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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Rosd Ann Arbor, Michigan 48100 t I I I 75-14,802 OKAY, John Louis, 1942an Analysis of the soil conservation service EROSION CONTROL PROGRAM IN MICHIGAN. Michigan State University, Ph.D., 1974 Economics, agricultural Xerox University M icrofilm s, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 AN ANALYSIS OF THE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE EROSION CONTROL PROGRAM IN MICHIGAN By Jo h n L o u is Okay A DISSERTATION S u b m itte d t o M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n ts f o r th e d eg ree o f DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY D e p a rtm e n t o f R e s o u rc e Developm ent 1974 ABSTRACT AN ANALYSIS OF THE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE EROSION CONTROL PROGRAM IN MICHIGAN By Jo h n L o u is Okay The S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e (SCS) o f t h e U.S. D e p artm en t o f A g r i ­ c u l t u r e h a s b e e n t h e l e a d e r i n F e d e r a l e r o s i o n c o n t r o l work s i n c e 1935. A lth oug h a d d i t i o n a l p ro g ram r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s su c h as f l o o d p r e v e n t i o n h a v e been a s s i g n e d t o SCS, e r o s i o n c o n t r o l i s g e n e r a l l y c o n s i d e r e d t o be i t s p r in c ip a l fu n c tio n . T h is s t u d y exam ined t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n and management o f t h e SCS f i e l d s t a f f a s r e l a t e d t o e r o s i o n c o n t r o l n e e d s and a c c o m p lis h m e n ts . F a c t o r s w hich h a v e i n f l u e n c e d t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m eas­ u r e s w ere a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e d . A m ethod was d e v e lo p e d f o r e s t i m a t i n g g r o s s e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n a c h i e v e d th r o u g h s e l e c t e d c r o p l a n d t r e a t m e n t m easures. A l t e r n a t i v e c o u n ty s t a f f l e v e l s w e re e v a l u a t e d f o r t h e i r im p a c t on b o th t r e a t m e n t a c r e a g e and s o i l l o s s r e d u c t i o n volum e. C o r r e l a t i o n and m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s e s r e v e a l e d t h a t SCS f i e l d l e v e l s t a f f i n g p a t t e r n s h a v e n o t b een f u l l y a l i g n e d w i t h i d e n t i ­ f i e d n e ed s f o r e r o s i o n c o n t r o l t r e a t m e n t . County c r o p l a n d a c r e a g e was I n d i c a t e d a s a p r im a r y d e c i s i o n v a r i a b l e , and manpower a l l o c a t i o n s d i s ­ p l a y e d a b i a s to w a rd l o n g e r e s t a b l i s h e d s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n d i s t r i c t s . John L ou is Okay C o r r e l a t i o n and m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n t e c h n i q u e s w e re u t i l i z e d t o i n ­ v e s t i g a t e l i n k a g e s b e tw ee n SCS manpower l e v e l s an d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l accom­ p l i s h m e n t s on o t h e r l a n d , p a s t u r e l a n d , and c r o p l a n d . The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t SCS h a s n o t o r g a n i z e d a s p e c i f i c e f f o r t t o t r e a t o t h e r l a n d o r p a s ­ tu re la n d . A creage o f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m e a su re s a p p l i e d on t h e s e two l a n d u s e t y p e s was n o t r e l a t e d t o SCS t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e I n p u t s . T h e re was some e v id e n c e t h a t p a s t u r e l a n d t r e a t m e n t i s o f t e n a c h i e v e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w ith c ro p lan d tr e a tm e n t; h u t t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p d id n o t h o ld f o r o th e r lan d . The a c r e a g e o f c r o p l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m e a su re s was found t o be p o s i t i v e l y r e l a t e d t o manpower l e v e l s . A ccom plishm ents d i d n o t c o r r e ­ sp o n d w i t h e i t h e r t o t a l c r o p l a n d a c r e a g e o r n e e d s f o r c r o p l a n d e r o s i o n c o n tro l. D a ta d e r i v e d from t h e U n i v e r s a l S o i l Loss E q u a tio n w ere combined w i t h e r o s i o n c o n t r o l n e e d s e s t i m a t e s and o b s e r v e d t r e a t m e n t a c r e a g e s to compute a c o m p o s ite e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n r a t e p e r a c r e o f c r o p l a n d t r e a t m e n t . T h is r a t e d i f f e r e d c o n s i d e r a b l y among c o u n t i e s , r a n g i n g from l e s s t h a n one to n to o ver seven to n s p e r a c r e . A l t e r n a t e SCS c o u n ty s t a f f i n g l e v e l s w e re s t u d i e d w i t h r e g a r d to t h e i r e f f e c t upon t o t a l t r e a t e d a c r e a g e and g r o s s e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n . R e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s d e v e lo p e d e a r l i e r w ere u s e d t o e s t i m a t e c r o p l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lis h m e n ts f o r v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t ­ a n ce t im e . Manpower was r e a l l o c a t e d among c o u n t i e s a c c o r d i n g t o r a n k i n g s b a s e d on m a r g i n a l p r o d u c t i v i t y c o n c e p t s , an d t h e r e s u l t i n g a c r e a g e and s o i l l o s s e s t i m a t e s com pared. Mo im provem ent i n e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c r e a g e J ohn Lou i s Okay was a c h i e v e d by r e a l l o c a t i n g manpower f o r maximum a c r e a g e t r e a t m e n t . A s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n t o n s o f s o i l s a v e d was e s t i m a t e d w i t h manpower r e a l l o c a t e d t o m axim ize s o i l l o s s r e d u c t i o n . The Im p o rta n c e o f c l e a r l y d e f i n i n g e r o s i o n c o n t r o l o b j e c t i v e s i s e m p h a size d by t h e s e r e s u l t s . A p ro g ram d e s i g n e d to t r e a t a maximum c r o p l a n d a c r e a g e w i l l n o t n e c e s s a r i l y p ro d u c e t h e g r e a t e s t r e d u c t i o n i n s o il lo ss. Concern f o r t h e volume o f s e d im e n t t o be c o n t r o l l e d w i l l l e a d t o a d i f f e r e n t p ro g ram s t r u c t u r e and s t a f f i n g p a t t e r n . E x i s t i n g SCS management r e c o r d s and l a n d r e s o u r c e d a t a a r e i n a d e ­ q u a te t o p r o v i d e d e c i s i o n m akers w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n t o p l a n a com prehen­ s i v e s e d im e n t c o n t r o l p ro g ram . The s o i l l o s s m odel d e v e lo p e d h e r e may be u t i l i z e d u n t i l s u g g e s t e d im prov em ents i n d a t a b a s e s a r e im p le m e n te d . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To Dr. M i lto n H. S t e i n m u e l l e r I e x p r e s s my s i n c e r e a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r s e r v i n g a s b o t h c h a irm a n o f my g u id a n c e c o m m itte e and d i s s e r t a t i o n su p e rv iso r. H is e n c o u ra g e m e n t and g e n e r o u s c o u n s e l w e re i m p o r t a n t a i d s th r o u g h o u t ray g r a d u a t e p ro g ram . W arren F. F i t z g e r a l d , A s s i s t a n t S t a t e C o n s e r v a t i o n i s t , S o i l Con­ s e r v a t i o n i s t , S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , o f f e r e d key s u g g e s t i o n s d u r i n g th e i n i t i a l p h a s e o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n , and p r o v i d e d n e e d e d SCS d a t a . T h is a s s i s t a n c e i s g r e a t l y a p p r e c i a t e d . A p p r e c i a t i o n i s e x p r e s s e d t o D rs. D a n i e l E. C h a p p e l l e , E c k h a r t D e rs c h , and R o b e r t Manthy f o r s e r v i n g on t h e e x am in in g c o m m itte e , and fo r p ro v id in g u s e f u l c r i t i c i s m s of th e m a n u sc rip t. S p e c i a l th a n k s go t o Dr. Roy M. G ray , P rog ram P l a n n i n g and E v a l­ u a t i o n S t a f f , S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , f o r num erous c o n s t r u c t i v e comments, and f o r h i s e n c o u ra g e m e n t i n t h e f i n a l s t a g e s o f t h e r e s e a r c h . S p e c i a l r e c o g n i t i o n go t o my w i f e , J u d y . Her p a t i e n c e , u n d e r ­ s t a n d i n g , and e n c o u ra g e m e n t s t r e n g t h e n e d me t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r s o f g r a d u a t e w ork. Her s a c r i f i c e s , and t h o s e o f o u r c h i l d r e n , S t e v e , C h r i s , and Doug, a r e d e e p l y a p p r e c i a t e d . ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. v LIST OF F I G U R E S ........................................................................................................ v iii C h a p te r I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... P ro b lem S e t t i n g S tu d y O b j e c t i v e s L i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e S tu d y O u tlin e II. 1 8 8 10 EXISTING RESEARCH AND D A T A ........................................................ A n te c e d e n t R e s e a r c h C o n se rv atio n I n d i c a to r s C o n s e r v a t i o n Needs I n v e n t o r y Time and P r o g r e s s R e p o r t i n g System III. METHODOLOGY............................... A n a l y s i s o f SCS S t a f f i n g L e v e ls A n a l y s i s o f E r o s i o n C o n t r o l A ccom plish m ents E s t i m a t i n g G ro ss E r o s i o n R e d u c tio n A lte rn a tiv e S ta ffin g P a tte rn s IV. 1 STAFF ORGANIZATION AND EROSION CONTROL ACCOMPLISHMENTS..................................................................................... R e s u lts o f S t a f f i n g P a t t e r n A n a ly sis A n a l y s i s o f E r o s i o n C o n t r o l A ccom plishm ents O th e r Land E r o s i o n C o n t r o l P a s tu re la n d E ro sio n C o n tro l C ro p la n d E r o s i o n C o n t r o l ill 11 11 19 19 24 27 27 30 37 45 48 48 57 57 61 67 Chapter V. Page ESTIMATING GROSS EROSION REDUCTION ...................................... 74 E r o s i o n R e d u c tio n by T r e a tm e n t Type a n d LCC E r o s i o n R e d u c t io n W eig h te d by T r e a tm e n t Needs Com posite E r o s i o n R e d u c tio n R a te V I. 74 78 79 INVESTIGATION OF ALTERNATIVE STAFFING ARRANGEMENTS .......................................................................................... 85 I n c r e a s i n g T r e a t e d A c rea g e R egion One R egio n Two L im ita tio n s I n c r e a s i n g G ro ss E r o s i o n R e d u c tio n V II. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 85 85 93 102 103 .................................................... 113 Summary S t a f f O rg a n iz a tio n E r o s i o n C o n t r o l A c co m p lish m e n ts E r o s i o n R e d u c tio n E s t i m a t e s A lte r n a te S t a f f O rg a n iz a tio n R econm endation s f o r Program Management Im p ro v in g t h e D a ta B ase R e c o n sid e rin g S t a f f i n g P a t te r n s Recom mendations f o r F u r t h e r R e s e a r c h T e c h n i c a l A s s i s t a n c e and A c co m p lishm ents M u ltip le O b je c tiv e P la n n in g E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e N a t i o n a l Program A p p l i c a t i o n t o W a te r R e s o u rc e s P l a n n i n g 113 114 115 118 119 121 121 124 125 125 126 127 127 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................................... APPENDIX A. APPENDIX B. APPENDIX C. APPENDIX D. DEFINITIONS OF LAND USE AND TREATMENT NEEDS CATEGORIES OF THE CONSERVATION NEEDS INVENTORY 129 . 135 DEFINITIONS OF SELECTED SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE PROGRESS REPORT ITEMS AND CONSERVATION PRACTICES.......................................................................................... 141 DESCRIPTION OF VARIABLES USED IN REGRESSION EQUATIONS.......................................................................................... 150 EROSION REDUCTION TABLES FOR SELECTED COUNTIES IN LAND RESOURCE AREA 9 8 .................................................... 154 iv LIST OF TABLES T able 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Page CNI t r e a t m e n t n e e d s f o r c r o p l a n d , and o t h e r l a n d , w ith s e l e c t e d c o rre sp o n d in g c o n s e r v a tio n p r a c t i c e s p r i m a r i l y f o r e r o s i o n c o n t r o l ...................................................... 34 T y p ic a l c ro p r o t a t i o n s f o r la n d c a p a b i l i t y c la s s and s u b c l a s s g r o u p i n g s , by c o u n ty , LRA 9 8 .......................... 41 Assumed l a n d m anagement c o n d i t i o n s by c r o p l a n d t r e a t m e n t n e e d c a t e g o r y , w i t h o u t and w i t h t r e a t m e n t 42 S im p le c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r v a r i a b l e s i n s t a f f i n g p a t t e r n a n a l y s i s . . . -................................................. 50 R e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s and r e l a t e d s t a t i s t i c s f o r m an -h o u rs o f SCS t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e ................................... 51 R e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s and r e l a t e d s t a t i s t i c s f o r o th e r lan d e ro sio n c o n tro l a p p lic a tio n .............................. 58 R e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s and r e l a t e d s t a t i s t i c s f o r p a s t u r e l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a p p l i c a t i o n .............................. 64 S im p le c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r s e l e c t e d v a r i ­ a b le s i n c ro p la n d e ro s io n c o n tr o l a n a l y s i s , Region T w o ................................................................................................ 68 R e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s and r e l a t e d s t a t i s t i c s f o r cro p lan d e ro s io n a p p li c a t io n ...................................................... 69 T o t a l c r o p l a n d t r e a t m e n t n e e d s and c r o p l a n d d r a i n ­ age n e e d s , R e gions One and T w o ................................................. 70 T o ta l av erag e annual e ro s io n re d u c tio n p e r a c r e f o r f i v e c r o p l a n d t r e a t m e n t c a t e g o r i e s , by c o u n t y , Land R eso u rce A rea 9 8 .................................................................................. 80 D i s t r i b u t i o n o f c r o p l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l accom­ p l i s h m e n t s among com ponent l a n d t r e a t m e n t m e a s u r e s , by c o u n ty , Land R e so u rc e A re a 9 8 ..................................... v 81 T able 13 Page E s t i m a t e d t o t a l e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n p e r c o m p o s ite a c r e o f c r o p l a n d t r e a t m e n t , by c o u n t y , Land Re­ s o u r c e A re a 9 8 ....................................................................................... 14 O b se rv e d c r o p l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lis h m e n ts , com puted t o t a l e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n , by c o u n t y , Land R e so u rc e A rea 9 8 , f i s c a l y e a r 1972 15 T o t a l c r o p l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lis h m e n ts f o r a l t e r n a t e l e v e l s o f SCS t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e t i m e , by c o u n t y , R e g io n O n e ................................................................... 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 A d d i t i o n a l c r o p l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lis h ­ m en ts g e n e r a t e d by 520 m an -h o u r i n c r e m e n t s o f SCS t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e tim e , by c o u n t y , R e g io n One 83 88 . 90 R an k in g o f c o u n t i e s by a d d i t i o n a l a c r e a g e o f c r o p ­ l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c h i e v e d w i t h 520 m an -h o u r i n c r e m e n t s o f t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e t i m e , R egion .................................................................. One . . . . . . . . . 92 O b serv e d and e s t i m a t e d a c r e a g e o f c r o p l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l f o r a l t e r n a t i v e l e v e l s o f SCS t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e t i m e , by c o u n t y , R egion One ........................ 94 T o t a l c r o p l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lis h m e n ts g e n ­ e r a t e d by 520 m an -hou r i n c r e m e n t s o f SCS t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e t i m e , by c o u n t y , R egion Two ........................ 96 A d d i t i o n a l c r o p l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lish m e n ts g e n e r a t e d by 520 m an -h o u r i n c r e m e n t s o f SCS t e c h n i ­ c a l a s s i s t a n c e t i m e , by c o u n t y , R egion Two . . . . 98 R anking o f c o u n t i e s by a d d i t i o n a l a c r e a g e o f c r o p ­ l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c h ie v e d w i t h 520 m an -h o u r i n c r e m e n t s o f t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e t i m e , R e g io n T w o ............................................................................................................ 100 O b serv e d and e s t i m a t e d a c r e a g e o f c r o p l a n d e r o s i o n c o n tro l fo r a lte r n a te le v e ls of te c h n ic a l a s s i s t ­ a n ce t i m e , by c o u n t y , R egion T w o ...................................... 101 T o t a l e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n from c r o p l a n d t r e a t m e n t s f o r a l t e r n a t e l e v e l s o f SCS manpower i n p u t s , by c o u n t y , Land R e s o u r c e A re a 9 8 ................................................ 107 Vi T able 24 25 26 Page A d d i t i o n a l e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n from c r o p l a n d t r e a t ­ ment g e n e r a t e d by 520 m an -h o u r i n c r e m e n t s o f SCS t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e , by c o u n ty , Land R e so u rc e A rea 98 -................................................................................................... 108 Com parison o f c o u n ty r a n k i n g s f o r m a r g i n a l g r o s s e ro sio n re d u c tio n v e rsu s m arg in al a c re s of e ro sio n c o n t r o l p r a c t i c e s , Land R e so u rc e A rea 9 8 ....................... 109 Com parison o f c r o p l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c r e a g e and g ross e ro sio n re d u c tio n f o r a lte r n a te a llo c a tio n s o f SCS t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e t i m e , by c o u n t y , Land R e so u rc e A re a 9 8 ............................................................................ Ill A ppendix T a b le 1. 2. 3. E s t im a te d a v e r a g e a n n u a l s o i l l o s s and e r o s i o n r e ­ d u c tio n per a c re fo r f iv e cro p lan d tre a tm e n t c a te ­ g o r i e s , by l a n d c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s , by c o u n t y , Land R e so u rc e A rea 9 8 ............................................................................ 155 D i s t r i b u t i o n o f c ro p la n d e r o s io n c o n tr o l needs among l a n d c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s e s , by t r e a t m e n t need c a t e g o r y , by c o u n t y , Land R e so u rc e A rea 98 . . . . 160 W eig h te d a v e r a g e a n n u a l e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n p e r a c r e f o r f i v e c r o p l a n d t r e a t m e n t c a t e g o r i e s , by l a n d c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s , by c o u n t y , Land R e so u rce A rea 9 8 . .............................................................................................. 165 v ii LIST OF FIGURES F ig u re 1 2 Page S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e O r g a n i z a t i o n Map o f M i c h i g a n .................................................................................................... S tudy A reas .......................................................................................... Viii 28 31 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION P ro b le m S e t t i n g P u b l i c a w a re n e s s an d r e g a r d f o r t h e e n v iro n m e n t h a s b e e n g ro w in g f o r a number o f y e a r s . S i n c e t h e mid 1960*s t h e r e h a s d e v e lo p e d . . . a deep c o l l e c t i v e c o n c e rn f o r t h e f a c t t h a t I n d u s ­ t r i a l and u r b a n c i v i l i z a t i o n t h r e a t e n s t o d e s t r o y t h e n a t u r a l v a l u e s t h a t h a v e b e e n i d e n t i f i e d f o r s o lo n g w i t h t h e r i c h e s t e m o tio n s o f m an k in d . One o f t h e m ost p a i n f u l dilem m as o f o u r tim e s i s t h a t we s t i l l r e g a r d n a t u r e a s t h e u l t i m a t e s o u r c e o f b e a u t y and o t h e r f u n d a ­ m e n t a l b l e s s i n g s , y e t e x p l o i t and d e s p o i l I t f o r t h e s a k e o f w e a l t h and pow er. We p l a c e i n t h e p a r t s o f I t t h a t a r e n o t y e t e c o n o m ic a l l y u s e f u l t h e h i g h e s t q u a l i ­ t i e s o f n a t u r e and i t s b e a u t y , b u t p a r a d o x i c a l l y a c c e p t t h e b e l i e f t h a t econom ic p r o f i t s j u s t i f y t h e c r e a t i o n o f u g lin e ss . The s e n s e o f g u i l t comes from t h e knowl­ edge t h a t i t i s c r u d e l y h y p o c r i t i c a l t o p r a i s e t h e v a lu e s o f th e w ild e r n e s s , w h ile c o n v e rtin g th e lan d i n t o a g i g a n t i c dump.^ Such c o n c e r n s h a v e f o c u s e d w id e s p r e a d a t t e n t i o n on many f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g th e q u a l i t y o f our n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s . u se and a b u se o f t h e l a n d i t s e l f . Among t h e i s s u e s a r e t h e In th is s e t t i n g , s o i l e r o s i o n and s e d i ­ m e n t a t i o n a r e o n c e a g a i n b e i n g exam ined c r i t i c a l l y , j u s t as some f o r t y y e ars ago. S edim en t i s r e c o g n i z e d a s t h e l a r g e s t p o l l u t a n t s o f s u r f a c e w a t e r s on a volum e b a s i s . ^Rene* J u l e s Dubos, " A i r , W a te r , and E a r t h , " E n v ir o n m e n ta l Im p ro v em en t, e d . R alph W. M arquis (W a sh in g to n : USDA G ra d u a te S c h o o l P r e s s , 1 9 6 6 ) , p . 4. 1 2 The g r e a t e s t q u a n t i t y o f p o l l u t a n t s i n s u r f a c e w a t e r s i s t h e s e d im e n t p r o d u c e d by e r o s i o n o f t h e l a n d . On th e av erag e p ro b ab ly a t l e a s t 4 b i l l i o n to n s o f s o i l m a t e r i a l a r e moved from p l a c e e a c h y e a r , t r a n s p o r t e d by f l o w i n g w a t e r , and d e p o s i t e d a t a n o t h e r l o c a t i o n . About o n e - f o u r t h o f t h i s m a t e r i a l , o r more t h a n one b i l l i o n t o n s o f s e d i m e n t , r e a c h e s t h e m a jo r s t r e a m s o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s a n n u a l l y from a g r i c u l t u r a l and o th e r so u rces. S o i l e r o s i o n an d i t s e f f e c t s a r e dam aging many tim e s o v er. F i r s t , th e re i s th e ir r e p a r a b le lo s s of s o i l t h a t u s u a l l y h a s t a k e n many th o u s a n d s o f y e a r s t o form . S e c o n d , s e d i m e n ts n o t o n ly c o n t r i b u t e h e a v i l y t o s u s p e n d e d - s o l i d s p o l l u t i o n b u t a l s o add t o t h e d i s s o l v e d - s o l i d s p ro b le m . T h i r d , s e d im e n t f r e q u e n t l y damages t h e a r e a w h e re i t comes t o r e s t , f o r e x a m p le , l i n e d c a n a l s w h e re s e d im e n t f u r n i s h e s a p l a c e f o r a q u a t i c and o t h e r weeds t o g r o w .^ Many com plex c h e m ic a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n w a t e r a r e a f f e c t e d by t h e p r e s e n c e and c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s e d i m e n t : o d o r , and a b r a s i v e n e s s . 3 t u r b i d i t y , te m p era tu re , t a s t e , Reduced v i s u a l q u a l i t y o f s u r f a c e w a t e r s i s an e a s i l y r e c o g n i z e d e f f e c t o f e r o s i o n and s e d i m e n t a t i o n . A r e c e n t survey h a s shown t h a t d a r k , c lo u d y w a t e r i s p e r c e i v e d by t h e p u b l i c a s a n i n d i — 4 c a to r of p o llu tio n . S edim ent 'p r o d u c e s o t h e r l e s s v i s i b l e c h a n g e s i n w a t e r q u a l i t y , a l t h o u g h t h e s e v e r i t y o f t h e im p a c t on p u b l i c h e a l t h i s g e n e r a l l y n o t a s g r e a t a s t h a t o f m u n i c i p a l and i n d u s t r i a l w a s t e s . Suspended s e d i m e n t can u p s e t t h e a q u a t i c fo o d c h a i n by r e d u c i n g l i g h t 2 U . S . , S e c r e t a r y o f A g r i c u l t u r e , and D i r e c t o r o f t h e O f f i c e o f S c i e n c e and T e c h n o lo g y , C o n t r o l o f A g r i c u l t u r e - R e l a t e d P o l l u t i o n , A R e p o rt t o t h e P r e s i d e n t (W a sh in g to n , J a n u a r y 1 9 6 9 ) , p . 10. ^W. R. O schw ald, " S e d im e n t-W a te r I n t e r a c t i o n s , " J o u r n a l o f E n v iro n m e n ta l Q u a l i t y . V o l. 1 , No. 4 ( 1 9 7 2 ) , p p . 3 6 0 -3 6 6 . ^ E l i z a b e t h L. D a v id , " P u b l i c P e r c e p t i o n s o f W ater Q u a l i t y , " W ater R e so u rc e s R e s e a r c h . V II (J u n e 1 9 7 1 ) , p p . 4 5 3 -5 7 . 3 p e n e t r a t i o n and i n t e r r u p t i n g p h o t o s y n t h e s i s . S e d im e n t may a l s o k i l l f i s h and o t h e r a q u a t i c o r g a n is m s t h r o u g h a b r a s i o n , by i m p a i r i n g r e s p i r a t i o n , and by c o v e r i n g sp a w n in g b e d s . 5 The S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e (SCS) o f t h e U .S . D e p artm en t o f A g r i­ c u l t u r e h a s l e d t h e e r o s i o n c o n t r o l e f f o r t s i n c e t h e a g en cy was e s t a b ­ l i s h e d i n 1935. M i l l i o n s o f a c r e s o f p r i v a t e an d p u b l i c l a n d h a v e b e e n im proved w i t h t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e from SCS, w o rk in g i n c o o p e r a t i o n w ith lo c a l s o i l c o n se rv a tio n d i s t r i c t s . C o s t - s h a r e paym en ts t o l a n d ­ ow ners f o r i n s t a l l i n g s e l e c t e d s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n p r a c t i c e s b e g a n i n t h e 1 9 3 0 's w i t h t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l C o n s e r v a t i o n P rogram (ACP) o f t h e A g r i c u l ­ t u r a l A d ju s tm e n t A d m i n i s t r a t i o n (AAA). Subsequent f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e p ro g ram s a d m i n i s t e r e d by t h e P r o d u c t i o n and M a rk e tin g A d m i n i s t r a t i o n (PMA) a n d , c u r r e n t l y , t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l S t a b i l i z a t i o n and C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e (ASCS) h a v e s u b s t a n t i a l l y a i d e d s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n w o rk . W h ile much e f f e c t i v e e r o s i o n c o n t r o l h a s b e e n a c h i e v e d , many p r o b ­ lem s r e m a in . The 1967 C o n s e r v a t i o n Needs I n v e n t o r y (CNI) r e p o r t e d t h a t s i x t y - t h r e e p e r c e n t o f t h e l a n d i n v e n t o r i e d i n t h e U n ite d S t a t e s was i n n e e d o f some c o n s e r v a t i o n t r e a t m e n t . The same r e p o r t showed t h a t f i f t y - f o u r p e r c e n t o f t h e l a n d i n v e n t o r i e d i n M ic h ig a n n e ed e d t r e a t m e n t . ^ R a lp h S to n e and H e r b e r t Sm allw ood, I n t e r m e d i a A s p e c ts o f A i r and W ater P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l , E n v ir o n m e n ta l P r o t e c t i o n Agency, S o c io ec o n o m ic E n v ir o n m e n ta l S t u d i e s S e r i e s , 6 0 0 /5 - 7 3 -0 0 3 (W a sh in g to n : U .S . Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 7 3 ) , p . 78. £ Computed from d a t a i n : U . S . , D e p artm en t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , B a s i c S t a t i s t i c s - N a t i o n a l I n v e n t o r y o f S o i l and W ater C o n s e r v a t i o n N e e d s , 1 9 6 7 , S t a t i s t i c a l B u l l e t i n No. 461 (W a sh in g to n : U .S . Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 7 1 ) , p p . 4 - 1 5 , 9 0 -9 2 . 4 The S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e h a s e x p an d e d i t s te c h n ic a l a s s is ta n c e p ro g ram s beyond t h e o r i g i n a l g o a l o f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l . T hrough l e g i s ­ l a t i v e d i r e c t i o n and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p o l i c i e s , t h e SCS m i s s i o n h a s grown t o encom pass o t h e r o b j e c t i v e s . a g em en t, I t i n c l u d e s w a t e r c o n s e r v a t i o n and man­ e n v i r o n m e n t a l q u a l i t y c o n t r o l , l a n d i n v e n t o r y i n g , and a s s i s t a n c e to d e v e lo p in g u rb an a re a s to f o s t e r b e t t e r la n d u s e . W h ile SCS h a s e x te n d e d i t s w ork t o new c o n c e r n s , e r o s i o n i s s t i l l r e g a r d e d as a s e r i o u s m a t t e r . I n a r e c e n t s t a t e m e n t , t h e agency r e ­ a f f i r m e d t h e g o a l o f r e d u c i n g s o i l e r o s i o n and s e d im e n t d e l i v e r y t o an a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l , s t a t i n g t h a t " S o i l e r o s i o n and s e d im e n t damage c o n t i n u e t o be m a jo r c o n s e r v a t i o n p r o b l e m s . " ^ S p e c ia l a t t e n t i o n h a s tu rn e d to e ro s io n c o n tr o l i n c o n ju n c tio n w ith c u r r e n t a g r i c u l t u r a l p o l i c i e s aim ed a t i n c r e a s e d fa rm o u t p u t . E li m in a ­ t i o n o f m ost c ro p p r o d u c t i o n c o n t r o l s i s g o in g t o mean m ore l a n d u s e c h a n g e s t o c r o p l a n d , and m ore i n t e n s i v e u s e o f e x i s t i n g c r o p l a n d . W h ile c a l li n g fo r g r e a te r p ro d u c tio n , th e S e c re ta ry o f A g ric u ltu re a ls o s t a t e d : I t i s s e l f - d e f e a t i n g f o r t h e f a r m e r and o u r n a t i o n t o i g n o r e a l l t h a t we h a v e l e a r n e d a t s u c h h i g h c o s t a b o u t p r e v e n t i n g s o i l from b lo w in g and w a s h in g away. The n a ti o n lo s e s a b a s i c re s o u rc e needed to s u s t a i n l i f e fo r g e n e ra tio n s. I n 1974 S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e f i e l d p e o p l e and c o n s e r v a t i o n d i s t r i c t l e a d e r s w i l l sp e n d m ore o f t h e i r tim e w o rk in g w i t h f a r m e r s a n d r a n c h e r s on c o n s e r v a t i o n p l a n s and p r a c t i c e s .* * 7 U . S . , D e p artm en t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , A Framework P la n - S o i l and W ater C o n s e r v a t i o n f o r A B e t t e r A m erica (W a sh in g to n , 1 9 7 1 ) , p . 19. g E a r l L. B u t z , " P ro d u c e an d P r o t e c t , " J o u r n a l o f S o i l and W ater C o n s e r v a t i o n , XXVIII (November—Decem ber, 1 9 7 3 ) , p . 250, 5 G iven e r o s i o n c o n t r o l as a m a jo r a g en cy o b j e c t i v e , one m ig h t i n ­ q u i r e a s t o t h e m a g n itu d e o f t h e t a s k and t h e l e v e l o f a c c o m p lish m e n t to d a te . Some i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e on b o t h a s p e c t s o f t h e q u e s t i o n . I n o r d e r t o gauge p e r f o r m a n c e , SCS h a s d e v e lo p e d an e l a b o r a t e p r o g ­ r e s s r e p o r t i n g and t im e k e e p in g s y s te m . d o l l a r s and m a n -h o u rs . I n p u t s a r e r e c o r d e d i n te rm s o f O u tp u ts a r e r e p o r t e d i n p h y s i c a l te rm s s u c h as a c r e s o f s t r i p c r o p p i n g o r p a s t u r e p l a n t i n g and f e e t o f f i e l d w in d b r e a k . C o m p le te ly l a c k i n g i s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f p a r t i c u l a r a c r e , o r t h e s e v e r i t y o f t h e p ro b le m b e i n g t r e a t e d . W h ile t h e s e d a t a a r e s u i t a b l e f o r c o n t r o l and management f u n c t i o n s , t h e i r u s e f o r p ro g ram a n a l y s i s and p l a n n i n g i s l i m i t e d . The r e l a t i o n ­ s h i p t o a p a r t i c u l a r agency o b j e c t i v e s u c h a s e r o s i o n c o n t r o l i s n o t c le a r. W ith o u t s u c h a l i n k , management i s I n d a n g e r o f f o c u s i n g to o s t r o n g l y on t h e a c t i v i t i e s . The s y s te m t e n d s t o e m p h a siz e p e r u n i t o u t ­ p u t o f w h a t e v e r t y p e I n o r d e r t o f o s t e r an " e f f i c i e n t ” p ro g ra m . The b r o a d e r o b j e c t i v e may be l o s t s im p ly b e c a u s e t h e management sy s te m doesn’ t r e l a t e to i t . The S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e p r o v i d e s t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e t o t h e p u b l i c i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n d i s t r i c t s i n e a c h o f M ic h i­ gan’ s e ig h ty - th r e e c o u n tie s. T hese d i s t r i c t s a r e l o c a l s u b d i v i s i o n s o f s t a t e g o v e rn m e n t o r g a n i z e d s p e c i f i c a l l y t o a s s i s t la n d o w n e rs and o c c u p i e r s t o r e d u c e e r o s i o n and t o u t i l i z e s o i l and w a t e r r e s o u r c e s f o r s u s t a i n e d lo n g te rm p r o d u c t i v i t y . D i s t r i c t s a r e o p e r a t e d by a l o c a l l y e l e c t e d fiv e-m em b er b o a rd o f d i r e c t o r s . Each d i s t r i c t e n t e r s I n t o a Memorandum o f U n d e r s t a n d i n g w i t h t h e S e c r e t a r y o f A g r i c u l t u r e , and a s u p p l e m e n t a l memorandum w i t h t h e S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e . T h ese docum ents e n s u r e 6 t h a t t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e w i l l b e p r o v i d e d t o t h e d i s t r i c t by t h e De­ p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , and t h e S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e i n p a r t i c u l a r . The a g re e m e n ts a l s o c o v e r ite m s o f d i s t r i c t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n c o n d u c t i n g 9 a j o i n t s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n p ro g ram . The o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e i n M ic h ig a n i s t y p i c a l o f t h a t i n m ost s t a t e s . The s t a t e c o n s e r v a t i o n i s t , a c a r e e r c i v i l s e r v i c e e m p lo y e e , h a s o v e r a l l a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r a l l SCS a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e s t a t e . He i s a l i n e o f f i c e r , r e p o r t i n g d i ­ r e c t l y t o t h e a g en c y a d m i n i s t r a t o r i n W a s h in g to n , D. C. He i s a s s i s t e d by a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and t e c h n i c a l p e r s o n n e l a s s i g n e d t o t h e s t a t e o f f i c e . S i x a r e a s , e a c h c o v e r i n g t w e lv e t o f i f t e e n c o u n t i e s , c o m p rise t h e next a d m in istra tiv e le v e l. An a r e a c o n s e r v a t i o n i s t , a l s o a l i n e o f f i c e r , p ro v id es a d m in is tr a tiv e le a d e r s h ip to th e c o u n tie s in h i s a r e a . H is s t a f f u s u a l l y I n c l u d e s an e n g i n e e r an d a s o i l s c i e n t i s t who f u r n i s h te c h n ic a l s e rv ic e s to f i e l d o f f i c e s . The d i s t r i c t c o n s e r v a t i o n i s t , t h e l i n e o f f i c e r a t t h e l o c a l l e v e l , p r o v i d e s d i r e c t t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e t o f a r m e r s , o t h e r la n d o w n e r s , and u n i t s o f g o v e rn m e n t. SCS f i e l d o f f i c e s a r e l o c a t e d i n m o st c o u n t i e s , b u t a few o f f i c e s s e r v e m ore t h a n o ne c o u n ty . The t e c h n i c a l s t a f f i n t h e s e o f f i c e s , c o m p r is e d o f t h e d i s t r i c t c o n s e r v a t i o n i s t and a d d i t i o n a l t e c h n i c i a n s , i f a n y , r a n g e s from o n e t o f o u r p e r s o n s , w i t h c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n among c o u n t i e s . A d d i t i o n a l I n f o r m a t i o n on t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n and o p e r a t i o n o f d i s ­ t r i c t s may b e fo und i n M ic h ig a n , D e p artm en t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , S t a t e S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n C om m ittee, M ic h ig a n S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n D i s t r i c t s ( E a s t L a n s in g , 1 9 7 1 ), and U . S . , D e p a rtm e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , W orking T o g e t h e r (W a sh in g to n , 19.67). 7 C u r r e n t SCS g u i d e l i n e s f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f w o rk lo a d a n a l y s e s , prog ram p r i o r i t i e s , an d s t a f f i n g p l a n s a r e q u i t e g e n e r a l i n n a t u r e . ^ ® Annual p l a n s o f o p e r a t i o n s a r e r e q u i r e d a t t h e s t a t e , a r e a , and f i e l d o ffic e le v e ls . Each s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n d i s t r i c t , th r o u g h t h e Memorandum o f U n d e r s t a n d i n g , h a s a l s o a g r e e d t o p r e p a r e an a n n u a l p l a n . J o in t annual p l a n n i n g b e tw ee n t h e SCS f i e l d o f f i c e s t a f f and t h e s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n d i s t r i c t is stro n g ly e n c o u ra g e d .^ Long r a n g e p l a n s f o r SCS o p e r a t i o n s w i t h i n a s t a t e a r e o p t i o n a l a t th e d i s c r e t i o n of th e s t a t e c o n s e r v a t i o n i s t . E m phasis on a n n u a l p l a n s , w i t h o u t a r e q u i r e m e n t t h a t t h e y mesh w i t h a m u l t i y e a r p l a n , p e r p e t u a t e s an i n c r e m e n t a l a p p ro a c h t o management d e c i s i o n s . Under su c h p r o c e d u r e s , a s t a t e w i d e SCS p ro g ra m i s u n l i k e l y t o d e v e lo p a s a u n i f i e d a p p ro a c h t o c a r e f u l l y e v a l u a t e d f u t u r e p ro b le m s and n e e d s . R a th e r, i t w i l l e v o lv e as a c o n g lo m e r a te o f a c t i o n s b a s e d l a r g e l y on p r e v i o u s d e c i s i o n s . The m e r i t o f some o f t h o s e d e c i s i o n s c a n o n l y be ju d g e d from a l a r g e r v i e w p o i n t . I n f i s c a l y e a r 1972 ( J u l y 1 , 1 9 7 1 - J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 7 2 ) , a t o t a l o f 160 m any e a r s w ere a l l o c a t e d by SCS t o f i e l d o f f i c e s f o r t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e i n p l a n n i n g and a p p l y i n g s o i l an d w a t e r c o n s e r v a t i o n m e a s u r e s . How e f f e c ­ t i v e was t h i s manpower p o o l i n a c h i e v i n g t h e a g e n c y 's o b j e c t i v e s ? What C u r r e n t p o l i c i e s a r e c o n t a i n e d i n two d o c u m e n ts : U . S . , D e p a rtm e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , A nnual P l a n s o f O p e r a t i o n s , W orkload A n a l y s e s , and M u l t i y e a r P l a n s , Management Memorandum-3 (R ev. 3 ) , March 3 0 , 1973; and J o i n t S C S - D i 's t r i c t A nnual Work P l a n n i n g , D i s t r i c t s Memorandum-5 (Rev. 2 ) , A p r i l 1 8 , 1973. 11 R e l a t i o n s h i p s b e tw e e n d i s t r i c t a n n u a l p l a n s and SCS p ro g ra m p l a n ­ n in g i s docum ented i n R o b e r t J . M organ, G o v e rn in g S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n : T h i r t y Y e a rs o f t h e New D e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n ( B a l t i m o r e : J o h n s H opkins P r e s s , 1 9 6 8 ) , p p . 2 7 0 -2 8 0 . 8 p r o g r e s s was made tow ard more c o m p le te e r o s i o n c o n t r o l ? Could manage­ ment i n c r e a s e e r o s i o n c o n t r o l e f f e c t i v e n e s s by a l t e r i n g manpower o r g a n i ­ z a t io n ? The a n sw e rs t o t h e s e q u e s t i o n s would o f f e r g u id a n c e i n d e s i g n i n g an improved management sy s te m . S tu d y O b j e c t i v e s T h is s tu d y b e g i n s w i t h t h e p re m is e t h a t s o i l e r o s i o n c o n t r o l i s a d e s ira b le p u b lic g o a l. The p u rp o s e h e r e i s n o t t o c o n d u c t a compre­ h e n s i v e a n a l y s i s o f t h e n e t m o n etary b e n e f i t s o f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l . The a p p ro a c h i s r a t h e r w i t h i n t h e fram ew ork o f p rogram p l a n n i n g and manage­ m ent. T h at i s , g iv e n t h e g o a l o f r e d u c i n g s o i l e r o s i o n , what r e l e v a n t i n f o r m a t i o n m ig h t be p r o v id e d t o a program m anager i n o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e and im prove program e f f e c t i v e n e s s . T h is s t u d y w i l l exam ine s t a f f i n g and o u t p u t r e l a t i o n s h i p s f o r t h e S o i l C o n s e r v a tio n S e r v i c e e r o s i o n c o n t r o l program i n M ic h ig a n . S p e c ific o b je c tiv e s a re : 1* A nalyze t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b etw een SCS s t a f f i n g l e v e l s and n e e d s f o r e r o s i o n c o n t r o l and t o t a l l a n d t r e a t m e n t by c o u n ty ; 2. I d e n t i f y f a c t o r s w h ic h h a v e i n f l u e n c e d a p p l i c a t i o n o f e r o s i o n c o n tro l m easures; 3. Develop a p r o c e d u r e t o c a l c u l a t e g r o s s e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n p r o ­ duced by v a r i o u s la n d t r e a t m e n t p r a c t i c e s ; 4. Develop and e v a l u a t e a p r o c e d u r e t o s p e c i f y a l t e r n a t i v e SCS s t a f f i n g l e v e l s by c o u n ty i n o r d e r t o m axim ize (a ) g r o s s e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n , (b) a c r e s o f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l p r a c t i c e s a p p l i e d . L i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e Study T h is s t u d y i s c o n f i n e d t o d a t a f o r one s t a t e and one tim e p e r i o d . A lthou gh t h e model d e v e lo p e d h e r e may b e a p p l i e d e ls e w h e r e , e x t e n s i o n o f s p e c i f i c q u a n ti t a t iv e r e s u l t s i s n o t w a rran ted . 9 Shortco m ing s e x i s t i n much o f t h e d a t a . Indeed, a d is c u s s io n of some o f t h e s e i s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e se c o n d c h a p t e r . Y et t h e d a t a p ro b lem s a l s o p r o v i d e a n o p p o r t u n i t y to s u g g e s t im pro v em en ts. Both t h e C o nser­ v a t i o n Needs I n v e n t o r y and t h e SCS r e p o r t i n g sy ste m need s u b s t a n t i a l r e ­ v i s i o n s w hich c o u ld im prove t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f r e s u l t s r e p o r t e d h e r e . A n a ly s is o f program o u t p u t a s r e l a t e d t o manpower l e v e l s I g n o r e s i n t e r p e r s o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s w hich m ig h t c o n t r i b u t e t o v a r y i n g p r o d u c t i v i t y r a t e s u n d e r t h e same e n v ir o n m e n ta l c o n d i t i o n s . The t a s k o f w o r k in g w i t h land ow n ers t o h e l p them a p p ly c o n s e r v a t i o n p r a c t i c e s r e q u i r e s b o t h t e c h ­ n i c a l a b i l i t y and a d e g re e o f s a le s m a n s h ip which have been assum ed t o be c o n s t a n t among a l l e m p lo y ee s. O th e r governm ent program s w hich c o n t r i b u t e t o e r o s i o n c o n t r o l e f f o r t s have n o t been i n c l u d e d i n t h i s a n a l y s i s . P rin c ip a l a c t iv i t ie s o f th is ty p e i n c l u d e F e d e r a l c o s t - s h a r i n g a s s i s t a n c e program s o f t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l S t a b i l i z a t i o n and C o n s e r v a tio n S e r v i c e , i n f o r m a t i o n and e d u c a t i o n e f f o r t s of th e C o o p e ra tiv e E x te n s i o n S e r v i c e , and t h e program s o f l o c a l s o i l con­ se rv a tio n d i s t r i c t s . F i n a l l y , agency g o a ls o t h e r th a n e r o s i o n c o n t r o l have b e en l a r g e l y ig n o re d . S t a f f i n g d e c i s i o n s o r i e n t e d t o t h e n e ed s o f w a te r s h e d p r o t e c ­ t i o n and f l o o d p r e v e n t i o n a c t i v i t i e s , f o r e x am p le , may r e s u l t i n a d i s ­ t r i b u t i o n o f manpower w hich v a r i e s from an optimum f o r e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a lo n e . T h is s i n g l e p u rp o se a p p ro a c h w hich a i d s a n a l y s i s a l s o r e n d e r s t h e r e s u l t s l i m i t e d i n d i r e c t a p p l i c a t i o n t o program management. N e v e r th e ­ l e s s , f o c u s in g upon a v e r y fu n d a m e n ta l agency o b j e c t i v e p r o v i d e s a b a s i s from which o t h e r program s may be e v a l u a t e d . 