INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original docum ent. While the m ost advanced technological m eans to photograph and reproduce this docum ent have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of th e original subm itted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you markings or patterns which may ap p ea r on this reproduction. understand 1 .T h e sign or " ta rg e t" fo r pages apparently lacking from the docum ent photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure y ou c o m p lete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication th a t the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure a n d thus cause a blurred image. 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Xerox University Microfilms 3 0 0 N o rth Z e a b R o a d A nn A rbor, M ich ig an 4 81 06 I I I f 7 5 - 1 4 ,7 8 7 McLEOD, Kenneth W ill1am , 1947SURVIVAL STRATEGY OF PTELEA TRIFOLIATA DURING ESTABLISHMENT ON LAKE MICHIGAN SAND DUNES. Michigan S ta te U n iv e rs ity , P h .D ., 1974 Ecology Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 S U R V IV A L S T R A T E G Y O F F T E L E A T R I F O L I A T A DU RIN G E S T A B L IS H M E N T ON L A K E M IC H IG A N SAND D U N E S By K e n n e th W i l l i a m M c L e o d A D IS S E R T A T IO N S u b m itt e d to M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s fo r th e d e g r e e of D O C T O R O F P H IL O S O P H Y D e p a r t m e n t of B o ta n y a n d P l a n t P a th o l o g y 1974 ABSTRACT S U R V IV A L S T R A T E G Y O F F T E L E A T R I F O L I A TA DURING E S T A B L IS H M E N T ON L A K E M ICH IGA N SAND D U N E S By K e n n e th W i l l i a m M c L e o d T h e m i c r o c l i m a t e , to w h ic h a s e e d o r s m a l l s e e d l i n g on t h e s a n d d u n e s o f L a k e M ic h ig a n is s u b j e c t e d , is c h a r a c t e r i z e d by h ig h s u r f a c e s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e s an d low s o i l m o i s t u r e d u r i n g th e s u m m e r . n i t r o g e n a v a i l a b i l i t y is a p e r m a n e n t s a n d d u n e s t r e s s . L ow T h is stu d y a t t e m p t e d to d e t e r m i n e th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t e n a b le s o m e w oo dy p l a n t s to s u c c e s s f u l l y c o l o n i z e s a n d d u n e s o f L a k e M ic h ig a n . F te le a t r i f o l i a t a , a l a r g e w o o d y s h r u b , w a s c h o s e n a s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e w oody p l a n t f o r s tu d y . F t e l e a f r u i t s r e q u i r e d s t r a t i f i c a t i o n to r e l i e v e a n e m b r y o d o r ­ m a n c y a n d r e d u c e t h e e f f e c t o f g e r m i n a t i o n i n h i b i t o r s found in s a m a r a and se e d c o a t le a c h a te s . G e r m i n a t i o n a n d g r o w t h in t h e l a b o r a t o r y w e r e s t i m u l a t e d by t e m p e r a t u r e a n d s o i l m o i s t u r e c o n d i tio n s s i m i l a r to e a r l y s p r i n g c o n d i t i o n s . H igh t e m p e r a t u r e s (40°C), s i m i l a r to s u m ­ m e r t e m p e r a t u r e s , k i l l e d 90% o f th e im b i b e d s e e d . S e e d lin g s u r v i v a l w a s d e p e n d e n t on r o o t g r o w t h s u f f i c i e n t to f u r n i s h th e s e e d l i n g w ith w a t e r . T iie d r o u g h t t o l e r a n c e of v e r y y o u n g s e e d l i n g s w a s p o o r b e c a u s e of th e K e n n e th W i l l i a m M c L e o d s lo w r o o t e l o n g a t i o n , b u t b e c a m e g r e a t e r a s t h e r o o t s y s t e m d e v e lo p e d . G r o w th in t h e l a b o r a t o r y w a s i n c r e a s e d b y m o d e r a t e t e m p e r a t u r e s an d n u tr ie n t a d d itio n . T h e r e s i s t a n c e to liq u id w a t e r flo w a n d t h e s t o m a t a l d i f f u s i v e r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e P t e l e a s e e d l i n g s w e r e m e s o p h y t i c in c h a r a c t e r a n d , t h e r e f o r e , t h e h ig h e v a p o r a t i v e d e m a n d o f t h e s a n d d u n e e n v i r o n m e n t p r o d u c e d h ig h t r a n s p i r a t i o n r a t e s . B e c a u s e o f h ig h t r a n s p i r a t i o n r a t e s , s e e d l i n g s u r v i v a l w a s found to d e p e n d u p o n t h e r a p i d g r o w t h o f r o o t s to a s o i l s t r a t u m c o n t a in i n g a n a d e q u a t e s u p p ly of m o i s t u r e . The s h a d e d m i c r o h a b i t a t w a s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a r e l a t i v e l y lo w e v a p o r a t i v e d em an d and, c o n s e q u e n tly , g r e a t e r s o il m o is tu r e and se e d lin g s u rv iv a l. E v e n th o u g h P t e l e a s e e d l i n g s do n o t a p p e a r to b e a d a p t e d to c o n ­ s e r v e w a t e r in t h e s a n d d u n e h a b i t a t w ith i t s h ig h e v a p o r a t i v e d e m a n d , th e y p o s s e s s s e v e r a l o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h ic h a l l o w s t h e s p e c i e s to e s t a b l i s h o n s a n d d u n e s . T h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n c lu d e th e s t i m u l a ­ tio n o f g e r m i n a t i o n a n d g r o w t h by a f a v o r a b l e s p r i n g e n v i r o n m e n t , a b i l i t y to w i t h s t a n d h ig h s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d low s o i l n i t r o g e n l e v e l s , a n d th e a b i l i t y to p r o d u c e a d v e n t i t i o u s r o o t s w h e n s a n d a c c u