

trative p r o c e s s e s w e r e s e p a r a t e d into three subsystems:
informa tio n,

p lan ning,

and control.

G a m e ar ea a d m i n i s ­

tr at i o n w as v i e w e d as a p r o c e s s b y w h i c h the

three s u b ­

s y s t e m s o r g a n i z e d and u t i l i z e d the m a i n r e s o u r c e s of the
organization

into p r o g r a m s

to a chieve s e l e c t e d goals.

D a t a was g a t h e r e d b y q u e s t i o n n a i r e s ,
field

trips

to the gam e areas and r e v i e w i n g W i l d l i f e D i v i ­

sion d o c u m e n t s

and studies.

Cross c o m p a r i s o n of d a t a

d e r i v e d from the v a r i o u s so u r c e s
y tic al

interviews,

served as a u sef ul

anal­

technique.
M a n y s p e c i f i c items of i n f o r m a t i o n w e r e g a t h e r e d

from the n i n e t e e n field b i o l o g i s t s w o r k i n g on s o u t h e r n
M i c h i g a n g a m e areas.

M o s t w e r e q u i t e c r i t i c a l of the

e x i s t i n g s y s t e m of a d m i n i s t r a t i o n .
biologists hunted
ac tiv iti es.

All o f the field

and h a d o t h e r o u t d o o r l e i s u r e time

M o s t b e l i e v e d that the ga me

p r i m a r i l y m a n a g e d fo r h unters.
the field b i o l o g i s t s

areas s h o u l d b e

O v e r n i n e t y p e r cent of

felt a nee d for a d d i t i o n a l

training.

R o b e r t V e r n o n Kesling#

Jr.

M o s t s e e m e d to e n j o y the b a s i c na tur e o f their w o r k and
expressed
improved.

a des ire

to see g ame area a d m i n i s t r a t i o n

Th e fie ld b i o l o g i s t s p o i n t e d ou t se v e r e i n f o r ­

m a t i o n and c o m m u n i c a t i o n p r o b l e m s w i t h i n
Division:
mation#

u n c l e a r goals#

a difficulty

the W i l d l i f e

lack of u sef ul m a n a g e m e n t

infor­

in c o m m u n i c a t i o n b e t w e e n units#

and

red tape s u r r o u n d i n g p l a n n e d action.
T h e a p p a r e n t p r i m a r y goals of
si on w e r e i d e n t i f i e d
various

as p r o v i d i n g

types of hu nting.

sp ecies a nd n o n - h u n t i n g

se rvi ces

Consideration

and gam e for

for n o n — game

forms of w i l d l i f e - o r i e n t e d r e c r e ­

ation w e r e s e c o n d a r y goals.

T h e p o s s i b i l i t y of increasing

q u a l i t y - o r i e n t e d w i l d l i f e recreation,
bird-watching#

the W i l d l i f e D i v i ­

such as h i k i n g

and

is suggested.

The m a i n r e s o u r c e s o f the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n can b e
i m p r o v e d and
niques.

i n c r e a s e d b y using p r o v e n m a n a g e m e n t tech­

Clientele support may be

i n f o r m a t i o n - e d u c a t i o n programs#
and p u b l i c involvement.
effectively utilized
ca t i o n program.
effective

inc re a s e d b y n e w

c l i e n t - o r i e n t e d research#

G a m e area lands c a n b e m o r e

through a land

i n v e n t o r y and c l a s s i f i ­

E q u i p m e n t use can be o p t i m i z e d

s c h e d u l i n g and m a i n t en anc e.
3

t hro ugh

Funds c an b e

R o b e r t V e r n o n Kesling#

in cre ase d b y a c t i v e l y s e e k i n g g r a n t s
legislators

informed.

socialization#

p r o g r a m i nclu d i n g

training#

and p e r f o r m a n c e rewards.
anced

and k e e p i n g k ey

T h e p e r s o n n e l r e s o u r c e can b e n e f i t

from a formal p e r s o n n e l
tion#

Jr.

employee selec­

ca ree r pl anning#

The m a i n r eso urc es

evaluati on#

can be b a l ­

t hr o u g h b e n e f i t / c o s t analysis.
T h e s e l e c t i o n and a c c o m p l i s h m e n t of g o a l s can be

im proved b y u t i l i z i n g

the m a i n re sou r c e s

tion m o r e eff ect ive ly.
Formalizing

the s u b s y s t e m s

control w i l l e n a b l e
spective#

are recommended.

of information#

administrators

to v i e w

i d e n t i f y a d m i n i s t r a t i v e pro blems#

solutions.

E l i m i n a t i o n of the re gio nal

lower administrative
m u n i ca tio ns.
re sul t

Se v e r a l m e t h o d s

of the o r g a n i z a ­

costs

and

in cre ase

planning#

and

them in p e r ­
an d seek

o r g a n i z a t i o n can
the s p e e d of c o m ­

C o s t a c c o u n t i n g b y p r o j e c t o r p r o g r a m can

in v a l u a b l e

information

A c c o m p l i s h m e n t reporting#
w o r k schedules#

when

for p r o g r a m analysis.
tied to p r o g r a m p l a n s

and

can b e an e f f e c t i v e m e a n s of co n t r o l

and

evaluation.
T h e s t u d y was c o n d u c t e d
th rough August#

1974#

from Sep tem ber #

s u p p o r t e d b y F ed e r a l A i d

R e s t o r a t i o n P r o j e c t W -118-R.
4

1973#
to W i l d l i f e

AC KNO WLE DGM ENT S

For pr ov iding
to this study,

the financial support so necessary

the author extends his appreci ati on to the

W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n of the Mich i g a n D e p a r t m e n t of Natural
Resources.
The author is es pec i a l l y grateful
for their assistance rendered during
Ro bert J. Marty,

his m a j o r professor,

and m a n u s c r i p t review;
Division,

the study:

Dr.

for council,

advice

to K e i t h L. H eez en of the Wi ldlife

for m a n u s c r i p t review,

h e l p and guidance;

to the following

constructive suggestions,

and to Merrill L. Petoskey* C h i e f of

the W i l d l i f e Division,

for advice,

support and e n c o u r a g e ­

ment .
D e s e r v i n g special recogni tio n are Dr. Lee M.
James, Dr. V i c t o r J. Rudolph,
mueller,

and Dr. M i l t o n H. Stein-

the author's dis s e r t a t i o n committee,

each of

w h o m c o n t r ib ute d g re a t l y to the author's education.
also w i s h to thank A r l o w P. B o y c e and others

in the

I

W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n w h o h a v e g e n e r o u s l y c o n t r i b u t e d their
time

and e f f o r t

to this study.

A b o v e all/
patience/
Anne .

the au tho r is g r a t e f u l

understanding

for the

and e n c o u r a g e m e n t of his wife/

T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S

Page
L I S T OF T A B L E S ..................................

v

L I S T OF F I G U R E S ..................................

vi

CHAPTER
I.
II.
III.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

A N O V E R V I E W ............................. ..

.

1

A H I S T O R Y A N D D E S C R I P T I O N OF G A M E AREAS.

14

T H E C U R R E N T S Y S T E M OF A D M I N I S T E R I N G
T H E G A M E A R E A S .....................

42

R E G I O N III D I S T R I C T A N D A R E A W I L D L I F E
B I O L O G I S T S ..........................

72

SOME GAME AREA PROBLEMS AS SEEN B Y THE
D I S T R I C T A N D A R E A B I O L O G I S T S ....

85

THE D A N S V I L L E G A M E A R E A — A C A S E S T U D Y
OF C U R R E N T M A N A G E M E N T ..............

107

BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR ACHIEVING A
MORE SUCCESSFUL ADMINISTRATION . . . .

122

L I T E R A T U R E C I T E D ....................................

177

A P P E N D I X ..............................................

180

iv

L I S T O F T ABLES

Table

Page

1.

F o r t y — six R e g i o n

2.

Wildlife Division Allotments
R e g i o n III* 1972-73

3.

4.

III State G a m e A r e a s

.

. .

25

to
50

R e g i o n III D i s t r i c t and A r e a B i o l o g i s t s *
J a n u a r y 1 9 7 4 ..................................

80

S u m m a r y of A n s w e r s to G a m e A r e a Q u e s t i o n ­
n a i r e S e n t to R e g i o n III D i s t r i c t and
A r e a B i o l o g i s t s .............................

86

v

LIST OP FIGURES

Figure

Page

1.

Map of Region III Game A r e a s ...............

19

2.

D u c k H u n t e r on Shiawa sse e State
Game A r e a ...................................

28

3 . M an - M a d e W at e r f o w l H a b i t a t on Maple
River State Game A r e a .....................

29

4.

Ice Fis hin g— A C o m m o n Act ivity on Ma ny
Game A r e a s .................................

30

5.

G ame A r e a I m p r o v e m e n t s ......................

33

6.

"Forty" P l a n .................................... 34-35

7 . D ee r H u n t i n g — A Growing Sport on Game
Areas in Sou thern M i c h i g a n ..............
8.

37

A n Aerial V i e w of Fish Point Game Area's
M a naged W a t e r f o w l Hunting Grounds. . . .

38

O r g a n i z a t i o n C h a r t of Mic hig an
D e p a r t m e n t of Natural R e s o u r c e s .........

43

10.

D e p a r t m e n t L e t t e r .............................

44

11.

Field O r d e r ....................................

46

12.

Org a n i z a t i o n C h a r t of Region I I I ..........

48

13.

D a n s v i l l e State Game A r e a W o r k Plan:
1 9 7 3 - 7 4 ......................................

56

D i s t r i c t M on t h l y S u m m a r y

57

9.

14.

vi

(Cover)

..........

LIST OF FIGURES

(Cont'd)

Figure
15.

Page
Dis t r i c t Mo nth ly Report of Unit
Allotme nts (Cover) ........................
. . .

58

16.

Individual B i—Wee kly A c t i v i t y R eport

17.

M a p of Da nsv i l l e State Game A r e a .....

109

18.

Land Features at D ans v i l l e State
Game A r e a ...............................

112

19.

Closeups at Dan svi lle State Game Area.

20.

Man age m e n t Efforts on the Dan svi lle
State Game A r e a ........................

vii

59— 60

. .

115

119

CHAPTER I
AN OVERVIEW

The Game Areas

Michigan's
They wer e purchased

s t a t e g a m e areas w e r e s ta r t e d

in 1939.

to p r o v i d e l a n d for w i l d l i f e

restora­

tion and p u b l i c hun ting.
managed by

about 46 g ame

sh o w e d

areas

A ga me

that the use

increasing

In s o u t h e r n M i c h i g a n there are now

to tal ing o v e r 2 14, 0 0 0

in 1961-62

i n t e n s i t y of these areas w a s

and that h u n t i n g p r o b a b l y a c c o u n t e d
(Palmer,

gists d i r e c t l y a d m i n i s t e r i n g

A rise

acres of state

a r e a u se s t u d y c o n d u c t e d

than one h a l f of the use

use has

always b e e n

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n of the M i c h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t

of N a t u r a l Resources.'*'

ownersh ip.

T h e s e lan ds h a v e

for less

District biolo­

these areas b e l i e v e

c o n t i n u e d to i n c r e a s e
in u s e confli cts ,

1967).

rapidly

in b o t h v a r i e t y a n d

lack of maintenance,

that the
intensity.

and

^G a m e D i v i s i o n nam e c h a n g e d to W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n
in 1971.
C o n s e r v a t i o n D e p a r t m e n t n ame c h a n g e d to D e p a r t ­
m e n t o f N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s in 1968.

1

2

biological
that the

d e g r a d a t i o n from m i s u s e has led some

t r a d i tio nal

is inadequate.
the g a m e areas

form of a d m i n i s t e r i n g

T h e p r o b l e m of e f f e c t i v e l y

to b e l i e v e

the g a m e areas
administering

for o ptimal use led to this study of c u r r e n t

administration.

The S t u d y M e t h o d s

T h e p r e s e n t s y s t e m for a d m i n i s t e r i n g
areas was e x a m i n e d and c r i t i q u e d
of a d m i n i s t r a t i o n upward.

from the b o t t o m levels

W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n uni ts on

three levels w e r e c l o s e l y examined:
the

six dis tri c t s #

and R e g i o n III.

q u es tionnai res # interv iews # field

2

the D i v i s i o n staff/
D a t a was g a t h e r e d b y

trips

to the g a m e areas #

and r e v i e w i n g W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n d o c u m e n t s
The ques tionnaires
admin is tra t i o n w e r e
biologists
valuable

and studies.

on per s o n a l h i s t o r y and g ame
sent

to the 19 d is trict and

in R e g i o n I I I .

in i d e n t i f y i n g
2

the game

area
area

T h e i r answers w e r e p a r t i c u l a r l y

administrative problems
.

and c a u s e s .
.

R e g i o n III c o m p r i s e s the 3 5 s o u t h e r n c o u n t i e s in
Michigan.
The r e g i o n co nta i n s 6 d i s t r i c t s and f unc tio ns
as a field a d m i n i s t r a t i o n u n i t for s everal d i v i s i o n s :
forestry# w ild l i f e # etc.

3

Field

trips

to e i g h t g a m e areas d i s p e r s e d

in the

re gio n i llu str ate d actual o n - t h e - g r o u n d m a n a g e m e n t p r o b l e m s #
especially when
the a r e a s .

accompanied by a biologist

One game are a # D a n s v i l l e #■ was

d e p t h . and six

trips

t h r o ug hou t

familiar w i t h
s t u d i e d in

the y e a r wer e ma de

there.

W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n d o c u m e n t s a nd s tudies w e r e s o m e ­
what disappointing.

They l a c k e d

the o u t p u t and i mpact

i n f o r m a t i o n n e c e s s a r y to e f f e c t i v e l y e v a l u a t e m a n a g e m e n t
decisions.

E v e n d e t a i l e d cos t i n f o r m a t i o n of p r o j e c t s was

u s u a l l y lacking.

A cross c o m p a r i s o n of dat a and

m a t i o n was h e l p f u l
pr ob l e m s

in m a k i n g

an a n a l y s i s

of the v a r i o u s

identified.

A d m i n i s t r a t i v e P rob lem s

M o s t of
ga me areas

the b a s i c

Identified

administrative problems

of the

c a r r y o v e r to the en t i r e w i l d l i f e o r g a n iza tio n.

M a n y m a y be g r o u p e d

into two c a t e g o r i e s :

o r g a n i z a t i o n structure.
plex# b u t a k e y

The personnel

to u n d e r s t a n d i n g

of the w i l d l i f e o rga niz ati on.
ture#

infor­

personnel

situation

it is k n o w i n g

and

is c o m ­

the h i s t o r y

T he o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t r u c ­

cr e a t e d b y the D e p a r t m e n t of N a t u r a l Resources'

4

staff#

has produced a p a r t i c u l a r l y d i ff i c u l t working

situation.

Many of the wi l d l i f e o r g a n i za t io n problems

are attribut able to the structure#

rules#

procedures,

and

p olicy in its work environment.
Almost all of the admini strators

in the wi l dl i fe

organi z at i on we re trained as w i l d l i f e biologists.

The

organiz a ti o n lacks the va r iety of skills so common in
organizations of similar size.

A d v a n c e d training

admini s tr a ti o n is especi a ll y lacking.
a serious organizational w e ak n e s s

These

that limits

in

factors are
the p e r ­

spective and p r o b l e m solving ab ility of the organization.
The wi l dlife o r ga n i z a t i o n has
tive levels:

district#

D i v i s i o n has a Chief#
mission

region#

staff#

three a d m i n i s t r a ­

and the Division.

and research unit.

The
Its

is to plan programs and p r ovide expertise.

three regions

The

are separate o rg anizations w h i c h a d m i n i s ­

ter the programs planned b y ma ny divisions.

The W i l d l i f e

Chief and Regional Manag e rs are on the same level and
must b ar g a i n as equals.

The regions may hire

field biolog is t s w i t h o u t approval

their own

from the Division.

C l e a r l y the W i ld l i f e C h i e f does not have line authority.
Field orders

are required to carry out new programs.

A

field o rder must have the s ig n a t u r e of two d e p u t y dir ectors

5

and

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n Chief-

T h e p ro c e s s

is awk war d

and o f t e n s l o w .
F o r se veral

re asons * e f f o r t s of

the W i l d l i f e

D i v i s ion do not p r o d u c e des ired r e s u l t s .
a comprehensive

statement of objectives

. .
4
W i l d l i f e Div is i o n .
clear d i r e c t i o n .

F o r that reason,

as d o e s

oriented.

Maintaining

boundaries

seems

p l a n n i n g h a s no

traditional

norms

and d i v i s i o n

to o c c u p y c o n s i d e r a b l e D N R s t a f f

W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n s t a f f is not s e r v i n g
and r e q u e s t s

o f t e n l ost or forgotten.

feel

time.

that the

their ne eds well.

M a n y field b i o l o g i s t s b e l i e v e
to o f f e r

them.

These

s e e m v e r y f r u s t r a t e d at the l a c k of

that goes

into p r o g r a m s

they are e x p e c t e d

F o r m e r l y D e p a r t m e n t of C o n s e r v a t i o n unt il

to

1970.

4

O b j e c t i v e s for these uni ts are w r i t t e n in a
v a r i e t y of p o l i c y d o c u m e n t s that are n ot c o n s i d e r e d b y
the a u t h o r to b e c o m p r e h e n s i v e .
5

Re s u l t s of ga me
in p o i n t i n g this out.

5

they s e n d to the s t a f f are

that the s t a f f has l i t t l e e x p e r t i s e

3

Rules,

are g e n e r a l l y not p e r f o r m a n c e -

T h e d i s t r i c t and area b i o l o g i s t s

planning

lacks

its

and co n t r o l v e r y d i f f i c u l t -

r e g u l a t i o n s , and rew ards

field b i o l o g i s t s

3

H e n c e , the s y s t e m of b u d g e t i n g mak es

associated planning

The q u e s t i o n s

The D N R

area q u e s t i o n n a i r e are s p e c i f i c

6

ca r r y out.

T h e y also

i n f o r m a t i o n on g a m e
them.

feel

that they need mo re

area u s e p r o b l e m s

and m e a n s of so lvi ng

T h e D i v i s i o n s t a f f d o e s not se em

field ord ers
ized t h e m .

and pl a n s

and b e t t e r

to u n d e r s t a n d w h y

are not c a r r i e d ou t as they v i s u a l ­

M a n y s t a f f mem b e r s h a v e li ttle face

contact with

to face

the d i s t r i c t b i o l o g i s t s .

A F r a m e w o r k F r o m W h i c h to v i e w P u b l i c
Wildlife Administration

To better understand game
problems/

area a d m i n i s t r a t i o n

the b a s i c r e q u i r e m e n t s o f p u b l i c w i l d l i f e

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s h o u l d b e examined.
viewing
main

th ese b a s i c r e q u i r e m e n t s

resources#

r e s o u r c e s of

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n
funding#

fauna) » e q u i p m e n t

and p e r s o n n e l .

separated

and c o n t r o l .

grams

of

inputs#

lands

G ame

Th e m a i n
clients#

(including

f l o r a and

Administrative processes
informat ion #

area a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w a s v i e w e d

planning#

as a

the three subsysterns o r g a n i z e d and

the m a i n r e s o u r c e s of

to ach i e v e

for

or

include:

into three subsystems:

process by which
utilized

consists

framework

and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e pro ces s e s .

a u t h o r i z a t i o n and

were

A useful

ag e n c y

the o r g a n i z a t i o n

s e l e c t e d goals.

into p r o ­

7

The main resources of the o r g a n i zat ion should be
ba l a n c e d and maintained.
niques

P roven a d m i n is tra tiv e tech­

for achieving optimal resource conditions should

b e used.

For example * the clientele resource can be

attracted and mai nta i n e d b y an effective public i n v o l v e ­
ment program*

cl ie n t e l e - o r i e n t e d applied research*

p r o v i s i o n for new and be t t e r services.

and

Efforts on

achieving more clientele can be bal a n c e d against seeking
funds, b u i l d i n g u p personnel,

etc.

The administrative subsystems of planning,
trol.

and information are interdependent.

w o r k carries out p l a n s .

Contro lli ng

Information input is ne ces sar y

for b o t h planning and control.

A d m i n i s t r a t i v e planning

includes o bj ect ive setting and pr o g r a m planning.
includes supervising, m o n i t o r i n g activities,
ating pr ograms and personnel.
collects,

processes,

c on­

The

and e v a l u ­

information system

and d i s t r ib ute s

d e sired for planning and control.

Control

the information

The q ua l i t y of the

decisio ns made b y the o r g a n i z a t i o n depend largely on the
qu a l i t y of information available.
W h e n w ild l i f e o r g a n i z a t i o n pro blems are di scu s s e d
independently,

the signif ica nce of h o w

the o r g a n i z a t i o n is lost.

By providing

they really affect
a conceptual

8

framework# m a n y problems m a y b e v i e w e d together and the
relatio nsh ips can be ma de clear.

A pa rti c u l a r p r o b l e m

can b e cla ssi fie d as to w h e t h e r it originates
resource or an administrative process#
p r oblem can be

from a

or both.

The

further classi fie d as to w h e t h e r it is

caused b y imperfections

in planning or information#

etc.

Pr obl em identification is often h a l f the w o r k of solving
problems.

Te chn i q u e s for A c h i e v i n g a More
Su cce ssf ul A d m i n i s t r a t i o n

The W i l d l i f e Di vi s i o n
that will

sig nificantly improve

state game areas in Region III.
ity than others.

can adopt m a n y techniques
the a d m i n ist rat ion of
Some have h i g h e r p r i o r ­

Each can be tested and refined to m e e t

ch anging needs.
Th e techniques are pr esented according

to the

framework for vi e w i n g a p ublic w i l d l i f e administration.
The

techniques concerned w i t h the a g e n c i e s ' m a i n

In common usage# W ildl ife D i v i s i o n includes
regional w i l d l i f e units.

the

9

re sou rce s are g i v e n

first*

followed b y

those r e l a t i n g

to

administrative systems.

1.

Clientele Relations

Of the m a i n r e s o u r c e s * c l i e n t e l e and p e r s o n n e l
needs should re c e i v e

first priority.

and a p p r o p r i a t i o n s follow.
be a d o p t e d b y
clientele

is to m a k e

types o f p r o g r a m s

can

information-education* public

and c l i e n t - o r i e n t e d research.

T he

intent

services and wildlife recreational opportuni­

ties m o r e a v a i l a b l e

thr o u g h g r e a t e r p u b l i c awareness.

A n o t h e r is to b u i l d st r o n g
agency and its go al s
p a t i o n of c l i e n t s

2.

equipm ent *

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n to improve the

resource:

involvement*

Three

Lands*

"grass

roots"

s u p p o r t for the

thr oug h g r e a t e r e x p o s u r e and p a r t i c i ­

in ag e n c y programs.

Personnel Management

P e r s o n n e l needs can b e m e t b y e s t a b l i s h i n g
p e r s on nel

p r o g r a m at D i v i s i o n level.

a formal

Needs documented by

10

questionnaire

re tur ns

so cia l i z a t i o n #
and

the rewards

in cre ase

7

are:

training#
system.

imp r o v e m e n t s

ev aluation#

in selection#

career development#

Th is p r o g r a m could s i g n i f i c a n t l y

the p e r f o r m a n c e of all w i l d l i f e units at small

cost.

3.

Organizational Structure

An organization's

structure has

e f f e c t on h o w it c an function.
re gions

and r e d u c i n g

a significant

E l i m i n a t i o n of the

the f o u r t e e n d i s t r i c t s

to abo ut

e i g h t c o u l d e l i m i n a t e red tape # improve c o m m u n i c a t i o n s #
and m ake p l a n n i n g

and c ontrol m u c h e a s i e r .

T h e cost of

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n c o u l d also b e g r e a t l y reduced.
of h a n d l i n g aro und

five employees#

could h a n d l e e i g h t or ten.

Either

In s t e a d

the d i s t r i c t b i o l o g i s t
the D i v i s i o n C h i e f

or the R e g i o n a l M a n a g e r should b e g i v e n e x p l i c i t line
a u t h o r i t y so that the o r g a n i z a t i o n can

fun cti on

in a

more u n i f i e d manner.
7

G a m e area q u e s t i o n n a i r e s
a r e a b i o l o g i s t s in 1973.

sent to d i s t r i c t and

I

11

4.

Pl ann ing Process

The planning system sets the pace and future
di rec t i o n the organi zat ion will take.
formal planning

E s t a b lis hin g a

system w i t h an up-down flow of infor­

ma tio n can make planning ea s i e r and more effective.
Me shing goals can be e s t a b lish ed to provide clear d i r e c t i o n
for the D i v i s i o n and all of its units.
can be u s e d to carry out the goals.
de sig ned to provide

the following

be fulfilled# methods
of resources required#

Pr ogram planning

Each pr ogram can be

information:

to be used# unit roles#
records

to b e kept#

time and methods of pr o g r a m evaluation.

goals

to

estimates

schedules#

and

Programs b eco me

more effective and responsive to client needs w h e n
evaluat ion s are b u i l t into them.

5.

Organiza tio nal Control

Co ntr ol

takes over w h e r e planning leaves off.

Five techniques the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n can use to ad van ­
tage

in seeing

inspection#
projects#

that plans are accomplished are:

accomp lis hme nt reports#

pro g r a m evaluation#

unit

cost accounting b y

and personnel evaluation.

12

So me of these m e t h o d s n o w in us e can b e
inspection brings

can be d i s c u s s e d o n the

ground with a better understanding.
administrators

a c t i v i t y and d o c u m e n t e d
a tions

insure

as r e q u i r e d

6.

A

use#

areas:

for e v a l u a t i o n purpos es.

is p e r f o r m i n g

for rewards.

i n f o r m a t i o n s y s t e m can in sur e that
timely information

a s s e s s i n g needs#

for p l a n n i n g

Regular

collection#

distribution#

M o r e e m p h a s i s on c o l l e c t i n g o u t p u t and

im pac t i n f o r m a t i o n w o u l d g r e a t l y

mation

Evalu­

S u c h a s y s t e m c o u l d focus on five i n f o r ­

an d storage.

process.

a re g u l a r r e - o c c u r r i n g

Information

formal

and control.

I n s p e c t i o n s b y all

that e a c h u n i t and in div idu al

d e c i s i o n m a k e r s rec e i v e

mation

should be

and give a fair b a s i s

Management

Uni t

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n s t a f f o ut to the

district biologist where problems

wildlife

improved.

im prove the p l a n n i n g

i n s p e c t i o n s can b e m a d e

for accuracy.

to c h e c k i n f o r ­

13

Implementing C hange

A l l o rga n i z a t i o n s m u s t change wi th changes
their e n v i r onm ent if they are to survive.
cant changes

in

Most signifi­

in an org ani zat ion are d iff i c u l t and partial

to some members.

For e x a m p l e , a change in organizational

structure o ften necessitates changes

in w o r k roles.

Some

members are a dvanced above others and all must adjust to
a new w o r k situation.

A change can b e n e f i t and improve

the o rga n i z a t i o n even though it causes some temporary
di sru p t i o n of work.
The W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n needs an adminis tra tiv e model
to w o r k toward in o r d e r to make consist ent improvements
wi t h i n itself.

This study represe nts

the b e g i n n i n g

toward identify ing such a model and can be used as a
basis

for some b a s i c improvements

in administration.

H o p e f u l l y , it wi ll b e used as a takeoff point for mo re
de ta i l e d studies seeking improvements

in adm ini ste rin g

the Wi ld l i f e D i v i s i o n and M i c h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t of Natural
Resources.

C H A P T E R II
A H I S T O R Y AND D E S C R I P T I O N OF GAME AREAS

The C r e a t i o n of Game Areas

Th e W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n of the M i c h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t
of Natural Resources has a long and colorful history.
F o r m e r l y called the Game Division*

it dates from 1927 b u t

has roots ba ck m a n y years b e f o r e that
tion Department*

1928).

appropr iat e choice*

The name Game Di vis ion was a ver y

for m o s t of the early concerns of the

D i v i s i o n w e r e supplying
game to shoot.
game farming*

(Michigan C o n s e r v a ­

the hu nti ng public w i t h ample

The w o r k con sisted of such activities
censusing*

species trials.

life h i s t o r y studies*

The change

W i ld l i f e D i v i s i o n was m a d e

as

and exotic

from Game D i v i s i o n to the
in 1971*

of the W i l d l i f e M a n a g e m e n t Institute

on the rec omm end ati on
(1970) * to si gni fy

the ma ny values of Michigan's wi ld l i f e resources.

In the

e a r l y part of the 1900's* m o s t of Michigan's p o p u l a t i o n
lived in rural areas,
common ou td o o r leisure

and hu n t i n g and fishing were ve ry
time activities.
14

The access

to

15

h u n t i n g w a s excellen t/

o f t e n one ste p o ff

the b a c k porch.

By the 1 9 3 0 's# a p e r i o d of e c o n o m i c h a r d s h i p s et in for
M i c h i g a n as w e l l as m o s t of the country.
era/

a considerable

op ed

in M i c h i g a n and o t h e r states.

from s ev e r a l

i n t e r e s t in na t u r a l

factors:

tion w o r k p r o j e c t s

the va r i o u s

This

During

this

resources dev e l ­
i nte res t s tem med

government conserva­

and the c i v i l i a n c o n s e r v a t i o n c o r p s »

a b a c k to the e a r t h and n atu re m o v e m e n t / an o bv i o u s n eed
for land reform/

and i ncr ease d l e i s u r e time.

Th e s tro ng

i n t e r e s t in w i l d l i f e as a n atu ral

re s o u r c e at the n a t i o n a l level led to the p a s s a g e o f an
act that h a d a s i g n i f i c a n t i m p a c t on M i c h i g a n ' s G a m e
g
D i v i s i o n — the P i t t m a n - R o b e r t s o n Act.
Officially named
the F e d e r a l A i d
law p r o v i d e s

in W i l d l i f e R e s t o r a t i o n A c t of 1937/

that r e v e n u e

from the federal e x c i s e

s p o r t i n g arms and a m m u n i t i o n b e m a d e a v a i l a b l e
st ate s
cl uding

for v a r i o u s

tax on

to the

types of gam e r e s t o r a t i o n work/

in­

the p u r c h a s e of land for that p u r p o s e and for

hunter access.
states

this

T h e funds are a l l o c a t e d

to the s e p a r a t e

for w i l d l i f e r e s t o r a t i o n b a s e d o n a for m u l a of

h u n t i n g l i c e n s e sales and o t h e r

factors.

The

0
Th e act w a s named for S e n a t o r s P i t t m a n and
Robertson.

16

P i t t m a n - R o b e r t s o n A c t p r o v i d e d s e v e n t y - f i v e per cent
reimbursement

to the states

for a p p r o v e d proj e c t s

(Michigan C o n s e r v a t i o n D e p a r t m e n t , 1940) .
S t a t e game areas w e r e started J u l y 1/ 1938,
the first P i t t m a n - R o b e r t s o n funds b e c a m e
g e n e r a l policy#

providing

when

available.

A

that from 60 to 70 per cent of

the a v a i l a b l e P i t t m a n - R o b e r t s o n m o n e y s h o u l d be used
land a c q u i s i t i o n

in s o u t h e r n M i c h igan, w a s e s t a b l i s h e d b y

the C o n s e r v a t i o n C o m m i s s i o n in September,
late 1 9 3 0 ' s

in Michi g a n ,

leave t h e i r small

for

1938.

m a n y families w e r e

In the

forced

to

farms and seek w o r k in the cities.

T h e y v o i c e d c o n s i d e r a b l e c o n c e r n a b o u t the future of
public hunting.

T h e y w a n t e d to b e a s s u r e d of not o n l y

g a m e b u t access to h u n t i n g land.

In response,

the G a m e

D i v i s i o n u n d e r t o o k a land p u r c h a s e p r o g r a m in s o u t h e r n
Mi c h i g a n .

M a n y b l o c k s o f sub m a r g i n a l

were examined

to d e t e r m i n e

p r o d u c t i o n and hunting.

a g r i c u l t u r a l land

their s u i t a b i l i t y for game

Those blocks meeting

these

r e q u i r e m e n t s w e r e d e d i c a t e d as state g a m e area projects,
and a c q u i s i t i o n o f land w a s started.
offering significant

fishing sites as w e l l

w e r e d e d i c a t e d as state w i l d l i f e
si o n

funds w e r e u s e d

T h o s e proj e c t s

in part.

areas,

The p r i m e

as h u n t i n g

since F i s h D i v i ­
responsibility

17

for m a n a g e m e n t of g a m e areas h a s

always b e e n w i t h the

W i l d l i f e Division.
T h e p e r i o d of 1939 to 1949 s a w the c r e a t i o n of
state g a m e

areas

( B a r l o w e » 1949) .

in twenty s o u t h e r n M i c h i g a n counties
D u r i n g this period#

in 23 s e p a r a t e p r o j e c t s w e r e a c q u i r e d
Of this#

50#000 acres w a s

a l m o s t 80 # 0 0 0 acres
for this p u r p o s e .

a c q u i r e d w i t h Pitt m a n -

R o b e r t s o n f u n d s » and m u c h of the rest came to the s t a t e
t h r o u g h tax reversion.

During

this same p e r i o d # a d d i ­

tional lands w e r e a c q u i r e d b y the Pa r k s D i v i s i o n
public recreational

areas also l o c a t e d

for 15

in the s o u t h e r n

p a r t of the s t a t e .
T h i s l a n d p u r c h a s e p r o g r a m of the 1939

to 1949

p e r i o d w a s u n d e r t a k e n o n a sound land use b a s i s .
unpublished report b y Raleigh Barlowe

(1949)

T h r o u g h o u t its o p e r a t i o n the land
p u r c h a s e p r o g r a m has aimed at p u t t i n g
lands to t h e i r o p t i m u m u s e .
It h a s
b e e n g e n e r a l l y r e c o g n i z e d that g o o d
c o r n l a n d can p r o d u c e and s u p p o r t a
b e t t e r crop o f p h e a s a n t s than m o s t
u n d e v e l o p e d w i l d land.
Y e t no a t t e m p t
h a s b e e n m a d e to acq u i r e p r o v e n a g r i ­
c u l t u r a l land# e v e n w h e r e it is a v a i l ­
able# for the s i m p l e r e a s o n that it is
c o n s i d e r e d b e t t e r s u i t e d for crop than
for w i l d l i f e r e s t o r a t i o n use.
The
g r e a t b u l k of the lands m e e t i n g this
q u a l i f i c a t i o n are l o c a t e d in the n o r t h ­
e r n c o u n t i e s . B u t the c o n c e n t r a t i o n of

An

states:

18

p o p u lation in the southern part of the
state has made it desirable to emphasize
public land acquisitions in the southern
counties.
Examination of the agricultural land
c l a s sification maps and reports prepared
b y V. O. V e a t c h of the Soils Section of
the M i c h i g a n A g r i cultural E x p e r i m e n t
St a t ion shows that the various game area
p r o jects have b e e n located for the most
part in areas of third and fourth class
lands* the lands of lowest value for
general farm use.
Be f o r e the acquisition prog r a m has
b e e n started in any area* relatively
comprehensive surveys h a v e first been
conducted.
Th e s e surveys have indicated
the general value of the land for w i l d ­
life restoration purposes* the land use
and cover conditions and the appraised
v alue of the land.
There are now a p p r oximately 46 game areas in
R egion III w h i c h comprises the southern h a l f of M i c h i ­
gan's L o w e r Peninsula

(Fig.

lie north of this area.