10 O u tlin e B ackground I n f o r m a t i o n on p r e v i o u s r e l a t e d s t u d i e s and t h e SCS d a t a b a s e i s p r e s e n t e d i n C h a p te r I I . C h a p te r I I I . M ethodology i s d e s c r i b e d i n A n a ly se s o f t h e p r e s e n t SCS s t a f f i n g p a t t e r n and e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lish m e n ts a r e d i s c u s s e d i n C h a p te r IV. R e s u l t s o f th e e f f o r t i n b u i l d i n g a g r o s s e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n m odel a r e p r e s e n t e d i n C h a p te r V. C h a p te r VI. S tu d ies of a l t e r n a t e s t a f f i n g p a tte r n s a re re p o rte d in C h a p te r V II p r o v i d e s a summary, and recom m endations f o r program management and f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h . CHAPTER I I EXISTING RESEARCH AND DATA A n te c e d e n t R e s e a rc h T h is s t u d y h a s i t s r o o t s I n two m a jo r l i n e s o f s y s t e m a t i c i n q u i r y : (1) n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e e c o n o m ic s , and C2) p u b l i c p ro g ra m a n a l y s i s . f i r s t su b je c t area h a s b e e n an e s t a b l i s h e d d i s c i p l i n e f o r a y ears. h a s o n ly r e c e n t l y The se c o n d The number o f come t o t h e f o r e f r o n t . N a t u r a l r e s o u r c e e c o n o m is ts h a v e b e e n i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e B o i l e ro sio n q u e stio n sin c e agem ent a p p r o a c h . 12 1935. Most The m a jo r c o n c e r n s t u d i e s h a v e b e en from a farm man­ was w i t h c h a n g e s i n n e t r e t u r n s to th e farm e r u n d er a l t e r n a t i v e lan d c o n s e r v a tio n p r a c t i c e s . An ex am p le o f t h i s avenue o f r e s e a r c h , i s r e p o r t e d by Swanson a n d MacCallum. 13 They exam ined s e v e r a l c o m b in a tio n s o f c r o p r o t a t i o n s and s o i l c o n s e r v i n g p r a c t i c e s on t h r e e I l l i n o i s s o i l s . E stim a te s of n e t incom e ( i n p r e s e n t v a l u e te r m s ) f o r p l a n n i n g p e r i o d s o f t e n , t w e n t y , and 12 R a i n e r S c h i c k e l e , J . P . Himmel, and R. M. Hurd. Econom ic P h a s e s o f E r o s i o n C o n t r o l i n S o u t h e r n Iowa an d N o r t h e r n M i s s o u r i (Iow a A gr. E x p t. S t a . B u l l . 3 3 3 , 1 9 3 5 ) , c i t e d by L e o n a rd A. S a l t e r , J r . A C r i t i c a l Review o f R e se a rc h . I n Land Econom ics (M adison : U n i v e r s i t y o f W is c o n s in P r e s s , 1967) p . 2 3 6 . 13 E a r l R. Swanson and D avid D. M acCallum , "Incom e E f f e c t s o f R a in ­ f a l l E r o s i o n C o n t r o l , " J o u r n a l o f S o i l and W ater C o n s e r v a t i o n . XXIV Q t a r c h - A p r i l , 1 9 6 9 ) , p p . 56—5 9, 11 12 f i f t y y e a r s w ere com p u ted . I t was d e te r m i n e d t h a t a p r o f i t - m a x i m i z i n g e n t r e p r e n e u r w ould n o t c h o o se t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f c r o p s and p r a c t i c e s n e e d e d t o r e d u c e a n n u a l e r o s i o n t o t h e recommended u p p e r l i m i t , e v e n i f lo n g te r m s o i l l o s s e s an d p r o d u c t i v i t y w e re c o n s i d e r e d . The a u t h o r s c o n c lu d e d t h a t i n c r e a s e d p u b l i c I n c e n t i v e s m u st be p r o v i d e d i n o r d e r t o in c r e a s e th e a p p li c a t io n p r a c t i c e s needed to a ch iev e d e s ir e d l e v e l s o f e r o s i o n an d s e d im e n t c o n t r o l . O th e r r e s e a r c h h a s a n a l y z e d f a c t o r s i n a d d i t i o n t o farm incom e w h ic h a f f e c t t h e p r o g r e s s o f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l w o rk . A lo n g te rm s e r i e s o f s t u d i e s was c o n d u c te d i n w e s t e r n Iow a, and sum m arized by B l a s e and T im m o n s .^ The i n i t i a l w ork i n 1949 fo und t h a t l a c k o f c a p i t a l and p r o b ­ lems a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e t e n a n t s t a t u s o f o v e r o n e - t h i r d o f t h e f a r m e r s w ere o b s t a c l e s t o a d o p t i o n o f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l p r a c t i c e s . A fo llo w -u p s t u d y i n 1952 g e n e r a l l y c o n fir m e d t h e e a r l i e r r e s u l t s ; b u t i t a l s o showed t h a t some p r o g r e s s had b e e n made i n b o t h a c t u a l e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n and f a r m e r s 1 g o a l s to w a rd s o i l l o s s p r e v e n t i o n . The t h i r d s t u d y , i n 195 7, u t i l i z e d m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n t o s t u d y t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw ee n a v e r a g e s o i l l o s s e s a n d m a jo r im p e d im e n ts t o e r o s i o n c o n t r o l . I t was fo u n d t h a t e x p e c t a t i o n s o f s h o r t te r m incom e r e d u c t i o n s i f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m e a s u re s w ere a d o p te d , and f a i l u r e t o r e c o g n i z e t h e n e e d f o r a p a r t i c u l a r l a n d t r e a t m e n t m e a su re w e re m a jo r o b s t a c l e s t o r e d u c i n g e r o s i o n r a t e s . The a u t h o r s recommended i n t e g r a t i o n o f farm b u d g e t i n g w i t h farm p l a n n i n g f o r ero sio n c o n tro l. They v iew ed t h i s a s a means o f a s s i s t i n g f a r m e r s w i t h ^ M e l v i n G. B l a s e and Jo h n F . Timmons, " S o i l E r o s i o n C o n t r o l — P ro b lem s and P r o g r e s s , ” J o u r n a l o f S o i l and W ater C o n s e r v a t i o n , XVI ( 1 9 6 1 ) , p p . 1 5 7 -6 2 . 13 t h e c o m p le te j o b o f e n t e r p r i s e and s o i l m anagement i n o r d e r t o m a i n t a i n o r Im prove farm Income w h i l e m e e ti n g e r o s i o n c o n t r o l g o a l s . They a l s o c a l l e d f o r a s t r o n g e r e d u c a t i o n a l e f f o r t t o b u i l d more a w a re n e s s o f t h e n e ed f o r , and b e n e f i t s o f , v a r i o u s l a n d t r e a t m e n t m e a s u r e s . They a l s o c i t e d a n e e d f o r a n a t i o n a l v i e w p o i n t i n p l a n n i n g a n a t t a c k on s o l i e ro sio n . They recommended t h a t r e s e a r c h be u n d e r t a k e n t o a n a l y z e n a t i o n a l l a n d u s e and e r o s i o n c o n t r o l n e e d s on a r e g i o n a l b a s i s t o g u i d e l o n g r a n g e p l a n s o f b o t h f a r m e r s an d p u b l i c a g e n c i e s . I t was s e v e r a l y e a r s b e f o r e t h a t f i n a l reco m m endation o f B l a s e an d Timmons was im p le m e n te d . The f i r s t t r u l y c o m p re h e n s iv e e f f o r t i n t h i s r e g a r d was c o m p le te d i n 1972 by an Iowa S t a t e team l e d by H e a d y . ^ T h is s t u d y u t i l i z e d a n a t i o n a l l i n e a r program m ing m odel t o e v a l u a t e t h e e f ­ f e c t s o f a l t e r n a t i v e n a t i o n a l l a n d and w a t e r p o l i c i e s on t o t a l U. S . fo o d and f i b e r p r o d u c t i o n . The m odel a l s o p r o v i d e d e s t i m a t e s o f r e g i o n a l a g r i c u l t u r a l income a n d p r o d u c t i o n l e v e l s u n d e r v a r i o u s p o l i c y a l t e r n a ­ tiv e s. One a l t e r n a t i v e was t h e re m o v a l o f " f r a g i l e l a n d " from t h e t o t a l l a n d b a s e i n o r d e r t o r e d u c e t o t a l e r o s i o n and s e d i m e n t a t i o n . T h is form ­ u l a t i o n u se d 1967 C o n s e r v a t i o n Needs I n v e n t o r y d a t a , and c l a s s i f i e d " f r a g i l e l a n d " a s s o i l s i n c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s e s V, V I, V I I , and V I I I , w hich a r e g e n e r a l l y c o n s i d e r e d n o t s u i t a b l e f o r g ro w in g m ost f i e l d c r o p s . The p r o c e d u r e r e d u c e d t h e t o t a l l a n d b a s e by a p p r o x i m a t e l y f i f t y p e r c e n t (6 5 6 .3 m i l l i o n a c r e s ) w i t h n e a r l y a l l o f t h e d e c r e a s e c o n f i n e d t o p e rm a n e n t 15 E a r l 0 . H ead y , e t* a l . , A g r i c u l t u r a l and W ater P o l i c i e s and t h e E n v iro n m e n t. Iowa S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , C e n te r f o r A g r i c u l t u r a l an d R u r a l D evelo pm en t, CARD R e p o r t 40T (Ames, 1 9 7 2 ). u p a s t u r e and r a n g e l a n d s . The m od el e s t i m a t e d t h a t e v e n w i t h t h i s r e ­ s t r i c t i o n i n l a n d u s e , fo o d a n d f i b e r demands p r o j e c t e d t o t h e y e a r 2000 c o u ld be m et th r o u g h m ore i n t e n s i v e u s e o f r e m a in i n g l a n d . It was e s t i ­ m ated t h a t i r r i g a t i o n w a t e r c o n s u m p tio n w ould i n c r e a s e o n l y s l i g h t l y , a lt h o u g h c ro p an d l i v e s t o c k p r i c e s w ould i n c r e a s e a b o u t t w e lv e p e r c e n t compared t o t h e l e v e l s i n 2000 w i t h o u t l a n d u s e r e s t r i c t i o n s . T h is s tu d y t h u s p r o v i d e s e v i d e n c e t h a t e n v i r o n m e n t a l im provem ent i n t h e form o f r e ­ duced e r o s i o n i s f e a s i b l e a t a r e l a t i v e l y low c o s t . The r e s e a r c h j u s t c i t e d was l i m i t e d i n i t s a p p ro a c h t o t h e e v a l u ­ a tio n o f cro p lan d e ro s io n re d u c tio n . Removal o f " f r a g i l e l a n d " from p r o ­ d u c t i o n would u n d o u b te d ly im p a c t t o t a l g r o s s e r o s i o n ; b u t t h i s im p a c t c o u ld n o t be q u a n t i f i e d i n te rm s o f t o t a l t o n s o f s o i l s a v e d , o r r e d u c ­ tio n in average p e r - a c r e e ro s io n r a t e s . I t a ls o ig n o red p o s s ib ly e x ces­ s i v e e r o s i o n r a t e s on l a n d r e m a in i n g i n p r o d u c t i o n . C o n s i d e r a b l e im provem ent i n m e th o d o lo g y f o r e v a l u a t i n g a l t e r n a t i v e e r o s i o n c o n t r o l s t r a t e g i e s was a c h i e v e d i n a more r e c e n t s t u d y w h ic h u t i l i z e d a m a t h e m a t i c a l s o i l l o s s m odel t o e s t i m a t e a v e r a g e e r o s i o n r a t e s f o r a l l c la s s e s o f la n d used f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c tio n . ^ H e a d y 's e a r l i e r l i n e a r program m ing m odel was m o d i f i e d t o t r e a t e a c h o f s e v e r a l c o m b in a tio n s o f c ro p r o t a t i o n and c o n s e r v a t i o n t r e a t m e n t s a s an a c t i v i t y . C o n s t r a i n t s w ere t h e n s p e c i f i e d f o r t h r e e a l t e r n a t e l e v e l s o f a l l o w a b l e s o il lo ss: t e n , f i v e , and t h r e e t o n s p e r a c re * R e s u l t s o n c e a g a i n showed K enneth J . N l c o l , E a r l 0 . Heady and Howard C. M adsen, Models o f S o i l L o s s , Land and W ater U se, S p a t i a l A g r i c u l t u r a l S t r u c t u r e , a n d t h e E n v iro n m e n t. Iowa S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , C e n te r f o r A g r i c u l t u r a l and R u r a l D evelo pm en t, CARD R e p o r t 49T (Ames, 1 9 7 2 ) . 15 t h a t a g r i c u l t u r e c o u ld m eet p r o d u c t i o n r e q u i r e m e n ts ev en w i t h a p o l i c y r e s t r i c t i n g average s o i l lo s s e s to th r e e to n s p e r a c r e . In o rd e r to a c h i e v e t h i s , h o w e v er, h i g h e r a p p l i c a t i o n s o f b o t h p e s t i c i d e s and f e r t i l ­ iz e rs a re re q u ire d . The i n c r e a s e I n consum er p r i c e s was e s t i m a t e d t o b e a p p ro x im a te ly f i v e p e r c e n t w i t h a t h r e e t o n l i m i t . T h is p o l i c y w ould pro d u ce a t o t a l r e d u c t i o n i n a n n u a l s o i l l o s s o f o v e r e i g h t y p e r c e n t , from 2 .7 t o 0 .5 b i l l i o n t o n s . T h is a p p ro a c h a p p e a r s t o h a v e c o n s i d e r a b l e v a lu e f o r f u r t h e r s t u d i e s o f t h e econom ics o f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l p o l i c i e s . Held and Clawson h a v e p ro d u c e d t h e one c o m p re h e n s iv e s t u d y o f s o i l 17 c o n se rv a tio n to d a te . They exam ined t h e s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n movement a s a w h o le, r a t h e r t h a n fo c u s on a p a r t i c u l a r a g en c y o r p ro g ram . T h e ir a p p ro a c h was p r i m a r i l y econo m ic, a l t h o u g h t h e y d i d t o u c h on many s o c i a l and p o l i t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s a f f e c t i n g s o i l m anagem ent. A f t e r a t t e m p t i n g t o m easu re s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n p r o g r e s s s i n c e 1 9 3 0 , th e y c o n c lu d e d t h a t f i r m d a t a a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e , and t h e e v id e n c e I s mixed a s t o t h e r e a l m a g n itu d e o f a c c o m p lis h m e n ts . They conceded t h a t some l e v e l o f im provement h a s b e e n a t t a i n e d s i n c e 1930, b u t a d d e d : "To s t r e s s t h e g a i n s does n o t mean t h a t t h e g a i n s a c h ie v e d w ere w o rth t h e c o s t , n o r t h a t a l l e f f o r t s w ere a s e f f i c i e n t f o r a c c o m p l i s h i n g t h e aim o f s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n as th e y m ig h t h a v e b e e n ." 18 17 B u r n e l l Held and M arion Claw son, S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n i n P e r s p e c t i v e ( B a ltim o r e : Johns H opkins P r e s s , 1 9 6 5 ) . 18 I b i d . , p . 233. A companion book w h ic h p r o v i d e s a more d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n and p o l i t i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e s o i l c o n s e r ­ v a t i o n movement i s Morgan, o p . c i t . A n o th e r s t u d y which exam ined some a s p e c t s o f s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n program s a t t h e F e d e r a l l e v e l i s K. W il l ia m E a s t e r , "An E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l C o n s e r v a t i o n P r o g r a m 's P e r f o r m ­ ance i n F u l f i l l i n g Program and P o l i t i c a l O b j e c t i v e s " (U n p u b lish e d Ph.D . d i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p t, o f A g r i c u l t u r a l E cono m ics, M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , 19 66). 16 R e s e a rc h I n t h e p h y s i c a l s c i e n c e s h a s f a c i l i t a t e d I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m eth o d s a n d t h e i r econom ic I m p l i c a t i o n s . Long t e r m w ork by t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e and o t h e r s r e s u l t e d i n d e v e lo p m e n t o f a p r o c e d u r e f o r e s t i m a t i n g s o i l l o s s e s when c e r t a i n p h y s i c a l p a r a m e t e r s a r e known. 19 T h is p r o c e d u r e , commonly r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e U n i v e r s a l S o i l Loss E q u a t i o n , h a s b e e n an i m p o r t a n t d e v e lo p m e n t. I t e n a b l e s on e t o p r e ­ d i c t e x a n t e s o i l l o s s e s u n d e r v a r i o u s l a n d u s e and t r e a t m e n t a l t e r n a t i v e s . B oth p h y s i c a l and farm Income im p a c ts may th u s be e s t i m a t e d f o r v a r i o u s c r o p l a n d management s y s t e m s . T h is was i n f a c t t h e s o i l l o s s m odel u s e d by N i c o l and by Swanson and MacCallum i n t h e w o rks c i t e d e a r l i e r . Some r e s e a r c h , i n M ic h ig a n h a s b e e n c o n c e rn e d p r i m a r i l y w i t h p h y s i c a l a s p e c t s o f s o i l e r o s i o n , b u t a l s o c o n s i d e r s i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r l a n d u s e and tre a tm e n t p o l i c i e s . S c h m id t and Summers c o n c e n t r a t e d on t h e p ro b le m o f e ro sio n h azard s a s s o c ia te d w ith u r b a n iz a tio n . 20 They fo und a n n u a l e r o s i o n r a t e s on u n p r o t e c t e d d e v e lo p m e n t s i t e s a s h i g h a s 540 t o n s p e r a c r e . E s t im a te d c o s t s t o a d e v e l o p e r f o r c o n t r o l l i n g e r o s i o n d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n t o a r a t e o f f i v e t o n s p e r a c r e a v e r a g e d l e s s t h a n $20 p e r a c r e f o r th e n in e s i t e s s t u d i e d . S o c i a l c o s t s o f u n c o n t r o l l e d s e d i m e n t a t i o n w e re assum ed t o b e t h e c o s t o f d r e d g i n g and h a u l i n g t h e e s t i m a t e d volume o f s e d im e n t from t h e body o f w a t e r o r d r a in a g e - w a y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s i t e . 19 W. H. W isch m eie r and D. D. S m ith , P r e d i c t i n g R a i n f a l l E r o s i o n L o sse s from C ro p la n d E a s t o f t h e Rocky M o u n t a in s . A gr. Handbook No. 282 (W ash in g to n : U .S . Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 6 5 ) . 20 Jo h n H. S ch m idt a n d A l l e n W. Summers, "The E f f e c t o f U r b a n i z a t i o n on S e d i m e n t a t io n i n t h e C l i n t o n R i v e r B a s in " (U n p u b lis h e d M a s te r* s l e v e l r e s e a r c h r e p o r t , S c h o o l o f G ra d u a te S t u d i e s , U n i v e r s i t y o f M ic h ig a n , 1 9 6 7 ). 17 H i l s a p p r o a c h p ro d u c e d b e n e f i t - c o s t r a t i o s from 1 . 2 t o 1 6 .7 f o r im p o s in g s o i l l o s s r e s t r i c t i o n s upon d e v e l o p e r s . At each s i t e stu d ie d e ro s io n c o n t r o l c o s t s am ounted t o j u s t a f r a c t i o n o f one p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l d e v e lo p m e n t c o s t w h i c h r a n g e d fro m $ 5 0 0 ,0 0 0 t o $10 m i l l i o n . The a u t h o r s c o n c lu d e d t h a t e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m e a s u r e s a r e u r g e n t l y n e e d e d a t u r b a n d e ­ v e lo p m e n t s i t e s , and t h a t e c o n o m ic a l t r e a t m e n t m e a s u re s a r e a v a i l a b l e . They recommended t h a t l o c a l p l a n n i n g and s u b d i v i s i o n r e g u l a t i o n s b e u p ­ d a te d t o In c lu d e c o n s id e r a tio n o f n e c e s s a ry e ro s io n c o n tr o l p r a c t i c e s . A n o th e r r e c e n t M ic h ig a n s t u d y a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e d e r o s i o n i n a d e v e l o p in g urban a r e a . 21 The a u t h o r e v a l u a t e d n o t o n l y t h e p h y s i c a l e x t e n t and c o n t r o l m ethods o f a c c e l e r a t e d e r o s i o n , b u t a l s o i n s t i t u t i o n a l a r r a n g e ­ m ents f o r a c h i e v i n g p r o p e r l a n d t r e a t m e n t . He c o n c lu d e d t h a t b o t h e n a c t ­ ment o f a s t a t e s e d i m e n t c o n t r o l law and r e v i s i o n i n t h e e n a b l i n g a c t f o r s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n d i s t r i c t s w ere n e e d e d f o r e f f e c t i v e a c t i o n . P u b l i c p ro g ra m a n a l y s i s h a d i t s p r a c t i c a l b e g i n n i n g w i t h e n a c tm e n t o f t h e F lo o d C o n t r o l A c t o f 1936. T h a t a c t r e q u i r e d f o r t h e f i r s t tim e t h a t a f e d e r a l a g e n c y e v a l u a t e t h e b e n e f i t s and c o s t s o f i t s p r o j e c t s . Econom ic i n q u i r y re m a in e d c e n t e r e d i n t h e w a t e r r e s o u r c e f i e l d f o r a number o f y e a r s . 21 A g e n c ie s d e v e l o p e d and worked t o s t a n d a r d i z e T e r r y A l l e n R i n g l e r , "The N a t u r e , E x t e n t and C o n t r o l o f S o i l E r o s i o n i n a n U r b a n iz i n g W a te rs h e d i n W e s te r n Lower M ic h ig a n " (Unpub­ l i s h e d Mas t e r * s t h e s i s , D e p t, o f R e s o u r c e D e v elo p m en t, M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n iv e rs ity , 1 9 69). 18 te c h n iq u e s t o e v a l u a t e p r o j e c t s . T h e o r e tic a l t r e a t i s e s d e a lt w ith c o n - c e p ts t o r e f i n e w a te r r e s o u r c e e v a l u a t i o n s . 23 A m a jo r change i n e m p h a sis o c c u r r e d i n t h e mid 1 9 6 0 's . S y s te m a tic a n a l y s i s o f g o v ern m en t p ro g ram s o u t s i d e o f w a te r r e s o u r c e s b eg an i n t h e D ep artm ent o f D e fe n s e . The r i s e o f p la n n in g - p r o g r a m m in g -b u d g e tin g (PPB) i n t h e F e d e r a l G overnm ent h a s b e e n w e l l d o c u m en ted . 24 Much o f t h e e a r l y o p tim ism s u r r o u n d in g PPB h a s f a d e d . s e l f was l o s t d u r in g t h e ch an g e i n a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s i n 1 9 6 9 . The te rm i t ­ The l a c k o f s u c c e s s i n e s t i m a t i n g p ro g ram b e n e f i t s and a num ber o f o t h e r o b s t a c l e s s e r v e d t o slo w t h e PPB m ovem ent. 25 22 F e d e r a l e f f o r t s p ro d u c e d two m a jo r d o c u m e n ts: In te r - A g e n c y Com­ m i t t e e on W ater R e s o u rc e s , S u b -c o m m itte e on E v a l u a t i o n S t a n d a r d s , P ro p o s e d P r a c t i c e s f o r Econom ic A n a ly s is o f R iv e r B a s in P r o j e c t s (W a sh in g to n : May 1950, r e v i s e d May 1 9 5 8 ); U .S ., C o n g re s s , P o l i c i e s , S t a n d a r d s , and P r o c e d u r e s i n t h e F o r m u la tio n , E v a l u a t i o n , and R eview o f P la n s f o r Use and D evelopm ent o f W a te r and R e la te d Land R e s o u r c e s , S e n a te Document 9 7 , 8 7 th C o n g re s s , 2d. S e s s . 23 F o r e x a m p le , O tto E c k s t e i n , W ater R e so u rc e D e v elo p m en t: The Econom­ i c s o f P r o j e c t E v a lu a tio n (C am b rid g e: H a rv a rd U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 5 8 ) ; R oland McKean, E f f i c i e n c y i n G overnm ent T hrough System s A n a ly s is (New Y o rk : Jo h n W iley & S o n s, 1 9 5 8 ); A. R. P r e s t and R. T u rv e y , u C o s t- B e n e f it A n a l y s i s : A S u r v e y ," The E conom ic J o u r n a l , V o l. 6 5 , No. 300 (D ecem ber, 1 9 6 5 ), p p . 6 8 3 -7 3 5 . 24 One o f s e v e r a l c o m p re h e n siv e c o l l e c t i o n s o f a r t i c l e s i s F rem o n t J . Lyden and E r n e s t G. M i l l a r ( e d s . ) , P la n n in g , P rogram m ing, B u d g e tin g : A S ystem s A pproach t o M anagem ent (C h ic a g o : Markham P u b l i s h i n g C o ., 1 9 6 7 ). 25 T hese p ro b le m s a r e w e l l sum m arized i n R o b e rt H. Havemen, "T he A n a ly s is an d E v a lu a tio n o f P u b l i c E x p e n d itu r e s : An O v e rv ie w ," The A n a ly s is and E v a lu a tio n o f P u b l i c E x p e n d itu r e s : The PPB S y stem , U .S . C o n g re s s , J o i n t Econom ic C o m m ittee, V o l. 1 (W a sh in g to n : G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 6 9 ). A m ore r e c e n t s t a t u s r e p o r t i s i n Jo h n A. W o rth le y , "PPB: Dead o r A l i v e ? ," P u b lic A d m i n is tr a t io n R eview , XXXIV ( 1 9 7 4 ) , p p . 3 9 2 -3 9 4 . 19 One a s p e c t o f PPB s t i l l In e v id e n c e i s p ro g ram r e v ie w an d a n a l y s i s . The S e c r e t a r y o f A g r i c u l t u r e , f o r e x a m p le , h a s d i r e c t e d USDA a g e n c ie s t o c o n d u c t " s y s t e m a t i c re v ie w s o f a l l a s p e c t s o f p ro g ram o b j e c t i v e s , " a s c a l l e d f o r i n OMB C i r c u l a r No. A -4 4 , R e v is e d . 26 C o n s e r v a tio n I n d i c a t o r s A g r e a t q u a n t i t y o f s t a t i s t i c s does e x i s t r e g a r d i n g th e s t a t u s o f s o i l e ro s io n . I t h a s b e e n c o m p ile d , and i s s t i l l b e in g c o l l e c t e d , p r i m a r i l y by th e S o i l C o n s e rv a tio n S e r v i c e a s p a r t o f i t s p ro g ram r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . Y et th e f a c t o f e x i s t e n c e s a y s n o th in g o f th e r e l i a b i l i t y o r s u i t ­ a b i l i t y o f d a ta f o r a p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e . T h is s tu d y was h am p ered some­ w h a t, a s a r e m ost i n v e s t i g a t i o n s u s in g s e c o n d a ry d a t a . a re d is c u s s e d l a t e r in r e p o r tin g r e s u l t s . S p e c i f i c p ro b le m s T h is s e c t i o n w i l l s e r v e a s an o v e rv ie w o f t h e two m a jo r d a ta s o u r c e s and t h e i r i n h e r e n t w e a k n e s s e s . C o n s e r v a tio n Needs I n v e n to r y I n f o r m a tio n on th e s t a t u s o f e r o s i o n p ro b lem s was o b ta in e d from th e 1967 C o n s e rv a tio n N eeds I n v e n t o r y . T h is r e p o r t was t h e r e s u l t o f a U .S . D epartm ent o f A g r i c u l t u r e e f f o r t t o p r o v id e in f o r m a tio n on la n d u s e and c o n s e r v a tio n p ro b le m s. c o m p lete d i n 1962. 27 The in v e n to r y was an u p d a tin g o f a p r e v io u s s tu d y The D e p a rtm e n t’ s CNI C om m ittee c i t e d la n d u s e ch an g e a s t h e p rim a ry Im p etu s f o r u p d a tin g . U .S ., D ep artm en t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , P la n n in g and B u d g e tin g S y s te m , S e c r e t a r y ’ s Memorandum No. 1777, S u p p lem en t 1, A ugust 2 2 , 1972. 27 U .S ., D ep artm en t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , B a s ic S t a t i s t i c s o f th e N a t io n a l I n v e n to r y o f S o i l and W ater C o n s e r v a tio n N e e d s, S t a t i s t i c a l B u l l e t i n No. 317 (W a sh in g to n : U .S. G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 6 2 ). 20 S h i f t s I n la n d u s e and ch an g es I n la n d tr e a tm e n t c a l l f o r p e r i o d i c re v ie w and In v e n to r y o f c o n s e r v a tio n tr e a tm e n t n e e d s . A c c o rd in g ly , t h e 1966-67 I n v e n to r y i s b e in g made to o b t a i n c u r r e n t in f o r m a tio n on t h i s s u b j e c t . The d a t a o b ta in e d w i l l b e u s e f u l f o r form u­ l a t i n g p ro g ra m s, p la n n in g c o n s e r v a tio n w ork, c o n d u c t­ in g r e s e a r c h and o t h e r p u rp o s e s b y t h e a g e n c ie s o f t h i s D e p artm en t, o t h e r p u b l ic a g e n c ie s , and p r i v a t e in s titu tio n s . The u p d a te d I n v e n to r y I s w id e r i n sc o p e and i n c lu d e s more d e t a i l e d d a ta th a n th e 1958-60 C o n s e rv a tio n N eeds I n v e n t o r y .2® The In v e n to r y in c lu d e d d e te r m in a tio n o f la n d and w a te r a r e a s , la n d u s e , s o i l c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , and c o n s e r v a tio n tr e a tm e n t n e e d s . T h is in f o r m a tio n was c o m p iled on a co u n ty b a s i s f o r a l l n o n - f e d e r a l r u r a l la n d i n t h e U n ite d S t a t e s . D ata w ere c o l l e c t e d a c c o r d in g t o a sam p lin g d e s ig n s e t up by t h e Iowa S t a t e S t a t i s t i c a l L a b o r a to r y . c e n t. The b a s i c sa m p lin g r a t e was two p e r ­ Sam ple a r e a s w ere l o c a t e d on c o u n ty maps s e n t t o each. County CNI C om m ittee. Sam ple a r e a s i n t h e E a s te r n S t a t e s w ere 100 a c r « s i n s i z e , w h ile i n t h e re m a in d e r o f t h e U .S . th e y w ere a q u a r t e r s e c t i o n (160 a c r e s ) . Sam ple a r e a s w ere f i e l d in s p e c t e d by SCS t e c h n ic i a n s who r e c o rd e d s o i l s , la n d u s e , and tr e a tm e n t n e ed s in f o r m a tio n on s p e c i a l l y d e s ig n e d fo rm s. The d a t a form s w ere th e n fo rw a rd e d t o th e s t a t i s t i c a l la b o r a to r y where sam ple d a ta w ere expanded to c o u n ty a c r e a g e s . The County CNI Com m ittee was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a d o p tin g t h e " o f f i c i a l " co u n ty e s t i m a t e s . F o r la n d u se a c r e a g e s , th e Com m ittee was to g iv e p rim e w e ig h t t o t h e expanded sam p le a r e a d a t a . O th er d a t a , how ever w ere to be U .S ., D epartm ent o f A g r i c u l t u r e , C o n se rv a tio n Needs I n v e n to r y C om m ittee, N a tio n a l Handbook f o r U p d a tin g t h e C o n s e rv a tio n Needs In v e n to r y (W ash in g to n , 1 9 6 6 ), p . 1 . 21 co m p iled and com pared t o sa m p le i n f o r m a t i o n , I n c l u d i n g la n d u s e fro m th e 1962 CNI, and 1959 and 1964 A g r i c u l t u r a l C ensus e s t i m a t e s o f la n d i n fa rm s . S p e c ia l i n s t r u c t i o n s g o v e rn e d i n th e c a s e o f f o r e s t l a n d . "U se f o r e s t a c r e a g e d a t a by c o u n t i e s and g ro u p s o f c o u n ti e s from t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n s . T hese d a ta a r e t h e a c c e p te d D ep artm en t f i g u r e s . W here t h e sam p le a r e a e s t i m a t e s d i f f e r , some a d ju s tm e n t s h o u ld b e m u tu a lly made by t h e S t a t e C om m ittee and t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n s to o b t a i n t h e a d o p te d e s tim a te s . The F o r e s t E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n s a l s o p r o v id e d d a t a on f o r e s t la n d tr e a tm e n t n e e d s . T h ese p ro c e d u r e s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e CNI i s n o t a r ig o r o u s s t a t i s t i c a l sa m p lin g o f la n d u se and p ro b le m s . tio n I t i s , r a t h e r , a s u b j e c t i v e com bina­ o f d a t a fro m a t l e a s t two s o u r c e s . F o r e s t S urvey h e ld p r e c e d e n t . On f o r e s t l a n d , t h e in d e p e n d e n t Any c o n f l i c t s w ere a p p a r e n t l y r e s o l v e d in f a v o r o f t h e F o r e s t S u rv ey d a ta o r somehow n e g o t i a t e d t o a m u tu a lly a g r e e a b le f i g u r e . H aving su p e rim p o se d a f o r e s t la n d a c r e a g e on t h e sa m p le d a t a , t h e County CNI C om m ittee was th e n r e q u i r e d to a d j u s t o t h e r l a n d u s e c a t e g o r i e s to b a la n c e t o t a l c o u n ty la n d a r e a s . T h is a l s o had an Im p ac t on th e c o n s e r v a t io n t r e a tm e n t n e e d s d a t a , w hich had b e en d e te rm in e d on la n d u s e a c r e a g e s from t h e CNI s a m p le . The v a l i d i t y o f a l l CNI d a t a i s th u s c ir c u m s c r ib e d by th e a c c u ra c y o f t h e F o r e s t S u rv e y , Q u e s tio n a b le d e r i v a t i o n o f l a n d u s e and n e e d s a c r e a g e s i s o n ly p a r t o f t h e p ro b le m . The in v e n to r y o f c o n s e r v a t io n t r e a tm e n t n e e d s d o e s n o t p r o v id e q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a on t h e a c t u a l p h y s i c a l s t a t u s o f la n d p ro b le m s . 29 I b i d ., p . 17. 4 22 T here was no r e c o r d in g o f t h e p r e s e n t e r o s i o n r a t e , o r e v e n o f th e c ro p r o t a t i o n and t i l l a g e p r a c t i c e s from w hich t h e e r o s i o n r a t e c o u ld be c a l ­ c u la te d by t h e U n iv e r s a l S o i l Loss E q u a tio n . T here i s no in f o r m a tio n on any c o n s e r v a tio n p r a c t i c e s now a p p li e d w hich may be p r o v id in g p a r t i a l p ro te c tio n . The in v e n to r y d o es c o n ta in ju d g m e n ts by i n d i v i d u a l f i e l d t e c h n i c i a n s o f th e " n e e d s" f o r la n d tr e a tm e n t p r a c t i c e s . T h is s u b j e c t i v e a p p ro a c h w eakens t h e CNI as an a n a l y t i c a l s o u r c e on p h y s i c a l c o n d it i o n s o f th e la n d . C om parisons among c o u n ti e s a r e h a z a rd o u s s i n c e t h e judgm ent o f w hat la n d s n eed c ro p r e s i d u e u s e , f o r ex am p le, m ig h t v a ry w id e ly among SCS t e c h n i c i a n s . I n t e r p r e t a t i o n s a r e d i f f i c u l t even w i t h i n a c o u n ty . One a c r e may h av e b een ju d g e d t o n eed o n ly c o n to u r in g b e c a u se o f i t s p r e s e n t c ro p m anagem ent sy s te m a lth o u g h no o t h e r la n d tr e a tm e n ts h ad b een a p p li e d . A n o th er a c r e a l s o I d e n t i f i e d a s n e e d in g o n ly c o n to u r in g may have an e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t c ro p r o t a t i o n , b u t w ith d i v e r s i o n s o r g u l l y c o n t r o l s t r u c t u r e s a lr e a d y i n p l a c e . P h y s ic a l c o n d itio n s and e r o s i o n h a z a rd s c o u ld be e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t on th e s e two s i t e s . Problem s o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s w ere a l s o i n h e r e n t i n t h e tr e a tm e n t c a t e g o r i e s a llo w e d . U sing n o n - i r r i g a t e d c ro p la n d as an ex am p le, c o n s id e r th is l i s t of need s: Codes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 30 j C a te g o rie s 30 Land a d e q u a te ly t r e a t e d . Crop r e s i d u e , a n n u a l c o v e r c r o p s , e t c . o n ly . Sod i n c ro p r o t a t i o n o n ly . C o n to u rin g o n ly . S trip c ro p p in g , te r r a c e s o r d iv e rs io n s . Change i n la n d u s e . A dequate d r a in a g e s y s te m . I b i d . , A ppendix 2 , p . 10. C om plete d e f i n i t i o n s f o r t h e s e and o t h e r n e ed s c a t e g o r i e s u se d i n th e CNI a r e shown i n A ppendix A. 23 The f i e l d t e c h n i c i a n was to s e l e c t one o f t h e above c a t e g o r i e s w hich b e s t a p p li e d to a p a r t i c u l a r sam p le a r e a , and r e c o r d t h e a p p r o p r i a t e code num ber on t h e sam p le form . He was g u id e d by th e s e i n s t r u c t i o n s : At th e tim e o f i n s p e c t i o n d e te rm in e t h e ty p e o f con­ s e r v a t i o n tr e a tm e n t n e e d s f o r th e la n d i n th e sam ple a r e a . The t e c h n i c i a n w i l l b a s e t h i s d e te r m in a tio n on h i s judgm ent o f t h e c o n s e r v a tio n tr e a tm e n t n eed s a s g u id e d by t h e l o c a l t e c h n i c a l g u id e s and t h e p r e ­ v a i l i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l o p e r a t i o n on th e sam ple a r e a . F u r t h e r c r i t e r i a w ould b e th e p r a c t i c a l b a s e s and g u id e s u se d and e x e r c i s e d i n th e dev elo p m en t o f b a s i c c o n s e r v a tio n p la n s* T hese tr e a tm e n t n e e d s d a ta s h o u ld b e m u tu a lly ex ­ c l u s i v e by ty p e s o f t r e a t m e n t . T hat i s , no o v e r­ la p p in g o f a c r e a g e s h o u ld be shown among t h e ty p e s o f tr e a tm e n t r e q u i r e d o r s t i l l needed f o r t h e la n d . T h ere i s n o th in g u n iq u e a b o u t th e n e e d s c a t e g o r i e s to g iv e a c l u e a s to th e s e v e r i t y o f th e p ro b lem . One can o n ly s p e c u l a t e a s t o th e a v e ra g e e r o s i o n r a t e f o r la n d a s s o c i a t e d w ith any p a r t i c u l a r n e e d . The s e v e r i t y o f e r o s i o n g e n e r a l l y i n c r e a s e s from c a te g o ry one t o c a te g o r y f i v e ; b u t t h i s i s th e e x t e n t o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n p o s s i b l e . B road ra n g e s o f p o s s i b l e e r o s i o n h a z a rd s a r e encom passed by a c a t e ­ g o ry su c h a s s t r i p p i n g , t e r r a c i n g , and d i v e r s i o n s . S in c e t e r r a c i n g i s a more e f f e c t i v e e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m easu re th a n s t r i p c r o p p i n g , i t w ould o r d i ­ n a r i l y be recommended f o r th e more s e v e r e l y e r o d in g s i t e s . In s ta lla tio n and farm o p e r a t io n c o s t s a r e a l s o d i f f e r e n t f o r t h e s e two m e a s u re s . Re­ p o r t i n g t h i s c a te g o ry r a i s e s m ore q u e s t io n s a b o u t th e e x i s t i n g s t a t e o f e r o s i o n th a n i t a n sw e rs. ^*T b i d . , A ppendix 2 , p . 6 24 A m b ig u itie s e x i s t i n o t h e r n e e d s c a t e g o r i e s . A recom m endation f o r a change to p erm an en t c o v e r m ig h t a p p ly t o a s e v e r e l y e ro d e d a r e a w hich s h o u ld be p l a n t e d to t r e e s f o r p r o p e r p r o t e c t i o n . Or i t m ig h t c o rre s p o n d to la n d w ith, a lo w e r e r o s i o n h a z a rd w hich c o u ld s a f e l y be u se d f o r p a s t u r e . By a d d in g some d e t a i l s on n e e d e d tr e a tm e n t m e a s u re s , th e 1967 CNI d id im prove t h e m ethod o f r e p o r t i n g e r o s i o n p roblem s from t h a t u se d i n th e 1958 in v e n to r y . The e a r l i e r s tu d y sim p ly l i s t e d a c r e s w ith a n e r o s io n problem w ith no i n d i c a t i o n o f a ty p e o f recommended t r e a t m e n t . The 1967 su rv e y a l s o added in f o r m a tio n on t h e c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s o f la n d n e e d in g tr e a tm e n t. B oth ch an g es s a t i s f i e d some o f t h e c r i t i c i s m aim ed a t th e p re v io u s in v e n to r y . H ow ever, th e CNI s t i l l f a i l e d to a d e q u a te ly q u a n ti f y th e e r o s i o n and s e d im e n ta tio n p ro b le m . 32 Time and P r o g r e s s R e p o rtin g System The S o i l C o n s e rv a tio n S e r v ic e m a in ta in s an a c c o u n tin g sy ste m to m eet i t s n eed s f o r b u d g e t c o n t r o l and m anagem ent. T h is a c c o u n tin g sy ste m en ­ com passes num erous r e p o r t i n g form s and s t a t i s t i c a l sum m aries d e s ig n e d to keep th e a g e n c y , th e C o n g re ss, and t h e p u b l i c in fo rm e d a s t o d o l l a r s s p e n t and r e s u l t s a c h ie v e d . 33 Two e le m e n ts i n t h i s b ro a d a c c o u n tin g sy s te m a r e o f i n t e r e s t f o r t h i s s tu d y : manpower i n p u ts and e ro B io n c o n t r o l o u t p u t s . D ata on t h e s e a r e c o n ta in e d i n th e Time and P r o g r e s s R e p o rtin g S ystem . 32 33 H eld and C law son, o jj . c i t . , p p . 2 3 9 -2 4 0 . U .S ., D epartm ent o f A g r i c u l t u r e , S o i l C o n s e rv a tio n S e r v ic e , B udget and F in a n c e D iv is io n , Examples o f B u d g e ts , Time and P ro g re s s R e p o r ts , and C ost and P e rfo rm a n c e S ta te m e n ts I n SCS A c c o u n tin g S y stem , U n p u b lish e d H andbook, 1972. 25 Manpower tim e and c o s t i n p u t s r e c e i v e v e ry d e t a i l e d a t t e n t i o n i n t h e r e c o r d s y s te m . A Time and A tte n d a n c e R e p o rt i s p r e p a r e d a t t h e c l o s e o f e a c h two w eek pay p e r i o d f o r e a c h SCS e m p lo y ee . ADP c e n t e r f o r p r o c e s s i n g . 34 T h ese a r e s e n t t o an P e r i o d i c c o s t and tim e sum m aries a r e p r e p a r e d from t h e s e d a t a , i n c l u d i n g an a n n u a l r e p o r t . 35 D ata may be c o m p ile d f o r any a d m i n i s t r a t i v e u n i t , from t h e i n d i v i d u a l f i e l d o f f i c e o r c o u n ty to t h e s t a t e and n a t i o n a l l e v e l . SCS f i e l d em p lo y ee s m a i n t a i n d a i l y r e c o r d s o f c o n s e r v a t io n p r a c t i c e i n s t a l l a t i o n a s th e y w ork w ith la n d o w n e rs . T h ese r e c o r d s a r e e n t e r e d on s p e c i a l form s w h ic h a r e s e n t t o t h e ADP c e n t e r e v e ry two w eeks w ith t h e tim e and a tt e n d a n c e r e p o r t s . P e r i o d i c sum m aries a r e g e n e r a te d from t h e s e d a ta f o r v a r i o u s m anagem ent p u r p o s e s . 36 The sy s te m m a in ta in s a c u m u la tiv e t o t a l o f a c c o m p lish m e n ts a s w e l l a s r e c o r d s f o r th e c u r r e n t f i s c a l y e a r . I n s t a l l a t i o n o f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m e a su re s i s r e c o r d e d by p h y s i c a l u n i t s o f in d iv id u a l c o n s e rv a tio n p r a c t ic e s . The P r o g r e s s Summary p r o v id e s d a t a on t h e e x t e n t o f a c r e s o r o t h e r u n i t s o f p r a c t i c e s s u c h a s c o n to u r farm ­ in g , s t r i p c r o p p i n g , o r o t h e r s w h ic h h a v e b een a p p l i e d . Such d a t a a r e o f l i t t l e re d u c tio n . v a lu e i n d e te r m in in g t h e am ount o f e r o s i o n No i n f o r m a ti o n i s r e c o r d e d on e s t im a t e d a n n u a l s o i l l o s s e i t h e r b e f o r e o r a f t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n o f one o r m ore p r a c t i c e s . N e i th e r i s t h e r e any r e c o r d o f s o i l an d s i t e p a ra m e te rs w hich c o u ld be u se d t o c a l c u ­ l a t e s o i l l o s s by t h e s o i l l o s s e q u a t io n . 3^ I b i d . , p . 28. 35I b i d . , p . 3 0 . 3 6I b i d . . p . 36. 26 The P ro g re s s Summary shows t h a t x a c r e s h av e b e en t r e a t e d . th o se a c r e s s l i g h t l y o r s e v e r e l y e ro d in g ? Were Were th e y b ro u g h t down to th e l e v e l o f a llo w a b le s o i l l o s s by t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f t h e r e p o r t e d p r a c t i c e s ? 37 Such q u e s tio n s c a n n o t be answ ered w ith d a ta i n th e p r e s e n t r e p o r t i n g sy s te m . 37 A llo w a b le s o i l l o s s i s a te rm u sed by SCS to d e f i n e t h e maximum a n n u a l l e v e l o f e r o s i o n f o r a g iv e n s o i l w hich i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h lo n g term p r o d u c t i v i t y . In d e te rm in in g th e r a t e , c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s g iv e n t o s o i l p r o f i l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and t h e a c t i o n o f s o i l fo rm in g f a c t o r s . For a d i s c u s s i o n , s e e B. D. B la k e ly , J . J . C o y le, and J . G. S t e e l e , " E ro s io n on C u ltiv a te d L an d ," S o i l , Y earbook o f A g r i c u l t u r e , 1957 (Wash­ in g to n : U .S . Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e ) , p p . 3 0 2 -3 0 4 . CHAPTER I I I METHODOLOGY A fu n d a m e n ta l p re m is e o f t h i s s tu d y i s t h a t p u b l i c p ro g ram p e rf o r m an ce may be a n a ly z e d th ro u g h s y s te m a t i c q u a n t i t a t i v e e v a l u a t i o n o f r e ­ s o u r c e i n p u ts an d r e s u l t i n g p ro g ram e f f e c t s . R e se a rc h m ethods w ere c h o se n to p e r m it q u a n t i t a t i v e s t a te m e n t s a b o u t t h e s t a t u s o f t h e e x i s t i n g e r o s i o n c o n t r o l p ro g ra m , and t o s u g g e s t r e s o u r c e a d ju s tm e n ts i n th e fram ework, o f econom ic e f f i c i e n c y c r i t e r i a . I n f o r m a tio n from su c h an a n a l y s i s w i l l p ro ­ v id e d e c i s i o n m akers w ith a r a t i o n a l b a s i s f o r im p le m e n tin g n e e d e d m anage­ m ent a d ju s tm e n ts . A n a ly s is o f SCS S t a f f i n g L e v e ls The f i r s t o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s r e s e a r c h was t o exam ine t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw ee n SCS s t a f f i n g l e v e l s and i d e n t i f i e d n e e d s f o r e r o s i o n c o n t r o l and o t h e r la n d t r e a tm e n t m e a s u re s . The S o i l C o n s e r v a tio n S e r v ic e h a s f i e l d o f f i c e s s e r v i n g e a c h o f Mich­ i g a n ^ e i g h t y - t h r e e c o u n ti e s ( F ig u r e 1 ) . S e v e r a l o f f i c e s s e r v e m ore th a n one c o u n ty ; th e C a d i l l a c o f f i c e s e r v i n g W exford and M issau k e e c o u n t i e s i s an ex am p le. More th a n o n e s o i l c o n s e r v a t io n d i s t r i c t may be l o c a t e d i n a c o u n ty s e rv e d by on e SCS f i e l d o f f i c e , a s i n L iv in g s to n C o u n ty . The c o u n ty was c h o se n a s t h e u n i t o f I n t e r e s t f o r t h i s s tu d y s i n c e i t i s t h e m ost common o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s u b d i v i s i o n . T h is a p p ro a c h f a c i l i t a t e s u s e o f s e v ­ e r a l s e c o n d a ry d a t a s o u r c e s . 