m u l a t i o n o ccu rs. T h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a llo w P t e l e a t r i f o l i a t a t o e s t a b l i s h on L a k e M ic h ig a n s a n d d u n e s . ACKNOW LEDGEM ENTS I w o u ld l i k e to e x p r e s s m y d e e p e s t g r a t i t u d e to th e c h a i r m a n o f m y c o m m itte e . D r. P e t e r G. M urphy. H is i n t e r e s t , e n t h u s i a s m a n d s u p ­ p o r t o f m y r e s e a r c h a n d th e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h i s m a n u s c r i p t a r e g r e a t l y a p p re c ia te d . The m e m b e rs of m y c o m m itte e . D r. R aym ond J . K unze, D r . G e n e R . S a f i r , a n d D r . S te p h e n N. S te p h e n s o n , a l s o d e s e r v e s p e c i a l r e c o g n i t i o n f o r g e n e r o u s l y m a k i n g e q u i p m e n t a v a i l a b l e to m e a n d t h e i r s u g g e s t i o n s o f th e r e s e a r c h a n d m a n u s c r i p t . G r o w th c h a m b e r s p a c e w a s g e n e r o u s l y p r o v i d e d to m e b y D r. A l f r e d W . S a e t t l e r a n d D r. M a u r i c e V. W i e s e a n d f o r t h i s I th a n k t h e m . R e c o g n i t i o n i s a l s o d u e th e D e p a r t m e n t o f B o ta n y and P l a n t P a t h o lo g y a n d M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y an d i t s faculty^ w h o h a v e p r o v id e d f a c i l i t i e s to c o n d u c t t h i s r e s e a r c h , th e s u p p o r t o f g r a d u a t e t e a c h i n g a s s i s t a n t s h i p s d u r i n g m y t h r e e y e a r s h e r e , a n d t h e e x p o s u r e to a n e x c e l l e n t g ro u p of s c ie n tis ts . M y e d u c a ti o n h a s a l s o b e e n g r e a t l y e x te n d e d b y i n f o r m a l d i s c u s ­ s i o n s w ith m y f e llo w g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t s , J o h n B a r k o , E r i c H a n s e n , G le n K r o h , R u th M a g n u s o n , F r a n k R e e d , a n d L y n d a R o b i n s o n , a n d I th a n k th e m f o r m a k in g m e w is e r . S p e c i a l a p p r e c i a t i o n a l s o is d u e T o d d y R i e g e r , w h o s e ty p in g you a r e read in g . F i n a l l y , I w ould l i k e to th a n k m y f a m il y f o r th e f a ith th e y h a v e s h o w n in m e f o r a l l t h e s e y e a r s . TABLE OF CONTENTS Page IN T R O D U C T IO N 1 D E S C R IP T IO N O F P T E L E A T R IF O L IA TA 6 D E S C R IP T IO N O F STUDY A R E A 14 M E T H O D S AND M A T E R IA L S 19 S o il C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s S eed M i c r o c l i m a t e Seed D o r m a n c y an d G e r m i n a t i o n U n s t r a t i f i e d Seed S t r a t i f i e d S eed 19 20 20 22 23 F ru it L oss T h e S e e d lin g 27 28 S e e d lin g G ro w th an d S u r v iv a l S e e d lin g T r a n s p i r a t i o n and R e s i s t a n c e s to W a t e r F lo w RESULTS 28 33 36 Soil C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s S o il S o il S o il S o il 36 T e x tu re N u trie n ts W a te r P a r a m e te r s T e m p e ra tu re Seed M i c r o c l i m a t e Seed D o r m a n c y an d G e r m i n a t i o n U n s t r a t i f i e d Seed S t r a t i f i e d S eed 36 36 36 37 37 44 44 50 iv F ru it L oss T h e S e e d lin g 59 60 S e e d lin g G ro w th a n d S u r v iv a l S e e d lin g T r a n s p i r a t i o n and R e s i s t a n c e s to W a t e r F lo w DISCUSSION 60 73 78 Dune C lim a te F r u i t P r o d u c t i o n , G e r m i n a t i o n and S e e d lin g E s t a b l i s h m e n t of P t e l e a t r i f o l i a t a R e s p o n s e o f P t e l e a t r i f o l i a t a to th e E n v i r o n m e n t a l S t r e s s e s on Sand D u n e s 78 80 83 SU M M A R Y 90 L I T E R A T U R E C IT E D 92 v L IS T O F T A B L E S TABLE 1. G e r m i n a t i o n o f v a r i o u s g e r m i n a b l e u n its f r o m u n stra tifie d F te le a fru it 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Page 48 E f f e c t s of a q u e o u s l e a c h a t e s of f r u i t p a r t s on th e g e r m i n a t i o n of e x c i s e d e m b r y o s 49 E f f e c t of d i f f e r e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of s a m a r a l e a c h a t e s on th e g e r m i n a t i o n of e x c i s e d e m b r y o s 51 E f f e c t of co ld r o o m s t r a t i f i c a t i o n on th e g e r m i n a t i o n of P te le a tr if o lia ta 52 E f f e c t o f tw o t y p e s of c o ld s t r a t i f i c a t i o n on th e g e rm in a tio n of P te le a trifo lia ta 53 E f f e c t of a q u e o u s l e a c h a t e s on th e g e r m i n a t i o n of s tra tifie d ex c ise d em b ry o s 55 E f f e c t of t e m p e r a t u r e on th e g e r m i n a t i o n of P t e l e a s e e d s t r a t i f i e d f o r 163 d a y s 57 E f f e c t o f a 40°C h e a t t r e a t m e n t f o r f o u r h o u r s p e r d a y on th e v ia b i l i t y a n d g e r m i n a t i o n of s t r a t i f i e d P t e l e a seed 58 E f f e c t o f t e m p e r a t u r e a n d w a t e r i n g f r e q u e n c y on th e r o o t d e v e lo p m e n t o f P t e l e a s e e d l i n g s 71 A v e r a g e d r y w e ig h t (m g) o f P t e l e a s e e d l i n g s g r o w n in d i f f e r e n t n u t r i e n t s o lu t io n s 72 D a y ti m e w a t e r l o s s u n d e r fie ld c o n d itio n s on two d iffe re n t days 74 T r a n s p i r a t i o n of P t e l e a s e e d l i n g s u n d e r l a b o r a t o r y c o n d itio n s d u r in g d e c r e a s i n g s o i l m o i s t u r e 75 vi 13. D if f u s iv e r e s i s t a n c e