1).

Total

A n o t h e r 13 game areas
acreage of game areas in

R egion III is approximately 214*150
DNR*

acres

(Michigan

1972).
Altho u g h Pittman- R o b e r t s o n funds served to start

the game area projects*

the land was and can be acquired

through several ot h e r means:
Fund*

tax reversion*

and gift or trade.

the Fish and Game Protect i o n

recreational bonds*

land transfer*

The Fish and Game Protec t i o n Fund is

made u p of hunting and fishing license revenue and serves

Fig. 1.— Map of Region III Game Areas

□

STATE GAME AND WILDLIFE AREAS—
open to hunitnf txctpt UUy U t* I Crow blond

STATE RECREATION AREAS—
open In port to huollfli

p.U'0^,47 ICrtI
S ft N I L A C

Ul«*4
S A G

I

N

A

v*jj^ar,.c.L.

W

GR A T I 0 T

22

MUSKEGON

"H
■Im

n«r^|36
L*k«

Gra1M < !*(<**■

riMiiw 97

^_Grat4

GENESEE
CL I N T O N

OTTAVA

SHI AWASSEE

ST CLAIR

l*aMr WDdik

MAC OMB

Im ltrt StilhwUq4*1« NtWfl
P^PtLK

uu

MifWW
I N « K A M

T&*""” — S T

—

a*

l

,vi

laM

--_i *
VAN

BUREN
XA L A M A Z O O

JACKSON
tkWMVltte

sli
RR 1EN

BRANCH
C A S S

iff1J O S E P H

HILLSDALE

>

Ifi,'
CW'
flat

u r

; f,
N _ r « i r V

S!j?

hs s t omI

JCMm*
WASHTENAW

W ft Y N E

H*
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20

as a m a j o r source of funding for several D N R divisions#
including

the W i l d l i f e Division.

L a n d acquisition mon e y

from this

fund can b e spent anywhere in the state and is

n o r mally used to acquire h i g h p r i o r i t y lands not included
in approved P i t t m a n - R o b e r t s o n projects.

T a x —reverted

land was very common during the 1930 depression#
state p icked up sizeable bl o c k s of submarginal
M a n y of these blo c k s w e r e

and the

farm land.

included in game areas.

Key

parcels of land can and h a v e b e e n acquired by g i f t or
trade.
P i t t m a n - R o b e r t s o n funds still are used
lands

in game proj e c t s

that have b e e n approved for p u r ­

chase b y the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fishe r i e s
T hese include game and w i l d l i f e areas,
tions,

to acquire

and Wildlife.

e x p e r i m e n t sta­

and some projects where game interests predominate.

P i t t m a n - R o b e r t s o n funds are norm a l l y restri c t e d to siz e ­
able p r o j e c t areas,

due to the complicated p r o c e d u r e in

obtaining approval b y b o t h the U.S. Bu r e a u of Sport
F isheries and W i l d l i f e
Commission.

and the M i c h i g a n C o n s e r v a t i o n

P i t t m a n - R o b e r t s o n funds serve other w i l d l i f e

a ctivi t i es competing w i t h land acquisition,
r e s e a r c h and h a b i t a t improvement.

such as

21

The acquisition p r o g r a m has all b u t ceased.

In

the e a rly 1940 's the average price paid b y the Game
Division

for land purchased

$18.00 per acre.

Payments

$ .11 per acre per year.

in southern Michigan was about
in lieu of taxes averaged

about

Today the average tax on lands

w i t h i n Region III state game

areas approaches $4.00 per

acre per year

1970/

(Michigan DNR/

1972).

This m o n e y is

taken out of the Fish and G a m e Protection Fund
and fishing license r e v e n u e s ) .

(hunting

The current tax on game

areas makes some of them a considerable liability as well
as an asset to the W i l d l i f e Division.

The tax rates h a v e

increased over the years and largely reflect the increased
value of land.

Much of the land b o u g h t for $20.00 per

acre w o u l d sell

for over $1/000.00

today.

A small game

hunting license cost $1.00 in 1940 and could approximately
pay the taxes on 9 acres of pu b l i c hunting land
III.

In 1972/

in Region

a small game hun t i n g license cost $5.00

and paid

the taxes on about 1.3

In 1940/

541/000 small game licenses w e r e sold in the

state;

in 1972/

p o p u l a tion was

acres of the same land.

539/000 w e r e sold.
about 5/300/000;

9/000/000

(Verway/

1974).

obvious.

Small game hunting

In 1940/

in 1973

The situation

Michigan

it was about
is painfully

as a leisure activity has

22

d e c r e a sed d r a m a t i c a l l y on a per capita basis during
period 1940-1973.

A t the same time#

this

the license mon e y

received is covering less and less of the program costs
of m a i n t a i n i n g game areas and ma k i n g payments in lieu of
taxes.
The game area land purch a s e d usu a l l y falls into
two general physical categories:
d r a i n e d land.

p o o r land or poorly

These two factors m a k e

the land poorly

suited for agriculture and also# more significantly#
expensive.

The soil

fertility that makes

p r o d u c t i o n also m a k e s
reverse.

for h i g h crop

for high game produc t i o n and the

In Re g i o n III#

the upland game area lands are

not n a tur a l l y capable of supporting
lations

less

the w i l d l i f e pop u ­

that could b e supported on an equal area of the

surrounding agricultural land.

M o s t of the forest land

acquired has b e e n cut o v e r and is of low productivity.
G o o d h a r d w o o d stands are rare and m o s t are too small
encourage a serious

timber m a n a g e m e n t effort.

lowland# p o o r l y d r a i n e d areas#

to

In the

the p r o d u c t i v i t y of w a t e r ­

fowl and furbearers m a y be good#

since the u n d e r l y i n g

soil a nd/or n u t r i e n t - c a r r y i n g w a t e r can supply the fer­
tility needed

for the natural food chain.

Controlled

floodings on m a n y o f these areas attract large numbers

23

of m i g r a t o r y waterf o w l .
recently abandoned
and w e r e

M o s t o f the g a m e areas w e r e

farms at the

time

they w e r e a c q u i r e d

in the e a r l y stages of p l a n t succession.

are n o w

in the m i d d l e

to late stages

so that the h a b i t a t u s u a l l y
animals.

D e e r and g r o u s e

p h e a s a n t s , w h i c h seemed

favors

of p l a n t s u c c e s s i o n ,

forest and b u s h l a n d

are o n the i n c r e a s e , w h i l e

to have p e a k e d o u t in the 1 9 4 0 ' s

and 1 9 5 0 's,

are in s l o w d e c l i n e

r a b bits

fox s q u i r r e l s h a v e

and

Most

(Hawn,

1973) .

incre a s e d

Cottontail

in s o m e areas

and d e c r e a s e d in o t h e r s .

Th e U n i q u e C h a r a c t e r of G a m e A r e a s

Today

the s tate game areas

in Reg ion III r e p r e ­

se n t r a t h e r u n i q u e b o d i e s of p u b l i c land.

They have a

wildlife

in size and

and w i l d l a n d c h a r a c t e r a p p r o a c h e d

variety only by
the r e g i o n

the s t a t e parks

(Michigan DNR,

1971) .

and r e c r e a t i o n areas
F o r m a n a g e m e n t and

d e s c r i p t i v e p u r p o s e s , the game areas can be
into four c l a s s e s :

in

separated

general r e c r e at i o n , rabbit-squirrel-

p h e a s a n t , w a t e r f o w l , and d e e r - g r o u s e .

This

I

24

c l a s sification is ba s e d on the types of use restrictions*
the w a t e r d e v e l o p m e n t features*
its associated game species.

and the ground cover and

The one general recreation

area was formerly a state forest and is subject to a wide
v a r iety of uses such as camping and s n o w m o b i l i n g .
s q u i r r e l-pheasant areas are upland areas*

Rabbit-

usually aban­

doned farm lands of low fertility and rolling topography.
The forest cover

is of the central hardw o o d type.

game species on these areas are deer*
pheasants*

and squirrels.

Common

cottontail rabbits*

Water f o w l areas are p r e d o m i ­

nantly lowland marsh or G r e a t Lakes shore line.

These

areas are usu a l l y hi g h l y devel o p e d b y systems of dikes
and ditches to attract m i g r a t o r y waterfowl.

I would

estimate that m o s t of the m o n e y spent on develo p i n g game
areas

for use has b e e n spent on waterfowl areas.

Deer -

g rouse areas are like farm areas except that they are
located in a northern forest type transition zone*
u s u a l l y along the northern edge of Region III.
game species include deer* grouse*
The game

and rabbits

Common
(Table 1).

areas lend themselves to m a n y uses*

use trends are becoming e v i d e n t

(Pig.

2-4) .

and

This is con­

firmed b y W a l t e r Palmer's Game A r e a User Investigation of
1961-1962

(1967) * in w h i c h h e noted that only about ha l f

Table 1.— Fifty-five Region III State Game Areas.

Name of
Game Area

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

Approximate
Total
Holdings
in Acres

Classifica­
tion for
Use Survey3

Land
Costs
in Dollars3

417,637
338,650
37,295
50,950
Transferred
from State
Admin. Board
185,261
100,100
152,202
261,342
60,728
37,824
197,068
304,450
14,640
52,575
127,700
154,687
158,955

Allegan
Barry
Cannonsburg
Cass City
Chelsea

43,751
14,841
1,336
723
654

REC (1)
R-S-P
R-S-P
D-G
R-S-P

Crane Pond
Crow Island
Dansville
Deford
Edmore
Erie
Fish Point (3)
Flat River
Fulton
Gourdneck
Grand Haven
Gratiot-Saginaw
Gregory (3)

3,111
1,157
4,143
9,607
2,439
1,795
3,076
10,268
672
2,000
913
13,098
3,350

R-S-P
W-F (2)
R-S-P
D-G
D-G
W-F
W-F
D-G
R-S-P
R-S-P
W-F
D-G
R-S-P

Central Location
by County

Allegan
Barry
Kent
Tuscola
Washtenaw

Cass
Saginaw
Ingham
Tuscola
Montcalm
Monroe
Tuscola
Montcalm, Ionia
Kalamazoo
Kalamazoo
Ottawa
Gratiot, Saginaw
Livingston

Table 1.— Continued

Name of
Game Area

19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32,
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.

Langston
Lapeer
Leidy Lake
Lost Nation
Lowell
Maple River
Middleville
Minden City
Murphy Lake
Muskegon
Oak Grove
Onsted
Petersburg
Pointe Mouilee
Port Huron
Portland
Rogue River
Rush Lake
St. Clair Flats (3)
Sanilac

Approximate
Total
Holdings.a
in Acres

2,902
6,736
107
2,374
1,833
5,928
3,375
4,636
2,560
7,664
1,796
512
435
2,903
6,179
1,906
5,292
668
6,614
1,464

Classifica­
tion for
Use Survey

D-G
R-S-P
W-F (2)
R-S-P
R-S-P
D-G
R-S-P
D-G
R-S-P
W-F
R-S-P
R-S-P
R-S-P
W-F
R-S-P
R-S-P
D-G
W-F
W-F
D-G

Land
Costs
in Dollars3

65,118
333,008
10,000
147,081
54,758
242,000
146,947
98,610
93,960
303,302
65,341
14,000
10,964
477,255
170,624
140,840
177,334
82,600
147,805
72,490

Central Location
by County

Montcalm
Lapeer
St. Joseph
Hillsdale
Ionia, Kent
Clinton, Gratiot
Barry
Sanilac
Tuscola
Muskegon
Livingston
Lenawee
Monroe
Monroe
St. Clair
Ionia
Kent
Huron
Macomb
Sanilac

Table 1.— Continued

Approximate
Total
Holdings
a
in Acres

Name of
Game Area

39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.

Sharonville
Shiawassee River
Stanton
Three Rivers
Tuscola
Vassar
Vestaburg
Wildfowl Bay (3)
TOTAL

2,248
8,341
4,223
2,060
8,343
3,059
1,516
1,542

Classifica.
_
tion for
a
Use Survey

R-S-P
W-F
D-G
R-S-P
D-G
D-G
D-G
W-F

214,150

.
Land
Costs
,,
a
in Dollars

110,750
763,965
166,763
105,942
159,265
80,450
29,860
89,901
7,012,997

Information from game area use survey and 1972 biennial report.
Legend:

1) Former State forest, only game area with campgrounds
2) Difficult public access
3) Wildlife area (includes Fish Division purchased land)
REC
W-F
R-S-P
D-G

General recreation area
Waterfowl area
Rabbit-squirrel-pheasant area
Deer-grouse area

Central Location
by County

Jackson
Saginaw
Montcalm
St. Joseph
Tuscola
Tuscola
Montcalm
Huron

Duck Hunter on Shiawassee State Game Area

Fig. 3.— Man-Made Waterfowl Habitat on Maple River State Game Area.

30
Fig . 4 .— 1 ce F i s h i n g — A C o m m o n Activ ity on Many Game*
Areas.

31

o f the d a y

time u s e

is h u n t i n g .

Another user study

being undertaken/

and p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s

increased variety

and

i n t e n s i t y of use.

is n o w

s h o w a trend

of

For example/

motorcycles

and s n o w m o b i l e s w e r e h a r d l y v i s i b l e

in 1961.

but

they w e r e

though

in 1973

common

in m a n y

areas

even

their

u s e w a s h i g h l y r e s t r i c t e d o r p r o h i b i t e d b y law.

Other non­

hunting

cross­

activities

c o u n t r y s kiing,
on

the

seem

i ncrease.

s u c h as b i r d w a t c h i n g .

mushroom hunting,
Hunting

a r e a use.

lieved
numbers

first biologists

when

the 1 9 6 1 - 1 9 6 2

Management Efforts

The

fis h i n g

activities,

to b e h o l d i n g at a b o u t

total p e r c e n t a g e of g a m e

and

wildlife management

in 1 9 4 0 w a s

for small g a m e

1940's

and

into

erable

effort on habitat

is d e c l i n i n g .

to m a n a g e g a m e

areas b e ­

to p r o v i d e

for h u n t e r s .

to o t h e r uses.

techniques

leve l s , b u t as a

on the G a m e A r e a s

and w a t e r f o w l

consideration was given

are p r o b a b l y

taken collectively,

hunting

t h at t h e i r p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e w a s
of small g ame

hiking,

such

The

that

the b i o l o g i s t s

improvement,

Little

s t a t e of

few p r o v e n

p r o d u c t i o n w e r e kn o w n .

the 195 0 * s .

large

In

the

spent consid­

planting

up

fields

32

into

trees

and shrubs

pheasants,

rabbits,

The

6) .

The

intent was

wrote

4,000

"forty"

m ent plans.
into a m o r e

The

acres would,

ef f e c t i v e use of

tree a n d s h r u b p l a n t i n g .
are out d a t e d b e c a u s e
the r e c o m m e n d e d

not,

from b a r e

fields

of twenty years.

areas

for each.

areas
A game

not often

summarized

Biologists

seldom made

The

than

"forty" p l a n s

succession has

techniques have

area

h a v e 100 m a n a g e ­

T o d a y m o s t o f the

the p l a n t

an d

changed,

not b e e n u p d a t e d w i t h

"forty" p l a n n i n g

system

yet, b e e n r e p l a c e d .
On m o s t g a m e

hurried

for sm a l l g a m e o n e v e r y

f o r any p u r p o s e o t h e r

b e t t e r and p r o v e n methods.
has

that an a d e q u a t e

therefore,

form.

the p l a n s

"forty" p l a n s

on t h e i r g a m e

i n f o r m a t i o n was

comprehensive

and i n v e n ­

The game biologists

a detailed management plan

w i t h say,

and

to i n s u r e

available

every

5).

at l a n d m a n a g e m e n t

legal description.

patiently mapped

(Fig.

the d e v e l o p m e n t o f

v a r i e t y of h a b i t a t w a s
forty acre

food and c o v e r f o r

and s q u i r r e l s

first attempts

t o r y c o n s i s t e d of
(Fig.

to f u r n i s h

areas,

to trees

a rapid natural

and s h r u b s

The planting

the p r o c e s s .

Today,

took p l a c e

of trees

many open

are s h a r e c r o p p e d b y local

plant sucession
in a s p a n

and s h r u b s
fi e l d s

farmers.

only

on g a m e

Several

attempts

Fig. 5.— Game Area Improvements.

#

Irregular plantations and food
patches at Barry State Game
Area. These are designed to
furnish food and cover to
wildlife. They are also aes­
thetic to many users. The
actual effect on game popula­
tions of such wildlife prac­
tices is difficult to measure.

A small wildlife flooding on
the Minden City State Game
Area. Note the numerous coni
fer plantations in the sur­
rounding areas. Some similar
wildlife floodings furnish
opportunities for fishing.
They may be very costly to
build however.

,

34

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a re n a In th e c e n t e r o f th e *4 0 ■ h ave w h it e a p ru c e p la n t e d a lo n e * h . od£#a In ■ d ib b le d
D ann er ( 1 9 5 4 ) .
( 2 ) L in e S l t a C o n ly ( 1 . 5 n c r a o ) .
(3) T ru e f o r S lt o C o n ly . ^Lta B b aa a l r n t d y been p la n te d ( c o r n ) aa a fo o d p a tc h and w i l l bo
a a ln t n lr .e d a a a u c h .

F la m e d Byi_ f t
O - .r P o j
B. X. A a r t l l a

D a ta J a n . 2 . 1 25§ Approved D t i
Approved B yi

_______ ___ P.t-e^________________
g y 3 3 ■M rd T
t
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A p p r o v e d H r i S L , t ^ IJ r , A n f A

□ a . 3 11

(S a a L a |e n d o n B a c k )
(O T E t)

Fig.

6.—

"Forty"

Plan.

Bate J -

? y - J>

35

M IC H I G A N D E P A R T M E N T O F C O N S E R V A T I O N
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36

to set p l a n t succession b a c k to stages more favorable
for small game have b e e n made.

None were successful.

The effects of pesticides and hay-mo w i n g practices used
on n e a r b y farms m a y have a ma r k e d effect on game p o p u ­
lations.

Deer*

favored b y the b u s h y habitat*

on the increase in m o s t game areas.

are today

Because of crop damage

and the h i g h rate

of car accidents* m a n a g e m e n t for d e e r in

southern Michigan

is not encouraged

(Pig. 7).

Impoundments have b e e n d e v e l o p e d on m a n y areas
that furnish e x c e llent w a t e r f o w l - h u n t i n g opportunities.
The m i g r ating w a t e r f o w l are attracted b y flooded fields
of s h a r e c r o p p e d corn.

T h e hun t e r s hidden in the corn or

n earby w o o d s s h o o t the migrating ducks and geese
out the day.

through­

The impoundments rely on the p r o d u c t i o n of

both C a n a d i a n birds and birds produced on other areas in
Michigan*

and do not

direct production

contribute significantly to the

of waterfowl.

m o d a t e l arger migrations,
d irect contribution.
game to the hunter*
sidered to be g o o d

however,

Because they do a c c o m ­
they do make an in­

T h e y are v e r y effective at b r i n g i n g
and the h u n t e r success rate is con­

(Fig.

8).

T h e d e v e l opment and

37
Fig.

7.- - D e e r H u n t i n g — A Growing Sport on Game Areas
S ou t he r n Michigan.

in

Fig. 8.— An Aerial View of Fish Point Game Area's Managed

Waterfowl Hunting Grounds

39

m a i n t e n a n c e costs of s u c h areas

is v e r y high#

m u c h as t w e n t y d o l l a r s per h u n t e r d a y
In an a t t e m p t

9

per h a p s

as

in some a r e a s .

to r e s t o r e small game hunti n g # the

Wildlife Division introduced put-take pheasant hunting
1973.

The hunters enjoyed

the 60 #000 b i r d s

the free program#

r e l e a s e d w e r e shot.

cost of p h e a s a n t p r o d u c t i o n
p e r bird.

u s u a l l y lacking.
not p i c k e d up#

areas

is i n c r e a s i n g # b u t

are b a d l y rutted#

and signs are n o t replaced.

to read a m a p

are so p o o r l y m a r k e d

to k n o w w h e r e

w h e r e p r i v a t e l a n d begins.

Some

is

trash is

Many boun­
that the u s e r

the a r e a t e r m i n a t e s

and

areas are m u c h m o r e

than o t h e r s and r e c e i v e b e t t e r m a i n t e n a n c e .

Most waterfowl
show pieces

i m p o u n d m e n t s are w e l l

compared

M a n a g e m e n t has

to the a v e r a g e

traditionally favored

cared

for and are

fo r e s t g a m e area.
the hunter#

E s t i m a t e b a s e d on 1969 rec o r d s
Game Area.

Chief#

to $9.00

and r e g u l a r m a i n t e n a n c e

O f t e n roads

d a r i e s of game areas

9

U n f o r t u n a t e l y # the

10

there are few facilities#

developed

and m o s t of

is h i g h # a b o u t $6.00

T h e g e n e r a l use of game

has

in

and

of S h i a w a s s e e

" ^ C o n f i r m e d b y l e t t e r from W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n
A p r i l 1# 1974.

40

other users

are

frequently not well

r e c e i v e d or p l a n n e d

for.
M u c h of
attributed

the h i s t o r y of state g a m e areas

to lea d e r s of the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n .

D i v i s i o n has h a d only three chiefs since
1927-

The

refers

to as

first was P.
"Michigan's

H a r r y D.

According

to some w h o s e r v e d u n d e r him*

and h a d l i t t l e p a t i e n c e w i t h

Ruhl

(1962)

c o m m a n d e d the D i v i s i o n .

those w h o s e

R e p o r t e d l y # Mr.

he was

autocratic

ideas d i d not

Ruhl d i d not r e l y m u c h

on h i s s t a f f for i n f o r m a t i o n b u t on k e y
b r o u g h t into the o r g a n i z a t i o n or l o c a t e d
of the state.

in

conservation philosopher."

to 1967#

m a t c h his own.

This

its s t a r t

S. L o v e j o y w h o A l l e n

F r o m 1931

munities

can b e

individuals
in m a n y c o m ­

H e r e c o g n i z e d t a l e n t and a t t r a c t e d

m a n y c a p a b l e r e s e a r c h e r s / o f t e n young # a g g r e s s i v e P h D 's .
M o s t l e ft a f t e r a few y e a r s

service.

top w i l d l i f e

today served

administrators

y e a r s or m o r e u n d e r H a r r y D.
of the b e l i e f s
Ruhl
Mr.

A l m o s t all of the
for f i f t e e n

R u h l 's a d m i n i s t r a t i o n .

they c a r r y are s t r o n g l y i n f l u e n c e d b y Mr.

as e v i d e n c e d b y n o t i n f r e q u e n t refer r a l s
Ruhl w o u l d d o i t . "

M e r r i l l L.

Many

Petoskey#

He s p e n d s m u c h of h i s

to

"the w a y

T h e p r e s e n t W i l d l i f e Chief#

is a dynamic#

c h a r i s m a t i c leader.

time in a c t i v i t i e s

that w i l l

41

increase
Division.

the p u b l i c

H e is w e l l

He authorizes
sions

liked by

and entrusts

and p l a n pr o g r a m s

H a r r y D.
had

support and

funds

t h o s e w h o s e r v e u n d e r him.

the s t a f f

to u n f a m i l i a r

organization where
which course

The Division staff has

tasks

t h e y are n o t

of a c t i o n

to m a k e m a n y d e c i ­

t h e y f o r m e r l y d i d n o t do u n d e r

R u h l 1s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n .

to a d j u s t

for the W i l d l i f e

to take.

in a r a p i d l y c h a n g i n g

told#

b u t mus t decide#

!

C H A P T E R XII
T H E C U R R E N T S Y S T E M OF A D M I N I S T E R I N G
THE GAME AREAS

The R e g i o n III and W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n
O r g a n i z a t i o n * S t r u c t u r e # and
R e s p o n s i b i l i t y in the D N R

T h e M i c h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t of N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s
very large
regional

and c o m p l e x o r g a n i z a t i o n .

field o r g a n i z a t i o n s

planned by
divisions
lines

twenty - o n e

It h a s

three

to c a r r y o u t the w o r k

administrative divisions.

are s t r u c t u r e d a l o n g

The

t r a d i t i o n a l w o r k area

and g r o u p e d u n d e r s i x D e p u t y D i r e c t o r s

The W i l d l i f e Division

is a

(Fig.

9) .

is u n d e r the D e p u t y D i r e c t o r of

R e s o u r c e M a n a g e m e n t # along w i t h F o r e s t r y and F i s h e r i e s .
The regions

fall u n d e r a s e c o n d Deputy;

tion » a third;

Parks and R e c r e a ­

w h i l e P e r s o n n e l # I n f o r m a t i o n and Ed u c a t i o n #

and L a n d s D i v i s i o n are u n d e r a f o u r t h D e p u t y D i r e c t o r .
T h e D e p a r t m e n t of N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s e s t a b l i s h e d
its g e n e r a l o p e r a t i n g p o l i c i e s b y m e a n s of D e p a r t m e n t
Letters

(Fig. 10).

D e p a r t m e n t L e t t e r 157#
42

M a r c h 5# 1971#

GOVERNOR
«' KitURAL \\
RESOURCES }►
l COMKISSIW )j

Fig. 9.— Organization Chart of

w

Michigan Department of

EXECUTIVE ASST I
-jSPfclAL ASST.-PUBLIC AFFAIKSl

DIRECTOR

Natural Resources.
- j LAND USE |

DEPUTY DIRECTOR

OEPUTY DIRECTOR

NATURAL RESOURCES

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

SERVICES

PLANNING StJIViCCl
lU K V fY t* STATHTlCt
chvw o am ckul tcvitw

WTjErfRB^inCES
AUlSSjO/t

RECREATION
BUREAU CHIEF

I
RESOURCES
BUREAU CHIEF

PARKS

geo : SURVEY

LAW

r

FISHERIES

-

L

REC. SERVICES

jAfnilrs
EojMhI
iS
is
SjION
-

WATERWAYS

/££$&

Isuno m a r

|

FIELD
BUREAU CHIEF

ADMINISTRATION
BUREAU CHIEF

AIR P d l CONTROL.

y

WATER MGT.
BUREAU CHIEF

JLDU SERVICES

WATER DEV. SER, -

AIR PO L CONTROL -

FOREST FIRE

ENGINEERING

HYDRO. SURVEY

SOLID WASTE MGT.

FORESTRY

REGION I

I BE

WILDLIFE

REGION I I

LANDS

REGION BL

PERSONNEL

-

x o h u is s iw

*MACKINAC ISLAND

'

WATER QUALCOHTMUNlCIPAL
WASTEWATER

44

Fig.

1 0 . — D e p a r t m e n t Letter.
STATE OF MICHIGAN

T&T
W lU IA U n

I It IATTKA

W M T H miali

D M U I I

U iL L e ttN . O o i e w r

D E P A R T M E N T OF N A TU R A L R ESOURCES

tuttMl(|

SlfVlMST U t S O N Bill UVI, I M V M . U C M O M I I H N
X Of Ml OUltT. I

M M O t M

DEPARTHUT LETTER R0. 206
Apr!) 3 0 , 1974

TO:

ATI Unit Supervisors

FROH:

A. Gene Gailay, Director

SUBJECT:

Lunch Period

For years the regular or standard work schedule fo r DNR personnel has been
from 6 a.m. to S p.m. with a one hour lunch from 12 noon to
1 p.m.In fa c t,
this has been, and s t i l l Is , the standard work schedule for
most Industry
and government.
In certain types of employment, and because o f work situations, the 8 a.m.
to 5 p.m. work schedule does not p re va il, as fo r examples the conservation
o ffic e r and park personnel,
■, .
During a recent meeting with HSEA-DIIR Conrnlttee the p o ss ib ility of a h alf
hour lunch fo r certain fie ld survey parties was discussed. I t was pointed
out that these employees In the winter must stand by the f ir e fo r a h alf
hour a fte r lunch, try to keep warm, and wait u n til the one hour lunch period
has passed before they can return to work. In the suftmer they swat fife s and
mosquitos fo r half an hour watting for the time to resume work. How, thts
doesn't make sense to the employees and I t doesn't make sense to management
e ith e r. The problem of course Is • - where do you draw the line?— what
employees should he given consideration fo r a h a lf hour lunch? How, I t Is
quite possible that many DNR personnel would lik e a h a lf hour lunch and
then quit work at 4:30 p.m. This situation cannot develop and we must continue
the 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. regular or standard work schedule.
The following policy has been adopted on a t r ia l basis’ for six months beginning
Hay 19, 1974.
I t may be discontinued at any time In thet r ia l period and/or
I t stay be extended beyond the six months period.
1.

Personnel in a ll DHR In stallations and offices w ill
continue to have a one hour lunch period and the
regular or standard work schedule remains from
B a.m. to 5 p.m. except as provided In (2 ).

2.

When necessary only for the purpose of becoming a
meefcer of a car pool to conserve gas. I t Is permissible
for the immediate supervisor to approve an employee's
request to work from 7:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. The noon
lunch hour o f 12:00 p.m. to 1:00 p.m. w ill continue.

3.

Upon approval of the regional manager and/or division
chief when appropriate. I t is permissible fo r personnel
- assigned to fie ld survey crews, maintenance of adcess
sites or camp grounds o r any sim ilar work a c tiv ity to
reduce the lunch period to one h a lf hour and adjust
the work day accordingly.

45

serves as

the w o r k i n g d o c u m e n t for d e l e g a t i n g

and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y w i t h i n the o rga n i z a t i o n .
the staff a nd field relations#

authority
Xn o u t l i n i n g

the f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t

was made:
P l a n n i n g of p r o g r a m s * pol ici es# and final
b u d g e t p r e p a r a t i o n is the b a s i c f u n c t i o n
of Staff.
T h e b a s i c f u n c t i o n of F i e l d
re mains the i m p l e m e n t a t i o n and e x e c u t i o n
of the p l a n s S t a f f p repares.
Both Staff
and F i e l d h a v e n u m e r o u s o t h e r d u t i e s #
and t o d a y F i e l d has a large c o n t r i b u t i o n
to m a k e to war d S t a f f plan ning.
T h i s is
an i n t r i c a t e arrange men t# b u t it w i l l b e
h a r m o n i o u s as long as b o t h F i e l d and
S t a f f r e s i s t the u r g e to i n t e r f e r e in the
sp ec i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of the other.
T h e y s h o u l d b e p a r t i c u l a r l y car e f u l not
to in j e c t t h e m s e l v e s into e a c h o t h e r 1s
a d m i n i s t r a t i v e affairs# p e r s o n n e l s u p e r ­
vision# di s c i p l i n e # etc. . . .
U n d e r this system#

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n C h i e f

does not h a v e line a u t h o r i t y o v e r his
He m u s t deal

field o r g a n i z a t i o n .

as an equal w i t h e a c h of the three R e g i o n a l

Managers.
Th e W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n ca r r i e s
through a s y s t e m of field ord ers
ex ample of a field o r d e r ) .

o ut its p r o g r a m s

(see F i g . 11 for an

An approved

field o r d e r

is

ne c e s s a r y to cha nge e x i s t i n g p r o g r a m s o r to i m p l e m e n t new
pr ogr ams

that in volve the

field or gan i z a t i o n .

order m u s t b e a p p r o v e d and s i g n e d b y

A field

at l e a s t two D e p u t y

46

Pig.

1 1 . — F ield Order.

M IC H IG A N D E P A R T M E N T O F N A T U R A L R E S O U R C E S
INTEROFFICE COMMUNICATION

Harch 2 9. 1974

&
TO:

W illiam £. Layeock. Regional Manager - Region 111

FROM;

W. W. Shapton. Chief - Bureau of Field Operations

SUBJECT:

Proposed sewage treatment f a c i l i t i e s

Our meeting w ith local o ff ic ia ls and representatives o f Williams 4 Works
on Wednesday, March 20, 1974, was the f i r s t formal Indication o f a proposal by
Yankee Springs Township fo r sewage c o lle c tio n
and treatment f a c ilit ie s 1n the
Yankee Springs Recreation Area and Section
14
of Yankee Springs Township of the
Barry State Game Area. The f i r s t notice o f th is proposal, suggested by Williams 4 Works
Involving several hundred acres In Section
14, was brought to the a tten tio n
o f the
public
a t a meeting on February 2 , 1974.
We are attaching a portion o f a lands s u it a b ilit y study prepared by the
planners. They have Indicated several site s In addition to Section 14. We would
appreciate having a f ie ld evaluation o f the alternates plus any suggestions that
you may fe e l are relevant to s ite s other than Section 14 and the a lte rn ate s.
Under present d e fin itio n , spray Ir r ig a tio n lim its use o f land so dedicated
to th is single-purpose use because o f possible v ir a l and other disease source contacts.

Shapton, Chief
Bureau o f F ie ld Operations
W ritten by:
M e rrill L. Petoskey
Approved by:

s r r l l l L. PStoskeyX Chief
W ild life Division
Plan Approved:

T . 0. K a rris , Chief
Bureau o f Resources Management

4

47

Di rectors and the D i v i s i o n Chief.

E v e n if the W i l d l i f e

Di vi s i o n staff designs a new program and receives funds
from the L e g i s l a t u r e to carry it out,

it still m u s t obtain

a field o r d e r b e f o r e the pr o g r a m is instituted b y the
region.
The W il d l i f e D i v i s i o n staff has

the respons ibi lit y

for d esi gning programs for each of the three regions.