27 28 UPPER PEH lN SuLA i *m j l l r I “4W ,T,#J< LfS*-^ i1T na iw r orrici ARM6f*C| aria aw riEiO orricf nnp orrci y7U*t" M U l - t i t L t l D M IC I FUAT MRTtRlAL* (l*F|R JH m c o n is w iM m t »k t NORTH WEST MICHIGAN . . . . R C 8t D - ^ 5 m >» rr *ci» »*o«ci c#p«ca » A C *® AAOXCTV C# | C * « h ( M OTHCA Thai*Wht e# uuan 1 _______ lucC’WCCT Mmmt a . _____ IRKTNAuMUbO* I t ........................................................... J t T M X ............... * t l t M«rT x i............................( u t k» t I E _____ XX Z B '" 1" " U “ "}« cm c r i t L D o r r u ICIDmMCrRMiRV U M b 'i I u h r& V r -t I 3= -4= * = - -MV ICBD M*^ - " 4 Hilt M L M I B m B IT R C I u rv tc ift T O h ..M L I U R ........................ H I T MkVUN .............................................I t l M RVCR Z ................ .............. .................M L V I AWTI* B.......... JiMMmi HIW I* I* m m A1 **ftr1;/lW I« \ I •*■■»* __|-L,a T jis " t . | 1(••*■ T**” • l(5) | |HU.<] \ ’’•*-rOC '7 I_ ]____ I (1“ »*-w*J--------------------------A I A b=.ligtl A “ o"' ” j •. ” ! -a - 1 ■& lL,,‘". —1 I mmU fWsT**~ *1 rnwulJ*J-Aw . I^Cz^;l.itr> •H» fl 11mtiVMLt h‘“u I *o•»r'*<11 75 f gV /?!» ““■I J? «™r# l i ? LT H ^ kI [ 7lii**At6 r EV«ai«Al I' - “H *— o li— rA* V RAM***w »r=-* - ~ rA-T ^. r-p| i-7A£Wl ™ § /•/ Vi V ■ RAC 1* * * 0 * I f j j * * 1*" 1 13_____ woAtwwiif (.fvmaiTCM z a . . . . . . . . . , , . , ...ritiTow Z B .................................MVTM LflTMCltCN H ______ cnaaRquB'AOCMpimmp a clt-gn.y.Tfsi— 1 11 JitA ■«|.|*.TS 9,«*2I,IN •-tr ■ F ig u re 1 . — S o i l C o n s e r v a tio n S e r v ic e O r g a n iz a tio n Map o f M ic h ig a n . 29 C o r r e l a t i o n and m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n te c h n iq u e s w ere u t i l i z e d t o s tu d y th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e tw ee n s t a f f i n g and t r e a tm e n t n e e d s . C o rre la tio n a n a l­ y s i s m e a su re s t h e d e g re e o f a s s o c i a t i o n t h a t e x i s t s b e tw ee n two in d e p e n d e n t v a ria b le s . R e g r e s s io n a n a l y s i s q u a n t i f i e s t h e p a ra m e te r s o f su c h a n ’a s s o ­ c i a t i o n , and p r o v id e s e s t i m a t e s o f t h e v a lu e o f d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e fro m known v a lu e s o f one o r m ore in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s . T h ese m eth o d s a l s o p e r m it s t a t i s t i c a l i n f e r e n c e and t e s t i n g o f h y p o th e s e s c o n c e rn in g p o p u la ­ t i o n p a r a m e te r s . The g e n e r a l r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t io n was s e t up i n t h e fo rm Y = a + b^X. + . . . + b X , w h ere 11 n n * Y “ m an-days SCS t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e i n on e y e a r (TIME) Xj ** t o t a l a c r e s n e e d in g t r e a tm e n t (TNT) X^ « (ENT) a c r e s n e e d in g e r o s i o n c o n t r o l 38 X^ * c r o p la n d a c r e s n e e d in g t r e a tm e n t (CNT) X^ = p o r t i o n o f c o u n ty a r e a n e e d in g t r e a t m e n t (RTN) X5 = p o r t i o n o f c o u n ty n o n - f o r e s t e d a r e a n e e d in g Xg - t r e a t m e n t (RNFN) t o t a l a c r e s o f c ro p la n d (CPT) Xy = t o t a l a c r e s o f u rb a n and b u i l t - u p la n d (UBT) Xg *> 1970 t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n (P70) Xg ° 1970 r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n (PR70) X^g = 1960 t o 1970 p o p u l a t i o n change (PCH) X ^ *= y e a r s t h e s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n d i s t r i c t h a s b e en o r g a n iz e d (YRS) V a r ia b le l a b e l s from t h e c o m p u ter p ro g ram s w i l l b e u se d h e r e and th ro u g h o u t th e r e m a in d e r o f t h i s r e p o r t . S ee A ppendix C f o r c o m p le te d e fin itio n s . 30 S e l e c t i o n o f in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s i n t h e a b s e n c e o f p r e v io u s r e ­ s e a r c h was b a se d on t h e f o llo w in g r a t i o n a l e . As n o te d a b o v e , USDA i n ­ te n d e d t h a t th e CNI b e a t o o l f o r p ro g ram m anagem ent. The v a r i a b l e s X ^ ...X ^ w e re c h o se n t o t e s t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f s t a f f i n g l e v e l t o t h e s e CNI p a r a m e te r s . T h re e p o p u l a t i o n v a r i a b l e s w e re in c lu d e d t o t e s t how s tr o n g ly th e s i z e o f th e p o t e n t i a l c l i e n t e l e f o r a s s is ta n c e h as in ­ f lu e n c e d s t a f f i n g d e c i s i o n s . The l a s t v a r i a b l e w as ad d ed t o e x p lo r e any p o s s i b l e b i a s to w a rd o l d e r d i s t r i c t s . Were h i g h e r s t a f f l e v e l s s e t many y e a r s ago when t h e num ber o f fa rm e rs was g r e a t e r and t h e c o n s e r v a t io n e t h i c s t r o n g e r th a n i n r e c e n t y e a r s ? I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n o f in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s was t e s t e d by c o m p u tin g c o r r e la tio n c o e f f ic ie n ts f o r each p a ir . r e la te d v a ria b le s One o f e a c h p a i r o f h i g h l y c o r — 2 ( r > 0 . 7 0 ) was d e l e t e d from t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t io n . The i n d i v i d u a l r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s w ere t e s t e d a t t h e t e n p e r c e n t l e v e l to t e s t th e n u l l h y p o t h e s is Hq : *= 0 . A n a ly s is o f E r o s io n C o n tr o l A cco m p lish m en ts The se c o n d o b j e c t i v e was t o d e v e lo p p r e d i c t i v e m odels o f e r o s i o n con­ t r o l o u tp u t. Such m o d els w i l l a llo w e f f i c i e n c y c o m p a ris o n s among c o u n ti e s an d p e r m it t h e t r i a l o f a l t e r n a t i v e s t a f f a l l o c a t i o n s . The r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw ee n e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lish m e n ts and m anpow er i n p u t s , CNI n e e d s , and o t h e r f a c t o r s was a l s o exam ined by m u l t i p l e r e ­ g re s s io n a n a ly s is . s e rv a tio n s . D a ta w e re a v a i l a b l e by c o u n ty , w i t h e i g h t y - t h r e e ob­ D i f f e r e n c e s i n la n d u s e , c o n s e r v a t i o n n e e d s , an d s t a f f i n g l e v e l s e x i s t b e tw ee n N o rth e r n an d S o u th e r n M ic h ig a n . S e p a r a te e q u a tio n s w ere t h e r e f o r e d e v e lo p e d f o r th e two r e g i o n s s p l i t a lo n g a Muskegon to A renac C ounty l i n e ( F i g u r e 2 ) . 31 ftfftttriltr furg F i g u r e 2 . — S tu d y A re a s . rj«o«te*iii\/Mimfi1 32 The t o t a l am ount o f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l was m e a su re d by t h e sum o f a c r e s o f c r o p l a n d , p a s t u r e , and o t h e r la n d t r e a t e d w ith e r o s i o n c o n t r o l p r a c ­ tic e s . A s e p a r a t e e q u a t io n was t o b e d e v e lo p e d f o r e a c h la n d u s e t y p e . T h is a p p ro a c h was m o d ifie d a f t e r e q u a tio n s w ere f i t t e d t o d a t a f o r p a s ­ t u r e and o t h e r l a n d , a s d i s c u s s e d i n C h a p te r V. S p e c i f i c a l l y , th e i n i t i a l e q u a t i o n s e t w as a s f o l l o w s : yj Y2 - a + bjX l + bA + bgXg + . . . + b 12X12 m a + b '2X2 + b 5X5 + b 8X8 + a + b Y3 3X3 + b12X12 + b 6X6 + b ?x 7 + b 8X8 + . . . + b 12X12 W here a c r e s o f c ro p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l p r a c t i c e s a p p l i e d (CECA) Yi Y2 Y3 X1 X2 X3 =3 a c r e s o f p a s t u r e l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l p r a c t i c e s a p p l i e d (PECA) = a c r e s o f o t h e r la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l p r a c t i c e s a p p l i e s (OECA) C* 1967 CNI n e e d s a c r e a g e f o r c r o p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l (CNE) = 1967 CNI n e e d s a c r e a g e f o r p a s t u r e l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l (PNT) S3 1967 CNI c ro p la n d a c r e a g e (CPT) X4 XS X6 X7 X8 X9 1967 CNI n e e d s a c r e a g e f o r o t h e r la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l (ONT) a 1967 CNI p a s t u r e l a n d a c r e a g e (PT) e: 1967 CNI o t h e r la n d a c r e a g e (0T) a 1967 CNI u rb a n and b u i l t - u p la n d a c r e a g e (UBT) a t o t a l m an -d ay s t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e tim e (TIME) a a v e ra g e v a lu e a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c ts s o l d p e r fa rm , 1969 (VAPS) “ 1970 p o p u l a t i o n (P70) Xn = 1970 r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n (PR70) X__ ” 1 , 0 v a r i a b l e f o r p r e s e n c e o r a b s e n c e o f a m odem s o i l s u r v e y r e p o r t (SS) 33 I n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s w e re s e l e c t e d on h y p o th e s iz e d r e l a t i o n s h i p s to e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lis h m e n ts . N eeds a n d la n d u s e a c r e a g e s from CNI ( X ^ ...X ^ ) a r e im p o r ta n t I f a c c o m p lish m e n ts a r e l i n k e d t o t h e s i z e o f t h e e r o s i o n c o n t r o l j o b t o be d o n e . The v a lu e o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s s o l d p e r farm i s u s e d a s an i n d i c a t o r o f farm incom e and c a p i t a l a v a i l a b l e f o r in v e s tm e n t i n c o n s e r v a t i o n p r a c t i c e s . th e s i z e o f th e p o t e n t i a l c l i e n t e l e . Two p o p u l a t i o n v a r i a b l e s i n d i c a t e The p r e s e n c e o f a s o i l s u rv e y s h o u ld i n c r e a s e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f c o n s e r v a t i o n p la n n in g by p r o v i d in g com­ p l e t e u p - t o - d a t e s o i l s in f o r m a ti o n . Components o f th e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s , e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lis h ­ m en ts , w e re s e l e c t e d t o com plem ent CNI e r o s i o n c o n t r o l n e e d s c a t e g o r i e s ( T a b le 1 ) . Some com prom ises w e re n e c e s s a r y b e c a u s e o f a l a c k o f c o r r e ­ sp o n d e n c e b e tw e e n CNI and p r a c t i c e s shown i n th e P r o g r e s s R e p o r tin g S y stem . 39 C ro p lan d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lish m e n ts (CECA) w e re r e p r e s e n t e d by th e sum o f s e v e n r e p o r t a b l e p r a c t i c e s : Crop R e sid u e U se, C o n to u r F a rm in g , Minimum T i l l a g e , S t r i p c r o p p i n g , and C ro p la n d C o n v e r s io n - G r a s a la n d , Wood­ la n d , W ild lif e - R e c r e a tio n . S e v e r a l o t h e r p r a c t i c e s w hich h a v e some e f f e c t on e r o s i o n an d s e d i ­ m e n ta tio n w ere n o t i n c l u d e d . T e r r a c e s and D iv e r s io n s w e re o m itte d b e c a u s e r e l a t i v e l y few u n i t s o f t h e s e p r a c t i c e s h a v e b e e n i n s t a l l e d i n M ic h ig a n . G ra ss e d W aterw ays a r e u se d t o c o n t r o l l i m i t e d a r e a s , u s u a l l y I n c o n ju n c ti o n 39 S u g g e s tio n s f o r s e l e c t i n g c o n s e r v a t io n p r a c t i c e s w ere o b ta in e d i n an i n t e r v i e w w i t h W arren F i t z g e r a l d , A s s i s t a n t S t a t e C o n s e r v a t i o n i s t , SCS, M ic h ig a n , O c to b e r 2 6 , 1973. t a b l e 1 .— CNI tre a tm e n t needs f o r c ro p la n d , and o th e r la n d , w ith s e le c te d c o rresp o n d in g c o n se rv a tio n p r a c t ic e s p rim a r ily f o r e ro s io n c o n t r o l - Land Use T reatm ent Need C orresponding C on serv atio n P r a c tic e ^ Cropland Residue and Annual Cover Crop R esidue Use Minimum T illa g e Sod in R o ta tio n Contouring Contour F a m in g S trip c ro p p in g , te r r a c in g d iv e rs io n s S trip c ro p p in g Perm anent Cover P a s tu re la n d O ther Land c Change in Land Use Cropland C onversion t o : G ra ssla n d Woodland W ild lif e /R e c r e a tio n c P r o te c tio n Only P ro p e r G razing Use Improvement P a s tu re and Hayland Management R eestab lish m en t P a s tu re la n d and Hayland P la n tin g T reatm ent Needed C r i t i c a l Area P la n tin g aD e f in itio n s o f CNI Treatm ent Needs a re shown i n Appendix A. b c D e fin itio n s o f SCS R e p o rtab le P r a c tic e s a re shown i n Appendix B. No co rresp o n d in g p r a c t ic e re p o r te d . 35 w ith o t h e r p r a c t i c e s . F i e l d W in d b reak s i n M ic h ig a n h a v e b e e n l i m i t e d p r i n c i p a l l y t o o r g a n i c s o i l s f o r w ind e r o s i o n c o n t r o l ; th e y c a n n o t b e e v a lu a te d by th e s o i l l o s s e q u a t io n f o r w a te r e r o s i o n u t i l i z e d i n t h i s s tu d y . C o n s e rv a tio n C ro p p in g System was o m itte d b e c a u s e o f p o s s i b l e d o u b le - c o u n tin g i n SCS d a t a . F o r e x a m p le , a n a c r e w hich was r e p o r t e d a s h a v in g Crop R e sid u e Use c o u ld a l s o b e r e p o r t e d f o r C o n s e r v a tio n C ro p p in g System i f t h e a d d i t i o n o f c ro p r e s i d u e s t o 'a n d th u s s a t i s f i e d t h e r e ­ q u ire m e n ts o f t h e l a t t e r p r a c t i c e . S i m i l a r c o m b in a tio n s o f C o n s e rv a tio n C ro p p ing w ith o t h e r c ro p la n d t r e a t m e n t p r a c t i c e s c o u ld a l s o o c c u r . 40 P a s t u r e e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lish m e n ts (PECA) w ere r e p r e s e n t e d by th e sum o f two r e p o r t a b l e p r a c t i c e s : P a s t u r e and H ayland P l a n t i n g . P a s t u r e and H ayland Management and A lth o u g h i t p e r t a i n s to t h e CNI n eed c a t e ­ g o ry " P r o t e c t i o n O n ly ," P ro p e r G ra z in g Use was o m itte d b e c a u s e i t i s n o t a r e p o r t a b l e p r a c t i c e i n M ic h ig a n . 41 O th e r la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lish m e n ts (OECA) w ere r e p r e s e n t e d by th e one r e p o r t a b l e p r a c t i c e : C r i t i c a l A rea P l a n t i n g . A p ro b lem e x i s t s h e r e i n th e f a c t t h a t t h i s p r a c t i c e c o u ld b e r e p o r t e d on u rb a n l a n d , w h ile u rb a n and b u i l t - u p a r e a s w e re e x c lu d e d from th e CNI. A n o th e r r e p o r t a b l e ite m , Land P r o t e c t e d D u rin g D ev elo p m en t, w ould a l s o be a m ea su re o f O th e r Land t r e a t m e n t . h e re a ls o . I t was o m itte d b e c a u s e a d o u b le - c o u n tin g p ro b le m a r i s e s I n d i v i d u a l p r a c t i c e s s u c h a s W aterw ays and C r i t i c a l A rea P l a n t i n g a p p li e d on an a r e a u n d e r d e v elo p m e n t w ould a l s o be r e p o r t e d . 40 I n t e r v i e w w ith P a lm e r S k a l la n d , S t a t e R e so u rc e C o n s e r v a t i o n i s t , SCS, M ic h ig a n , November 9, 1973. 41 I n t e r v i e w w ith R ic h a rd D r u l l i n g e r , A g ro n o m ist, SCS, M ic h ig a n , November 5 , 1973. . 36 T re e p l a n t i n g i s a l s o a p r a c t i c e v e ry e f f e c t i v e i n e r o s i o n c o n t r o l . SCS m a i n t a i n s no r e c o r d s o f la n d on w hich, t r e e p l a n t i n g t a k e s p l a c e . P r o g r e s s R e p o rts o n ly c o n t a i n a t o t a l o f t h e a c r e s p l a n t e d . H ie No o t h e r s t u d i e s h a v e b e e n c o n d u c te d i n M ic h ig a n t o g i v e an i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e am ount o f t r e e p l a n t i n g done on c r o p l a n d , p a s t u r e , o r o t h e r l a n d . 42 T re e p l a n t i n g u n d o u b te d ly w ould m eet t h e n e e d f o r c h an g e i n p a s t u r e l a n d u s e on some a c r e s . I t w o u ld a l s o be in v o lv e d i n e s t a b l i s h i n g p e rm a n e n t c o v e r on c ro p la n d by C o n v e rsio n t o W oodland. em ploy t r e e p l a n t i n g . C r i t i c a l A rea P l a n t i n g m ig h t a l s o T h ese p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f d o u b le c o u n tin g p l u s t h e la c k o f i n f o r m a ti o n on a f f e c t e d la n d u s e ty p e make t r e e p l a n t i n g d a t a un­ s u ita b le fo r th is a n a ly s is . F i s c a l y e a r 1972 d a t a from t h e SCS T im e k e e p in g and P r o g r e s s R e p o rt­ in g S y stem w e re u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y . A lth o u g h d a t a w ere a v a i l a b l e f o r F I 1 9 7 3 , t h i s tim e p e r i o d was n o t c o n s id e r e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f SCS a c t i v ­ itie s i n r e c e n t y e a r s f o r two r e a s o n s . F i r s t , an A d m i n is tr a t io n p o l i c y was e s t a b l i s h e d t o re d u c e o v e r a l l F e d e r a l em ploym ent. T h is l e d t o a de­ c l i n e In num bers o f M ic h ig a n SCS p e r s o n n e l I n FY 1973 r e l a t i v e t o t h e s t a f f l e v e l s o f t h e p r e c e d in g t h r e e t o f o u r y e a r s . S e c o n d , t h e A d m in is­ t r a t i o n a l s o w ith h e ld a s u b s t a n t i a l p o r t i o n o f fu n d s a p p r o p r i a t e d f o r th e R u r a l E n v iro n m e n ta l A s s i s t a n c e P ro g ram (REAP) a d m i n i s t e r e d by t h e A g r i­ c u l t u r a l S t a b i l i z a t i o n and C o n s e r v a tio n S e r v i c e . The REAP p ro g ram made c o s t - s h a r e fu n d s a v a i l a b l e t o la n d ow ners f o r a num ber o f s o i l c o n s e r v a t io n 42 I n t e r v i e w w i t h J a c q u e s P i n k a r d , W oodland C o n s e r v a t i o n i s t , SCS, M ic h ig a n , November 9 , 1973. 37 p r a c t i c e s f o r w h ich SCS p r o v id e d t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e and w h ich w e re r e p o r t e d a s a c c o m p lish m e n ts i n i t s d a t a s y s te m . E l i m i n a t i o n o f REAP c o s t - s h a r i n g i n mid-FY 1973 i s b e l i e v e d t o h a v e re d u c e d f a r m e r i n v e s t m en ts in c o n s e r v a t i o n p r a c t i c e s a n d , t h e r e f o r e , SCS a c c o m p lis h m e n ts . 43 E s t im a ti n g G ro ss E r o s io n R e d u c tio n The p r e s e n t SCS r e p o r t i n g s y s te m p r o v id e s no d i r e c t i n f o r m a ti o n co n ­ c e r n in g g r o s s e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n due t o la n d t r e a t m e n t m e a s u re s . A p ro ­ c e d u re was d e v e lo p e d t o e s t i m a t e g r o s s e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n u t i l i z i n g p ro g ­ re s s r e p o r tin g d a ta p lu s a d d itio n a l s o u rc e s . T h is p r o c e d u r e was th e n a p p li e d t o one s u b - r e g i o n i n S o u th e rn M ic h ig a n . The U n iv e r s a l S o i l L o ss E q u a tio n p r o v id e s a m ethod f o r c a l c u l a t i n g g r o s s e r o s i o n when c e r t a i n p h y s i c a l p a r a m e te r s a r e q u a n t i f i e d . 44 The e q u a t io n i s A ° RKLSCP w here A R K L S C P = =* *» = = = = a v e r a g e a n n u a l com puted s o i l l o s s p e r u n i t a r e a ; r a i n f a ll fa c to r s o il- e r o d ib ility fa c to r s lo p e -le n g th f a c to r s lo p e -g ra d ie n t f a c to r c ro p p in g -m a n a g e m e n t f a c t o r e ro s io n c o n tr o l p r a c tic e f a c to r V a lu e s f o r e a c h f a c t o r h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d from r e s e a r c h d a t a . The R f a c t o r v a lu e s h a v e b e e n d e te rm in e d on a g e o g r a p h i c a l b a s i s from lo n g te rm r a i n f a ll re c o rd s. m a jo r s o i l s e r i e s . V a lu e s f o r K, L , and S h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d f o r th e T a b le s a r e a v a i l a b l e w ith C f a c t o r v a l u e s f o r v a r i o u s 43 B oth t h e p e r s o n n e l c e l l i n g and REAP im p a c ts on FY 1973 d a t a w ere p o in te d o u t i n an i n t e r v i e w w ith W arren F i t z g e r a l d , A s s i s t a n d S t a t e Con­ s e r v a t i o n i s t , SCS, M ic h ig a n , O c to b e r 2 6 , 1973. 44 W. H. W isch m eie r and D, D. S m ith , o jj , c it. 38 c ro p r o t a t i o n s i n c o m b in a tio n w ith a l t e r n a t i v e s o i l m anagem ent m eth o d s ( c o n v e n tio n a l t i l l a g e , c ro p r e s i d u e r e t a i n e d on s o i l s u r f a c e , o r minimum tilla g e ). P r e p a r e d t a b l e s a l s o g iv e P f a c t o r v a lu e s f o r s e l e c t e d e r o s i o n - c o n t r o l p r a c t i c e s (up and down h i l l fa r m in g , c o n to u r i n g , s t r i p c r o p p i n g , o r te rra c in g ). F o r t h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s a n a l y s i s i t was assum ed t h a t t h e U n i v e r s a l S o i l L o ss E q u a tio n p r e d i c t s s o i l l o s s w ith o u t e r r o r . T h e re i s , i n f a c t , some l e v e l o f v a r i a n c e a s s o c i a t e d w ith e s t i m a t e s d e r i v e d from t h e Equa­ tio n . The a s s u m p tio n o f z e r o v a r i a n c e im p lie s a lo w e r e r r o r o f e s t i m a t e f o r s o i l l o s s v a lu e s com puted i n t h i s s tu d y th a n m ig h t a c t u a l l y b e ob­ se rv e d . T h is s tu d y u t i l i z e d com puted p e r - a c r e s o i l l o s s v a lu e s p r e p a r e d by Iowa S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y u s i n g th e U n i v e r s a l S o i l L oss E q u a tio n , and made a v a i l a b l e by t h e S o i l C o n s e r v a tio n S e r v i c e . f o r e a c h M ajor Land R e so u rc e A re a , A5 E r o s io n l o s s e s w ere com puted by la n d c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s and s u b - c l a s s , 46 f o r s e v e r a l t y p i c a l c ro p r o t a t i o n s , f o r v a r i o u s c o m b in a tio n s o f c ro p m anagem ent s y s te m s and e r o s i o n c o n t r o l p r a c t i c e s . 47 45 U .S ., D e p artm en t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , S o i l C o n s e rv a tio n S e r v i c e , Land R e so u rce R e g io n s and M ajor Land R e so u rc e A re a s o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s , A g r i c u l t u r e H andbook 296 (W a sh in g to n : U .S . G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 6 5 ). A6 U .S ., D e p a rtm e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , S o i l C o n s e r v a tio n S e r v i c e , Land— C a p a b i l i t y C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . A g r i c u l t u r e Handbook No. 210 (W a sh in g to n : U .S . G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 6 1 ). 47 D evelopm ent o f t h e s e e r o s i o n l o s s d a t a i s d e s c r i b e d i n K en n eth Jo h n N l c o l 's , "M o d e lin g A pproach t o th e Econom ic and R e g io n a l Im p a c ts o f S e d i­ m ent L oss C o n tr o l" (U n p u b lis h e d P h .D . d i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p t, o f A g r. E c o n ., Iowa S t a t e U n i v ., 1974) p p . 289—308. 39 The p e r a c r e r e d u c t i o n i n g r o s s e r o s i o n (ERED) f o r t h e g e n e r a l c a s e may b e s t a t e d as w here EROS = g r o s s e r o s i o n p e r a c r e c a l c u l a t e d by th e U n iv e r s a l S o i l L oss E q u a tio n i = j = k = 1 = 1'= m= m'*3 n = M ajor Land R e so u rc e A re a (.LRA) Land C a p a b i l i t y C la s s and S u b c la s s (LCCc) c ro p r o t a t i o n t i l l a g e c o n d i t i o n w ith o u t tr e a tm e n t t i l l a g e c o n d i t i o n w ith t r e a tm e n t m e c h a n ic a l p r a c t i c e w ith o u t t r e a tm e n t m e c h a n ic a l p r a c t i c e w ith , t r e a tm e n t c o n s e r v a t io n t r e a tm e n t a p p li e d and n = 1 2 3 4 5 fo r fo r fo r fo r fo r c ro p r e s i d u e u s e minimum t i l l a g e c o n to u r in g s trip c ro p p in g p e rm a n en t c o v e r 1 = 1 f o r c o n v e n tio n a l t i l l a g e 2 f o r c ro p r e s i d u e u se 3 f o r minimum t i l l a g e m = 1 2 3 4 fo r fo r fo r fo r up and down h i l l fa rm in g c o n to u r fa rm in g s trip c ro p p in g te rra c in g A t w e n ty - f o u r c o u n ty a r e a i n S o u th e rn M ic h ig a n w hich c o m p ris e s LRA 98 was s e l e c t e d f o r a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e p r o c e d u r e . T h is r e g i o n i s th e S o u th e rn M ic h ig a n D r i f t P l a i n , w hich h a s a d i v e r s i t y o f g e n e r a l f i e l d c ro p s an d p r o ­ d u c t i v e a g r i c u l t u r a l s o i l s ( F ig u r e 2 , pag e 3 1 ) . T h ere a r e f o u r t e e n la n d c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s e s an d s u b c l a s s e s (LCCc) in LRA 98 in c lu d e d i n t h i s a n a l y s i s : IVw, IV s , V ie , V is , V i l e , V I I s . I , H e , I I w , I I s , I l l e , I I I w , I l l s , IV e, The o t h e r LCCc*s d id n o t h av e s u f f i c i e n t c ro p la n d a c r e a g e t o be c o n s id e r e d p e r t i n e n t . 40 The a v a i l a b l e s o i l l o s s d a t a h ad o r i g i n a l l y b e e n com puted by LCCc f o r s e v e r a l c ro p r o t a t i o n s known t o b e u t i l i z e d by fa rm e rs i n Land Re­ s o u r c e A rea 98. A p p l i c a ti o n o f th o s e d a t a t o t h i s s tu d y r e q u i r e d s p e c i ­ f i c a t i o n o f a t y p i c a l c ro p r o t a t i o n from w i t h i n th e o r i g i n a l l i s t f o r e a c h LCCc by c o u n ty . I t was assum ed t h a t fa rm in g p r a c t i c e s and c ro p r o t a t i o n s w i t h i n a c o u n ty a r e u n if o r m among some c l o s e l y r e l a t e d la n d c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s e s w ith t h e same m a jo r l i m i t a t i o n . T h a t l s t t h r e e f i e l d s w ith f e r t i l e s o i l s and l e v e l to p o g ra p h y h a v in g e x c e s s i v e s o i l m o is tu r e ("w" s u b c l a s s ) m ig h t hav e b e en p la c e d i n c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s I I , I I I , and IV r e s p e c t i v e l y d u e to d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e d e g r e e o f d r a in a g e p ro b le m ; b u t th e y a r e a l l l i k e l y t o h av e a s i m i l a r c ro p r o t a t i o n w ith a r e l a t i v e l y h ig h p r o p o r t i o n o f row c r o p s . More s l o p i n g a r e a s w ith a h i g h e r e r o s i o n h a z a rd ( " e " s u b c l a s s ) w o u ld p r o b ­ a b ly be m anaged w ith a r o t a t i o n h i g h e r i n c lo s e - g ro w n c ro p s th a n t h e w et s o i l s a lth o u g h o n c e a g a in d i f f e r e n c e s among c l a s s I I , I I I and IV w o u ld b e m in o r. On t h i s b a s i s , s i x LCCc g r o u p in g s w e re e s t a b l i s h e d : IIw -IIIw -IV w ; I I s —I I I s - I V s ; V I e - V I I e ; V I s - V I I s . I ; Ile -IIIe -IV e ; T h is p r o c e d u re s i m p l i f i e d t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t y p i c a l c ro p r o t a t i o n s f o r e a c h g ro u p in g on a c o u n ty b a s i s (T a b le 2 ) . The CNI d o e s n o t p r o v id e i n f o r m a ti o n on t h e p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n o f la n d i d e n t i f i e d a s n e e d in g t r e a t m e n t . I t was n e c e s s a r y t o assum e c e r t a i n la n d m anagem ent c o n d i t i o n s f o r w i t h an d w it h o u t t r e a tm e n t (T a b le 3 ) . The assum ed c o n d it i o n w ith o u t t r e a tm e n t was c o n v e n t io n a l t i l l a g e w ith up and down h i l l fa rm in g . 41 T a b le 2 . — T y p ic a l c ro p r o t a t i o n s f o r la n d c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s and s u b c l a s s g r o u p in g s , by c o u n ty , LRA 9 8 . a C a p a b i l i t y C la s s a n d S u b c la s s Group County I II-IV e II-IV w 1 1 -1 Vs V l-V IIe VI—V IIs Crop R o ta tio n Code^ B a rry B ran ch C alhoun Cass C lin to n E a to n G enesee G ra tio t H ills d a le Ingham Io n ia Is a b e lla Jack so n Kalam azoo K ent L apeer Lenawee L iv in g s to n M ontcalm Muskegon O akland O ttaw a S t. Joseph W ashtenaw 84 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 84 84 84 84 84 84 89 89 84 84 89 89 84 84 84 89 89 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 89 89 89 301 89 89 89 89 89 84 84 89 89 89 84 84 89 84 89 89 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 aS o u rc e : I n te r v ie w w i t h R ic h a rd D r u l l i n g e r , A g ro n o m ist, SCS, M ic h ig a n , December 19, 1973. ^C rop r o t a t i o n co d es — 20 : c o n tin u o u s c o r n ; 84 : c o r n - c o m - o a t s —h a y h a y -h a y ; 85: c o r n - o a t s - h a y - h a y - h a y - h a y ; 88 : c o m - c o m - w h e a t- s o y b e a n s ; 3 01: c o m - c o m - w h e a t- s u g a r b e e t s . Table 3 .—Assumed lan d management c o n d itio n s by cropland tre a tm e n t need c a te g o ry , w ith o u t and w ith tre a tm e n t. Cropland Treatm ent Need Category Assumed Management C ondition W ithout T reatm ent With Treatm ent T illa g e M echanical T illa g e M echanical Crop Residue Use C onventional Up-down H i l l Crop R esidue Use Up-down H i l l Minimum T illa g e C onventional Up-down H i l l Minimum T illa g e Up-down H i l l Contouring Only C onventional Up-down H ill Crop Residue Use C ontouring S trip c ro p p in g C onventional Up-down H i l l Crop R esidue Use S trip c ro p p in g Permanent Cover C onventional Up-down H i l l Minimum T illa g e T erraces 43 Assumed c o n d it i o n s a f t e r tr e a tm e n t show t h e e f f e c t o f e a c h p a r t i c u ­ l a r c o n s e r v a tio n m e a su re . For c ro p r e s i d u e u s e and minimum t i l l a g e , o n ly t h e t i l l a g e c o n d it i o n I s assum ed t o b e im proved. I t was assum ed t h a t e i t h e r c o n to u r in g o r s t r i p c r o p p i n g w ould o n ly b e a p p lie d a s p a r t o f a co m p reh en siv e c o n s e r v a tio n program f o r t h a t l a n d , and t h a t t i l l a g e p r a c ­ t i c e w ould a l s o be changed from c o n v e n tio n a l t o c ro p r e s i d u e u s e . S o il l o s s v a lu e s f o r a change t o p erm an en t c o v e r a r e n o t in c lu d e d i n th e d a ta used f o r t h i s s tu d y . C o n d itio n s w ith p erm an en t c o v e r i n p la c e w ere t h e r e ­ f o r e assum ed to be th e m ost s o i l c o n s e rv in g c o m b in a tio n p o s s i b l e w i t h in th e d a ta : minimum t i l l a g e on t e r r a c e d la n d . The f o r e g o in g s i m p l i f i c a t i o n s make i t p o s s i b l e t o e x p re s s t h e g en ­ e r a l e r o s i o n r e d u c t io n m odel as ERED„m , - EROS c r -,1t m» c m - EROS c rlm w here c = c o u n ty , and r =* th e LCCc - c ro p r o t a t i o n com plex, w ith re m a in in g s u b s c r i p t s as d e s c r ib e d ab o v e. F or t h e p r e v io u s ly d e f in e d tr e a tm e n t c o n d it i o n n. (T a b le 3 ) , t h e p e r a c r e e r o s i o n r e d u c tio n f o r a g iv e n jc _r i s EREDj = EROS. 1 *1 " EE0S2 ,1 ered 2 5 EROS. 1*1 ered 3 £3 EROS j l - ER0S2 ,2 ERED^ C 3 ered 5 B EROS1 1 eros 3(1 “ ER0S2 ,3 ER0Si , i - ER0S3 ,4 In o r d e r to u t i l i z e t h i s m o d el, i t i s n e c e s s a r y to know th e LCCc - c ro p r o t a t i o n com plex upon w hich e r o s io n c o n t r o l m ea su re s a r e a p p li e d . S in c e SCS p r o g r e s s r e p o r t s c o n ta in no in f o r m a tio n on t h i s p o i n t , a g e n e r a l i z e d a p p ro a c h was u se d . 44 I t was assum ed t h a t c o n s e r v a t i o n t r e a t m e n t s w ould b e d i s t r i b u t e d by LCCc i n t h e sam e p r o p o r t i o n a s a c r e s n e e d in g t h a t t r e a t m e n t , a s r e p o r t e d i n t h e CNI by c o u n ty . T hat i s , 14 DN - NT f V c rp c rp * ^ NT cp w h ere NT D a c r e s n e e d in g t r e a t m e n t , and p = t r e a tm e n t n e e d c a t e g o r y : 1 , r e s i d u e and a n n u a l c o v e r 3 . c o n to u r in g o n ly 4. s trip c ro p p in g 5 . p e rm a n e n t c o v e r S in c e b o th c ro p r e s i d u e u s e and minimum t i l l a g e c o r r e s p o n d t o r e s i d u e and a n n u a l c o v e r n e e d s , DNc r 2 “ ®^Cr l A w e ig h te d e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n v a lu e i s th e n c a l c u l a t e d as WERED « ERED x DN cm c rn c rp I t i s now n e c e s s a r y t o know t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f v a lu e s o f CECA among t h e f i v e com ponent c o n s e r v a t i o n t r e a tm e n ts f o r c r o p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l . F o r t h e c u r r e n t e s t i m a t e , t h e a c t u a l d i s t r i b u t i o n c a l c u l a t e d from f i s c a l y e a r 1972 d a t a was u s e d . F o r p r o j e c t i o n s , i t was assum ed t h a t t h e d i s t r i ­ b u t i o n w i t h i n e a c h c o u n ty w ould b e t h e same as t h a t r e p o r t e d i n FT 1972. Thus PTR cn TR Cn 5 V TR i£ l - TR cn CECA C C w h ere TR = a c r e s o f c o n s e r v a t i o n t r e a tm e n t n . F i n a l l y , t o t a l e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n p e r a c r e o f c r o p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a p p li e d (CECA) i s g iv e n by 14 TERED - S ’1 c ■ r<— =*,l 5 V* n=1 (WERED x PTR ) c rn cn 45 A lte rn a tiv e S ta ffin g P a tte r n s The f o u r t h m a jo r o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s s tu d y was t o s p e c i f y a l t e r n a t i v e SCS s t a f f i n g l e v e l s by c o u n ty i n o r d e r t o m ax im ize a c r e s o f e r o s i o n co n ­ t r o l , an d , a l t e r n a t i v e l y , g ro ss e ro s io n re d u c tio n . As m e n tio n e d i n t h e p r e v io u s s e c t i o n , r e s u l t s o f t h e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s f o r e s t i m a t i n g p a s t u r e — la n d and o t h e r la n d t r e a tm e n t a c r e a g e s made i t n e c e s s a r y t o c o n f i n e f u r t h e r w o rk t o c r o p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a l o n e . P ro p o s e d a d ju s tm e n ts i n s t a f f i n g l e v e l s among c o u n t i e s w ere b a s e d upon m a r g in a l a n a l y s i s . R e g r e s s io n e s t i m a t o r s d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r w e re c o n s id e r e d p r o d u c tio n f u n c t i o n s o f t h e form Y = ^2***^n^ w^ e r e ^ *-s t o t a l a c r e s o f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l ( o r g r o s s e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n ) ; X^ i s SCS manpower i n p u t s ; and X - . ..X « Tl a r e t h e re m a in in g v a r i a b l e s i n t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n . T o ta l o u tp u t (Y) was th e n c a l c u l a t e d w h i l e p a r a m e t r i c a l l y v a r y i n g manpower ( x jj)* C om parison and r a n k in g s among c o u n ti e s i n te rm s o f in c r e m e n t a l c h a n g e s i n o u tp u t p r o v id e d t h e b a s i s f o r s h i f t i n g manpower t o c o u n ti e s w ith t h e h ig h ­ e s t m a r g in a l p r o d u c t i v i t y . L im its w ere e s t a b l i s h e d to e l i m i n a t e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a l l o c a t i n g a l l manpower r e s o u r c e s t o t h e c o u n ty w ith t h e h i g h e s t m a r g in a l p r o d u c t i v i t y . Such a s o l u t i o n w ould be t o t a l l y u n r e a l i s t i c i n c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f o t h e r SCS m anagem ent o b j e c t i v e s . In a d d i t i o n , t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e r e g r e s s i o n e s t i m a t o r s d e c l i n e s a s one e x t r a p o l a t e s beyond t h e ra n g e o f o b s e r v e d v a lu e s o f th e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s . 48 48 M o rris Ham burg, S t a t i s t i c a l A n a ly s is f o r D e c is io n M aking (New Y o rk : H a r c o u r t, B ra c e & W o rld , I n c . , 1 9 7 0 ), p . 503. 46 P r e s e n t and a d j u s t e d manpower l e v e l s w ere s t u d i e d f o r e a c h o f t h e two r e g i o n s i n t h e s t a t e d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r . two r e a s o n s . T h is a p p ro a c h was u s e d f o r F i r s t , s e p a r a t e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t io n s w h ic h w ould p r o v id e th e m eans o f p r e d i c t i n g e r o s i o n c o n t r o l o u tp u t h a d b een d e v e lo p e d f o r each re g io n . S e c o n d , t h e ra n g e o f p r e s e n t m anpow er l e v e l s i s s m a l l e r w i t h i n e a c h r e g i o n th a n f o r th e s t a t e a s a w h o le . The p o s s i b i l i t y o f e x ­ tre m e s h i f t s i n manpower w ould b e re d u c e d by o p e r a t i n g w i t h i n t h e ra n g e e x h ib ite d in a p a r t i c u l a r re g io n . The l i m i t s o f a ll o w a b le manpower l e v e l s w ere th u s e s t a b l i s h e d s o t h a t w i t h i n e a c h r e g i o n no c o u n ty w ould h a v e l e s s manpower th a n t h e low­ e s t am ount r e c o r d e d i n FY 1972 d a t a ; and no c o u n ty w ould h a v e m ore man­ pow er th a n t h e h i g h e s t am ount r e c o r d e d i n FY 1972. The t o t a l manpower p o o l f o r e a c h r e g i o n was a l l o c a t e d among t h e c o u n ti e s i n t h a t r e g i o n i n d e s c e n d in g o r d e r when ra n k e d from h ig b to low on m a r g in a l o u t p u t e x p r e s s e d as a c re s o f e ro s io n c o n tr o l. W ith in e a c h r e g i o n , a c t u a l FY 1972 a c r e s o f c ro p la n d e r o s i o n t r e a t ­ m ent w e re com pared t o th e p r e d i c t e d v a lu e s w ith m anpower a l l o c a t e d a s d e ­ s c rib e d above. The s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e b etw een t h e s e v a lu e s was m ea su re d th ro u g h a t - t e s t on t h e mean o f t h e a c r e a g e f o r e a c h c o n d i­ tio n . T h is t e s t e d t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s is t h a t t h e r e i s no d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e m eans; i . e . H : (Y. - y ) = 0 0 1 2 a t a te n p e rc e n t l e v e l o f s ig n if ic a n c e . 47 The e f f e c t s o f c h a n g e s i n manpower a l l o c a t i o n s upon g r o s s e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n w ere e v a l u a t e d f o r t h e tw e n ty - f o u r c o u n ty s u b - r e g io n c o m p ris in g Land R e so u rc e A rea 98. T h is w as t h e one a r e a t o w hich t h e e r o s i o n re d u c ­ t i o n m odel was a p p l i e d . The b a s i c a l l o c a t i o n p r o c e d u r e was j u s t a s o u t l i n e d a b o v e . M a rg in a l o u tp u t was m ea su re d i n te rm s o f t o t a l to n s o f g r o s s e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n , w h ich was com puted a s t h e p r o d u c t o f a c r e s t r e a t e d and g r o s s e r o s i o n r e ­ d u c ti o n p e r a c r e . C o u n tie s w ere ra n k e d from h ig h to low on m a r g in a l o u t ­ p u t , and t h e a v a i l a b l e manpower p o o l was a l l o c a t e d t o c o u n ti e s i n d e s c e n d ­ in g o r d e r . A llo w a b le manpower a l l o c a t i o n was a g a in l i m i t e d t o t h e ra n g e o f o b s e rv e d v a lu e s w i t h i n R eg io n Two (S o u th e rn Lower M ic h ig a n ). C om pari­ so n s w ere made o f t o t a l g r o s s e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n u n d e r t h r e e c o n d i t i o n s : (1 ) o b s e rv e d i n FY 1972, (_2) w ith manpower a l l o c a t i o n t o m axim ize a c r e s o f c r o p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l , (3 ) w i t h manpower a l l o c a t i o n t o m axim ize t o t a l to n s o f e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n . D if f e r e n c e s among t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s w ere a g a in m ea su re d th ro u g h a t - t e s t on e a c h o f f o u r p a i r s o f m eans. T hese t e s t s e v a l u a t e d t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s is o f no d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n m eans a t t h e t e n p e r c e n t s i g n i f i c a n c e le v e l. CHAPTER IV STAFF ORGANIZATION AND EROSION CONTROL ACCOMPLISHMENTS The S o i l C o n s e rv a tio n S e r v i c e h a s p r o v id e d t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e t o fa rm e rs and o t h e r la n d o w n ers and l a n d u s e r s i n M ic h ig a n s i n c e t h e f i r s t s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n d i s t r i c t w as o r g a n iz e d i n 1938 i n O ttaw a C o u n ty . The a g en c y * s t o t a l p ro g ram and s t a f f h a v e grown s u b s t a n t i a l l y s i n c e t h a t tim e , and now s e r v e a l l e i g h t y - t h r e e c o u n ti e s i n t h e s t a t e . The a g en c y m is s io n w hich o r i g i n a l l y c e n t e r e d on e r o s i o n c o n t r o l now en co m p asse s m u ltip le o b je c tiv e s . The a n a l y s i s d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r was i n i ­ t i a l l y c o n c e rn e d w i t h how w e l l SCS h a s o r g a n iz e d i t s s t a f f t o c a r r y o u t an e r o s i o n c o n t r o l e f f o r t . A d d i t io n a l w ork was d i r e c t e d to w a rd ex am i­ n a t i o n o f f a c t o r s w hich i n f l u e n c e e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lis h m e n ts . R e s u lts o f S t a f f i n g P a t t e r n s A n a ly s is The c u r r e n t SCS s t a f f i n g p a t t e r n among th e e i g h t y - t h r e e c o u n t i e s in M ich ig an was I n v e s t i g a t e d f i r s t . B o th c o r r e l a t i o n and m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n te c h n iq u e s c o n firm e d t h a t c o u n ty m anpower l e v e l s do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a g r e e w ith th e r e l a t i v e s e v e r i t y o f t h e e r o s i o n c o n t r o l p ro b le m . S im p le c o r r e l a t i o n s w ere u t i l i z e d p r i m a r i l y to i d e n t i f y h i g h l y i n t e r ­ c o rr e la te d v a r ia b le s p r io r to m u ltip le re g re s s io n a n a ly s is . They a l s o p r o v id e a m ea su re o f th e d e g re e o f a s s o c i a t i o n b e tw ee n s e v e r a l p a i r s o f key v a r i a b l e s . I t was fo u n d t h a t t h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t e x c e e d e d 48 49 0 .7 0 , t h e c r i t i c a l l e v e l p r e v i o u s l y c h o s e n , f o r s e v e n p a i r s o f in d e p e n d e n t v a ria b le s . The i n t e r c o r r e l a t e d v a r i a b l e s and t h e i r c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t w ere CNT, ENT ( . 9 1 4 ) ; CNT, RNFN ( . 9 4 3 ) ; CNT, CPT ( .9 2 0 ) ; CPT, ENT ( . 8 9 0 ) ; CPT, RNFN ( .8 7 4 ) ; ENT, RNFN ( . 9 1 9 ) ; UBT, P70 ( .9 3 7 ) (T a b le 4 ) . T h ese r e s u l t s r a i s e d a p ro b le m f o r f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s o f t h e m ain q u e s tio n u n d er i n v e s tig a tio n : t o t a l e ro s io n c o n tr o l n eed s? Has SCS s t a f f i n g been s e n s i t i v e t o c o u n ty The in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e o f p rim a ry i n t e r e s t i n th e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t io n (ENT) was h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d w ith t h r e e o t h e r in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s . Some s i m p l i f i c a t i o n was a c h ie v e d by d ro p p in g RNFN, w h ich was c o r r e ­ l a t e d a t g r e a t e r th a n 0 .9 0 w ith t h r e e o t h e r in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s , CPT, ENT) b u t c o r r e l a t e d w ith TIME t o a s l i g h t l y o f th o s e t h r e e . (CNT, l e s s e r d e g r e e th a n any From th e s e t P70-UBT, t h e v a r i a b l e P70 was d ro p p e d s i n c e i t s c o r r e l a t i o n w ith TIME was l e s s th a n t h a t o f UBT. T h ese s t e p s l e f t t h r e e i n t e r c o r r e l a t e d in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s (CPT, CNT, ENT) w hich w ere t e s t e d i n s e p a r a t e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a tio n s i n com bi­ n a t i o n w i t h UBT, PR70, YRS, TNT, RTN, an d PCH. A f t e r t h e e q u a t io n s w ere co m p u ted , in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s w hich w ere n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e t e n p e r ­ c e n t l e v e l w ere d ro p p e d an d a new c o m p u ta tio n m ade. T h re e e q u a tio n s w ere 2 f i n a l l y d e r iv e d f o r w hich t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f m u l t i p l e d e te r m i n a ti o n (R ) w as s i g n i f i c a n t a t l e s s th a n te n p e r c e n t ( s e e f i r s t t h r e e e q u a tio n s in T a b le 5 ) . The r e s u l t s o f t h e s e f i r s t t h r e e e q u a tio n s I n d i c a t e d t h a t b o th a c r e s o f c r o p la n d (CPT) and t o t a l c r o p la n d a c r e s n e e d in g t r e a tm e n t (CNT) e x ­ p l a i n e d m ore o f th e v a r i a t i o n i n TIME th a n t o t a l e r o s i o n c o n t r o l n eed s (ENT). The p ro m in e n ce o f t h e s e two c ro p la n d v a r i a b l e s s u g g e s te d a p o s s i b l e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw ee n TIME and c ro p la n d e r o s i o n n e e d s (CNE). a Table 4 .