of tw o a g e s o f F t e l e a t r i f o l i a t a se e d lin g s v ii 77 L IS T O F F IG U R E S F IG U R E 1. T y p i c a l o p e n g r o w n s h r u b o f P t e l e a t r i f o l i a t a on th e L a k e M ic h ig a n s a n d d u n e s n e a r S a u g a tu c k , M ic h ig a n Page 7 2. F r u it c lu s te r s of P te le a trifo lia ta 3. Seed of P t e l e a t r i f o l i a t a s h o w in g th e tw o l a y e r e d s e e d coat 11 T h e s tu d y a r e a on th e L a k e M ic h ig a n s a n d d u n e s n e a r S a u g a tu c k , M ic h ig a n , w ith th e s ta n d of P t e l e a t r i f o l i a t a in th e f o r e g r o u n d 15 5. D esig n of g la s s - s id e d box es fo r ro o t o b se rv a tio n 30 6. P e r c e n t s o i l m o i s t u r e by v o lu m e d u r in g th e 1973 g r o w in g s e a s o n . T h e b a r s r e p r e s e n t th e d i u r n a l r a n g e of s o il m o i s t u r e d u r i n g th e 24 h o u r s a m p l i n g p e r io d 38 S u r f a c e s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e d u r i n g th e 1973 g r o w in g s e a s o n a t S a u g a tu c k , M ic h ig a n . T h e b a r s r e p r e s e n t th e d i u r n a l r a n g e of s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e d u r i n g th e 24 h o u r s a m p l i n g p e r i o d w ith th e m e a n sh o w n w ith in th e b a r 40 3. T e m p e r a t u r e p r o f i l e in an d a b o v e th e s o i l on 5 J u ly 1973 42 9. P e r c e n t m o i s t u r e by v o lu m e in two m i c r o h a b i t a t s on 26 A u g u s t 1973 45 S u r v i v o r s h i p c u r v e f o r P t e l e a s e e d l i n g s d u r i n g th e 1973 g r o w in g s e a s o n b a s e d on s e e d l i n g a g e 61 S u r v i v o r s h i p c u r v e of P t e l e a s e e d l i n g s d u r in g th e 1973 g r o w in g s e a s o n b a s e d on m i c r o h a b i t a t 63 G ro w th of s e e d l i n g s a t s tu d y s i t e d u r i n g th e 1973 g r o w i n g s e a s o n . M e a n 1 o ne s t a n d a r d e r r o r sh o w n on f i g u r e 66 4. 7. 10. 11. 12. v iii 9 R e p r e s e n t a t i v e r o o t s y s t e m s s h o w in g th e e f f e c t of t e m p e r a t u r e on th e r o o t h a b i t. R o o t s a r e sh o w n a t ac tu a l s c a le . IN T R O D U C T IO N T h e s a n d d u n e s o f L a k e M ic h ig a n h a v e b e e n a n i m p o r t a n t h a b i t a t in t h e a d v a n c e m e n t o f e c o lo g ic a l t h e o r y r e l a t i n g to p la n t c o m m u n ity d e v e lo p m e n t. C o w le s (1899, 1901} no ted th e h o r i z o n t a l g r a d i e n t of p l a n t c o m m u n i t i e s f r o m t h e u n s t a b l e b e a c h to th e w e l l d e v e lo p e d r e a r d u n e a n d th u s th e e n t i r e s u c c e s s i o n a l s e q u e n c e c a n b e o b s e r v e d w ith in a s h o r t d ista n c e . H e a t t e m p t e d to u s e th e s t a t i c s a n d d u n e v e g e ta t io n to i l l u s t r a t e th e d y n a m ic p r o c e s s of s u c c e s s i o n . T h i s le d to m o r e r e s e a r c h on t h e s e r a i c h a n g e s of p la n t s and a n i m a l s on L a k e M ic h ig a n s a n d d u n e s ( B r u n c k e n 1910, C h a p m a n e t a l . 1926, F u l l e r 1918, O ls o n 1958, V an D e n a c k 1961, W a t e r m a n 1917, 1922, W o h l r a b , T u v e s o n an d O l m s t e a d 1963). T h e e n v iro n m e n ta l g ra d ie n ts a s s o c i a t e d w ith th e v e g e t a t i o n a l g r a d i e n t s w e r e a l s o n o te d ( F u l l e r 1912a, 1912b, 1914, P a r k 1931, S t r o h e c k e r 1937, 1938). T h e v e g e ta t io n of m a r i n e s a n d d u n e s h a s a l s o b e e n s tu d i e d e x t e n s i v e l y . T h e p la n t d i s t r i ­ b u tio n on m a r i t i m e d u n e s is s t r o n g l y r e g u l a t e d by t h e s a l t s p r a y o r p r e s e n c e o f s a l t in t h e s o i l ( O o s tin g a n d B illin g s 1942). L a k e M ic h ig a n s a n d d u n e s d o n o t h a v e t h i s r e g u l a t o r a s t h e l a k e is n o t s a l i n e . A c o a s t a l s a n d d u n e s y s t e m c o n s i s t s of b e a c h , f o r e d u n e , m id d u n e and r e a r dune a r e a s . T h e b e a c h is s u b j e c t to w a v e a c t i o n w h ic h w a s h e s d e b r i s a s h o r e , in c lu d in g d r if tw o o d , d e a d a n i m a l s and p l a n t s , an d p la n t 2 p ro p a g u le s. T h e e x t e n t o f b e a c h a r e a is d e p e n d e n t on t h e l a k e l e v e l and th e w av e a c tio n . T h e b e a c h v e g e ta tio n is c a lle d th e s tr a n d c o m ­ m u n ity and is ro o te d v a s c u l a r p la n ts c a p a b le of w ith sta n d in g th e f o rc e o f t h e w a v e s a n d b e in g s u b m e r g e d f o r i n d e t e r m i n a t e p e r i o d s o f t i m e . T h i s c o m m u n i t y i s v i r t u a l l y a b s e n t on t h e L a k e M ic h ig a n s a n d d u n e s b e c a u s e of flu c tu a tin g la k e le v e ls . B e h in d t h e b e a c h a n d b e y o n d t h e i n f l u e n c e o f w a v e a c t i o n i s th e fo red u n e. T h e s i z e a n d s h a p e of t h e f o r e d u n e is v a r i a b l e d e p e n d in g on w h e t h e r it i s f o r m e d a r o u n d d e b r i s o r v e g e t a t i o n . If th e p i o n e e r i n g v e g e t a t i o n i s a r b o r e s c e n t , th e f o r e d u n e w i l l b e t a l l e r t h a n if t h e v e g e t a ­ tio n is h e r b a c e o u s . T h e fo re d u n e v eg e ta tio n m u s t s u rv iv e sand a c c u m u ­ l a t i o n a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y