It

also obtains and allocates a b u d g e t to each region ba sed
on the p rog r a m s

it de sires to carry out.

leaders hip re spo n s i b i l i t y for planning

It has

the

all wi ldlife p r o ­

grams in the region d o w n to the d i s t r i c t level.
Region III takes in the lower half of the lower
peninsula

(Fig. 12) .

The r egion has a dmi nistrative

responsi bil ity for all field and resource per sonnel in­
cluding h i r i n g and promotions.
wi ldlife biologists.
the v ar i o u s districts#
divisions#

It has

This

the task of coordinating

m a d e u p of perso nne l

from several

to m e e t specified pro g r a m objectives.

programs are des i g n e d and funded b y
sions.

includes di str ict

T he

the respective d i v i ­

W i t h o u t W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n p r o g r a m funds,

the

regional m a n a g e r could not p a y the re gional w i l d l i f e
employees.

The b u d g e t a lloc a t i o n to Re g i o n III

MICHIGAN
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
REGION III
WILDLIFE

REGIONAL GAME SUPERVISOR
GAME SUPERVISOR 14
GAME BIOLOGIST 12

. 12.— Organization Chart of Region III.

Conservation Foreman 09
(Stale Game Farm]

2 Game Biologist Trainee 07
Farmer 03

3 Crane Operator OB

DISTRICT 9
GRAND RAPIDS
Gome Supervisor 12

Game Biologist
10
Crane Operator
08
2 Game Area Manager 07
Conservation Foreman 05

DISTRICT 10
ROSE LAKE
* Game Supervisor 12

Game Biologist
(St. Charles]
3 Crane Operator

II

DISTRICT II
IMLAY CITY

DISTRICT 12
P L A IN W E ll

DISTRICT 13
JACKSON

DISTRICT 14
PONTIAC LAKE

Game Supervisor 12

Gome Supervisor 12

Gome Supervisor 12

Game Supervisor 12

Game Biologist
10
Game Area Manager 0 7

Game Biologist
II
2 Game Area Manager 05-07
5 Farmer
03
Typist
04
Manual Worker
01

Game Biologist
iPte.Houillee)
Game Area Manoger 07
Farmer
03
Typist 1/2 time 04

Game Bnlogisl 09-10
6ame Area Manager 07
Farmer
03

Game Biologist (V) 10
Game Area Manager 07
Farmer
03

08

2 Game Biologist
10
Game AreaUanoger 07
Farmer
03

Game Biologist
(Cara)
Game Biologist
Gome Area Manoger
Farmer
Typist Clerk
1/2 time

II
10
07
03
04

2 Game Biologist

49

represents

the Wil d l i f e D i v i s i o n staff's p ri m a r y control

mechanism over its pro grams

in the region

(Table 2) .

The D i v i s i o n Role — A n Emphasis on Hu nti ng

The cu rrent Wil dl i f e D i v i s i o n role is pri marily
one of p rov idi ng h u n t e r services.

Durward Allen

(Atwood

et a l .# 1970) # states that the q u e s t i o n of h o w to use
wildlif e resources

is h e a v i l y influenced b y tradition.

The hu n t e r s have b e e n the traditional clients of the
Wildlife D i v i s i o n and are qu i t e dep en d e n t on the D i v i s i o n
for their hu n t i n g opportunities.
strong

influence over

the price of licenses#

of game area purchases# hu nting
level of

The D i v i s i o n has a
the location

regulations#

"put-take" p h e a s a n t hunting.

and now the

It has d i r e c t con­

trol over the location of h a b i t a t improvements and
impoundment construction.

In the Legislature#

hunters

and hu nting h a v e always b e e n of g r e a t political concern#
sometimes

a persona l concern.

T h e W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n is

under no great pr essure b y the Legislature#
vide services

yet#

for clients other than hunters.

to p r o ­

a

Table 2.— Wildlife Division Allotments to Region III, 1972-73.

Salaries £ Wages

Forest

Farmland

Wetland

Deer Range

Services

Wildlife

Wildlife

Wildlife

Development

138,004

89,098

235,034

183,178

645,314

15,580

8,000

17,951

7,142

33,093

6,040

824

5,260

1,372

7,456

1,400

11,514

104,454

48,500

194,468

7,500

9,245

45,560

7,050

61,855

3,000

4,000

7,000

411,259

251,242

949,186

Force Account
Unemployment

Totals

Snowmobile

Wildlife

Funds

Contractual Services,
Supplies £ Material

30,000

Equipment
Special Maintenance
SUB-TOTALS

168,004

118,681

These figures are taken directly from Wildlife Division documents.

30,520

51

How Planning

is D o n e

A t p r e s e n t there is no clear p o l i c y for c arrying
out a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p l a n n i n g
Region XII.

for state ga me areas

Administrative planning

w h a t w o r k should b e d o n e

in c o n t r a s t

is c o n c e r n e d w i t h
to tec hni cal p l a n ­

ning w h i c h is c o n c e r n e d w i t h how, when,
s h oul d b e a ccomplished.

There

and w h e r e w o r k

now e x i s t s

at least four

s e par ate levels of a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p l a n n i n g
game area.
staff,

g r a m of h o w p lan n i n g
53.

for any g i v e n

T w o of the four le v e l s e x i s t on the L a n s i n g

one level at region,

on page

The

and one at di strict.

is u s u a l l y a c c o m p l i s h e d

is s h o w n

this p a t t e r n

is f o l l o w e d .

gr ams seem to take on the nature of o b j e c t i v e s
M o s t of the a ctu al p l a n n i n g w o r k l o a d

detailed budget allocations
D i v i s i o n staff,

one m a n

pl ann ing

Another

Pro­

for p l a n ­

involves

for ea ch program.

On the

is i n v o l v e d w i t h e s t a b l i s h i n g

comprehensive management plans
no w h a v e none.

A dia­

type and c h a r a c t e r of ea ch p r o g r a m

d e t e r m i n e s h o w cl o s e l y

ning .

in

for the game areas, w h i c h

is c o n c e r n e d w i t h l o n g - r a n g e

for the D i v i s i o n

and is a t t e m p t i n g

five-ye ar w o r k p l a n to b e u p d a t e d yearly.

to b u i l d a
As yet,

no

52

l o n g - r a n g e o b j e c t i v e s h a v e b e e n w o r k e d o u t and e s t a b ­
li she d for

the m a n a g e m e n t of st a t e g a m e areas.

T h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s of the six d i s t r i c t s
R e g i o n III

to the o ve r a l l p l a n n i n g e f f o r t are a small

p r o p o r t i o n of

the total.

for a c c o m p l i s h i n g

The districts

R e g i o n III re views
and addition s,

r e q u e s t funds

new p r o j e c t s or p r o g r a m s

tinuing e x i s t i n g pro grams,

usually with

and f orwards

the p l a n s

and for c o n ­

few changes.

the d i s t r i c t requests,

st aff for e x a m i nat ion .

makes deletions

to the D i v i s i o n

The D i v i s i o n s t a f f re v i e w s

various district requests

along w i t h

the r e q u e s t .

because

the

those of the region.

O n l y at this p o i n t are actual d o l l a r f ig u r e s

fe edb ack

and

attached

T h e D i v i s i o n s t a f f does n o t al way s p r o v i d e

to the d i s t r i c t s a b o u t ch a n g e s

in their plans,

the o b j e c t of m o s t of the p l a n n i n g e f f o r t

secure P i t t m a n - R o b e r t s o n funds
This s o u r c e of funding w i l l

is to

to a c h i e v e a l a r g e r budget.

reimburse

the sta te u p to 7 5%

of the c o s t of c e r t a i n a p p r o v e d W i l d l i f e p r o j e c t s and
programs

to

in R e g i o n I I I .

53

Current System of Administrative Planning
and E v a l u a t i o n for S t a t e G a m e A r e a s

1.

Existing or new programs
objectives

2.

to b e acc o m p l i s h e d .

E a c h d i s t r i c t ma k e s
the a b o v e pr og r a m s .

a y e a r l y w o r k b u d g e t b a s e d on
N o c o s t fi gures

o n l y m a n - h o u r s needed#
needed#

etc.

are attached/

and a lis t o f e q u i p m e n t

This work budget

for a p p r o v a l o v e r a y e a r

3.

take on the n a t u r e o f

is sent to r e g i o n

in advance.

T h e R e g i o n III B i o l o g i s t and R e g i o n III M a n a g e r
r e v i e w the si x d i s t r i c t b u d g e t s
o r n o t t hey are

"in l i n e ."

judged apDropriate
they are se nt

and e s t i m a t e w h e t h e r

W h e n all b u d g e t s

(still w i t h no f ig u r e s

are

attached) »

to the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n s t a f f in

Lansing.

4.

The W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n s t a f f r e v i e w s

and r e v i s e s

the

r e g i o n a l b u d g e t and a t t a c h e s d e t a i l e d c o s t f i g u r e s
to it.

The s t a f f u s e s

its y e a r l y b u d g e t

these fi g u r e s

in r e q u e s t i n g

for the e n t i r e D i v i s i o n .

b u d g e t is s u b m i t t e d

ab o u t a y e a r

in ad v a n c e

This
to the

B u r e a u of the Budget# w h e r e

some checks

for a c c u r a c y

are m a d e .

Th e b u d g e t r e q u e s t is acted u p o n b y
lature# w h i c h gra nts

the S t a t e L e g i s ­

to the D i v i s i o n

that is o f t e n h e a v i l y earmar ked .

an a p p r o p r i a t i o n

This budget appro­

p r i a t i o n o f t e n comes a f t e r the s t a r t of the

fiscal

year.

When

the a p p r o p r i a t i o n

D i v i s i o n staff#
region#

the W i l d l i f e

it is q u i c k l y a l l o c a t e d

and m a j o r p r o j e c t s

a p p r o v e d at this

to e a c h

are a p p r o v e d o r d i s ­

time.

Th e r e g i o n rec eiv es
among

is r e c e i v e d b y

the b u d g e t and d i s t r i b u t e s

it

not n e c e s s a r i l y a c c o r d i n g

to

the distric ts#

the d i r e c t i o n s of the st a f f or on the b a s i s of

the

o r i g i n a l d i s t r i c t w o r k budget.

The districts
directions

r e c e i v e an a p p r o x i m a t e b u d g e t a n d some

from r e g i o n on h o w it s h o u l d b e spent.

The districts proceed

to c a r r y o u t

their y e a r l y

a c t i v i t i e s w i t h o u t a formal s c h e d u l e b u t w i t h a w o r k
plan.

T h e w o r k p l a n is for the m o s t p a r t a la rge

li st of P i t t m a n - R o b e r t s o n a p p r o v e d projects.

55

F i g u r e 13

is a w o r k p l a n for o n e of six game areas

in D i s t r i c t 10.

9.

Accomplishments

and e x p e n d i t u r e s are r e p o r t e d in a

m o n t h l y s u m m a r y r e p o r t b y each d i s t r i c t
and 15).

Daily activities

biologists
two w e e k s

10.

(Figs.

14

are r e p o r t e d b y

field

and technicia ns/ b u t not staff/

every

(Fig.

16).

M o s t of the formal p r o g r a m e v a l u a t i o n is d o n e b y the
staff.

P r o g r a m s o nce e s t a b l i s h e d

as long as m o n e y

is a v a i l a b l e

the e v a l u a t i o n d o n e ce n t e r s
b u t on items pur cha s e d /

tend to b e c a r r i e d

to fund

them.

n ot on p r o g r a m

M o s t of
impacts/

etc.

T h e S i x D i s t r i c t s — A V a r i e t y of
Management Situations

E a c h o f the six d i s t r i c t s
in m a n y ways:

number/

type an d s ize of g a m e

c l i e n t e l e and l and use sit uati on/
and

f a c i li tie s/

in R e g i o n XII

personnel/

areas/

local

equipment

and p r o g r a m s and m a n a g e m e n t intensity.

The g a m e are as

range

The soil

and t o p o g r a p h y v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l y

types

is u n i q u e

in size fro m 107 to 4 3 / 7 5 1 acres.
from

1

DansvlHe State Game Area
WORK PLAN
1973-1974

II.
A.

Type of Wort
1.

Buildings, maintenance
a.
b.

4.

U d.

Plan

Acres

Plan

Acres

21
31
45
56

2.9
3.6
2.3
1.8

60
67
94
102

1.5
.5
1.0
6.B

Edge Development
a.
b.

Wort to be accomplished: Paint 1 unit [Hewes Late bam)
Location: On Dexter Trail at North end of Hewes lake
Trail

Wort to be accomplished:
Location:

Plan

Feet

73

230
950
950

60

Wort to be accomplished: Construct 3 units (culvert brldaes)
Location: Plans 20, 30, 10B
*

21

Roads and tra ils
a.
b.

TOTAL 2,130

Wort to be acconpllshed:
Location:

Maintain 2,765 feet of trails

19a.

Brush Piles .
a.

Plan

No, Of Ft.
b.

Hewes Lake Trail
Old Turney Project Trail
Food Patch Trail Plan 9S
Vest Hewes Lake Trail
Vest Branch Seven Gables Road Rian (0-61
TOTAL

950'
165'
660'
330*
660'
2,765*

21.

22.

Maintain 25 sites, develop 1 site

b.
28.

Wort to be accomplished: 1 building site
location: Wheeler Place

Work to be accomplished: Develop 50, Maintain 100rubbey tire
squirrel dens
Location: Place in appropriate woodlands

Equipment maintenance and moving

Signs and Boundary Harters
a.
a.

b.

Wort to be acconpllshed: The following groups of signs w ill
be posted: boundary (develop] - 1.0 Biles; boundary (maintain)2.0 Biles; Information (develop] - 60 signs; information
(maintain) -150 signs
Location: As needed

b.
29.

Thinning and Clearing - mechanical and manual

S: EStfto?*

“ •*

Wort to be accomplished; Repairing equipmentused.ondevelopnent projects
Location: At most advantageous site

Miscellaneous
a.

»a.

Site and Area Clean-up

Kest Boxand Den Construction
a.

Wort to be acconpllshed:
Location: As needed

4

Wort to be accomplished: Construct 14 brush plies froes edge
development
Location: Plans 21, 60, and 73

Building
a.
b.

Public Use Facilities
a.
b.

11,

Develop 2,130 feet of woodland edge

Bridges
a.
b.

B,

TOTAL: 20,4 acres

Wort to be accocpltshed:
1.
2.

3.
4.

Work plans, Miscellaneous reports, office wort
Making reports and M a p s of development projects
and keeping records for reporting purposes
Gathering btologfcal data
Trespass and use Inspections

Fig. 13.— Dansville State Game Area Work Plan:

1973-74.

in
O'

57

•KMTiiLY SUItlMV
D is tric t 10 W ild life
Hay 26 — June 20, 1974

Crow Island S.G.A.
Advertisement fo r scaled bid sale of a ll buildings.
Acquisition of aortal photos for future management.
Memo to Reg. I l l to request the status o f the en tire area (Include new ac­
q uisition ) to a W ild life Refuge fa r 1974 to fa c ilita te temporary management.
Shiawassee River S.C.A.
Equipment Maintenance - - asvement o f tractors, blades, farm equipment.
F e r tiliz e r hauling for Reg. I l l from Lake Odessa to ilarsens Island (32 tons —
2 trip s ). Equipment hauling for Parks, and W ild life Research, ditch cleaning,
dike re p a ir, road surfacing. The f i r s t sharccrop fie ld s were worked in the
week of June 17th a fte r tite major nfd-ILiy flood. All e ffo rts are being made
to plant corn.
Gnatlot-Saginaw S.C.A.
Timber permits underway for habitat improvement. Sharccrop fie ld s are s t i l l
wet. Planting delayed. Area' needs cleanup, t r a il re p a ir, etc. Saginaw
County side o f the area w ill bo open to Pheasant Put A Take th t( year.
its pie River S.G.A.
Sharccrop field s In good shape. Qlarsh unit on US 27 has opened up this year
with the treatment of muskrat trapping closure and high water ^ High water
in nid-Iiay may have affected tha waterfowl nesting adversely In the low areas
along the llaplc River.
Area needs cleanup and bulldozing o f some roads and old building sites.
Olive Two. Hinl-game Area
Sharecrop permits on 110 acres. State share ■ 1/3 - corn - wheat. Beaver
are back — dam replaced — water level up. (Protected from trapping In 1974)
Oansville S.G.A.
Sharccrop a c tiv ity good — area needs work on parking l.ots, roads, cleanup.
Discussion s t i l l underway with Ingham Co. Road Coamisston on closure o f .S mile
of Seven Gables Road.

Pig.

14.— District Monthly Summary

(Cover).

58

1 5 . — D i s t r i c t M o n t h l y Report of Unit Allotments
(Cover) .

Fig.

i

iiU

_ , . .

A TU A AL R llO t n C t t
v

-----------------

r

S IM W i.* .U N ll M « U |

u n is

ALLOTMENTS

P lt c r le t
4 |(* tO «
H

iX Y ih u f o n
A f* O M T N A iO O

FM M >« 4A<1

m

— L *A 0 .

*n d I t j i n

—

a u 'i

A d * * r | . d it f l 0 < m I A ^

( K T C N ir
V ff A A T O D A T S

310

4 0 3 .1 0

770

9 7 8 .7 4

310
ajo

i

1 0 .7 0

040
V «» i< 4 l, H

VO

T f.v * 4 *1*4

w

O lh 4 f

410

9 M

470
470

m

M W V

Itf.U

D60

S#«*f«4,
—

l.p M tff

2 .7 6 0 .7 3
4 .4 0 4 .6 4

ito
JW
4 IQ

1 1 .0 0

A f n c v il v r * «Ad

4>J

4 .1 7

4 *0

t r i u U l i M l I i t o / 1 ltr t« l> a A |l

4<0
4 *0

4<»
410
44 rj

h * u M N 0 td i n t f L a y f i A r
**"4 O t t t 1.* (Wfr
0 r |. ( « Iw O q M i | i t d f n n ( * d

420
fr io

C « » n » v c t'« n i* v l

M l

1 .2 9

tu W M iH

£60

t o t a l

1 .9 3 2 .1 1

1973

3 t0 u r j

441)

7 .5 7

D ae.
ANNUAL
ALLO TM EN T

3 t-0

f n i *#*<1 C o < t> (*» u i> o a

S —m * * * * . H < y N * f w
l u l l , t ih d in f

1 *2 4 7 * 76

id t ir *

3 *0

■‘‘i t u f . n c *'»-« j. <*1*

7 tO
JtO ZJO
740
TOO

1 .2 9

O lV 'l'O M

I

t l l « 0 k v 4 « > 4 1 fl*9 < « 0 A

7C3

3 1 1 .5 4

3 2 0 1 0 .2 0 .3 0 & 4 0
M O H T H lt l A N O V I A H

coot

an>

2 1 4 . BO

H .
U N IT f lU M f t l f l

770
JW

&

10

cone

7 9 .5 9
8 9 .5 4

h « >1

C . S .S *

4 r4>

3 2 .8 4

410
4LO
490

7 .8 7 5 .2 1

ft 10

6 6 .5 *

6 4 .6 3

HO

* C S .A . i> 4 M .

l* C « 4 a f « d

M
m *4

*

1 6 .6 1 7 .6 5

vm M

*

o im

E e v *# m » *t
OTHCn
TO TALS

1 .9 5 2 .1 1

2 7 .3 0 0

1 6 .0 0 0

1 6 .6 1 7 .6 5

STATUS 0 7 A L L O T M E N T BALANCES
S A L A R IE S A N D W A G (»
C iJ ftH .
B 'O W fM F « t * f « T

"

A l t o t m f i l f o r f# * < o d

O '* * ’

E Q U IP M E N T

r» M *

0 T H IA

T D V J W
-o .

O whN
T * r » l A v « iiib i# O m' * " )
f « | M m (4* N lp O f l

1 .3 » .4 t
1 .9 5 1 .I I

■ A t A N C l A T E N O OS f in f O O

A U U R K I:

IU*» Ww

h

(6 1 7 .6 5 )

N M M vyJ

V « IIY i V r l R V H O I t *

*

D A II

h

59

Fig.

16.— Individual B i - W e e k l y A c t i v i t y Report.

DAILY ACTIVITIES REPORT —
Kirch 24
March 25

Kjrch 24 - A pril 6 , 1974

Pm
Rote Lake o ffic e . bf-weekly a c tiv ity report - 1 hr.
(H l-7 . CO-1)

Habitat plant - 7 h r i.

March 25

Mason building a n i t ting Ed Htkula on wetland Program -

March 27

Habitat plant - 4 h r;. Went to Charlotte High School, ta lk to 9 th , 11th,
12th grade students about c arriers and ecology - 4 hrs. (H l-4 , G2-4).

March 20

Grattot-Saglnaw - inspected conmertcal timber cutting Worked on habitat pland 4 h r i. (H l-4 , H12-4)

March 29

Gratlot-Sagtnaw Area - use study - 6 hrs.
Habitat Inspection and planning - 2 hrs.

Harch 30 4 31

& h r. (S2-4 111-4)

4 hrs.

(H l-2 , A4-6)

Past

A pril 1

Rose Lake o ffic e , end o f Month reports - 1 hr.
Habitat planning fo r
Maple River and G ratiot Saginaw State Gave Areas - 7 hrs. (H l-7 , G8-1)

A pril 2

Grattot-Saginaw State Game Area - inspected timber cutting operations - 3 hrs.
Worked on habitat plant - 5 hrs. Met with Dale Herndon o f the Ruffed Grouse
Society, discussed habitat development and census methods on management
4 0 - 5 hrs.
(H l-S , H I2-3, G4-2)

A pril 3

Gratiot-Saginaw State Game Area, attended Law Dlv. Deer Meeting - 6 hrs.
Worked on habitat plans Rose Lake ■ 2 hrs.
(H l-2 , 5 4-2, C l-4 )

A pril 4

Mason Building, assisted Ed M lkula, wetlands section - 6 hrs.

A pril 5

Gratiot-Saginaw SGA, Inspected conrncrcial cuttings - 4 hrs. Inspected
flooding conditions and habitat Maple River Game Area - 4 hrs.
(H l-4 , H1Z-4)

(H l-4 , S2-4)’

60

-- --u . - - -** “ •“ - DAT 08frfUt

ACTIVITY
Gm X Bird!
Maiertcmt
Small Gaum Mammal a
B<0 Gama
Furbearera and Predator*
Other
Technical Service* Related to Specie*
(nviic— util Service*
Hath1st Plinnina
K diiiH Culling and Mowing
Edge Development and Fwail Dialling
Brush Pile*: Neal and Den Construction
Flooding*
Wetland Maintenance
Dike Con*Huelion and Level Ditching
Pothole and Netting latanda
Me<t>*Ccou* and Sharccrop PIantinga
Wood* Planting*
Controlled Burnt and Herbicide*
Tlefcer Sale* and tnaoection
Ecgdpment Maintenance
Private Land Management
Recreational Development
Managed Hunting Area* (Operations!
Araa Maintenance
Special Land-Ute Inveatigationa
In If* Department Cooperation
Cocperation Othof Government Agencies
Organised Gtcipi
Sportamen'a Club
Prats, Radio, T.V.
Department Training
Informal Public Contact
Goner*1Correspondence
Miscellaneous
Annual
Slcfc
Compensatory

TOTALHOUR*

t

M

In
a2

m

T

T

f % %M

t

mT r

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fi
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61

area to area.

Access

to some ar eas

is di f f i c u l t /

others h a v e w e l l - m a i n t a i n e d roads and p a r k i n g
Th e m a n a g e m e n t p o s s i b i l i t i e s
quite v a r i a b l e d u e

lots.

f or g a m e areas are

to the u n i q u e c h a r a c t e r of e a c h o n e .

While the ar eas c a n b e g r o u p e d

into four g e n e r a l

rabbit— s q u i r r e l - p h e a s a n t / d e e r — g r o u s e * g e n e r a l
tion#

be st m e a s u r e d i ndi v i d u a l l y .

F o r exam ple #

areas h a v e l o w d e e r p o p u l a t i o n s #
a v e r y h i g h n u m b e r o f deer#
m a j o r uses of the area.
on w a t e r f o w l

classes—

recrea­

and w a t e r f o w l — e a c h h a s a c e r t a i n p o t e n t i a l

hu n t i n g

whereas

that is

some w a t e r f o w l

b u t at l e a s t on e c a r r i e s

and h u n t i n g

them is o n e of the

O n e can n o t g e n e r a l i z e a b o u t d e e r

areas.

The distr i c t b i o l ogist receives very little m a n ­
ag e m e n t g u i d a n c e

from above.

aggressive workers

Some biologists

a nd a c c o m p l i s h a n u m b e r of y e a r l y

p r o j e c t s o n t h e i r g a m e areas.

O t h e r s p u t less e m p h a s i s

on a r e a m a i n t e n a n c e a n d imp r o v e m e n t .
bi o l o g i s t s

are q u i t e

c l e a r l y f a v o r s o m e ar eas

Most district
and u s e s o v e r o thers

and a p p l y t h e i r p r o j e c t and m a i n t e n a n c e

funds q u i t e

selectively.
Th e l o c a l
from area to area.
ye ar a r o u n d w h i l e

interests and benefits v a r y considerably
A

few g a m e areas

oth ers

r e c e i v e h e a v y use

r e c e i v e o n l y a l i g h t se as o n a l

pressure.

O n so me areas*

the u s e m a y b e less than a b o u t

one d a y p e r acre p e r year* b u t o n others*
twenty.^

it m a y be

above

Som e areas a l l o w for m o r e q u a l i t y u se and

attract c l i e n t s
the b e a t e n

f r o m a l a r g e radius.

t r a c k and h a v e less

than o t h e r areas nearby.
are v e r y f a m i l i a r w i t h

O t h e r areas are off

to o f f e r in m a n y res p e c t s

The district biologists usually

th eir ar eas and are awa re o f the

types and l o c a t i o n s o f m a j o r u s e

activities.

I n f o r m a t i o n and C o n t r o l M e t h o d s

The
uses b o t h
select*

i n f o r m a t i o n s y s t e m of the W i l d l i f e o r g a n i z a t i o n

for mal a n d

transfer*

in for mal c o m m u n i c a t i o n m e t h o d s

and u t i l i z e in for mat ion .

The

to

i nformal

channels o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n s e e m m o s t i m p o r t a n t in tha t the
transfer of i n f o r m a t i o n o c c u r s m o r e
selective.

r a p i d l y and is m o r e

M o s t of the d i s t r i c t b i o l o g i s t s

are e x p e c t e d to us e a c h a i n of c o m m a n d
higher units about
11

t h e i r p rob l e m s .

feel

that they

in a p p r o a c h i n g

T h e y s end formal

Estimate based on Palmer's study
pe rso nal o b s e r v a t i o n s .

(1967) * and

63

written or verbal communications
wh i c h t hey e x p e c t w i l l

fi rst to R e g i o n III

f o r w a r d the c o m m u n i c a t i o n s

to

Division.
I n f o r m a t i o n is r e g u l a r l y c o l l e c t e d on the a c t i v i ­
ties of d i s t r i c t and a r e a b i o l o g i s t s
managers

(technicians).

and g a m e area

A bi-weekly activity report

serves the s t a f f ne ed to a l l o c a t e a c t i v i t i e s
accounts.

to s p e c i f i c

T h e r e p o r t c a n also b e u s e d b y the r e g i o n or

D i v i s i o n s t a f f to c h e c k on a ctivities.
s t a t e m e n t an d s e p a r a t e

A monthly budget

a c c o m p l i s h m e n t r e p o r t are m a d e b y

each d i s t r i c t and h i g h e r units.
to m o n i t o r b u d g e t e x p e n d i t u r e

These

rep o r t s

are u s e d

and w o r k a c c o m p l i s h m e n t b y

b o t h R e g i o n III an d the D i v i s i o n staff.
Control

and c o o r d i n a t i o n o f f i e l d units

ried o u t p r i m a r i l y in the b u d g e t a r y p r o c e s s
field orders.
re ceive l e s s

T he d i s t r i c t b i o l o g i s t s
funds

accomplishments.

region.

coupled with

in d i s f a v o r

than those w h o s t a n d out in th eir
F i e l d o r d e r s ar e u s u a l l y q u i t e d e t a i l e d

as to the p e r f o r m a n c e required.
and areas

is c a r ­

Inspections of projects

is n o t a r e g u l a r a c t i v i t y of e i t h e r s t a f f or
When

inspections

mally documented.

are made#

they are sel dom

for­

A C r i t i q u e of the D e p a r t m e n t
Le v e l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n

T h e D N R is o p e r a t e d w i t h o u t a tig h t l y w r i t t e n
set of o b j e ct ive s.

For

that r eas on its o ve r a l l

lacks p o s i t i v e dir ect ion .
d i v i s i o n s c an not b e
goals are c l e a r l y

pla n n i n g

Long-range planning by

the

car r i e d ou t e f f e c t i v e l y until

common

fo r m u l a t e d and unders too d.

T h e D e p a r t m e n t of N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s m a y b e
d e s c r i b e d as a t a s k - o r i e n t e d o r g a n i z a t i o n .
revampi ng e x i s t i n g d i v i s i o n s

to h a n d l e n e w tasks * the

Department has grown by creating
De p u t y D i r e c t o r s

I n s t e a d of

new d i v i s i o n s .

W i t h six

and t w e n t y - o n e d i v i s i o n s » the c o m p l e x i t y

of i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s m a k e s a ctu al w o r k a c c o m p l i s h m e n t
difficult.

A l a r g e n u m b e r of a d m i n i s t r a t o r s

are ne e d e d

for c o n s e n s u s b e f o r e

a r e l a t i v e l y m i n o r d e c i s i o n is made.

W o r k ar ea b o u n d a r i e s

are p r o t e c t e d b y e a c h d i v i s i o n and

the D N R s t a f f so that c o m p e t i t i o n for p r o g r a m s

is not

al lowed to any extent.
The process
and o f t e n
1970) .

for o b t a i n i n g

time-consuming

Because

a field order

(Wildlife M a n a g e m e n t Institute*

the field ord er m u s t b e a p p r o v e d and

signed b y at l e a s t two D N R D e p u t y D i r e c t o r s
D i v i s i o n Chief*

is tedious

and

the

the p r o c e s s does n o t e n c o u r a g e n e w or

65

redesigned programs.
the thr ee p e r s o n s

involved ma y kill

In s p i t e of
a t ti tud es,
to u p d a t e

E v e n a m i n o r o b j e c t i o n b y a n y of
the f i e l d order.

the D N R s t r u c t u r e a nd

its

two d i v i s i o n s h a v e s h o w n s i g n i f i c a n t a t t e m p t s
themselves,

new s e r v i c e s .

tak e o n n e w p r o g r a m s ,

p u b l i c c onc e r n .

l e a d e r s h i p t hat r e f l e c t s g e n u i n e

Both divisions have

t h rough c l i e n t - o r i e n t e d
their c l i e n t s

research

a nd b e s t u t i l i z e

ha ve a v a i l a b l e .

These

administrative problems

to p l a n e f f e c t i v e l y

the r e s o u r c e s

resulting

t h a t they
in

significant

(derived

fro m s h i f t s

to s e v e r a l d i v i s i o n s ) , h u r t s
B u d g e t cu ts

tions

are

to p red i c t .

dency

in cuts

frequent but difficult

is to h o l d o n to p e r s o n n e l

a n d n e w e q u i p m e n t go.

Competition

sales

the

a nd a d d i ­
The

ten­

and l e t p r o j e c t s ,

Therefore,

far out of p roportion

a m o u n t of the b u d g e t cut.

in the

from license

effectiveness of m a n y programs.

formance d e c r e a s e s

for

f r o m a b o v e an d w i t h i n .

instability,

funds

information

though they m a y have

Fish a n d G a m e P r o t e c t i o n F u n d
and f u r n i s h i n g

sought

two d i v i s i o n s ar e s t a n d o u t s

the D N R o r g a n i z a t i o n e v e n

Budget

and p r o v i d e

B o t h the P a r k s D i v i s i o n a n d the W i l d l i f e

Division have strong

se rvi ces ,

top s t a f f

ac t u a l p e r ­

to the a c t u a l

for a v a i l a b l e

*6

funds w i t h i n the D N R is b a s e d m o r e on p o l i t i c s
performance-oriented standards
Institute#

(Wildlife M a n a g e m e n t

1970).

P r o b l e m s of I n t e r n a l P l a n n i n g
the W i l d l i f e O r g a n i z a t i o n

Li ke

the DNR#

p r o g r a m s r a t h e r than on d e s i r e d
put-take pheasant program has
birds

experience

in

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n la cks

comprehensive statement of o b j e c t i v e s .

200/000

than

a year#

a

T h e focus is on

impacts.

For example # a

the s t a t e d goa l

to rel eas e

n o t to p r o v i d e a q u a l i t y h u n t i n g

for n ume r o u s

people.

W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n and R e g i o n

T he s u b u n i t s

of the

III f u n c t i o n

in a s i m i l a r

relationship does

n o t e x i s t in

manner.
A close working
the p l a n n i n g

effort.

T h e s t a f f m a y m a k e m a j o r ch anges

in a d i s t r i c t pl an w i t h o u t

informing

the dis trict.

lack o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n s b e t w e e n o p e r a t i n g u n i t s
se rious o r g a n i z a t i o n w e a k n e s s
b i n e d p l a n n i n g effort.

and d e t r a c t s

is a

from the c o m ­

T h e s t a f f h as p r o v i d e d v e r y

l i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n or g u i d e l i n e s
that w o u l d b e us efu l

The

in pla nn i n g .

to d i s t r i c t b i o l o g i s t s
The regional

67

b i o l o g i s t has u r g e d

the d i s t r i c t b i o l o g i s t

chain of c o m m a n d in a p p r o a c h i n g
Re que sts

from all u n i t s are

to u s e

the

the W i l d l i f e staff.

frequently not answered

for

one r e a s o n or another.
A n y o r g a n i z a t i o n h as
plans

to the b udg e t .

som e p r o b l e m s

of matching

In the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n *

sev era l

major b u d g e t a r y p r o b l e m s e x i s t fo r p l a n n i n g p urp oses:

1.

The budget comes

f r o m some v e r y u n p r e d i c t a b l e

sources *

2.

Funds

are h e a v i l y e a r m a r k e d *

minute by

3.

the L e g i s l a t u r e *

o f t e n at th e l a s t

and

The Division does not establish priorities
programs

and p r o j e c t s b e f o r e the b u d g e t

in its

is

received.