—Simple c o rre la tio n c o e ffic ie n ts for v a ria b le s in s ta ffin g p a tte rn a n a ly sis. TIME 1.000 UBT .130 1.000 CPT .752 .121 1.000 P70 .015 .937 .035 1.000 PR70 .597 .589 .658 .387 1.000 COAR -.050 -.014 -.085 -.026 -.066 1.000 YRS .468 -.042 .260 -.187 .292 -.227 1.000 Ch'S .611 .040 .872 .001 .500 -.112 .184 1.000 COT .655 .032 .920 -.001 .482 -.061 .123 .919 1.000 EOT .650 .031 .890 -.019 ,S10 -.129 .224 .979 .914 1.000 TOT .130 -.267 .195 -.255 -.106 .626 -.072 .256 .334 .262 1.000 RTH .217 -.392 .305 -.359 -.115 -.186 .139 .440 .471 .465 .606 1.000 RHFH .649 -.006 '.874 -.025 .475 -.265 .194 .908 .943 .919 .177 .517 1.000 .534 .152 .372 .514 -.040 .132 .016 .008 .023 ** n0» 1 -.254 .014 1.000 UST CPT P70 COAR YRS COT COT EOT TOT RTH RNFH PCH PCH .123 TIME *7or e ig h ty -th ree county observations, PR70 T able 5 .— R egression c o e f f i c i e n t s and r e la te d s t a t i s t i c s f o r man-hours o f SCS te c h n ic a l a s s is ta n c e . Dependent V ariab le C onstant E quation 1 E quation 2 E quation 3 E quation 4 (1 2 9 6 .l ) b (1225.4) (1195.2) (1327.4) 297.1 264.3 PR70 YRS 0.025* (0.007) 84.051* (20.384) 0.023* (0,007) - 382.8 420.5 R2 Independent V a ria b le TIME 0.026* (0.007) CNT ENT - - 0.017* (0.003) 96.475* (19.197) - 0.014* (0.002) 85.698* (18.543) 0.012* (0.001) 89.299* (20.812) CPT CNE . 6030C - _ - Q A djusted fo r degrees o f freedom. * S ig n if ic a n t a t le s s than 10 p e rc e n t. .6451 - .6581 mm ** 0.017* (0.004) d u m b er i n p a re n th e se s b eneath th e re g re s s io n c o e f f i c i e n t i s th e sta n d a rd e r r o r . S tan d ard e r r o r o f e s tim a te . Q .5836 52 I t was fo u n d t h a t CNE was c o r r e l a t e d w ith TIME a t 0 .6 1 1 , an d w i t h CPT and CNT a t 0 .8 7 2 and 0 .9 1 8 r e s p e c t i v e l y , s o i t was d e s i r a b l e t o s e p ­ a r a t e CNE f o r r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s . A f o u r t h e q u a tio n was t h e r e f o r e com­ p u te d w ith CNE, b u t w ith CPT, CNT, and ENT o m itte d (T a b le 5 ) . I t may be n o te d t h a t r u r a l 1970 p o p u l a t i o n c o n t r i b u t e s s i g n i f i c a n t l y 2 t o t h e t o t a l R o n ly i n e q u a t io n s 1 , 2 , and 4 . I t i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e t e n p e r c e n t l e v e l when CPT e n t e r s t h e e q u a t io n . The c o r r e l a t i o n c o ­ e f f i c i e n t f o r PR70 w ith CPT o f 0 .6 6 s u g g e s t s t h a t PR70 may a c t u a l l y b e o p e r a t i n g a s a n i n d i c a t o r o f v a r i a t i o n i n CPT f o r th o s e t h r e e e q u a t i o n s . T h ese f o u r e q u a tio n s w ere th e n com pared q u a n t i t a t i v e l y t o t e s t t h e 2 n u l l h y p o t h e s is o f no d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e v a lu e o f R . The m ethod u t i l i z e d was an F - t e s t o f th e form F ( R 12 = 1 3 .3 8 (s ig n ific a n t a t 1 p e rc e n t) 2. E q u a tio n (3 ) v s . E q u a tio n ( 2 ) , F =* (s ig n ific a n t a t 10 p e r c e n t ) 3. E q u a tio n (3 ) v s . E q u a tio n ( 4 ) , F = 1 8 .0 9 ( s i g n i f i c a n t a t 1 p e rc e n t) 3 .1 6 T h ese r e s u l t s s u p p o r t t h e a l t e r n a t e h y p o th e s is t h a t e q u a t io n (3 ) d o es p r o v id e a s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r e x p l a n a t i o n o f o b s e rv e d v a r i a n c e i n TIME 49 E l l i o t M. C ram er, " S i g n i f i c a n c e T e s ts and T e s ts o f M odels i n Mul­ t i p l e R e g r e s s i o n ," T he A m erican S t a t i s t i c i a n , XXVI, No. 4 (O c to b e r , 1 9 7 2 ), p p . 26—3 0. 53 th a n do t h e o t h e r e q u a t io n s t e s t e d . T h a t i s , c o u n ty v a r i a t i o n s i n m an- h o u rs o f SCS t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e a r e b e s t e x p la in e d by t h e y e a r s a s o i l c o n s e r v a t io n d i s t r i c t h a s b e e n o r g a n iz e d and t h e a c r e s o f c r o p la n d i n a c o u n ty . E q u a tio n ( 3 ) , w h ic h i n c l u d e s t o t a l c r o p la n d a c r e s , p r o v id e s a s i g ­ n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r e x p l a n a t i o n o f TIME d i s t r i b u t i o n th a n s i m i l a r e q u a t io n s w hich s u b s t i t u t e t o t a l e r o s i o n c o n t r o l n e e d s , c r o p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l n e e d s o r t o t a l c r o p la n d t r e a t m e n t n e e d s . T h is w ould i n d i c a t e t h a t SCS s t a f f i n g d e c i s i o n s h a v e b e en made w ith r e g a r d t o t o t a l c o u n ty c r o p la n d a c r e a g e m ore s o th a n t h e t h r e e t r e a t m e n t n e e d v a r i a b l e s t e s t e d . I f c ro p ­ la n d a c r e a g e h a s i n f a c t b e e n a d e c i s i o n r u l e , manpower a l l o c a t i o n s h a v e b e e n d i r e c t e d to w a rd e r o s i o n n e e d s o n ly b e c a u s e o f h ig h c o r r e l a t i o n o f CNE and ENT w ith CPT ( .9 1 8 and .8 9 0 r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . S im ila r ly , th e s t a f f ­ i n g p a t t e r n f o llo w s t o t a l c r o p la n d t r e a tm e n t n e e d s o n ly t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t th e y c o rre s p o n d t o t o t a l c ro p la n d a c r e a g e ( .9 2 0 c o r r e l a t i o n o f CNT w ith CPT). I n s p e c t i o n o f some o f th o s e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s w h ich w ere d e l e t e d from t h e f i n a l e q u a t io n s i s a l s o r e v e a l i n g . T o t a l c o u n ty la n d a r e a (COAR) was n o t e v e n t e s t e d i n r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s b e c a u s e o f i t s v e r y low and n e g a t i v e s im p le c o r r e l a t i o n w ith TIME ( - 0 . 0 5 0 ) . I n f a c t , COAR d i s p l a y e d a n e g a t iv e c o r r e l a t i o n w ith a l l o t h e r in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s w ith t h e e x ­ c e p t i o n o f TNT ( 0 .6 2 6 ) . A n a ly s is o f th e t o t a l a c r e a g e v a lu e s r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e s e v a r i a b l e s shows t h e s e r e s u l t s t o be e n t i r e l y c o n s i s t e n t . B o th COAR and TNT a r e w e ig h te d h e a v i l y by f o r e s t la n d a r e a . F o r th e S t a t e o f M ic h ig a n , f o r e s t la n d c o m p ris e s o v e r f i f t y - t h r e e p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l i n v e n t o r i e d la n d a r e a , w h ile c r o p la n d m akes up j u s t u n d e r t h i r t y - s i x 54 p e rc e n t. F o r e s t la n d a c c o u n ts f o r o v e r s e v e n ty p e r c e n t o f t o t a l c o u n ty la n d a r e a I n a l l f i f t e e n c o u n ti e s i n t h e U pper P e n i n s u l a and i n s e v e r a l c o u n ti e s i n t h e N o rth e r n Lower P e n i n s u l a . I n o n ly one c o u n ty ( S a n i l a c ) d o es t h e sum o f p a s t u r e an d o t h e r la n d e x c e e d f o r e s t la n d a c r e a g e . Thus COAR d i f f e r s from CPT l a r g e l y by t h e am ount o f f o r e s t la n d a c r e a g e . The s t a t e a c r e a g e t o t a l f o r TNT i s a p p ro x im a te ly 1 6 ,2 5 6 ,0 0 0 , o f w hich c ro p la n d t r e a tm e n t n e e d s (CNT) c o m p ris e s 5 ,5 5 4 ,0 0 0 a c r e s ( t h i r t y f o u r p e r c e n t ) , f o r e s t t r e a tm e n t n e e d s 9 ,3 9 2 ,0 0 0 a c r e s ( f i f t y - e i g h t p e r ­ c e n t ) , and t h e sum o f p a s t u r e an d o t h e r la n d 1 ,3 1 0 ,0 0 0 a c r e s c e n t). (e ig h t p e r­ S ta te w id e , t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw ee n TNT and CNT i s due p r i n c i p a l l y to t r e a tm e n t n e e d s on f o r e s t l a n d , an d t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p i s t r u e f o r n e a r l y a l l o f th e I n d i v i d u a l c o u n ty o b s e r v a t i o n s . T o ta l la n d t r e a tm e n t n e e d s a p p a r e n t l y h a v e n o t b een c o n s id e r e d by SCS d e c is io n - m a k e r s i n a l l o c a t i n g manpower among c o u n t i e s . T h is I s e v i ­ d en ced by th e low c o r r e l a t i o n o f TIME w ith TNT ( 0 .1 3 0 ) , an d t h e f a c t t h a t TNT was one o f t h e f i r s t in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s d e l e t e d from e a c h o f t h e fo u r r e g r e s s io n e q u a tio n s . T h is a c t i o n , a lo n g w ith an a p p a r e n t d i s r e g a r d f o r t o t a l c o u n ty la n d a r e a , h a s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y b e en c o n t r a r y t o ag en c y o b je c tiv e s . W h ile t h e SCS m is s io n i s c o n c e rn e d w ith c o n s e r v a t i o n o f a l l l a n d s , I t i s n o t t h e o n ly a g en c y in v o lv e d i n f o r e s t la n d t r e a t m e n t . F o r e s t S e r v ic e I s t h e USDA's p r i n c i p a l f o r e s t c o n s e r v a t i o n a g e n c y . The It p r o v id e s t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e f o r p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e f o r e s t la n d t r e a t ­ m ent t h r o u t h t h e M ic h ig a n D e p a rtm e n t o f N a t u r a l R e s o u rc e s . The F o r e s t S e r v ic e a l s o p r o v id e d t h e f o r e s t a c r e a g e and n e e d s d a ta f o r t h e C o n se rv a ­ t i o n Needs I n v e n t o r y , a s d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r . I t I s th e r e f o re n o t In ap p ro ­ p r i a t e t h a t SCS o m it b o th TNT and COAR, w h ich a r e b i a s e d to w a rd f o r e s t la n d a c r e a g e , a s p rim a ry d e c i s i o n v a r i a b l e s i n a l l o c a t i n g m anpower f o r i t s own p ro g ra m s. 55 The number o f y e a r s a s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n d i s t r i c t h a s b e e n o r g a n iz e d i n a c o u n ty (YRS) i s a h i g h ly s i g n i f i c a n t in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e w ith a p o s i t i v e r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i n e a c h o f t h e f o u r e q u a t io n s ( t - v a l u e s i g n i f i c a n t a t l e s s th a n 0 .1 p e r c e n t ) . A lth o u g h t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p may n o t b e t h e c o n se q u e n c e o f c o n s c io u s d e s ig n by SCS, i t p r o b a b ly r e s u l t s fro m a f a i l u r e t o u n d e r ta k e a s t a f f i n g p o l i c y t o o f f s e t h i s t o r i c a l e v e n t s . A num ber o f e a r l y s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n d i s t r i c t s w e re o r g a n iz e d on l e s s th a n a c o u n ty b a s i s . E xam ples a r e S o u th M uskegon ( o r g a n iz e d i n 1 9 3 8 ) and N o rth Muskegon (1 9 3 8 ); F e n to n (1 9 3 9 ) and S o u th e a s t L iv i n g s t o n (1 9 4 1 ); A lle g a n (1940) an d E a s t A lle g a n (1 9 4 5 ). E ven a p o l i c y o f e q u a l s t a f f i n g i n e a c h s o i l c o n s e r v a t io n d i s t r i c t w ould h a v e p r o v id e d a d d i t i o n a l manpower p e r c o u n ty I n s u c h c a s e s . O v e r a l l c o u n ty s t a f f l e v e l s w e re c o n s i d e r a b ly h i g h e r i n t h a t e r a th a n a t p r e s e n t . T h is was t o b e e x p e c te d w ith a new an d p o p u la r farm p ro g ram w h ich was a b l e t o a t t r a c t much C o n g r e s s io n a l su p ­ p o rt. I n 1942, SCS had t h i r t y f i e l d em ployees s e r v i n g n i n e s o i l c o n s e r v a ­ tio n d i s t r i c t s in s ix c o u n tie s . T h a t a v e ra g e o f f i v e e m p lo y ees p e r c o u n ty may b e com pared t o th e 1972 a v e r a g e o f a p p ro x im a te ly two em ploy ees p e r c o u n-ty . 50 Two f a c t o r s hav e p ro b a b ly b e en o p e r a t i n g o v e r th e y e a r s t o m a i n t a i n h ig h e r s t a f f le v e ls in o ld e r s o i l c o n s e rv a tio n d i s t r i c t c o u n tie s . F irs t i s t h e p o l i t i c a l d i f f i c u l t y o f re d u c in g a s s i s t a n c e t o a n e s t a b l i s h e d c l i e n t e l e g ro u p . 50 As m ore d i s t r i c t s w ere o r g a n i z e d , b u t a g e n c y fu n d in g " H is to r y o f t h e S o i l C o n s e rv a tio n S e r v ic e i n M ic h ig a n " (Unpub­ l i s h e d r e p o r t p r e p a r e d f o r 1972 S ta te w id e T r a in in g M e e tin g o f M ic h ig a n SCS P e r s o n n e l, A p r i l , 1 9 7 2 ), p p . 1 1 -1 2 , 3 3 -3 4 , 56 and p e r s o n n e l l e v e l s d id n o t I n c r e a s e p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y , some r e d i s t r i b u ­ t i o n s o f s t a f f w ere n e c e s s i t a t e d . I t seem s r e a s o n a b le t h a t t h e ag en cy w ould s e e k t o m a in ta in t h e s u p p o r t o f c o o p e r a to r s i n e s t a b l i s h e d SCD's by p r o v id in g t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e a s n e a r l y a s p o s s i b l e a t t h e c u sto m a ry le v e l. Newly o rg a n iz e d d i s t r i c t s w ould th e n be p ro v id e d w ith a r e l a ­ t i v e l y s m a ll e r s t a f f a s d e te rm in e d by b u d g e ta ry c o n s t r a i n t s . R e s u lts o f th e r e g r e s s i o n a n a ly s e s s u g g e s ts t h a t t h i s c r i t e r i o n was tem p ered p r i n ­ c i p a l l y by c o n s i d e r a ti o n o f c o u n ty c ro p la n d a r e a . A se co n d f a c t o r c o n t r i b u t i n g t o a d d i t i o n a l s t a f f i n g i n o l d e r s o i l c o n s e r v a tio n d i s t r i c t s m ig h t h a v e b e en th e a g e n c y 's re s p o n s e t o i t s own r e p o r t i n g sy s te m . As e x p e c te d , t h e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e YRS was c o r r e ­ l a t e d w ith c u m u la tiv e number o f b o th c o n s e r v a tio n p la n s (PLANS) and d i s ­ t r i c t c o o p e r a to r s (COOP) a t 0 .6 8 . SCS r e c o r d s c o u ld th u s i n d i c a t e to a d e c is io n -m a k e r t h a t o l d e r d i s t r i c t s have a g r e a t e r w ork lo a d and t h e r e ­ f o r e need to r e t a i n a r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e s t a f f . I The r e l a t i o n s h i p s betw een YRS and th e s e v e r a l la n d t r e a tm e n t n e e d v a r i a b l e s (TNT, ENT, CNT, CNE, RTN, RNFN) a r e n o t c l e a r l y e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e d a t a a n a ly z e d h e r e . Only t h e s im p le c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f YRS w ith ENT (0 .2 2 4 ) i s s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e f i v e p e r c e n t l e v e l . T h is i s q u i t e l i m i t e d e v id e n c e t h a t th e o l d e r s o i l c o n s e r v a tio n d i s t r i c t s w ere s t a r t e d i n c o u n tie s w hich d id have t h e m ost s e r i o u s e r o s i o n p ro b le m s. T h is i s s u e i s c lo u d e d , h o w ev er, b e c a u se YRS i s a l s o c o r r e l a t e d w ith CPT a t 0 .2 6 0 , and th e r e l a t i v e l y h ig h c o r r e l a t i o n o f CPT and ENT was c i t e d e a r l i ­ e r. I t seem s m ost l i k e l y t h a t d i s t r i c t s w ere f i r s t e s t a b l i s h e d w h e re v e r s u f f i c i e n t p u b l i c s u p p o r t c o u ld be g e n e r a te d , w ith o u t s p e c i f i c p la n n in g t o s e l e c t t h e m ost c r i t i c a l e r o s i o n a r e a s . 57 A n a ly s is o f E r o s io n C o n tr o l A cco m p lish m en ts T h re e la n d u s e ty p e s — c r o p l a n d , p a s t u r e l a n d , and o t h e r la n d — w e re s tu d ie d s e p a r a te ly w ith re g a rd to f a c to r s in f lu e n c in g th e a p p lic a tio n o f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l p r a c t i c e s w ith SCS t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e . The h y p o th e ­ s i z e d r e l a t i o n s h i p s w e re fo u n d to b e d e f i c i e n t i n e x p l a i n i n g th e v a r i a t i o n i n e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lis h m e n ts . A l t e r n a t i v e f o r m u la tio n s w e re th e n t e s t e d w ith v a r y in g d e g re e s o f s u c c e s s among la n d u s e ty p e s and r e g i o n s o f th e s t a t e . O th e r Land E r o s io n C o n tr o l T he r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e tw ee n O th e r Land E r o s io n C o n tr o l A cco m p lish m en ts COECA) and t h e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s s e l e c t e d f o r a n a l y s i s w e re e x tr e m e ly th in . S im p le c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r e a c h p a i r o f v a r i a b l e s d id n o t a p p ro a c h t h e s e l e c t e d v a lu e o f 0 .7 0 i n any i n s t a n c e . T h e re fo re , i n i t i a l m u ltip le r e g r e s s i o n e q u a tio n s w ere com puted f o r e a c h r e g i o n a s o r i g i n a l l y fo rm u ­ la te d . v a lu e . In n e i t h e r r e g io n d id t h e e q u a t io n p ro v e t o h a v e e x p la n a t o r y 2 The F - v a lu e f o r R i n e a c h e q u a t io n an d t h e t - v a l u e s f o r a l l r e ­ r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s w e re n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e t e n p e r ­ cent le v e l. A l t e r n a t i v e m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t io n s w e re th e n t e s t e d i n an e f f o r t t o e x p l a i n v a r i a t i o n s i n OECA. e r a l a d d i t i o n a l in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s . S im p le c o r r e l a t i o n s s u g g e s te d s e v ­ E q u a tio n s f o r e a c h r e g i o n w ere com puted w ith , a l l v a r i a b l e s i n o r i g i n a l fo rm , w ith l o g t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f OECA, and w ith , l o g t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f a l l v a r i a b l e s . T h re e e q u a tio n s w ere f i n a l l y d e v e lo p e d w h ic h c o n ta in e d t h e in d e p e n d ­ e n t v a r i a b l e s o f m a jo r i n t e r e s t , and f o r w hich th e F - v a lu e was s i g n i f i c a n t a t l e s s th a n th e t e n p e r c e n t l e v e l (Table 6 ) . A lth o u g h t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s among OECA and s e v e r a l v a r i a b l e s a r e much, w e a k e r th a n o r i g i n a l l y e x p e c te d , su c h r e s u l t s a re a ls o r e v e a lin g . £ T able 6 .— R eg ressio n c o e f f i c i e n t s and r e l a t e d s t a t i s t i c s f o r o th e r la n d e ro s io n c o n tr o l a p p li c a t io n . Dependent V a ria b le C onstant OECA Region 1 (1) (2) TIME (6 4 .2 9 0 )b (66.139) -29.288 -7.4352 i (2) (24.689) (24.369) GOVTU — 0.0070 (0.004) -0.0116* -0 .0 0 2 0 (0.005) (0.003) 0.1919* 0.8022 (0.051) (0.644) -0 .0 0 5 3 (0 .0 0 7 ) .4472 0.0068 (0.004) -0 .0 1 1 6 * -0 .0 0 2 3 (0.005) (0.002) 0.1786* 0.9504 (0.047) (0 .6 0 4 ) — .4542 *- 0.0008 (0.003) -7.5427 — -5 .6 9 3 6 — S tandard e r r o r o f e s tim a te . A djusted f o r d eg rees o f freedom . A S ig n if ic a n t a t l e s s th an 10 p e rc e n t. .4777° — 0.0056* -0.0063* -0 .0 0 1 1 * -0 .0 1 1 8 (0.001) (0.002) (0.001) (0.012) -0 .3 8 9 6 * (0.108) 0.0057* -0 .0 0 6 4 * -0 .0 0 1 1 * -0 .0 1 0 2 (0.001) (0.002) (0.001) (0.010) 0.4016* 0.0002 (0.111) (0.001) .4754 0.0056* -0 .0 0 6 3 * -0.0011* -0 .0 1 0 3 (0.001) (0.002) (0.001) (0 .0 1 0 ) 0.3917* (0.106) .4883 d u m b er in p a re n th e s e s b en eath r e g r e s s io n c o e f f i c i e n t i s th e s ta n d a rd e r r o r . c CECA — (3) COOP 0.2708* 0.9262 (0.072) (0,591) -4 8 .0 9 6 (24.726) ONT -0 .0 0 9 8 * -0 .0 0 3 6 (0.005) (0.003) — Region 2 (1) PNT 0.0054 (0.004) -4 7 .2 8 3 (65.693) PT -0.0209 (0.013) (3) R2 Independent V a ria b le s .4738 — 59 I n R egion One, o n ly th e r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r COOP and PNT a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from z e ro a t th e t e n p e r c e n t l e v e l i n a l l th re e e q u a tio n s . Of t h e s e , o n ly COOP I s l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d to OECA, f o r one w ould e x p e c t th e number o f d i s t r i c t c o o p e r a t o r s , r e p r e s e n t i n g c l i e n t s f o r SCS s e r v i c e s , t o have some i n f lu e n c e on la n d tr e a tm e n t a c c o m p lish ­ m e n ts. The v a r i a b l e PNT, w ith a n e g a t iv e c o e f f i c i e n t , h a s no r e a l p r a c ­ t i c a l m eaning. In R egion Two, PT, PNT, ONT, and GOVTU h a v e r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from z e ro a t l e s s th a n th e t e n p e r c e n t l e v e l i n e a c h e q u a tio n . In t h i s c a s e , GOVTU i s a r a t i o n a l v a r i a b l e , f o r a h i g h e r number o f u n i t s o f governm ent i n a c o u n ty im p lie s m ore u rb a n gro w th and la n d u n d e rg o in g d e v e lo p m e n t, h e n ce a l i k e l i h o o d o f m ore C r i t i c a l A rea P la n tin g . The r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t f o r TIME was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e te n p e rc e n t le v e l in e it h e r re g io n . Nor d id TIME im prove th e e x p la n a to r y v a lu e o f t h e e q u a tio n in e i t h e r r e g i o n . T h is was v e r i f i e d by c o m p arin g 2 R f o r e q u a tio n s (1) and (3) by means o f an F - t e s t w hich c o n firm e d no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b etw een t h e s e e q u a tio n s i n e i t h e r r e g io n a t t h e te n p e r c e n t l e v e l . A n o th e r e q u a tio n was t e s t e d w ith CECA s u b s t i t u t e d f o r TIME. I t was c o n je c tu r e d t h a t a lth o u g h OECA was u n r e l a t e d t o manpower i n p u t s , i t m ig h t be r e l a t e d t o th e l e v e l o f c ro p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c t i v i t i e s . I n b o th r e g i o n s , t h e r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t f o r CECA d id n o t d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y from z e r o . An F - t e s t com paring e q u a tio n s (2) and (3 ) c o n firm e d t h a t t h e r e 2 was no im provem ent in. R by a d d in g CECA t o th e e q u a tio n . 60 T h ese t h r e e e q u a t io n s p r o v id e d a s u f f i c i e n t t e s t o f t h e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s o f p r im a ry i n t e r e s t : TIME, ONT, and CECA. T h e re was no n e e d t o f u r t h e r r e f i n e t h e e q u a t io n s by re c o m p u tin g w ith n o n - s i g n i f i c a n t v a r ­ ia b le s d e le te d . The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lis h ­ m en ts on o t h e r la n d a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d by SCS manpower l e v e l s , o r by t h e l e v e l o f r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw ee n OECA and th e a c r e s o f o t h e r la n d n e e d in g t r e a t m e n t . T h is s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e S o i l C o n s e r v a tio n S e r v ic e h a s n o t r e a l l y e s ­ t a b l i s h e d a s t a t e w i d e e r o s i o n c o n t r o l program f o r o t h e r l a n d . T re a tm e n t i s a p p li e d a lm o s t a t random a s I n d i v i d u a l SCS t e c h n i c i a n s w ork w ith l a n d ­ ow ners on o t h e r p r a c t i c e s . Such a s i t u a t i o n i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g , s i n c e o t h e r la n d c o m p rise s j u s t o v e r f o u r p e r c e n t o f th e la n d a r e a o f M ic h ig a n . I t i s a ls o of l i t t l e d i r e c t econom ic p r o d u c t i v e im p o rta n c e . N e v e rth e le s s , o t h e r la n d w h ich i s b e in g tr a n s fo r m e d from an i d l e in v e s tm e n t t r a c t t o an u rb a n d e v e lo p m e n t i s s u b j e c t t o s e v e r e e r o s i o n h a z a r d s . As n o te d e a r l i e r , la n d u n d e rg o in g d e v elo p m e n t may e x p e r ie n c e e r o s i o n r a t e s o v e r one h u n d re d tim e s t h o s e o f c ro p la n d on t h e sam e s o i l t y p e . i s c e r t a i n l y w a r r a n te d . A t t e n t i o n t o t h e p ro b le m The o n ly e v id e n c e t h a t some p o s i t i v e e f f o r t s i n t h i s r e g a r d a r e underw ay i s found i n R eg io n Two. A p o s i t i v e and s t a t i s ­ t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t f o r GOVTU was com puted i n e ac h e q u a t io n a s n o te d a b o v e . A n a ly s is o f o t h e r la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lish m e n ts i s l i m i t e d by a p ro b lem o f d e f i n i t i o n s . P l a n t i n g — r e p r e s e n t s OECA. Only one r e p o r t a b l e p r a c t i c e — C r i t i c a l A rea T h is p r a c t i c e may b e a p p li e d on any la n d u s e t y p e and n o t n e c e s s a r i l y o t h e r l a n d . The l a c k o f a p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n OECA a n d OT o r ONT may be p a r t i a l l y e x p la in e d by t h i s d iv e r g e n c e 61 o f t h e P r o g r e s s R e p o r tin g S ystem and t h e C o n s e r v a tio n Needs I n v e n t o r y . The a c t u a l d a t a f o r OECA a r e a l s o som ewhat l i m i t e d . J u s t o v e r 3 ,1 0 0 a c r e s w e re r e p o r t e d f o r t h e e n t i r e s t a t e , w ith a p p r o x im a te ly 2 ,1 0 0 a c r e s and 1 ,0 0 0 a c r e s i n R e g io n s One a n d Two r e s p e c t i v e l y . No a c r e a g e o f OECA was r e p o r t e d i n tw e n ty c o u n t i e s . The s e c o n d o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s a n a l y s i s — t o d e v e lo p a p r e d i c t i v e e q u a ­ t i o n f o r OECA i n o r d e r t o s tu d y s t a f f i n g p a t t e r n a d ju s tm e n t s — c o u ld n o t b e m et due t o th e r e s u l t s r e p o r t e d h e r e . I t w as d e te rm in e d t h a t OECA i s n o t s e n s i t i v e t o SCS c o u n ty m anpower l e v e l s . Use o f t h e s e e q u a t io n s f o r e v en g e n e r a l e s t i m a t i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s w ould b e o f l i m i t e d v a lu e s i n c e th e y e x p l a i n l e s s th a n o n e - h a l f o f t h e v a r i a t i o n i n OECA. P a s t u r e l a n d E r o s io n C o n tr o l E r o s io n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lish m e n ts on p a s t u r e l a n d w e re m ore am en ab le t o a n a l y s i s by m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n te c h n iq u e s th a n on o t h e r l a n d . Once a g a i n , h o w e v e r, h y p o th e s iz e d r e l a t i o n s h i p s p ro v e d t o b e o n ly a p o i n t o f d e p a r t u r e from w h ich a l t e r n a t i v e v a r i a b l e s w e re s c r u t i n i z e d . The s e v e n in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s p r e v i o u s l y c h o se n w e re o f l i m i t e d v a lu e i n e x p l a i n i n g v a r i a t i o n s I n p a s t u r e l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lis h ­ m e n ts, The s p e c i f i e d e q u a tio n was fo u n d t o p ro d u c e a v a lu e f o r t h e co­ e f f i c i e n t o f m u l t i p l e d e t e r m i n a t i o n w h ich was s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t from z e ro a t t h e t e n p e r c e n t l e v e l a s d e te r m in e d by an F - t e s t . The v a lu e 2 o f R was so low ( < 0 .2 5 i n e a c h r e g i o n ) a s t o r e n d e r t h e e q u a t io n s o f l i t t l e v a lu e f o r p r e d i c t i o n p u r p o s e s . S im p le c o r r e l a t i o n s o f f e r some e v id e n c e t h a t PECA I s r e l a t e d to c ro p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lish m e n ts (CECA) i n R eg io n One. The s im p le c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f 0 .7 3 8 w ith . CECA was t h e h i g h e s t o b s e rv e d f o r 62 PECA i n e i t h e r r e g i o n . T h is i n d i c a t e s t h a t i n R eg io n O ne, t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e p r o v id e d to a la n d o w n e r p r i m a r i l y f o r c ro p la n d t r e a t m e n t may r e s u l t i n h i s a p p ly in g some p a s t u r e l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m e a su re s a s w e l l . A lth o u g h t h e r e may b e no e x p l i c i t p a s t u r e l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l e f f o r t , t h e r e seem s t o be some a tte m p t t o " s e l l " p a s t u r e l a n d t r e a t m e n t a lo n g w ith c ro p la n d p r o t e c t i o n a t l e a s t i n R e g io n One. I n R e g io n Two, su c h a p a t t e r n i s n o t s u p p o r te d by th e d a t a . th e s im p le c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f PECA w ith CECA was 0 .0 2 7 . T h ere O nly PLANS and COOP w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y c o r r e l a t e d w ith PECA, a t 0 .4 6 8 an d 0 .3 9 0 re s p e c tiv e ly . B o th th e num ber o f c o n s e r v a t i o n p l a n s and num ber o f s o i l d i s t r i c t c o o p e r a to r s a r e c u m u la tiv e v a lu e s an d th u s r e p r e s e n t s t o c k s f o r t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e and r e c o r d e d d e c i s i o n s t o a p p ly c o n s e r v a t io n p r a c ­ tic e s . I t I s r e a s o n a b le t h a t t h e a n n u a l flo w o f la n d t r e a tm e n t accom ­ p lis h m e n ts s h o u ld be r e l a t e d to t h e m a g n itu d e o f t h e s e s t o c k s . The h ig h c o r r e l a t i o n o f t h e s e two s t o c k v a r i a b l e s , e x c e e d in g 0 .9 2 i n e a c h r e g i o n , was e x p e c te d , s i n c e one o f t h e p rim a ry SCS g o a ls o v e r t h e y e a r s h a s b e e n to p r e p a r e a c o m p le te c o n s e r v a t io n p la n f o r e v e ry d i s t r i c t c o o p e r a to r F u r t h e r a n a l y s i s was c o n d u c te d i n an a tte m p t t o d e v e lo p p r e d i c t i v e e q u a tio n s f o r PECA. A num ber o f a d d i t i o n a l m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t io n s T h is p o l i c y h a s c u r r e n t l y b e e n m o d if ie d som ew hat due p a r t l y to r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t some la n d o w n e rs may w ish t o become d i s t r i c t c o o p e r a t o r s i n o r d e r t o r e c e i v e t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e f o r o n e o r two s p e c i f i c p r a c ­ t i c e s , b u t do n o t n e e d o r d e s i r e a c o m p le te c o n s e r v a t io n p l a n . The t a s k o f p r e p a r i n g a c o m p le te p la n f o r e a c h new c o o p e r a t o r w ith th e re d u c e d manpower l e v e l s o f r e c e n t y e a r s u n d o u b te d ly h a s te n e d t h i s p o l i c y s h i f t . C u rre n t g u i d e l i n e s f o r p r e p a r i n g c o n s e r v a t io n p la n s o r a c c e p t a b l e a l t e r ­ n a t i v e s a r e fo u n d i n U .S ., D ep artm en t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , S o i l C o n s e r v a tio n S e r v i c e , R e so u rc e C o n s e r v a tio n P la n n in g Handbook (W a sh in g to n , 1 9 7 0 ), p a r s . 7 2 0 .1 - 7 2 0 .3 1 ; 7 4 0 .2 - 7 4 0 .5 . 63 w ere com puted u s in g v a r i a b l e s s i g n i f i c a n t I n t h e h y p o th e s iz e d e q u a tio n p lu s t h o s e s u g g e s te d by s im p le c o r r e l a t i o n s . E q u a tio n s w ere a l s o t e s t e d w ith , lo g t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e o n ly , and w ith l o g tr a n s f o r m a t i o n o f a l l v a r i a b l e s , w ith t h e l a t t e r f o r m u la tio n p r o v id in g th e b e s t e s t i m a t e s . 52 Log t r a n s f o r m a ti o n s r e q u i r e d some a d ju s tm e n ts i n t h e b a s i c d a t a . The o b s e rv e d v a lu e o f PECA was z e ro i n f o u r c o u n t i e s i n R egion One, and one c o u n ty i n R egion Two. c o u n ty i n R egion One. t i e s i n R egion One. The o b s e rv e d v a lu e o f VAPS was z e r o i n one The o b s e rv e d v a lu e o f CECA was z e r o i n f o u r coun­ S in c e t h e lo g o f z e r o i s u n d e f in e d , t h e v a lu e 0 .0 1 was ad d ed t o a l l o b s e r v a t i o n s o f t h e s e t h r e e v a r i a b l e s i n o r d e r t o a llo w th e lo g t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s u b r o u t i n e o f t h e m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n p ro g ram t o p ro c e e d n o r m a lly . T h re e e q u a tio n s w ere d e r iv e d i n e a c h r e g io n f o r w h ic h th e c o e f f i c i e n t o f m u l t i p l e d e te r m i n a ti o n e x c e e d e d 0 .6 6 (T a b le 7 ) . Each, o f t h e e q u a tio n s p r o v id e d a s l i g h t l y b e t t e r f i t o f t h e d a t a i n R eg io n One th a n i n R egion Two, a lth o u g h no o t h e r c o m b in a tio n o f in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s t e s t e d i n R egion Two was s u p e r i o r t o th o s e shown h e r e . I n R e g io n One, t h e ' f i r s t e q u a tio n in c lu d e d LGTIME, f o r w hich t h e r e ­ g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t was p o s i t i v e and s i g n i f i c a n t a t l e s s th a n th e t e n p e rc e n t le v e l. E q u a tio n ( 2 ) , w h ich s u b s t i t u t e d LGCECA f o r LGTIME, a l s o d i s p l a y e d p o s i t i v e and s i g n i f i c a n t r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r a l l in d e ­ pendent v a r ia b le s . B oth LGTIME and LGCECA w ere d e l e t e d I n e q u a tio n ( 3 ) . A l l lo g t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s th ro u g h o u t t h e a n a l y s i s w e re t o common l o g a r i t h m s ; v a r i a b l e s th u s c r e a t e d w ere l a b e l e d LG. . . . Table 7 .—R egression c o e f f ic ie n ts and r e l a te d s t a t i s t i c s f o r p a s tu re la n d e ro s io n c o n tr o l a p p lic a tio n . Dependent V a ria b le C onstant LGPECA Region 1 (1) (2) (0 .8 0 3 5 )b (0.7044) -6 .9 0 8 LGTIME LGYRS LGVAPS 1.0908* (0.466) 1.3419* (0.248) 0.8295* (0.179) 1.2239* (0.216) 0.7717* (0.146) - 1.5614* (0.242) 1.0685* (0.156) - .6952 0.9264 (0.744) 3.6872* (0.513) 2.1719 (1.296) - .6689 -2.8624 - -3 .5 5 8 9 R2 Independent V a ria b le s (3) (0.8468) Region 2 (1) (0.5617) -14.892 (2) (0.4796) -11.997 - 3.0820* (0.463) 2.0305* (1.048) (3) (0.5660) -14.124 - 3.9064* (0.486) 2.7606* (1.216) LGCECA .7258° - 0.3606* (0.082) .7892 \ 0.5345* (0.137) .6636 - d u m b er in p a re n th e se s b eneath th e re g re s s io n c o e f f i c i e n t i s th e sta n d a rd e r r o r . S tandard e r r o r of e s tim a te . Q A djusted f o r d egrees o f freedom . * S ig n if ic a n t a t le s s th a n 10 p e rc e n t. .7587 65 An F - t e s t was u s e d t o com pare R i n t h e t h r e e e q u a t io n s w i t h t h e f o llo w ­ in g r e s u l t s : E q u a tio n (1 ) v s . E q u a tio n ( 3 ) , F “ 5 .3 6 ( s i g n i f i c a n t a t 5 p e r c e n t ) E q u a tio n (2 ) v s . E q u a tio n ( 3 ) , F » 1 4 .2 9 ( s i g n i f i c a n t a t 1 p e r c e n t ) T hese v a lu e s i n d i c a t e t h a t w h ile t h e f i r s t two e q u a t io n s a r e b o th u s e f u l f o r p r e d i c t i n g v a lu e s o f LGPECA i n R eg io n O ne, i t a p p e a r s t h a t e q u a tio n (2) w ould y i e l d b e t t e r e s t i m a t e s . T h is c o n c lu s io n i s som ew hat s t r e n g t h ­ ened by s im p le c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r LGPECA w ith LGTIME an d LGCECA o f 0 .6 7 0 and 0 .7 2 3 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . I t i s som ew hat c lo u d e d , h o w e v e r, by a r e l a t i v e l y h ig h c o r r e l a t i o n o f 0 .6 5 0 f o r LGTIME w ith LGCECA. I n R egion Two, t h e r e s u l t s w e re m ix e d . E q u a tio n (1 ) in c lu d e d two in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s — LGTIME and LGVAPS— f o r w h ich t h e t - v a l u e o f t h e r e ­ g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e t e n p e r c e n t l e v e l . Sub2 s t i t u t i n g LGCECA f o r LGTIME I n c r e a s e d R fro m 0 .6 6 t o 0 .7 6 , and p ro d u c e d s i g n i f i c a n t r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r t h e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s . Once 2 a g a i n , a n F - t e s t e v a l u a t e d t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n R f o r e q u a t io n s (1 ) and (2) com pared t o e q u a t i o n (3 ) w h ich o m itte d b o th LGTIME and LGCECA. T hese t e s t r e s u l t s w e re a s f o l lo w s : E q u a tio n (1 ) v s . E q u a tio n ( 3 ) , F ** 1 .6 5 ( n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t 10 p e r c e n t ) E q u a tio n (2 ) v s . E q u a tio n ( 3 ) , F ■= 1 1 .7 8 ( s i g n i f i c a n t a t 1 p e r c e n t ) T h is outcom e c o n firm e d t h a t LGTIME i s n o t o f s i g n i f i c a n t v a lu e i n e x p l a i n ­ in g v a r i a t i o n s i n LGPECA i n R egion Two, b u t LGCECA i s . The im p o rta n c e o f LGCECA i n e a c h r e g i o n s u p p o r t s t h e s c e n a r i o o u t­ l i n e d ab o v e f o r t h e l i n k b e tw ee n c r o p la n d and p a s t u r e l a n d t r e a t m e n t i n R eg io n One. Some a tt e m p t i s a p p a r e n t l y made by SCS t e c h n i c i a n s s t a t e ­ w ide t o a c h ie v e p a s t u r e l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l i n c o n j u n c t i o n w ith m e a su re s f o r c r o p la n d t r e a t m e n t . A m ore c o n s i s t e n t e f f o r t seem s t o be a p p l i e d i n 66 R eg io n O ne, f o r I t w as o n ly th ro u g h lo g t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e d a t a t h a t t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p was r e v e a l e d i n R e g io n Two. f e r e n c e i n e m p h a sis a r e n o t a p p a r e n t . The r e a s o n s f o r t h i s d i f ­ T he t o t a l a r e a o f p a s t u r e la n d i n R eg io n One (6 4 4 ,0 0 0 a c r e s ) i s n e a r l y e q u a l t o t h a t i n R e g io n Two (6 2 4 ,0 0 0 a c re s). The p r o p o r t i o n o f p a s t u r e l a n d n e e d in g t r e a t m e n t i n t h e tw o r e ­ g io n s i s a l s o a p p ro x im a te ly e q u a l ( s i x t y - n i n e and s e v e n ty - o n e p e r c e n t , re s p e c tiv e ly ). I n any c a s e , a s t r o n g p o l i c y o f l i n k i n g c r o p la n d and p a s tu re la n d tre a tm e n t i s n o t e v id e n t. A lth o u g h LGCECA i s s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t i n e a c h r e g i o n , d e l e t i n g i t from t h e e q u a t i o n s t i l l l e a v e s o v e r s i x t y - s i x p e r c e n t o f t h e v a r i a t i o n i n LGPECA e x p la in e d by two r e ­ m a in in g v a r i a b l e s . T he h y p o t h e s i s t h a t p a s t u r e l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lish m e n ts a r e i n f lu e n c e d by t h e c o u n ty v a l u e o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c ts s o l d i s s u p p o r te d i n e ac h , r e g i o n . One. The l i n k b e tw e e n LGPECA and LGVAPS i s s t r o n g e s t i n R eg io n I n R eg io n Two, I t i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t ( a t t e n p e r c e n t ) when LGTIME e n t e r s th e e q u a t i o n a lth o u g h i t i s i n e q u a t io n s (2 ) an d ( 3 ) . A s im p le c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i n R eg io n Two o f 0 .3 7 3 f o r LGTIME v s . LGVAPS i s s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t a t l e s s th a n f i v e p e r c e n t , and s u g g e s ts some in te ra c tio n . The sam e i s t r u e i n R e g io n O ne, w h ere t h e c o r r e l a t i o n c o ­ e f f i c i e n t o f LGTIME w ith LGVAPS i s 0 .5 5 7 . A r a t i o n a l e f o r LGYRS r e m a in in g i n t h e f i n a l e q u a tio n s i n e a c h r e g io n is n o t c le a r. I t was ad d ed a s a r e s u l t o f t h e s t a f f i n g p a t t e r n a n a l y s i s w hich show ed YRS t o be h i g h ly r e l a t e d t o SCS p ro g ram l e v e l s . A lth o u g h th o s e r e s u l t s c o n firm e d a l i n k b e tw ee n TIME and YRS, i t i s d o u b t f u l t h a t LGYRS i s a c t i n g f o r LGTIME I n t h e e q u a t io n s u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n h e r e . S im p le c o r r e l a t i o n s show a s t r o n g e r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw ee n LGYRS and LGPECA i n b o th r e g io n s ( 0 .6 0 0 an d 0 .7 9 0 ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y ) th a n b e tw e e n LGYRS and 67 LGTIME (0 .3 5 8 and 0 .3 5 2 ) . P e rh a p s th e m ost to be s a i d f o r LGYRS I s t h a t i t im p ro v es th e p r e d i c t i v e v a lu e o f t h e e q u a tio n s i n b o th r e g i o n s . The o b j e c t i v e o f u s i n g r e g r e s s i o n e q u a tio n s t o p r e d i c t p a s t u r e l a n d tr e a tm e n t a c re a g e w ith . SCS manpower a d ju s tm e n ts c o u ld n o t be f u l l y imrp le m e n te d . Only i n R egion One was LGTIME s i g n i f i c a n t . Even t h e r e , some e v id e n c e was fo u n d t h a t u s in g LGCECA i n p la c e o f LGTIME w ould p r o v id e b e t t e r e s t im a t e s o f LGPECA. I n R egion Two t h i s was c l e a r l y th e c a s e . The a l t e r n a t i v e o f u s in g e q u a tio n ( 2 ) , i n c lu d in g LGCECA, i n b o th r e g io n s was re je c te d . U sing e s t im a t e d v a lu e s o f LGCECA d e r iv e d from a n o th e r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a tio n i n o r d e r to p r e d i c t v a lu e s o f LGPECA w ould have know ing ly i n t r o ­ duced e r r o r s i n t o th e a n a l y s i s . P a s tu r e la n d tr e a tm e n t does n o t c o n s i s ­ t e n t l y o c c u r w ith a p p l i c a t i o n o f c ro p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m e a s u re s , a s a tw o - s ta g e e s t i m a t i n g p ro c e d u re w ould im p ly . The d e c i s i o n was made to con­ c e n t r a t e f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s on a c re a g e e s t im a t o r s and e r o s i o n r e d u c t io n i n d i ­ c a t o r s f o r c ro p la n d a lo n e . C ro p lan d E ro s io n C o n tro l The a n a l y t i c a l m odel o r i g i n a l l y s p e c i f i e d f o r la n d tr e a tm e n t accom­ p lis h m e n ts on c ro p la n d was somewhat more s u c c e s s f u l th a n i t had b een on th e o t h e r two la n d u s e ty p e s . N e v e r th e le s s , t h e r e s t i l l rem ain ed a l a r g e p r o p o r t io n o f v a r i a t i o n i n CECA u n e x p la in e d by th e m odel. S u b s ta n tia l r e v i s i o n s o f th e o r i g i n a l m odel w ere s u c c e s s f u l i n p ro d u c in g b e t t e r p r e ­ d i c t i v e e q u a tio n s . The o r i g i n a l e q u a tio n y i e l d e d a c o e f f i c i e n t o f m u l t i p l e d e te r m in a tio n w hich was s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e t e n p e r c e n t l e v e l i n b o th r e g i o n s , b u t i n e a c h c a s e e x p la in e d l e s s th a n o n e - h a l f th e v a r i a t i o n i n CECA. A d d itio n a l v a r i a b l e s w ere e v a lu a te d t o d e te rm in e some p a t t e r n f o r th e SCS c r o p la n d tr e a tm e n t p ro g ram . 