it i s c o m p o s e d o f p l a n t s t h a t c a n r a p i d l y p r o d u c e a d v e n t i t i o u s r o o t s a s th e s a n d a c c u m u l a t e s . T h e g ro w th of s o m e fo re d u n e p la n ts is a c tu a lly s tim u la te d by sa n d b u ria l. T h e w in d i s d e f l e c t e d o v e r th e to p o f t h e f o r e d u n e l e a v i n g a n a r e a b e h in d t h e f o r e d u n e f r e e f r o m t h e in f l u e n c e o f w in d . e x i s t s in t h i s a r e a . m o v e m en t. T h e m id d u n e It is a lo w f l a t a r e a t h a t i s s u b j e c t to l i t t l e s a n d W h e n g a p s in t h e f o r e d u n e e x i s t , t h e w ind m a y s c o u r o u t t h e s a n d , c r e a t i n g a d e p r e s s i o n w h ic h a t h i g h e r l a k e l e v e l s w ill b e c o m e a sh a llo w pond. If th e h i g h e r l a k e l e v e l s h o u ld p e r s i s t , a w e t p a n n e co n ta in in g a q u a tic v e g e ta tio n w ill d ev e lo p . S i n c e th e s a n d m o v e m e n t is l e s s in t h i s a r e a , t h e v e g e t a t i o n n e e d n o t b e a d a p t e d s o s t r o n g l y to s a n d b la stin g o r b u ria l. M o r e m e s o p h y t i c s p e c i e s a r e found in t h i s a r e a b u t th e s p e c i e s m u s t s t i l l e x i s t in s a n d y s o i l and a r e u s u a l l y c h a r a c t e r i z e d by s o m e f o r m of x e r o p h y t i c r o o t s y s t e m . F u r t h e r b a c k f r o m th e b e a c h , th e w ind d e p o s i t s sa n d p r o d u c in g s m a l l d u n e s w h ic h a r e th e b e g in n in g of th e r e a r d u n e s y s t e m . On th e n o r t h an d e a s t s h o r e s o f L a k e M ic h ig a n , th e r e a r d u n e , w h ic h a t t a i n s h e i g h t s o f 128 m , is t h e r e l i c t of a f o r m e r h i g h e r la k e le v e l. T h e s m a l l d u n e s on th e w in d w a r d s i d e o f t h i s l a r g e r e a r d u n e a r e s t a b l e d u e to t h e p r e s e n c e of v e g e ta t io n . D i s t u r b a n c e of th e v e g e ta t io n m a y r e s u l t in s a n d m o v e m e n t , s o m e t i m e s c a lle d a blo w ou t. The v e g e ta - tio n a l c o m p o s iti o n on th e r e a r d u n e is r e l a t e d to th e e x te n t to w h ich th e s o i l h a s b e e n d e v e lo p e d by e a r l y s u c c e s s i o n a l v e g e ta t io n an d is u l t i ­ m a t e l y c o n t r o l l e d by th e s l o p e an d a s p e c t of th e in d iv id u a l s i t e a n d th e r e g i o n a l c l i m a x v e g e ta t io n . T h u s , in th e L a k e M ic h ig a n a r e a , v a r i o u s t y p e s o f d e c id u o u s f o r e s t a r e u s u a l l y found on th e u n d i s t u r b e d r e a r d u n e s . T h e a m o u n t of e c o lo g ic a l r e s e a r c h c a r r i e d o u t on th e p la n ts of t h e G r e a t L a k e s d u n e e c o s y s t e m is n o t a s e x t e n s i v e a s o n e m ig h t im a g in e . T h e r e a r e o v e r 150 s p e c i e s of f lo w e r in g p la n ts a s s o c i a t e d w ith t h e d u n e h a b i t a t , b u t o n ly a few h a v e b e e n s tu d i e d ; t h e s e in c lu d e m a r r a m g r a s s (A m m o p h il ia b r e v i l i g u l a t a ) by L a in g (1958), b u g s e e d ( C o r i s p e r m u m h y s s o p i f o l i u m ) b y V a n A s d a l l an d O l m s t e a d (1963), w o rm w o o d (A r t e m i s i a c a u d a t a ) b y H ic k s (1938), and c o tto n w o o d (F o p u lu s d e l t o i d e s ) by F u l l e r (1 9 1 2 c). W a t e r m a n (1919) r e c o g n i z e d th e i m p o r t a n c e o f th e r o o t s y s t e m d e v e lo p m e n t of d u n e p l a n t s an d o b s e r v e d its d e v e lo p m e n t in 16 s p e c i e s . T h e f a c t o r s g o v e r n i n g th e v e g e t a t i o n a l z o n a tio n h a v e b e e n s t u d i e d b y O l s o n (1 9 5 8 ). F o r a p l a n t to e s t a b l i s h i t s e l f o n a s a n d d u n e , it m u s t s u c c e s s f u l l y c o p e w ith a n u n s t a b l e s u b s t r a t e , h ig h s u m m e r t e m p e r a t u r e s , low s u r ­ f a c' te■ s o i l m o i s t u r e a n d low l e v e l s o f s o i l n u t r i e n t s . T h e s e e n v iro n m e n ta l s t r e s s e s a r e a l l c o n s e q u e n c e s o f th e s a n d s u b s t r a t e . P e l t o n (1953) p o i n t s to s e e d g e r m i n a t i o n a n d s e e d l i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t a s b e in g t h e m o s t c r i t i c a l t i m e p e r i o d s in t h e l i f e c y c l e of a s e e d p l a n t . In v ie w of t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d s t r e s s e s , s e e d l i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t on a s a n d d u n e m u s t b e v e r y d ifficu lt. C o n s e q u e n t l y to d e t e r m i n e th e a t t r i b u t e s o f a w o o d y p l a n t t h a t e n a b l e s it to e n d u r e t h e s t r e s s e s a s s o c i a t e d w ith s a n d d u n e s , a s t u d y o f th e g e r m in a tio n and e s ta b lis h m e n t of P te le a tr if o lia ta w as u n d e rta k e n . (A ll n o m e n c l a t u r e a c c o r d i n g to G l e a s o n a n d C r o n q u i s t (1 9 6 3 )). P t e l e a i s a s h r u b d i s t r i b u t e d p r i m a r i l y a l o n g w a t e r w a y s in m o i s t f o r e s t s of e a s te r n N o rth A m e r ic a . It is a l s o fou n d a l o n g th e s h o r e l i n e o f L a k e M ic h i g a n o n th e s m a l l f o r e a n d m id d u n e s . O n t h e s e s m a l l d u n e s , th e p i o n e e r i n g w o o d y p