B e c a u s e o f these p r o b l e m s *
has r e c e i v e d l i t t l e e m p h a s i s b y

the D i v i s i o n staff.

"wait and see" a t t i t u d e p r e v a i l s .
e f f e c t i v e job o f p r e s e n t i n g

comprehensive planning

The staff does

the b u d g e t

plans

to a c h i e v e

funding sources.

a very

for r e v i e w b y the

B u rea u of the B u d g e t and the L e g i s l a t u r e .
on u s i n g

A

The

t h r u s t is

a l a r g e r b u d g e t and s a t i s f y the

68

Most managers

at all

and s t a f f — a r e r e l u c t a n t
advice

in p l a n n i n g .

purpose

levels— district#

to s e e k o u t s i d e e x p e r t i s e

Pu b l i c and private grants

are n o t a c t i v e l y s o u g h t b y

Decision makers
they h a v e

should make

(McKean#

r egi on#
and

for

this

the o r g a n i z a t i o n .

the m o s t

of w h a t r e s o u r c e s

19 58).

I n f o r m a t i o n P r o b l e m s in the
Wildlife Organization

One
tions
slow.

information problem

a re s l o w

in a r r i v i n g

Frequently

or a r r i v e

so l a t e

these

is t h a t f o r m a l

and/or

formal

the r e s p o n s e

communications

t h a t the m a t t e r s

response

is m a d e .

In r e a c t i o n

informal

system of communication#

to the

formal

the

information

the W i l d l i f e o r g a n i z a t i o n h a s
ment purposes.

sys t e m #

regarded

Either

the

an

as e s s e n ­

Critical

at l e a s t

a

carries

pieces

are p a s s e d c a n d i d l y b y w o r d o f m o u t h

those w h o c a n b e n e f i t o r w h o are
M u c h of

are b l o c k e d

the g r a p e v i n e #

to the o r g a n i z a t i o n ' s p e r f o r m a n c e .

of information

is a l s o

are resolved b ef ore

a l a r g e l o a d of i n f o r m a t i o n a n d c a n b e
tial

communica­

to

interested.

formally collected by

little value

information

fo r m a n a g e ­

is o f a h i s t o r i c a l

n a t u r e or n o e f f e c t i v e

means

tion h a s b e e n d e v i s e d .

for utilizing

M u c h of

is t a s k - a n d - u s e r i n f o r m a t i o n *
p l a n t e d a n d so m a n y
the a c t u a l

planted

is l a c k i n g .

without

important pieces

pr e s e n t e d *

Division

no one h a d

is j u s t b e g i n n i n g

The

accounting

ma in r e a s o n f o r this
system requires

receives

whether

are

collected.

the
The

so me v a l u a b l e
It s h o u l d b e

user

of

that

At

to s e e if

an d a c c o m p l i s h ­

the p r e s e n t *

both

this p u r p o s e .

activities

the w o r k w a s

the w o r k w a s

expenditures

fo rms o f

A district

and p r o j e c t s *
attempted

as p l a n n e d .

system of accounting hinders

Actual

The

a planned program budgetary

for c e r t a i n

impact of

is s t i l l

a l i n e - i t e m approach.

insufficient for

recently adopted
evaluation.

to o b t a i n

toward

is

f ew c h e c k s

the

it w a s

e v a l u a t i o n of p e r f o r m a n c e

a budget

t her e a re

are m a d e

information being

a nd b u d g e t a r y s y s t e m

to w o r k e f f e c t i v e l y .

evaluation

or s h r u b s

in m a k i n g m a n y m a n a g e m e n t d e c i s i o n s .

traditionally oriented

ments

sales

Informa­

t h o u g h t of u t i l i z i n g

from research efforts.

significance

sold.

major decisions

of relevant

for d e c i s i o n s w h e n

information

as so m a n y s h r u b s

licenses

Frequently*

informa­

information compiled

impacts of license

because

information

such

small g a m e

tion on

the

the

on projects

The
program

ar e k e p t

but
and

70

under b r o a d

funding h e a d i n g s #

so that the c o s t o f p r o ­

ducing a p h e a s a n t o r b u i l d i n g an i m p o u n d m e n t can not b e
easily traced.

T his m a k e s

c o s t c o n t r o l v e r y di ffi cul t#

and l a r g e o v e r r u n s on a p r o j e c t are o f t e n n ot k n o w n u n t i l
the p r o j e c t is n e a r c o m p l e t i o n .

C o n t r o l Pro b l e m s in the
Wildlife Organization

Control over personnel performance

is b a s i c to

e f fective co n t r o l of w o r k pro je c t s #

etc.

units o f the W i l d l i f e o r g a n i z a t i o n #

e v a l u a t i o n of p e r s o n ­

nel is c asu al

In the v a r i o u s

and h a s l i t t l e e f f e c t on c o n t r o l l i n g o r

improving p e r f o r m a n c e ,

N o r m a t i v e p e r f o r m a n c e st and a r d s

are o f t e n m e t w i t h a f ew h o u r s of w o r k ea ch month.
Examples w o u l d b e s en d i n g re p o r t s

in on time#

for m e e t i n g s # and p e r f o r m i n g c e r t a i n s u r v e y s .
the-ground a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s

showing up
A c t u a l on-

ar e not h e a v i l y w e i g h t e d .

b i - w e e k l y a c t i v i t y r e p o r t s are not tied to plans#
ules#

or actual w o r k ac co m p l i s h e d .

fired

vice e n v i r o n m e n t #

sched­

T h e r e w a r d s y s t e m h as

little e f f e c t on e n c o u r a g i n g h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e .
of g e t t i n g

The

for p o o r w o r k is rare

The penalty

in the civil s e r ­

e s p e c i a l l y w h e n a p e r s o n c an o f t e n

acquire

a tenured

status

are the o n l y m e a n s
tu ni t i e s

occur

a f t e r a y e a r ' s wo rk.

o f m o n e t a r y re ward*

infrequently

Promotions

and t h e s e o p p o r ­

for d i s t r i c t b i o l o g i s t s

and

are n o t a l w a y s d e s i r e d .
Control
tive*

ei ther;

over unit performance

very little

district work plans
do n o t
only

formal e v a l u a t i o n

a n d the a c t u a l

always correlate.

to the e x t e n t

that items purchased

in the g e n e r a l

is done.

The

accomplishment reports

B u d g e t a r y control

the u n i t d o e s n o t e x c e e d a v a i l a b l e
are h i d d e n

is n o t v e r y e f f e c ­

are

funds.

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of

is m a i n t a i n e d
j u s t i f i e d and
Project costs
"expenditures.

The W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n staff has v e r y little re­
course

if R e g i o n

III d o e s

not carry out

l i fe p r o g r a m s e f f e c t i v e l y .
l i ne a u t h o r i t y c o m m o n
a g enc i e s .

the p l a n n e d W i l d ­

The Division Chief

to N a t u r a l

Resource chiefs

He c a n o n l y b a r g a i n as e q u a l s w i t h

Regional Manager.

lac ks

in o t h e r

the

The Wildlife Division Chief has

responsibility b u t lacks

the p o w e r and a u t h o r i t y

i nsure

a c c o m p l i s h e d effectively.

that programs

are

the

to

the

C H A P T E R IV
REGION

III D I S T R I C T A N D A R E A

WILDLIFE BIOLOGISTS

A Management Study

Management consultants
best w a y
what

to s t u d y an u n f a m i l i a r o r g a n i z a t i o n

is h a p p e n i n g

all n i n e t e e n d i s t r i c t
two o pti o n s :

a followup after

Not being

I c h o s e both#

weaknesses
sidered

using

and

to i n t e r v i e w
in the reg i o n #

the

i n t e r v i e w as

in two parts.
skills,

One sought a

education#

The other sought management strengths
and w a s k e p t strictly confidential.

it q u i t e

sure b y s e n d i n g
I learned,

to l e a r n

the q u e s t i o n n a i r e .

inventory of experience#

i nterests.

able

and area b iologists

The questionnaire was
personal

is

t h a t the

a t the l o w e r m a n a g e m e n t l e v e l s

trace the p r o b l e m s u p w a r d .

I had

generally concede

a nuisance
the

forms

a b o v e all#

and e x p r e s s e d

in l a t e w i t h

that mo s t of

R e g i o n III d i s l i k e p a p e r w o r k .
72

All

and

and

Some con­

their displea­

added c o m m e n t s .

the b i o l o g i s t s
answered

the

in

questionnaires;

most very conscientiously.

the q u e s t i o n n a i r e

results

research effort.

The remarks

to b e v e r y v a l u a b l e

lectively point out problems
wise b e

aware.

I found

accuracy v e r y h i g h
ments.

ta k e n

they c o n s i d e r e d

of w h i c h

I would not other­

the b i o l o g i s t s '

integrity and

from followup w o r k on

their state­
and e x p r e s s e d

for the w i l d l i f e o r g a n i z a t i o n

and

those

as c l i e n t s .

The

first— line

biologists.

These men

biologists*

to m y

i n d i v i d u a l l y and c o l ­

They did not seem overly critical

a genuine concern

I consider

represent

administrators
and

the d i s t r i c t

t h e i r a s s i s t a n t s * the a r e a

the p r o f e s s i o n a l

Wildlife Division employees

are

in the

level of career

field.

Region

III

and the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n s t a f f r e p r e s e n t an o l d e r g r o u p
of a d m i n i s t r a t o r s w h o w e r e o n c e
and a r e a b i o l o g i s t s
regional

represent

administrators*

promise of

the D i v i s i o n .

and*

f i e l d men.

the

The district

future staff

therefore*

the

and

future

74

T h e V a r i e t y o f E d u c a t i o n and
Skills Represented

The district and
similarities

as c a n b e

personal histories
of e d u c a t i o n
towards

the

ment#

law#

seen from

obtained

as a g r o u p
technical

management.

Background
economics#

ducive

applications

the

following

in J a n u a r y #

is v e r y n a r r o w #

applications

c h a r t of

1974.

Their

of wildlife

training

areas

area

oriented mostly
and

in a r e a s l i k e b u s i n e s s #

and r e l a t e d

T h e g r o u p ’s e d u c a t i o n a l
nical

area biologists have marked

forest

manage­

is n o t a p p a r e n t .

is e x c e l l e n t

for t e c h ­

of w i l d l i f e m a n a g e m e n t b u t h a r d l y c o n ­

to the r o l e of a d m i n i s t e r i n g

a work

force#

budget#

and l a r g e l a n d area.

Professional

The

and h o b b i e s

III d i s t r i c t a n d a r e a b i o l o g i s t s

strongly oriented

toward hunt i n g

activities.

This

s t a n d i n g of#

and e m p a t h y w i t h #

men w h o use

and Hobbies

l i s t of o u t d o o r a c t i v i t i e s

that the R e g i o n
door m e n

Interests

interest gives

the g a m e

areas.

shows

are o u t ­

and f i s h i n g

them a considerable

other hunters

Unfortunately#

and

under­

fisher­

it a l s o

75

cr e a t e s

a s t e r e o t y p e s y s t e m of v i e w i n g

Many biologists
cross-country

to r e s e n t

skiing,

as c o n f l i c t i n g
biologists

seem

clients

such uses

and p i c n i c k i n g ,

as h i k i n g ,

which

they regard

to s o m e d e g r e e w i t h h u n t i n g .

are n o t a c t i v e

as w e l l .

in p r o f e s s i o n a l

M o s t of

societies

public affairs

commensurate with

tion a c c o r d i n g

to W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n s t a f f e s t i m a t e s .

Perhaps

this

political

is d u e

in p a r t

other m e n of equal

the
or
educa­

to the p o l i c y of d i s c o u r a g i n g

a c t i v i t y and h u n t i n g

club membership.

Methods of Updating Skills

A l m o s t all o f
feel a n e e d

the d i s t r i c t

to u p d a t e

acquire new skills.

themselves professionally
The biologists

difficult or

impossible

working

time.

full

Society or w i l d l i f e

and a r e a b i o l o g i s t s

find

it e x t r e m e l y

to a t t e n d c o l l e g e

courses while

Pew view

the p r o f e s s i o n a l W i l d l i f e

journals

as r e l e v a n t

ing n e e d s .

M o s t w o u l d b e e a g e r to a t t e n d

or t r a i n i n g

programs

management,

administration,

training

the r e g i o n

in

and

to t h e i r

to a c q u i r e n e w s k i l l s

short courses
in w i l d l i f e

o r r e l a t e d areas.

is r a r e

and h a s

train­

usually

Field
amounted

76

to o n e - d a y s e s s i o n s .

The

in the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n
training
there.

activity*

annual meet i n g
is

b u t some

too s h o r t
training

Technical publications

field f r o m the staff*

but

is e v i d e n t

filter down

that do

skills.

area b i o l o g i s t s '

skills has never b e e n evaluated*

assessment*

status of

to the

are o f t e n v a l u ­

able in u p d a t i n g

from t h e i r o w n

The

for s i g n i f i c a n t
interest

seldom

those

o f all b i o l o g i s t s

the d i s t r i c t

updating skills

and

but

is d i f f i c u l t

in t h e i r c u r r e n t s i t u a t i o n .

Type

of Training Desi r e d

The biologists desired
areas:
skills.

administration
They voiced

for e f f e c t i v e

and

training

technical

that these we r e

job p e r f o r m a n c e .

The

in two m a j o r

field-oriented
the

areas n e c e s s a r y

skills

listed

fall u n d e r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n are:
1.

Decision-making

and management*

2.

Administrative

3.

Public speaking*

4.

Law *

5.

P o l icy*

and office procedures*

that

77

6

.

7.
8

.

9.

Program

implications*

Budgetary methods*
Supervision*
Natural
Those

and

resource

administration.

t h a t w o u l d "be l i s t e d u n d e r

technical

skills

are;
1.

B a s i c z o o l o g y and b o t a n y *

2.

Cartography

3.

Agriculture#

4.

Wildlife diseases#

5.

Engineering*

6

.

and surveying*

and

Biometry.
M o s t of

the

training desired has direct ap p l i c a­

tion to e v e r y d a y w o r k .
skills#

The

strong desire

by older biologists especially*

considerable

to a c q u i r e n e w

is e v i d e n c e of

initiative.

The System

for Hiring

New biologists
and R e g i o n a l B i o l o g i s t .
wildlife management

New Personnel

are h i r e d b y
Only

the R e g i o n a l M a n a g e r

those w i t h

are c o n s i d e r e d .

a degree

in

The W i l d l i f e Division

78

C h i e f and s t a f f m a y d i s a p p r o v e of
have n o e f f e c t i v e
the b i o l o g i s t s

recourse

appear

the p e r s o n h i r e d b u t

to p r e v e n t

to b e h i r e d

it.

In R e g i o n III,

n o t on the b a s i s

of

a d v a n c e d s k i l l s and d i v e r s i t y o f e x p e r i e n c e b u t r a t h e r o n
how w e l l

t h ey fit into the

the o r g a n i z a t i o n r e m a i n s
new s k i l l s

traditional

role.

i n this w a y

relatively unchanged because

are a c q u i r e d b y h i r i n g

a four—year graduate

with l i t t l e o r no o u t s i d e e x p e r i e n c e .
the a b i l i t y to c a r r y o u t

assigned

few

Both

the w i l l

tasks a r e n e e d e d

and

in

employees.
The
tion*

i n t r o d u c t i o n of n e w e m p l o y e e s

called socialization#

tudes a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g

is c r u c i a l

first

has b e e n s h o w n o f t e n t o l a s t
R egion

to an o r g a n i z a ­

in t h a t the a t t i ­

formed b y

the n e w e m p l o y e e s

for m a n y years.

III e m p l o y e e s d o n o t e n t e r a f o r m a l

The

new

socialization

program b u t do work w i t h several biolo g i s t s

and h a v e

chance

a b o u t the

to a s k q u e s t i o n s

organization.

However*

and r e c e i v e

answers

so m e

they are n o t n o w g i v e n a c h a n c e

to r e c e i v e a n e f f e c t i v e w o r k e x p o s u r e
or on t h e D i v i s i o n staff.

in o t h e r r e g i o n s

The new biologist m a y work

many years b e f o r e he dev e l o p s
entire o r g a n i z a t i o n operates.

an u n d e r s t a n d i n g

of how

for
the

79

Personal H i s t o r y and Skills

In T a b l e 3 ,
area b i o l o g i s t s
returned

forms

Inventory

a l i s t of the R e g i o n

can b e

found

in J a n u a r y /

that w a s

1974.

The

b i o l o g i s t is l i s t e d in the a p p e ndix.

III d i s t r i c t and

compiled
form s e n t

from t h e i r
to e a c h

Table 3.— Region ill Diatrict and Jkraa Biologists, January 1)14.

tft

1> 40

2)

Tears with Irin at .
Dx zc m Ii Datt*
Mildlifa Currant_____ _
Division i m t t a
•**»*

57

11

3) 55

2C

4) 51

b .i . midiift,
MSU, 1 4 M

•

25

X

Locations
ttorked Outside
of Xglon T O

Biologist, Mildlifa
Div., Indiana On*
1959-1966

legloq 11,
Grayling

B.A. Zoology,
MSU, 1)48

Outdoor
Activities
i W o

Biologist alda,
Mildlifa Sarrlca,
north Dakota,
June 1941-Sept. 1941

irtlAlif*
,_
S^ t i -

(booting, hasting. Upland gaaa apacla*
flahing, caaplng, a daar
canoeing
liking, cnaplng,
horseback, salnnlng, sailing,
fining, photog­
raphy, gardening

B.E. rorestry, U.S. Forest Service,
HSU, 19M
'1)37-1941
M.S. Mildlifa, Utah Mildlifa
Utah State,
Bssaarch Dolt,
1941
1919-40
B.S. Mildlifa
Ngant., 0. of
Minnesota, 1942
M.S. Mildlifr
Mgnnt., 0. of
Minnasota

12

Outside Profitstonal
Experience, Data t
uxatioo
.

Big
fonst
vaterfoal

Hunting, fishing, Matarfoal sanagasant,
boating, caaplng, habitat development
Boy (mating
os prints land,
enrisomeotal edaeatios

Checking
Stations,
Begloo II

' Banting, fishing, Tripping, banding,
photography, bird Identification of
banding, hirdlng, birds

racing
SI 54

27

B.S. Mildlifa
Mgant., MSU,
1947

District 7,
Mildlifa
biologist

Basting, fishing, fan gaaa biology,
canping
habitat development
techniques, fonst
Matarfoal nanagMaot,
lstansirsly nanagad
Matarfoal hunting

GO

O

Table 3.— Continues

T«ui with Tsars at
Dtgraas, Dataa
Mildlifa Currant
a Location
Division location

Outside Professional
Erpariaoea, Data a
location

I.S., KSO, 1967 Hon*

6) 30

Location*
Norfcsd Outaida
of Daglnn III

Outdoor
activities
« Sobbla*

legion II,
Indian livsx a
Atlanta

Hunting, fishing,
ctaping, natura

Wildlife
Specialties

photography,
trapping, hiking,
faming

7) »

.1.8., 0 Of
Kino., 19(9

■agios II,
HildiIf* biologist,
Xinnasota Dapt. of
Paris
Conservation, 1967*61
Enviroonantal ip«cialiit, offica of
EnviroaaaotSl HavUw,
hich. ata

Hunting, hiking,
fishing, skiing

•) 36

1.6., HSU,
1960

Biology a Sclaaca
taachar, 1960-65

Booting, fishing. Planning a Inpltbird watching,
•anting habitat
hiking, capping. inproveaant work
for grouse, daar a
pheasants. Planning
a nanaging a aenaged
hunting area for
watarfowl.

1.1., Mildlifa
Hgnat., HSO,
1967

Mildlifa biologist,
Gaorgla Cut a Pith
Coaalsalon, 1917-31

Booting, fishing, Watarfowl naoaganant,
boating, canping watarfowl ganaral,
hsary equipment,
nenegad hunting,
public relations

91

SO

30

Poratt wildlifa a
waterfowl npnt.,
prairia chickaa
nanagtnant

Tabla 3 .—Oontlnuad

. T u n with Yatia it ^
.
Aga Wildlife Currant D*9r** *
S location
Dirieioo Location

10) 25

U ) <9

Outaida frofaasleoal
t»p«lwc«i Date a
Location

Locatioaa
Worked Outaida
of Ragle* HI

17

B.S. Mildlifa
Itgnt., D. Of
Xinneeota
M.S. Iccnowlc
Zoology, U. of
Minnaiota

121 49

22

B.S., D O f M,
1949
B.S.r., U Of Nr
1951
H.P., D Of N,‘
1951

13) 45

18

B.S. roreatry,
U of K, 1953

wiiaiif
,,*
Ssaeialtlaa

Outdoor coapatitir* aporta, hunt*
log, fitting, bird
watching, hiking,
archtry, outdoor
photography, taxidarwy,. trap ahootlng

1.2. Mildlifa
Ipt., NSO

21

Oitdoor
Actiritiei
4 Bobbiaa

la a atadant in
Hlmaaota 4 footh
Dakota

Kona

Bunting, fitting,
wildlifa pbotography, bird
watching

Watarfowl ldentlflcatica, wing— nt
4 habitat wanagewant,
trapping s banding,
aarlal canaoa

lagloo II,
Atlanta

Hunting, fiahlng, Watland aanagawaat
wildlifa paint­
ing, wildlifa
earring, bird
watching

Kona

Bunting, fiahlng, Foiaatry
golf, gardening,
camping, avlming,
hiking *

00

M

Tibia 3,— Contlnuad

*gw

/
14} 59

tUli with Yurt at
Dagraaa, DtU^
Wildlifa Currant
( Location
Division

36

10

15) 4)

33

IS

14) 53

35

3

I.S., U.S.,PhD
Candidata

Outaida Profasslcnal
Locatlona
Exparlanca, Data i - Wbrkad Outaida
*of Ragloa XII

fUUy CtM CobUiIM Bona
1918-1941

9

3

wildlifa
Spaclaltiaa

Canoaing, cron- xiacula, watarfowl
country ailing,
nanagtMnt, huntar
bicycling, photog- nanagaaant, gaaa
rapby, travol
habitat planning 4
Mnagaaent, local
progrin planning a
a&lnlatratioo

B.S.r., Wildlifa Fhxka Division
0 of K, 1950
1950-51

Mom

Bunting, fiahlng, Babitat atanagaaant
photography,
tachniguaa, plant­
ing daaLrabla traaa
4 thruba, initiating
nail watarfowl
floodinga and naaagawant of m m

a.s.r.,

tpaclal
asalgnmnta
daring daar
aaaaoa

Bunting, fiahlng

k m

Bunting, fishing, Watarfowl nanagisant,
upland gaaa nanagawoodworking,
aant, public ralatioca
caipantry

0 of W
, Nona

194B

17) 31

Outdoor
Jtctivitlas
t Uobbiat

S.S. Wildlifa
Mooa
Mgant., 0 of W»
1964

Public ralatioca
rapresantatlve,
public lands
adniniatrator,
partonnal nnagar

Table J.— Continued

bgs

11) 36

19) u

t u n with T u n tt
Degrees, DttM
Wildlife Currant
i LOCItl0«
Division location

1

7

1

3

Outaida Profaaatonal
Experience, Data 6
location

1.S. Fisheries K M
1 Wildlife, HOT,
1973

B.S. Wildlife
Kpnt., U of 1,
1964
B.S.r. Forestry,
0 of N, 1966
M.S. Wildlifa
Mgant,, D of M,
1961

Tinber narking,
O.S.P.S. Idaho,
EuMar 196]
Study Dalta Waterfowl ReMarch sta­
tion, Manitoba,
Su m m ; 1964
ecological Study
Mayarhauaar For­
estry naaaarch
Qmtit, MiiMixrtnnj
tom m x 1964

Locations
kbrksd Outaida
of Megloa III

aboa

Megioe II,
Indlaa Kirar
legion I
wegfenea

Outdoor
Activities
a Wobblaa

Wildlifa
Specialties

Bunting, fiahlng, Habitat analysis,
casing, back­
photography
packing, reload­
ing, wildlifa
photography,
decay carving,
fly-tying
Canoaing, fly­
fishing, archery
banting, rapping

Forest habitat •
aanagmnt. public
ralationa

00
ft

CHAPTER V
S OME G A M E A R E A P ROBLEMS AS S E E N B Y THE
DISTRICT AND AREA BIOLOGISTS

The G a m e A r e a Q u e s t i o n n a i r e

I s o u g h t to l e a r n about the m a n a g e m e n t o f game
areas b y s en d i n g q u e s t i o n n a i r e s
and area b i o l o g i s t s .

The

was to find the s t r e n g t h s

to all of the d i s t r i c t

intent of the q u e s t i o n n a i r e
and w e a k n e s s e s of the c u r r e n t

system of m a n a g e m e n t and the n a t u r e o f e a c h .
tionnaire c o v e r l e t t e r and forms
I learned

in a d v a n c e

are

I therefore*

agreed

in the appendix.

that some b i o l o g i s t s

ation if t h e i r rem a r k s w e r e known.

This

feared r e t a l i ­
is unfortunate.

to k e e p the in d i v i d u a l comme n t s

s t r i c t l y c o n f i d e n t i a l and o n l y the summaries*
individuals are not identifiable*
The q u e s t i o n n a i r e was
yielded a d d i t i o n a l

The q u e s ­

in w h i c h

are m a d e available.

f o l l o w e d b y a few interviews w h i c h

i n f o r m a t i o n and gave

the q u e s t i o n n a i r e results

(Table 4).
85

added s u p p o r t to

86

Table 4.— Summary of Answers to Game Area Questionnaire Sent to Region
III District and Area Biologists

1.

Uses to be provided on state game areas:
Use
a. Hunting: most stressed hunting, particularly
quality aspects. Only two mentioned put
& take.
b. Fishing:
c . Hiking:
d. Skiing: cross country, sledding
e . Birdwatching and banding:
f . Canoeing, row-boating
g- Rifle, skeet-trap, archery ranges:
h. Photography:
i. Trapping:
j • Dog training— field trials:
k. Picnicking:
1. Nature trails, interpretive center and/or service:
m. Mushrooming:
n. Wildlife observation:
o . Camping:
P* Horseback riding:
q- Berry picking:
r.
Nut, leaf, flower gathering:
s. Sightseeing:
t. Swimming:
u. Snowmobiling:
V.
Bicycling:
w. Nature study:
Timber production:
X .
y* Habitat research:
z. Protection of endangered species:
aa. Arrowheading:
ab. Motorcycling:
ac. Auto sightseeing:
ad. Solitude seekers:
ae. Food production:
(sharecrop)

Respon<
19

15
14
10

9
a

8
8
7
6
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

87

Table 4 .— Continued

2.

Uses of State Game Areas that are significantly, physically or
biologically detrimental to the area.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g*

h.
i.
3*
k.
1.
m.
n.

Use
Snowmobiles: noise, cover and vegetation damage,
wildlife disturbance & stress, litter
Motorcycles: soil erosion, noise, wildlife
harassment, litter
A.T.V. or auto: litter, erosion, compaction, noise,
physical damage to vegetation, wildlife disturbance
Horseback riding: demand for trails consumes land
area, erosion, littering, wildlife disturbance
Littering— dumping:
Camping: sanitary conditions
Motor boats: dike erosion from wake, interference
with nesting & brooks, noise, damage to aquatic
plants
Hunting over-use: wildlife stress, elimination of
some species in an area
Put-Take Pheasant Program: trampling, litter.
killing all forms of wildlife, wildlife stress
Non-regulated hunting use: wildlife stress, elimina­
tion of some species in an area
Over manipulation of habitat:
Right of way clearing: drains productivity of land
Poachers:
Special events— -military:

3 &
4. Specific Objectives of Game Area Management:
Type of objectives mentioned by topic to provide
recreational and other opportunities for:
a. Small game hunting
b. Waterfowl hunting
c . Deer hunting
d. Upland game hunting
e . Put & take pheasant hunting
f. Fishing

Responses
18/19

15
11
8
4
2

2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1

88

Table 4.— Continued

g*
h.
i.
jk.
1 .

m.
n.
o.
Pq*
r.
s.
t.
u.
V .

w.
X .

y.
z.
aa.

Horseback trails— camp
Snowmobile trails
Hiking trails
Ski trails
Testing new farming— habitat practices
Birdwatching
Nature photography
Boating & water skiing
Motorcycling
Food gathering— nuts, fruits, berries
Camping
Sale of forest products
Solitude seeking
Swimming
Dog training
Trapping
Waterfowl sanctuary
Picnic areas
Wildlife observation
Wildlife education
Shooting ranges

Most of methods to achieve these objectives dealt with game pro­
duction practices:
Habitat improvement, regulation of hunting, gaining more wild
land, and limiting uses which conflicted with game production.
Overall, very little emphasis was placed on research experi­
ments, wildlife education, and activities not connected with,
hunting. Perhaps, the current management situation and budget
led many to stress maintenance rather than development.

5.

Types of information used to manage game areas and the source of it.
a.

b.
c.
d.

Population (game) surveys:

1. Region III deer kill
2. Harvest statistics
3. Waterfowl population reports
Timber management: cutter comes asking
Users: conservation officers, personal observation
Proposed projects: those of previous years

89

Table 4.--Continued

e.
f.
g.

h.
i.
j.
k.
1.
m.

Budget: wildlife division, approved P.S. & E., Regional office
Management plans: field and staff agreement
Species management guides: research, division, and region,
other state's publication, and fish & Wildlife service,
technical journals.
List of available equipment; its use, supplies and materials:
region equipment operators
Available free manpower: local sources
Habitat management: field inspection, game area publications,
reports on post manager work,
Mapping: field inspection, "40” plans
General knowledge of area: field inspections
Public relations and user needs: talking to sportsmen

It is of interest that while Division was mentioned the staff was
not by name mentioned once as a source.

6.

Information desired for management:
a.
b.

Management plans for each game area
Objectives for managing game areas including a system for
evaluation of those objectives.
c. Guidelines for project proposals
d. Use (type and intensity) on each area
e. User attitudes and needs
f. Cover maps— habitat inventory
g. Timber resource inventory
h . Habitat and species research recommendations--updated guidelines
including evaluation of habitat practices
i. The latest methods for species inventory
j . Advance notice of budget for coming year— including availability
of supplies and fuel
k. Better inventory of wildlife species (in time for analysis)
1. A benefit/cost analysis of major programs
m. Voting records of local legislators (like what do they and
their constituents want?)

90

Table 4.— Continued

7.

Current successful programs in Region 111
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.

8.

Waterfowl flooding management program— with hunter permit system
a quality experience, more hunter opportunity.
Put & take pheasant program— hunter success extended season.
Land acquisition program— makes hunting more "public."
Controlled deer hunting— reduced pressure, large public interest.
Special seasons— turkey, squirrel, grouse, scaup give hunters
more time afield.
Habitat program— shrub planting, edge development, controlled
burns, commercial clearcuts, brush piles.
Public relations activity— gains us support among sportmen's
clubs, disseminate useful information.
Interdepartmental activities.
Public relations— successful for money spent.
Timber sales— depending on type and application of cut.
Quail hunting— needs re-evaluation after good start.

Wasteful activities:
a.
b.
c.
d.

e.
f.
g.
h.

Programs ineffective because of non-optimum scale of activity.
Pood patch program— wrong species or wrong place planted, poor
site preparation, poor site selection, overplanting.
Collection of pheasant wing & foot specimens due to little
direct application in actual management.
Collection of biological data from yearling deer in southern
Michigan check stations since it is biased and insufficient
for analysis, overstaffed check stations.
Timber sales— cutting during nesting periods, cutting most
desirable trees.
Some surveys are unnecessary since data is available in other
forms.
Pheasant census contributes little as a management tool,
crowing counts invalid.
Waterfowl check stations since no use is made of age and sex
data. If used sampling procedure should be set up.

91

Table 4.— Continued

i.

Put & take program— high expenditures of men and money on pro­
gram which provides questionable returns. Considerable damage
to image and reputation of hunting and sportsmen. Anti-hunters
have doubled their efforts as a result of P & T hunts, vegeta­
tion trampled, littering,
j . Construction of impoundments without control structures.
k. Sharecropping for sake of sharecropping— fields are too large.
1. December grouse season may have a detrimental effect on spring
populations because birds are now oriented to home territories,
m. Reporting could be made easier, simpler, currently too time
consuming.
n. Engineering on many projects is of poor quality, wasteful of
materials and man power,
o. Poor use of heavy equipment, no priority schedule, equipment
idle much of time,
p. Professional biologists working by the hour instead of the day
concept 8 AM - 5 PM; not always compatible with job require­
ments .
q. Mini-game area program— most are sterile, costly to administer,
and provide limited recreational use. Much better to block
in present areas.

9.

Directives originate from:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Lansing Wildlife Staff (12)
Regional Biologist (11)
Wildlife Division Chief (6)
District Biologist (5)
Regional Manager (2)
Deputy Director-Field (2)

Compliments to:

Mikula £ Cooley

10. To change a policy:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Use chain of command (11)
Go to wildlife staff while using chain of command (6)
Prayer (1)
Go to legislator (1)
Those who said "use chain of command" were often critical of
its efficiency, lack of follow through, and resulting outcome.

92

Table 4.— Continued

11. For help in management problems, go t o :
*a.
b.
c.
d.

District Supervisor (10)
Regional Wildlife Supervisor (6)
Assistant Regional Wildlife Supervisor (2)
Member of Division staff (1)
*Most area biologists listed their District Supervisor.

12. Three most time consuming activities (19 x 3 = 57)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g*
h.
i.
jk.
1.
m.
n.
o.
P*
qr.

Activity
Habitat planning and management
Manage hunting, including put & take
Supervision, program planning and implementation
Public relations, talks and phone calls
Reports and office work
Game Area administration
Wildlife surveys
Species management
Field inspections
Waterfowl management
Nuisance or problem animals
Fanning operations
Land management
Check stations and hunter check
Game and recreation area use survey
Game area development
Supervising timber harvest
Pheasant farm

13. Additional need for training (18 responded)i

Yes

16

Responses
9
8
7
7
6
5
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

No

2

Why yes i

We are not being adequately informed about what is going
on and have to depend on outside sources of information.
We are weak in several areas— administration, biometry,
etc.

Why n o :

Probably overtrained for assigned work, present needs
adequately met.

93

Table 4.— Continued

How:

Sabbatical leave periodically, Higgins Lake school, training
manuals sent out by staff, field seminars, new employee
training program, regional sessions.