68 S im p le c o r r e l a t i o n s s u g g e s te d f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s o f a c r e s o f c r o p la n d n e e d in g d r a in a g e (DRN) i n R eg io n Two. I t was fo u n d t h a t CECA h a d a h i g h e r c o r r e l a t i o n w ith DRN CO.568) th a n an y o f th e o t h e r v a r i a b l e s t e s t e d i n R egion Two ( T a b le 8 ) . I t s h o u ld a l s o be n o te d t h a t DRN i s h i g h l y c o r r e ­ l a t e d w ith CNT ( 0 .8 3 8 ) , b u t n o t w ith CNE. T h is was e x p e c te d , s i n c e by d e f i n i t i o n , CNE d i f f e r s from CNT by t h e a c r e a g e o f c ro p la n d n e e d in g d ra in a g e . T a b le 8 . — S im p le c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r s e l e c t e d v a r i a b l e s i n c ro p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a n a ly s i s , R eg io n Two. CECA X.000 TIME .3 6 5 1 .0 0 0 CPT .4 0 4 .5 0 4 1 .0 0 0 CNE .3 2 2 .2 2 6 .6 8 9 1 .0 0 0 CNT .5 4 9 .3 7 6 .8 3 8 .8 1 6 1 .0 0 0 ENT .3 4 8 .2 9 9 .742 .9 6 8 .8 3 0 1 .0 0 0 DRN .568 .3 8 3 .6 5 5 .287 .8 3 8 .3 4 2 CECA TIME CPT CNE CNT ENT 1 .0 0 0 DRN A new r e g r e s s i o n e q u a tio n was com puted f o r CECA, w hich in c lu d e d TIME, CPT, and DRN a s in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s . W h ile t h e m a jo r i n t e r e s t was i n R egion Two, t h e same e q u a t i o n was t e s t e d i n R e g io n One a s w e l l . T h is showed a d e f i n i t e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw ee n CECA an d DRN i n R eg io n Two (T a b le 9 ) . The r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t f o r DRN was p o s i t i v e and s i g n i f i c a n t a t l e s s th a n t h e te n p e r c e n t l e v e l . R e s u l ts in R eg io n One c o n firm e d t h a t CECA i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d to TIME and CPT; b u t t h e r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t f o r DRN d id n o t d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y fro m z e r o a t th e t e n p e r c e n t l e v e l . T able 9 .— R egression c o e f f ic ie n ts and r e la te d s t a t i s t i c s f o r c ro p lan d e ro s io n a p p lic a tio n . Dependent V a ria b le R2 Independent V a ria b le C onstant CECA TIME CPT DRN Region 1 (1) (1303.4 )b -700.78 0.4771* (0.174) 0.0096 (0.006) 0.0432 (0.061) .3901C Region 2 (1) (8554.7) -2834.9 1.1454 (1.007) -0.0028 (0.023) 0.1281* (0.045) .3118 LGTIME LGVAPS LGCECA , Region 1 (2) (1.2115) -7.8266 3.0046* (0.541) (3) (0.4981) -3 .2 6 6 6 2.1819* (0.379) Region 2 (2) (0.2933) -1 .3 0 7 6 1.3884* (0.385) -0 .2 4 1 0 * (0.126) LGRNFN P70 - - 0.4495* (0.208) - .6528 -0.000001* (0.000) d u m b er in p a re n th e se s beneath th e re g re s s io n c o e f f i c i e n t i s th e sta n d a rd e r r o r , * S tandard e r r o r o f e s tim a te . c A djusted f o r d egrees of freedom . * S ig n if ic a n t a t le s s th an 10 p e rc e n t. .4237 .8020 70 I t i s c l e a r t h a t i n R eg io n Two, c ro p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lis h ­ m en ts a r e m ore h i g h l y r e l a t e d to c ro p la n d d r a in a g e n e ed s th a n any o f th e o t h e r in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s t e s t e d . I t i s q u i t e p r o b a b le t h a t many fa rm ­ e r s w ould i n i t i a l l y s e e k SCS a s s i s t a n c e f o r d r a in a g e im p ro v em en ts r a t h e r th a n e r o s i o n c o n t r o l . Im proved d r a in a g e i s r e q u i r e d on some M ic h ig a n s o i l s j u s t t o e n a b le a fa rm e r t o p l a n t and h a r v e s t a c r o p . t r o l i s n o t o r d in a r ily so c r i t i c a l i n th e s h o r t- te r m . E r o s io n co n ­ H a v in g e s t a b l i s h e d c o n ta c t w ith SCS and t h e s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n d i s t r i c t a s a r e s u l t o f a d r a in a g e p ro b le m , a fa rm e r m ig h t th e n b e e n c o u ra g e d t o a d o p t a c o m p le te c o n s e r v a t io n p l a n i n c l u d i n g a p p r o p r i a t e e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m e a s u re s . D iv e rg e n t r e s u l t s r e g a r d i n g t h e im p o rta n c e o f DRN i n R eg io n s One and Two a r e p ro b a b ly due t o t h e r e l a t i v e m a g n itu d e o f c r o p la n d d r a i n a g e n e e d s (T a b le 1 0 ). In R eg io n Two, DRN a c c o u n ts f o r t h i r t y p e r c e n t o f t o t a l c ro p ­ la n d t r e a tm e n t n e e d s com pared t o j u s t t h i r t e e n p e r c e n t i n R eg io n One. Over 1 .4 m i l l i o n a c r e s o f c ro p la n d n e e d d r a in a g e i n R eg io n Two and r e p r e ­ s e n t over n in e ty p e rc e n t o f th e s t a t e t o t a l . T a b le 1 0 .— T o ta l c ro p la n d t r e a tm e n t n e e d s and c ro p la n d d r a i n a g e n e e d s , R eg io n s One and Two. C ro p lan d Need C a te g o ry R eg io n One M ic h ig a n T o ta l R e g io n Two A cres P e r­ cent A c res P e r­ cent A c res P e r­ cent D ra in a g e (DRN) 1 1 0 ,5 0 0 13 1 ,4 2 0 ,9 0 0 30 1 ,5 3 1 ,4 0 0 28 E r o s io n C o n tr o l (CNE) 7 4 1 ,8 0 0 87 3 ,2 8 0 ,4 0 0 70 4 ,0 2 2 ,2 0 0 72 8 5 2 ,3 0 0 100 4 ,7 0 1 ,3 0 0 100 5 ,5 5 3 ,6 0 0 100 T o ta l (CNT) a S o u rc e : Computed from M ic h ig a n C o n s e r v a tio n Needs I n v e n t o r y . 1 9 6 7 . 71 A lth o u g h t h e a l t e r n a t i v e e q u a tio n , waa u s e f u l f o r I n t e r p r e t a t i o n , i t was c o n s id e r e d in a d e q u a te f o r p r e d i c t i o n p u r p o s e s i n l a t e r s t a g e s o f t h e S tu d y . A num ber o f e q u a t io n s w e re s u b s e q u e n tly t e s t e d i n o r d e r t o im p ro v e 2 to ta l R . S e v e r a l in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s u s e d p r e v i o u s l y i n t h e i n v e s t i ­ g a t i o n o f TIME, PECA, and OECA w e re a n a ly z e d i n a d d i t i o n t o t h o s e o r i g ­ i n a l l y s p e c i f i e d i n t h e c r o p la n d m o d el. E q u a tio n s w ere com puted w i t h o b s e rv e d v a l u e s , and w ith lo g t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s . The f i n a l e q u a t io n s d i f ­ f e r e d c o n s i d e r a b ly b e tw ee n t h e two r e g i o n s ( T a b le 9 ) . T he b e s t f i t f o r a l l f o r t y - f o u r o b s e r v a t i o n s i n R eg io n One was ob­ t a i n e d w ith e q u a t i o n ( 3 ) . A s l i g h t im provem ent o v e r e q u a t io n (1 ) was a c h ie v e d th r o u g h l o g t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f b o th . CECA and TIME; h o w e v e r, t h i s f o r m u la tio n s t i l l l e f t o v e r o n e - h a l f t h e v a r i a t i o n i n LGCECA u n e x p la in e d . T h e re was n o te d i n t h e c o m p u ta tio n o f t h i s and p r e c e d in g e q u a t io n s a l a r g e d e v i a t i o n b e tw ee n c a l c u l a t e d and o b s e rv e d v a lu e s o f CECA o r LGCECA f o r f o u r c o u n ti e s i n R e g io n One. I n th o s e c o u n t i e s , (A lc o n a , C ra w fo rd , L u ce, Roscommon) o b s e rv e d CECA was e q u a l t o z e r o ; t h a t i s , no c r o p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m e a su re s h a d b e e n a p p l i e d i n EY 1 9 7 2 . A num ber o f e q u a ­ t i o n s w ere com puted w ith o b s e rv e d v a lu e s and w i t h lo g t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s a f t e r d e l e t i n g th o s e f o u r o b s e r v a t i o n s . T h is p r o c e d u r e r e s u l t e d i n e q u a ­ t i o n (.3 ), w ith a s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r c o e f f i c i e n t o f m u l t i p l e d e t e r m i ­ n a t i o n th a n e q u a t io n ( 2 ) , a s m ea su re d by an F - t e s t . The manpower v a r i a b l e (LGTIME) was h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t i n b o th e q u a tio n s . The v a r i a b l e r e p r e s e n t i n g v a lu e o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n (LGVAPS) was t h e o n ly o t h e r one o f th o s e o r i g i n a l l y s p e c i f i e d t o re m a in in th e f i n a l e q u a tio n . I t s s i g n was n e g a t i v e and was c e r t a i n l y c o u n te r 72 t o e x p e c t a t i o n s . 53 The v a r i a b l e LGRNFN r e p r e s e n t s t h e p e r c e n ta g e o f n o n ­ f o r e s t e d la n d n e e d in g t r e a t m e n t . As s u c h , i t i s h i g h l y r e l a t e d to CPT, CNT, and CNE, w ith s im p le c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s o f 0 .7 1 4 , 0 .6 9 4 , and 0 .6 9 0 , r e s p e c t i v e l y , an d p r o b a b ly o p e r a t e s a s a c o m p o s ite v a r i a b l e . In o t h e r e q u a tio n s t e s t e d , n one o f t h o s e t h r e e i n d i v i d u a l c ro p la n d v a r i a b l e s (n o r t h e i r l o g t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s ) w ere s i g n i f i c a n t . E q u a tio n (3 ) s u p p o r te d th e i n f e r e n c e t h a t SCS h a s in d e e d o r g a n iz e d a c ro p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l p ro g ram i n R egion One. I t a l s o p r o v id e d an a c c e p t a b l e e s t i m a t o r o f CECA fo r la te r use. The f i n a l f o r m u la ti o n i n R e g io n Two a l s o had t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e I n lo g fo rm . E q u a tio n (2 ) e x p la in e d o v e r e i g h t y p e r c e n t o f th e v a r i a t i o n i n LGCECA w ith two in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s . Log t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s b r o u g h t LGTIME an d P70 i n t o t h e e q u a t i o n , e v e n th o u g h b o th w ere show n n o t t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t i n th e t e s t o f h y p o th e s iz e d r e l a t i o n s h i p s . An i n v e r s e r e ­ l a t i o n s h i p b e tw een CECA and t o t a l c o u n ty p o p u l a t i o n i s q u i t e r e a s o n a b l e , f o r a h i g h e r t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n w ould im p ly m ore u rb a n d e v elo p m e n t and co n ­ s e q u e n t l y l e s s c ro p la n d a c r e a g e t o be t r e a t e d . Some I n t e r a c t i o n o f c ro p ­ la n d and p o p u l a t i o n v a r i a b l e s u n d o u b te d ly o c c u r s , f o r t h e s im p le c o r r e ­ l a t i o n o f P70 w ith CPT was - 0 .4 2 0 , w h ich i s s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t a t l e s s th a n th e f i v e p e r c e n t l e v e l . N e v e r t h e l e s s , CPT and LGCPT w ere n o t s i g n i f i c a n t i n an y o f t h e e q u a t io n s t e s t e d , b o th w ith and w ith o u t P 70. Log t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f CECA c a u s e d DRN t o be d e l e t e d , a lth o u g h i t was th e The r e a s o n s f o r t h i s I n v e r s e r e l a t i o n s h i p a r e n o t c l e a r fro m c u r ­ s o r y e x a m in a tio n o f o b s e rv e d d a t a , b u t may r e l a t e t o h ig h v a lu e s f o r VAPS in s e v e r a l c o u n ti e s w ith f r u i t and s p e c i a l t y c ro p s i n r e l a t i v e l y l i m i t e d c ro p la n d a r e a s . 73 o n ly s i g n i f i c a n t in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e i n e q u a t io n ( 1 ) . S e v e r a l e q u a t io n s w ere com puted w ith LGDRN, b u t i t was r e j e c t e d a t t h e t e n p e r c e n t l e v e l o f s ig n if ic a n c e in each c a s e . E q u a tio n (2 ) r e v e a l e d a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n ­ s h i p b e tw een c ro p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l t r e a tm e n t an d SCS t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t ­ a n c e tim e i n R eg io n Two w hich was n o t i n i t i a l l y a p p a r e n t . I t i s n o t as s t r o n g and d i r e c t a s m ig h t be e x p e c te d i f manpower a l l o c a t i o n s w e re i n f a c t b a se d on c ro p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l n e e d s . Y e t i t i n d i c a t e s t h a t CECA i s s e n s i t i v e t o manpower a l l o c a t i o n s , and f u l f i l l s t h e n e e d f o r a p r e ­ d i c t i v e e q u a tio n . CHAPTER V ESTIMATING GROSS EROSION REDUCTION A p ro c e d u re f o r e s t i m a t i n g a v e r a g e s o i l l o s s r e d u c t i o n s a c h ie v e d th ro u g h i n s t a l l a t i o n o f v a r i o u s c r o p la n d t r e a t m e n t p r a c t i c e s v a s d e ­ v e lo p e d . A p p l i c a ti o n o f t h e m ethod d e s c r i b e d i n C h a p te r I I I t o a tw e n ty - f o u r c o u n ty a r e a i n S o u th e rn M ic h ig a n r e v e a l e d s u b s t a n t i a l d i f ­ f e r e n c e s i n g r o s s e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n among c o u n ti e s an d a l s o among la n d tr e a tm e n t p r a c t i c e s . E r o s io n R e d u c tio n by T re a tm e n t Type and LCC The i n i t i a l s t e p w as t o com pute a v e ra g e B o i l l o s s r e d u c t i o n s by p r a c t i c e ty p e f o r e a c h o f f o u r t e e n la n d c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s e s i n e a c h c o u n ty . The h i g h e s t a n n u a l s o i l l o s s i n th e u n t r e a t e d c o n d i t i o n I s 4 2 .4 5 to n s p e r a c r e , w h ic h o c c u rs on c l a s s IVe la n d w ith a c o m - c o m w h e a t-so y b e a n s r o t a t i o n . T h is c o n d i t i o n i s fo u n d i n G enesee and G r a t i o t c o u n t i e s , f o r exam ple (A pp endix T a b le 1 ) . I t w i l l be n o te d t h a t a t t h i s p o i n t , th e o n ly d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g f a c t o r among c o u n t i e s i s t h e c ro p r o t a ­ tio n . I d e n t i c a l s o i l l o s s v a lu e s o c c u r f o r a g iv e n la n d c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s i n a l l c o u n tie s w ith th e sam e c ro p r o t a t i o n . Thus i n b o th B a rry and B ran ch c o u n t i e s , t h e a v e ra g e s o i l l o s s w ith o u t t r e a tm e n t on c l a s s l i e la n d i s 3 .1 1 to n s p e r a c r e . T h ese t a b l e s c l e a r l y I n d i c a t e a h ig h e r e r o s i o n h a z a rd on " e " su b ­ c l a s s la n d th a n on "w" o r " s " s u b c l a s s e s . 74 They a l s o i n d i c a t e t h a t th e 75 p a y o f f i n te rm s o f e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n f o r e a c h o f t h e f i v e la n d t r e a t ­ m ent p r a c t i c e s i s h i g h e s t on " e " s u b c l a s s l a n d . H ig h e r l e v e l s o f p r o ­ t e c t i o n a r e e v id e n t w ith t h e m ore i n t e n s i v e l a n d t r e a t m e n t p r a c t i c e s . For some la n d c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s e s , minimum t i l l a g e p r o v i d e s o v e r s i x t y p e r c e n t m ore s o i l l o s s r e d u c t i o n th a n c ro p r e s i d u e u s e , a n d a ch an g e to p e rm a n e n t c o v e r p ro d u c e s a t l e a s t a f o u r - f o l d I n c r e a s e . T h is f i r s t s t e p i n t h e p r o c e s s i s l i m i t e d by s e v e r a l f a c t o r s . F i r s t i s t h e a s s u m p tio n t h a t t h e c h o se n c ro p r o t a t i o n s a d e q u a te ly d e ­ s c r i b e th e a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s i n a p a r t i c u l a r c o u n ty . I t i s im p o r ta n t to n o te t h a t t h i s m ethod i s a n a tte m p t t o e s t i m a t e a v e r a g e s o i l l o s s c o n d it i o n s f o r an e n t i r e c o u n ty . The r e s u l t s w ould c l e a r l y n o t a p p ly to a p a r t i c u l a r a c r e o r e v e n s e v e r a l farm s o r to w n s h ip s . Crop r o t a t i o n s w ere s e l e c t e d by an e x p e r ie n c e d p r o f e s s i o n a l b a s e d on h i s know ledge o f g e n e r a l fa rm in g p a t t e r n s i n t h e s tu d y a r e a (T a b le 2 , p ag e 4 1 ) . The c h o ic e o f r o t a t i o n s was f u r t h e r c ir c u m s c r ib e d by th o s e w h ich h ad b e en s p e c i f i e d f o r t h e o r i g i n a l s o i l l o s s c o m p u ta tio n s . They r e p r e s e n t lo n g te rm h i s t o r i c a l p a t t e r n s and w ould n o t r e f l e c t th e e x p a n s io n o f c u l t i ­ v a te d a c r e a g e and row c ro p p r o d u c tio n f o s t e r e d by t h e c u r r e n t w o rld fo o d s itu a tio n . A ssu m p tio n s r e g a r d i n g s o i l l o s s c o n d it i o n s b e f o r e and a f t e r e a c h ty p e o f t r e a tm e n t a r e a s o u r c e o f e r r o r . The i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n i s m ost d i f f i c u l t t o e s t a b l i s h , and a l s o t h e m o st c r i t i c a l , depend upon i t . fo r a l l c a lc u la tio n s I t was assum ed h e r e t h a t a l l la n d b e in g t r e a t e d was b e in g farm ed up-and-dow n h i l l w ith r e s i d u e rem oved. I n p r a c t i c e , an a c r e n e e d in g c ro p r e s i d u e u se may a l r e a d y b e c u l t i v a t e d on th e c o n to u r an d n e ed o n ly im proved r e s i d u e m anagem ent f o r a d e q u a te p r o t e c t i o n . I n su c h 76 a c a s e , th e m ethod u se d h e r e w ould o v e r e s t i m a t e t h e am ount o f e r o s i o n r e d u c tio n . On th e o t h e r h a n d , c ro p r e s i d u e u s e i s a r e l a t i v e l y e a s y p r a c t i c e f o r b o th th e fa r m e r an d SCS t o a p p l y , s i n c e i t r e q u i r e s o n ly a s l i g h t change i n t i l l a g e p r o c e d u r e s . C o n to u rin g n e c e s s i t a t e s e n g i ­ n e e r i n g s u rv e y s f o r l a y o u t , r e q u i r e s s p e c i a l p lo w in g t e c h n i q u e s , and g e n e r a l l y i n c r e a s e s fa rm in g tim e . I t seem s r e a s o n a b l e t h a t a f a rm e r c o u ld b e e n c o u ra g e d t o a p p ly c ro p r e s i d u e u s e m ore r e a d i l y th a n co n ­ to u rin g . T h is i s th e s i t u a t i o n im p lie d by t h e i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n assum ed fo r th is a n a ly s is . A c tu a l e r o s i o n r e d u c t io n due t o c o n to u r in g o r s t r i p c r o p p i n g may be som ewhat l e s s th a n e s t im a t e d i f im proved r e s i d u e m anagem ent i s n o t a l s o p r a c t i c e d a s assum ed h e r e . above. T h is i s a c o r a l l a r y t o th e c a s e o u t l i n e d A fa rm e r w ould n o t b e l i k e l y t o a p p ly t h e m ore i n t e n s i v e e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m e a su re s i f h e h a s n o t a c c e p te d a b a s i c t r e a tm e n t o f c ro p r e s i ­ due u s e . E r o s io n r e d u c t i o n e s t i m a t e s f o r a change to p e rm a n e n t c o v e r a r e th e m ost p ro n e t o e r r o r . R e p o r ta b le p r a c t i c e s c o rr e s p o n d in g t o t h i s n e e d c a te g o r y c o u ld v a ry w id e ly i n t h e i r a v e ra g e e r o s i o n r a t e s . C o n v e rsio n t o w oo dland w ould p re su m a b ly be t h e m ost p r o t e c t i v e , fo llo w e d by g r a s s ­ l a n d , th e n w i l d l i f e - r e c r e a t i o n l a n d . The l a t t e r change m ig h t a c t u a l l y i n c r e a s e a v e ra g e e r o s i o n r a t e s f o r l i m i t e d a r e a s w hich r e c e i v e d h e av y r e c re a tio n a l u se . T hese p ro b lem s a r e c o m p lic a te d by t h e f a c t t h a t t h e a v a i l a b l e s o i l l o s s d a t a d id n o t i n c l u d e e s t i m a t e s f o r a la n d u se ch an g e from c r o p la n d t o n o n - c r o p la n d u s e . Use o f d a t a c o rr e s p o n d in g t o minimum t i l l a g e on t e r r a c e d la n d a s a s u r r o g a t e p ro b a b ly u n d e r s t a t e s t h e e r o s i o n r e d u c t io n a c t u a l l y a c h ie v e d by la n d u s e c h a n g e . 77 F i n a l l y , s e v e r a l l i m i t a t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h e U n i v e r s a l S o i l L o ss E q u a tio n d e s e r v e a t t e n t i o n . 54 S o i l l o s s e s t i m a t e s o b ta in e d from th e E q u a tio n do n o t h a v e z e r o v a r i a n c e , a lth o u g h s u c h a n a s s u m p tio n was made i n t h i s s t u d y . T h e r e f o r e , e r r o r s o f e s t i m a t e f o r s o i l l o s s v a lu e s a r e l a r g e r th a n Im p lie d by t h e r e s u l t s r e p o r t e d h e r e . l o s s v a lu e i s an a v e r a g e f o r t h e c o m p le te r o t a t i o n . A com puted s o i l H ig h e r o b s e rv e d l o s s e s w ould be e x p e c te d i n a p a r t i c u l a r y e a r o f row c ro p p in g t h a n a y e a r o f a meadow c r o p ; and t h e com puted r o t a t i o n a v e ra g e w o u ld l i e some­ w here b e tw ee n t h e s e e x tr e m e s . Computed v a lu e s a l s o r e s t on lo n g te r m a v e ra g e r a i n f a l l p r o b a b i l i t i e s . O b serv e d s o i l l o s s e s i n a p a r t i c u l a r y e a r m ig h t v a r y c o n s i d e r a b ly fro m t h e com puted a v e r a g e . The e q u a t i o n i s a l s o l i m i t e d t o s h e e t and r i l l e r o s i o n c a u s e d by r a i n f a l l an d r u n o f f . Wind o r snow m elt e r o s i o n , o r l o c a l i z e d g u l l y i n g a r e e x c lu d e d fro m th e s o i l l o s s e s t i m a t e s u se d h e r e . E s tim a te s a r e f o r g r o s s e r o s i o n ——th e a v e ra g e a n n u a l q u a n t i t y o f s o i l rem oved from a n a c r e o f l a n d . S o il lo s t from one a c r e may o n ly move t o a n o th e r a c r e down t h e s l o p e , o r i t may be d e p o s i te d d i r e c t l y i n a w a t e r c o u r s e . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f e a c h w a te r s h e d a r e a w i l l d e te r m in e e v e n t u a l s e d im e n t d e l i v e r y . The p r e c e d in g rem a rk s s h o u ld s e r v e t o te m p e r c o n f id e n c e i n s p e c i f i c e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n v a lu e s show n i n A ppendix T a b le 1. d a ta a re s t i l l o f g r e a t m e r it. N e v e rth e le s s , th e s e E x p l i c i t l y s t a t e d a s s u m p tio n s and u n ifo rm a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e m eth o d o lo g y make p o s s i b l e v a l i d c o m p a ris o n s among la n d t r e a tm e n t p r a c t i c e s an d c o u n t i e s . 54 W isch m eier and S m ith , o p . c i t . , p p . 3 8 -4 0 . 78 E ro s io n R e d u c tio n W eig h ted by T re a tm e n t Needs E ro s io n r e d u c t io n v a lu e s com puted above w ere s p e c i f i e d f o r e a c h o f f o u r te e n la n d c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s and s u b c l a s s (LCCc) g ro u p in g s . By know­ in g th e LCCc upon w h ich a p a r t i c u l a r c ro p la n d t r e a tm e n t had been a p p l i e d , one c o u ld c o n s u lt th e t a b l e f o r t h e c o u n ty o f i n t e r e s t and re a d t h e e s t i ­ m ated e r o s i o n r e d u c t io n . F o r e x am p le , s t r i p c r o p p i n g on a I l l e s o i l i n B a rry County w ould p ro d u c e a n a v e ra g e s o i l l o s s r e d u c t io n o f 6 ,3 3 to n s per a c re . U n f o r tu n a te ly , t h e SCS r e p o r t i n g sy s te m d o e s n o t p r o v id e t h i s amount of d e ta il. i n a c o u n ty . I t o n ly r e v e a l s t h e num ber o f a c r e s o f s t r i p c r o p p i n g a p p li e d The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f tr e a tm e n t n e e d s among LCCc*s was assum ed to p r o v id e an e s t im a t e o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m easu re a p p l i c a t i o n (A ppendix T a b le 2 ) . tio n , T h is i s an a d m itte d ly n e b u lo u s assum p­ E v id e n ce was c i t e d in C h a p te r IV t h a t t h e SCS e r o s i o n c o n t r o l p r o ­ gram i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y o r i e n t e d t o p u b lis h e d e s t im a t e s o f c o n s e r v a tio n tr e a tm e n t n e e d s . I t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t th e a c re a g e o f a s p e c i f i c e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m easure in one y e a r w ould have been a p p lie d a c r o s s LCCc's a c c o rd ­ in g t o t h e i d e n t i f i e d n e e d s f o r t h a t p r a c t i c e . Y et o v e r tim e , th e d i s ­ t r i b u t i o n o f tr e a tm e n ts and n e e d s Bhould te n d t o c o i n c i d e . S o , a lth o u g h th e e r o s i o n r e d u c t io n p ro c e d u re w i l l be u se d w ith d a ta f o r FY 1972 a c c o m p lish m e n ts, i t s h o u ld be em phasized t h a t th e w e ig h te d e r o s i o n r e ­ d u c tio n v a lu e s may o n ly be I n t e r p r e t e d a s lo n g - te r m e s t i m a t e s . In s p ite o f i t s l i m i t a t i o n s , t h i s m ethod i s an im provem ent o v e r t h e a l t e r n a t i v e o f assu m ing u n ifo rm a p p l i c a t i o n o f tr e a tm e n ts a c r o s s a l l LCCc g ro u p s . I t a l s o a v o id s t h e t a s k o f c o l l e c t i n g f i e l d d a t a on a c t u a l e r o s i o n con­ t r o l a cco m p lish m en ts by LCCc, w hich w ould r e f i n e t h e d a ta f o r a p a r t i c ­ u l a r y e a r , b u t m ig h t n o t be v a l i d o v e r tim e . 79 A w e ig h te d r e d u c t i o n v a lu e (WERED) f o r each, t r e a t m e n t c a te g o r y was com puted by LCCc i n e a c h c o u n ty (A p p en d ix T a b le 3 ) . When summed o v e r th e LCCc*a, i t p r o v id e s a n e s t i m a t e o f a v e r a g e a n n u a l e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n p e r a c r e f o r t h e f i v e la n d t r e a t m e n t p r a c t i c e s ( T a b le 1 1 ) . T h ese d a ta show s u b s t a n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e s among c o u n ti e s i n t h e r e s p o n s e to v a r i o u s e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m e a s u re s . As n o te d e a r l i e r , th e m a g n itu d e o f t h e i n d i ­ v i d u a l s o i l l o s s e s t i m a t e i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y p r e c i s e , b u t v a l i d com­ p a r i s o n s may b e made among c o u n t i e s . F o r e x a m p le , e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n p ro d u c e d by minimum t i l l a g e i n C lin to n County ( 1 .5 3 to n s p e r a c r e ) i s , on t h e a v e r a g e , n e a r l y d o u b le t h a t i n Cass C ounty ( 0 .7 9 t o n s p e r a c r e ) . S in c e t h e c ro p r o t a t i o n s , and h e n c e t h e o r i g i n a l e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n v a l u e s , a r e i d e n t i c a l i n t h e two c o u n t i e s , w e ig h tin g by t r e a tm e n t n e e d s p ro d u c e d t h e s e r e s u l t s . They i n d i c a t e t h a t th e CNI i d e n t i f i e d a n eed f o r minimum t i l l a g e on a h i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n o f more e r o s i v e s o i l s i n C lin to n County th a n i n C ass C ounty. A z e ro v a l u e , a s d i s p l a y e d f o r con­ t o u r i n g i n G r a t i o t an d H i l l s d a l e C o u n tie s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e CNI a c r e a g e was z e ro f o r t h i s c r o p la n d n e e d c a te g o r y i n b o th c o u n t i e s . C om posite E r o s io n R e d u c tio n R a te The f i n a l s t e p i n t h e p r o c e s s i s t o com bine e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n r a t e s o f a l l f i v e t r e a t m e n t ty p e s t o o b t a i n a c o m p o s ite v a lu e f o r e a c h c o u n ty . T h is r e q u i r e s i n f o r m a ti o n on t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t o t a l c r o p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lish m e n ts (CECA) r e p r e s e n t e d by eac h t r e a tm e n t c a t e g o r y . O b serv ed FY 1972 v a lu e s f o r th e com ponent p r a c t i c e s r e p r e s e n t e d by CECA w ere u s e d a s t h e s o u r c e (T a b le 1 2 ) . T h ese show t h a t m ost c ro p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l t r e a tm e n t i n t h e tw e n ty - f o u r c o u n ty s tu d y a r e a c o n s i s t s o f c ro p r e s i d u e u s e and minimum t i l l a g e . O nly t h i r t e e n c o u n ti e s r e p o r t e d Table X I.— Total average annual erosion reduction per acre fo r f iv e cropland treatm ent c a te g o r ie s, by county, Land Resource Area 98. County Crop Residue Use Minimum T illa g e C ontouring S trip Cropping Permanent Cover 4.41 2.41 3.84 2,01 3.66 6.40 0 .0 7.74 4 .2 9 3.24 3.33 5.65 4.15 1.40 3.35 7.35 6.23 5.32 4.33 1.85 4.39 4.1 4 3.97 4 .0 4 11.01 0 .0 9.92 13.25 8 .6 1 8.04 37.93 19.10 8.65 8.33 16.93 17.55 7.87 7.47 6.46 12.60 30.56 8.62 2 .4 2 15.47 8.73 2 .4 2 3.30 7.32 Tons P e r Acre B arry Branch Calhoun Cass C lin to n Eaton Genesee G r a tio t H ills d a le Ingham Io n ia Is a b e lla Jackson Kalamazoo Kent Lapeer Lenawee L iv in g sto n Montcalm Muskegon Oakland Ottawa S t. Jo sep h Washtenaw 1.14 0.34 0.58 0.37 P . 79 Q. 72 1.08 0.74 1.15 0.66 1.38 1.46 Q.66 0 .2 8 0.72 1.07 1.34 0.83 0.55 0.32 0.77 0.43 0 .4 1 0 .9 1 2.46 0.72 1.24 0.79 1.53 1.39 1.80 1.22 2.39 1.20 2.34 2.44 1.24 0.60 1.53 1 .8 1 2 .2 6 1 .6 9 1.20 0 .6 9 1 .5 6 0.97 0.83 1 .8 1 2.14 1.88 0 .0 2.50 0 .0 0 .0 1.91 0 .0 0 .0 2.05 7.63 7.04 2.73 0 .0 2 .6 0 9.94 9.49 4.50 3.43 1 .1 4 1.88 1 .3 1 0 .0 3.31 Table 1 2 .— D istr ib u tio n o f cropland erosion c o n tro l accomplishments among component land tr e a t­ ment measures, by county, Land Resource Area 98. County T o ta l Accom plishments Crop Residue Use Minimum T illa g e Contour Fanning Acres Barry Branch Calhoun Cass C lin to n Eaton Genesee G r a tio t H ills d a le Ingham Io n ia I s a b e lla Jackson Kalamazoo Kent Lapeer Lenawee L iv in g sto n Montcalm Muskegon Oakland Ottawa S t. Joseph Washtenaw 5948 1692 7478 7476 1 5842 8110 3217 3837 5926 11934 13714 5398 1601 11187 1771 6874 5186 5931 7Q58 2888 81 8004 7389 4364 S trip cro p p in g Permanent Cover 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 4 1 1 15 3 2 1 3 9 7 3 2 5 7 8 1 1 33 5 1 12 P e rc e n t 49 63 45 51 50 42 42 42 53 50 43 39 56 43 60 57 34 42 44 46 67 47 51 54 50 30 53 42 47 55 43 55 41 49 54 51 37 53 36 37 57 50 55 50 0 47 48 33 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 82 c o n to u r in g o r s t r i p c r o p p i n g , and th e n i n s m a ll a c r e a g e s w h ich am ounted to no m ore th a n f i v e p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l . Somewhat s u r p r i s i n g was t h e f a c t t h a t a la n d u s e ch an g e from c r o p la n d t o p e rm a n e n t c o v e r was r e p o r t e d I n a l l tw e n ty - f o u r c o u n t i e s . I n a l l b u t f o u r c o u n t i e s , ch an g e t o p e rm a n e n t c o v e r w as r e p o r t e d f o r a l a r g e r a r e a th a n e i t h e r c o n to u r in g o r s t r i p c r o p p in g . T h a t m ore e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lish m e n ts c o n s i s t o f t h e m ore e a s ily a p p lie d p r a c tic e s i s n o t a t a l l s u r p r i s i n g . Y e t i t w ould seem ­ i n g l y b e v e ry d i f f i c u l t to e n c o u r a g e a fa rm e r t o c o n v e r t some la n d fro m c ro p p r o d u c t i o n t o p e rm a n e n t c o v e r , f o r t h i s w o u ld u s u a l l y mean a l o s s o f in co m e. One s u s p e c t s t h a t t h e SCS t e c h n i c i a n s a r e m e re ly r e p o r t i n g l a n d u s e c h a n g e s w h ic h r e s u l t from la n d o w n e r d e c i s i o n s in d e p e n d e n t o f a n e ro s io n c o n tro l o b je c tiv e . u rb a n e x p a n s io n . One r e a s o n f o r d e c l i n i n g c r o p la n d a c r e a g e i s I t i s n o te w o rth y t h a t t h e t h r e e c o u n t i e s w ith t h e h i g h ­ e s t p r o p o r t i o n o f r e p o r t e d c h an g e to p e rm a n e n t c o v e r a r e G enesee ( f i f t e e n p e r c e n t ) , O ak lan d ( t h i r t y - t h r e e p e r c e n t ) , and W ashtenaw ( e le v e n p e r c e n t ) , e a c h o f w h ich h a v e l a r g e u rb a n g ro w th c e n t e r s . W h ile t h e r e s u l t i n g e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n on su c h a r e a s i s n o l e s s r e a l th a n on an a c r e t r e a t e d w ith c o n ­ t o u r i n g , t h e i r i n c l u s i o n i n t h e SCS r e p o r t i n g sy s te m te n d s t o o v e r s t a t e t r u e p ro g ram a c c o m p lis h m e n ts . The s y n t h e s i s o f e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n r a t e s an d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f c r o p ­ la n d t r e a t m e n t by la n d t r e a tm e n t c a te g o r y y i e l d s a v a lu e f o r t o t a l e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n p e r c o m p o s ite a c r e o f c r o p la n d t r e a t m e n t (T a b le 1 3 ) . Once a g a in t h e r e i s a w id e r a n g e o f v a l u e s , fro m l e s s th a n o n e - h a l f to n p e r a c r e i n B ran ch C ounty t o o v e r s e v e n to n s p e r a c r e I n G e n esee . s e n t a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s i n FY 1972. T h ese v a lu e s r e p r e ­ An e s t i m a t e o f t o t a l e r o s i o n re d u c ­ t i o n a c h ie v e d th ro u g h , t h e SCS t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e p ro g ram i n e a c h co u n ­ ty i s o b ta i n e d when m u l t i p l i e d by t h e o b s e rv e d c r o p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l 83 T a b le 1 3 .— E s tim a te d t o t a l e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n p e r c o m p o s ite a c r e o f c r o p la n d t r e a t m e n t , by c o u n ty , Land R e so u rc e A rea 98. C ounty B a rry B ranch C alhoun Cass C lin to n E a to n G enesee G ra tio t H ills d a le Ingham Io n ia Is a b e lla Jackson Kalam azoo K ent L apeer Lenawee L iv in g s to n M ontcalm Muskegon O akland O ttaw a S t. Jo sep h W ashtenaw Tons P e r A cre 1 .9 1 0 .4 8 1 .0 1 1 .1 5 1 .1 9 1 .2 2 7 .1 1 1 .5 4 1 .8 9 1 .0 4 2 .3 5 3 .4 6 1 .4 1 0 .6 9 1 .1 6 1 .9 7 3 .9 7 1 .9 0 0 .9 5 0 .6 9 3 .4 2 0 .8 0 0 .6 3 1 .9 8 a c re a g e (T a b le 14). T h ese d a t a p o i n t o u t a d iv e r g e n c e b e tw ee n c r o p la n d a c r e a g e t r e a tm e n ts and g r o s s e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n . W h ile C alhoun an d C ass C o u n tie s h a d e s s e n t i a l l y an e q u a l a c r e a g e o f c r o p la n d t r e a t m e n t , t h a t t r e a tm e n t r e s u l t e d i n o v e r 1 ,0 0 0 to n s o f a d d i t i o n a l s o i l s a v e d i n Cass C ounty. The c o n t r a s t i s e v en m ore s t r i k i n g b e tw ee n Lenawee and L iv i n g s t o n C o u n tie s . T h is im p o r ta n t i s s u e i s exam ined i n some d e t a i l i n t h e f o llo w in g c h a p te r. The p r o c e d u re f o r e s t i m a t i n g g r o s s e r o s i o n may be e x te n d e d from a FT 1972 b a s e to th e g e n e r a l c a s e w ith one a d d i t i o n a l q u a l i f y i n g a s s u m p tlo i 84 T a b le 1 4 .— O b serv ed c r o p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lis h m e n ts , com puted t o t a l e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n , by c o u n ty , Land R e so u rc e A rea 9 8 , f i s c a l y e a r 1972. C ro p la n d T r e a te d 3 (ac res) County B a rry B ranch C alhoun C ass C lin to n E ato n G enesee G ra tio t H ills d a le Ingham Io n ia Is a b e lla Ja c k s o n K alam azoo K ent L apeer Lenawee L iv in g s to n M ontcalm Muskegon O akland O ttaw a S t . Jo s e p h W ashtenaw a S o u rc e : S ystem d a t a . 5948 1692 7478 7476 5842 8110 3216 3837 5926 11934 13714 5397 1601 11187 1771 6874 5186 5931 7057 2888 81 8003 7389 4364 E r o s io n R e d u c tio n (to n s ) 11361 812 7553 8597 6952 9894 22866 5909 11200 12411 32228 18674 2257 7719 2054 13542 20588 11269 6704 1993 277 6402 4655 8641 Computed from S o i l C o n s e rv a tio n S e r v i c e P r o g r e s s R e p o r tin g t h a t th e p r o p o r t i o n s o f i n d i v i d u a l la n d t r e a t m e n t p r a c t i c e s i n a c o u n ty re m a in a s o b s e rv e d i n FY 1 9 7 2 , T h is i s n e c e s s i t a t e d by t h e p r e d i c t i v e e q u a t io n d e s c r i b e d i n C h a p te r IV , w hich r e l a t e s t o t o t a l CECA r a t h e r th a n its com ponent p r a c t i c e s . L ik e p r e v i o u s a s s u m p tio n s i n t h e e r o s i o n re d u c ­ t i o n m o d e l, t h i s s t e p i n t r o d u c e s one m ore l i m i t i n g f a c t o r w hich n e e d s a t t e n t i o n when i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e r e s u l t s . m odel a s a more g e n e r a l a n a l y t i c a l t o o l . I t d o e s , h o w e v e r, e n h a n c e t h e CHAPTER VI INVESTIGATION OF ALTERNATIVE STAFFING ARRANGEMENTS One o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s r e s e a r c h was t o t e s t t h e e r o s i o n c o n t r o l im­ p a c t s o f a d j u s t i n g SCS c o u n ty s t a f f i n g p a t t e r n s . P r e d i c t i v e e q u a t io n s d e v e lo p e d e a r l i e r i n t h e s tu d y w ere t o h a v e b e e n u t i l i z e d i n t h i s p h a s e . Lack o f s u c c e s s i n o b t a i n i n g w o rk a b le e q u a t io n s f o r e s t i m a t i n g p a s t u r e ­ la n d and o t h e r la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lish m e n ts was r e p o r t e d i n C h a p te r IV . The a n a l y s i s i n t h i s s e c t i o n was t h e r e f o r e c o n fin e d t o a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f c r o p la n d a lo n e . Two a s p e c t s o f a l t e r n a t i v e SCS c o u n ty s t a f f i n g l e v e l s w e re i n v e s t i ­ g a te d . The f i r s t c o n s id e r e d a l t e r i n g o b s e rv e d s t a f f l e v e l s i n t h e d i ­ r e c t i o n o f a h i g h e r a c r e a g e o f c r o p la n d e r o s i o n t r e a t m e n t . T h is q u e s t i o n was a p p ro a c h e d f o r e a c h o f th e two s tu d y r e g i o n s i n M ic h ig a n . A second t r i a l d e a lt w ith th e o b je c tiv e o f in c r e a s in g g ro s s e ro s io n re d u c tio n as o p p o sed t o t r e a t e d a c r e a g e . T h is tw e n ty - f o u r c o u n ty a r e a f o r w hich q u e s t i o n was e x p lo r e d o n ly i n t h e t h e e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m odel h ad b e e n d e v e lo p e d . I n c r e a s i n g T r e a te d A c re a g e R egion One E s tim a te s o f c ro p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c r e a g e w ere t o b e com puted f o r v a rio u s le v e ls o f te c h n ic a l a s s is ta n c e 85 (TIM E). I t w as f i r s t n e c e s s a r y 86 to s p e c i f y minimum and maximum l e v e l s w hich TIME c o u ld a ssu m e , and r e ­ q u i r e d t h a t t h e s e l e v e l s b e w i t h i n t h e ra n g e o f o b s e rv e d v a lu e s u s e d i n b u i l d i n g th e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n . I n R egion One, t o t a l m anpower a l l o c a t e d t o t h e f o r t y - f o u r c o u n t i e s was 1 2 3 ,2 1 1 m an -h o u rs i n FY 1972. C ounty s t a f f l e v e l s a v e ra g e d 2 ,8 0 0 m a n -h o u rs. The lo w e s t o b s e r v a t i o n f o r TIME was n i n e t y - e i g h t m an -h o u rs i n Keweenaw C o u n ty , w h ich i s l o c a t e d i n t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n p o r t i o n o f t h e U pper P e n i n s u l a . I t h a s a t o t a l la n d a r e a o f 3 4 8 ,1 6 0 a c r e s , b u t o n ly 1 ,1 5 0 a c r e s o f c r o p l a n d , 1 ,3 5 0 a c r e s o f o t h e r l a n d , and no p a s t u r e l a n d . J u s t o v e r 800 a c r e s o f t h i s n c n - f o r e s t e d a r e a was i d e n t i f i e d a s n e e d in g tre a tm e n t. The c o u n ty i s p r i n c i p a l l y an a r e a o f f o r e s t s and ab an d o n ed c o p p e r m in es w h ich h a s r e q u i r e d and r e c e i v e d l i t t l e ance. SCS t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t ­ B ecau se o f t h e s e u n iq u e c ir c u m s ta n c e s , i t was f e l t t h a t n i n e t y - e i g h t m an -h o u rs w ould n o t b e a r e a s o n a b le b a s e l e v e l f o r m ost o t h e r co u n ­ t i e s i n R egion One. The n e x t h i g h e r TIME o b s e r v a t i o n was 734 m a n -h o u rs . A b a se v a lu e of 700 m an -h o u rs ( a p p r o x im a te ly o n e - t h i r d m a n -y e a r) was t h e r e f o r e s e l e c t e d . The maximum o b s e r v e d TIME was 6 ,1 4 5 m a n -h o u rs , an d a v a lu e o f 5 ,9 0 0 m anh o u rs ( 2 .8 m a n - y e a r s ) was s p e c i f i e d a s th e u p p e r l i m i t . A v a lu e f o r CECA was com puted f o r e a c h c o u n ty w h ile p a r a m e t r i c a l l y v a r y i n g TIME fro m t h e minimum t o maximum v a lu e s i n in c re m e n ts o f 520 m anh o u rs ( 0 .2 5 m a n - y e a r ) . I t was assum ed t h a t t h e o b s e rv e d s t a f f i n g l e v e l o f n i n e t y - e i g h t m an -h o u rs f o r Keweenaw C ounty was a d e q u a te f o r t h e sc o p e o f i d e n t i f i e d la n d t r e a tm e n t n e e d s , an d t h i s v a l u e was h e ld c o n s t a n t . The e s t i m a t i n g e q u a t i o n d e r i v e d p r e v i o u s l y w a s: 87 LGCECA = -3 .2 6 6 6 + (2 .1 8 1 9 ) x LGTIME) - ( 0 .2 4 1 0 x LGVAPS) + (0 .4 4 9 5 x LGRNFN) w ith CECA b e in g t h e a n t i l o g o f LGCECA. F o u r c o u n tie s had o b se rv e d FY 1972 z e ro v a lu e s f o r CECA, and had 55 b een e x c lu d e d from th e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s . I t was assum ed t h a t p r o j e c t e d CECA i n t h e s e c o u n tie s w ould rem a in z e r o f o r a l l s t a f f i n g l e v e l s . 56 T h ese c o m p u ta tio n s p r o j e c t e d a maximum o f 5 ,6 8 5 a c r e s o f a n n u a l c ro p ­ la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a p p l i c a t i o n c o u ld be a c h ie v e d w ith 6 ,1 0 0 m an -h o u rs o f t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e tim e i n M ecosta County (T a b le 1 5 ) . The a d d i t i o n a l a c r e a g e o f CECA g e n e r a te d by 520 m an-hour in c re m e n ts o f TIME was a l s o com­ p u te d (T a b le 1 6 ). C o u n tie s w e re th e n ra n k e d from h ig h t o low a c c o rd in g t o th e in c r e m e n ta l o u tp u t o f CECA (T a b le 1 7 ) . R ankings i d e n t i f i e d th o s e c o u n tie s w ith t h e h i g h e s t m a rg in a l p r o d u c t i v i t y o f CECA r e l a t i v e t o TIME w hich w ould be c a n d id a te s f o r a d d i t i o n a l manpower a l l o c a t i o n . S p e c i f i c a t i o n o f n i n e t y - e i g h t m an-hours t o Keweenaw C ounty, and a minimum o f 700 t o th e re m a in in g c o u n tie s p ro d u ce d a t o t a l I n i t i a l commit­ m ent o f 3 0 ,1 9 8 m a n -h o u rs. fo r re -a llo c a tio n . A b a la n c e o f 9 3 ,0 1 3 m an-hours was a v a i l a b l e C ro p lan d tr e a tm e n t w ould b e m axim ized by p r o v id in g 5 ,9 0 0 m an -h o u rs o f t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e to th e s e v e n te e n h i g h e s t r a n k in g c o u n tie s . The e ig h t e e n t h ra n k in g c o u n ty r e c e iv e d a t o t a l o f 5 ,3 1 3 m an- h o u rs t o e x h a u s t th e a v a i l a b l e s u p p ly , w h ile t h e re m a in in g tw e n ty - s ix c o u n tie s had o n ly t h e s p e c i f i e d minimum. 55 T hese c o u n tie s s t i l l r e c e iv e d th e minimum manpower a l l o c a t i o n (700 m an -h o u rs) i n r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e i s p ro v id e d f o r p u r­ p o se s o t h e r th a n c ro p la n d e r o s io n c o n t r o l . 56 An a l t e r n a t e s e t o f c o m p u ta tio n s was made w ith o u t t h i s a s s u m p tio n . One o f th e s e f o u r c o u n tie s ra n k f i r s t i n R egion One in te rm s o f t o t a l CECA, even a t th e minimum s t a f f i n g l e v e l . The re m a in in g t h r e e w ere a l s o ran k e d I n th e u p p e r o n e - h a l f . Table IS .—Total cropland erosion control accomplishments fo r a lte rn a te lev e ls of SCS tech n ical a ssistan ce tim e, by county, Region One. Annual Man-hours Technical A ssistance Tine County Alcona Alger Alpena Antrim Baraga Benzie Charlevoix Cheboygan Chippewa Clare Crawford Delta Dickinson Emmet Gladwin Gogebic Cr. Traverse Houghton Iosco Iron Kalkaska Keweenaw 700 1220 1740 2260 2760 3300 3620 4340 48 60 5 380 5 900 0 12 39 40 24 22 44 36 24 38 0 28 8 35 36 17 28 33 36 17 29 1 0 41 136 133 81 75 148 122 80 128 0 94 27 117 122 58 95 111 120 58 99 1 0 90 285 289 175 162 322 264 173 277 0 204 59 254 264 126 206 241 260 126 214 1 0 159 504 511 310 287 569 467 307 490 0 362 105 450 467 223 364 426 461 223 379 1 0 249 792 803 487 450 894 734 462 770 0 568 164 707 733 350 572 669 724 351 595 1 Acres 0 363 1151 1167 708 655 1300 1067 700 1120 0 826 239 1028 1066 509 831 972 1052 510 865 1 0 499 1584 1606 974 901 1789 1469 964 1541 0 1136 329 1414 1467 700 1144 1338 1448 702 1190 1 0 659 2092 2122 1287 1190 2364 1941 1273 2036 0 1501 435 1868 1938 925 1511 1768 1913 928 1572 1 0 844 2678 2716 1647 1523 3026 2484 1630 2606 0 1922 556 2391 2480 1184 1934 2263 2448 1188 2012 1 0 1053 3343 3391 2056 1902 3777 3101 2035 3254 0 2399 694 2985 3096 1478 2414 2825 3056 1483 2512 1 0 1288 4089 4147 2515 2326 4619 3793 2488 3979 0 2934 849 3651 3787 1808 2953 3455 3738 1813 3072 1 Table 15 (c o n t'd .) Lake Leelanau Luce Mackinac Manistee Marquette Mason Mecosta Henoainee Missaukee Montnorency Newaygo Oceana Ogenaw Ontonagon Osceola Oscoda Otsego Presque I s le Rosconcern Schoolcraft Wexford 34 43 0 17 40 16 41 54 29 31 30 41 42 43 19 48 27 39 38 0 16 34 113 145 0 59 134 55 139 182 97 104 102 137 143 144 64 161 91 133 128 0 54 114 245 315 0 128 290 120 303 396 211 225 222 297 309 311 138 348 198 268 278 0 116 248 433 557 0 226 514 212 535 700 374 397 392 526 547 551 245 616 351 509 491 0 206 439 681 875 0 354 807 333 841 1101 587 624 617 827 860 866 384 969 552 BOO 772 0 324 690 990 1272 0 515 1173 484 1223 1600 854 908 896 1202 1250 1259 559 1408 802 1164 1122 0 471 1003 1363 1750 0 709 1615 666 1683 2202 1175 1249 1233 1654 1720 1732 769 1938 1104 1601 1544 0 648 1381 1800 2312 0 937 2133 880 2223 2909 1553 1650 1629 2185 2273 2288 1015 2560 1458 2115 2040 0 855 1824 2304 2960 0 1199 2731 1127 2845 3724 1988 2113 2086 2797 2909 2929 1300 3277 1866 2708 2611 0 1095 2335 2876 3695 0 1497 3409 1407 3552 4648 2481 2637 2604 3491 3631 3657 1623 4090 2330 3380 3259 0 1367 2915 3518 4519 0 1831 4169 1720 4344 5685 3034 3225 3184 4270 4441 4472 1985 5003 2650 4134 3986 0 1672 3565 Table 16.