l a n t s m u s t e s t a b l i s h on t h e i n f e r t i l e s a n d s u b s t r a t e b u t th e y r a p i d l y i n c r e a s e t h e o r g a n i c m a t t e r in th e s o i l a s t h e y s h a d e t h e s o i l s u r f a c e a n d l i t t e r a c c u m u l a t e s (O ls o n 19 5 8), th u s c r e a t i n g s o i l co n d itio n s m o r e f a v o ra b le fo r fu tu re w oody p la n t e s ta b lis h m e n t. T h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l s i t u a t i o n s c o n f r o n t e d by s e e d l i n g s in s t r e a m bank and sa n d dune h a b ita ts a r e v e ry d iffe re n t. P te le a w as ch o sen for s t u d y b e c a u s e , a l th o u g h it is p r i m a r i l y a m o i s t s i t e p l a n t , it i s a l s o s u c c e s s f u l in t h e s a n d d u n e h a b i t a t . A ls o , i t s r e p r o d u c t i o n is e n t i r e l y s e x u a l , u n l i k e o t h e r w o o d y p l a n t s found on th e o p e n d u n e s , an d th u s it i s d e p e n d e n t on t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of g e r m i n a t e d s e e d . It w a s a l s o h o p e d t h a t P t e l e a co u ld b e c o n s i d e r e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of w o o d y p la n t e s ta b lis h m e n t on sa n d d u n es. T h e p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e s o f th e s tu d y w e r e to d e s c r i b e t h e s t r e s s e s to w h ic h e s t a b l i s h i n g p l a n t s a r e e x p o s e d a n d to e l u c i d a t e t h e s u r v i v a l s t r a t e g y o f P t e l e a t r i f o l i a t a d u r i n g th e c r i t i c a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t p h a s e of i t s e c o l o g i c a l l i f e c y c le . w ere: M o r e s p e c i f i c a l l y th e o b j e c t i v e s o f th e s tu d y (1) to d e s c r i b e a s e e d ' s m i c r o c l i m a t e on L a k e M ic h ig a n s a n d d u n e s ; (2) to d e t e r m i n e th e c r i t i c a l f a c t o r s a f f e c t in g P t e l e a g e r m i n a t i o n a n d s e e d l i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t o n L a k e M ic h ig a n s a n d d u n e s ; a n d (3) to d e t e r m i n e th e t r a n s p i r a t i o n an d liq u id a n d v a o p r r e s i s t a n c e s t o w a t e r flow o f P t e l e a s e e d l i n g s . D E S C R IP T IO N O F P T E L E A T R IF O L IA T A P t e l e a t r i f o l i a t a L . ( R u ta c e a e ) i s a p o l y g a m o - d i o e c i o u s s h r u b . N o r m a l l y th e s h r u b d o e s n o t e x c e e d f iv e m e t e r s in h e i g h t w ith t h e f i r s t b r a n c h i n g of th e t r u n k b e lo w a h e i g h t o f o n e m e t e r . s p r e a d i n g c r o w n w h e n o p e n g r o w n ( F i g u r e 1). v id u a ls a r e n o t u n c o m m o n . le n tic le s. T h is g iv e s a low M u lt ip le s t e m m e d in d i­ T h e s t e m is r e d d i s h w ith a b u n d a n t h o r i z o n t a l On th e L a k e M ic h ig a n s a n d d u n e s n e a r S a u g a tu c k , M ic h ig a n , th e t r i f o l i a t e l e a v e s o f th e P t e l e a s h r u b s b e g in to a p p e a r in e a r l y M ay a n d a r e p r e s e n t u n til m i d - O c t o b e r . W h ite f l o w e r s a r e found in t e r m i n a l c y m e s o n th e s h r u b by th e b e g in n in g o f J u n e . a p p a r e n t by t h e end o f J u n e . S m a ll f r u i t s b e c o m e T h e f r u i t is a th in , f l a t , o r b i c u l a r s a m a r a w ith a b r o a d w in g c o m p l e t e l y s u r r o u n d i n g a t w o - c e l l e d b o d y ( F i g u r e 2), T h e f r u i t s r i p e n by m i d - O c t o b e r a n d a r e v a r i a b l y p e r s i s t e n t o v e r th e w in te r. A t t h i s t i m e t h e f r u i t is a p p r o x i m a t e l y 23 m m in d i a m e t e r a n d r a n g e s f r o m 0, 026 to 0. 067 g in w e ig h t ( a v e r a g e of 0. 046 g). f r u i t s c o n t a in o n e s e e d b u t 10% c o n t a in tw o. M ost T h e s e e d , a s sh o w n in F i g u r e 3, a r e k id n e y s h a p e d , 6 . 4 m m lo n g , 2. 3 m m in c r o s s s e c t i o n a l d i a m e t e r , a n d r a n g e in w e ig h t f r o m 0. 007 to 0. 012 g ( a v e r a g e o f 0. 0096 g). A b l a c k c r i s p y o u t e r l a y e r a n d a th in b r o w n m e m b r a n o u s i n n e r l a y e r m a k e u p t h e s e e d c o a t. I n s i d e th e s e e d c o a t th e e m b r y o is c o m p l e t e l y e m b e d d e d in e n d o s p e r m t i s s u e . 7 F i g u r e 1. T y p i c a l o p en g r o w n s h r u b o f F t e l e a t r i f o l i a t a on th e L a k e M ic h ig a n s a n d d u n e s n e a r S a u g a tu c k , M ic h ig a n . % 1 8 F i g u r e 1. 9 F i g u r e 2. F r u i t c l u s t e r s of P t e l e a t r i f o l i a t a . 10 !&&&>; F i g u r e 2. seS&A^ifxa'iwv^scs Hftg&Sfe 11 F i g u r e 3. S e e d o f P t e l e a t r i f o l i a t a s h o w in g th e tw o l a y e r e d s e e d c o a t. METRIC 1 F i g u r e 3. 