Type of training desired:
a. Decision making and management
b. Administrative and office procedures
c. Basic zoology and botany
d. Cartography and surveying
e. Public speaking
f. Law
g. Policy (DNR)
h. Current program implications
i. Budgetary methods
j . Ayriculture
k. Supervisory
1. Natural resource administration
m. Wildlife disease
n. Engineering
o . Biometry

14. Preferred activities and reasons (17 x 3 = 51):
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
1.
m.
n.
o.

Activity
Habitat planning and management
Public relations
Wildlife surveys
Managed hunting
New project development and implementation
Trapping and banding
Field investigations
Land management on areas
Wildlife information
Hunter checks
Water control development
Farming
Informal public contact
Job training of new men
Waterfowl management

Responses
8
8

5
4
4
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1

1
1

94

Table 4.— Continued

p.
q.
r.
s.
t.
u.

Upland management
Report writing
Promoting hunting
Wildlife management assistance to landowners
Supervising activities
Species management

15. Most distasteful tasks (total *= 47, some had no distasteful tasks).
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
gh.
i.
j.
k.
1.
m.
n.
o.

Distasteful tasks
Report writing, questionnaires, position
descriptions, activity reports, etc.
Giving talks to disinterested or critical
groups or persons.
Struggle with low funds, equipment, and
manpower.
Answering "nuisance" telephone calls
Making excuses for the DNR's failures
Planning programs
Answering needless requests
Coping with non-hunting uses of game areas
Admonishing employees or supervising work
Going to worthless meetings
Handling animal complaints
Managing a wildlife re—ource without goals
Running a poorly prepared managed hunt
Coping with inadequate filing system
Enforcing rules on game areas

Responses
14
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1

95

The district and area biologists
lent p o s i t i o n to a s s e s s
ation .

coping w i t h the y e a r - a r o u n d p r o b l e m s

erable

feedback about

they p r o v i de.
biologists

The

in a n e x c e l ­

the g a m e a r e a m a n a g e m e n t s i t u ­

T h e s e m e n s p e n d cons i d e r a b l e

m e e t the g ame a r e a u s e r s

are

time on the areas
that occur.

They

face— to— face and r e c e i v e c o n s i d ­

the s e r v i c e s

and m a n a g e m e n t e f f o r t

"on-the-ground" problems

are o f t e n s y m p t o m s of p r o b l e m s

level * and some of the r e s p o n s e s

faced b y

these

at a h i g h e r

i d e n t i f y these p r o b l e m s

q uite s p e c i f i c a l l y .

Management Aims

M anagement of game areas m u s t discriminate against
some u s e s and e n c o u r a g e others.
management

T h e u s e # o r uses s e l e c t e d also d e t e r ­

the c l i e n t s w i l l be.

biologists

fi r s t q u e s t i o n of

is for w h i c h u s e o r g r o u p of u s e s s h o u l d the

area b e m a n a g e d ?
mine w h o

The

is

on g a m e areas#

that h u n t i n g

The view held b y most

should be

and t h a t o t h e r uses

the f i r s t p r i o r i t y

can b e

tolerated

they do n o t c o n f l i c t s i g n i f i c a n t l y w i t h h u n t i n g .
answer c o i n c i d e s w i t h G a m e P o l i c y #36#

approved

if

This
in 1961

96

b y the D i r e c t o r *s O f f i c e o f the C o n s e r v a t i o n D e p a r t m e n t :
Wildlife management with particular
e m p h a s i s on g a m e - s p e c i e s h a s be e n * and
s h a ll c o n t i n u e to be# the p r i m a r y aim
o f S t a t e G a m e Pr oje c t s .
Plans* devel­
o p ment* and m a n a g e m e n t shall k e e p this
aim in m i n d at all t i m e s . O t h e r uses
of the a c q u i r e d land are a p p r o v e d o n l y
w h e n s u c h u s e s do n o t c o n f l i c t w i t h the
primary objective of wildlife restora­
tion.
Of the t h i r t y - o n e uses

listed by

the b i o l o g i s t s ,

four w e r e m e n t i o n e d b y h a l f o r more.
a g r e e m e n t o n w h i c h uses
s h o u l d not.

is n o c l o s e

s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d and those that

One r e a s o n h u n t i n g

strongly favored

There

only

and

is t h a t the g a m e

fishing are so

area m a n a g e m e n t funds

c o m e d i r e c t l y from h u n t i n g and f i s h i n g l i c e n s e revenues.
W h e n sales drop*

they are a d v e r s e l y affected.

the g a m e a r e a s as b e i n g
of

owned b y

the l a n d w a s p u r c h a s e d w i t h

the h u n t e r s *

firearms

Some

regard

in tha t m u c h

tax and h u n t i n g

l i c e n s e revenues.
T h e r e h a s b e e n no v a l i d a t t e m p t to s e t use p r i o r ­
i ties or to w e i g h use v a l u e s b y the D i v i s i o n staff.
biologists
t ives

feel

to tell

lacking

frustrated

The

in t h a t there are no d i r e c ­

them w h a t c l i e n t s

is a list of p r i o r i t i e s

to p r o v i d e

for.

Also

or w e i g h t e d use values.

97

T h e s e p r o b l e m s w e r e b r o u g h t o u t b y several b i o l o g i s t s

in

the q u e s t i o n n a i r e a n s w e r s .

T h e A c c e s s and F a c i l i t i e s

There

to P r o v i d e

is v e r y l i t t l e a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n b i o l o g i s t s

o v e r w h a t type of a c c e s s and f a c i l i t i e s
hunters

and o t h e r s using

the g a m e

should b e g i v e n

areas.

Some

favor

g r e a t e r a c c e s s and f a c i l i t i e s so that the areas can b e
utilized more effectively.
access

Others

so that f e w e r p e o p l e use

out that facilities

seek to b l o c k m o s t

the areas.

require maintenance#

They point

and

they can not

at p r e s e n t d o a s u f f i c i e n t job of m a i n t e n a n c e .
a rgue

that roads

and trails e n c o u r a g e m o t o r c y c l e s #

off-road vehicles#
T h e s e u s es

and snowmobiles

the area.

trails#

Some districts have recently built
snowmobile

trails#

ing t r a i ls on t h e i r g a m e areas#
off many existing
lets

to use

ho rses#

t h e y feel c r e a t e w i l d l i f e s t r e s s and d a m a g e

the v e g e t a t i o n .
hiking

Some

trails roads.

and c r o s s - c o u n t r y s k i ­

while

others h ave blocked

Such facilities

as toi­

and p i c n i c t a b l e s are n o t p r e s e n t o n the m a j o r i t y

o f areas.

Each district biologist

is g i v e n c o n s i d e r a b l e

98

d i s c r e t i o n over the access and f a c i l i t i e s he w i s h e s

to

provide.

W h a t are P r o j e c t Costs?

T he d i s t r i c t b i o l o g i s t s b e l i e v e

they d o not h a v e

a d e q u a t e c o s t i n f o r m a t i o n to a c c u r a t e l y p r e d i c t p r o j e c t
costs.

M o s t of the r e c e i p t s

by a district biologist.

for e x p e n d i t u r e s

T h e s u m m a r i e s of e x p e n d i t u r e s

are in b r o a d p r o g r a m h e a d i n g s

so that the c o s t o f any

p a r t i c u l a r p r o j e c t can b e hidden.
are not c h a r g e d
on such projects

Heavy equipment hours

to indivi d u a l projects.

E q u i p m e n t costs

as dike b u i l d i n g and road r e p a i r u s u a l l y

r e p r e s e n t o v e r h a l f of

the actual p r o j e c t c o s t .

o f d e t a i l e d cost i n f o r m a t i o n h i n d e r s
of

the d i s t r i c t b i o l o g i s t .

H e m a y h a v e some e s t i m a t e of

is l i k e l y to be# b u t he lacks

mation

it e f f e c tively#

the i n f o r ­

such as a c c o m p l i s h i n g

those p r o j e c t s w h i c h o f f e r the g r e a t e s t b e n e f i t s
co s t s

invested.

Only through conscientious

ing can i n e f f i c i e n t m e t h o d s b e
m e n t s made.

T h e lack

the p l a n n i n g a b i l i t y

w h a t his b u d g e t
to spend

are h a n d l e d

for the

cost account­

fully e x p o s e d and i m p r o v e ­

99

T h e Use C o n f l i c t P r o b l e m

Many biologists

are q u i t e c o n c e r n e d a b o u t use

c o n f l i c t s on the g a m e areas.
o f use h a s
Where

T h e v a r i e t y and i n t e n s i t y

i n c r e a s e d d r a m a t i c a l l y o v e r the l a s t ten years.

f o r m e r l y a ra bbit h u n t e r c o u l d w a l k alone w i t h his

dog* h e m a y n o w h a v e c r o s s - c o u n t r y skiers on h i s
other hunters

ahead of him*

in the distance.

right*

and h e a r a s n o w m o b i l e roaring

T h e m e r e p r e s e n c e o f one u s e r

s e r i o u s l y c o n f l i c t w i t h another.

The b i o l o g i s t s

type m a y
feel

that they d o not h a v e s u f f i c i e n t g u i d e l i n e s or ready
m e a n s of p r e v e n t i n g m o s t of the c o n f l i c t s
They strongly desire

that do occur.

to p r e v e n t use c o n f l i c t s si n c e

they

are a m a j o r source of c l i e n t i r r i t a t i o n and complaint.
Se v e r a l b i o l o g i s t s s u g g e s t
not s h a r e

that the D i v i s i o n s t a f f does

their c o n c e r n s o v e r use conflicts*

d o e s n o t a c t i v e l y seek m e a n s of p r e v e n t i n g

and that it

the p o s s i b i l i t y

of conflicts.

M o s t of the a t t e m p t s

conflicts

far h a v e b e e n r e s t r i c t i v e r e g u l a t i o n of

horses

thus

and m o t o r i z e d vehicles*

cr o w d e d h u n t i n g areas.

to p r e v e n t or r e s o l v e

and m a n d a t o r y p e r m i t s on

T h e s e m e a s u r e s w e r e in r e a c t i o n

to e x i s t i n g p r o b l e m s of a crisis n a t u r e .

100

W h i c h are the B e s t B i o l o g i c a l T e c h n i q u e s
to P r o d u c e and I n v e n t o r y G a m e Sp ec i e s ?

O n e skill e x p e c t e d o f a w i l d l i f e b i o l o g i s t is
that h e k now s h o w to p r o d u c e and

inventory game s p e c i e s .

The state o f the art* h o w e v e r * is such t hat there e x i s t s
c o n s i d e r a b l e d o u b t o v e r some
b e t t e r techniq ues

are r a p i d l y b e i n g advanced.

biologists experienced

or both.

that

c u r r e n t l y u s e d are o u t d a t e d *

Their suggestions

methods have gone largely unheeded by
charged with

and

Several

in i n v e n t o r y w o r k re a l i z e

some o f the i n v e n t o r y m e t h o d s
in accurate#

t r a d i t i o n a l m eth ods *

this r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .

for u p d a t i n g

the D i v i s i o n s t a f f

M u c h o f the h a b i t a t

work done

thus f ar has n ot b e e n p r o v e d to b e n e f i t g ame

species.

Some techniques

c u r r e n t l y used*

such as s h r u b

pl ant ing # w e r e q u e s t i o n e d a n d r e j e c t e d b y D i v i s i o n
r e s e a r c h e r s b e f o r e 1940.

M o s t fi e l d b i o l o g i s t s h a v e n o t

b e e n abl e to k e e p u p w i t h

the l a t e s t m e t h o d s s u g g e s t e d

by research.

T h e y r e l y on the D i v i s i o n s t a f f for s u c h

information.

Most

field b i o l o g i s t s

can n ot m e a s u r e the e f f e c t i v e n e s s

realize

that they

of th eir h a b i t a t

i m p r o v e m e n t w o r k b u t a t t e m p t to d o that w o r k w h i c h seems
lo g i c a l w i t h i n t h e i r f r a m e w o r k o f kn o w l e d g e .

101

T h e I m b a l a n c e of S t a f f and F i e l d

M a n y o f the d i s t r i c t b i o l o g i s t s d e s i r e m o r e t e c h ­
n i c i a n s and a l a r g e r l a b o r force.
these e x t r a m e n c o u l d m a k e

T h e y b e l i e v e that

significant gains

in p r o v i d i n g

m a i n t e n a n c e a nd i m p r o v e m e n t on the gam e a r e a s .
biologists

The

field

l o o k at the o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p y r a m i d an d see

a b o u t f o u r t e e n b i o l o g i s t s on the D i v i s i o n s t a f f a n d o n l y
a b o u t e i g h t t e c h n i c i a n s w o r k i n g o n the g a m e are as
R e g i o n III.
According

T h e l a b o r force is small an d l a r g e l y seasonal.

to m a n y d i s t r i c t and a r e a b i o l o g i s t s #

sul t of h a v i n g
specialists

in

a l a r g e n u m b e r of a d m i n i s t r a t o r s

and a s mall n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s

is m u c h talk and lit tle

the re­
and s t a f f

is that there

"on-the-ground" accomplishment.

Some of the m o r e e x p e r i e n c e d

field biologists question

the n e e d for su ch a large D i v i s i o n staff.

They believe

that t h e i r o w n p r o f i c i e n c y is such that the y are equ al
to or b e t t e r than m o s t s t a f f s p e c i al ist s.
some

field b i o l o g i s t s

rarely#

if ever#

s t a f f for a d v i c e o n w i l d l i f e ma tt e r s .

Th e r e f o r e #

approach

the

102

C o m m u n i c a t i o n W i t h i n the O r g a n i z a t i o n

M a n y o f the are a and d i s t r i c t b i o l o g i s t s
discouraged with
organization.
are d e l a y e d

are v e r y

the c o m m u n i c a t i o n s s y s t e m w i t h i n the

The problems

responses

they m e n t i o n m o s t

and b l o c k e d m e s s a g e s .

a district biologist may suggest a change

frequently
For e x a m p l e #

in h u n t i n g

regulations

and for w a r d a w r i t t e n p r o p o s a l

to the R e g i o n a l

Bi o l o g i s t .

T h e R e g i o n a l B i o l o g i s t s h o u l d i n f o r m h i m of

h i s v i e w on the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n a n d # if j ust ifi ed#
the l e t t e r

forward

to the D i v i s i o n s t a f f w i t h r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s .

A c t u a l c ase s b r o u g h t o ut

indi cat e

that s u c h a m e s s a g e m a y

b e l o s t at the r e g i o n a l o r the D i v i s i o n level.
are f r e q u e n t l y n o t made.
often arrive months

Replies

E v e n w h e n rep l i e s d o come#

later.

they

T h e r e f o r e # the d i s t r i c t

b i o l o g i s t d o e s n o t k n o w the s t a t u s of his

recommendation.

E x i s t i n g p o l i c y fa v o r s the u s e of the c h a i n c o m m a n d in
s e n d i n g m ess age s.

However#

most biologists

n e c e s s a r y to p e r s o n a l l y c o m m u n i c a t e m e s s a g e s
th ey w i s h

to reach.

contact because#
response.

Most

that way#

f i n d it
to the u n i t

favor p h o n e calls o r p e r s o n a l
they a t l e a s t r e c e i v e some

103

T h e R e l a t i o n s h i p to C l i e n t s

A p u b l i c i n v o l v e m e n t p r o g r a m is d e s i r e d b y the
fi e l d b i o l o g i s t s as a m e a n s of i m p r o v i n g gam e a rea m a n ­
a g e m e n t and

the c l i e n t - a d m i n i s t r a t o r r e l a t i o n s h i p .

b i o l o g i s t s are not

tr ai n e d

Most

in p u b l i c s p e a k i n g a nd feel

uncomfortable

in front o f la r g e a n d / o r c r i t i c a l

ences.

is an a d m i t t e d t e n d e n c y on their p a r t to

There

s p e a k o n l y to small/

i n t e r e s t e d gr oups.

audi­

M o s t feel

that

the time s p e n t on p u b l i c i n v o l v e m e n t is b e n e f i c i a l b u t
feel a g r e a t e r e f f o r t is n e e d e d b e f o r e s ucc e s s w o u l d b e
ev id e n t .
appear

M o s t of the gr o u p s

they s e l e c t to t alk w i t h

to b e s c h o o l c l a s s e s or h u n t i n g

a few b i o l o g i s t s

feel

ment program will
i n p u t / su ppo rt/

clubs.

At least

th at a s u c c e s s f u l p u b l i c i n v o l v e ­

require considerable Division staff

and coordination.

Th e P l a n n i n g

Process

B y far the m o s t c o m m o n p r o b l e m o f g a m e a r e a m a n ­
a g e m e n t m e n t i o n e d in the q u e s t i o n n a i r e
of pla nn i n g .

The b i o l o g i s t s w a n t p l a n s

re t u r n s w a s

that

that they ca n

10 4

c a r r y out;

something

to p r o v i d e d i r e c t i o n .

several problems with

1.

Technical

the c u r r e n t

" forty" p l a n s

T h e y see

system of planning:

are outdated

and p o o r l y

formulated #

2.

Master

planning concept

is n o t f u n c t i o n a l #

3.

Multi-level planning

4.

Current planning process does

lacks coordination#

not specify prior­

it ies #

5.

Programs
of long

6

.

7.

are

implemented without consideration

term effects#

There

is f a i l u r e

using

available

to p r e d i c t c l i e n t
information#

T h e r e is a f a i l u r e

an d

to a n t i c i p a t e u se p r o b l e m s .

M o s t b i o l o g i s t s d o n o t u se
any extent

trends b y not

for planning purposes.

the

"forty"

They serve some

fo r h a b i t a t m a n i p u l a t i o n a n d s h r u b p l a n t i n g .
ten o r m o r e y e a r s

o u t of d a t e #

and

plans

the c o v e r

Many

to

use
are

ty pe h a s

changed significantly during

this period.

According

to

some biologists#

p l a n s a r e of l i t t l e u s e

in

the

" forty"

105

t h a t the p e r s p e c t i v e o f
biologist pointed
is n o t

out

forty acres

th at

functional because

adequate

is too sma ll.

the m a s t e r p l a n n i n g

One

concept

it h a s b e e n p r e p a r e d w i t h o u t

i n f o r m a t i o n s o t h a t it is o u t d a t e d b e f o r e

its

completion.
New programs
a surprise

a nd s p e c i a l r e a s o n s

to s o m e b i o l o g i s t s .

are

They resent not being

included

in the p l a n n i n g o f p r o g r a m s w h i c h

expected

to c a r r y o u t

1970) .

district

level

Planning

the d i s t r i c t

a yearly work

the D i v i s i o n

and programs.

biologist

c an u n d e r t a k e #

th at m a n a g e m e n t e f f o r t s
The

on

the

Of

for the d i f f e r e n t

the m a n y p o s s i b l e

tasks

which one should he

take?

a

own route so

a re q u i t e d i f f e r e n t b e t w e e n

individual questionnaire

that m o s t b i o l o g i s t s
favorite

and

schedule

C u r r e n t l y each d istrict b io logist has his

districts.

to a l a c k o f

is a l s o m a d e d i f f i c u l t b e c a u s e p r i o r i t i e s

ar e n o t e s t a b l i s h e d b y
projects

in p a r t i c u l a r

in t his m a t t e r b e t w e e n

D i v i s i o n l ev e l s .

t h e y are

( Wil d l i f e M a n a g e m e n t I n s t i t u t e *

Some b i o l o g i s t s poi n t

coordination

frequently

spend most of their

returns

show

time o n t h e i r

t y p e of w o r k a c t i v i t i e s .
Several biologists

that w e n t

i n t o the

are critical

"put— t a k e " program.

of
Two

the p l a n n i n g
implied

that

106

the p r o g r a m w a s

implemented without

long-term effects/

and h e a d s

the D i v i s i o n

Will wildlife management come
th at h a v e
storing

no c h a n c e

benefit of Michigan's
activity require

pen-reared birds?
tw o b i o l o g i s t s

what

believe

Biologists

received

searching

us e

f or an e x p l a n a t i o n

f or

suggest

information used

Others

in p r o g r a m

For example/

some

the r e s u l t s of W a l t e r P a l m e r ' s g a m e

area

(Palmer/

planning major game

1967)

hav e not b e e n c o n s i d e r e d

area programs.

pate use problems was
belief.

the

are one cause.

is p r i m a r i l y r e s p o n s i b l e .

study

to s h o o t

criticism along

to b e m i s d i r e c t e d p r o g r a m s *

a lack of available

t hat

trained

These questions were brought up by

th at i n s u f f i c i e n t D i v i s i o n g o a l s

planning

ty pe of

in i n t e r v i e w s .

the y b e l i e v e

believe

thi s

f o r the

Wh a t kin d of h u n t e r wants

Some other programs
s a m e lines.

Does

resource

the s e r v i c e s o f p r o f e s s i o n a l l y

wildlife biologists?

animals

Is t h i s a c t i v i t y r e ­

the w i l d l i f e

citizens?

the

toward disaster.

to m e a n p e n r e a r i n g

of s u r v i v a l ?

and p e r p e t u a t i n g

consideration of

A

failure

in

to a n t i c i ­

g i v e n as p o s s i b l e e v i d e n c e

for

this

CHAPTER VI
T H E DA NS V IDLE G A M E A R E A — A C A S E S T U D Y
OF C U R R E N T M A N A G E M E N T

The Selection— An Overview

D u r i n g m y s t u d y I e x a m i n e d n ine g a m e ar eas on
four d i f f e r e n t d i s t ric ts.
in a d v a n c e

Th e D a n s v i l l e A r e a w a s

for a case study/

due

selected

to its close proximi ty.

T h e m a n a g e m e n t i n t e n s i t y is far b e l o w that a p p l i e d to
such ar e a s as

the S h i a w a s s e e G a m e A r e a l o c a t e d in the

same d i s t r i c t .

T h e d i s t r i c t in w h i c h

the D a n s v i l l e G a m e

A r e a is i n c l u d e d s e e m e d to h a v e a m a n a g e m e n t l e v e l e qua l
o r b e t t e r t h a n any of the o t h e r d i s t r i c t s
management

is i n t e n s i v e on o n e w a t e r f o w l

I exa min ed.

The

a rea and m u c h

less o n the four o t h e r d e e r - g r o u s e and r a b b i t - s q u i r r e l p h e a s a n t areas.

Dansville should not be

a typical g a m e area#

c o n s i d e r e d as

since one c a n n o t e a s i l y g e n e r a l i z e

from s u c h a v a r i e t y o f situat ion s.

Its l e v e l of m a n a g e ­

m e n t is s i m i l a r to m a n y g a m e areas# h o w e v e r #
overall management problems

and the

are r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of m o s t

107

108

g a m e areas.

T h e r a t h e r l a r g e s t a t e o w n e d lan d p a r c e l s

favor m a n a g e m e n t

(Fig.

17) .

M a n a g e m e n t of the D a n s v i l l e G a m e A r e a c an b e
described

in two phases:

an e a r l y d e v e l o p m e n t p h a s e

and a l a t e r m a i n t e n a n c e phase.
un t i l

The

first phase lasted

the l a t e 1 9 5 0 's* and the s e c o n d p h a s e

co nti nui ng.

Manag e m e n t activities

c o n s i s t e d of p l a n t i n g
impoundments*

trees

and v a r i o u s

is still

in the first p h a s e

and shrubs*

c r e a t i n g small

forms of h a b i t a t t r e a t m e n t s

(Michigan C o n s e r v a t i o n D e p a r t m e n t *
g a m e h u n t i n g o n the are a w a s
and wa s v e r y p o p u l a r u n t i l

1 9 2 8 — 1960).

Small

the m a i n c l i e n t a c t i v i t y

the l a t e 1950's.

The decline

o f the p h e a s a n t p o p u l a t i o n m a y h a v e b e e n r e s p o n s i b l e in
part

for the g r a d u a l m a n a g e m e n t s h i f t a w a y fro m this

planting
gi s t s
sh r u b s

and h a b i t a t work.

in the l a t e 1 9 5 0 ' s
to r e b u i l d

It b e c a m e o b v i o u s

t h a t it w o u l d

types of h u n t i n g .
planting

During

the 1 9 6 0 ' s

Funds

than
in the

for o t h e r s p e c i e s

(Michi gan DNR*

1970-1972).

r e c e n t w o r k c o n s i s t s of s u c h a c t i v i t i e s
p r o h i b i t i n g p u b l i c acc ess

and

and 1 9 7 0 's* s h r u b

and h a b i t a t w o r k h a s b e e n s h a r p l y d e c r e a s e d

f o rme r l e v e l s

signs*

take m o r e

the p h e a s a n t p o p u l a t i o n .

d e p a r t m e n t w e r e d i v e r t e d to p r o v i d e

to b i o l o ­

M u c h of the
as p u t t i n g u p

to s e n s i t i v e

areas

fro m

DANSVILLE STATE GAME AREA
TNCKAM COUNTY, MICHIGAN

ffif

Duurilla

T

1

111

;*3T~

T il

Pig. 17.— Map of Dansville State Game Area.

109

It*

110

and i n s p e c t i n g the are a for c o m p l i a n c e of rules.

The

r e c e n t p u t — take p r o g r a m b r o u g h t i n t e n s i v e use o f the
a r e a this p a s t year.

Currently*

the roads m a i n t a i n e d b y

the d i s t r i c t are b a d l y r u t t e d a nd p a r k i n g areas are
heavily littered.

History

T h e l and n o w c o n t a i n e d in the D a n s v i l l e G a m e A r e a
was

f a r m e d for se v e r a l g e n e r a t i o n s b e f o r e the S tat e

a c q u i r e d it.

T h e la nd

is p o o r for farming.

p r e d o m i n a n t l y s a n d y loam*
drained.
deposits

The

T h e soil is

and m u c h o f the a r e a is p o o r l y

t o p o g r a p h y is r o l l i n g w i t h some g l a c i a l

evident.

tax r e v e r s i o n .

N o n e o f the l a n d w a s a c q u i r e d t h r o u g h

G a m e P r o t e c t i o n F u n d p u r c h a s e d a b o u t one-

fo u r t h of the l a n d * and P i t t m a n - R o b e r t s o n F u n d s
A b o u t h a l f o f the a r e a w a s
parcels * 1*220

a c q u i r e d b y 1950.

five years*

about $50.00
4*143

acres

The first

ac res * w e r e a c q u i r e d b e t w e e n 193 9 and 194 5 *

at an a v e r a g e c o s t of a b o u t $2 3 . 0 0 an a c r e .
next

the rest.

553 m o r e

an acre.
today*

During

the

acres w e r e a d d e d at a c o s t of

S t a t e h o l d i n g s at D a n s v i l l e

representing

total

a total lan d c o s t of

I l l

$152,000

(Michigan DNR,

m a r k e t price,

1972).

At

the current,

1974,

the l a n d is p r o b a b l y w o r t h in e x c e s s o f

two m i l l i o n dollars.

Unique Features

T h e D a n s v i l l e G a m e A r e a has se v e r a l r a t h e r
unique
shrubs,

features on it:

a large v a r i e t y of trees and

a t r a c t of n o r t h e r n f o r e s t type c o m p l e t e w i t h

bog succession,
im pou ndm ent s.
are m a n y w i l d

and m a n y small p o t h o l e lakes and
B e c a u s e of

the v a r i e t y o f h a b i t a t ,

ani mal and b i r d s p e c i e s pre sen t.

e r a b l e p o r t i o n of

A consid­

the are a is l o w l a n d s w a m p a nd marsh,

inaccessible b y vehicles
h i p b o o t s or a b o a t ) .
Even most hunters

there

(or eve n

T his

avoid it,

foot u n l e s s yo u h a v e

a rea is l a r g e l y u ndi s t u r b e d .
and

it f u r n i s h e s

a natural

s a n c t u a r y for some s p e c i e s , su ch as deer.

Having both

u p l a n d and l o w l a n d c o v e r types c o n t r i b u t e s

to the v a r i e t y

of plant s p e c i e s .

B e s i d e s , Dansville has h a d , p e r h a p s ,

the m o s t i n t e n s i v e

tree a n d s h r u b p l a n t i n g p r o g r a m of

any g a m e area.

Pat c h e s

blanket many former

of f e n c e r o w s and p l a n t a t i o n s

farm fields.

F i g u r e 18 sh ows

four

113

v i e w s o f the D a n s v i l l e G a m e Area:
cr o p p e d

field*

2 shows

a lowland

1 shows a sharefield*

field*

and 4 a l o w l a n d marsh.

forest

type c o n t a i n s p a p e r b i r c h * t ama rac k * and y e l l o w

b i r c h * s pe c i e s

rare

The

3 for mer farm

tract of no rt h e r n

in this reg ion of M i c h i g a n .

the p o t h o l e lakes d r y up d u r i n g

Som e of

the s umm er * b u t others

re mai n ye ar a r o u n d * and some of these con t a i n p i k e and
panfxsh.

Clients

The c l i e n t s

and Uses

in the e a r l y d e v e l o p m e n t p h a s e of

the 194 0's w e r e p r i m a r i l y hunters*
f i s h e r m e n * and h i k e r s use d

A few picnic ker s*

the a r e a du rin g

the su m m e r

mo n t h s * b u t m os t of the u sers h u n t e d d u r i n g
wi nter.
County*

The m a j o r i t y of the h u n t e r s w e r e
e s p e c i a l l y the L a n s i n g

area.

the fall and

from In g h a m

M o s t had a rural

background.
W a l t e r P a l m e r 's g a m e ar ea use s u r v e y
showed

a m a r k e d use

in 1 9 6 1 — 1962

trend away from h u n t i n g h a d

p l a c e on m o s t gam e areas* D a n s v i l l e

includ ed

taken

(1967).

A 1 t h o u g h a c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r of h u n t e r s u sed

the

114

D a n s v i l l e Area*

a b o u t h a l f of the use h o u r s w e r e

o t h e r forms of r e c r e a t i o n .
ga me

areas

than D a n s v i l l e .

Another game

in cr e a s e

time * two o t h e r

in the d i s t r i c t rec eiv ed c o n s i d e r a b l y m o r e

h u n t i n g u se

1973-1974*

A t that

area s u r v e y

is n o w b e i n g u n d e r t a k e n *

and p r e l i m i n a r y results

in the v a r i e t y of ga me

ind icate

that an

area uses c o n t i n u e s .

E v e n w i t h the p o p u l a r p u t — take p h e a s a n t program*
may have
ville*

i n v o l v e d a total

I expect

two t h o u s a n d h u n t e r s

that h u n t i n g w i l l

of the n o n - h u n t i n g use

fishing* w i l d

and s e c r e t i v e

Much

love affairs.

and o t h e r such q u a l i t y -

o r i e n t e d a c t i v i t i e s a l s o occur.
b e e n r e g u l a t e d a g a i n s t * d ue

restoration.

on the a r e a .

a m o u n t o f b i r d w a t c h i n g * hiking*

food c o l l e c t i n g

Robertson protests

at D a n s ­

is not w i l d l i f e - w i l d l a n d oriented.

Examples would be beer parties
a considerable

which

not a c c o u n t f or m o r e

than o n e — third of the total use h o u r s

Ho wev er*

for

Certain activities have

in p a r t to s t r o n g P i t t m a n -

that they c o n f l i c t e d w i t h w i l d l i f e

These

i n c l u d e summ er camping*

o f f — road

m o t o r c y c l e * v e h i c l e * and s n o w m o b i l e d r i v i n g » and h o r s e ­
back

riding.

Summer

time s c o u t c a m p i n g has b e e n a l l o w e d

u n d e r p e r m i t b u t m a y n o t b e continued.

Fig. 19.— Closeups at Dansville State Game Area.

115

116

M o s t of the y o u n g e r u s e r s
12-2 5#

tend t o w a r d n o n - h u n t i n g

bicycling#

h ik i n g #

photography#
over

wild

of the

s a y ages

a c t i v i t i e s s u c h as fishing#

food c o l l e cti ng#

and n a t u r e studies.

t h i r t y - f i v e and d o not s e e m

younger members

area#

birdwatching#

Most hunters

ap p e a r

to b e r e c r u i t i n g e n o u g h

to c o n t i n u e the p r e s e n t h u n t i n g

level.

The Management Effort—
A L a c k of C o n t i n u i t y

A s one e x a m i n e s
on

the area#

the v a r i o u s m a n a g e m e n t p r o j e c t s

a l a c k of c o n t i n u i t y b e c o m e s evident:

barrels sit with over half
surrounding

them#

are n o t gr aded#
re paired.

a nd c abl es

Figure

Hewes

berries
trail

Lake#

2.

torn o f f r o a d b l o c k s

19 shows m a n a g e m e n t p r o b l e m s
1.

user built dock

trash a r o u n d p a r k i n g

for m a n o r a n i m a l s ?

road.

There exists

and 4.

M a n y of the use f a c i l i t i e s

d e s i g n e d a n d made.

roads

are not
on the

in b a d r e p a i r
area#

3.

black­

s e v e r e l y ru t t e d

no r e g u l a r m a i n t e n a n c e schedule#

i n v e n t o r y of signs and f a c i l it ies #
maps.

a c c u m u l a t i o n of trash

sh ot a w a y sign s are n o t replaced#

D a n s v i l l e G a m e Area:
at

a year's

trash

F o r example#

or detailed
in e x i s t e n c e

trail
are u s e r

trash b a r r e l s w e r e

117

brought

in b y

an e c o l o g y g r o u p

(who n e v e r e m p t i e d

an d a b o a t d o c k o n o n e p o n d w a s b u i l t b y
There

is o b v i o u s l y

are h e a v i l y used.

a demand
Quality

for s u c h

fishermen.

facilities#

recreation

them)*

requires

f or t h e y

use p l a n ­

ni ng .
The

technicians

and m a n u a l w o r k e r s

necessary

to

accomplish

construction and ma i n t e n a n c e

are

in s h o r t

supply and

are g i v e n o t h e r p r i o r i t i e s .