—A dditional cropland erosion control acconplisluaents generated by 520 nan-hour increments of SCS technical assistan ce tim e, by county, Region One. Annual Man-hours Technical A ssistance Time County 1220 1740 2260 2780 3300 3820 4340 4860 5380 5900 0 136 433 439 266 246 489 402 263 421 0 311 90 387 401 191 313 366 396 192 325 0 0 160 509 516 313 289 574 472 309 495 0 365 106 454 471 225 367 430 465 226 382 0 0 185 586 594 360 333 662 544 357 570 0 421 122 523 543 259 423 495 536 260 440 0 0 209 665 675 409 378 751 617 405 647 0 477 138 594 616 294 480 562 608 295 500 0 0 235 746 756 459 424 842 692 454 726 0 535 155 666 691 330 538 630 682 331 560 0 Acres Alcona Alger Alpena Antrim Baraga Benzie Charlevoix Cheboygan Chippewa Clare Crawford Delta Dickinson Emmet Gladwin Gogebic Cr. Traverse Houghton Iosco Iron Kalkaska Keweenaw 0 29 92 94 57 52 104 86 56 90 0 66 19 82 85 41 67 78 84 41 69 0 0 48 1 154 156 94 87 173 142 93 149 0 110 32 137 142 68 111 130 140 68 115 0 0 69 219 222 135 125 247 203 133 213 0 157 45 196 203 97 158 185 200 97 165 0 0 91 288 292 177 164 325 267 175 280 0 207 60 257 267 127 208 243 263 128 216 0 0 113 359 364 221 204 406 333 219 350 0 258 75 321 333 159 259 304 328 159 270 0 Table 16 (c o a t'd .) Lake Leelanau Luce Hacklnac Manistee Marquette Mason Mecosta Menominee Missaukee Montmorency Newaygo Oceana Ogemaw Ontonagon Osceola Oscoda Otsego Presque I a le Koscocmoa Schoolcraft Wexford 79 102 0 41 94 39 98 128 68 73 72 96 100 101 45 113 64 93 90 0 38 80 1 132 170 0 69 157 65 163 213 114 121 120 160 167 168 75 188 107 155 150 0 63 134 188 242 0 98 223 92 233 305 163 173 171 229 238 240 106 268 153 221 214 0 90 191 246 318 0 129 293 121 306 400 214 227 224 301 313 315 140 352 201 291 281 0 118 251 309 397 0 161 366 151 382 499 267 283 280 375 390 393 174 439 250 363 350 0 147 313 372 478 0 194 441 182 460 602 321 341 337 452 470 473 210 530 302 438 422 0 177 377 438 562 0 228 518 214 540 707 377 401 396 531 552 556 247 622 354 514 496 0 208 443 504 648 0 262 597 247 623 815 435 462 456 612 636 641 284 717 408 592 571 0 240 511 572 735 0 298 678 280 707 925 494 525 518 695 722 727 323 814 463 672 648 0 272 580 641 824 0 334 760 314 792 1037 553 588 581 779 810 815 362 912 520 754 727 0 305 650 92 T a b le 1 7 . — R anking o f c o u n t i e s by a d d i t i o n a l a c r e a g e o f c r o p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c h ie v e d w ith . 520 m an -h o u r in c r e m e n ts o f t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e tim e , R e g io n O ne. C ounty Rank County Ranka A lc o n a b A lg e r 38 L e e la n a u 4 A lp en a 12 Luce b A n trim 10 M ackinac 33 B a ra g a 29 M a n is te e 9 B e n z ie 31 M a rq u e tte C h a r le v o ix 3 Lake 20 36 Mason 7 1 Cheboygan 15 M ecosta Chippew a 30 Menominee 25 C la re 14 M issau k e e 22 M ontm orency 23 C raw ford b D e lta 27 Newaygo 8 D ic k in s o n 39 O ceana 6 Emmet 18 Ogemaw 5 G ladw in 16 O ntonagon G ogebic 35 O s c e o la G r. T ra v e rs e 26 O scoda 28 H oughton 21 O tseg o 11 Io sc o 17 P re s q u e I s l e 13 Iro n ■34 Roscommon K a lk a sk a 24 S c h o o lc ra ft 37 Keweenaw b W exford 19 g R anking from h ig h t o lo w . ^ E x c lu d e d from p r o j e c t i o n s and n o t ra n k e d . 32 2 b 93 C ounty e s t i m a t e s o f CECA f o r c o r r e s p o n d in g l e v e l s o f TIME w e re sum­ m a riz e d fro m t h e p r e c e d in g a r r a y , a n d o n e a d d i t i o n a l v a lu e o f CECA. com­ p u te d f o r 5 ,3 1 3 m an -h o u rs i n Emmet C o u n ty . T o t a l c r o p la n d a r e a t r e a t e d w ith , e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m e a su re s w as p r o j e c t e d t o i n c r e a s e from 5 5 ,8 0 4 a c r e s t o 7 6 ,5 7 6 a c r e s a s a r e s u l t o f a d j u s t i n g c o u n ty s t a f f l e v e l s ( T a b le 1 8 ) . A lthough, an a b s o l u t e I n c r e a s e o f 2 0 ,7 7 2 a c r e s w as e s t im a t e d t h i s r e s u l t was n o t v e r i f i e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y . A t - t e s t o f t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s is o f n o d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e m eans o f t h e two v a lu e s was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e t e n p e r c e n t l e v e l (com puted t - v a l u e e q u a le d 1 .6 6 8 w ith 43 d . f . ) . R e g io n Two I n R eg io n Two, t o t a l m anpower a l l o c a t e d t o th e t h i r t y - n i n e c o u n t i e s i n FY 1972 am ounted t o 2 1 0 ,3 6 7 m a n -h o u rs , f o r a n a v e ra g e o f 5 ,3 9 4 m anh o u rs p e r c o u n ty . V a lu e s f o r i n d i v i d u a l c o u n t i e s r a n g e d from 2 ,2 5 1 t o 8 ,6 9 9 m a n -h o u rs , o r 1 .0 8 t o 4 .1 8 m a n - y e a r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . ^ A v a lu e o f 2 ,3 0 0 m a n -h o u rs ( 1 .1 m a n -y e a rs ) p e r c o u n ty was c h o se n a s th e minimum b a s e l e v e l fro m w hich to b e g in e s t i m a t i n g CECA. The maximum a llo w a b le v a lu e w as s e t a t 8 ,5 4 0 m an -h o u rs (4 .1 m a n - y e a r s ) . B o th t h e minimum and maximum w e re w i t h i n th e r a n g e o f o b s e rv e d v a lu e s f o r TIME u se d i n d e v e lo p in g th e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n . A v a lu e f o r CECA was com puted f o r e a c h c o u n ty w h ile p a r a m e t r i c a l l y v a r y in g TIME from t h e minimum t o maximum v a lu e s i n in c r e m e n ts o f 520 m anh o u rs (0 .2 5 m a n - y e a r ) . The e s t i m a t i n g e q u a t i o n , d e r i v e d a s d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r , w as: One m a n -y e a r i s e q u a l t o 2 ,0 8 0 m an -h o u rs 94 T a b le 1 8 . — O b serv e d and e s t i m a t e d a c r e a g e o f c r o p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l f o r a l t e r n a t i v e l e v e l s o f SCS t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e t im e , by c o u n ty , R e g io n O ne. C ounty A lc o n a A lg e r A lp en a A n trim B a ra g a B e n z ie C h a r le v o ix Cheboygan Chippew a C la re C raw ford D e lta D ic k in s o n Emmet G ladw in G ogebic G r. T r a v e rs e H oughton Io sc o Iro n K a lk a sk a Keweenaw Lake L e e la n a u Luce M ackinac M a n is te e M a rq u e tte Mason M eco sta Menominee M issau k e e M ontm orency Newaygo Oceana Ogemaw O ntonagon O s c e o la O scoda O tsego P re sq u e I s l e Ros common S c h o o lc ra ft W exford T o ta l Mean C ro p la n d E r o s io n C o n tr o l E s tim a te d O b serv ed 0 0 12 562 4089 2720 4147 2005 24 37 22 131 4619 581 3793 1785 24 5330 3979 221 0 0 28 2471 8 879 548 2905 3787 4857 17 71 28 412 33 233 3738 1158 17 417 29 114 1 3 34 203 4519 6068 0 0 17 244 4169 1653 16 170 4344 2821 5685 '5 1 5 1 29 857 31 1232 30 1615 4270 1440 4441 20 4472 4629 19. 74 5003 580 27 49 4134 2161 3986 1920 0 0 16 2 34 380 76576 55804 1 7 4 0 .4 1 2 6 8 .3 T e c h n ic a l A s s i s t a n c e E s tim a te d O b serv ed 700 2178 700 1992 5900 2729 5900 6145 700 2259 700 1817 5900 2438 5900 3456 700 5966 5900 2404 700 1020 700 4254 700 3120 5313 1910 5900 3496 700 1621 700 5240 700 4405 5900 2712 700 2273 700 2235 98 98 700 1138 5900 3983 700 293 700 1615 5900 3983 700 2386 5900 4795 5900 5259 700 5419 700 2692 700 1670 5900 3947 5900 734 5900 3538 700 1620 5900 3416 700 834 5900 3342 5900 3185 700 1343 700 1070 700 3181 123211 123211 2 8 0 0 .2 2 8 0 0 .2 95 LGCECA = - 1 .3 0 7 6 + C l.3 8 8 4 x LGTIME) - (0 .0 0 0 0 0 1 x P70) w ith CECA e q u a l t o t h e a n t i l o g o f LGCECA. T h is p ro c e d u re showed t h a t a n e s t im a t e d maximum o f 1 3 ,7 9 9 a n n u a l a c r e s o f c r o p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l t r e a tm e n t c o u ld b e a c h ie v e d w i t h 8 ,5 4 0 m an -h o u rs o f t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e tim e i n A ren ac County (T a b le 1 9 ) . The a d d i t i o n a l a c r e a g e o f CECA g e n e r a t e d by 520 m an -h o u r in c r e m e n ts o f TIME w as a l s o com puted (T a b le 2 0 ) , and t h e c o u n ti e s w e re ra n k e d fro m h ig h to low a c c o r d in g t o t h e in c r e m e n t a l o u t p u t o f CECA (T a b le 2 1 ) . The r a n k in g s w ere u s e d t o I d e n t i f y c o u n ti e s w i t h t h e h i g h e s t m a r g in a l p r o d u c t i v i t y o f CECA r e l a t i v e t o TIME w hich w ould b e c a n d i d a t e s f o r a d d i t i o n a l manpower a llo c a tio n s . A minimum s p e c i f i e d s t a f f i n g l e v e l o f 2 ,3 0 0 m an -h o u rs i n a l l co u n ­ t i e s a c c o u n te d f o r 8 9 ,7 0 0 m an -h o u rs o u t o f t h e t o t a l 2 1 0 ,3 6 7 a v a i l a b l e i n R egion Two. The re m a in in g 1 2 0 ,6 6 7 m an -h o u rs w e re th u s a v a i l a b l e f o r re d is trib u tio n . The a l l o c a t i o n p r o c e d u r e p u t a t o t a l o f 8 ,5 4 0 m an -h o u rs i n t h e n i n e ­ te e n c o u n t i e s ra n k e d h i g h e s t a c c o r d in g t o m a r g in a l p r o d u c t i v i t y o f CECA. The t w e n t i e t h r a n k in g c o u n ty (A lle g a n ) r e c e i v e d 4 ,4 0 7 t o t a l m an -h o u rs i n o r d e r t o u t i l i z e a l l o f t h e a v a i l a b l e m anpower p o o l . A l l o t h e r coun­ t i e s r e c e i v e d o n ly t h e minimum l e v e l o f 2 ,3 0 0 m a n -h o u rs. V a lu e s o f CECA f o r t h e a p p r o p r i a t e TIME l e v e l w ere e x t r a c t e d from t h e p r e v io u s c o m p u ta tio n s , and a new e s t i m a t e o f CECA i n A lle g a n C ounty c a l c u l a t e d f o r 4 ,4 0 7 m a n -h o u rs . I t was fo u n d t h a t t o t a l e s t i m a t e d c ro p ­ la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c r e a g e d e c l in e d s l i g h t l y w ith m anpower r e a l l o c a ­ t i o n , from 2 8 6 ,5 8 0 a c r e s t o 2 7 3 ,0 4 0 a c r e s (T a b le 2 2 ). Table 19.*—Total cropland erosion co n tro l accon>lishaeats generated by 520 nan-hour increments of SCS tech n ical a ssista n c e tin e , fay county, Region Two. Annual Man-hours Technical A ssistance Tine County 2300 2620 3340 3860 4360 4900 1965 2233 2098 1748 1571 2099 1652 2073 2049 1955 823 2093 2103 2118 1256 2061 2067 1647 1440 839 2608 2963 2784 2320 2084 2786 2192 2751 2719 2594 1093 2777 2791 2811 ■ 1667 2735 2743 2186 1911 1180 3299 3748 3522 2935 2637 3524 2773 3480 3439 3281 1382 3513 3530 3555 2108 3460 3470 2765 2418 1492 5940 6460 6980 7500 8020 8540 7337 8336 7833 6527 5864 7837 6168 7741 7649 7298 3074 7813 7851 7907 4689 7695 7718 6149 5377 3319 8243 9366 8801 7334 6589 8806 6930 8697 8594 8200 3454 8779 8821 8884 5268 8646 8671 6909 6041 3729 9179 10428 9799 8166 7337 9805 7716 9684 95 69 9130 3846 9775 9822 9892 5866 9628 9655 7693 6727 4153 10142 11523 10828 9023 8106 10834 8526 10700. 10573 10088 4250 10801 10852 10930 6481 10638 10668 8500 7433 4588 11131 12646 11884 9903 8897 11891 9357 11744 11604 11072 4664 11854 11911 11996 7113 11675 11709 9328 8158 5036 12146 13799 12967 10806 9708 12975 10210 12814 12662 12081 5089 12935 12997 13089 7762 12739 12776 10180 8901 5495 Acres 1 Allegan Arenac Barry Bay B errien Branch Calhoun Cass Clinton Eaton Genesee G ratiot H illsd a le Huron Inghaa Ionia Isa b e lla Jacfcson Kalamazoo Kent 5420 4033 4582 4305 3588 3223 4308 3390 4255 4204 4011 1690 4295 4315 4346 2577 4230 4242 3380 2955 1824 4806 5460 5131 4276 3842 5134 4040 5071 5011 4781 2014 5118 5143 5180 3071 5041 5056 4028 3522 2174 5616 6381 5996 4997 4489 6000 4721 5925 5855 5586 2353 5981 6010 6053 3589 5891 5908 4707 4116 2541 6461 7340 6897 5748 5164 6901 5431 6816 6735 6426 2707 6880 6913 6962 4129 6776 6796 5415 4735 2923 Table 19 (c o n t'd .) Lapeer Lenawee Livingston Hacoab Midland Monroe Monteala Muskegon Oakland Ottawa Saginaw S t. C lair S t. Joseph Sanilac Shiawassee Tuscola VanBuren Washtenaw Wayne 2031 1898 2000 543 1978 1744 2091 1594 283 1705 1381 1737 2054 2114 1981 2048 2013 1336 5 2695 2519 2654 720 2625 2314 2775 2116 376 2263 1833 2305 2726 2805 2629 2718 2671 1773 7 3409 3186 3357 911 3320 2927 3510 2676 475 2862 2318 2916 3448 3548 3325 3438 3379 2243 8 4167 3895 4104 1114 4059 3578 4291 3271 581 3499 2834 3564 4215 4338 4065 4203 4130 2742 10 4967 4643 4891 1328 4837 4265 5113 3899 693 4171 3378 4248 5023 5170 4845 5009 4923 3268 12 5804 5425 5716 1551 5653 4984 5975 4556 809 4874 3947 4964 5870 6041 5662 5654 5752 3819 14 6676 6241 6575 1785 6502 5733 6874 5241 931 5606 4540 5710 6752 6949 6513 6733 6617 4393 16 7582 7087 7466 2027 7384 6510 7806 5952 1057 6367 5156 6485 7668 7892 7396 7647 7515 4989 18 8519 7963 8389 2277 8297 7315 8771 6687 1188 7153 5794 7286 6616 8867 8310 8592 8443 5605 21 9485 8867 9341 2535 9238 8145 9766 7446 1323 7965 6451 8113 9593 9874 9253 9567 9401 6241 23 10480 9797 10321 2801 10208 8999 10790 8228 1462 8801 7128 8964 10600 10910 10224 10570 10388 6896 25 11503 10752 11328 3075 11203 9877 11843 9030 1604 9659 7823 9839 11634 11974 11221 11602 11401 7569 2B 12551 11733 12360 3355 12225 10778 12922 9853 1750 10539 8536 10736 12694 13065 12244 12659 12440 8258 30 to "J Table 20,—A dditional cropland erosion control accomplishments generated by 520 man-hour increments of SCS tech n ical a ssistan ce tim e, by county, Region Two, Annual Man-hours Technical Assistance Tine County Allegan Arenac Barry Bay Berrien Branch Calhoun Cass Clinton Eaton Cenesee G ratiot H illsd a le Huron Ingham Ionia Isa b e lla Jackson Kalamazoo Kent 2820 3340 / 3860 4360 4900 643 730 686 572 514 687 540 676 670 639 269 685 688 693 411 674 676 539 471 291 691 785 737 615 552 738 581 729 720 687 289 736 739 744 441 725 727 579 506 313 734 834 784 653 587 784 617 774 765 730 308 782 785 791 469 770 772 615 538 332 774 B79 826 683 618 826 650 816 806 769 324 824 828 834 494 8L1 814 648 567 350 810 920 865 721 647 865 681 855 845 806 339 863 867 873 518 850 852 679 594 366 5420 Acres 844 959 901 751 675 902 710 891 880 840 354 899 903 910 540 885 888 708 619 382 5940 6460 6980 7500 8020 8540 876 996 936 780 700 936 737 925 914 872 367 933 938 944 560 919 922 734 642 396 907 1030 968 807 725 969 762 957 945 902 380 966 970 977 579 951 954 760 664 410 935 1063 999 832 748 999 786 987 975 931 392 996 1001 1008 598 981 984 784 686 423 963 1094 1028 857 770 1029 810 1016 1004 958 404 1026 1030 1038 615 1010 1013 807 706 436 989 1124 1056 880 791 1057 832 1044 1031 984 415 1054 1059 1066 632 1038 1041 829 725 448 1015 1153 1083 903 811 1084 853 1070 1058 1009 425 1080 1086 1093 648 1064 1067 850 744 459 Table 20 (cont*d) Lapeer Lenawee LivingsCon Macomb Hidland Monroe Montcalm Muskegon Oakland Ottawa Saginaw SC. C lair S t. Joseph. Sanilac Shiawassee Tuscola VanBuren Washtenaw Wayne 664 621 654 178 647 570 684 521 93 558 452 568 672 691 648 670 658 437 2 714 667 703 191 695 613 735 560 100 599 485 611 722 743 696 720 708 470 2 758 709 ' 747 203 739 651 781 595 106 637 516 649 767 790 740 765 752 499 2 799 747 787 214 779 686 823 628 111 671 544 684 608 832 780 606 792 526 2 837 783 824 224 815 719 862 657 117 703 569 716 847 871 817 844 830 551 2 872 815 859 233 850 749 893 685 122 733 593 746 882 90S 851 680 865 574 2 906 847 892 242 882 778 932 711 126 760 616 775 916 943 883 913 898 596 2 937 876 923 250 913 805 965 736 131 787 637 801 948 975 914 945 929 616 2 967 904 952 258 942 830 995 759 135 812 657 827 978 1006 943 975 958 636 2 995 930 980 266 969 854 1025 781 139 836 677 851 1006 1036 971 1004 986 655 2 1022 956 1007 273 996 878 1053 803 143 858 695 874 1034 1064 997 1031 1013 673 2 1048 980 1032 280 1021 900 1079 623 146 8d0 713 897 1060 1091 1023 1057 1039 690 3 100 T a b le 2 1 .— R an k in g o f c o u n t i e s by a d d i t i o n a l a c r e a g e o f c ro p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c h ie v e d w i t h 520 m an -h o u r in c r e m e n ts o f t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e tim e , R e g io n Two. C ounty Rank3 C ounty Rank A lle g a n 20 L apeer 15 A ren ac 1 Lenawee 22 B a rry 6 L iv i n g s t o n 17 Bay 23 Macomb 37 B e rrie n 30 M id lan d 19 Monroe 24 5 Branch. C alhoun Cass 27 M ontcalm 8 9 M uskegon 29 C lin to n 13 O akland 38 E ato n 21 O ttaw a 26 G enesee 36 S aginaw 32 G ra tio t 7 S t. C la ir 25 H ills d a le 4 S t . Jo s e p h 12 H uron 2 3 18 Ingham 34 S a n i la c S h ia w a sse e I o n ia 11 T u s c o la 14 Is a b e lla 10 VanBuren 16 Jackson 28 W ashtenaw 33 31 35 Wayne 39 Kalam azoo K ent . R anking fro m h ig h t o low 101 T a b le 2 2 .— O b serv ed and e s t i m a t e d a c r e a g e o f c r o p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l f o r a l t e r n a t e l e v e l s o f t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e tim e , by c o u n ty , R ag io n Two. C ro p la n d E r o s io n C o n tro l C ounty A lle g a n A ren ac B a rry Bay B e r r ie n B ran ch C alhoun Cass C lin to n E a to n G enesee G ra tio t H ills d a le H uron Ingham Io n ia Is a b e lla Jackson Kalam azoo K ent L apeer Lenawee L iv in g s to n Macomb M id lan d Monroe M ontcalm Muskegon O akland O ttaw a Saginaw S t. C la ir S t. Josep h S a n i la c S h ia w a sse e T u s c o la VanBuren W ashtenaw Wayne T o ta l Mean T e c h n ic a l A s s i s t a n c e O b serv e d E s tim a te d O bserved 4005 7529 5948 11285 1807 1692 7478 7476 5842 8110 3217 3837 5926 65910 11934 13714 5398 1601 11187 1771 6874 5186 5931 4693 2538 3711 7058 2888 81 8004 8774 5691 7389 8273 2817 11065 5571 4365 4 286580 7 3 4 8 .2 4847 13799 12967 1748 1571 12975 1652 12814 12662 1995 823 12935 12997 13089 1256 12739 12776 1647 1440' 889 12551 1898 12360 543 12225 1774 12922 1594 283 1705 1381 1737 12694 13065 12244 12659 12440 1336 5 273040 7 0 0 0 .9 8471 3647 4515 6753 6429 3309 5782 4681 3838 7059 5914 3968 5116 8086 5565 5090 6858 4559 6706 7149 7161 6247 4441 4394 3199 4450 4486 4149 2278 6330 5878 6860 4367 6548 3818 4959 8699 6357 2251 210367 5 3 9 4 .0 E s tim a te d 4407 8540 8540 2300 2300 8540 2300 8540 8540 2300 2300 8540 8540 8540 2300 8540 8540 2300 2300 2300 8540 2300 8540 2300 8540 2300 8540 2300 2300 2300 2300 2300 8540 8540 8540 8540 8540 2300 2300 210367 5 3 9 4 .0 102 E x a m in a tio n o f i n d i v i d u a l e s t i m a t e s r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e r e s u l t s i n o n e c o u n ty a lo n e w e re p r i n c i p a l l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h i s u n e x p e c te d r e ­ s u lt. I n H uron C o u n ty , o b s e rv e d TIME was 8 ,0 8 6 m a n -h o u rs . H uron was a l s o one o f t h e c o u n ti e s r e c e i v i n g th e maximum m anpower a l l o c a t i o n o f 8 ,5 4 0 ; b u t com puted CECA was 1 3 ,0 8 9 a c r e s , com pared t o a n o b s e rv e d v a lu e o f 6 5 ,8 1 0 a c r e s . T h is outcom e i s , o f c o u r s e , n o t I n c o n s i s t e n t w ith m u l t i p l e r e ­ g r e s s i o n te c h n iq u e s w hich u s e t h e m ethod o f l e a s t s q u a r e s t o m in im iz e s q u a r e d d e v i a t i o n s from th e mean r a t h e r th a n i n d i v i d u a l v a lu e s o f t h e dependent v a ria b le . A t - t e s t was p e rfo rm e d t o t e s t t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s is o f no d i f f e r e n c e b e tw ee n mean v a lu e s o f CECA f o r o b s e rv e d and r e a l l o c a t e d TIME. The com­ p u te d t - v a l u e o f 0 .2 0 7 ( f o r 38 d . f . ) was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e t e n p e r ­ cent le v e l. R e a l l o c a t i o n o f manpower by t h e p r o c e d u r e s u s e d h e r e d o e s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t a p p l i c a t i o n o f c ro p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m e a su re s I n R egion Two. k L im i ta t io n s A l l e v a l u a t i o n m o d els a r e a b s t r a c t i o n s o f r e a l e v e n t s . Com prom ises n e c e s s a r y to make a p ro b lem am enable t o q u a n t i t a t i v e I n q u i r y a l s o l i m i t o r a t l e a s t c o m p lic a te i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f r e s u l t s . The m anpower a l l o c a ­ t i o n p r o c e s s d e s c r i b e d above i s no e x c e p ti o n . One m a jo r s h o rtc o m in g was t h e form o f t h e e s t i m a t i n g e q u a t i o n . The m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s a s s u r e d t h a t t h e e s t im a t e d r e s p o n s e i n CECA t o c h an g e s i n TIME w ould a t l e a s t be l i n e a r ; i n f a c t , th e r e s p o n s e was e x p o n e n t i a l due t o lo g t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f b o th d e p e n d e n t and in d e p e n d e n t v a ria b le s . A c o n v e n tio n a l p r o d u c t i o n f u n c t i o n , w h ich e x h i b i t s d e c l i n ­ i n g m a r g in a l o u tp u t o v e r some p o r t i o n o f I t s r a n g e , was f o r e s t a l l e d by th e c h o ic e o f a r e g r e s s i o n e s t i m a t o r . 103 T h is s i t u a t i o n h a d i t s im p a c t on c o u n ty ra n k in g s a c c o r d in g t o a d d i ­ t i o n a l CECA f o r in c r e m e n ts o f TIME. The v a lu e s i n t h e a r r a y ( T a b le s 1 6 , 20) l e d t o a l l o c a t i o n o f TIME up t o t h e maximum l e v e l i n th e h i g h e s t r a n k in g c o u n ty b e f o r e a d d i t i o n a l m anpower was d i s t r i b u t e d t o any o t h e r c o u n ty ; t h e se c o n d h i g h e s t r a n k in g c o u n ty th e n r e c e i v e d a maximum a l l o ­ c a t i o n ; and so on u n t i l a v a i l a b l e manpower was e x h a u s te d . The r e s u l t i n g s t a f f i n g p a t t e r n was n o t o n ly v e ry skew ed, b u t a l s o f a i l e d t o s a t i s f y th e o b j e c t i v e o f s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s i n g e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lis h m e n ts . E conom ies o f s c a l e a s s o c i a t e d w ith SCS m anpower l e v e l s w ere n o t e x ­ am ined s p e c i f i c a l l y . I t i s p r o b a b le t h a t th e y do o c c u r w i t h r e s p e c t to c e r t a i n a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a s p e c t s o f s t a f f i n g and o p e r a t i n g a f i e l d o f f i c e . They a r e c o n s id e r e d h e r e o n ly i n d i r e c t l y by u s i n g o b s e rv e d minimum c o u n ty s t a f f le v e ls as a b ase f o r re v is e d a llo c a tio n s . F i n a l r e g r e s s i o n e q u a tio n s f o r CECA d id n o t i n c l u d e an in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e r e p r e s e n t i n g c ro p la n d t r e a tm e n t n e e d s i n e i t h e r r e g i o n . One h a s no a s s u r a n c e , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e s t a f f i n g p a t t e r n b a s e d on t h e s e e q u a tio n s i s m ore o r l e s s a li g n e d t o e r o s i o n c o n t r o l n e e d s th a n was t h a t o b s e rv e d I n FT 1972. T h is i s a n o th e r s h o rtc o m in g o f t h e m u l t i p l e r e ­ g r e s s i o n , f o r i t c a n n o t p r e d i c t r e l a t i o n s h i p s w hich w e re n o t p e r c e iv e d i n o b s e rv e d d a t a . I n c r e a s i n g G ro ss E ro s io n R e d u c tio n D a ta w ere p r e s e n t e d i n C h a p te r V (T a b le 14) t o i l l u s t r a t e t h a t a l a r g e a c r e a g e o f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m e a su re s i s n o t alw ay s synonym ous w ith a l a r g e volum e o f s o i l s a v e d . D i f f e r e n c e s among c o u n ti e s i n c ro p r o t a ­ t i o n s , la n d t r e a tm e n t n e e d s , and com ponent p r a c t i c e s o f t h e c r o p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l e f f o r t c an p ro d u c e w id e v a r i a t i o n s i n a v e ra g e s o i l l o s s 104 re d u c tio n r a t e s . I t I s a p p a r e n t fro m t h e s e d a t a t h a t a h i g h e r a v e r a g e p a y o f f i n te rm s o f to n s o f s o i l s a v e d may b e a c h ie v e d fro m an a c r e o f c r o p la n d t r e a t m e n t I n some c o u n t i e s com pared t o o t h e r s . U nder s u c h con­ d i t i o n s , t h e te rm s i n w h ic h an e r o s i o n c o n t r o l o b j e c t i v e i s d e f i n e d w i l l i n f l u e n c e p ro g ram p la n n in g a n d o p e r a t i o n . The b a s i c o b j e c t i v e may b e d e f i n e d a s c ro p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l d i ­ r e c t e d to w a rd m a in te n a n c e o f s o i l f e r t i l i t y c ro p p r o d u c t i o n . and s t r u c t u r e f o r s u s t a i n e d E f f o r t s t o a c h ie v e t h i s g o a l w o u ld p re s u m a b ly e m p h a siz e t h e a c r e a g e o f c ro p la n d t r e a t e d a s t h e p r i n c i p a l m ea su re o f a c c o m p lis h ­ m e n t. An a l t e r n a t i v e o b j e c t i v e w ould b e s e d im e n t c o n t r o l w ith q u a n t i t y o f s o i l l o s s a s th e p a ra m e te r o f p rim e i n t e r e s t . Not o n ly a c r e s t r e a t e d , b u t a l s o t h e r e l a t i v e e r o s i o n h a z a rd and g r o s s e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n p o t e n t i a l o f v a r i o u s la n d s w ould b e I m p o r ta n t f a c t o r s i n p ro g ra m m anagem ent. The f i r s t a p p ro a c h ste m s from t h e fu n d a m e n ta l m o ti v a ti o n s f o r th e s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n movement w h ic h h a v e lo n g g u id e d SCS e f f o r t s . The l o s s o f a g r i c u l t u r a l la n d p r o d u c t i v i t y th ro u g h e r o s i o n w as t h e p rim a ry p r o b ­ lem w h ich s t i m u l a t e d p u b l i c a t t e n t i o n to w a rd s o i l c o n s e r v a t io n i n t h e 1930*8. 58 T h e re h a s e v en b e e n some s h i f t i n e m p h a sis o v e r th e y e a r s from t h e s o i l l o s s p ro b le m a lo n e t o t o t a l s o i l m anagem ent f o r h i g h e r p r o d u c - 58 M organ, o p . c i t . , p p . 1—1 3 . The a u th o r c i t e s e v id e n c e t h a t w h ile t h e F e d e r a l e r o s i o n c o n t r o l e f f o r t was i n i t i a t e d i n 1933 fu n d a m e n ta lly a s an unem ploym ent p ro g ra m , t h e m o ti v a ti o n f o r i n d i v i d u a l t e c h n i c i a n s and f a rm e rs was p r o t e c t i o n o f c ro p p r o d u c t i o n c a p a c i t y . 59 H eld and C law son, o p . c i t . , p p . 6 9 -7 5 . 105 M ost r e s e a r c h on t h e eco n o m ic s o f s o l i e r o s i o n c o n t r o l h a s fo c u s e d on fa rm Incom e i m p a c t s , a s d i d some ex am p les c i t e d I n C h a p te r I I . Only i n r e c e n t w orks sU ch a s t h a t by N lc o l and o t h e r s a t Iow a S t a t e U n iv e r­ s i t y h a s s o i l e r o s i o n c o n t r o l b e en a p p ro a c h e d a s a b ro a d e n v ir o n m e n ta l p o l ic y i s s u e . ^ I t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e U .S . D e p artm en t o f A g r i c u l t u r e and t h e S o i l C o n s e r v a tio n S e r v ic e do r e c o g n iz e s e d i m e n ta t io n and o t h e r o f f —s i t e dam­ a g e s c r e a t e d by s o i l e r o s i o n . ^ I n I t s r e c e n t l y p r e p a r e d Fram ew ork P l a n . SCS i d e n t i f i e d a n eed f o r a " . . . m a s s i v e , c o u n tr y w id e , s e d i m e n t - c o n t r o l e f f o r t , t a k i n g i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n o n s i t e an d o f f s i t e e f f e c t s . " To d a t e , h o w e v e r, p ro b lem r e c o g n i t i o n h a s n o t l e d t o a r e o r i e n t a t i o n o f on­ g o in g e r o s i o n c o n t r o l w o rk . R e p o r tin g S y ste m . T h is i s b e s t I l l u s t r a t e d by t h e SCS P r o g r e s s As n o te d e a r l i e r , t h e s e r e c o r d s r e f e r t o a c r e s o r o t h e r u n i t s o f v a r i o u s a p p l i e d t r e a tm e n ts w ith no i n f o r m a ti o n a s t o r e s u l t i n g s o i l lo s s r e d u c tio n s . S u p p le m e n ta ry i n f o r m a ti o n su c h a s I n i t i a l la n d m anagem ent c o n d i t i o n s o r la n d c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s f o r t r e a t e d a r e a s i s n o t a v a i l a b l e i n t h e r e c o r d s s y s te m . Q u a n tif y in g e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n r a t e s may o n ly b e a p p ro a c h e d th r o u g h i n d i r e c t m eth o d s s u c h a s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e p r e c e d in g c h a p t e r . S in c e t h e r e c o r d sy s te m i s u s e d by SCS a s a b a s i s f o r s t a f f i n g , p e r s o n n e l p r o m o tio n s , and p ro g ram p l a n n i n g , e m p h a sis on m a x im iz in g a c r e s t r e a t e d i s i n h e r e n t . 60 N i c o l, H eady, and M adsen, oj>. c i t . ^ S e e C e c i l H. W a d le ig h , W astes i n R e la ti o n t o A g r i c u l t u r e and F o r e s t r y , U .S . D e p artm en t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , M is c e lla n e o u s P u b l i c a t i o n s No. 1065 (W a sh in g to n : U .S . G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 6 8 ) , p p . 3 5 -5 7 . 62 S o i l C o n s e rv a tio n S e r v i c e , o p . c i t . , p . 19. 106 T h is I s s u e cannot: be r e s o l v e d h e r e , but: i t i s im p o r ta n t t o re c o g ­ n iz e th e d i s t i n c t i o n b etw een t h e two o b j e c t i v e s . The s o i l l o s s m odel d e v e lo p e d e a r l i e r a llo w s some e l u c i d a t i o n o f a l t e r n a t i v e pro g ram d i r e c ­ t i o n s when m erged w ith th e p ro c e d u r e f o r r e a l l o c a t i n g SCS manpower l e v e l s . E s tim a te s o f t o t a l s o i l l o s s r e d u c tio n s w ere com puted f o r e a c h coun­ ty i n Land R eso u rce A rea 98 w ith , a l t e r n a t e s t a f f l e v e l s from 2 ,3 0 0 to 8 ,5 4 0 m an-hours (T a b le 2 3 ) . e s t i m a t o r f o r R egion Two. T o ta l CECA was com puted w ith t h e r e g r e s s i o n S o i l l o s s r e d u c t io n was d e r iv e d by m u l t i p l y ­ in g each v a lu e o f CECA by t h e c o rre s p o n d in g e r o s i o n r e d u c t io n r a t e (T a b le 1 3 ) . The a d d i t i o n a l e r o s i o n r e d u c t io n g e n e r a te d by 520 m an -h o u r in c re m e n ts o f t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e tim e was a l s o c a l c u l a t e d (T a b le 2 4 ) . C o u n tie s w e re th e n ra n k e d from h ig h t o low a c c o rd in g to th e a d d i­ t i o n a l to n s o f e r o s i o n r e d u c t io n f o r in c r e m e n ta l TIME I n p u t s . T h ese same tw e n ty - f o u r c o u n tie s w ere a l s o ra n k e d a c c o rd in g to a d d i t i o n a l acreB of e ro s io n c o n tr o l. C om parison o f r a n k in g s f o r th e s e two o b j e c t i v e s r e ­ v e a le d some m a jo r c o n t r a s t s (T a b le 2 5 ) . B ranch C ounty, se co n d r a n k in g i n te rm s o f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c re a g e f e l l t o tw e n ty -s e c o n d p o s i t i o n when e v a lu a te d on to n s o f s o i l s a v e d . Lenawee County s h i f t e d i n th e o p p o s ite d i r e c t i o n , r i s i n g from f o u r t e e n t h to f i r s t p o s i t i o n . G enesee a l s o changed d r a m a t i c a l l y , from num ber tw e n ty - th r e e b a se d on e r o s io n c o n t r o l a c re a g e t o num ber t h r e e b a s e d on to n s o f s o i l l o s s r e d u c t io n . I n t o t a l , n in e c o u n tie s s w itc h e d p o s i t i o n betw een th e to p te n g ro u p and th e se c o n d t e n . R e a llo c a tio n o f SCS manpower to t h e s e c o u n tie s a c t u a l l y in v o lv e d s u b o p tim iz a tio n , b e c a u se o n ly a p o r t i o n o f t h e t o t a l 210,367 m an -h o u rs i n R egion Two c o u ld b e c o n s id e r e d . The tw e n ty - fo u r c o u n tie s i n Land R eso u rce A rea 98 h ad a t o t a l o b se rv e d TIME a l l o c a t i o n o f 125,92 5 Table 23.—Total erosion reduction from cropland treatm ents for a lte rn a te lev els of SCS manpower In p u ts, by county, Land Resource Area 98, Annual Han-Hours Technical Assistance Time County 2300 2820 3340 3860 4380 4900 5420 5940 6460 6980 7500 8020 8540 168 09 4227 6999 10002 10227 10004 24559 13519 16672 5479 20319 30003 9742 4169 4326 16782 31613 15939 6332 4614 4063 5723 5428 11098 18717 4707 7793 11137 11387 11139 27346 15054 18563 6100 22625 33408 10847 4642 4817 16686 35201 17748 9278 5138 4524 6372 6044 12358 20681 5200 8611 12305 12582 12307 30215 16633 20511 6740 24999 36913 11985 5129 5322 20646 38894 19610 10251 5677 4999 7041 6678 13654 22698 5708 9451 13505 13809 13508 33162 18255 22512 7398 27437 40513 13154 5629 5842 22660 42667 21523 11251 6231 5486 7727 7329 14986 24767 6228 10312 14736 15068 14739 36185 19919 24564 8072 29938 44206 14353 6142 6374 24726 46578 23485 12276 6799 5986 8432 7997 16352 Tons Erosion Reduction Barry Branch Calhoun Cass C lintcn Eaton Genesee G ratio t H illsd a le Ingham Ionia Isa b e lla Jackson Kalamazoo Kent Lapeer Lenawee Livingston Montcalm Muskegon Oakland Ottawa S t. Joseph Washtenaw <1007 1008 1663 2384 2438 2385 5855 3223 3974 1306 4844 7152 2322 994 1031 4001 7536 3300 1986 1100 969 1364 1294 2646 5318 1337 2214 3164 3235 3165 7770 4277 5274 1733 6428 9492 3082 1319 1369 5309 10001 5043 2636 1460 1285 1810 1717 3511 6726 1691 2801 4002 4092 4003 9828 5410 6671 2192 8131 12006 3893 1668 1731 6715 12650 6378 3334 1846 1626 2290 2172 4441 8223 2068 3424 4893 5003 4894 12014 6614 8156 2680 9940 14677 4766 2039 2116 8210 15465 7797 4076 2257 1988 2799 2655 5429 9800 2464 4081 5831 5963 5832 14319 7882 9720 3194 11847 17493 5680 2430 2522 9784 18431 9293 4858 2690 2369 3336 3165 6471 11452 2880 4769 6814 6968 6815 16732 9211 11358 3733 13843 20441 6637 2840 2947 11433 21538 10859 5677 3144 2768 3899 3698 7561 13174 3313 ' 5485 7838 8015 7840 19247 10595 13066 4294 15924 23514 7635 3267 3390 13152 24775 12492 6530 3616 3184 4485 42S4 8698 14961 3762 6229 8902 9102 8903 21858 12033 14838 4876 18064 26703 8670 3710 3850 14936 28136 14186 7416 4107 3616 5093 4831 9877 Table 24.—A dditional erosion reduction Cron cropland treatm ent generated by 520 man-hour Increments of SCS technical a ssista n c e , by county, Land Resource Area 98. Annual Han-hours Technical A ssistance Time County 2820 3340 3860 4380 4900 5420 5940 6460 6980 7500 8020 8540 1849 465 770 1100 1125 1100 2701 1487 1834 603 2235 3300 1071 458 476 1846 3477 1753 916 508 447 629 597 1221 1908 480 794 1135 1161 1135 2787 1534 1892 622 2306 3405 1106 473 491 1904 3588 1809 946 524 461 649 616 1259 1964 494 818 1168 1195 1169 2369 1579 1948 640 2374 3505 1138 487 505 1960 3693 1862 973 539 475 668 634 1296 2017 507 840 1200 1227 1200 2947 1622 2001 657 2438 3601 1169 500 519 2014 3794 1913 1000 554 488 687 651 1332 2069 520 861 1231 1259 1231 3023 1664 2052 674 2501 3693 1199 513 532 2065 3891 1962 1025 568 500 704 668 1366 Tans Erosion Reduction Barry Branch Calhoun Cass Clinton Eaton Genesee G ratiot H illsd a le Ingham Ionia Isa b e lla Jackson Kalamazoo Kent Lapeer Lenawee Livingston Montcalm Muskegon Oakland Ottawa S t. Joseph Washtenaw 1311 330 546 780 797 780 1915 1054 1300 427 1584 2340 760 325 337 1309 2465 1243 650 360 317 446 423 865 1409 354 587 838 857 838 2058 1133 1397 459 1703 2514 816 349 363 1406 2649 1336 69B 387 340 480 455 930 1497 376 623 891 911 891 2187 1204 1484 488 1809 2671 867 371 385 1494 2815 1419 742 411 362 510 483 988 1577 397 657 939 960 939 2304 1269 1564 514 1907 2815 914 391 406 1575 2966 1496 782 433 381 537 509 1041 1652 415 688 983 1005 983 2413 1329 1638 538 1997 2948 957 410 425 1649 3107 1566 819 453 399 562 533 1091 1721 433 717 1024 1047 1024 2515 1385 1707 561 2081 3073 998 427 443 1719 3238 1632 853 473 416 586 556 1137 1787 449 744 1063 1087 1063 2611 1437 1772 582 2160 3190 1036 443 460 1784 3361 1694 886 491 432 608 577 1180 109 T a b le 2 5 . — C om parison o f c o u n ty r a n k in g s f o r m a r g in a l g r o s s e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n v e r s u s m a r g in a l a c r e s o f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l p r a c t i c e s , Land R e so u rc e A rea 98. R anking from H igh to Low A c c o rd in g t o M a rg in a l C ounty G ro ss E r o s io n R e d u c tio n A c res o f E ros 5 3 B ran ch 22 2 C alhoun 16 16 Cass 13 6 C lin to n 11 10 E ato n 12 13 G enesee 3 23 G ra tio t 9 4 H ills d a le 7 1 18 21 Io n ia 4 8 Is a b e lla 2 7 Jack so n 14 17 K alam azoo 23 19 K ent 21 22 L apeer 6 11 Lenawee 1 14 L iv in g s to n 8 12 M ontcalm 15 5 Muskegon 20 18 O akland 24 24 O ttaw a 17 15 S t. Joseph 19 9 W ashtenaw 10 20 B a rry Ingham 110 m a n -h o u rs. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e t o t a l manpower p o o l i n R eg io n Two f o r th e p u rp o s e o f m ax im iz in g e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c r e a g e h ad i n c r e a s e d t h i s t o 1 3 0 ,0 8 0 . I t was assum ed t h a t t h i s change w as i n t h e d ir e c tio n o f in ­ c r e a s i n g s o i l l o s s r e d u c t i o n s a s w e l l , so th e l a t t e r v a lu e was ta k e n a s t h e new a v a i l a b l e t o t a l . A l l o c a t i o n o f t h i s t o t a l by t h e r a n k in g s a c ­ c o rd in g to a d d i t i o n a l e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n r e s u l t e d i n d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e maximum s t a f f l e v e l o f 8 ,5 4 0 m an -h o u rs t o t h e tw e lv e c o u n t i e s , w h ile t h e re m a in in g tw e lv e r e c e i v e d h i g h e s t r a n k in g o n ly th e minimum o f 2 ,3 0 0 m a n -h o u rs. E s tim a te d v a lu e s o f t o t a l s o i l l o s s r e d u c t i o n f o r e a c h c o u n ty w ere sum m arized from t h e com puted a r r a y , i n a d d i t i o n t o e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c r e ­ age e s t i m a t e s c a l c u l a t e d p r e v i o u s l y . C om posite e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n r a t e s f o r e a c h c o u n ty w e re a l s o a p p l i e d t o o b s e rv e d a c r e a g e v a lu e s and th o s e com puted f o r th e maximum a c r e a g e a l t e r n a t i v e f o r c o m p a riso n (T a b le 2 6 ) . Manpower s h i f t s t o m axim ize t o t a l e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n r e s u l t e d i n an e s tim a te d i n c r e a s e o f 1 0 3 ,3 9 5 to n s o f s o i l s a v e d o v e r o b s e rv e d v a l u e s . A t - t e s t l e d to r e j e c t i o n o f t h e n u l l h y p o th e s is o f no d i f f e r e n c e b e ­ tw een th e means a t le s s th a n t h e f i v e p e r c e n t l e v e l (com puted t - v a l u e e q u a l t o 2 .0 9 0 w ith 23 d . f . ) . T h e re was a l s o an i n c r e a s e o f 6 0 ,8 6 7 to n s o f e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n o v e r t h e am ount a c h ie v e d w ith a p ro g ram e m p h a s iz in g t o ta l tre a te d a crea g e . I n t h i s c a s e , h o w e v er, t h e n u l l h y p o th e s is was n o t r e j e c t e d (com puted t - v a l u e e q u a l to 1 .0 9 5 w ith 23 d . f . ) . C om parison o f o b s e rv e d e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n v a lu e s w ith , th o s e e s t im a t e d f o r t h e maximum a c r e a g e a l t e r n a t i v e showed t h a t th e t o t a l i n c r e a s e d from 2 3 4 ,5 5 8 to n s to 2 7 7 ,0 8 6 t o n s . The means o f t h e s e e s t im a t e s w e re n o t s i g ­ n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t a t t h e te n p e r c e n t l e v e l a s m ea su re d by a t - t e s t Table 2 6 .— Comparison of cropland ero sio n c o n tro l acreage and gross ero sio n reduction fo r a lte r n a te a llo c a tio n s o f SCS te c h n ic a l a s s is ta n c e tim e, by county, Land Resource Area 98. County B arry Branch Calhoun Cass C lin to n Eaton Genesee G ra tio t H ills d a le Ingham I o n ia Is a b e lla Jackson Kalamazoo Kent Lapeer Lenawee L iv in g sto n Montcalm Muskegon Oakland Ottawa S t. Joseph Washtenaw T o ta l Observed A llo c a tio n 3 Acres Tons 11361 5948 812 1692 7553 7478 8597 7476 6952 5842 9894 8110 22866 3216 5909 3837 11200 5926 12411 11934 32228 13714 18674 5397 2257 1601 7719 11187 2054 1771 13542 6874 20588 5186 11269 5931 6704 7057 1993 2888 277 81 6402 8003 4655 7389 8641 4364 142902 234558 Maximum A creage ^ A llo c a tio n Acres Tons 12967 24767 6228 12975 1668 1652 14736 12814 12662 15068 2385 1955 5855 823 19919 12935 24564 12997 1306 1256 29938 12739 44206 12776 2322 1647 1440 994 889 1031 12551 24726 7536 1898 12360 23485 12922 12276 1100 1594 283 969 1364 1705 12694 7997 1336 2646 169870 277086 Maximum E ro sio n R eduction A llo c a tio n Acres Tons 24767 12967 1008 2099 1652 1668 2073 2384 12662 15068 12081 14739 5089 36185 19919 12935 12997 24564 1306 1256 29938 12739 12776 44206 2322 1647 1440 994 889 1031 12551 24726 46578 11733 12360 23485 1986 2091 1594 1100 283 969 1705 1364 2054 1294 8258 16352 157931 337953 Mean 5954.25 9773.25 7077.91 6580.46 11545.25 14081.38 a Observed FY 1972 acreag e and computed g ro ss e ro s io n r e d u c tio n . Computed v a lu e w ith manpower a llo c a te d to maximize an n u al c ro p lan d a creag e t r e a te d w ith e ro s io n c o n tr o l p r a c t i c e s . c Computed v a lu e w ith manpower a llo c a te d t o maximize annual g ro ss e ro s io n r e d u c tio n . 112 (co m p u ted t - v a l u e e q u a le d 0 .8 5 5 w ith 23 d . f . ) . The I n c r e a s e o f 4 2 ,5 2 8 to n s a c c o u n te d f o r l e s s th a n o n e - h a l f C'41.1 p e r c e n t ) o f t h e t o t a l e s t i ­ m ated change a c h ie v e d by a d j u s t i n g manpower f o r maximum e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n . T hese d a t a c o n firm t h a t e r o s i o n c o n t r o l p ro g ram e f f e c t s a r e d e p en d ­ e n t upon b o th t h e m anner i n w hich, t h e p ro b le m i s d e f i n e d and o p e r a t i o n a l o b je c tiv e s . A m anager a tt e m p t in g t o i n c r e a s e p r e s e n t q u a n t i t i e s o f s e d i ­ m ent r e d u c t i o n w ould n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y im p ro v e p ro g ra m p e rfo rm a n c e by m e re ly c o n c e n t r a t i n g on h i g h e r t r e a t m e n t a c r e a g e . The g o a l c o u ld b e a t ­ t a i n e d by c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f q u a n t i t a t i v e s o i l l o s s d a ta o f t h e ty p e u t i ­ l i z e d h e r e i n o r d e r t o c o n c e n t r a t e t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e on t h e la n d s and p r a c t i c e s w ith h i g h e s t r e l a t i v e r e t u r n s . A lthough, t h e d a t a a r e n o t d e ­ f i n i t i v e , t h e r e i s some i n d i c a t i o n t h a t t h i s a p p ro a c h w o u ld a l s o i n c r e a s e t r e a t e d a c r e a g e som ew hat, b u t n o t a s h ig h a s i n a s p e c i f i c a c r e a g e ra a x im lz in g p ro g ra m . T hese r e s u l t s a r e c ir c u m s c r ib e d by a l l o f t h e s h o rtc o m in g s o f b o t h t h e s o i l l o s s m o d el an d t h e a l l o c a t i o n p r o c e d u r e . L i t t l e needs to be ad d ed t o th e p r e v io u s d i s c u s s i o n s , e x c e p t t o rem ind t h e r e a d e r t h a t th e l i m i t a t i o n s do e x i s t and h a v e b e e n r e c o g n iz e d . Once a g a i n , a t t e n t i o n s h o u ld n o t be draw n t o i n d i v i d u a l com puted v a l u e s . G e n e ra l m a g n itu d e s an d d i r e c t i o n s o f movement f o r d i f f e r e n t p a ra m e te r s s e r v e t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e m a jo r p o i n t o f t h i s s e c t i o n o f t h e s t u d y : F u n d a m en tal p u b l i c p o l ic y o b j e c t i v e s f o r e r o s i o n c o n t r o l do a f f e c t t h e d e s ig n and o p e r a t i o n o f la n d t r e a tm e n t p ro g ra m . A m ore e f f i c i e n t e f f o r t c o u ld b e o r g a n iz e d i f t h e d e s i r e d outcom e w e re e x p l i c i t l y i d e n t i f i e d . C om paring m eans o f t h e t h r e e p a i r s o f a c r e a g e v a lu e s p ro d u c e d t - v a l u e s f o r e a c h p a i r w hich, w ere n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e t e n p e r c e n t l e v e l . CHAPTER VII SUMMARY AMD RECOMMENDATIONS Summary I n c r e a s e d e n v ir o n m e n ta l a w a re n e s s i n r e c e n t y e a r s h a s renew ed p u b l i c c o n c e rn o v e r a t i m e l e s s n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e p ro b le m : s o i l e ro s io n . W h ile e r o s i o n p ro d u c e s d i r e c t dam ages th ro u g h l o s s o f s o i l m a t e r i a l an d re d u c e d p r o d u c t i v i t y , i t s o f f - s i t e e f f e c t s a r e o f t e n t h e m o st d r a m a ti c . S e d i­ m ent i s a s e r i o u s w a t e r p o l l u t a n t w h ic h im p a c ts s tr e a m f lo w s , f i s h an d w i l d l i f e r e s o u r c e s , and p u b lic h e a lth . A n e e d f o r c o n ti n u i n g e r o s i o n c o n t r o l e f f o r t s s t i l l e x i s t s to d a y a f t e r n e a r l y f o r t y y e a r s o f c o n c e r te d p u b l i c p ro g ra m a c t i o n . The S o i l C o n s e r v a tio n S e r v ic e o f t h e U .S . D e p artm en t o f A g r i c u l t u r e h a s b e e n t h e l e a d ag en cy i n F e d e r a l e r o s i o n c o n t r o l w o rk . A lth o u g h SCS h a s g a in e d a d d i t i o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , e r o s i o n c o n t r o l i s s t i l l v ie w e d , by th o s e o u t s i d e an d w i t h i n t h e a g e n c y , a s i t s p rim a ry t a s k . The S o i l C o n s e r v a tio n S e r v ic e h a s b e e n e n g ag e d i n e r o s i o n c o n t r o l work i n M ic h ig a n s i n c e 1935. From a b e g in n in g w ith one em ployee i n one d e m o n s tr a tio n p r o j e c t , SCS h a s grown to a s t a f f o f n e a r l y tw o h u n d r e d , w ith a p p ro x im a te ly on e h u n d re d s i x t y f i e l d t e c h n i c i a n s s e r v i n g a l l p a r t s o f th e s t a t e . 