13 P t e l e a t r i f o l i a t a , w ith c o m m o n n a m e s h o p t r e e , m o n e y t r e e , s t i n k i n g a s h , and w a f e r a s h , i s , a c c o r d i n g to G l e a s o n an d C r o n q u i s t (1963), found in m o i s t o r r i c h w o o d s and t h i c k e t s o v e r m o s t o f e a s t e r n N o r t h A m e r i c a a s f a r n o r t h a s s o u r t h e r n O n t a r i o and s o u th to F l o r i d a a n d n o r t h e r n M e x ic o . G le a s o n and C r o n q u i s t c o n s i d e r th e s a n d d u n e p la n ts a s a s e p a r a te v a rie ty . T h e g e n u s P t e l e a h a s b e e n r e v i s e d in th e l a s t 70 y e a r s . In 1906, G r e e n e d e s c r i b e d 59 s p e c i e s o f P t e l e a in w e s t e r n and s o u t h w e s t e r n U n ite d S t a t e s a n d M e x ic o . o n ly t h r e e s p e c i e s . B a i l e y (1962) r e v i s e d th e g e n u s to in c lu d e P t e l e a t r i f o l i a t a w a s d iv id e d in to fiv e s u b s p e c i e s w ith 10 v a r i e t i e s . T h e m e d i c i n a l a n d e c o n o m ic i m p o r t a n c e of P t e l e a , r e v i e w e d by B a i l e y (19 60 ), h a s b e e n k n o w n f o r a long t i m e . D E S C R IP T IO N O F STU D Y A R E A T h e s tu d y a r e a is lo c a te d on th e L a k e M ic h ig a n s h o r e n e a r S a u g a tu c k , A lle g a n C o u n ty , M ic h ig a n . F i e l d o b s e r v a t i o n s and e x p e r i ­ m e n t s w e r e p r i m a r i l y c o n d u c te d in a 0. 30 h a s t a n d o f P t e l e a t r i f o l i a t a a b o u t 150 m e a s t of th e n o r t h end of th e O v a l B e a c h p a r k i n g lo t. The P t e l e a s ta n d is sh o w n in F i g u r e 4 an d e x i s t s on lo w g e n t ly s lo p in g d u n e s f r o m o n e to f o u r m e t e r s a b o v e l a k e le v e l. O c c a s i o n a l s o l i t a r y in d iv id u a ls e x i s t o u t s i d e th e s t a n d in th e m id d u n e a r e a . T h e P t e l e a in th e s ta n d r a r e l y e x c e e d t h r e e m e t e r s in h e i g h t a n d a r e u s u a l l y c lu m p e d w ith few open grow n p la n ts. A s s o c i a t e d v e g e ta t io n in th e s t a n d is J u n i p e r u s c o m m u n i s , P i n u s s t r o b u s , Q u e r c u s v e l u tin a , R h u s r a d i c a n s , S a p o n a r i a o ffic in a lis , S m ila c in a s t e l l a t a , and V itis sp. M o s t f ie ld s t u d i e s w e r e c o n d u c te d b e tw e e n 22 M a r c h 1973 an d 11 N o v e m b e r 1973 b u t s o m e a d d i tio n a l o b s e r v a t i o n s c o n tin u e d t h r o u g h S e p t e m b e r 1974. T h e g e n e r a l h a b i t a t o f th e S a u g a tu c k s a n d d u n e a r e a is s i m i l a r to th e s a n d d u n e h a b i t a t p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d . T h e b e a c h is m u c h r e d u c e d d u e to r e c e n t h ig h l a k e l e v e l s an d i s l e s s th a n 10 m w id e . The f o r e d u n e a r e a ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20 m w id e) is d o m in a te d by A m m o p h i l i a b r e v i l i g u l a t a w ith o c c a s i o n a l w o od y p l a n t s s u c h a s P o p u lu s d e l t o i d e s , P r u n u s p u m i l a , S a lix g la u c o p h y l l o i d e s , an d EL s y r t i c o l a . 14 T h e m id d u n e 15 F i g u r e 4. T h e s tu d y a r e a on th e L a k e M ic h ig a n s a n d d u n e s n e a r S a u g a tu c k , M ic h ig a n , w ith t h e s ta n d of P t e l e a t r i f o l i a t a in th e f o r e g r o u n d . ar-'-inw*®®® 17 i s a l a r g e low f l a t a r e a a p p r o x i m a t e l y 100 m w id e . A m m o p h il ia is g r a d u a l l y r e p l a c e d b y A n d ro p o g o n s c o p a r i u s a n d C a lm o v i lf a lo n g if o lia a lo n g a g r a d i e n t of i n c r e a s i n g s a n d s t a b i l i t y f r o m t h e la k e to w a r d th e r e a r dune. T h e w oo dy f o r e d u n e v e g e ta t io n a lo n g w ith C o r n u s s t o l o n i f e r a „ H u d s o n ia t o m e n t o s a , J u n i p e r u s c o m m u n i s , v i r g i n i a n a , an d V i t i s s p . c o n t in u e s to b e s p a r c e l y found in th e m id d u n e a r e a . A sso c ia te d h e rb s in t h i s a r e a a r e A r a b i a l y r a t a , A r t e m i s i a c a m p e s t r i s , A s c l e p i a s s y r i c a . C a m p a n u l a ro tu n d if o l i a , C i r s i u m F i t c h e r i , E u p h o r b ia p o ly g o n if o lia , L i t h o s p e r m u m c a r o l i n i e n s e , and M o n a r d a p u n c t a t a . a l s o found in t h i s a r e a . W et pannes a r e T h e y a r e d o m in a te d by s p e c i e s of E l e o c h a r i s , C l a d i u m . J u n c u s an d C a r e x a n d f r e q u e n t l y b o r d e r e d b y H y p e r i c u m K a l m i a n u m a n d E q u is e tu m a r v e n s e . T h e r e a r d u n e s a r e found b e h in d t h e m id d u n e and r a n g e in h e i g h t f r o m 2 to 75 m a b o v e la k e le v e l. On th e s m a l l r e a r d u n e s th e w oody v e g e ta t io n b e c o m e s m o r e i m p o r t a n t . In a d d i tio n to th o s e w o o d y p la n ts p r e v i o u s l y l i s t e d , P in u s b a n k s ia n a , P . s t r o b u s , P t e l e a t r i f o l i a t a , an d Q u e r c u s v e l u tin a a r e p r e s e n t . The l a r g e r e a r d u n e s u p p o r t s a d e c id u o u s f o r e s t of v a r i a b l e c o m p o s iti o n . F o r e s t s p e c i e s found h e r e in c lu d e A c e r r u b r u m , A. s a c c h a r u m , F a g u s g r a n d i f o lia , F r a x i n u s a m e r i c a n a , O s t r y a v i r g i n i a n a , Q u e r c u s a l b a , Q. r u b r a , Q. v e l u t i n a . S a s s a f r a s a l b i d i u m , T h u ja o c c i d e n t a l i s , T i l i a a m e r ic a n a , and T su g a c a n a d e n s is . T h e U n ite d S ta te s W e a t h e r B u r e a u C l i m a t o l o g i c a l D a ta (1973a) s u p p l i e s g e n e r a l c l i m a t i c d e s c r i p t i o n s o f m a n y s t a t i o n s w ith in M ic h ig a n . T h e c l o s e s t s t a t i o n to t h e s tu d y a r e a is South H a v e n A g r i c u l t u r a l 18 E x p e r i m e n t S ta tio n (27. 