The

area biolo­

is c o n s c i e n t i o u s

and p a t r o l s

gist

assigned

the a r e a
po wer #

to D a n s v i l l e

at r e g u l a r

however#

he cannot

tenance he desires.
cost about
se a s o n #
an y

intervals.

excess

of

"f ort y"

ten y e a r s

plans

this p a s t year.
for D a n s v i l l e

o u t of date.

them b e c a u s e

except

as

an a p p r o v e d b a s i s

photos

are e q u a l l y o u t d a t e d and#
in c o v e r
12

leased

fo r the 1 9 7 3 — 74

thousand dollars has been spent

to u p d a t e

value

the s t a n d a r d of m a i n ­

thousand dollars

facility maintenance
The

achieve

T h e p u t — t ake p r o g r a m o n D a n s v i l l e

twenty— five

but not one

Without additional m a n ­

There

t h e y ar e n o t u s e d

type m a p p i n g .

for

12
are a l m o s t all

in

is no r e a s o n
to a n y e x t e n t

for h a b i t a t w o r k .
therefore#

Habitat work

The

aerial

are o f l i t t l e
such

as

E s t i m a t e is cr ude# b a s e d on n u m b e r of b i r d s
and a c t i v i t y r e p o r t s b y an a r e a b i o l o g i s t .

re­

118

creating

openings

and p l a n t i n g

the b a s i s

of personal knowledge

ty pe m a p s

or

used w h e n

convenient

approval

" forty" p l a n s

(Fig.

plan

twenty-one

1958

an d h a s n o t b e e n u p d a t e d .
ou t

for D a n s v i l l e
(Fig.

Note

report

16)

(Fig.

facilities

th at

region

This

"forty"

the

1973-74 work
"forty"

plan was made

The plan

in

is n o w b e i n g

conditions

and r e c o m ­

i n d i v i d u a l b i —w e e k l y

to s p e c i f i c p r o j e c t s

(Fig.

14)

activity
do not

or pl a n s .

to R e c o g n i z e M a n a g e m e n t O p t i o n s

concentration on providing
and m a i n t e n a n c e shows

management options.
so m u c h o n

).

The

are

an d r e c e i v e

i n c l u d e s w o r k on

a nd m o n t h l y s u m m a r y

A Failure

The

6

than

" Fo r t y " p l a n s

funds.

in 1 9 7 4 b a s e d o n 19 58

mendations.

often refer

20).

area rather

to j u s t i f y h a b i t a t w o r k

plan

carried

is d o n e m o s t l y on

of the

(Fig.

for P i t t m a n - R o b e r t s o n
13)

shrubs

The blame

the d i s t r i c t

hiking

trails#

the a r e a

for h u n t e r s

a failure

to r e c o g n i z e

f o r this s h o u l d n o t r e s t

an d a r e a b i o l o g i s t s

a n d D i v i s i o n staff.

barrels#

game b u t not use

Facilities

as o n

s u c h as

the

trash

a nd b o a t l a u n c h d o c k s e n h a n c e

a n d n o n —h u n t e r s

alike.

Provision

Fig. 20.— Management Efforts on the Dansville State Game Area.

Some early plantings
of multiflora rose
and Scotch pine
designed to furnish
food and cover for
wildlife.

Signs are frequently
destroyed and, there­
fore, must be regularly
replaced to identify
area boundaries.

A former horse trail,
blocked off with old
stumps, now seeding
back to pioneer plant
species.

120

of

facilities

encourages

for q u a l i t y w i l d l i f e - w i l d l a n d e x p e r i e n c e s

clientele support

and g i v e s

clients greater

satisfaction.
The D i v i s i o n strategy of increasing
of hunters
tive

through offering more

if c o s t s a r e c o n s i d e r e d .

interest

game

the n u m b e r

is n o t v e r y e f f e c ­

Encouraging

an

in w i l d l i f e b y n o n —h u n t i n g p r o g r a m s

increased
seems

to

have been overlooked.

A Budget Problem or Suboptimal
Use of Funds?

A

shortage

of

funds

l a c k of m a i n t e n a n c e

on

examines

r equ e s t /

the b u d g e t

is u s u a l l y b l a m e d

the D a n s v i l l e G a m e A r e a .
he

an u n w r i t t e n p o l i c y a g a i n s t

Thousands
even

are s p e n t o n p l a n t i n g

though

facilities

the b e n e f i t s
an d m a n a g e m e n t

h i gh.

One cannot use

the

If o n e

trash collection.

this

emphasis
There

t ype o f a c t i v i t y .

and h a b i t a t m a n i p u l a t i o n

are h i g h l y q u e s t i o n a b l e .
information

priority activities even where

the

can notice little

is p l a c e d o n r o a d m a i n t e n a n c e or
is

for

Us e

are c l e a r l y l o w

the b e n e f i t s

amount of physical

ar e o b v i o u s l y
activity

as

a measure

of performance unless

la totl i n t o a m e a s u r e
1968) .

the

activity

of utility or val u e

is

trans-

(Ch urc hma n#

CHAPTER VII
BASIC

REQUIREMENTS

FOR ACHIEVING A

MORE SUCCESSFUL ADMINISTRATION

A Framework

The
what work

primary

to do

t a s k s of a d m i n i s t r a t i o n

and s e e i n g

criteria

for j u d g i n g

bas e d on

the

above

accomplished?

any administrative

tasks:

In m o r e

ti on

today

is w e l l

is g i v e n

performance

past

How well

primitive

a n d n e e d d i c t a t e m o s t of
ety

t h a t the w o r k

thi s

to p l a n n i n g

stage*

to b e

Modern administrative practices

to o v e r c o m e

faced w i t h

the p r o b l e m s

complex

tasks

done.

Special

needs.

sary

tradition
soci­

planning

to m e e t

systems.

of a large

require
These

atten­
the
and

these
the u s e
are n e c e s ­

organization

in a r a p i d l y c h a n g i n g

122

Our

and controlling

procedures have been developed

control

s e l e c t e d and

and c o n s i d e r a b l e

control

and

The

system should be

is w o r k

activities

of large w o r k groups.

of certain planning

is d o n e .

societies*

the w o r k

are d e c i d i n g

society.

CHAPTER VII
BASIC

REQUIREMENTS

MORE

FOR ACHIEVING A

SUCCESSFUL ADMINISTRATION

A Framework

The primary
what work

tasks of a d m i n i s t r a t i o n

to d o a n d s e e i n g

criteria

fo r j u d g i n g

based on

the a b o v e

accomplished?

any administrative

tasks:

tion

today

is w e l l

is g i v e n

performance

How well

In m o r e p r i m i t i v e

an d n e e d d i c t a t e m o s t of
ety

t h a t the w o r k

past

this

to p l a n n i n g

s tage*

Special

Modern administrative

the p r o b l e m s

faced w i t h c o m p l e x

tasks

planning

to m e e t

practices

require

systems.

of a large

in a r a p i d l y

122

Our soci­
atten­

and controlling

needs.

to o v e r c o m e

and

tradition

and considerable

procedures have been developed

sary

selected

to b e done.

control

and control

The

system should be

is w o r k

activities

of large w o r k groups.

of certain planning

is d o n e .

societies*

the w o r k

ar e d e c i d i n g

These

the
and

these
the u s e
are n e c e s ­

organization

changing

society.

123

Every organization possesses
resources
go a l s .

to e n a b l e

There

are

it to

land

legislative

(including

nel.

and a c c o m p l i s h

fiv e m a i n r e s o u r c e s

life D i v i s i o n depends
se r v e d *

function

certain necessary

for

upon which

functioning:

authorization

flora and

certain
the W i l d ­

the c l i e n t e l e

a nd a p p r o p r i a t i o n s *

fauna) * e q u i p m e n t and p e r s o n ­

The Wildlife Division's

administrative

system cannot

function w i t h o u t eve r y one of

these critical

resources.

The Wildlife Division will be
how

its m a i n

resources

a re u t i l i z e d

tasks of administration*

discussed

in the

two p r i m a r y

planning

a nd c o n t r o l .

proceeding with detailed planning

and c o n t r o l *

of

the m a i n

recognized
interact

resources

and

and w e i g h e d .

in

The

resources

cannot be hired

sufficient

them.

should be

organization
Too

often

thing.

feel

If w a s t e f u l l y s pen t*

the r e s o u r c e

it a p p e a r s

to b e

that

top

is n o t

assortment of re­

that will b e s t enable

its c l i e n t s

administrators

For example*

if the b u d g e t

A particular

selected

to s e r v e

the v a l u e s

o f an o r g a n i z a t i o n

process.

quality personnel

sources

Before

their effective use should be

the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e

to p a y

in t e r m s of

the

and m a i n t a i n

itself.

the b u d g e t

is e v e r y ­

though*

the b u d g e t

on pa p e r .

The

is n o t

real

skill

124

in a d m i n i s t r a t i o n lies b o t h
combining

th em e f f e c t i v e l y

Increasing

The

in a c q u i r i n g r e s o u r c e s

to m e e t o r g a n i z a t i o n a l goals.

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n c a n b e

i n c r e a s e d w i t h li ttl e o r no i n c r e a s e s

nel

is on i m p r o v i n g

main r e s o u r c e s # clientele

show

the use o f e x i s t i n g p e r s o n ­

and p e r s o n n e l d e s e r v e

in that the q u e s t i o n n a i r e

that these r e s o u r c e s

and

pr iority.
done?"

A

The

first q u e s t i o n

immediate

i n t e r v i e w res ult s

is#

are s e c o n d a r y

"What needs

r e v i e w of c l i e n t and p e r s o n n e l n e e d s

to k n o w w h a t m a y b e

O f the

are e s p e c i a l l y u n d e r d e v e l o p e d .

L a n d s , e q u i p m e n t / and a p p r o p r i a t i o n s

sary

in e x p e n d i t u r e .

and s e e k i n g o u t s i d e e x p e r t i s e w h e n required.

attention

in

the R e s o u r c e Base

resources of

Th e e m p h a s i s

and

later required

in

to be
is n e c e s ­

in the w a y of

lands # e q u i p m e n t # and a p p r o p r i a t i o n s .

Clientele

Clients

are n o t al way s v i e w e d

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n w h o m a r k e t s

as a r e s o u r c e b y

its g o o d s

and s e r v i c e s

indirectly.

W i t h o u t c l i e n t support*

h owe v e r *

l a t u r e m i g h t a b o l i s h the W i l d l i f e Di vis i o n .
c l i e n t e l e support*
legislative

questionnaires

ch a n g e s

and a c h i e v e

for e f f e c t i v e operation.

is a c h a l l e n g i n g

The ga me area

S e e k i n g c l i e n t s u p p o r t and

task.

In o u r m o d e r n society*

in norms and a c t i v i t i e s o c c u r v e r y rapidly.

a g e n c y m u s t be able
cl i e n t s w a n t .

to p r e d i c t in adv a n c e w h a t

It is e s s e n t i a l

the c o n s e q u e n c e s
alternatives

that m a n a g e r s

of t h e i r ac t i o n s b e f o r e

(Bell and T h o m ps on*

the a g e n c y and

that c l i e n t e l e

the public.

the

they e v a l u a t e

1973).

of n u m e r o u s w e l l - o r g a n i z e d clientele.
to s e l e c t and s ervice

the v a l u e

It s h o u l d als o s eek
to the a d v a n t a g e of

There

are sev e r a l m e a n s

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n ca n use to a c h i e v e an o p t i m u m
c l i e n t e l e s ituation:

1.

An

understand

The Wildlife Division should recognize

both

the

s h o w that there is li ttl e p r o v i s i o n for

cl ients o t h e r than hunters.
interest

With good

the a g e n c y c an p r o f i t in terms o f

i n t e r e s t and a p p r o p r i a t i o n s

stability desired

the L e g i s ­

Collect

i n f o r m a t i o n on u se

desires

to u p d a t e s erv ice s *

t rends and p u b l i c

126

2.

F o s t e r only those c li e n t s w h o s e p r o g r a m s p r o v i d e
the m o s t f avo r a b l e b e n e f i t / c o s t r a t i o s *

3.

Make

the cl i e n t s

the s e r v i c e s

and p o t e n t i a l c li e n t s

the a g e n c y p r o v i d e s

aware of

and the goals

it desires*

4.

5.

S e e k to e x p a n d s e r v i c e s
re ac h e d

and s e r v i c e d b y new p r o g r a m s *

Attempt

to p r e v e n t use c o n f lic ts

planning

6.

to c l i e n t s w h o can b e

and r e g u l a t i o n * and

Offer extension services
zations*

t hrough ca ref ul

for i n t e r e s t e d o r g a n i ­

p r i v a t e o r public*

wildlife services
directly by

to p r o v i d e d e s i r a b l e

that c a n n o t b e

furnished

the w i l d l i f e agency.

These means will be described

in d e t a i l

in the fo llo w i n g

paragraphs.
Client desires

and use

in time for the o r g a n i z a t i o n
accommodate
gathering

them.

Thi s

trends m u s t b e p r e d i c t e d

to p l a n

its s e r v i c e s

is a c o n t i n u a l

and p r o c e s s i n g l a r g e

P r e s e n t uses are no t always

to

task and r e q u i r e s

a mo u n t s o f inform ati on.

i n d i c a t i v e of the u s e s

the

public desires

as s h o w n b y W a l t e r P a l m e r ' s s t u d y

an d i n t e r v i e w s w i t h area b i o l o g i s t s .

(1967)

Demand can be

cr e a t e d b y w e l l - d e s i g n e d p r o g r a m s b a s e d o n i n d i c a t o r s
need.

F o r ex amp le,

g r a m cou ld b e

a family-oriented birdwatching

of

pro­

instituted on public wildlife lands b a s e d

on a measured resurge

in S u n d a y f a m i l y out ing s.

and c o n t e s t s

c o u l d b e u s e d to p o p u l a r i z e

draw further

interest.

Heinselman

Posters

the p r o g r a m and

(undated)

nature reserves have many public benefits.

believes
Yet#

the

W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n doe s n o t q u a n t i t a t i v e l y m e a s u r e
cators o f c l i e n t needs o t h e r than h u n t e r s

indi­

in its p r o g r a m

plans.
T h e r e are m a n y
which

the d e s i r e s

learned:
etc.

techniques

of c l i e n t s and p o t e n t i a l

o p i n i o n surveys,

E a c h ser ves

available

clients

public hearings,

to g a t h e r inf orm ati on.

tion m u s t be p r o c e s s e d and o r g a n i z e d ,

si on m a k e r s

however,

of c l i e n t i n f o r m a t i o n for p l a n n i n g
programmed activity but

informa­
before

This

i n f o r m a t i o n s y s t e m to in sur e

are i n f o r m e d o f c l i e n t des ires.

can be

o p e n houses,

This

can b e u s e d e f f e c t i v e l y in d e c i s i o n m a k i n g .
a well-structured

through

req u i r e s

that d e c i ­

Collection

should be a regular

it is not at this

it

time.

128

R e c o g n i z i n g w h o m to p r o v i d e
major administrative problem
eries

a nd W i l d l i f e #

1972).

D i v i s i o n are limited.
ognize

from staff

The resources of

traditional bias

interviews.

is needed.

There

agency wou l d normally be

an d b e n e f i t s

Unfortunately#

good

for the same cost.

in the l o n g run

the p o l i t i c a l

costs o f d o i n g

so

i n f o r m a t i o n on co sts

to collect.

M a n y times

are crude.

it to gi ve s o m e

Wildlife programs
ation s y s t e m .

ten

favored over a client group who

Every client program should have
b u i l t into

to

at one d o l l a r c o s t to the

is v e r y d i f f i c u l t

the e s t i m a t e s

as

a nd m e e t t h e m e f f e c t i v e l y .

cos ts e x c e e d b e n e f i t s

should be dropped unless
ar e v e r y high.

toward hunters

is a l s o the n e e d

two d o l l a r s w o r t h of b e n e f i t s

Programs whose

in the s e l e c t i o n

A client group which receives

d o l l a r s w o r t h of b e n e f i t s

receives

the W i l d l i f e

The Wildlife Division should rec­

recognize political demands
A balance

for is a

(U.S. B u r e a u o f S p o r t P i s h -

the v a l u e o f b e n e f i t / c o s t a n a l y s i s

o f c l i e n t e l e o v e r its
shown

services

an e v a l u a t i o n

idea of c o s t and b e n e f i t s .

currently do not have a built

in e v a l u ­

B o t h d i r e c t and s p i l l o v e r c o s t and b e n e ­

fits s h o u l d b e c a l c u l a t e d in an e v a l u a t i o n .

F o r ex ample#

if the a v e r a g e

tw o d o l l a r s

snowmobiler

is s h o w n

to c a u s e

129

worth of habi t a t destruction
a c tivity#
This

this

type o f

tages of

cost must be

sh ows

the mor e n o n c o n s u m p t i v e us es

for

s e rvi c e s .

an o b l i g a t i o n

those w h o can l e a s t afford#
P e t e r S t e i n e r says

th ose

the real a d v a n ­

of g a m e a r e a s .

recreation agency has

opportunities provided
tion b y

a l l o c a t e d to h i s p r o g r a m cost.

thorough cost analysis

A public
provide

for e v e r y h o u r o f his

b u t need#

such

the types of r e c r e a t i o n a l

s h o u l d a l l o w for e a s y p a r t i c i p a ­

in the l o w e r e c o n o m i c c l a s s e s

et a l .# 1972).

to

F o r ex am p l e #

user charges

(Haveman

for s h o o t i n g

p e n - r e a r e d game c o u l d s e v e r e l y d i s c r i m i n a t e a g a i n s t those
in a l o w e r e c o n o m i c s t a t u s .
It is n o t e n o u g h
clients
goals#
This

an d p o t e n t i a l
programs#

and p r o b l e m s o f

radio advertisements#

in v o l v e
Public

The
the

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n .

li ter atu re#

signs#

and o t h e r m e s s a g e s

sought # obstacles

vices provided.

pos t e r s #

to the c l i e n t s

to these g o a l s # and s e r ­

M a n y of the g a m e a r e a u s e r p r o b l e m s

client misunderstanding of goals
i n v o l v e m e n t p r o g r a m s are

munication between
have

clients m u s t b e made aware of

includes providing

a b o u t go a l s

to j u s t p r o v i d e services.

cli e n t s

and s e r v i c e s .

a p r o v e n m e a n s of c o m ­

and age ncies.

Such programs

i m p r o v e d the m a n a g e m e n t o f m a n y p u b l i c a g e n c i e s b y

130

making

them m o r e r e s p o n s i v e to c l i e n t needs.

can b e n e f i t
its goals,

in p r o v i d i n g
pro gr a m s ,

client's desires
position

through

for f e e d b a c k f rom clients

and p rob l e m s .

Other benefits

A public
s u p p o r t and

the s q u e l c h i n g

interest.

A public

and r e c e i v e
b a c k a bout

Interviews

answers.
its goals,

on b o t h d i s t r i c t
The d i s t r i c t s

and d o c u m e n t s s h o w a

s u p p o r t for the W i l d l i f e D i v i ­

involvement program can help overcome

if it d e s i r e s .

c lie n t s

a cha nce

to a sk q u e s t i o n s

T h e o r g a n i z a t i o n can r e c e i v e
programs,

s e r v i c e s and m a k e

P u b l i c i n v o l v e m e n t can b e

and D i v i s i o n l eve ls

could represent

and r e g i o n a l groups,

Public

involvement

regularly programmed.

feed­
adjust­

instituted

in the o r g a n i z a t i o n .

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n

while

to

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n

s t a f f c o u l d d e a l w i t h s t a t e w i d e and n a t i o n a l
groups.

of r umors

involvement program encourages wildlife

this p r o b l e m b y g i v i n g

local

the a g e n c y

thr oug h g r e a t e r exposure.

lack of s tro ng g r a s s r o o t s

m e nts

the

is in a b e t t e r

the s e r v i c e s

are

a bou t

ti mel y c o m m u n i c a t i o n and i n c r e a s e d s u p p o r t for

the o r g a n i z a t i o n

sion .

In this way,

can b e m a d e k n o w n and h e

to s e l e c t and u t i l i z e

can p r o v i d e .

The agency

interest

is m o s t e f f e c t i v e w h e n it is

T h e m i n u t e s or notes o f m e e t i n g s

131

can be

reported

sion staff can
Two

to h i g h e r l e v e l u n i t s
assess problems

forms of p u b l i c

an d sup por t.

involvement

D i v i s i o n needs of achieving mor e
awareness:

public hearings

lic hearings

should be

major projects
tions

kn o w n ,

the d i s t r i c t s ,

When

interest

and held
so

and

all o f the
can make

in a d v a n c e o f

that

their

facts

could be held b y

for t wo e v e n i n g

and explain programs.

The

sessions,

logistics

c arefully planned so that everyone enjoys himself.

rented buildings.

Attractive displays

to d r a w

Literature

interest.

for s a l e o r d i s t r i b u t i o n .
tised w e l l

should

or films can h e l p

also be

available

Open houses should be

can b e e x p a n d e d

a greater v a r i e t y of programs,
more

services.

in

adver­

in a d v a n c e .

Client services

se rv e d ,

are m a d e

its d e c i s i o n

Such open houses may be held w i t h other divisions

ways:

Pub­

that o r g a n i z a ­

to i n s u r e

agency open house

say semi-annually

to a n s w e r q u e s t i o n s
can be

a chance

the d i s t r i c t o r D i v i s i o n
An

fit W i l d l i f e

an d a g e n c y o p e n h o u s e s .

advertised

are c o n s i d e r e d .

accurately.

local

regulation changes,

and citizens have

interests

more

and

s o t h a t th e D i v i ­

available

All

f o u r are

services,
sou g h t ,

in a n u m b e r o f

increased numbers

and b e t t e r q u a l i t y
actually,

bu t some ways

132

h a v e p r i o r i t y o v e r o t h e r s d e p e n d i n g on
Interviews

of f i e l d b i o l o g i s t s

revealed emphasis

providing better quality services
Programs
in n a t u r e

tha t b e c o m e

a nd s c o p e

expanded programs
variety.

There

new programs/
without

them.

establish
more

existing

and

programs

to b e m a d e b y

investing

Improving

increasing

in

to w i n n e w c l i e n t s

ser vic es#

to

making

the n u m b e r s s e r v e d

is n o t n e c e s s a r i l y co stly.

f or c l i e n t c o n v e n i e n c e #

significantly

N e w or

it is o f t e n q u i t e c o s t l y

new programs.

activities

altogether.

it is d i f f i c u l t

However#

available#

to h u n t e r s .

the b e s t m e a n s o f a c h i e v i n g m o r e

a re t r a d e o f f s

but

o n l y on

outdated should be updated

or a b a n d o n e d

are

the s i t u a t i o n .

in

Rescheduling

for e x a m p l e #

i m p r o v e a p r o g r a m at no e x p e n s e

them

could

to the

organization.
Recognizing
information on use
revamped programs
c l ie n t s .
to m e a n

potential
a nd needs#

th at

clients
but

client

sound

it is o n l y b y n e w or

they can b e

I use potential

requires

changed

to g e n u i n e

in a r e s t r i c t e d s e n s e

t h o s e w h o w o u l d n ot o t h e r w i s e p a r t i c i p a t e

a g enc i e s '

programs.

to h u n t w i t h h i s
potential

client.

The b o y wh o

f a t h e r an d d o e s
New programs

in

the

is j u s t n o w o l d e n o u g h
so#
are

is a n e w b u t n o t
o f t e n an i n d i c a t i o n

133

of c h a n g e s

in a g e n c y g o a l s

and di r e c t i o n .

s h o u l d h e a d o p t e d o n l y a f t e r ca r e f u l
that they w i l l

adequately provide

New programs

r e v i e w to insure

for the c l i e n t e l e

to

be s e r v e d and that the p r o g r a m is c o n s i s t e n t w i t h ag e n c y
goals.
T o p r o v i d e clients a v a r i e t y of r e c r e a t i o n a l
o p p o r t u n i t i e s on the s a m e l and a r e a re qui res
scheduling
avoided.

and r e g u l a t i o n

if us e c o n f l i c t s

M a n y of the p r e s e n t

s c h e d u l i n g as p o i n t e d out b y
interviews.

Scheduling

ca ref ul

are

to be

c o n f l i c t s are d u e
field b i o l o g i s t s

to p o o r

in s eve ral

and r e g u l a t i o n w o r k w e l l

together.

F o r e x a m p l e * a p u b l i c w i l d l i f e are a c o u l d b e s c h e d u l e d
for h u n t i n g
on S u n d a y s .

on S a t u r d a y s

and b i r d - w a t c h i n g

and h i k i n g

R e g u l a t i o n s p r o h i b i t i n g uses o t h e r than

h u n t i n g on S a t u r d a y and h u n t i n g o n S u n d a y co uld b e c a r e ­
fully d e v i s e d .
rather

R e g u l a t i o n s can e n a b l e p a r t i c i p a t i o n

than s o l e l y r e s t r i c t it.

rence and d u r a t i o n
means

K n o w l e d g e of u s e o c c u r ­

is of c o n s i d e r a b l e h e l p

to p r e v e n t use conflicts.

Z o n i n g of areas

d i f f e r e n t uses m a y b e a v e r y p r a c t i c a l
activit ies ,

like

target s h o o t i n g

c o n f l i c t w i t h m a n y o t h e r uses.

in finding

solution

for
for some

and field trials, w h i c h

134

There
could benefit

are m a n y o r g a n i z a t i o n s

a nd i n d i v i d u a l s w h o

from w i l d l i f e e x t e n s i o n s e r v i c e s

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n c a n supply.

Sch o o l s #

of a type

conservation

clubs # h u n t i n g p r e s e r v e s # and large l a n d o w n e r s c o u l d all
benefit

from the w i l d l i f e b i o l o g i s t ' s ex per t i s e .

interviews
highly

it a p p e a r s

individual

the c u r r e n t e x t e n s i o n e f f o r t

a n d not w e l l

that g o o d w i l d l i f e

From

c o o r din ate d.

is

By seeing

r e c r e a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s e x i s t on

p r i v a t e l a n d s # the b i o l o g i s t can r e l i e v e s o m e of the
h e a v y u se p r o b l e m s
areas#

such

on the p u b l i c w i l d l i f e

as c o u n t y parks#

areas.

Urban

could especially benefit

from e x t e n s i o n services.

A u t h o r i z a t i o n and F u n d s

Authorization
re source#

and f undi ng

as m o s t e x p e r i e n c e d w i l d l i f e m a n a g e r s

aware.

T h e y seek

ing and

the a u t h o r i z a t i o n

some

flexibi lit y.

without

is a b r e a d - a n d - b u t t e r

funds#

but

are w e l l

an a d e q u a t e and s t a b l e s o u r c e o f f u n d ­
to s p e n d funds on p r o g r a m s w i t h

O b v i o u s l y an a g e n c y c a n n o t
funds h i g h l y r e s t r i c t e d

equally devas t a t i n g .

function

in use ca n be

If the s o u r c e s o f funding

are

135

h i g h l y un sta b l e *

p r o g r a m p l a n n i n g b e c o m e s v e r y di ffi cul t.

P a s t W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n re co r d s

s h o w t h a t its b u d g e t h a s

b e e n h i g h l y r e s t r i c t e d a n d r a t h e r uns ta b l e .
There
Division

are s e v e r a l m e t h o d s

for the W i l d l i f e

to a ch i e v e d e s i r e d a u t h o r i z a t i o n and a st abl e

b u d g e t a r y s ituation.

Some likely ways

to a c h i e v e suc ces s

are to:
1.

Serve a diverse

2.

Maintain good relations with k e y legislators*

3.

S e e k funds

4.

Make clients
Serving

clientele*

from se ve r a l

sources*

and

aware o f b u d g e t pr obl ems .

a broad

range o f c l i e n t e l e

to a c h i e v e b u d g e t s t a b i l i t y a nd

is a g r e a t w a y

flexib ili ty.

There

is

a b u f f e r i n g e f f e c t such tha t if one g r o u p is d e c r e a s i n g *
another

is l i k e l y to b e

increasing.

Funds

leveraged

f r o m the L e g i s l a t u r e b y one c l i e n t g r o u p can
s u p p o r t a range o f o t h e r c l i e n t p r o g r ams .
m a j o r c l i e n t p r o g r a m falls
l a t u r e an d funds
s u f f e r less

if it h a s

than three.
bird-watchers
can m a x i m i z e

L e t ’s say on e

into d i s f a v o r w i t h

for it are cut.

The

frequently

the L e g i s ­

agency will

likely

ten o t h e r m a j o r c l i e n t p r o g r a m s

B y ser v i n g

a b r o a d range o f clients*

to b i g - g a m e h u n t e r s *
its o p p o r t u n i t i e s

from

the w i l d l i f e ag e n c y

for g r a n t s

a nd p r i v a t e

136

donations.

Legislators

agency which has
services

o n l y a small s e g m e n t of the p o p u l a t i o n .

interested

legislative support

a good relationship with legislators

and c o n c e r n e d w i t h w i l d l i f e p r o g r a m s

m o s t reward ing .
intervals

the p r o b l e m s
solve

to h a v e m o r e

The

its b r o a d b a s e of c l i e n t groups.
Achieving

regular

to s u p p o r t an

a b r o a d b a s e of s u p p o r t than one w h i c h

Parks D i v i s i o n seems
b a s e d on

are m o r e l i k e l y

These

i n d i v i d u a l s s h o u l d b e b r i e f e d at

a b o u t h o w c l i e n t p r o g r a m s are g o i n g ,

i n v o l v e d » and the a l t e r n a t i v e m e a n s

the p r o b l e m s .

agency support when
g r a m s , etc.

can b e

Legislators

to

should receive strong

they g o to b a t for n e w w i l d l i f e p r o ­

The agency should make clients

those l e g i s l a t o r s w h o s u p p o r t the clients'

aware of
interests.

T h e p o l i t i c a l p r e s s u r e on c e r t a i n w i l d l i f e p r o g r a m s
be d e c r e a s e d b y b e i n g

responsive

can

to b o t h c l i e n t s and

legislators.
Regular briefings
la t o r s

ca n b e g i v e n

to the k e y l e g i s ­

and c o m m i s s i o n e r s w h o are c o n c e r n e d w i t h w i l d l i f e

m a tters.

These briefings

going * provide advance

should explain h o w programs

are

i n f o r m a t i o n on p l a n n e d a ct i o n s *

and r e l a y r e a c t i o n s b a c k

to the D i v i s i o n staff.

In this

137

w ay*

political

s u p p o r t can b e m e a s u r e d a n d c o n s i d e r e d

in

program decisions.
Many legislators

and m e m b e r s o f

the C o n s e r v a t i o n

Commission have pet programs or programs
co n c e r n .
concerns

The Wildlife Div ision
and

attempt

justifiable.
lations

can be

these

if the y are

as d i s p u t e s

over

regu­

or a detailed

The Wildlife Division can always be humble
legislators.

Credit

for s u c c e s s f u l

programs

to the l e g i s l a t o r s w h o
the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n .

low profile b y
legislators

for them

resolved b y minor changes

in a p p r o a c h i n g

support

should recognize

Often such problems

explanation.

be g i v e n

to p r o v i d e

of g r e a t l o c a l

the D i v i s i o n .

are l i k e l y

are

can*

when possible*

interested

in and

This would require
In this w ay#

to s e e k s u c h

status

a

however#

other

as a W i l d l i f e

Division supporter.
While

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n m u s t

rely

solely on

the C o n s e r v a t i o n C o m m i s s i o n

an d S t a t e L e g i s l a t u r e

authorizations*

alternatives

funds.
so ur c e s .

Funds

it ha s

c a n an d

Federal

some

should be drawn

research grants

especially should not be
funds b e c o m e s

tight*

area of

from several

and p r i v a t e d o n a t i o n s

overlooked.

this w i l l

in the

for

leave

If o n e s o u r c e o f
several

other sources

13 8

to d r a w upon.

A diverse

clientele

assures

a greater

c hance of achieving p u b l i c or priv a t e grants.
g r e a t e r number of funding
more

flexibility
Clients

problem

in h o w

presently

curtailments

and

more

services.

the s e r v i c e s

no t m i s s

spent.

If s e r v i c e s

ar e c u r t a i l e d *

Too often clients

as e v i d e n c e d b y

are not

f und s m a y b e m a d e

t h a t are p r o v i d e d

the L e g i s l a t u r e

excellent

complain

to

a v a i l a b l e to

are n o t f a m i l i a r
and*

t hey ar e c u r t a i l e d .

informed clients make

and

the g a m e a r e a

of c l i e n t s

Too often clients

them w h e n

tives w h e n

to a c h i e v e

a w a r e of a n y b u d g e t a r y

If l a r g e n u m b e r s

th e L e g i s l a t u r e *

with

a

of W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n b u d g e t pro b l e m s

of service

questionnaire.

restore

them.

is a d v i s e d .

aware

is l i k e l y

funds can b e

should be made

tha t a f f e c t s

an e x p l a n a t i o n

sources

Also*

therefore*

do

Well-serviced

agency representa­

is a p p r o p r i a t i n g

funds.

Lands

La nd*
a valuable

including

resource

o r i e n t e d u ses.

The

the n a t i v e

f l o r a and

t h a t o f t e n can s e r v e

fauna*

is

several wildlife

r e s o u r c e v a l u e o f l a n d is p r i m a r i l y

139

its u s e v a l u e
re gard*

in c l i e n t - o r i e n t e d p r o g r a m s .

land has

either desirable
The more

certain

characteristics

or u n d e s i r a b l e

1.

Accessibility

2.

Q u a l i t y o f the land*

3.

Taxes

4.

Unique wildlife-wildland

5.

V a r i e t y of u s e s

6.

Developments
Land

permanent

to b e

reviewed

features*

the l a n d c a n

accommodate*

and

o n the land.

While most

land

long-term effects*

is a l w a y s

are:

costs*

need not necessarily be looked upon

resource.

it

typ e of de man d*

a nd m a i n t e n a n c e

alterations have
of lands

that make

as an a g e n c y r e s o u r c e .

significant characteristics
and

In this

subject

as a

improvements

or

o w n e r s h i p or c o n t r o l

to a n y c h a n g e s

in the p o l i t i c a l

arena.
Game

area lands

in R e g i o n

value of perhaps

$57*000*000.

fication of game

a r e a la n d s

hensive land use planning
mation
the

available

"40" p l a n s .

214*000

13

III r e p r e s e n t
An inventory

are n e c e s s a r y

and evaluation.

is n o t a d e q u a t e

for

this

The organization m u s t

a c r e s x $50 0

and c l a s s i ­

f o r an y c o m p r e ­
Current
task*

recognize

p e r acre*

a current

infor­

especially
the land

a crude estimate.

140

options

available

s u c h as

tr ades#

impact of each option m u s t b e
its u s e f u l n e s s

factors

field biologists.

accessibility

boats or waders.