113 114 O r g a n iz a tio n and management o f t h e SCS f i e l d s t a f f and I t s s u c c e s s I n m e e tin g e r o s i o n c o n t r o l o b j e c t i v e s h a s b een th e fo c u s o f t h i s s tu d y . L in k a g es betw een p h y s i c a l n e e d s f o r la n d t r e a tm e n t and SCS s t a f f i n g d e­ c i s i o n s w ere a n a ly z e d . F a c to r s w hich have I n f lu e n c e d t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f e r o s io n c o n t r o l m ea su re s w ere a l s o I n v e s t i g a t e d . A m ethod was d e v e lo p e d f o r e s t im a t i n g g ro s s e r o s i o n r e d u c t io n a t t r i b u t a b l e t o c e r t a i n c ro p la n d tr e a tm e n t p r a c t i c e s . A l t e r n a t i v e c o u n ty s t a f f l e v e l s w ere th e n s t u d i e d to d e te rm in e t h e i r im p a c t on a c re a g e t r e a t e d and s o i l l o s s r e d u c t i o n s . S t a f f O r g a n iz a tio n A n a ly s is o f p u b lis h e d la n d tr e a tm e n t n e e d s d a t a and o b s e rv e d FY 1972 s t a f f l e v e l s r e v e a le d t h a t SCS In M ichigan h a s n o t o r g a n iz e d I t s c o u n ty s t a f f i n g p a t t e r n p r i m a r i l y t o m eet e r o s i o n c o n t r o l n e e d s . M u ltip le r e ­ g r e s s io n e q u a tio n s c o n firm e d a h ig h ly s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b etw een a n n u a l t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e tim e i n a c o u n ty and b o th t h e a c r e s o f c ro p ­ la n d and th e y e a r s a s o i l c o n s e r v a tio n d i s t r i c t h a s b een o r g a n iz e d . An e q u a tio n c o n ta in in g j u s t th e s e two in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s e x p la in e d a s i g ­ n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r p r o p o r t io n o f v a r i a t i o n i n c o u n ty manpower l e v e l s th a n d id t h e o t h e r e q u a tio n s t e s t e d . T o ta l a c r e s n e e d in g e r o s i o n c o n t r o l , c ro p la n d a c r e s n e e d in g tr e a tm e n t, and c ro p la n d a c r e s n e e d in g e r o s i o n c o n t r o l w ere each found to be s t a t i s t i c a l l y r e l a t e d to SCS t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e tim e , b u t have r e c e iv e d l e s s a t t e n t i o n i n s t a f f i n g d e c i s i o n s th a n t o t a l c ro p la n d a r e a . A b i a s i n s t a f f i n g to w ard lo n g e r e s t a b l i s h e d s o i l c o n s e r v a tio n d i s t r i c t s was i n d i c a t e d i n a l l e q u a tio n s t e s t e d . I t a p p e a rs t h a t SCS h a s fo llo w e d an in c r e m e n ta l and s i m p l i s t i c ap ­ p ro a c h t o e s t a b l i s h i n g s t a f f l e v e l s f o r i t s c o u n ty o f f i c e s . O ld e r s o i l c o n s e r v a tio n d i s t r i c t s , e s t a b l i s h e d i n an e a r l y grow th p e r i o d o f th e 115 young a g e n c y , h a v e b e e n s u c c e s s f u l i n r e t a i n i n g r e l a t i v e l y h ig h l e v e l s of te c h n ic a l a s s is ta n c e . D i s t r i c t s o r g a n iz e d m ore r e c e n t l y i n an e r a o f r e s t r i c t i v e p e r s o n n e l p o l i c i e s h a v e b e e n a c c o rd e d l i m i t e d a s s i s t a n c e . T h is te n d e n c y h a s b een te m p e re d p r i m a r i l y by c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t o t a l c ro p ­ la n d a r e a r a t h e r th a n a t t e n t i o n t o t h e a g e n c y ’ s own d a t a on n e e d s f o r e r o s i o n c o n t r o l o r t o t a l la n d t r e a t m e n t . The r e c o r d i s am biguous r e ­ g a rd in g t h e i s s u e o f w h e th e r e a r l y s o i l c o n s e r v a t io n d i s t r i c t s w ere i n f a c t e s ta b lis h e d in a r e a s o f g r e a t e s t n eed f o r e ro s io n c o n tr o l. E r o s io n C o n tr o l A cco m p lish m en ts The i n f l u e n c e s o f t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e i n p u t s and o t h e r f a c t o r s upon e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lish m e n ts w ere e v a l u a t e d by m eans o f m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n t e c h n iq u e s . C ro p la n d , p a s t u r e l a n d , and o t h e r la n d w e re e v a l ­ u a te d i n s e p a r a t e a n a ly s e s i n tw o r e g io n s o f t h e s t a t e . s u b s t a n t i a l l y by la n d u s e ty p e and by r e g i o n . R e s u l ts v a r i e d The o b j e c t i v e o f d e v e lo p ­ in g p r e d i c t i v e e q u a tio n s f o r e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c r e a g e was n o t f u l l y a c h ie v e d . O th e r Land A n a ly s is o f o t h e r la n d was som ew hat l i m i t e d by d e f i n i t i o n a l c o n s i d e r ­ a t i o n s and t r e a tm e n t d a t a . A c c o rd in g t o t h e la n d u s e s y s te m a d o p te d by SCS, o t h e r la n d c o n s i s t s o f n o n - F e d e r a l r u r a l la n d e x c l u s i v e o f c r o p l a n d , p a s t u r e l a n d , and f o r e s t l a n d . I t i n c l u d e s f a r m s t e a d s , n o n -fa rm r u r a l r e s ­ i d e n c e s , in v e s tm e n t t r a c t s and m is c e lla n e o u s a r e a s , and c o v e r s j u s t f i v e p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l la n d a r e a o f M ic h ig a n . O nly o n e e r o s i o n c o n t r o l p r a c t i c e — c r i t i c a l a r e a t r e a t m e n t — i s g e n e r a l l y a p p l i c a b l e to o t h e r l a n d ; b u t t h i s p r a c t i c e may be u se d on d i f f e r e n t la n d u se ty p e s a s w e l l . 116 G iven t h e d i v e r s i t y an d l i m i t e d o c c u r r e n c e o f o t h e r l a n d , p e rh a p s i t I s n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t SCS h a s n o t o r g a n iz e d a p ro g ra m f o r i t s m e n t. T h is was shown by t h e r e s u l t s f o r b o th r e g i o n s . tre a t­ T h e re was no s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw ee n e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lish m e n ts on o t h e r la n d and SCS m anpow er l e v e l s . N or w as t h e r e any i n d i c a t i o n t h a t t r e a t ­ m ent h a s b e e n a p p l i e d w here i d e n t i f i e d n e e d s a r e th e g r e a t e s t . T h e re was no e v id e n c e sh o w in g a c o n s i s t e n t e f f o r t t o e n c o u ra g e t r e a tm e n t o f o t h e r la n d i n c o n ju n c ti o n w ith m e a s u re s f o r c ro p la n d p r o t e c t i o n . O nly i n R e g io n Two d i d a p a t t e r n em erge t o s u g g e s t t h a t m ore t r e a tm e n t o f o t h e r la n d o c c u r r e d i n c o u n ti e s e x p e r i e n c in g u rb a n d e v elo p m e n t th a n i n la r g e ly r u r a l c o u n tie s . E s t im a ti n g o t h e r la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l accom ­ p lis h m e n ts was n o t f e a s i b l e w i t h t h e te c h n iq u e s and d a t a u t i l i z e d h e r e . P a s t u r e la n d An e x p l i c i t SCS p a s t u r e l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l p ro g ram was n o t a p p a r e n t th r o u g h t h i s e v a l u a t i o n . A p p l i c a t i o n o f p a s t u r e l a n d t r e a tm e n t m e a su re s was fo u n d t o b e l a r g e l y in d e p e n d e n t o f SCS s t a f f l e v e l s , t o t a l p a s t u r e ­ la n d a c r e a g e , and e r o s i o n c o n t r o l n e e d s . R e s u l ts c o n c e rn in g t h e s e v a r i ­ a b le s w ere e s s e n t i a l l y t h e sam e i n b o th r e g i o n s . T h e re was e v id e n c e t h a t SCS t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e f o r c r o p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l r e s u l t s i n som e p a s t u r e l a n d t r e a tm e n t a s w e l l . T h is l i n k was m o st p ro n o u n c e d i n R e g io n One. E f f o r t s t o d e r i v e p r e d i c t i v e e q u a t io n s w e re o f l i m i t e d s u c c e s s . B est r e s u l t s w ere o b t a i n e d th r o u g h lo g t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s o f t h e d a t a , b u t a u n i ­ form an d f ir m r e l a t i o n s h i p to m anpower l e v e l s w as n o t e s t a b l i s h e d . In R eg io n One, t h e m anpower v a r i a b l e was s i g n i f i c a n t ; b u t a b e t t e r e s t i m a t o r c o u ld be o b ta in e d by s u b s t i t u t i n g c r o p la n d t r e a tm e n t a c r e a g e f o r m anpow er. 117 I n R eg io n Two, t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e tim e was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , b u t o n ce a g a in c r o p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c r e a g e w a s. T hese r e s u l t s w ould h a v e r e q u i r e d t h a t p r e d i c t e d v a lu e s o f p a s t u r e l a n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l accom ­ p lis h m e n ts be com puted u s i n g e s t im a t e d v a lu e s f o r c r o p la n d t r e a tm e n t a c r e a g e w h ich w e re t o be c a l c u l a t e d by a n o th e r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n . Such a p ro c e d u re w as r e j e c t e d , an d f u r t h e r s t u d y w as d e v o te d t o c ro p ­ la n d a c r e a g e e s t i m a t e s . C ro p lan d A p p l i c a ti o n o f c ro p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m e a su re s was fo u n d t o be r e l a t e d t o t h e l e v e l o f SCS t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e . T h is c o n c l u s i o n was s u p p o r te d by t h e d a t a f o r b o th r e g i o n s ; b u t t h e d i r e c t l i n k b e tw ee n e r o s i o n c o n t r o l t r e a tm e n t and m anpower l e v e l s was m ore p ro n o u n c e d I n R egion One. S e v e r a l o t h e r in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s i n t h e h y p o th e s iz e d e q u a t io n w ere n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . I n c lu d e d i n t h i s g ro u p was t h e c r o p la n d a c r e a g e n e e d in g e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m e a s u re s . T h is was c o n s i s t e n t w i t h p r e v i o u s l y c i t e d r e s u l t s r e g a r d i n g t r e a tm e n t n e e d s and manpower l e v e l s . A lso i n ­ c lu d e d was a v a r i a b l e r e p r e s e n t i n g p r e s e n c e o f a c o u n ty s o i l s u r v e y . R e a d ily a v a i l a b l e s o i l s in f o r m a tio n w ould e l i m i n a t e t h e n e e d f o r i n d i ­ v i d u a l s u rv e y s f o r c o n s e r v a t io n p la n n in g . A lth o u g h t h i s s h o u ld i n c r e a s e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f p la n n in g and a p p l i c a t i o n w o rk , t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f a c o u n ty s o i l s u rv e y i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t i n t h i s c o n t e x t . T h e re w as e v id e n c e t h a t t h e n e e d s f o r c r o p la n d d r a i n a g e h a v e co n ­ t r i b u t e d t o e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a p p l i c a t i o n s i n R eg io n Two. I t is lik e ly t h a t many f a rm e rs who make an i n i t i a l c o n t a c t w ith SCS f o r d r a i n a g e 118 a s s i s t a n c e w i l l u l t i m a t e l y b e e n c o u ra g e d to a p p ly some e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m e a su re s a s w e l l . T h is i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g , g iv e n t h e m a g n itu d e o f d r a i n ­ age n e e d s i n R eg io n Two an d t h e r e l a t i v e l y h i g h e r s h o r t - t e r m r e t u r n s on d r a in a g e I n v e s tm e n ts . S a t i s f a c t o r y p r e d i c t i v e e q u a t io n s w e re d e r i v e d th ro u g h lo g t r a n s ­ f o r m a tio n s o f d e p e n d e n t a n d In d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s . I n R eg io n O ne, SCS m anpow er, v a lu e o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c ts s o l d , and n o n - f o r e s t t r e a tm e n t n e e d s w ere s i g n i f i c a n t , an d e x p la in e d o v e r s i x t y - f i v e p e r c e n t o f t h e v a r i a t i o n i n c r o p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lis h m e n ts . T e c h n ic a l a s s i s t ­ a n c e tim e was a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t i n R e g io n Two, a s was t h e 1970 c o u n ty p o p u la tio n l e v e l . An e q u a t io n w i t h j u s t t h e s e two i n d i c a t o r s e x p la in e d o v er e ig h ty p e rc e n t o f th e v a r i a ti o n in th e dep en d en t v a r ia b le . E r o s io n R e d u c tio n E s tim a te s A m a jo r s h o rtc o m in g o f th e p r e s e n t SCS d a t a s y s te m i s i t s fa ilu re t o q u a n t i f y s e d im e n t r e d u c t i o n e f f e c t s a c h ie v e d th ro u g h v a r i o u s la n d t r e a tm e n t m e a s u re s . A m ethod w sb d e v is e d t o e s t i m a t e t h e s e im p a c ts by m erg in g r e p o r t e d a c r e a g e a c c o m p lish m e n ts w ith o t h e r d a t a s o u r c e s . T h is m odel was i l l u s t r a t e d i n a t w e n ty - f o u r c o u n ty s u b - a r e a o f R eg io n Two. D a ta b a se d on t h a U n i v e r s a l S o l i L oss E q u a tio n w ere u t i l i z e d f o r co m p u tin g s o i l l o s s r e d u c t i o n r a t e s by la n d c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s and s u b ­ c l a s s f o r f i v e c o n s e r v a t io n p r a c t i c e s . When com bined w ith . I n f o r m a tio n on c r o p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l n e e d s among la n d c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s e s , and th e o b s e rv e d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f c r o p la n d t r e a tm e n t m e a s u re s , a c o m p o s ite e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n r a t e p e r a c r e was d e r i v e d . T h is r a t e was a m e a su re 119 o f t h e lo n g ru n a v e ra g e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e SCS e r o s i o n c o n t r o l e f f o r t i n e a c h c o u n ty , e x p r e s s e d i n te rm s o f s e d im e n t r e d u c t i o n . The r a t e v a r i e d among c o u n ti e s fro m l e s s th a n one to n p e r a c r e t o o v e r s e v e n to n s p er a c re . The m ethod was l i m i t e d by s e v e r a l c r i t i c a l a s s u m p tio n s n e c e s s i t a t e d by l a c k o f f ir m d a t a . I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l v a lu e s was t h e r e f o r e som ew hat l i m i t e d ; b u t u s e f u l c o m p a ris o n s among c o u n t i e s w e re made p o s ­ s i b l e by t h i s te c h n iq u e . I t a l s o i l l u s t r a t e d t h e c o n t r a s t b e tw e e n t r e a t ­ m ent a c r e a g e and s e d im e n t r e d u c t i o n v o lu m e. A l t e r n a t e S t a f f O r g a n iz a tio n The i n i t i a l p o r t i o n o f t h i s s tu d y r e v e a l e d t h a t p r e s e n t SCS c o u n ty s t a f f l e v e l s h a v e n o t b e e n s p e c i f i c a l l y a l i g n e d w ith e r o s i o n c o n t r o l n eed s. The p o s s i b i l i t y o f i n c r e a s i n g p ro g ram a c c o m p lish m e n ts th ro u g h f i e l d s t a f f r e o r g a n i z a t i o n was e x p lo r e d i n th e f i n a l p h a s e . A n a ly s is o f t h i s i s s u e was c o n fin e d t o c r o p la n d d u e t o t h e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s r e s u l t s n o te d e a r l i e r . Im p a c ts upon b o th t o t a l t r e a t e d a c r e a g e an d t h e q u a n t i t y o f s o i l l o s s r e d u c t i o n w ere i n v e s t i g a t e d . C ro p la n d t r e a tm e n t a c r e a g e E ach o f t h e two s tu d y r e g i o n s was e v a l u a t e d s e p a r a t e l y . The a p p ro ­ p r i a t e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t io n was u se d t o com pute t o t a l c r o p la n d e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lish m e n ts f o r a l t e r n a t i v e c o u n ty s t a f f l e v e l s . C o u n tie s w i t h i n e a c h r e g i o n w ere ra n k e d and com pared a c c o r d in g t o t h e a d d i t i o n a l t r e a t e d a c r e a g e a c h ie v e d w ith . In c re m e n ts o f t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e tim e . The t o t a l manpower p o o l i n each, r e g i o n was th e n r e d i s t r i b u t e d among 120 c o u n tie s In t h e o r d e r o f t h e r a n k in g s . E s tim a te s o f c ro p la n d e r o s io n c o n t r o l a c re a g e w ere com puted by t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a tio n s f o r e a c h c o u n ty u s in g th e r e v i s e d s t a f f l e v e l s . S t a t i s t i c a l t e s t i n g o f t h e new a c re a g e e s t im a t e s f a i l e d to c o n firm a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e o v e r o b s e rv e d v a lu e s i n e i t h e r r e g i o n . T h is r e ­ s u l t e m p h a size d t h e l i m i t a t i o n s o f th e l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n te c h n iq u e s u tiliz e d h e re . I t s u g g e s ts t h a t m ore a n a l y s i s w i l l b e n e ed e d t o c l a r i f y p r o d u c tio n f u n c tio n s f o r e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lish m e n ts. S o il lo s s re d u c tio n The e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n m odel f o r t h e tw e n ty - f o u r c o u n ty s u b - a r e a was j o in e d w ith t h e above s t a f f r e o r g a n i z a t i o n p ro c e d u re i n o r d e r to e v a l u a t e manpower a d ju s tm e n ts d i r e c t e d a t i n c r e a s i n g g r o s s e r o s io n r e d u c t io n . C o u n tie s w ere ra n k e d a c c o rd in g to th e a d d i t i o n a l q u a n t i t y o f se d im e n t r e ­ d u c tio n p ro d u ce d by in c re m e n ts o f t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e tim e . T o ta l man­ pow er w i t h in t h i s s u b - a r e a was r e a l l o c a t e d among th e c o u n tie s in c o r r e ­ sp o n d en ce w i t h th e r a n k in g s . E ro s io n r e d u c t io n volum es com puted w ith new ly s p e c i f i e d manpower l e v e l s w ere sum m arized and com pared t o t h e ob­ s e rv e d v a l u e s . The r e s u l t i n g I n c r e a s e i n to n s o f s o i l sa v e d was shown t o be s t a ti s t i c a ll y s ig n ific a n t. E s tim a te d e r o s i o n r e d u c t io n volum es p ro d u ce d w ith s t a f f l e v e l s o r ­ g a n iz e d f o r maximum tr e a tm e n t a c re a g e w ere a l s o com pared t o o b se rv e d v a lu e s . I n t h i s c a s e t h e i n c r e a s e was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , and d e n o te s t h a t program s d e s ig n e d f o r maximum a c r e a g e acc o m p lish m en ts do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y o p tim iz e se d im e n t r e d u c t io n . T h is outcom e h i g h l i g h t s th e im p o rta n c e o f c le a r ly d e fin in g th e u ltim a te o b je c tiv e s of e ro s io n c o n tro l p o l ic i e s . 121 R ecom m endations f o r P ro g ram Management T h is r e s e a r c h h a s to u c h e d s e v e r a l a s p e c t s o f t h e SCS e r o s i o n c o n ­ t r o l e f f o r t i n M ic h ig a n . T h is s t u d y b eg an w ith , t h e p re m is e t h a t e r o s i o n c o n t r o l i s a d e s i r ­ a b le p u b lic p o lic y o b je c tiv e . I t h a s exam ined s e v e r a l a s p e c t s o f th e SCS e r o s i o n c o n t r o l e f f o r t i n M ic h ig a n from a s i n g l e - p u r p o s e a p p ro a c h . Some o f t h e a p p a r e n t c o n f l i c t s b e tw ee n a g e n c y o p e r a t i o n s and t h a t s i n g l e g o a l h a v e r e s u l t e d from d e l i b e r a t e a c t i o n s i n s u p p o r t o f o t h e r o b je c tiv e s . T h is w o u ld I n c lu d e p o l i c i e s u n d e r ta k e n p r i m a r i l y t o b o l s t e r p o l i t i c a l s u p p o r t a n d e n s u r e c o n tin u e d f u n d in g , f o r t h e s e a r e t h e u l t i ­ m ate f o u n d a t i o n o f p u b l i c p ro g ra m s . B ut I n c r e m e n ta l p o l i c y and o p e r a ­ t i o n a l d e c i s i o n s w h ich a p p e a r t o b e i n d i v i d u a l l y sound may c o l l e c t i v e l y r e o r i e n t a p ro g ram t o u n in te n d e d e n d s . A m a jo r r e s u l t o f a s i n g l e - p u r p o s e p ro g ra m e v a l u a t i o n su c h a s t h i s i s t o e l u c i d a t e some o f t h e com prom ises w h ich h a v e b e en made i n a fu n d a ­ m e n ta l o b j e c t i v e w h ile accom m odating o t h e r c o n c e r n s . gram a n a l y s i s l i e s i n i t s The v a lu e o f p r o ­ c o n t r i b u t i o n t o d e c is io n - m a k in g , w h ich i n t u r n im p a c ts upon p ro g ram o p e r a t i o n . C om plete a n a l y s i s t h e r e f o r e i n c l u d e s im p le m e n ta b le reco m m e n d atio n s f o r p ro g ra m m anagem ent. Im p ro v in g t h e D ata B ase R e f e re n c e t o d a t a p ro b le m s h a s b e en made r e p e a t e d l y th r o u g h o u t t h i s d is c u s s io n . In d e e d , a p r i n c i p a l m o ti v a ti o n f o r t h i s s tu d y was t h e a b s e n c e o f r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a ti o n on t h e s t a t u s o f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l e f f o r t s . Two m a jo r d a t a s o u r c e s w i t h h ig h p o t e n t i a l f o r im provem ent a r e d i s c u s s e d . 122 C o n s e r v a tio n Needs I n v e n to r y The 1967 CHI i s e x tre m e ly u s e f u l f o r a n s w e rin g c e r t a i n q u e s t i o n s r e g a r d i n g la n d u s e . I t i s a s t a t i s t i c a l l y so u n d ( i g n o r i n g some o f t h e q u e s t io n s r e g a r d i n g f o r e s t a c r e a g e ) t a b u l a t i o n o f t h e r u r a l , n o n - F e d e r a l la n d b a s e . I n c o r p o r a t i n g th e la n d c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s e n h a n c e s some i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f s o i l p r o d u c t i v i t y an d l i m i t a t i o n s f o r v a r i o u s u ses. As an i n d i c a t o r o f s o i l e r o s i o n c o n d i t i o n s , t h e CHI i s s e r i o u s l y d e fic ie n t. The n o rm a tiv e c o n te x t an d b ro a d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f t h e v a r ­ io u s t r e a tm e n t needs c a te g o rie s l im i t i t s i n f o r m a ti o n c o n t e n t . Q u a n ti­ t a t i v e e s tim a te s o f th e p h y s ic a l s o i l lo s s c o n d itio n s o f an in v e n to rie d a c r e may o n ly b e d e r i v e d th r o u g h l a b o r i o u s c o m p u ta tio n s s u c h a s th o s e d e s c r i b e d i n C h a p te r V. T h ese s h o rtc o m in g s c o u ld b e e l i m i n a t e d by a d d in g j u s t t h r e e ite m s to t h e l i s t o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o b s e rv e d i n t h e f i e l d s a m p le : (1 ) t i l l a g e c o n d i t i o n ( c o n v e n t i o n a l , c ro p r e s i d u e u s e , minimum t i l l a g e ) , (2 ) m ec h an i­ c a l t r e a t m e n t (up-dow n h i l l f a r m in g , c o n to u r i n g , s t r i p c r o p p i n g , t e r r a c ­ in g ) , (3 ) u s u a l c ro p r o t a t i o n . I d e n t i f y i n g t h e s e p a r a m e te r s w ould a llo w u s e o f th e U n i v e r s a l S o i l L oss E q u a tio n o r c o m p a ra b le e s t i m a t o r t o com­ p u te e x i s t i n g e r o s i o n r a t e s . C o rre s p o n d in g f a c t o r s w o u ld n e e d t o be i d e n t i f i e d f o r p a s t u r e l a n d and o t h e r l a n d . T re a tm e n t " n e e d s " c o u ld b e d e te r m in e d on t h e b a s i s o f a u n ifo rm p h y s i c a l i n d i c a t o r r a t h e r th a n a ju d g m e n t f a c t o r . The d a t a w ould a l s o be a d a p t a b l e t o c o s t - e f f e e t i v e n e s s s t u d i e s f o r e v a l u a t i n g a l t e r n a t i v e t r e a tm e n t m e a su re s i n d i v i d u a l l y and com bined i n r e s o u r c e m anagem ent s y s te m s • 123 T h is a p p ro a c h h a s some In h e re n t: p ro b le m s . S o l i m anagem ent p r a c ­ t i c e s a n d c ro p r o t a t i o n s a r e s u b j e c t t o m ore s h o r t - t e r m I n f l u e n c e s th a n a r e la n d u s e p a t t e r n s a l o n e . I t m ig h t b e a rg u e d t h a t a new CNI w o u ld t h e r e f o r e be o u t d a t e d i n a r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t tim e p e r i o d . B ut " t r e a t ­ m ent n e e d s " a r e a l s o s u b j e c t t o c h a n g e , s o t h e d i f f e r e n c e may n o t b e s u b s ta n tia l. I n v e n to r y p r o c e d u r e s and tim e r e q u ir e m e n ts w ould be som e­ w h a t l e n g t h e n e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r d e te r m in in g c ro p r o t a t i o n s . On b a l ­ a n c e , t h e ad d ed i n f o r m a ti o n c o n te n t w ould o u tw eig ji t h e s e c o n c e r n s . P r o g r e s s R e p o rtin g S ystem D a ta e le m e n ts i n e x i s t i n g SCS p r o g r e s s r e p o r t s do n o t r e l a t e t o p ro g ram e f f e c t i v e n e s s . They e s s e n t i a l l y m e a su re a c r e s and o t h e r u n i t s i n p u t s c o m p ris in g a la n d t r e a tm e n t s y s te m . O u tp u ts o f t h e s y s te m a r e a c r e s o f la n d a d e q u a te ly t r e a t e d and t h e q u a n t i t y o f g r o s s e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n , f o r w h ic h no i n f o r m a ti o n i s r e c o r d e d . R e s o lv in g t h i s d e f i c i e n c y w o u ld b e a c c o m p lis h e d by a d d in g f o u r c h a r ­ a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e a r e a b e in g t r e a t e d t o t h e r e p o r t fo rm : c o n d i t i o n , (2 ) m e c h a n ic a l p r a c t i c e , c a p a b i l i t y c l a s s and s u b - c l a s s . (1 ) t i l l a g e (3 ) u s u a l c ro p r o t a t i o n , (4 ) l a n d C o n d itio n s a f t e r t r e a t m e n t w ould be im­ p l i e d by t h e m-t-y o f p r a c t i c e s b e in g r e p o r t e d a t t h e tim e . As s u g g e s te d a b o v e , t h e s e p a ra m e te r s w ould b e u s e d w ith a s o i l l o s s e q u a t io n t o quan­ tify t r e a tm e n t e f f e c t s . Such i n f o r m a ti o n , com bined w ith expand ed CNI d a t a , w ould p e r m it e v a l u a t i o n o f s o i l c o n s e r v a t io n p r o g r e s s o v e r tim e . I t w ould a l s o p r o v id e a m eans o f m e a s u rin g th e s e d im e n t r e d u c t i o n e f f e c t s o f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l m e a su re a p p l i c a t i o n s . 124 R e c o n s id e r in g S t a f f i n g P a t t e r n s I n v e s tig a tio n o f c r i t e r i a f o r s t a f f i n g d e c is io n s u ltim a te ly r e ­ v o lv e s a ro u n d t h e q u e s t i o n o f p ro g ra m o b j e c t i v e s . I f SCS I n M ic h ig a n h a s h ad t h e g o a l o f p r o v i d in g t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e t o e v e r y c ro p la n d a c r e , r e g a r d l e s s o f i t s n e e d f o r c o n s e r v a t i o n t r e a t m e n t , an d t o g iv e p r e f e r e n c e to o l d e r s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n d i s t r i c t s w h i l e d o in g s o , th e p r e s e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f manpower r e s o u r c e s among c o u n ti e s i s w e l l s u i t e d . I f t h i s h a s n o t b e e n , o r i s n o t now, t h e c o n s c io u s o b j e c t i v e , th e n some a d ju s tm e n ts a r e w a r r a n te d . I t i s n o t th e p u r p o s e o f t h i s s tu d y to s e t t l e upon t h e a p p r o p r i a t e e ro s io n c o n tr o l o b je c tiv e . m e n ta lly a p o l i t i c a l o n e . T h a t i s a b a s i c p o l i c y q u e s t i o n , and fu n d a ­ H i g h l i g h t i n g and q u a n t i f y i n g some a t t r i b u t e s o f t h e p r e s e n t p ro g ram s h o u ld c o n t r i b u t e t o a m ore th o ro u g h c o n s i d e r a ­ tio n o f fu tu re a lte r n a tiv e s . A new f a c t o r i n t h e d e c i s i o n p r o c e s s i s t h e r e c e n t l y e n a c te d s t a t e s e d im e n t c o n t r o l a c t . 64 New dem ands f o r t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e h a v e a l ­ re a d y d e v e lo p e d and w i l l u n d o u b te d ly grow . its T h is l e g i s l a t i o n i s c l e a r i n I n t e n t t o a p p ro a c h e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a s a s e d im e n t r e d u c t i o n d e v ic e r a t h e r th a n a c r o p la n d m anagem ent t o o l . As n o te d i n C h a p te r V I, su c h an o p e r a t i o n a l g o a l w i l l c a l l f o r a d i f f e r e n t s t r a t e g y th a n o n e d e s ig n e d t o e m p h a siz e a c r e a g e a c c o m p lis h m e n ts . 64 S o i l E ro s io n an d S e d im e n ta tio n C o n tr o l A ct o f 1 9 7 2 , A ct 3 4 7 , E u b lic A c ts o f 1972. 125 E x p a n sio n o f t h e s o i l l o s s m odel t o o t h e r l a n d u s e ty p e s an d t o a l l c o u n ti e s I n t h e s t a t e I s recom m ended. T h is w i l l q u a n t i f y c o m p a ra tiv e e r o s i o n h a z a r d s an d e x p e c te d t r e a tm e n t im p a c ts . Such d a t a c o u ld b e u t i ­ l i z e d t o g u id e c o o r d i n a te d F e d e r a l , s t a t e , and l o c a l m anagem ent d e c i s i o n s . Such l e g i s l a t i o n may d r a s t i c a l l y a l t e r t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s an d p ro d u c ­ t i v i t y o f SCS m anpow er. I t c h a n g e s e r o s i o n c o n t r o l fro m a v o l u n t a r y p r o ­ gram t o o n e o f f o r c e d p a r t i c i p a t i o n . The p ro b le m o f " s e l l i n g '1 a l a n d ­ ow ner on a p a r t i c u l a r p r a c t i c e w i l l be tr a n s f o r m e d i n t o a q u e s t i o n o f c h o o s in g among s e v e r a l r e q u e s t s f o r a s s i s t a n c e . Q u a n t i t a t i v e i n f o r m a ti o n on th e r e l a t i v e p a y o ff from a l t e r n a t i v e p r a c t i c e s w i l l becom e ev en m ore d e s ira b le . R ecom m endations f o r F u r t h e r R e s e a rc h O p p o r t u n i ti e s f o r a d d i t i o n a l a n a l y s i s i n s e v e r a l a r e a s h a v e b e e n s u g g e s te d by t h i s s t u d y . Some r e l a t e t o u n r e s o lv e d p r o b le m s , and o t h e r s i n v o lv e e x te n s i o n s o f m e th o d o lo g y . T e c h n ic a l A s s i s t a n c e and A cco m p lish m en ts D evelopm ent o f w o rk a b le p r o d u c t i o n f u n c t i o n s f o r e r o s i o n c o n t r o l a c c o m p lish m e n ts i s c r i t i c a l t o an ex p an d ed e v a l u a t i o n o f a l t e r n a t i v e la n d t r e a t m e n t p ro g ra m s . H ig h ly r e f i n e d p r o d u c tio n c u rv e s a r e n o t r e q u i r e d , f o r m e re ly i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e p o i n t o f z e r o m a r g in a l r e t u r n to t e c h n i ­ c a l a s s i s t a n c e tim e w ould b e a m a jo r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o e x i s t i n g k n o w le d g e. A s u c c e s s f u l a p p ro a c h m ig h t I n c l u d e s e l e c t e d s o c io -e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s ­ t i c s o f c l i e n t g ro u p s i n a d d i t i o n t o r e s o u r c e b a s e d a t a a s w e re em ployed h e re . I n t e n s i v e a n a l y s i s o f d a t a from s e l e c t e d c o u n t i e s , s t r a t i f i e d by farm e n t e r p r i s e ty p e s o r econom ic c la s B o f farm i s s u g g e s te d a s an a l t e r ­ n a t i v e t o t h e b r o a d e r a p p ro a c h o f t h i s s t u d y . 126 The I n f l u e n c e o f o t h e r g o v e rn m e n t p ro g ra m s on e r o s i o n c o n t r o l accom ­ p lis h m e n ts s h o u ld be c o n s i d e r e d I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e r o l e o f SCS m anpow er. The p r e s e n t s tu d y c o u ld be e x te n d e d by e v a l u a t i n g t h e im p a c t o f c o s t s h a r i n g and e d u c a ti o n p ro g ra m s , and by e s t i m a t i n g t h e r e l a t i v e r e t u r n s t o p u b l i c fu n d s a l l o c a t e d t o t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s an d to t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e p ro g ra m s . A lth o u g h m ore d i f f i c u l t t o q u a n t i f y , t h e l e a d e r s h i p and i n ­ f l u e n c e o f l o c a l s o i l c o n s e r v a t io n d i s t r i c t s i n e r o s i o n c o n t r o l e f f o r t s w a r r a n ts a d d i t i o n a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n . I t i s r e c o g n iz e d t h a t M ic h ig a n h a s o n ly m o d e ra te e r o s i o n p ro b le m s when com pared t o t h e l o e s s s o i l a r e a o f w e s te r n Io w a , o r p o r t i o n s o f t h e s o u th e r n G re a t P l a i n s R eg io n w h ich a r e s u b j e c t t o s e v e r e w ind e r o s i o n . S in c e t h e h a z a r d s a r e g r e a t e r i n s u c h a r e a s , one m ig h t e x p e c t a d i f ­ f e r e n t la n d o w n e r r e s p o n s e t o t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e th a n was o b s e rv e d i n M ic h ig a n . E v a l u a t i o n o f d a t a fro m o t h e r s t a t e s i s recom mended i n o r d e r t o c l a r i f y r e l a t i o n s h i p s b etw een manpower l e v e l s and la n d t r e a t m e n t a c c o m p lis h m e n ts . R e s e a rc h i n s t a t e s w hich h a v e im p le m e n te d m a n d a to ry s e d im e n t c o n t r o l s on a g r i c u l t u r a l la n d w ould p r o v id e i n f o r m a ti o n o n t h e p r o b a b le im p a c t o f t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l p h a s e o f A ct 347 w hich w i l l t a k e e f f e c t i n 1979. M u l t ip l e O b je c tiv e P la n n in g C om prehensive p ro g ram p la n n in g f o r la n d r e s o u r c e m anagem ent r e q u i r e s a t t e n t i o n to o t h e r p ro b le m s i n a d d i t i o n t o e r o s i o n c o n t r o l . An a n a l y t i ­ c a l s y s te m i s n e ed e d to p r o v id e i n f o r m a ti o n f o r d e c i s i o n m aking on m u l t i ­ p l e o b j e c t i v e p ro g ra m s . The c o n c e p ts em ployed f o r t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f a l t e r n a t i v e s t a f f i n g l e v e l s s h o u ld b e e x te n d e d t o a d d i t i o n a l p u r p o s e s . 127 R e se a rc h to i d e n t i f y p r o d u c tio n f u n c tio n s f o r t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e o u t­ p u ts o t h e r th a n e r o s i o n c o n t r o l i s a n i n i t i a l r e q u ir e m e n t. L in e a r p ro ­ gramming o r o t h e r a p p r o p r i a t e te c h n iq u e s s h o u ld be t e s t e d a s an a i d to a l l o c a t i n g manpower and o t h e r agency r e s o u r c e s t o two o r more pro g ram a re a s. E v a lu a tio n o f th e N a tio n a l Program The la c k o f c o rre s p o n d e n c e b etw een SCS s t a f f i n g l e v e l s and la n d tr e a tm e n t n e ed s among c o u n ti e s in on e s t a t e le a d s t o th e q u e s tio n o f how w e l l th e n a t i o n a l program i s o rg a n iz e d to m eet i d e n t i f i e d n e e d s . SCS expanded i t s n a tio n w id e e f f o r t s lo w ly o v e r t h e y e a r s a s lan d o w n ers i n t h e v a r io u s s t a t e s o r g a n iz e d l o c a l s o i l ‘c o n s e r v a t io n d i s t r i c t s . One s u s p e c ts t h a t t h i s r e l a t i v e l y u n p la n n e d I n c r e m e n ta l g ro w th h a s p ro d u c e d some m i s a l l o c a t i o n o f r e s o u r c e s . A n a t i o n a l s tu d y o f t h i s i s s u e i s n eed ed to p ro v id e in f o r m a tio n f o r lo n g - ra n g e p la n n in g . The i n i t i a l p h a se o f su ch an e v a l u a t i o n m ig h t u t i l i z e o n ly s t a t e t o t a l s f o r th e p e r t i n e n t v a r i a b l e s . Sam ple c o u n ty d a ta c o u ld be a n a ly z e d f o r a d d i t i o n a l r e fin e m e n ts and d e ­ t a i l e d p la n n in g . A p p lic a tio n t o W ater R e so u rc e s P la n n in g The s o i l l o s s m odel d e s c r ib e d i n C h a p te r V h a s a p p l i c a t i o n beyond th e sc o p e o f t h i s s tu d y . W atersh ed and r i v e r b a s i n p la n n in g e f f o r t s a r e somewhat l im i te d by a l a c k o f q u a n t i t a t i v e e s t im a t e s o f se d im e n t re d u c ­ t i o n a c h ie v e d w ith la n d tr e a tm e n t p ro g ra m s. i n s m a ll w a te rs h e d p la n n in g . The p ro b lem i s l e s s s e v e r e T here th e s i z e o f t h e s tu d y a r e a i s o f t e n s m a ll enough t h a t s o i l l o s s e s t im a t e s may be com puted d i r e c t l y w ith th e U n iv e r s a l S o i l l o s s E q u a tio n . Such c o m p u ta tio n s a r e n o t f e a s i b l e f o r 128 r i v e r b a s i n s t u d i e s w h ic h t y p i c a l l y c o v e r s e v e r a l m i l l i o n a c r e s . The s o i l l o s s m odel i s a d a p te d t o p r o v i d in g e r o s i o n r e d u c t i o n e s t i m a t e s f o r any m u lt i - c o u n t y r e g i o n . R e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e m odel f o r u s e i n t h i s man­ n e r w o u ld b e im p ro v e d by a d d i t i o n a l s t u d i e s w i t h i n a p a r t i c u l a r r i v e r b a s i n t o v e r i f y two key s e t s o f a s s u m p tio n s : (1 ) c o u n ty c ro p r o t a t i o n s » and (2 ) d i s t r i b u t i o n o f la n d t r e a t m e n t a c c o m p lish m e n ts among la n d c a p a ­ b i l i t y c la s s e s . Sam ple s u r v e y s t o p r o v id e t h i s i n f o r m a ti o n c o u ld e a s i l y b e ad d ed t o t h e e x t e n s i v e d a t a c o l l e c t i o n e f f o r t s w h ich a r e now a p a r t of a l l r iv e r b a s in in v e s tig a tio n s . The s o i l l o s s m o d el w i t h t h e s e r e ­ f in e m e n ts w i l l c o n t r i b u t e t o a b e t t e r e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e s e d im e n t c o n t r o l Im p a c ts o f la n d m anagem ent a l t e r n a t i v e s . BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY B l a k e ly , B. D ., C o y le , J . J . f a n d S t e e l e , J . G. " E r o s io n on C u l t i v a t e d L a n d ," S o l i , Y earb o o k o f A g r i c u l t u r e , 1 9 5 7 . W a sh in g to n : U .S . G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , p p . 3 0 2 -3 0 4 . B la s e , M elv in G. a n d Timmons, Jo h n F . " S o i l E r o s io n C o n tro l-P ro b le m s and P r o g r e s s , " J o u r n a l o f S o l i an d W ater C o n s e r v a tio n , XVI ( 1 9 6 1 ) , p p . 1 5 7 -1 6 2 . B u tz , E a r l L. " P ro d u c e an d P r o t e c t , " J o u r n a l o f S o i l and W ater Con­ s e r v a t i o n . XXVIII (November—D ecem ber, 1 9 7 3 ), p . 250. C ram er, E l l i o t M. " S i g n i f i c a n c e T e s ts and T e s t s o f M odels i n M u l t i p l e R e g r e s s i o n ," The A m erican S t a t i s t i c i a n , XXVI, No. 4 ( O c to b e r , 1 9 7 2 ), p p . 2 6 -3 0 . D a v id , E liz a b e th - L. " P u b l i c P e r c e p t i o n s o f W ater Q u a l i t y , " W ater Re­ s o u r c e s R e s e a r c h , V II ( J u n e , 1 9 7 1 ), p p . 4 5 3 -4 5 7 . D ubos, Rend" J u l e s . " A i r , W a te r, and E a r t h , " E n v iro n m e n ta l Im p ro v e m e n t, e d . R alph W. M a rq u l, W a sh in g to n : USDA G ra d u a te S c h o o l P r e s s , 1 9 6 6 , p p . 3 -2 1 . E a s t e r , W illia m K. "An E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l C o n s e rv a tio n P ro g ra m 's P e rfo rm a n c e i n F u l f i l l i n g P ro g ram and P o l i t i c a l O b je c ­ t i v e s , " U n p u b lis h e d P h .D . d i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p t, o f A g r i c u l t u r a l E co n o m ics, M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , 1966. 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"The E f f e c t o f U r b a n iz a t i o n on S e d im e n ta tio n i n t h e C l in t o n R iv e r B a s i n ," U n p u b lish e d M a s t e r 's l e v e l r e s e a r c h r e p o r t , S c h o o l o f G ra d u a te S t u d i e s , U n i v e r s i t y o f M ic h ig a n , 1967. S to n e , R a lp h and S m allw ood, H e r b e r t . I n te r m e d ia A s p e c ts o f A ir an d W ater P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l . E n v iro n m e n ta l P r o t e c t i o n A gency, S o c io ­ econom ic E n v iro n m e n ta l S tu d y S e r i e s , 6 0 0 /5 -7 3 -0 0 3 , W a sh in g to n : U .S . G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1973. Sw anson, E a r l R ., and M acC allum , D avid D. "Incom e E f f e c t s o f R a i n f a l l E r o s io n C o n t r o l ," J o u r n a l o f S o i l and W ater C o n s e r v a tio n , XXIV ( M a r c h - A p rll, 1 9 6 9 ), p p . 5 6 -5 9 . U .S . 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B a s ic S t a t i s t i c s o f th e N a t i o n a l I n v e n to r y o f S o i l an d W ater C o n s e r v a tio n N e ed s, S t a t i s t i c a l B u l l e t i n No. 3 1 7 , W a sh in g to n : U .S . G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1962. _________ . P la n n in g an d B u d g e tin g S y ste m , S e c r e t a r y 's Memorandum No. 1 7 7 7 , S u p p le m e n t 1 , A u g u st 2 2 , 1 9 7 2 . U .S . D e p artm en t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , C o n s e r v a tio n N eeds I n v e n to r y C o m m ittee. N a t io n a l Handbook f o r U p d a tin g t h e C o n s e r v a tio n Needs I n v e n t o r y , W a sh in g to n , 1966. U .S . D e p artm en t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , S o i l C o n s e r v a tio n S e r v i c e . A nnual P la n s o f O p e r a tio n s , W orkload A n a ly s e s , an d M u ltiy e a r P l a n s , M anagem ent Memorandum - 3 (R ev. 3 ) , M arch 3 0 , 1 9 7 3 . _________ . F ie ld b o o k o f T im ek e e p ing and P r o g r e s s S ystem C o d e s, W ashing­ t o n , 1973. _________ . A Fram ework F la n ——S o i l and W ater C o n s e r v a tio n f o r A B e t t e r A m e ric a , W a sh in g to n , 1971. 133 . J o i n t SCS—D i s t r i c t A nnual Work P la n n in g , D i s t r i c t s Memoran­ dum - 5 (Rev. 3 ) , A p r i l 1 8 , 1973. _________ . Land C a p a b i li t y C l a s s i f i c a t i o n , A g r i c u l t u r e Handbook No. 2 1 0 , W ash in g to n : U .S . G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1961. . Land R e so u rce R eg io n s and M ajor Land R e so u rce A reas o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s . A g r i c u l t u r e Handbook 296, W ash in g to n : U .S . G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1965. _________ . N a tio n a l Handbook o f C o n s e rv a tio n P r a c t i c e s , W ash in g to n , 1971. _________ . R e so u rce C o n s e rv a tio n P la n n in g H andbook, W a sh in g to n , 1 9 7 0 . _________ . 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"PPB: Dead o r A l i v e ? ," P u b lic A d m in is tr a tio n R eview , XXXIV (1 9 7 4 ), p p . 