7 k m SSW of t h e s tu d y a r e a ) a n d is lo c a te d w ith in s e v e r a l h u n d r e d m e t e r s o f t h e l a k e s h o r e an d th u s i s p r o b a b l y v e r y s i m i l a r to th e s tu d y a r e a . T h e a r e a h a s a c o o l c l i m a t e w ith a m e a n a n n u a l t e m p e r a t u r e of 9. 8°C (78 y e a r a v e r a g e ) . T he a v e ra g e te m p e ra tu re o f th e w a r m e s t an d c o o l e s t m o n th s is 21. 8°C (Ju ly ) a n d - 2 . 5°C ( J a n u a r y ) resp e c tiv e ly . T h e a n n u a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n is 95. 81 c m w ith 58% o c c u r i n g d u r i n g th e 172 d a y g r o w in g s e a s o n . T h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n is w e ll d i s t r i b u t e d w ith o n ly F e b r u a r y r e c e i v i n g l e s s th a n fiv e c e n t i m e t e r s . T h e t o ta l e v a p o r a t i o n d u r i n g t h e 1973 g r o w in g s e a s o n f r o m a n e v a p o r a t i o n p a n w a s 8 8 .7 5 c m . T h is w a s 93% of th e a n n u a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n a n d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 160% o f th e p r e c i p i t a t i o n o c c u r r i n g d u r i n g t h e g r o w in g s e a s o n . D a ta f o r in s o l a ti o n and w ind s p e e d an d d i r e c t i o n a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e a t th is s t a t i o n , h o w e v e r t h e s e d a t a a r e o b ta i n a b l e f r o m t h e U n ite d S t a t e s W e a t h e r B u r e a u L o c a l C l i m a t o l o g i c a l D a ta f o r G r a n d R a p id s , M ic h ig a n (1 9 7 3 c). T h is s t a t i o n i s lo c a te d 61. 3 k m E N E of th e s tu d y a r e a . D u rin g 1973, 46% of t h e p o s s i b l e a n n u a l s u n s h i n e w a s r e p o r t e d f o r th is s ta tio n w ith 62% of th e y e a r c l a s s i f i e d a s c lo u d y . T h e p e r c e n t a g e of c lo u d y d a y s p e r m o n th n e v e r f e l l b e lo w 33% d u r in g th e y e a r . T h e w ind w a s f r o m th e s o u t h w e s t a t a n a v e r a g e s p e e d of 0. 849 m / s e c . M E T H O D S AND M A T E R IA L S S oil C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s T o a d e q u a t e l y d e s c r i b e t h e s o i l t h a t e x i s t s in th e sa n d du n e h a b i t a t , n u m e r o u s t e s t s w e r e c o n d u c te d to d e t e r m i n e i t s t e x t u r e , n u t r i e n t c o n te n t an d w a t e r h o ld in g c a p a c i t y . I n i t i a l l y a p it w a s d u g to th e w a t e r t a b l e to o b s e r v e th e o v e r a l l so il p ro file . T h e s o i l t e x t u r e w a s d e t e r m i n e d by a s e r i e s o f g r a d e d - s i z e s c r e e n s t h r o u g h w h ic h t h e s o i l w a s s i e v e d a n d by th e h y d r o m e t e r m e th o d (B o u y o u c o s 1951). T h e n u t r i e n t c o n te n t o f t h e s a n d w a s d e t e r m i n e d by u s e o f a L a M o t te s o i l t e s t i n g k it. T h e f ie ld c a p a c i t y o f th e s a n d w a s m e a s u r e d w ith a t e n s i o n p l a t e a s s e m b l y ( H ille l 1971) a n d a l s o by w e ttin g a l a r g e c o lu m n o f s a n d (37 c m d i a m e t e r , 70 c m ta ll) a n d p e r i o d i c a l l y r e m o v i n g s a m p l e s u n til a c o n s t a n t s o i l m o i s t u r e w a s r e a c h e d . The p e r m a n e n t w iltin g p o in t w a s d e t e r m i n e d w ith both s u n f lo w e r " 06 04 02 - 9 15 3 21 S eed lin g Age (weeks) F i g u r e 12. 68 r o o t s g r e w d e e p e r in r e s p o n s e t o i n c r e a s i n g s o i l a r i d i t y a t t h i s te m p e ra tu re . A t 2 4 °C, t h e r o o t i n g d e p t h w a s g r e a t e s t w h e n w a t e r e d e v e r y tw o d a y s and l e s s a t th e o t h e r tw o f r e q u e n c i e s . The root sy stem had m o r e s e c o n d a r y r o o t d e v e lo p m e n t and occupied a g r e a t e r so il volum e. T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l e f f e c t o n t h e r o o t s i s s h o w n in F i g u r e 13 a n d T a b l e 9. S i m i l a r g r o w t h r e s p o n s e s to t h e t r e a t m e n t s w e r e found in r e g a r d t o s h o o t , s t e m , l e a f a n d t o t a l w e i g h t s a n d r o o t / s h o o t w e i g h t ratio . T h e o n l y p a r a m e t e r s n o t a f f e c t e d w e r e n u m b e r of l e a v e s , r o o t s p r e a d and sh o o t height. In th e d r o u g h t t o l e r a n c e t e s t , to m a to s e e d lin g s lived a n a v e r a g e o f 7. 1 d a y s b e f o r e w i l t i n g o c c u r r e d w h i l e F t e l e a s e e d l i n g s l i v e d f o r only 4 . 5 d a y s . S e e d l i n g e x c a v a t i o n s h o w e d t h a t d i f f e r e n c e s in r o o t g r o w t h p r o b a b l y a c c o u n t e d f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e in d r o u g h t t o l e r a n c e . T o m a t o r o o t s a v e r a g e d 10. 4 c m in l e n g t h w h i l e P t e l e a r o o t s a v e r a g e d o n l y 3. 