A

Some

inaccessible
a nd

afraid

determine

area

the

and

of u s e r s

fo r e x a m p l e #

a

to t h o s e w i t h o u t
area m i g h t be

of becoming
s uch

lost.

as

In o t h e r

f i e l d trials.

types of uses desired

should

the a c c e s s p o l i c y .

Land quality#
an d s u i t a b i l i t y

referring

can be used

inventory#

program planning#

is d e s i r a b l e

to b o t h p r o d u c t i v i t y

for c e r t a i n us es#

This value

is a r e l a t i v e v a l u e .

for m a n y p u r p o s e s

to h a v e g a m e

capability rating

valuable

types

trailess

near b y roads ma y h a m p e r uses

On any managed

area visits

t h a n oth ers ;

roadless

avoided by most hunters

use

type of d e m a n d are c l o s e l y

as s h o w n b y g a m e

flooding ma y be largely

cases#

The

assessed.

interviews with
desire more

a n d sal es.

c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r e d and

A c c e s s i b i l i t y a n d the
interrelated

lea s e s #

such

as l a n d

a nd h a b i t a t e v a l u a t i o n .

areas map p e d w i t h

some

that can be e a s i l y applied

in m a n a g e m e n t .

This

information

is d e s i r e d b y m a n y

field biologists

in the g a m e

area questionnaire

results.

factors

topography#

a re

hydrology#

soil

f o r m of
and

is l a c k i n g

present but

It

as

at

shown

Pertinent
types#

present

141

v e g e t a t i o n , c u r r e n t uses*

uses

m a n - m a d e d e v e l o p m e n t s » acce ss
l a t i o n centers,

the area is s u i t e d
to u s e r s , d i s t a n c e

for,
to p o p u ­

and w i l d l i f e p r e s e n t on the area.

What

th e u s e c a p a b i l i t y ra tin g m u s t s h o w is the m a n a g e m e n t
options

a v a i l a b l e on e a c h

for c e r t a i n uses
Wi l d l i f e ,

(U.S.

are a a nd w h i c h areas are b e s t

Bureau of Sport Fisheries

and

1972) .

Payments

in lieu o f taxes

and m a i n t e n a n c e costs

are a v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t d r a i n on a W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n ' s
bu dge t.

If the u s e v a l u e of a w i l d l i f e

programs

is e x c e e d e d b y taxes

would do well

to trade

o r a n o t h e r re source.
made

for any g a m e

a r e a in ag e n c y

an d m a i n t e n a n c e costs,

it

the are a for one m o r e b e n e f i c i a l
N o use v a l u e a s s e s s m e n t s h a v e b e e n

area.

T h e r e is a t r a d e o f f b e t w e e n

h a v i n g e i t h e r m o r e lan d o r m a n a g i n g e x i s t i n g l a n d s m o r e
in ten siv ely .

Increasing

taxes

m a n a g e m e n t of e x i s t i n g lands.

favor more

intensive

Before purchasing new land

the f o l l o w i n g s h o u l d b e r e v i e w e d carefull y:
si tua t i o n ,

needed improvements,

re qui red .

F o r some uses,

leasing private land

the act ual

d u r a t i o n , say one m o n t h

a year.

tax

and y e a r l y m a i n t e n a n c e

specified periods ma y be satisfactory.
desirable option when

local

for

Leasing

la nd use

is a v e r y

is o f sh ort

The holding

and

142

m a i n t e n a n c e c o s t can b e l a r g e l y b o r n e b y o t h e r s w h o use
the lan d the o t h e r e l e v e n m ont hs.
M a n a g e m e n t s h o u l d c a p i t a l i z e on the v a l u e of
u n i q u e o r rare w i l d l i f e - w i l d l a n d fe atu res o f its lands.
Such

f e a t u r e s , as a p a t c h o f rare

flowers* a bog

s i o n * or an o s p r e y n e s t i n g site m a y b e o f s pe c i a l
to p a r t i c u l a r c l i e n t g r o u p s .
ti fied a nd d e v e l o p e d
preservation*

s pecial

in te r e s t

fe atu res can b e

in a m a n n e r that lends

ed u c a t i o n *

In c o n s i d e r i n g

Unique

succes­

iden­

it sel f to

a n d q u a l i t y - o r i e n t e d recreation.

a l and p u r c h a s e * it is des irable to give

c o n s i d e r a t i o n for rare o r u n i q u e w i l d l i f e - w i l d l a n d

features.
In g e n e r a l * l and
resource
use

m e n t options.
tr act s

cr op p e d

as an agency

if it c a n a c c o m m o d a t e s e v e r a l u s e r groups.

t ren ds change*

la rge

is m o r e v a l u a b l e

the o r g a n i z a t i o n w i l l h a v e mor e m a n a g e ­

Management must be very wa r y of developing
in a m a n n e r t hat l i m i t s use.

areas*

time u s e r s .

As

for e x a m p l e *

Large share-

are a d e t r i m e n t to s u m m e r

L a n d th at c a n a c c o m m o d a t e se v e r a l u s e s can

likely be used more

intensively throughout

land largely suitable

the y e a r

than

for o n l y a s h o r t s e a s o n a l use.

D e v e l o p m e n t s on the l a n d s uch as r o a d s » trails *
bu i l d i n g s *

and

i m p o u n d m e n t s o f t e n s i g n i f i c a n t l y af f e c t

143

the u s e o f

the l a n d .

managed waterfowl
ar eas

D e v e l o p m e n t s s u c h as the p r e s e n t

areas a l s o c a n b e v e r y costly.

req u i r e some d e v e l o p m e n t *

maximize

the b e n e f i t s

considerable

however*

to users.

if t h e y are

to

F o r these thr ee reasons*

care s h o u l d g o into the p l a n n i n g

struction of developments.

All

and c o n ­

U s u a l l y an e n t i r e w i l d l i f e

a r e a or g r o u p o f areas s h o u l d b e e x a m i n e d a n d a l t e r n a t i v e s
c o n s i d e r e d for p l a n n i n g a ny m a j o r d e v e l o p m e n t s
impoundments.

Because

major investments,

large developments often represent

they s h o u l d b e b u i l t o n are as w h e r e

their optimum potential
This means

tha t b o t h

in b e n e f i t s w i l l be

the

biologists pointed out

waterfowl

is d o n e

developments

is reached.

in i n t e r v i e w s
in a d v a n c e

impoundments.

realized.

type and l o c a t i o n o f d e v e l o p m e n t

must be weighed before a decision

tion analysis

that no formal l o c a ­

of s e l e c t i n g

and

than s i n g l e p u r p o s e d e v e l o p m e n t s s u c h

blinds.

Developments

occur.

areas

for

t rai ls m a y p r o d u c e m o r e

benefits

activities

Field

Construction of general purpose

suc h as roa ds

as r i f l e ranges*

s u c h as

as d u c k

t h a t c o n f l i c t w i t h o t h e r uses*

such

are b e s t l o c a t e d awa y fro m w h e r e m o s t
F o r e x a m p l e * an i s o l a t e d p a r c e l w o u l d

b e a g o o d range l o c a t ion *

other

factors b e i n g equal.

144

The

future land needs

carefully planned.
needed by
of game

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n

a r e a lands.

r e q u i r e m e n t of

Institute*
A
that

inventory program

to a s s e s s

Concurrent with

the D i v i s i o n

available

the a g e n c y s h o u l d b e

A land resource

research project can be used

options

of

and e v a luate

in la n d resources

the u s e v a l u e

this

to e s t i m a t e

inventory*
the

land

management.

future land

the v a r i o u s

(Wildlife M a n a g e m e n t

inventory program should be
a variety of

intensive

Area and district biologists

A l i s t of d e s i r a b l e

to c o l l e c t

for e a c h g a m e

area

species

an d

information

follows:

their estimated populations

present»

2.

Hydrology

3.

Development

and relief*

features

etc.) *

S u r v e y corners*

(roads*

to

identified many

interviewed.

Game

in

information useful

needs w h e n

4.

a

1970) .

it s h o u l d c o l l e c t

1.

is

trails*

d ike s*

14 5

5.

Use

and u s e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

o f use*

6.

numbers

Suitability

(where from*

participating

classification

types

in e a c h use) *

for q u a l i t y w i l d l i f e -

oriented uses »

7.

Unique

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of area*

8.

C u r r e n t m a n a g e m e n t c osts * i n c l u d i n g
lieu of

9.

10.

The

current game

use

information

trends

tw o

survey should provide

f or e a c h g a m e

area.

the l a r g e r g a m e

also made.

on

areas

and natural boundaries.

can b e k e p t b y m a n a g e m e n t units*
The

th e m a n a g e m e n t o p p o r t u n i t i e s

and

can be divided

Maps

with

reason for division

adequate

For management

to s i x m a n a g e m e n t u n i t s d e p e n d i n g

ship pattern

to tie

and

in the n e a r b y l o c a l i t y .

area use

inventory purposes*
into

in

taxes*

E s t i m a t e d m a r k e t v a l u e of land*

Land use

payments

on

the o w n e r ­

and

a game

information

area summary

into units

is a n e e d

to s p e c i f i c p o i n t s

the g r o u n d .
The

estim a t i o n of

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n

future land requirements

can b e

carried

out

through

for

research.

146

The land requirements
tr e n d s a n d b e n e f i t s ,
development

should
time

take

into c o n sideration use

a nd s p a c e

an d m a i n t e n a n c e

costs,

of a v a i l a b l e m a n a g e m e n t opt i o n s .
purchase,

exchange,

in s p e c i f i c

and

The

o f use,

the f e a s i b i l i t y

T he possibility o f land

and lease of private

ular uses m a y be evaluated.
result

relationships

land

for p a r t i c ­

research pr o j e c t can

recommendations

for

the p r e s e n t g a m e

areas.

Personnel

The personnel of
sent
an d

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n c a n r e p r e ­

its g r e a t e s t r e s o u r c e .
they mus t be placed

n e v e r ends.

Game
personnel

The

task
and

the a g e n c y go als .

section centered

identified b y

could b e

The Department of Natural

f r o m a formal

a t the D i v i s i o n le vel .

problems

and i n t e r v i e w s

is n e e d e d

workers must be directed

area manag e m e n t could b e n e f i t

wildlife personnel
naires

in the a r e a o f need.

In a d d i t i o n ,

m o t i v a t e d to a c c o m p l i s h

A b a l a n c e of skills

Many

the q u e s t i o n ­

resolved b y such a section.

Resources'

Personnel Division

is p r i m a r i l y a r e c o r d - k e e p i n g u n i t a n d d o e s

not provide

147

certain crucial personnel
evaluations

and assessment of

ing a p e r s o n n e l
would give
be

program

assurance

Questionnaire

gists pointed
1

.

f r o m the D i v i s i o n

respect

returns

regions would
promotion/

f r o m a r e a a nd d i s t r i c t b i o l o ­
needs:

Selection z
Socialization/

3.

Training/

4 .

Evaluation/

5.

Career development/

6.

Reward

and

s yst em.

Effectively meeting

these needs

f o r m a n c e o f all w i l d l i f e u n i t s
The
can p r o f i t

could

f rom m o r e

personnel:

D i v i s i o n st aff .
in m i n d

organization.

centralization

At present

four units

e a c h o f the

and not n e c e s s a r i l y

the p e r ­
cost.

f or n e w p e r s o n n e l

and a r e v i e w o f j o b
do

the h i r i n g of

three regions

Each unit may have

Hiring

increase

at v e r y l i t t l e

current selection process

requirements.

needs

in all

Administer­

s t a f f lev el

to t r a i n i n g /

to m a n y p e r s o n n e l

2.

Wildlife

s u c h as p e r f o r m a n c e

training needs.

that personnel

treated equally wi t h

etc.

functions

its

and

the

own specific

t h o s e of

the l a r g e r

is n o w b a s e d o n s t a n d a r d i z e d

job

148

re qu i r e m e n t s .

In an age of spe c i a l i s t s ,

ments may not reflect

the sk ill s desired.

If all h i r i n g w e r e l e f t
c o u l d r e f l e c t a car e f u l
units.

to the D i v i s i o n staff,

a n a l y s i s o f the needs

A g r e a t e r v a r i e t y of s k i l l s

Wildlife Division,

The

is d e s i r a b l e

a desire

tration,

to w o r k w i t h clients,

are p u b l i c

Special
finance,

f o r e s t re c r e a t i o n ,

n e w t e c h n i c i a n s and

and t e c h n i c i a n s .

for all p e r s o n n e l

l e a d e r s h i p ca p a b i l i t y .
s t a f f le vel

in the

imp rov ed b y ad d i n g

g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n of m a n u a l w o r k e r s

ness,

of all

imbalance between administra­

field w o r k e r s c an also be

Desirable qualities

it

and h i r i n g h i g h l y s k i l l e d s p e c i a l i s t s

ca n m e e t th at d es i r e .
tion and

these r e q u i r e ­

i nclude a g r e s s i v e cre ati vit y,

skills

to s e e k

n at u r a l

and

at D i v i s i o n

resource

adminis­

and p e r s o n n e l m a n a g e m e n t .

field p r o f e s s i o n a l s ,

specialties

For
in

b o t a n y , fores t r y , e c o n o m i c s , b i o m e t r y , m a n a g e m e n t # and
recreation would be desirable.
experience with other natural

Also desirable would be
resource

better recruitment effort could provide
skills

to s e l e c t
The

agencies.

A

a l a r g e r p o o l of

from.

socialization process should be

and i n s p i r i n g e x p e r i e n c e

a pleasant

for e v e r y n e w e m p l o y e e .

Social­

i z a t i o n s h o u l d b e p l a n n e d so that the n e w e m p l o y e e le a r n s

149

his

r o l e * its r e l a t i o n s h i p to o r g a n i z a t i o n g o a l s * a n d

m e ets

those w i t h w h o m h e w i l l b e c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d .

First

impressions

are o f t e n l a s t i n g * so it is

to the o r g a n i z a t i o n

important

that e v e r y n e w e m p l o y e e g e t s t a r t e d

w i t h h i g h m o r a l e and m o t i v a t i o n .

The employee's

super­

v i s o r ca n be c h a r g e d w i t h d e t a i l e d r e s p o n s i b i l i t y in the
s o c i a l i z a t i o n pro cess.
Training

is d e s i r a b l e

to u p d a t e and

sk i l l s of all W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n e m p l o y e e s .
i n cre a s e d

skills*

increase

the

Through

they c a n a c c o m p l i s h m o r e work.

The

types of t r a i n i n g n e e d e d b y W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n e m p l o y e e s
varies with

t h e i r job d e s c r i p t i o n .

administration
ne w skills*

feel

but

the m o s t n e e d

those at the

management also desire

the ga me

those

and a c q u i r e

end o f w i l d l i f e

Ninety per cent of

additional

in

training

the

as s h o w n b y

a r e a q u e s t i o n n a i r e results.
A

formal

to r e v i e w n e e d s
adequate

to u p d a t e

technical

traini ng.

f i eld b i o l o g i s t s d e s i r e d

In g e n e r a l *

t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m is a n e f f e c t i v e m e a n s
a n d ins ure

th at all e m p l o y e e s

i n s t r u c t i o n to p e r f o r m

receive

t h e i r jobs s a t i s f a c t o r i l y .

T h i s p r o g r a m can b e c e n t e r e d at the D i v i s i o n s t a f f level.
Records
nel

of t r a i n i n g

can b e k e p t

file and r e v i e w e d r e g u l a r l y .

in the e m p l o y e e ' s
Employees

person­

should be

150

encouraged

to a c q u i r e n e w s kil ls

th r o u g h the r e w a r d s

s y s t e m o f p r o m o t i o n o r s t e p increases.

T e s t i n g c a n in sure

that t r a i n i n g h a s b e e n e f f e c t i v e .
There

are s e v e r a l m e t h o d s

Division personnel

of t r a i n i n g W i l d l i f e

that are l i k e l y to b e e ffe cti ve:

1.

Correspondence courses ,

2.

U n i v e r s i t y s h o r t c ou r s e s

3.

Field

4.

Professional society participation,

5.

C i r c u l a t e d l i t e rat ure .

training

E a c h of the se m e t h o d s
of s k i l l s .

Formal

or d e g r e e p r o g r a m s ,

sessions,

is u s e f u l

courses

and

for a c q u i r i n g

a variety

are the m o s t e x p e n s i v e b u t

n e c e s s a r y for a c q u i r i n g

s ome v e r y t e c h n i c a l a d v a n c e d

skills.

sessions b y district or region

can

Field

training

teach c e r t a i n t e c h n i c a l s k i l l s v e r y e f f e c t i v e l y ,

s u c h as d e e r a g i n g or p a r a s i t e
Once

a specific

id e n t i f i c a t i o n .

t r a i n i n g n e e d h as b e e n

the m o s t e c o n o m i c a l m e t h o d of t r a i n i n g
to fill

it.

For e x a m p l e , technicians m a y need

in h e a v y e q u i p m e n t m a i n t e n a n c e .
f a c t u r e r ’s s h o r t c o u r s e m a y b e
b est benefit/cost ratio
skill.

can be

identified,
selected
t rai n i n g

An equipment manu­
s e l e c t e d if it has

for t e a c h i n g

technicians

the
this

151

Personnel
successfully

e v a l u a t i o n is n e c e s s a r y

individuals

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n .
strengths
utilize

the s t r e n g t h s .

present*

base

aware of

therefore*

basis

The

and weaknesses*

will become
can*

are

t h e i r rol es

in

to i d e n t i f y

the w e a k n e s s e s *

to i n c r e a s e d

lack detailed

were unable

correct

is

is t h a t

their w eaknesses

adjust

an evaluation.

object

One benefit

most employees

and

fulfilling

to m e a s u r e h o w

and

individuals

an d s t r e n g t h s

achievement.

a re n o t e v a l u a t e d

and

At

on a regular

job descriptions upon which

to

Some Wildlife Division staff members

to p r o v i d e me*

or

themselves*

with

a clear

d e s c r i p t i o n of their duties.
It is d e s i r a b l e

that a p r o g r a m of personnel

evaluation be established
annual basis.
description
The

The

individual

could review

t i v e s w i t h h is
would be

the b a s i s

mation

to a c t u a l

is n e e d e d

employee's

require

objectives
the

supervisor.

a detailed

job d e s c r i p t i o n

The description

activity report

accomplishments

an
job

for eve r y employee.

for e m p l o y e e p e r f o r m a n c e

individual bi-weekly

tie w o r k

the D i v i s i o n l e v e l o n

The program w o u l d

and

employee

at

and objectives
evaluation.

(Pig.

and plans.

f or an o b j e c t i v e e v a l u a t i o n .

direct supervisor could be made

an d o b j e c ­

16)
This

should
infor­

The

responsible

152

for w r i t i n g

and d i s c u s s i n g h i s

e v a l u a t i o n w i t h him .

The

objectives

a nd j o b d e s c r i p t i o n m a y b e u p d a t e d a f t e r e v e r y

evaluation

and

rewards
ar e
by

the p r o c e s s

c o u l d b e b a s e d on

a serious business
an y a d m i n i s t r a t o r .

would be desirable

repeated.

P r o m o t i o n and o t h e r

the se e v a l u a t i o n s .

and s h o u l d n o t b e
Training

fo r all

supervisors.

therefore#

apply their efforts.
gr am#
and#

lished
gram

advance

i tself.

is u s e f u l

in t h a t

A

ties.

advances#

advance

it g i v e s e m p l o y e e s

the o r g a n i z a t i o n w i l l o f f e r

promotion

toward which

in y e a r s

p e r s p e c t i v e on

t h e y c a n fulfill.
for every employee

to c o m e s u c h

as

and c o m ­

training#

and work opportuni­

reviewed at each employee

evaluation

to a s s e s s h o w

career

to e s t a b l i s h n e w c a r e e r go als .

an d

its e m p l o y e e s

f or f a i t h f u l

job experiences#

The program should be

to

career development pro­

and a n a c h i e v e m e n t p l a n

petent performance

a career

The program can be e s t a b ­

career development program outlines

what

lack

a career development pro­

can h e l p

a t the D i v i s i o n l evel.

their career
A

direction

Through

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n
t her e b y #

taken lightly

in p e r s o n n e l e v a l u a t i o n

Many Wildlife Division employees
o r i e n t a t i o n and/

Evaluations

the e m p l o y e e

is c o m i n g

in his

153

Rewards
and h e l p

can create m otiv ation

insure

a c c o m p l i s h m e n t o f go als.

t em is h i g h l y d e p e n d e n t on e m p l o y e e
evaluation system must he highly
to s e r v e
give

the p u r p o s e

rewards

requirements
meet

rewards

In s ome c a s e s

Those who work hardest
most criticized#
A

it t end s

to

fail

to

to m o t i v a t e w o r k e r s

to w o r k

and m o s t e f f e c t i v e l y

in r e v e r s e .
are o f t e n

the

p e r h a p s o u t of j e a l o u s y .

rewards

that can be employed

1.

Monetary pay adjustments

2.

Certificates

3.

P r o m o t i o n s # and

4.

Fringe benefits

The negative

is

are

reward system

to p r o m o t e g r e a t e r a c h i e v e m e n t s .

of positive

The

t h e i r job

r e w a r d s p r o g r a m c a n b e e s t a b l i s h e d at

D i v isi on level
types

The present

sys­

if r e w a r d s

from those w h o

III d o e s n o t s e e m s u f f i c i e n t

effectively.

A rewards

The object

to those w h o m e e t o r e x c e e d
and w i t h h o l d

force

evaluations.

accurate

of m o t i v a t i o n .

t h e i r job r e q u i r e m e n t s .

in R e g i o n

in the w o r k

rewards

the
The
are:

or bonuses#

of merit#

s u c h as

training

opportunities.

t h a t c a n b e e m p l o y e d are:

1.

D e m o t i o n o r firing#

2.

Formal

3.

R e s t r i c t i o n of a c t i v i t i e s .

r e p r i m a n d # a nd

154

Usually#
motivating

a work

deficiency#

on

a good

fo r c e .

However#

f or a w a r d

six months#

over

w o r k group:

a year's

field biologists#
for e v ery

and

The

By being

have

the o p p o r ­

that progress
can be

technicians#

can be

given

to e a c h

secretaries#

the D i v i s i o n s t a f f .

ten e m p l o y e e s m a k e s

Rewards

annual meeting

employees
so

in

severe

employed.

Awards

manual workers#

of

presentations.

all

time.

effective

in cases

an a n n u a l b a s i s .

to c o r r e c t d e f i c i e n c i e s

measured

are m o r e

rewards m a y be

time

evaluated every
tunity

rewards

negative

can be bandied
w ould be

positive

About

them significant#

one

award

yet#

seem

obtainable.
Position

levels

become

an a d m i n i s t r a t o r

status

and

pa y.

justice

of

this

greater

for being

biologist
achieve

are such

to a c h i e v e

Many have
system.

pointed

status.

accomplished

to b e b e t t e r

is
at

organization

of

the a p p a r e n t
rewards

the l a r g e

that m a n y W i l d l i f e

in­

should be
and

that a
to

number of

is e v i d e n c e

field biologists

field w o r k

level

into administration

Perhaps

need

seem

the

forced

in

Further evidence

out

They believe

administrators
to r e w a r d

a higher

an a c c o m p l i s h e d b i o l o g i s t #

should not be

a higher

that a b i o l o g i s t must

of

the

more highly.

administrators

than administration

and

155

prefer

field work.

Having

job classification can m a k e

several

pay levels

the r e w a r d s

for e v e r y

system

function

more effectively and equitably.

Equipment

Equipment
programs

is a r e s o u r c e

and personnel.

accomplish certain
Administrators

equipment needed

g o al s.

Interviews

Some

shown

equipments

expense

little
such

as

contract

the n e e d s

in b a d

III.

r epair#

represent a large

a re w e l l d o c u m e n t e d

s u c h as

In g e n e r a l #
and

equipment.

Such equipment should be purchased

such services

an d w h e r e
is m o r e

the

t h a n it

for o u t r i g h t purchase.

The Wildlife Division has

in R e g i o n

the

that the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n

tractors#

the o r g a n i z a t i o n

of h e a v y e q u i p m e n t

perform.

to s u p p l y p e r s o n n e l w i t h

concern with optimizing

cost of providing

would cost

to

to a c c o m p l i s h o r g a n i z a t i o n a l

revealed

to the ag e n c y .

only where

they could not otherwise

seek

optimal

staff has

interacts with both

Equipment enables workers

tas ks

should

that

tr ucks#

a considerable
cranes

the e q u i p m e n t

idle m u c h o f

the year.

and

amount

tractors

is o u t d a t e d #
Some

equipment#

156

no l o n g e r n e e d e d o r w o r n out*
management

should be

to i n s u r e

that each district

p r o p e r e q u i p m e n t w h e n e v e r n ee d e d *

an d

receives

This

needs*

rather

t hat o n e m a n s h o u l d h a v e

f or c o o r d i n a t i n g e q u i p m e n t u s e
A

inspections,

and s c h e d u l e

the r e s p o n ­

to e v a l u a t e

the use,

and retirement of h e av y equipment.

g r a m m a y b e e s t a b l i s h e d a t the D i v i s i o n o r
administrator

to one

and maintenance.

regular program can b e esta blished

provide

te na n c e *

An

does not

that all h e a v y e q u i p m e n t should b e h a u l e d

location but

the

t h a t the e q u i p m e n t

is e f f e c t i v e l y u t i l i z e d a n d m a i n t a i n e d .

sibility

The

responsibility of h e a v y e q u i p m e n t can be

centralized

mean

replaced.

Such

main­
a pro­

regional

level.

familiar with heavy equipment could head

the p r o g r a m .

Systems

The way
tured has

that

and Structure

the w i l d l i f e

organization

a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on h o w

it c a n f u n c t i o n .

The present organization

is t h r e e - l a y e r e d ?

Division

and

region

s taf f*

regions*

is s t r u c ­

the d i s t r i c t s .

it h a s

the

Because

the

a nd D i v i s i o n s t a f f m u s t b a r g a i n w i t h e a c h o t h e r .

157

programs
showed

and projects

some problems

Dansville
bility.
in

game

are

often delayed.

unresolved

for years,

area maintenance,

due

One m e t h o d of o v e r coming

the p r e s e n t

direct line

structure

is

authority over

to d i s s o l v e

regional wildlife

the d i s t r i c t s
his

staff.

deal

This

administration
planning

and

ture w o u l d
to

reduce

enlarged

control much

also make

A
allow

easier.

significant

communications,

and
five

eight or

two-level wildlife

The

and

Such

and m ake

a change

for e a s e
to.

More

could handle

formal

the D i v i s i o n C h i e f

field personnel.

around

re­

let

easier.

services

the

and

fewer

Instead of handling
biologist

including

require

to c l i e n t

inherent

organizations

it d e s i r a b l e ,

districts would

responsi­

the D i v i s i o n C h i e f

could save

the n u m b e r o f d i s t r i c t s

could have more
devoted

latter method
speed

t he

Another method would be

directly with

costs,

to h a z y

all units

organization.

like

the p r o b l e m s

to g i v e

gional wildlife
all

Interviews

say.

of

in s t r u c ­

control,

eight.

The

administrators
time

could

to o n - t h e - g r o u n d

and

then be

activities.

e m p l o y e e s . the d i s t r i c t
ten.

organization
to

structure would

administrative

systems

function much

communications

problem would be

largely

158

eliminated#
plan

for example#

one

less

level

to

and control.
The

could he

advance#
would

details

planned

smoothly.

in a d v a n c e

describing

function#

could#

of restructuring

Each employee

to b e u s e d .

how

his

The

role

shock

therefore#

be

The
equipment

five m a i n

and

wildlife
it

gists

are

using

available

their

comments

are b e s t
expense

critical

largely

used

training

and

in

system

the

procedures

a new system

overcome.

resources
are

(c lie n t s #

acquired
It

is

to p l a n

of h i g h e r

th e g a m e

level

funds#

th e

task of

the w o r k
Many

as

field b i o l o ­

area questionnaires.

to a c c o m p l i s h

and see

for not

evidenced

represent

the

the

administrators

effectively

that

la n d s #

and util i z e d b y

out satisfactorily.

in c o m b i n a t i o n s

required

proceeds

the M a i n R e s o u r c e s

resources
in

given

associated with

administrators

is c a r r i e d

the c h a n g e

new administrative

administrators.

agency

that

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n

in t h e s y s t e m #

personnel)

organization's

so

could he
the

Combining

that

if there w a s

the

by

Resources
least

t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n ’s g o a l s .

1 59

The
of

resources must be
tradeoffs

to a c c o m p l i s h

Division may have
goals but

not be

t h i s e nd.

organization

is

cant goals.

A

life D ivision
available

approach

resources

ning

to d e v i s e
is

mation

looking#

always

coping with

is

and

of

The W i l d ­
in u t i l i z i n g

organizations'

goals.

information.

System

to c a r r y o u t

and dec i s i o n making.

signifi­

components

subsystems

planning

a continued process

if t he

interact.

the o r g a n i z a t i o n

programs

toward

accomplish

are p l a n n i n g # control#

decide what goals
and

and

to a c c o m p l i s h

administrative

certain

to a d m i n i s t r a t i o n

three basic

Planning

An

and

a must

important

function

can use

subsystems

itself

it s h o w s h o w

should

to r e a c h

is

series

The Wildlife

and control w o r k

administration

to m a i n t a i n

in t h a t

resources

to p l a n

systems

administration

These

able

in a c o n t i n u o u s

these goals.

the b a s i c

Effective

desirable

manipulated

that

seeks

is u s e d

these goals.
sound

planning

future#

to

to a c c o m p l i s h

requires

While
the

system

the

is

Plan­
infor­

forward

success

of

160

current programs
th at w e n t

is s t r o n g l y

influenced by

i n t o them.

Wildlife Division planning
future d i r e c t i o n
is c r u c i a l
many

co me

the o r g a n i z a t i o n w i l l

t h a t can b e

s ys t e m .

These

direction

and

change

provide direction.

Objective
of

increase

are

to o v e r ­

the p a c e o f

and provide

for all u n i t s

The questionnaire

des i r e some d irection
setting m a y be

modified with

changes

in

showed

Objectives

fi eld u n i t s

these objectives.
established*

the

process.

first stage

are n e v e r p e r m a n e n t .
say yearly*

and

in the o r g a n i z a t i o n ' s e n v i r o n m e n t .

committee.
could be
Once

for s a y

f ew f i e l d

the p l a n n i n g

t h o u g h t of as

Setting Wildlife Division objectives
staff

an d p o s i ­

task* b u t on e w h i c h c a n e f f e c t i v e l y

T h e y m u s t b e u p d a t e d on a r e g u l a r b a s i s *

fr om

There

can be used

in the o r g a n i z a t i o n *

the p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s .

a Division

The process

as a p a r t of a fo rma l

problems*

objectives

is a f o r m i d a b l e

biologists

take.

f o r all units.

Establishing
ti ons

the p a c e a n d

u nits.

adopted

techniques

the p r e s e n t p l a n n i n g

adaptation

sets

to all W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n

techniques

planning

the p l a n n i n g

can be d e l e g a t e d

Information

sought

and c o n t r i b u t i o n s

in the f o r m u l a t i o n o f

the D i v i s i o n

five ye a r s ,

to

level objectives

t h o s e o f its s u b u n i t s

are

161

can be

f o r m u lat ed#

w i t h those of
should work

for s ay two years#

the D i v i s i o n .

In o t h e r w ord s#

t o w a r d the same goals.

once established#

so that t hey m e s h
all u n i t s

D i v i s i o n o b j e c tiv es#

sh oul d a n s w e r the

fo llo w i n g

types of

broad questions:

1.

W h a t is the p u r p o s e o f

2.

W h a t is it a t t e m p t i n g

to p r o v i d e

3.

F o r w h o m d oes

to use

resources?

4.

it see k

for the public?

its l a n d and o t h e r

and

W h a t k i n d of i nter nal
within

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n ?

improvements

is it s e e k i n g

the o r g a n i z a t i o n ?

D i s t r i c t o b j e c t i v e s s h o u l d a n s w e r these m o r e s p e c i f i c
types o f q u e s t i o n s ?

1.

Which user groups

are

2.

W h a t k i n d s of a c t i v i t i e s
s o u g h t on e a c h g ame

3.

Which species
g a m e area?

are

to b e p r o v i d e d

and f a c i l i t i e s

area?

to b e

for?

are

and

favored

in m a n a g i n g e a c h

162

If the D i v i s i o n o b j e c t i v e s
the f l e x i b i l i t y o f its
importance

are not s u f f i c i e n t l y broad/

subunits

of o b j e c t i v e s

in the p r o c e s s
should be

information

them.

All

The most accurate

available should be used

of establishing

arrived

The

cannot be overemphasized.

remaining planning hinges upon
and c o m p r e h e n s i v e

is r e s t r ict ed.

objectives.

Objectives

at b y n e g o t i a t i o n b e t w e e n

its c l i e n t e l e # the L e g i s l a t u r e # a n d o t h e r

the d i v i s i o n #

interest g r o u p s .

Once objectives have been agreed u p o n # detailed
program planning m a y begin.

Since programs

by which objectives

an u p - d o w n

t i o n is n e e d e d

are met#

j u s t as

it w a s

Division must know what kinds
the d i s t r i c t s #
programs

are

and

are the m e a n s

flow of i n f o r m a ­

in o b j e c t i v e setting.

The

of p r o g r a m s

in

are n e e d e d

the d i s t r i c t s m u s t k n o w w h a t k i n d s of

acceptable

to the D i v i s i o n .

P r e s e n t l y the

d i s t r i c t s h a v e v e r y l i t t l e o p p o r t u n i t y to p a r t i c i p a t e
program planning
biologists.

as e v i d e n c e d b y

in

interviews with district

T h e d i s t r i c t b i o l o g i s t ’s p a r t i c i p a t i o n cou ld

b e of v a l u e b e c a u s e

t h e y p o s s e s s s p e c i a l k n o w l e d g e of

th eir a r e a s and c lie nts .

All p r o g r a m s

to c a r r y o u t s p e c i f i c o b j e c t i v e s .

should be designed

S o m e p r o g r a m s m a y a ppl y

to the e n t i r e D i v i s i o n w h i l e o t h e r s o n l y to a single#
several# districts.

or

163

The

contents of every Division or district p r o ­

gram should provide

the

following

to

be fulfilled/

1.

Objective(s)

2.

General methods

3.

Units

to w h i c h

information:

to b e us ed#

th e

program will

4.

Tentative work plan

5.

Estimate of resources

apply#

an d s c h e d u l e #

needed

(men# m o n e y #

land#

e t c .) #

6.

7.

Records

Time

to b e k e p t #

an d m e t h o d

of program evaluation.

The program plan
ment of

grams

should emphasize

the s e l e c t e d o b j e c t i v e s .

individual
program

and

roles

involves

are p l a n n e d

reviewed

The program may specify

and responsibilities#
significant unit

f o r th e c o m i n g y e a r #
assigned b y

district participation.

Therefore#

the p r o g r a m s

ately selected on

especially

interaction.

and priorities

returned#

the a c c o m p l i s h ­

if

the

Once p r o ­

they can be

the D i v i s i o n w i t h
when

and p r o g r a m l e v e l s

the p r i o r i t y b a s i s .

the b u d g e t
ca n b e

is

immedi­

Once program

164

s e l e c t i o n is finalized/
be made
At

a y e a r l y w o r k p l a n s c h e d u l e can

for e a c h o f the d i s t r i c t s

this p o i n t

the p r o g r a m s

an d the p r o c e s s

of c o n t r o l

and

the D i v i s i o n staff.

are n o w c o n s i d e r e d o p e r a t i o n a l
takes o v e r .

Pl an n i n g

for the

co min g y e a r can then p r o c e e d .

Control System

Control ma y be
w o r k or s e e i n g

t h o u g h t of as the m o n i t o r i n g o f

that plans

a l s o n e c e s s a r y to ins ure
a c c o m p l i s h m e n t of goals.
i n c o r p o r a t e d into
requirements.

are c a r r i e d out.
tha t costs

are m i n i m i z e d

T h e con t r o l

in the

and job

T h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s h o u l d be s t r u c t u r e d

Factors

th at s h o u l d b e

each unit performs/
Because

taken into a c c o u n t are
the w o r k role

and the c o r r d i n a t i o n of w o r k e f f o r t

the w o r k u n i t s

in the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n

are o f t e n w i d e l y s c a t t e r e d o v e r l a r g e
b e t w e e n t h e m are u s u a l l y d iff ic u l t .
may apply between

in

f a c i l i t a t e s goal a c c o m p l i s h ­

the ease of c o m m u n i c a t i o n b e t w e e n units/

ne eded.

is

system should be

the o r g a n i z a t i o n 's s t r u c t u r e

the m a n n e r w h i c h m o s t e a s i l y
ments.

Control

areas*

communications

T h e same d i f f i c u l t y

those w h o s e w o r k d o e s

not r e q u i r e

frequent communication.

Interviews

tion show even Wildlife Division
trouble

n o t o ccu r.

communication

unit supervisor
(1964)

meetings
arrive

is

at s o l u t i o n s

isolation,

superior.

the b a s i s

the p a r t i e s

is b e s t c a r r i e d o u t b y

f a c e - t o — face c o n t a c t b e t w e e n

an d h i s

evaluation

In s o m e u n i t s *

is a d a i l y p o s s i b i l i t y b u t m a y

Control of work units

inspections with

can

According

f or c o n t r o l .

of

in s h o r t o rde r.

some units m u s t h a v e

the o r g a n i z a t i o n b e s t b u t

the c a r r y i n g

necessary adjustments
emphasis
th e
that

in c o n t r o l

intended

In b r i e f

po wer ,

and

of an i m m e d i a t e

serve

the i n t e r e s t s

requires highly competent
(Kaufman,

1967) .
control

o u t of pr o g r a m plans,

and evaluate

the p r o g r a m s .

system

make
The

is o n g e t t i n g w o r k a c c o m p l i s h e d

job completed.

and

Because of relative

The purpose of a Wildlife Division
to o v e r s e e

to G r o s s

the a u t h o r i t y ,

Such decentralization may

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of lower uni t s

is

the

ta lk o v e r s p e c i f i c p r o b l e m s

responsibility of making many decisions
nature.

observa­

staff members have

c o m m u n i c a t i n g w i t h e a c h ot h e r .

face-to-face

unit

an d p e r s o n a l

There

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n c a n u s e

are

fi ve

and

techniques

to a d v a n t a g e :

166

1.

U n i t inspection#

2.

Accomplishment reports»

3.

C o s t accounting#

4.

Program evaluation#

5.

Personnel

and

evaluation.

U n i t i n s p e c t i o n c an b e p r o f i t a b l e
involved.

It b r i n g s

for all p a r t i e s

the D i v i s i o n s t a f f o u t to the d i s ­

tricts w h e r e b o t h can lea rn o n the g r o u n d w h a t p r o b l e m s
the o r g a n i z a t i o n is faced with.
bers actually have
ac c o r d i n g
member

a g o o d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f field p r o b l e m s

to field b i o l o g i s t s

in ter vie wed .

The staff

and d i s t r i c t b i o l o g i s t can s p e n d the d a y

discussing problems

and a s s e s s i n g

B o t h s h o u l d r e c o r d in w r i t i n g
ments

Few Division staff m e m ­

can b e m a d e

and p e r s o n n e l
o v e r these

fi ndi ngs w i t h

the d i s t r i c t b i o l o g i s t
comings

the c u r r e n t s i t u a t i o n .

f i n d i n g s so that i m p r o v e ­

a nd the i n f o r m a t i o n u s e d

evaluations.

together

in b o t h p r o g r a m

T h e s t a f f m e m b e r s h o u l d go

the d i s t r i c t b i o l o g i s t so t hat

is m a d e

and s t r e n g t h s # as w e l l

aw are of h i s o w n s h o r t ­
as the s t r e n g t h s

and w e a k ­

nesses

of h i s d i s t r i c t #

and can w o r k to i mp r o v e

the s i t u a ­

tion .

if s t a f f m e m b e r s

rotate

inspection #

the d i s t r i c t s

the

can b e e v a l u a t e d m o r e

different viewpoints.

task o f u n i t

i m p a r t i a l l y and from

It w o u l d b e l i k e l y th at m o r e

167

e x p e r t i s e w o u l d b e p r o v i d e d to the field#
members wou l d gain experience
used.

Quarterly#

and m o r e

if a r o t a t i o n s y s t e m was

d a y - l o n g i n s p e c t i o n s w o u l d se em s u f ­

ficient.

A d a t e c o u l d b e a gre ed

advance.

The staff may

to b y b o t h p a r t i e s

find it a d v a n t a g e o u s

i n s p e c t i o n o f i t s e l f from su ch o r g a n i z a t i o n s
life M a n a g e m e n t
and W i l d l i f e .

staff

I n s t i t u t e or

in

to invite
as the W i l d ­

the B u r e a u of S p o r t F i s h e r i e s

S u c h an i n s p e c t i o n c o u l d b e a u s e f u l

learn­

ing e x p e r i e n c e .
M o n t h l y a c c o m p l i s h m e n t r e p o r t s of g r e a t e r de t a i l
t han t hos e n ow u s e d can b e v e r y useful#
they are d i r e c t l y c o m p a r e d w i t h
schedule.

The

like

should relate

T h e a c c o m p l i s h m e n t re po r t s

early warning device
Chief.

the u n i t s p l a n n e d w o r k

a c c o m p l i s h m e n t r ep o r t s

e x i s t i n g plans.

to the d ist ric t#

If a p r o g r a m is no t g o i n g

B o t h the D i v i s i o n

to

s erv e as an

D i v i s i o n staff#

according

the p u t and take p h e a s a n t pro gram#

be sought.

especially when

or

to plan#

the r e a s o n can

s t a f f a n d d i s t r i c t s can

w r i t e m o n t h l y a c c o m p l i s h m e n t r e p o r t s b a s e d on the w o r k
schedule

for p r o g r a m s .

a program or project was
Cost accounting
can y i e l d u s e f u l

Explanations would b e useful

if

a h e a d or b e h i n d schedule.
is a v a l u a b l e c o n t r o l m e t h o d and

i n f o r m a t i o n fo r p l a n n i n g and e val uat ion .

168

Like

ac c o m p l i s h m e n t reports#

monthly summaries

tu r e s b y p r o g r a m o r p r o j e c t a c c o u n t c a n s e r v e
warning

system

Adjustments#
gets

if nee d e d #

as an e a r l y

that w e r e u n f o r e s e e n -

may be made before

the b u d g e t

too f a r o u t of l i n e an d d r a s t i c a c t i o n b e c o m e s

to c o r r e c t
programs#
date

for a n y p r o b l e m s

of expendi­

it.

If e x p e n d i t u r e s

the

total costs

a n d the r e s u l t i n g

planning

are k e p t b y p r o j e c t

can b e calculated

and

at a l a t e r

information can be used

for b o t h

and e v a l u a t i o n .
Program evaluation serves

a program

is#

tive#

it e x p l a i n s

and

o r w as#

the p r o g r a m plan.
Programs
or upon

th e p r o g r a m .

deviations

intended

completion#

objec­

f r o m th e o r i g i n a l

and dates m a y be b u i l t

This makes

plan.
into

f i n a l e v a l u a t i o n e as i e r .

depending on

stages#

the n a t u r e

of

Evalua t i o n can point out p r o g r a m strengths
Therefore#

or revise p r o grams

administrators

that are no lon g e r

can eliminate

fulfilling

the

intended.

Personnel
can serve

its

can b e e v a l u a t e d at various

an d w e a k n e s s e s .

objectives

to j u d g e h o w s u c c e s s f u l

in f u l f i l l i n g

Program evaluation methods

yearly#

needed

several

their performance

evaluation

is h i g h l y u s e f u l

in t h a t it

purposes.

Individuals

to k n o w h o w

like

stacks up against others.

As mentioned

169

ea rli er/

if the i n d i v i d u a l

strengths
a nd

and w e a k n e s s e s *

can b e m a d e

aware of his

he c a n im p r o v e h i s p e r f o r m a n c e

that of the o r g a n i z a t i o n as w e l l .

the v a r i o u s un i t s
records.

T h e s t r e n g t h of

is m a d e k n o w n on the b a s i s o f p e r s o n n e l

S e l e c t i o n for p r o m o t i o n can b e

obj e c t i v e l y .

Solutions

a r r i v e d at m o r e

to c o m m o n p e r s o n n e l

problems

b e m a d e k n o w n and w o r k e d u p o n b y the o r g a n i z a t i o n .

can
All

o f t hese b e n e f i t s o f p e r s o n n e l e v a l u a t i o n c an s e r v e to
h e l p the D i v i s i o n ' s p e r s o n n e l
a n d t r a i n i n g needs.
unit can b e more
evaluating
section.

section determine

If all p e r s o n n e l

are e v a l u a t e d ,

a s s u r e d o f its status.

individuals were

its h i r i n g
the

T h e d e t a i l s of

c o v e r e d in the r e s o u r c e

Standardized performance

r at i n g s h e e t s

for each

p o s i t i o n l e v e l c a n h e l p to m a k e p e r s o n n e l e v a l u a t i o n m o r e
u n i f o r m and ease

the t a s k of c o m p a r i n g

indiv idu als .

A

g r i e v a n c e p r o c e d u r e and b o a r d o f r e v i e w can b e e s t a b l i s h e d
for those w h o c l a i m u n f a i r treatment.

Information System

Decisions

are m o r e l i k e l y

they are b a s e d o n r e l i a b l e

to b e s a t i s f a c t o r y if

i n f o r ma tio n.

In the g a m e

area

170

questionnaire#

field biologists were very critical

Wildlife Division staff
tion.

A

formal

information

process#

and distribute

makers.

Timely

a i ds

in the

for its l a c k o f r e l i a b l e
system can be used

information

information

informa­

to g a t h e r #

to all d e c i s i o n

in an e a s i l y r e a d a b l e

task of decision making

o f the

and

improves

form
the

q u a l i t y of d e c i s i o n s .
A

formal

the p l a n n i n g

information

an d c o n t r o l

system

systems.

Wildlife Division organization
informed with
More

facts

relative

a nd h i g h e r q u a l i t y

in p l a n n i n g

is

Of

five

1.

Assessing

2.

Collection#

3.

Distribution#

4.

Use # and

5.

Storage.

t h e s e a reas#

and use

a re

in the

to k e e p d e c i s i o n m a k e r s

and result
and control

information

assist

to t h e i r w o r k i n g e n v i r o n m e n t .

Wildlife Division organization's
f o cus o n

Its p u r p o s e

i n f o r m a t i o n ca n

decision making process
being made

can greatly

improve

the

in b e t t e r d e c i s i o n s
(Gross,

1964).

A

i n f ormation sy s t e m can

areas:

n eed s#

assessing

the m o s t

i n f o r m a t i o n ne e d s #

important.

distribution#

They must consider

the

171

decisions
them*

that w i l l h a v e

to b e m a d e # those w h o w i l l m a k e

and h o w t h e y w i l l b e
Assessing

of obtaining
to e s t i m a t e .

information needs

is d i f f icu lt.

The cost

i n f o r m a t i o n # and its b e n e f i t s , are of t e n h a r d
T h e D i v i s i o n can r e v i e w its

needs on a regular#
changes

a r r i v e d at.

say y e a r l y # b a s i s

in the i n f o r m a t i o n

mation routinely collected
decision making#

information

and m a k e d e s i r a b l e

that it c o l l e c t s .

When

inf or­

is no l o n g e r j u d g e d u s e f u l

it s h o u l d b e e l i m i n a t e d .

in

A r e v i e w of

W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n r ec o r d s

shows r e t e n t i o n o f c o n s i d e r a b l e

outdated

Priorities

lished

for ms and data.

n e e d to b e e s t a b ­

in the a s s e s s m e n t o f i n f o r m a t i o n needs.

be b a s e d o n the
and w h a t

i m p o r t a n c e of the d e c i s i o n s

This

can

to b e m a d e

types of i n f o r m a t i o n t h e y require.
M o s t of

the

i m p o r t a n t d e c i s i o n s t h a t the D i v i s i o n

s t a f f a nd d i s t r i c t b i o l o g i s t s

are fa c e d w i t h

m a t e l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h o u t p u t s and
"What p r o p o r t i o n of d e e r h u n t e r s
present deer hunting
m a n y m o r e deer,

experience?"

and w h a t

increase

impacts.

are u l t i ­
F o r example#

are s a t i s f i e d w i t h
(an impact)

their

an d "How

in h u n t e r success# w i l l

a c e r t a i n t i m b e r c u t t i n g p r o g r a m p r o d u c e ? " (an output) .
T h e s e types of i n f o r m a t i o n are v e r y u s e f u l b u t d i f f i c u l t

172

to c o l l e c t .
th ese

Perhaps*

types of

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n s h o u l d g i v e

information

The collection of
t h a t it is
making.

t i m e l y and

a h i g h priority.
i n f o r m a t i o n m a y b e p l a n n e d so

in a f o r m m o s t u s e f u l

I n f o r m a t i o n is m o s t u s e f u l

when needed
concise.

to d e c i s i o n

if it is a v a i l a b l e

a nd in a f o r m t h a t m a k e s

the

facts

c l e a r and

Some u n iformity of c ollection m a y b e desirable

if p r o g r a m s

or activities

fo r e x a m p l e .

Some

regular basis*
therefore be
ty pes

of

fore*

are

like

are

ty pes of

to b e d i r e c t l y c o m p a r e d *

information

are n e e d e d

road m a i n t e n a n c e needs*

a nd m a y

r o u t i n e l y c o l l e c t e d at i n t e r v a l s .

i n f o r m a t i o n are n e e d e d o n l y ad h o c *

to c o l l e c t

collected only once
information

can b e made b y

on a

Other

and*

or as r e q u i r e d .

there­

A decision

r o u t i n e l y o r o n an a d h o c b a s i s

the d e c i s i o n m a k e r s

to w h o m

tion mos t

applies.

Routinely collecting

is n e e d e d

o n l y ad h o c c a n b e v e r y e x p e n s i v e

the i n f o r m a ­

information

that

to the W i l d ­

life Division.
Information can be
Wildlife Division.

Those

ground ma y

serve b e s t

tors.

staff's

The

expertise*

as

collected b y
closest

all u n i t s

to c l i e n t s a n d

of

the

the

the d a t a o r i n f o r m a t i o n c o l l e c ­

research unit can provide

e s p e c i a l l y in c o l l e c t i n g

impact

technical

and o u t p u t

173

information.

C o n s i d e r a b l e use

ature and k nowledge

can b e m a d e o f the l i t e r ­

from oth e r w i l d l i f e

agencies

and

universities.
The u p w a r d or d o w n w a r d d i s t r i b u t i o n of
ti on

is c r u c i a l

Division.

to d e c i s i o n m a k i n g

Only

need receive

t h r o u g h o u t the W i l d l i f e

those w h o can use p a r t i c u l a r

it.

Considerable

"junk"

Some ma y need

in d e t a i l e d

require

base

their decisions

makers

receive

Division

on.

To

appropriate

staff can make

tributed

The

a summary

information,

the W i l d l i f e

Information collected

as ne e d e d .

The

in the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n

for

ad h o c c a n

information may be dis­

information may be

communication may be

to

t h a t all d e c i s i o n

in a f o r m j u d g e d m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e ,

written.
Verbal

only

information

standing distribution lists

all r o u t i n e i n f o r m a t i o n .
be d i s t r i b u t e d

insure

information

is c i r c u l a t e d b y

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n staff.
form whi l e others

informa­

condensed

verbal

or

if d e s i r e d .

left open and unstructured

to e n c o u r a g e

feedback and infor­

mation exchang e .
The
can affect
Division

speed with which

information

the p a c e o f W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n

staff m a y

hel d up whe n

insure

required

th at r o u t i n e

f o r use.

Checks

is d i s t r i b u t e d
activities.

information

The

is n o t

at d i f f e r e n t u n i t

17 4

levels

can reveal

a n y fl aws

upward or downward.
ing

in the p a s s a g e

Such checks

to i n t e r v i e w r e s u l t s
Information

of

a re b a d l y n e e d e d a c c o r d ­

field biologists.

is o f l i t t l e v a l u e

if it is n e v e r

u s ed.

Wildlife Division

administrators

others

th e n e e d of u s i n g

sound

sions.

Information

making

one or

fact finders
organized

in

their finding

can be

in a d v a n c e o f

to b e m a d e .

of a committee m a y b e

if the

of W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n
information

Fo r example,

appointed

to o t h e r s

as

in a n

Information

fo r all u n i t s

required

is e a s i l y r e t r i e v e d

if it is

the

is l i k e l y

filed.

can be decided

a d m i n i s t r a t i v e unit.

is

Information

and a listing

The listing

information

information m a y be
to b e

and s y s t e m a t i c a l l y

for w h i c h

sought

form.

fu t u r e use.
indexed

information well

and present

Storage
necessary

to m a k e d e c i ­

Haphazard decisions

the d e c i s i o n w i l l h a v e

tw o m e m b e r s

information

to

so that c o m p a r i s o n can b e made,

exposed.

prevented b y organizing
the ti me

can emphasize

fro m s e v e r a l s o u r c e s m a y b e

important decisions

and errors or bias

of i n f o r m a t i o n

to b e k e p t .
can b e

to e v e r y

the p e r i o d

After

it c o u l d b e d i s p o s e d

of.

larly

For data and large volumes

for a c c u r a c y .

Files

to b e k e p t

issued

could list

for

inspected

th is date,
regu­
of

175

information
thirty years

that may

ta ke u p c o n s i d e r a b l e s pace#

of Rose Lake

rabbit records#

like

the u s e

of

e lectronic storage m a y be useful.

System

Interaction

The wildlife organization should provide
siderable

interaction between

administration.
available

Planning

information.

c a r r i e d out.

Control

depends

Information

is r e q u e s t e d

in p l a n n i n g

co nt r o l .

and m u s t
seeks

interact.

to o v e r c o m e

the p l a n n i n g
come

dikes

Thus

the s y s t e m s

its

the c o n t r o l

ar e p r o p e r l y

of

are

interdependent

rep air.

cost

and

He

then uses

that wi l l

over­

tim e e s t i m a t i o n .

s y s t e m to i n s u r e

the r e s o u r c e s

together by

its u s e f u l n e s s

a district biologist

repaired according

repair problem#

t i o n are b r o u g h t

the b a s i s

to l a y o u t a p r o j e c t
a nd

to b e

on plan specifications.

a p r o b l e m of dike

the d i k e p r o b l e m

the d i k e

on

of

d e p e n d o n the

rely on control

For example#

system

Finally he uses

the c o m p o n e n t s y s t e m s

and control

Plans

for c o n ­

t h a t the

to plan.

To

solve

of th e o r g a n i z a ­

the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e

systems.

176

Available Assistance

and

The Wildlife Division has
utilize

the s e r v i c e s

administration

to t h e s e u n i v e r s i t i e s
agencies,

programs.

The

results

study

this

agencies
of

is n e e d e d

programs,

imply

State

that incor­

ca n b e g i v e n

and Federal

in W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n
and

improvements

in

itself.

The

that other public natural

could profit

from reviews by expertise

A high degree of objectivity

f or an e f f e c t i v e
public natural

a nd

perhaps.

the W i l d l i f e D i v i s i o n

the ag e n c y .

traditional

Invitations

in s i g n i f i c a n t

and

outside

nearby uni­

resulting exchange of viewpoints

client services

resource

and,

Two

to

field of

resource programs

to p a r t i c i p a t e

knowledge may result

of

in the

and w i l d l i f e m a n a g e m e n t .

a v a r i e t y of e x p e r t i s e .

wildlife

the o p p o r t u n i t y

of m a n y e x p e r t s

versities have broad natural
porate

Implications

techniques.

administrative
resource

review of

a g e n c y go als ,

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1962.
O u r W i l d l i f e L e g a c y (5th ed.
W a gn a i l s * N e w York.

rev.).

F u n k and

Atwood * Sanford S . et a l .
1970.
L a n d Use and W i l d l i f e R e s o urc es.
United
States Department of Agriculture.
B a r i o w e * R.
1949.
A p p r a i s a l of C e r t a i n E c o n o m i c and F i s c a l
A s p e c t s o f the P i t t m a n - R o b e r t s o n L a n d P u r ­
c h a s e P r o g r a m in S o u t h e r n M i c h i g a n * Mimeo.
Bell* E n o c h F . and E m m e 11 F . T h o m p s o n .
1973.
P l a n n i n g R e s o u r c e A l l o c a t i o n in S t a t e F i s h and
Game Agencies.
D i v i s i o n o f F o r e s t r y and W i l d ­
l i fe R e s o u r c e s * V i r g i n i a P o l y t e c h n i c I n s t i t u t e
and S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y * B l a c k s b u r g * V i r g i n i a *
Mimeo.
C h u r c h m a n * W e s t C.
1968.
T h e Systerns A p p r o a c h .
I n c . * N e w York* N.Y.

D e l l P u b l i s h i n g C o .*

E l b i n g * A l v a r O.
1970.
B e h a v i o r a l D e c i s i o n s in O r g a n i z a t i o n s . S c o t t
F o r e s m a n and Comp any * G l e n v i e w * Illinois.
Gross* B e r t r a m M.
1964.
The Managing of O r g a n i z a t i o n s :
The Administra­
tive S t r u g g l e . T h e F r e e P r e s s of G l e n c o e *
C o l l i e r —M a c M i l l a n Lim ite d* London* 2 v o l s .
Haveman*
1972.

R o b e r t H. (ed.) and J u l i u s M a r g o l i s (ed.)
P u b l i c E x p e n d i t u r e s and P o l i c y A n a l y s i s .
M a r k h a m P u b l i s h i n g Co.* Ch ic a g o .
177

178

H a w n # L o u i s J.
1973.
M i c h i g a n S m a l l G a m e K i l l E s t i m a t e s * 1971.
Michigan Department of Natural Resources#
Surveys and Statistical Services Re p o r t
No. 119.
H e i n s e l m a n * M i r o n L.
Undated. R ecreation and/or Nature Preservation.
North
C e n t r a l F o r e s t E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n # U. S. F o r e s t
E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n # U.S. F o r e s t S e r v i c e # St.
Paul# M i n n e s o t a # M i m e o .
Kaufman#
1967.

McKean#
19 58.

Herbert.
T h e F o r e s t R an g e r :
A s t u d y in A d m i n i s t r a t i v e
Behavior.
J o h n H o p k i n s Press# B a l t i m o r e .
R o l a n d N.
E f f i c i e n c y in G o v e r n m e n t T h r o u g h S y s t e m s
Analysis:
W ith E m p h a s i s on W a t e r R e s o urces
Development.
A Rand C o r p o r a t i o n Study# John
W i l e y an d Sons# Inc.# N e w Y o r k # N.Y.

Michigan Conservation Department.
19284 t h - 2 4 t h Biennial Reports.
1968.
D e p a r t m e n t of C o n s e r v a t i o n #
Michigan Department
1970—
2 5 t h and
19 72.
Michigan
Lansing#

1971.

State of Michigan
Lansing# Michigan.

of Natural Resources.
26th Biennial Reports.
Sta t e of
D e p a r t m e n t of N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s #
Michigan.

M i c h i g a n R e c r e a t i o n Plan:
1970.
State of
Michigan Department of Natural Resources#
L a n s i n g # M i c h i g a n (2 v o l s . ) .

P a l m e r # W a l t e r L.
1967.
A n A n a l y s i s o f the P u b l i c Us e o f S o u t h e r n
M i c h i g a n Game and R ecreation Areas.
Michigan
D e p a r t m e n t of N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s # R e s e a r c h a n d
D e v e l o p m e n t R e p o r t No. 102.
U n i t e d States B ureau of Sp o r t F i s h e r i e s and Wildlife.
1972.
Revised Refuge PPBE Handbook.

179

Verway#
1974.

D a v i d I. ( e d . ) .
Michigan Statistical Abstracts.
Michigan
S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y # L a n s i n g # M i c h i g a n (10th e d . ) .

W i l d l i f e M a n a g e m e n t Institute.
1970.
R e a p p r a i s a l o f t h e M i c h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t of
Natural Resources.
A R e p o r t to the M i c h i g a n
Natural Resources Commission.

APPENDIX

M IC H I d A N D E P A R T M E N T O F

NATURAL

RESOURCES

IMTEMOFFICK COMMUNICATION

R o w l i k e W i l d l i f e Research C e n te r
OSCi £ . S t o ll Rood, East L a n s in g , M ich ig an 48829
Oecaaber 1 8 , 1979

TO:

Region I I I D i s t r i c t w i l d l i f e and H a b ita t B io lo g is ts

EMM:

R a tth L . Nm : m and Robort V . K e e lin g . Rota L a te W i l d l i f e
Research Car t a r

SUBJECT:

Game Area and E a rto n a l H is to ry Q u e s tio n n a ire s

In re fe re n c e to th e 1a t t a r fro R L a rry D ayto n, M o van t*r 1 0 , 1 9 7 3 . wa a r t
sanding o u t the q u e s tio n n a ire :c o v e re d under the f i e l d o rd e r o f November 1 s t ,
1973. These two q u e s tio n n a ire s a re designed t o g a th e r c r u c ia l In fo rm a tio n
f o r a study designed t o Improve p lann ing procedures f o r Managing Region I I I
S ta te Game A reas. Tha q u estio n s a re designed to p ro v id e d a ta on th a stro n g
p o in ts and tro u b le spots o f th e Region I I I U l l d l l f a o r g a n is a tio n , I t s manage*
n an t a b i l i t y , and I t s program o b je c tiv e s . These q u e s tio n s , when a n a ly z e d ,
w i l l be used to design a p la n n in g procedure as a p a r t o f o u r main game a re a
use stu d y.
The q u e stio n s a r e tim e co n tu sin g and w i l l ta k e upwards o f two and ope h a l f
hours o r so fo r each In d iv id u a l to co m p lete. They a r e a v a lu a b le le a rn in g
eapertence to th a a ra a o r d i s t r i c t b io l o g i s t who I s asked t o f i l l them o u t .
This I s d e f i n i t e l y an In p o rta n t s id e b e n e f i t .
Tha w r i t e r must o rg a n is e h is
thoughts and answer q uestion s o f re le v a n c e to h is e v ery day w ork. The
q u e s tio n n a ire can be used to Id e n t i f y problems In th a fo llo w in g a re a s : p ro *
grsR o b je c t iv e s , program accom pllihm ents. In fo rm a tio n and d e c is io n Making
n etw orks, personnel c a p a b il i t i e s snd t r a in i n g n eed s, non-optlm aa uses o f
n a tu ra l resources snd b ud g etary problem s.
Tha personal h is to r y q u e s tio n n a ire answers w i l l be sep arated from th e gaaie
area q u e s tio n n a ire answers by Robert R a ilin g . He w i l l th en com pile th e
answers to the game a rea q u e s tio n n a ire In a form where In d iv id u a l coasaents,
e t c . , a re n o t I d e n t i f i a b l e .
The game area q u e s tio n n a ire s a r e to be ke p t
s t r i c t l y c o n f id e n t ia l.
I t Is c l e a r l y Im p o rta n t to g e t a l l d i s t r i c t and area
b io lo g is ts to send back t h is form I n d iv id u a lly snd c o n s c ie n tio u s ly c o a p le tc d .
I th in k the s u tM e rle s , which w i l l be awde a v a i l a b le , w i l l be b oth In t e r e s t in g
and v a lu a b le to a l l concerned. They w i l l show how a s s o c ia te s th in k and f e e l .
T his q u e s tio n n a ire has been c a r e f u l l y prepared and re p re s e n ts th e minim al
co st In terms o f t in e and uoney to g a th e r th a needed d a ta fo r .o u r .s tu d y .
The l i k e l y r e s u ltin g In fo rm a tio n Is w e ll w orth the tim e and e f f o r t needed to
f i l l o u t and process t h is q u e s tio n n a ire .
P lease read and answer q uestion s In o rd e r.
I f you do
th e q u e s tio n , answer I t to th e b e s t o f y o u r a b i l i t y .
a r e In t e n t io n a lly g e n e ra l. He a re In te re s te d In what
yo u r answers f o r c l a r i t y and ten d In answers typed no
1974 to Rose Lake w i l d l i f e Research C e n te r.

KLH:RVK:i

180

n o t f e e l you understand
Some o f th e q uestion s
you have to say. Check
T a ta r than January 4 t h ,

181

fim Ana
Q u e stio n n aire

In s tru c tio n s :

You M y keep these questions 1 f you d e s ir e . Ue o n ly want your
ty p e w ritte n answers on separate sheets re tu rn e d , to g e th e r w ith
the personal h is t o r y form .

1.

The s ta te game areas have M n y p o s s ib le w lld llf e r r e c r a a t lo n a l u ses . What
uses do you f e e l , asan a d m in is tra to r should be provided f o r th e p td illc from
these areas? Hake a l i s t o f these a c t i v i t i e s .

2.

What c u rre n t uses o f s t a t e game areas do you f e e l a n s i g n i f i c a n t l y
p h y s ic a lly o r b io lo g ic a lly d e trim e n ta l to th e a n a ? Describe each a c t i v i t y
and th e damage th a t occurs.

9.

As th e person re s p o n s ib le f o r th e a ita tn ls tr a tlo n o f your game a n a s , w hat
do you b e lie v e should be th e o b je c tiv e s o f your game a r e a 's management?
L i s t game areas under yo u r J u r is d ic t io n and d esc rib e s p e c i f ic a l ly the
M j o r o b je c tiv e s f o r each.

4.

What a re th e b est methods f o r ach ievin g these o b jec tiv es ? 0e s p e c if ic !
name m ajor o b je c tiv e s and d esc rib e general methods to be used.

5.

In plann ing your y e a r ly a c t i v i t i e s , what types o f In fb rm atlo n do you use
t o Mntge th e game a n a s under yo u r J u ris d ic tio n ? W han do you g e t your
In fo rm atio n ? L i s t typ e o f In fo rm a tio n w ith source.

i.

What kinds o f In fo rm a tio n do you d e s ir e most t h a t you do n e t have new?
L i s t In o rd e r o f Im portance.

7.

Which c u rre n t W i l d l i f e a c t i v i t i e s I n Aeglon 111 do you f e e l a n
L is t from b est on down, g iv in g a reason f o r each.

1.

Do you fe e l any a c t i v i t i e s a re w a s te fu l?
reason f o r each.

9.

successful?

L is t them, i f a n y , g iv in g a

When do you b e lie v e most o f th e d ir e c tiv e s t h a t ydu re c e iv e o r ig in a te ?

Give positions and names.

10.

I f you would d e s l n to change a W i l d l i f e D iv is io n p o lic y ,
go about I t ? L i s t steps you would ta k e .

how would you

11.

Who do you go to most o fte n f o r h e lp In management problems t h a t com up
In yo u r work? hame o n ly one person and give' reason fo r c h o ic e .

12.

Of th e many a c t i v i t i e s you a re In v o lv e d w it h , which th re e ta k e up the
most o f yo u r tin e ? L i s t , In descending o rd e r. .

13. Do you f e e l th ere Is a general need f o r a d d itio n a l tr a in in g o f men In
your p o s itio n ? I f y e s , s ta te typ e o f t r a in in g d e s ire d .
14.

What p a rts o f your Job ( a c t i v i t i e s ) do you p re fe r?
you l i k e most and g iv e reasons f o r p re fe re n c e .

Describe th e th re e

15. What p a rts o f your jo b do you d i s l i k e most? D escribe the th re e most
d is t a s te f u l tasks you have to perform and g iv e reasons.

182

Personal H is to ry
Q uestionnaire

Nane:_______________________________________________________
Age:___________________

Job T it le s

D istrict H u nter;____________________
Tears w ith W il d li f e D iv is io n :
Tears a t Current L ocation : ____________

In s tru c tio n s :

Type answers to questions 1 -6 on s e p a ra te s h ee t.

1.

What degrees do you hold?

Give name, i m l v e n l t y , and date o f each.

2.

Have you had p ro fe s s io n a l experience o u tsid e th e W i l d l i f e D iv is io n ?
Please l i s t to g e th e r w ith d a te s .

3.

What outdoor a c t i v i t i e s and hobbles do you p a r t ic ip a t e In?
paragraph, p le as e.

4.

What o th e r areas have you worked a t w h ile w ith th e W il d li f e D iv is io n ?
Nane regions and lo c a tio n s In those re g io n s .

5.

At a w i l d l i f e b to lo n ls t, what do you co n sider as your s p e d a ? ty (1 e s )
o r s p e c ia l s k ltls ?
L i s t , g iv in g a b r i e f e x p la n a tio n fo r each one.

A sh o rt