1 c m . T h e s e e d li n g s r e s p o n d e d s t r o n g l y to n u t r i e n t ad d itio n . The r e s p o n s e s a s m e a s u r e d by le af, s t e m , r o o t and to tal s e e d lin g d r y w eights a r e s h o w n in T a b l e 10. A d d i t i o n of c o m p l e t e n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n g a v e s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r g r o w t h t h a n d i d a d d i t i o n o f d i s t i l l e d w a t e r o n ly . W hen s in g le n u trie n ts w e r e d e le te d , th e s e e d lin g s g rew l e a s t when n i t r o ­ gen w as n o t p r e s e n t. T h e d e le tio n of n itr o g e n , p o ta s s iu m , and p h o s ­ p h o r u s p r o d u c e d l e s s g r o w t h t h a n in a n y s i n g l e n u t r i e n t d e l e t i o n t r e a t ­ m e n t b u t g r e a t e r t h a n in t h e d i s t i l l e d w a t e r t r e a t m e n t . S im ilar tre a tm e n t e f f e c t s w e r e a l s o m e a s u r e d in t h e n u m b e r o f l e a v e s a n d s h o o t w e i g h t 69 F i g u r e 13. R e p r e s e n t a t i v e r o o t s y s t e m s show ing the effect of t e m p e r a t u r e on t h e r o o t h a b i t a t . actual scale. R oots a r e shown a t -a o Figure 13. 71 T a b l e 9. E f f e c t of t e m p e r a t u r e and w a t e r i n g f r e q u e n c y on t h e r o o t d e v e lo p m e n t of P te le a seed lin g s* G row th param eter D a il y 13°C D e p t h (cm) W e ig h t( m g ) 5. 3a 2. 4a 24°C Depth(cm ) W e ig h t( m g ) 12. 6b 11. 9d 32°C D epth(cm ) W e ig h t( m g ) T em p eratu re 7. 3a 5. 7bc W a t e r i n g f r e q u e n c y ___________ E very 2 days E v e ry 3 days 7. Oa 3. Oab 6 .5 a 2. Bab 17. 3c 15. Oe 12. 2b 12. 7d 10. 2b 5. 8bc 12. 6b 6. 8c ^Significance d e te r m in e d using T u k ey 's te s t. V alu es s h a rin g th e s a m e l e t t e r w ith in t h e s a m e g r o w t h p a r a m e t e r a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t a t 5% l e v e l . A v e r a g e of n i n e p l a n t s p e r t r e a t m e n t . 72 T a b l e 10. A v e r a g e d r y w e i g h t ( m g ) 1 o f P t e l e a s e e d l i n g s g r o w n in d iffe re n t n u tr ie n t so lu tio n s ______________________ N u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n s ______________________ P la n t D istille d p a r t ______ C o m p l e t e ______- N _______ - P ______ -K ______- N P K _____ W a t e r S te m 15. 3 b 9. 7 a 12. 3 ab 9. 7 a 9. 1 a 8. 9 a Leaf 71. 4 b 35. 5 a 40. 3 a 46. 8 ab 23. 8 a 24. 3 a Root 40. 2 b 26. 5 a 26. 7 a 32. 2 ab 21. 9 a 19. 2 a T o ta l 126. 9 b 71. 7 a 79. 3 a 88. 9 ab 54. 9 a 52. 5 a ^ S i g n i f i c a n c e d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g T u k e y 's t e s t . V a l u e s s h a r i n g t h e s a m e l e t t e r w i t h i n t h e s a m e p l a n t p a r t a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t a t 5% l e v e l . A v e r a g e o f e i g h t to e l e v e n p l a n t s p e r t r e a t m e n t . 73 w h i l e th e s h o o t a n d r o o t l e n g t h a n d r o o t / s h o o t w e i g h t r a t i o s h o w e d n o tr e a tm e n t effect. T h e o n ly s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e , u s i n g T u k e y 's t e s t , b e t w e e n t h e p a r t i a l l y b u rie d and u n d e rc u t s e e d lin g s w a s th e n u m b e r of le a v e s r e t a i n e d by t h e s e e d l i n g s . T h e b u rie d s e e d lin g s r e ta in e d an a v e r a g e o f 3. 57 l e a v e s w h i l e t h e u n d e r c u t s e e d l i n g s h e l d o n ly 2. 57 l e a v e s . N o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s in t r e a t m e n t e f f e c t s w e r e foun d in t h e o t h e r g ro w th p a r a m e te r s . It w a s n o te d , h o w e v e r , t h a t 2 8 .5 % o f t h e p a r t i a l l y b u r ie d s e e d lin g s had p ro d u c e d a d v e n titio u s r o o ts a t th e c o ty le d o n a ry node. S e e d l i n g T r a n s p i r a t i o n a n d R e s i s t a n c e s to W a t e r F lo w . r a t e s u n d e r f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s a r e s h o w n in T a b l e 11. T ra n sp ira tio n T h e e v a p o ra tiv e , d e m a n d w a s l e s s in t h e s h a d e d a r e a , t h i s w a s e v i d e n c e d b y th e t r a n s ­ p i r a t i o n r a t e s in t h e tw o h a b i t a t s . E v a p o ra tio n r a te s fro m w et so il a n d l e a f s u r f a c e s w e r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 90 a n d 80% o f t h a t f r o m a f r e e w a te r s u rfa c e , re sp e c tiv e ly . T h e p o t e n t i a l e v a p o r a t i o n is n o t t h e a c t u a l e v a p o r a t i o n o f w a t e r f r o m t h e s o i l in s i t u s i n c e t h e a c t u a l e v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n d e c l i n e s a s th e s o i l m o i s t u r e d e c l i n e s ( S l a y t e r 1956). r a t i o n r a t e s d u r i n g d r o u g h t c o n d i t i o n s a r e s h o w n in T a b l e 12. T ra n sp i­ T ran s­ p i r a t i o n r a t e o f w e l l w a t e r e d p l a n t s w a s 22. 7 g ( w a t e r ) * d m " ^ ( l e a f ) * 24 h o u r s ~ l . T ra n s p ir a tio n d e c r e a s e d d u rin g th e d ro u g h t but d a ily v alu es w e re e r r a tic . T r a n s p i r a t i o n a t w i l t i n g w a s s t i l l 1 6 .5 % o f t h a t o c c u r r i n g in a w e l l w a t e r e d p l a n t . 74 T a b l e 11. D a y t i m e w a t e r l o s s u n d e r fie ld c o n d itio n s on tw o d iffe re n t days H a b ita t T y p e of l o s s 9 -1 2 9 -1 3 20% o f f u ll s u n E v a p o ra tio n 1 T ra n sp ira tio n 2 E v a p o ra tio n 2 3. 14 1. 96 4. 39 2 .4 5 2. 66 2. 43 E v a p o ra tio n 1 T ra n sp ira tio n 2 E v a p o ra tio n 2 4. 92 4. 19 5 .5 2 4. 10 3. 67 4. 13 F u ll sun *(g w a t e r l o s t • d m -2 ( s o il) • h r ” 1). A v e r a g e o f 4 r e p l i c a t e s . 2 (g w a t e r l o s t • d m _ 2 (le a f) * h r ” 1). A v e r a g e of 4 r e p l i c a t e s . 2 F r o m e v a p o r a t i o n p a n