3 9 2 -3 9 4 . APPENDICES 134 APPENDIX A DEFINITIONS OF LAND USE AND TREATMENT NEEDS CATEGORIES OF THE CONSERVATION NEEDS INVENTORY 135 APPENDIX A DEFINITIONS OF LAND USE AND TREATMENT NEEDS CATEGORIES OF THE CONSERVATION NEEDS INVENTORY Land Use and A rea T o t a l la n d a r e a . Land a r e a g iv e n i s from B u reau o f t h e C ensus A rea M easurem ent R e p o rts and th e 1964 C ensus o f A g r i c u l t u r e a d j u s t e d t o e x ­ c lu d e a r e a s in u n d a te d by new r e s e r v o i r s f l a k e s , and p o n d s l a r g e r th a n 40 a c r e s c o n s t r u c t e d s i n c e A p r i l 1 , 1960. F e d e ra l la n d . F e d e r a l l y owned la n d e x c e p t c r o p la n d o p e r a t e d u n d e r l e a s e o r p e r m i t; p r i m a r i l y t h e f e d e r a l l y owned la n d o u t s i d e tow ns and c itie s . I n d i a n la n d u n d e r t r u s t e e s h i p b u t owned by i n d i v i d u a l s o r t r i b e s i s n o t in c lu d e d . U rban and b u i l t - u p a r e a s . C i t i e s , v i l l a g e s , and b u i l t - u p a r e a s o f m ore t h a n 10 a c r e s ; i n d u s t r i a l s i t e s ( e x c e p t s t r i p m in e s , b o rro w and g ra v e l p i t s ) ; r a i l r o a d y a rd s ; c e m e te rie s ; a i r p o r t s ; g o lf c o u rs e s ; s h o o t­ in g r a n g e s ; i n s t i t u t i o n a l and p u b l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s i t e s ; an d s i m i l a r S o u rc e : U .S . D ep artm en t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , B a s ic S t a t i s t i c s - N a t i o n a l I n v e n to r y o f S o i l and W ater C o n s e r v a tio n N e ed s, 1 9 6 7 , S t a t i s t i c a l B u l l e t i n No. 461 (W a sh in g to n : U .S . G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 7 1 ), p p . 209^210. 136 137 k in d s o f a r e a s . Road and r a i l r o a d a c r e a g e I s i n c l u d e d , and i n te r m i n g l e d f e d e r a l a c r e a g e s may b e I n c l u d e d . F a rm la n d a c r e a g e i n s i d e c i t y an d v i l ­ la g e l i m i t s i s n o t in c l u d e d . W a te r a r e a s . Ponds a n d l a k e s o f m ore th a n 2 a c r e s an d n o t m ore th a n 40 a c r e s and r i v e r s and s tr e a m s t h a t a r e l e s s th a n 1 /8 m ile w id e . T o ta l in v e n to ry a c re a g e . A c rea g e a f t e r f e d e r a l l a n d , u r b a n and b u i l t - u p a r e a s , an d w a te r a r e a s h a v e b e e n d e d u c te d from t h e t o t a l la n d a re a . C ro p la n d . Land u s e d p r i m a r i l y f o r t h e p r o d u c tio n o f a d a p te d c u l t i ­ v a te d c lo s e - g r o w n , f r u i t , o r n u t c ro p s f o r h a r v e s t , a lo n e o r i n a s s o c i ­ a t i o n w i t h so d c r o p s , and open la n d f o r m e r ly i n s u c h u s e s . P a s tu re la n d . Land p ro d u c in g f o r a g e p l a n t s , p r i n c i p a l l y in tr o d u c e d s p e c i e s , f o r a n im a l c o n su m p tio n . M anagem ent p r a c t i c e s u s u a l l y I n c lu d e o n e o r m ore t r e a tm e n ts s u c h a s r e s e e d i n g , r e n o v a t i n g , m ow ing, l i m i n g , o r fe rtiliz in g . " N a tiv e p a s t u r e " t h a t b e c a u s e o f l o c a t i o n o r s o i l l i m i t a t i o n i s t r e a t e d l i k e r a n g e la n d i s i n c l u d e d . F o re st la n d . Land a t l e a s t 10 p e r c e n t s t o c k e d by f o r e s t t r e e s o f any s i z e and c a p a b le o f p ro d u c in g tim b e r o r o t h e r wood p r o d u c ts o r c a p a b le o f I n f l u e n c i n g t h e w a te r re g im e ; la n d f o r m e rly a t l e a s t 10 p e r c e n t s to c k e d by f o r e s t t r e e s o f any s i z e an d n o t c u r r e n t l y d e v e lo p e d f o r o t h e r u s e s ; a f f o r e s te d (p la n te d ) a r e a s ; and c h a p a rr a l a r e a s . C o m m ercial. Land p r o d u c in g c ro p s o f i n d u s t r i a l w ood, g e n e r a l l y c a p a b le o f p ro d u c in g a t l e a s t 20 c u b ic f e e t o f a n n u a l g ro w th p e r a c r e ; c u to v e r a r e a s on w h ic h tim b e r s p e c i e s h a v e n o t b e e n r e e s t a b l i s h e d an d 138 t h a t hav e n o t b e en d e v e lo p e d f o r n o n f o r e s t u s e ; and l a n d n o t w ith d ra w n from t i m b e r u s e by s t a t u s o f a d m in istra tiv e re g u la tio n . N on-C om m ercial. Land i n c a p a b l e o f p r o d u c i n g i n d u s t r i a l wood p r o d ­ u c t s b e c a u s e o f a d v e r s e s i t e c o n d i t i o n s and f o r e s t l a n d w ith d ra w n from c o m m erc ial t im b e r u s e by s t a t u s o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e g u l a t i o n . O th e r l a n d . N o n fed eral r u r a l la n d t h a t i s n o t c l a s s i f i e d as c ro p ­ l a n d , p a s t u r e l a n d , r a n g e l a n d , o r f o r e s t ( i n c l u d e s s t r i p m in e s , b o rro w and g r a v e l p i t s , and m i s c e l l a n e o u s a r e a s ) . In fa rm s. O t h e r l a n d c o n s i d e r e d a p a r t o f a fa r m , s u c h as farm ­ s t e a d s , farm r o a d s , f e e d l o t s , and f e n c e s and h e d g e ro w s . Not i n f a r m s . O th e r n o n f e d e r a l r u r a l l a n d t h a t i s n o t p a r t o f a f a r m , su c h a s r u r a l n o n farm r e s i d e n c e s , i n v e s t m e n t t r a c t s , c o a s t a l d u n e s , and m a rs h e s n o t u s e d f o r g r a z i n g . T r e a tm e n t Needs C ro p la n d R e s id u e and a n n u a l c o v e r . C ro p la n d on w h ich o n ly c ro p r e s i d u e s , a n n u al co v er c ro p s , o r o t h e r l o c a l l y used a n n u a lly r e c u r r in g m ea su re s, i n c l u d i n g s t a n d Im provem ent on h a y l a n d , a r e n e e d e d t o m e e t t h e c o n s e r ­ v a t i o n p r o b le m s . Sod i n r o t a t i o n . C ro p la n d on w h ic h a s o d c ro p i s n e e d e d i n t h e r o t a t i o n t o m ee t t h e c o n s e r v a t i o n p ro b le m s an d h a y la n d n e e d i n g r e ­ e sta b lish m e n t. C o n t o u r in g . C ro p lan d on which, c o n t o u r i n g i s n e ed e d t o c o n t r o l e r o s i o n . 139 S trip p in g , te rra c in g , d iv e rs io n s . C ro p la n d on w h ic h s t r i p c r o p p i n g , t e r r a c e s , o r d i v e r s i o n s a r e n e e d e d t o t r e a t an d p r o t e c t t h e l a n d i n a d d i t i o n t o m e a s u re s t h a t may b e u s e d t o s u p p le m e n t t h e s e p r a c t i c e s . A c re a g e s n e e d i n g a s y s te m o f s o d w a te rw a y s o r w in d b r e a k s a r e i n c l u d e d . P e rm a n e n t c o v e r . tr e e s i s needed. C ro p la n d on which, a p e rm a n e n t c o v e r o f g r a s s o r The l a n d i s u n s u i t e d t o g ro w in g row o r g r a i n c ro p s and sh o u ld be ta k e n o u t o f c u l t i v a t i o n . D ra in a g e s y s t e m . C ro p la n d on w h ic h an a d e q u a t e d r a i n a g e s y s te m i s n e e d e d t o rem ove e x c e s s s u r f a c e o r i n t e r n a l w a t e r . P a stu re la n d Change i n l a n d u s e . P ro te c tio n o n ly . P a s tu r e t h a t needs to be c o n v e rte d to f o r e s t . P a s tu re t h a t i s ov erg razed b u t w i l l resee d n a tu r a ll y and r e c o v e r w i t h p r o p e r l i v e s t o c k m anagem ent. I n s t a l l a t i o n of w a terin g f a c i l i t i e s and f e n c e s t o Im prove g r a z i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n may be n e e d e d . Im provem ent o n l y . P a s t u r e on w h ich t h e d e s i r e d k i n d o f v e g e t a t i o n i s p re s e n t b u t th e sta n d is th in . To g e t a s a t i s f a c t o r y s t a n d , p r a c t i c e s such a s f e r t i l i z i n g , weed c o n t r o l , and m e c h a n i c a l m e a s u re s i n a d d i t i o n t o p r o p e r g r a z i n g management a r e n e e d e d f o r im p ro v e m e n t. Im provem ent and b r u s h c o n t r o l . P a s t u r e on w hich b r u s h c o n t r o l meas­ u r e s a r e n e e d e d i n a d d i t i o n t o f o r a g e s t a n d im pro v em en t. R e e sta b lish m e n t o n ly . P a s tu r e i n su ch poor c o n d itio n t h a t i t needs c o m p le te r e e s t a b l i s h m e n t b u t b r u s h i s n o t a p r o b le m . The d e s i r e d v e g e ­ t a t i o n m ust be p r o t e c t e d a g a i n s t g r a z i n g u n t i l i t i s e s t a b l i s h e d . 140. R e e s t a b l i s h m e n t and b r u s h c o n t r o l . P a s t u r e on w h ic h b r u s h c o n t r o l m easures a re needed i n a d d it i o n to r e e s ta b lis h m e n t. F o r e s t Land T im ber s t a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t o r r e i n f o r c e m e n t . F o r c o m m e rc ia l f o r e s t , la n d p r o d u c i n g b e lo w i t s p o t e n t i a l b e c a u s e o f i n a d e q u a t e s t o c k i n g . It c an be s a t i s f a c t o r i l y s t o c k e d by p l a n t i n g o r by n a t u r a l o r a r t i f i c i a l s e e d i n g w ith , o r w i t h o u t s i t e p r e p a r a t i o n . p o s s i b l e b u t may n o t b e e c o n o m ic a l. The t r e a t m e n t i s p h y s i c a l l y The d e n s i t y o r d e g r e e o f s t o c k i n g i n d i c a t e s t h e e x t e n t t o w h ic h g ro w in g s p a c e i s o c c u p i e d . Increases in s t o c k i n g o f t r e e s w i l l a m e l i o r a t e fu n d a m e n ta l s o i l and w a t e r c o n s e r v a t i o n p ro b le m s and c o n t r i b u t e t o f u t u r e t im b e r s u p p l i e s . F o r n o n c o m m erc ial f o r e s t , a l l n o n - s t o c k e d and p o o r l y s t o c k e d l a n d on w h ich I n c r e a s e s i n t r e e s t o c k i n g w i l l im p rove t h e n o n tim b e r b e n e f i t s b o th o n s i t e an d o f f . T im ber s t a n d im p ro v e m e n t. F o r c o m m e rc ia l f o r e s t o n l y , t h e a c r e a g e on w h ich t im b e r s t a n d Im provem ent i s b i o l o g i c a l l y f e a s i b l e . The a c r e a g e t h a t c a n b e n e f i t fro m t i m b e r s t a n d im provem ent ev en th o u g h i t may n o t b e p r a c t i c a b l e b e c a u s e o f c o s t s and t h e v a r i a b i l i t y o f m anagem ent o b j e c t i v e s . Tim ber s t a n d im provem ent i n c l u d e s c u t t i n g t o r e l e a s e c ro p t r e e s o r p o t e n ­ t i a l c r o p t r e e s f o r i n c r e a s e d growth, o r q u a l i t y o f t h e r e m a in i n g t r e e s , o r b o th . O th e r Land T re a tm e n t n e e d e d . Land n e e d i n g c o n s e r v a t i o n t r e a t m e n t t o p r o t e c t i t a g a i n s t e r o s i o n and d e t e r i o r a t i o n an d t o k eep i t from dam aging a d j a c e n t l a n d and on w h ich t r e a t m e n t i s e c o n o m ic a l l y and p h y s i c a l l y f e a s i b l e . APPENDIX B DEFINITIONS OF SELECTED SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE PROGRESS REPORT ITEMS AND CONSERVATION PRACTICES .141 APPENDIX B DEFINITIONS OF SELECTED SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE PROGRESS REPORT ITEMS AND CONSERVATION PRACTICES P r o g r e s s R e p o rt Ite m s Con- ~ r v a t i o n p l a n . A docum ent c o n t a i n i n g m a t e r i a l r e l a t i v e t o t h e c o n s e r v a t i o n u s e and t r e a t m e n t o f s o i l and w a t e r r e s o u r c e s o f an e n t i r e i n d iv id u a l lan d u n i t , in c lu d in g b u t n o t l im i te d to a p p r o p r ia te s o i l , w a ter and p l a n t i n v e n t o r i e s , w i t h n e e d e d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s , m aps, s t a t e m e n t s a b o u t c r i t i c a l c o n s e r v a t i o n p r o b le m s , r e c o r d o f d e c i s i o n s f o r t h e c o n s e r v a t i o n and d e v e lo p m e n t o f s o i l and w a t e r r e s o u r c e s as m ade, and a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r so u n d l a n d u s e ( s ) and c o n s e r v a t i o n t r e a t m e n t when c o n s e r v a t i o n d e c i s i o n s h a v e n o t been made. The p l a n s h o u l d e v e n t u a l l y c o n t a i n a l l m a jo r c o n s e r ­ v a t i o n d e c i s i o n s t o a s s u r e t h a t t h e e n t i r e u n i t o f l a n d w i l l be u s e d and t r e a t e d to a c h ie v e th e c o n s e rv a tio n o b je c tiv e s . D is tr ic t c o o p e ra to r. An i n d i v i d u a l , g ro u p o f p e o p l e , o r r e p r e s e n t a ­ t i v e o f a u n i t o f go vern m en t who h a s e n t e r e d i n t o an u n d e r s t a n d i n g , work­ i n g a rra n g e m e n t o r c o o p e r a t i v e a g re e m e n t w i t h a c o n s e r v a t i o n d i s t r i c t t o S o u r c e ; USDA, S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , F i e ld b o o k o f T im ek e e p in g and P r o g r e s s System Codes (W a sh in g to n , 1 9 7 3 ); and USDA, S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , N a t i o n a l Handbook o f C o n s e r v a t i o n P r a c t i c e s (W a s h in g to n , 1 9 7 1 ) . 142 143 work t o g e t h e r I n p l a n n i n g and c a r r y i n g o u t s o i l and w a t e r r e s o u r c e s u s e , d e v e lo p m e n t, and c o n s e r v a t i o n o n a s p e c i f i c l a n d a r e a . O p e ratin g u n i t s . T hose u n i t s o f l a n d w h e re t h e p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e o f t h e o p e r a t i o n i s t o manage t h e l a n d and r e l a t e d n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s t o p r o ­ duce incom e from p l a n t s , a n im a ls o r r e l a t e d o u t d o o r r e c r e a t i o n , o r w i l d ­ life . In clu d e d a r e u n i t s o p e ra te d as farm s, ra n c h e s , t r e e farm s, h u n tin g p r e s e r v e s , game l a n d s , f o r e s t l a n d s u s e d t o p r o d u c e s a l a b l e t i m b e r , p r i s o n f a r m s , m in in g l a n d s , e t c . O th e r l a n d u n i t s . T hose u n i t s w here t h e l a n d and r e l a t e d n a t u r a l r e ­ s o u r c e s p r i m a r i l y p r o v i d e p h y s i c a l s u p p o r t and open s p a c e f o r r e s i d e n t i a l o r i n d u s t r i a l u se , tr a n s p o r ta tio n , p u b lic f a c i l i t i e s , I n s t i t u t i o n s , e t c . , and t o t h o s e e n t i t i e s h a v in g r e s t r i c t e d u s e o r r i g h t s - o f - w a y o v e r l a n d s owned o r c o n t r o l l e d by o t h e r s , w h e re t h e p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e i s n o t t o p r o ­ du ce Income from p l a n t s , a n i m a l s , o r a g r i c u l t u r a l l y r e l a t e d o u t d o o r re c re a tio n . U n i t s o f governm ent a n d t h e i r a g e n c i e s . An e s t i m a t e o f t h e num ber o f l o c a l o r s t a t e u n i t s o f gov ern m en t o r t h e i r p l a n n i n g and d e v e lo p m e n t c o m m is s io n s , c o u n c i l s , o r a g e n c i e s who may r e q u e s t t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e f o r r e s o u r c e p l a n n i n g and I m p le m e n t a t i o n f o r a r e a s f o r w h ic h th e y h a v e p l a n n i n g o r im p l e m e n ta t io n r e s p o n s i b i l i t y b u t w h ic h t h e y do n o t own o r d ir e c tly c o n tro l. C o n se rv atio n P r a c t i c e s C o n se rv a tio n c ro p p in g sy s te m . Growing c r o p s i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h n e e d e d c u l t u r a l and management m e a s u r e s . C ro p p in g s y s te m s i n c l u d e r o t a ­ t i o n s t h a t c o n t a i n g r a s s e s and legum es a s w e l l a s r o t a t i o n s i n w h ic h t h e 144 d e s ir e d b e n e f i t s a re ach iev e d w ith o u t th e u se of such c ro p s . P urpose: To Im prove o r m a i n t a i n good p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n o f t h e s o i l ; p r o t e c t t h e s o i l d u r i n g p e r i o d s when e r o s i o n u s u a l l y o c c u r s ; h e l p c o n t r o l w e e d s , I n ­ s e c t s , and d i s e a s e s ; and m eet t h e n e e d a n d d e s i r e o f f a r m e r s f o r an econom ic re tu rn . A p p lic a b le ; On a l l c r o p l a n d and on c e r t a i n r e c r e a t i o n and w i l d l i f e la n d . C o n to u r f a r m i n g . Farm ing s l o p i n g c u l t i v a t e d l a n d i n s u c h a way t h a t p l o w i n g , r e p a i r i n g l a n d , p l a n t i n g , and c u l t i v a t i n g a r e done on t h e c o n t o u r . (T h is i n c l u d e s f o l l o w i n g e s t a b l i s h e d g r a d e s o f t e r r a c e s , d i v e r s i o n s , o r c o n to u r s t r i p s . ) P urpose: To r e d u c e e r o s i o n and c o n t r o l w a t e r . A p p l i c a b l e : On s l o p i n g c r o p l a n d and on r e c r e a t i o n an d w i l d l i f e l a n d w h e re o t h e r c u l ­ t u r a l and management p r a c t i c e s i n a c r o p p i n g s y s te m do n o t c o n t r o l s o i l and w ater l o s s . C r itic a l area p la n tin g . P la n tin g v e g e ta tio n such as t r e e s , s h r u b s , v i n e s , g r a s s e s , o r legum es on c r i t i c a l a r e a s . p l a n t i n g m a in ly f o r wood p r o d u c t s . ) P u rp o se; (Does n o t i n c l u d e t r e e To s t a b i l i z e t h e s o i l ; re­ d u c e damage fro m s e d im e n t and r u n o f f t o dow nstream a r e a s ; im prove w i l d l i f e h a b i t a t ; and e n h a n c e n a t u r a l b e a u t y . A p p lic a b le ; On s e d i m e n t - p r o d u c i n g , h i g h l y e r o d i b l e o r s e v e r e l y e r o d e d a r e a s , s u c h a s dams, d i k e s , m ine s p o i l , l e v e e s , c u t s , f i l l s , s u r f a c e - m i n e d a r e a s , and d enuded o r g u l l i e d a r e a s w h e re v e g e t a t i o n i s d i f f i c u l t t o e s t a b l i s h w i t h u s u a l s e e d i n g o r p l a n t i n g m e th o d s , Crop r e s i d u e u s e . U sin g p l a n t r e s i d u e s t o p r o t e c t c u l t i v a t e d f i e l d s d u rin g c r i t i c a l e ro s io n p e rio d s . P urpose; To c o n s e r v e m o i s t u r e ; i n c r e a s e i n f i l t r a t i o n ; r e d u c e s o i l l o s s ; and im prov e s o i l t i l t h . l a n d w h e re a d e q u a te c r o p r e s i d u e s a r e p r o d u c e d . A p p lic a b le : On 145 F ie ld w in d b rea k . A s t r i p o r b e l t o f tr e e s o r sh ru b s e s ta b lis h e d w ith ­ in o r a d ja c e n t to a f i e l d . P urposet To r e d u c e s o i l b l o w in g ; c o n t r o l snow d e p o s i t i o n ; c o n s e r v e m o i s t u r e ; p r o t e c t c r o p s , o r c h a r d s , l i v e s t o c k , and w i l d l i f e ; o r i n c r e a s e the. n a t u r a l b e a u t y o f a n a r e a . A p p lic a b le : In or a ro u n d open f i e l d s w h ic h n e ed p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t w ind damage t o s o i l s , c r o p s , o r l i v e s t o c k ; w h e re t h e d e p o s i t i o n o f snow f o r m o i s t u r e c o n s e r v a ­ t i o n c a n b e s t b e a c c o m p lis h e d b y w i n d b r e a k s ; o r w h ere s t r i p s o f t r e e s o r s h r u b s i n c r e a s e t h e n a t u r a l b e a u t y o f an a r e a o r p r o v i d e fo o d and c o v e r fo r w ild life . Grade s t a b i l i z a t i o n s t r u c t u r e . A s t r u c t u r e t o s t a b i l i z e th e grade o r to c o n tr o l head c u tt i n g in n a t u r a l o r a r t i f i c i a l c h a n n e ls. (Does n o t i n c l u d e s t r a i g h t p i p e o v e r f i l l s t r u c t u r e s u se d i n d r a i n a g e and i r r i g a t i o n sy s te m s f o r s t r u c t u r e s f o r w a t e r c o n t r o l . ) P urpose: To s t a b i l i z e t h e g rad e in n a t u r a l o r a r t i f i c i a l c h a n n e ls , p re v e n t th e fo rm a tio n o r advance o f g u l l i e s , and r e d u c e e n v i r o n m e n t a l and p o l l u t i o n h a z a r d s . A p p lic a b le : Where t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n and f lo w v e l o c i t y o f w a t e r a r e s u c h t h a t s t r u c t u r e s a r e r e q u i r e d t o s t a b i l i z e t h e g r a d e i n c h a n n e ls o r t o c o n t r o l g u l l y e r o s i o n . S p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n w i l l b e g i v e n t o m a i n t a i n i n g o r Im p ro v in g h a b i t a t f o r f i s h and w i l d l i f e , w here a p p l i c a b l e . G ra ss e d w a terw a y o r o u t l e t . A n a t u r a l o r c o n s t r u c t e d w aterw ay o r o u t l e t sh a p e d o r g ra d e d and e s t a b l i s h e d i n v e g e t a t i o n s u i t a b l e t o s a f e l y d i s p o s e r u n o f f from a f i e l d , d i v e r s i o n , t e r r a c e , o r o t h e r s t r u c t u r e . Minimum t i l l a g e . L i m i t i n g t h e number o f c u l t u r a l o p e r a t i o n s t o t h o s e t h a t a r e p r o p e r l y tim e d an d e s s e n t i a l t o p ro d u c e a c ro p and p r e v e n t s o i l damage. P urpose: To r e t a r d d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f s o i l s t r u c t u r e ; r e d u c e s o i l 146 c o m p a c tio n an d f o r m a t i o n o f t i l l a g e p a n s ; and t o im p rove s o i l a e r a t i o n , p e r m e a b i l i t y , and t i l t h . A p p lic a b le ; On a l l c r o p l a n d and on c e r t a i n r e c r e a t i o n and w i l d l i f e l a n d . P a s t u r e and h a y l a n d m anagem ent. la n d o r h a y la n d . P urpose: P r o p e r t r e a t m e n t and u s e o f p a s t u r e ­ To p r o l o n g l i f e o f d e s i r a b l e f o r a g e s p e c i e s ; t o m a i n t a i n o r im prov e t h e q u a l i t y and q u a n t i t y o f f o r a g e ; and t o p r o t e c t t h e s o i l , and r e d u c e w a t e r l o s s . A p p lic a b le ; On a l l p a s t u r e l a n d o r h a y ­ la n d . P a s t u r e and h a y la n d p l a n t i n g . E s t a b lis h in g lo n g -te rm sta n d s o f a d a p t e d s p e c i e s o f p e r e n n i a l , b i e n n i a l , o r r e s e e d i n g f o r a g e p l a n t s on l a n d c o n v e r t e d t o p a s t u r e o r h a y la n d from o t h e r u s e s . a g r a s s e d w a terw a y o r o u t l e t on c r o p l a n d . ) P urpose: p ro d u c e h i g h q u a l i t y f o r a g e ; an d r e d u c e e r o s i o n . (Does n o t I n c l u d e To a d j u s t l a n d u s e ; A p p lic a b le : On l a n d t h a t i s c o n v e r t e d from o t h e r u s e s on w hich a s p e c i e s r e m a in s i n d e f i n i t e l y b efo re i t is re e sta b lish e d . S trlp c ro p p in g , c o n to u r. Growing c r o p s i n a s y s t e m a t i c a r r a n g e m e n t o f s t r i p s o r b an ds on t h e c o n t o u r t o r e d u c e w a t e r e r o s i o n . The c r o p s a r e a r r a n g e d s o t h a t a s t r i p o f g r a s s o r c l o s e —g ro w in g c r o p i s a l t e r n a t e d w ith a s t r i p o f c l e a n - t i l l e d cro p o r fa llo w o r a s t r i p o f g r a s s i s a l t e r ­ n a te d w ith a c lo se -g ro w in g c ro p . w a ter. A p p lic a b le : P urpose: To r e d u c e e r o s i o n and c o n t r o l On s l o p i n g c r o p l a n d and c e r t a i n r e c r e a t i o n an d w i l d ­ l i f e l a n d w here t h e t o p o g r a p h y i s u n if o r m enough t h a t t i l l i n g and h a r v e s t ­ i n g c a n b e done p r a c t i c a l l y ; and w h e re i t i s an e s s e n t i a l p a r t o f a c r o p ­ p i n g s y s te m t o e f f e c t i v e l y r e d u c e s o i l and w a t e r l o s s e s . 147 S trip c ro p p in g , f i e l d . Growing c r o p s i n a s y s t e m a t i c a r r a n g e m e n t o f s t r i p s o r b a n d s a c r o s s t h e g e n e r a l s l o p e ( n o t on t h e c o n t o u r ) t o r e d u c e w a ter e r o s io n . The c r o p s a r e a r r a n g e d s o t h a t a s t r i p o f g r a s s o r c l o s e - g ro w in g c r o p i s a l t e r n a t e d w ith , a c l e a n - t i l l e d c r o p o r f a l l o w . P urpose: To h e l p c o n t r o l e r o s i o n and r u n o f f on s l o p i n g c r o p l a n d w h e re c o n t o u r s t r i p cro p p in g i s n o t p r a c t i c a l . A p p lic a b le ; On s l o p i n g c r o p l a n d and c e r t a i n r e c r e a t i o n and w i l d l i f e l a n d . S tr lp c r o p p in g , w in d . Growing w i n d - r e s i s t i n g c r o p s i n s t r i p s a l t e r ­ n a t i n g w i t h row c r o p s o r f a l l o w and a r r a n g e d a t a n g l e s t o o f f s e t a d v e r s e w ind e f f e c t s . P urpose: To r e d u c e w ind v e l o c i t y a t t h e s o i l s u r f a c e , t h e r e b y r e d u c i n g s o i l b lo w in g and damage t o c r o p s . A p p lic a b le ; On c r o p ­ la n d s u b j e c t t o s o i l b lo w in g and w h e re n e e d e d a s p a r t o f a c r o p p i n g s y s te m . T errace, b a s in . A form o f l e v e l t e r r a c e w i t h c l o s e d e n d s c o n s t r u c t e d on n o n - c r o p l a n d w ith , p e r m e a b le s o i l s and d e s i g n e d t o impound a g i v e n amount o f r u n o f f from t h e d r a i n a g e a r e a ab o v e i t . P urpose: To r e t a i n g u l l y r u n ­ o f f from n o n - c r o p l a n d a r e a s , c h e c k e r o s i o n on t h e lo w e r s l o p e s , p r e v e n t g u l l y d e v e lo p m e n t, r e d u c e f l o o d i n g , i n c r e a s e i n f i l t r a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t y and r e d u c e p o l l u t i o n from s e d i m e n t and r u n o f f . A p p lic a b le : (1 ) Where r u n o f f from h i g h e r l y i n g a r e a s w i l l damage c ro p o r p a s t u r e l a n d ; c o n s e r v a t i o n ro ad s, b u ild in g s , o r o th e r c u lt u r a l f e a tu r e s . (2 ) Where t h e s o i l i s deep and c a p a b l e o f a b s o r b i n g and s t o r i n g e x t r a w a t e r . T errace, g ra d ie n t. I An e a r t h embankment o r a r i d g e and c h a n n e l co n­ s t r u c t e d a c r o s s t h e s l o p e a t a s u i t a b l e s p a c i n g and w i t h a n a c c e p t a b l e g rade. P u rp o se: To r e d u c e e r o s i o n damage and p o l l u t i o n by i n t e r c e p t i n g s u r f a c e r u n o f f and c o n d u c t i n g i t t o a s t a b l e o u t l e t a t a n o n e r o s i v e 148 v e lo c ity . A p p lic a b le ; e r o s i o n p ro b le m . N o rm ally a r e l i m i t e d t o c r o p l a n d h a v in g a w a t e r T hey s h a l l n o t b e c o n s t r u c t e d on deep s a n d s o r on s o i l s t h a t a r e to o s t o n y , s t e e p , o r s h a l l o w t o p e r m i t p r a c t i c a l an d e c o n o m ic a l i n s t a l l a t i o n and m a i n t e n a n c e . t e r r a c e s can be c o n s t r u c t e d . The to p o g ra p h y m u st be su c h t h a t f a r m a b l e G r a d i e n t t e r r a c e s may b e u s e d o n ly w h e re s u i t a b l e o u t l e t s a r e o r w i l l be made a v a i l a b l e . T errace, le v e l. An e a r t h embankment o r a r i d g e and c h a n n e l co n ­ s t r u c t e d a c ro s s th e s lo p e a t a s u i t a b l e s p a c in g w ith no g ra d e . P urpose; To c o n s e r v e m o i s t u r e , t o c o n t r o l e r o s i o n , and r e d u c e p o l l u t i o n . A p p l i c a b l e ; Only on deep s o i l s t h a t a r e c a p a b l e o f a b s o r b i n g and s t o r i n g e x t r a w a t e r w i t h o u t a p p r e c i a b l e c ro p damage an d i n a r e a s w h e re t h e r a i n f a l l p a t t e r n i s s u c h t h a t s t o r a g e o f r a i n f a l l i n t h e s o i l , r a t h e r t h a n r e m o v a l, i s p r a c ­ t i c a l and d e s i r a b l e . I n c u l t i v a t e d a r e a s t h e to p o g ra p h y m ust be s u c h t h a t fa r m a b le t e r r a c e s c an be c o n s t r u c t e d . T errace, p a r a l l e l . An e a r t h embankment o r a r i d g e and c h a n n e l i n p a r a l l e l c o n s t r u c t e d a c r o s s t h e s l o p e a t a s u i t a b l e s p a c i n g and w i t h an a c c e p ta b le g rad e. P urpose: To r e d u c e e r o s i o n an d p o l l u t i o n , c o n s e r v e m o i s t u r e , and p r o v i d e a m ore f a r m a b l e t e r r a c e s y s te m . m a l l y l i m i t e d t o c r o p l a n d h a v i n g w a t e r e r o s i o n p r o b le m . A p p lic a b le ; Nor­ G ra d ie n t t e r r a c e s may b e u s e d o n ly w h e re s u i t a b l e o u t l e t s a r e o r w i l l be made a v a i l a b l e . L e v e l t e r r a c e s a r e c a p a b l e o f a b s o r b i n g and s t o r i n g e x t r a w a t e r w i t h o u t a p p r e c i a b l e c r o p damage and i n a r e a s w h ere t h e r a i n f a l l p a t t e r n i s s u c h t h a t s t o r a g e o f r a i n f a l l i n t h e s o i l , r a t h e r t h a n re m o v a l i s p r a c t i c a l and d e s i r a b l e . c o n stru c te d . The to p o g r a p h y m u st be s u c h t h a t f a r m a b le t e r r a c e s c an be 149 T re e p l a n t i n g . P la n tin g tr e e s e e d lin g s o r c u ttin g s . P urpose: To e s t a b l i s h o r r e i n f o r c e a s t a n d o f t r e e s t o c o n s e r v e s o i l an d m o i s t u r e ; b e a u t i f y a n a r e a ; p r o t e c t a w a t e r s h e d ; o r p r o d u c e wood c r o p s . A p p lic a b le : I n open f i e l d s , I n u n d e r s t o c k e d w o o d la n d , b e n e a t h l e s s d e s i r a b l e t r e e s p e c i e s , o r on o t h e r a r e a s s u i t a b l e f o r p r o d u c i n g wood c r o p s ; w h ere e r o s i o n c o n t r o l o r w a t e r s h e d p r o t e c t i o n I s n e e d e d ; w here g r e a t e r n a t u r a l b e a u t y i s w a n te d ; o r w here a c o m b in a tio n o f t h e s e i s d e s i r e d . Land Use C o n v e r s io n s C ro p lan d t o g r a s s l a n d . p a s tu re la n d , o r ran g e lan d . A c h an g e i n u s e from c r o p l a n d t o h a y l a n d , R e p o r te d when t h e a c r e a g e i s p l a n t e d , s e e d e d o r o th e rw ise c o n v erted to g r a s s la n d . C ro p la n d t o w o o d la n d . A c h an g e i n u s e from c r o p l a n d t o w o o d la n d . R e p o rte d when t h e a c r e a g e i s p l a n t e d o r s e e d e d f o r u s e a s w o o d la n d . C ro p la n d t o w i l d l i f e - r e c r e a t i o n . A change from c r o p l a n d t o w i l d l i f e - r e c r e a t i o n l a n d e x c l u s i v e l y , and t o m u l t i p l e - u s e l a n d w h ere t h e p r im a r y use is w ild lif e - r e c r e a tio n . R e p o rte d when t h e a c r e a g e i s p r o t e c t e d , p la n te d , d e v elo p ed , o r o th e rw is e e s t a b l i s h e d f o r w i l d l i f e - r e c r e a t i o n . APPENDIX C DESCRIPTION OF VARIABLES USED IN REGRESSION EQUATIONS 15Q APPENDIX C DESCRIPTION OF VARIABLES USED IN REGRESSION EQUATIONS Label D e sc rip tio n CECA C ro p la n d E r o s i o n C o n t r o l A c c o m p lis h m e n ts: Sum o f SCS r e p o r t e d a c r e a g e f o r (1) c ro p r e s i d u e u s e , (2 ) minimum t i l l a g e , (3 ) c o n t o u r f a r m i n g , (4 ) s t r i p c r o p p i n g ( a l l t y p e s ) , and (5 ) l a n d u s e c o n v e r s i o n o f c r o p l a n d t o g r a s s l a n d , w o o d la n d , o r w i l d l i f e - r e c r e a t i o n . 3./ CNE C ro p la n d N e e d in g E r o s i o n C o n t r o l T r e a tm e n t : Sum o f c r o p ­ l a n d a c r e a g e i n t i l l a g e r o t a t i o n n e e d i n g (1) r e s i d u e and a n n u a l c o v e r , C2) s o d i n r o t a t i o n , (3 ) c o n t o u r i n g , (4 ) s t r i p c r o p p i n g , t e r r a c i n g , d i v e r s i o n s , and (5 ) p e rm a n en t c o v e r . 7J CNT C ro p la n d N eeding n e ed in g d ra in a g e COAR County A re a : COOP C o o p e r a t o r s : C u m u la tiv e number o f s o i l c o n s e r v a t i o n d i s t r i c t c o o p e r a t o r s , t o J u n e 3 0 , 1972. \ f CPT C r o p la n d : DRN D ra in a g e N e e d s : s y s te m s . 2/ ENT E r o s i o n N e e d s , T o t a l : Sum o f e r o s i o n c o n t r o l n e ed s f o r c r o p l a n d , p a s t u r e l a n d , and o t h e r l a n d . 2/ GOVTU Government U n i t s : C u m u la tiv e number o f u n i t s o f g o v e rn ­ m ent and t h e i r a g e n c i e s , t o J u n e 3 0 , 1 972. 1 / A l l T r e a t m e n t s : Sum o f c r o p l a n d a c r e s im provem ent and CNE. 7J T o t a l l a n d a r e a o f t h e c o u n ty i n a c r e s . T o t a l c o u n ty c r o p l a n d a c r e a g e . 2/ 2f C ro p la n d a c r e a g e n e e d i n g im proved d r a i n a g e 151 152 LG. * * Log ( b a s e 10) o f c o r r e s p o n d i n g v a r i a b l e . OECA O th e r Land E r o s i o n C o n t r o l A c c o m p lis h m e n ts : a c r e a g e o f c r i t i c a l a r e a t r e a t m e n t . _2/ ONT O th e r Land N eeding T r e a tm e n t : A c re a g e o f o t h e r l a n d n e e d ­ in g c o n s e rv a tio n tr e a tm e n t. 2/ OT O th e r Land: PCH P o p u l a t i o n Change: N u m e ric a l c h an g e I n t o t a l c o u n ty pop­ u l a t i o n , 1960 t o 1970. 3 / PECA P a s t u r e l a n d E r o s i o n C o n t r o l A c c o m p lis h m e n ts: Sum o f SCS r e p o r t e d a c r e a g e f o r Cl) p a s t u r e and h a y l a n d m anagem ent, and (2 ) p a s t u r e an d h a y la n d p l a n t i n g . 1/ PLANS P l a n s : C u m u la tiv e number o f c o n s e r v a t i o n p l a n s p r e p a r e d i n t h e c o u n ty , t o J u n e 3 0 , 197 2. 1 / PNT P a s t u r e l a n d N e e d in g T r e a tm e n t : Sum o f p a s t u r e l a n d a c r e a g e n e e d in g ( 1 ) p r o t e c t i o n o n l y , (2 ) Im provem ent o n l y , (3 ) Im provem ent and b r u s h c o n t r o l , (4 ) r e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o n l y , (5 ) r e e s t a b l i s h m e n t and b r u s h c o n t r o l . 2/ P70 P o p u l a t i o n , 1 970 : PR70 P o p u l a t i o n , R u r a l , 1 970 : r u r a l , 1970. 3 / PT P a stu re la n d : RNFN R a ti o o f N o n - F o r e s t Land N e ed s: d i v i d e d by COAR. 2 / RTN R a t i o o f T o t a l N e ed s: SS S o i l S u rv e y : Dummy v a r i a b l e t o i n d i c a t e p r e s e n c e o r a b s e n c e o f a d e t a i l e d s o i l s u r v e y i n t h e c o u n ty . SS was s e t e q u a l t o o ne i f o n ly t h e f i e l d s u r v e y h a d b e e n c o m p le te d , a s w e l l a s I f t h e c o m p le te d r e p o r t had b e e n p u b l i s h e d . 4 / TIME Time: T o t a l m a n -h o u rs o f SCS t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e tim e c h a r g e d t o t h e c o u n ty f o r p l a n n i n g and a p p l i c a t i o n o f con­ s e r v a t i o n m e a s u re s (SCS f i n a n c i a l p r o j e c t C 0 -0 1 ). I f SCS r e p o r t e d T o t a l c o u n ty a c r e a g e o f o t h e r l a n d . T o t a l c o u n ty p o p u l a t i o n , 1970. If 3/ County p o p u l a t i o n c l a s s i f i e d a s T o t a l c o u n ty a c r e a g e o f p a s t u r e l a n d . 2/ Sum o f CNT, PNT, and ONT V alue o f TNT d i v i d e d by COAR. 7j 153 TNT T o t a l A c re a g e N e e d in g T r e a tm e n t : Sum o f CNTt PNT, ONT and f o r e s t la n d a c re a g e n e ed in g tr e a tm e n t. 2j UBT Urban and B u i l t - u p A r e a : and b u i l t - u p l a n d . 7Lf VAPS V alue o f A g r i c u l t u r a l P r o d u c t s S o l d : County a v e r a g e p e r farm m a r k e t v a l u e o f a l l a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s s o l d , 1969. 5 / T o t a l c o u n ty a c r e a g e o f u r b a n — A nnual Summary o f Time and P r o g r e s s R e p o r t s , 1972 F i s c a l Y e a r ( u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a i n f i l e s o f t h e S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , E a s t L a n s in g , M i c h ig a n ) . 2 / M ic h ig a n S t a t e C o n s e r v a t i o n Needs I n v e n t o r y C om m ittee, M ic h ig a n — C o n s e r v a t i o n Needs I n v e n t o r y ( E a s t L a n s i n g , 1 9 7 0 ) . 3 / M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , G ra d u a te S c h o o l o f B u s i n e s s A dm inis­ — t r a t i o n , D i v i s i o n o f R e s e a r c h , M ic h ig a n S t a t i s t i c a l A b s t r a c t ( E a s t L a n s in g , 1 9 7 2 ) , T a b le 1 - 7 , p a g e s 3 8 -4 1 . 4 / S t a t u s o f S o i l S u rv e y s i n M ic h ig a n ( u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a i n f i l e s o f — t h e S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , E a s t L a n s in g , M ic h ig a n ) . 5/ — U .S. B u re au o f t h e C e n su s, Census o f A g r i c u l t u r e , 1 9 6 9 . Volume 1 , A rea R e p o r t s , P a r t 1 3 , M ic h ig a n S e c t i o n 2 , County D a ta (W a sh in g to n : U.S. Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 7 2 ) , T a b le 4 . APPENDIX D EROSION REDUCTION TABLES FOR SELECTED COUNTIES IN LAND RESOURCE AREA 98 154 APPENDIX TABLE I.— ESTIMATED AVERAGE ANNUAL SO IL LOSS AND EROSION REDUCTION PER ACRE FOR F IV E CROPLAND TREATMENT _______________________CA tEGQPl E S i. 3T _L R N D .C A g A |filLlIT-C L A S S j—ET_CQl)NIT, _LAND_RESOUACF.- AREA-93____________________________ cropland treatment category L»CE_R£S1M-US£_- HIHMUH.HH.AfiE________ CQHlQUaitiC__________ STRIPCROPPING permanent CovEft SOIL LOSS CONDITION 1/ CQUSIX. ICC______SO____HI___ EEEO______HI____ Hl_. ERED BARRT _NT . WT FRED ■_ NT____HI___EREQ______NT WT FRFP TONS PER ACRE I 1*03 0.8 2 0 .2 1 1.03 0.57 0 .6 6 1.03 0 .6 1 0.62 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0*0 o .o 0 .0 HE 3.11 2 .6 6 0 .6 5 3.1 1 1.73 1.3 8 3.11 1.23 1.80 3 .1 1 0 .6 1 2 .5 0 3 .1 1 0.1 7 2 .9 6 IIW 1.26 1.00 0 .2 6 1.26 0 . TO 0 .5 6 1 .2 6 0 .5 0 0 .7 6 1 .2 6 0 .2 5 1.01 1 .2 6 0 .0 7 1.19 IIS 1.77 1 .0 0 0 .2 7 1.27 0 .7 0 0 .5 7 1.27 0 .5 0 0 .7 7 1.27 0 .2 5 1 .0 2 1.27 0 .0 7 1 .2 0 h ie 8 .3 0 6 .5 7 1.73 B.30 6 .6 3 3 .6 7 8 .3 0 3 .9 6 6 .3 6 8 .3 0 1 .9 7 6 .3 3 6 .3 0 0 .5 5 7 .7 5 H im 2 .0 1 1 .5 9 0 .6 2 2.01 1.12 0 .8 9 2.01 0 .7 9 1.22 2 .0 1 0 .3 9 1.62 2 .0 1 0.11 1 .9 0 h is 1.27 1.00 0 .2 7 1.27 0 .7 0 0 .5 7 1 .2 7 0 .5 0 0.7 7 1.2 7 0 .2 5 1 .0 2 1 .2 7 0.0 7 1.20 16.98 1 3 .6 6 3 .5 6 1 6 .9 0 9 .6 8 7 .5 0 16.98 10.75 6 .2 3 I6>9a 5 .3 7 11.61 16 .9 8 IVE l . S l 15.67 tv* 1.59 1.26 0 .3 3 1 .5 9 0 .8 9 0 .7 0 1 .5 9 0.6 3 0 .9 6 1.5 9 0 .3 1 1.28 1 .5 9 0.0 8 1.51 ivs 1.27 1 .0 0 0 .2 7 1.27 0 .7 0 0 .5 7 1 .2 7 0 .5 0 0 .7 7 1 .2 7 0.2 5 1 .0 2 1.27 0 .0 7 1 .2 0 V IE 5.8 9 5.6 3 0 .6 6 5.8 9 3.81 2 .0 8 5 .0 9 6 .3 6 1.55 5 .8 9 2 .1 7 3 .7 2 5 .8 9 0 .6 1 5.28 V IS 0 .6 7 0 .6 2 0 .0 5 0 .6 7 0 .6 3 0 .2 6 0.67 0 .3 1 0 .3 6 0 .6 7 0 .1 6 0 .5 1 0 .6 7 0 .0 6 0 .6 3 11.23 10.35 0. SB 11.23 7.26 3 .9 7 11.23 9 .3 1 1 .92 11 .2 3 6 .6 6 6 .5 7 11 .2 3 1.31 9 .9 2 0.21 2 .7 0 1 .7 5 0 .9 5 2 .7 0 1.99 0 .71 2 .7 0 1 .0 0 1 .7 0 2 .7 0 0 .2 8 2 .6 2 VI IE VIIS 2 .7 0 2 .6 9 S E E F O O T N O T E S AT END OF T A B L E A P P F N O U L I A E L E 1 . — CQNT IN U E O cropland treatment category CROP RESIOLIF-USE M IN IMUM TILLAGE_________ CatlIflJRl>IG___________SISIPCRCPP1HG______ PE&2AMEMT. CQyEH SOIL LOSS CONDITION 1/ LCUHU. ICC NT____ Ml____EREO NT HT ERED . MI____ EHED______Ml____ Ml___EREO______M l-.. NT Ml___EfiEQ TONS per ACRE BRANCH 1 6 .6 9 3 .3 7 1.12 6 .6 9 2 .2 6 2 .2 5 6 .6 9 1 .6 8 2.81 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0*0 o .o 0 .0 IIE 3.11 2.6 6 0 .6 5 3 .1 1 I . 73 1 .3 8 3.11 1.23 1.8 3 3.11 0 .6 1 2 .5 0 3 .1 1 0 .1 7 2 .9 6 MM 1.26 1.00 0 .2 6 1 .2 6 0 .7 0 0 .5 6 1.26 0 .5 0 0.7 6 1.26 0*25 1.01 1.26 0 .0 7 1.19 IIS 1.27 1.00 0 .2 7 1.27 0 .7 0 0 .5 7 1.27 0 .5 0 0 .7 7 1 .2 7 0 .2 5 1.02 1 .2 7 0 .0 7 1.20 IME 8 .3 0 6.57 1.73 B.30 6 .6 3 3 .6 7 6 .3 0 3 .9 6 6 .3 6 8 .3 0 1 .9 7 6 .3 3 8 .3 0 0 .3 5 7 .7 5 MIW 2 .0 1 1.59 0.6 2 2.01 1.12 0 .6 9 2 .0 1 0 .7 9 1.22 2.01 0 .3 9 1.6 2 2 .0 1 0.11 1 .9 0 IMS 1*27 1.00 0 .2 7 1.27 0*70 0 .5 7 1.27 0 .5 0 0.7 7 1 .27 0 .2 5 1 .0 2 1 .2 7 0 .0 7 1.2 0 16.98 13 .66 3 .5 6 16.98 9 .6 3 7 .5 0 16.98 10.75 6 .2 3 16.98 5 .3 7 11.61 16.98 IVE 1.91 13 .6 7 I YU 1-59 1.26 0.3 3 1.59 0 .8 9 0 .7 0 1.59 0.63 0.96 1 .5 9 0 .3 1 1.2 8 1 .5 9 0 .0 8 1.51 IVS 1.27 1.90 0 .2 7 1.27 0 .7 0 0 .5 7 1.27 0 .5 0 0.7 7 1.27 0 .2 5 1.02 1.27 0.0 7 1.20 VIE 5 .8 9 5 .6 3 0.6 6 5.8 9 3.81 2 .0 8 5 .8 9 6.3 6 1.53 5 .8 9 2 .1 7 3*72 5 .6 9 0.61 5 .2 8 VIS 0 .6 7 0 .6 2 0.05 0 .6 7 0 .6 3 0 .2 6 0.6 7 0 .3 1 0 .3 6 0 .6 7 0 .1 6 0 .5 1 0 .6 7 0 .0 6 0 .6 3 11.2 3 10.35 0.88 tl.2 3 7.26 3 .9 7 1 1.2 3 9*31 1.92 11 .2 3 6 .6 6 6 .5 7 11.23 1.31 9.9 2 2 .6 9 0 .2 1 2 .7 0 1.75 0 .9 3 2 .7 0 1.99 0 .7 1 2 .7 0 1 .0 0 1 .7 0 2 .7 0 0 .2 8 2 .6 2 VttE viis 2 .7 0 S E E FO O T N O T E S AT END OF T A B L E *OPEn P U U B L F 1 * — CONT tN U F O CROPLAND TREATMENT CATEGORY CRCP-_fiESiCUF USF H IN lH u t* TILLAGE_________ CQMTOURlttS____________ S T R IP C R O P P IN G -. PERHANENI_CQYFR SO IL LOSS CONDITION 1 / COUHtY.- LCC NT Ml EE£Q ai Nl Ea£B HI Ml FRFn NT HT ER£D NT - NT___ TONS PER ACRE genesee I 4 .4 9 3 .3 7 1.12 4 .4 4 2 .2 4 2.2 5 ♦ .4 9 1 .68 2.81 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 HE 7.7 # 6 .2 2 1 .5 6 7 .7 6 5 .1 6 2 .6 0 7 .7 8 3 . It 4 .6 7 7 .7 8 1 .5 5 6 .2 3 7 .7 8 0 .5 1 7 .2 7 II* 3 .1 7 2 .5 3 0 .6 4 3.17 2.11 1 .0 6 3.17 1*26 1.91 3 .1 7 0 .6 3 2 .5 4 3 .1 7 0 .2 1 2 .9 6 IIS I . 27 1.00 0 .2 7 1.27 0 .7 0 0 .5 7 1.27 0 .5 0 0 .7 7 1 .2 7 0 .2 5 1 .0 2 1.27 0 .0 7 1 .2 0 20.76 16.61 4 .1 5 20 .7 6 13.84 6 .9 2 20 .7 6 9 .9 6 10.80 20 .7 6 4 .9 8 15.78 2 0 .7 6 l.M 19.10 h ie IHW S. 04 4 .0 3 1.01 5 .0 4 3 .3 6 1 .6 6 5 .0 4 2 .0 1 3 .0 3 5 .0 4 1 .0 0 4 .0 4 5 .0 4 0 .3 3 4 .7 1 It IS 1.27 1.00 0 .2 7 1.27 0 .7 0 0.5 7 1 .2 7 0 .5 0 0 .7 7 1.27 0 .2 5 1.02 1 .2 7 0 .0 7 1 .2 0 4 2 .4 5 3 3 .9 6 0.49 4 2 .4 5 13.50 20.07 4 2 .4 5 WE 4 2 .4 5 2 6 .3 0 14.15 4 2 .4 5 2 7 .1 7 15.28 4 .5 2 3 7 .9 3 IVK 3 .9 9 3 .1 9 0 .8 0 3.99 2.66 1.33 3 .9 9 1.59 2 .4 0 3 .9 9 0 .7 9 3 .2 0 3 .9 9 0 .2 6 3.73 I vs 1.27 1.00 0 .2 7 1.27 0 .7 0 0 .5 7 1 .2 7 0*50 0 .7 7 1.27 0 .2 5 1.02 1.27 0 .0 7 1 .20 VIE 5 .6 9 5 .4 3 0 .4 6 5 .6 9 3.81 2 .0 8 5 .8 9 4 . 34 1.55 5 -8 9 2 .1 7 3 .7 2 5 .8 9 0.61 5 .2 8 VIS 0.67 0 .6 2 0 .0 5 0 .6 7 0 .4 3 0 .2 4 0 .6 7 0 .3 1 0 .3 6 0 .6 7 0 .1 6 0*51 0 .6 7 0 .0 4 0 .6 3 11.23 10.35 0 .0 6 11.23 7. 26 3 .9 7 11.23 9 .3 1 1.92 11.23 4 .6 6 6 .5 7 1 1.2 3 1 .31 9.92 0.21 2 .7 0 1.75 0 .9 5 2 .7 0 1 .9 9 0 .71 2 .7 0 1.00 1 .7 0 2 .7 0 0 .2 8 2 .4 2 VUE VMS 2 .7 0 2 .4 9 S E E F O O T N O T E S AT EN D OF T A B L E jPpSNPU T A E L £ .l> = z C g « m i£ a Cr o p l a n d CflPE-flEUDUS.USE treatm ent category “ I H I f iH f lJ U U & f if ________CQHieiaiHD__________ SIflIE£Sfl££IHfi_______ PERMANENT cover SOIL LOSS CONDITION 1 / vQUHIL. JJ1C HI MT ERSP ’IT H I— E3ED G°ATIQT HI MT ER ED HI MI FRED NT HT EREO TONS PER ACRE t 6 .6 9 3 .3 7 1.12 6 .6 9 2 .2 6 2 .2 5 6 .6 9 1.68 2.81 0*0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 HE 7.7 e fa.22 1.56 7 .7 8 5.18 2 .0 0 7 .7 8 3.11 6. 67 7 .7 8 1 .5 5 6 .2 3 7 .7 8 0.51 7.27 IIM 3 .1 7 2 .5 3 0*66 3.1 7 2.11 1 .0 6 3.1 7 1.26 1.91 3 .1 7 0 .6 j 2 .5 6 3.1 7 0 .2 1 2 .9 6 IIS 1.27 1.00 0.2 ? 1.2 7 0 .7 0 0 .5 7 1.27 0 .5 0 0.77 1 .2 7 0 .2 5 1.02 1 .2 7 0 .0 7 1.20 20.76 16.61 6.1 5 2 0.7 6 13.06 6 .9 2 20.76 9 .9 6 10.80 20 .7 6 6 .9 8 15. 78 20.76 II !6 1.66 19.10 IIIW S . 06 6.0 3 1.01 5 .0 6 3.36 1.68 5 .0 6 2.01 3 .0 3 5 .0 6 1 .0 0 6 .0 6 5 .0 6 0 .3 3 6.7 1 m s 1.27 1.00 0.2 7 1.27 0 .7 0 0 .5 7 1.27 0 .5 0 0 .7 7 1 .2 7 0 .2 5 1.C2 1 .2 7 0 .0 7 1.2 0 6 2 .6 5 33.96 8,69 6 2 .6 5 13.53 28.87 6 2 .6 5 IVE 62 .6 5 2 9 .3 0 16.15 62 .6 5 2 7 .1 7 15.28 6 .5 2 37 .9 3 IVW 3.90 3.1 9 O.SO 3.99 2 .6 6 1.33 3-99 1.59 2 .6 0 3 .9 9 0 .7 9 3.20 3 .9 9 0 .2 6 3.73 iv s 1.27 1.00 0 .2 7 1.27 0.7 0 0 .5 7 1.27 0.5 0 0 .7 7 1 .2 7 0 .2 5 1.02 1.27 0 .0 7 1*20 VIE 5 . 69 5.63 0 .6 6 5.6 9 3.81 2 .0 8 5*89 6 .3 6 1 .5 5 5 .8 9 2 .1 7 3.72 5 .8 9 0 .6 1 5 .2 8 VIS 0 .6 7 0.62 0 .0 5 0.6 7 0 .6 3 0 .2 6 0 .6 7 0.31 0 .3 6 0.6 7 0 .1 6 0-51 0 .6 7 0 .0 6 0 .6 3 11.23 10.35 o .a e 11.23 7.26 3 .9 7 11.23 9 .3 1 1.92 11.23 6 .6 6 6 .5 7 11.23 1.31 9 .9 2 2 .6 9 0*21 2.7 0 1.75 0 .9 5 2 .7 0 1.99 0.71 2 .7 0 1.00 1 .7 0 2 .7 0 0 .2 8 2 .6 2 VI IE V11 s 2 .7 0 S E E F O O T N O T E S AT END OF TA B LE A g g £ * j 2 1 X ..T A flL E _ L . — C O N T IN U E D . CROPLAND TREATMENT CATEGORY CRflP RESIDUE USF MINI HUM T1LLA0F_________ CQMIDLIILLNG____________ SljUKCSSEPINS----------------------------------- COYER SO IL LOSS CONDITION 1 / CHUSTY________ tfT . NT WT ERED NT_ ht freO _______NT____ HI___EBED______HI____HI___EE£U______ til------Hi. m a sh ten a m to ns a cre I 4 .4 9 3 .37 1.12 4 .4 9 2 .2 4 2 .2 5 4.49 1.68 2 .8 1 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 o .o 0 .0 HE 3.11 2 .4 6 0.65 3 .1 1 1.73 1.38 3.11 1.23 1.88 3 .1 1 0 .6 1 2.5 0 3.11 0 .1 7 2 .9 4 IIM 3.17 2 .5 3 0 .6 4 3 .1 7 2.11 1.06 3.17 1.26 1.91 3 .17 0 .6 3 2 .5 4 3.17 0.21 2 .9 6 IIS 1.27 1.00 0 .2 7 1 .2 7 0 .7 0 0 .5 7 1.27 0 .50 0.77 1 .2 7 0 .2 5 1 .0 2 1.27 0 .0 7 1.20 H IE 8 .3 0 6 .5 7 1.73 8 .3 0 4 .6 3 3.6 7 8 .3 0 3 .9 4 4 .3 6 8 .3 0 1 .9 7 6 .3 3 8 .3 0 0.5 5 7 .7 5 him 5 .0 4 4 .0 3 1.01 5 .0 4 3 .3 6 1.6 8 5 .0 4 2.01 3 .0 3 5 .0 4 1.00 4 .0 4 5 .0 4 0.3 3 4 .7 1 IM S 1.27 1 .0 0 0 .2 7 1.27 0.7 0 0 .5 7 1.27 0 .5 0 0 .7 7 1.27 0.2 5 1.02 1.27 0 .0 7 1 .2 0 1 6 . 9B 13.44 3.54 16.98 9.4B 7 .5 0 16,98 10.75 6.2 3 16.98 5 .3 7 11.61 16.98 IVE 1.51 15.47 IVU 3.99 3 .1 9 0.8 0 3.99 2 .6 6 1.33 3 .9 9 1.59 2 .4 0 3 .9 9 0 .7 9 3.20 3 .9 9 0 .2 6 3 .73 IVS 1.27 1.00 0.2 7 1.27 0 .7 0 0 .5 7 1.27 0 .5 0 0 .7 7 1.27 0 .2 5 1.02 1.27 0 .0 7 1.20 V IE 5 . 89 5.43 0 .4 6 5.89 3.81 2 .0 8 5 .8 9 4 .3 4 1 .5 5 5.8 9 2 .1 7 3.72 5.89 0.61 5.28 V is 0 .6 7 0 .6 2 0.05 0 .6 7 0 .4 3 0 .2 4 0 .6 7 0.31 0.3 6 0 .6 7 0 .1 6 0.51 0 .6 7 0 .0 4 0 .6 3 11.23 10.35 0>88 11.23 7.26 3.97 11.23 9 .3 1 1.92 11.23 4 .6 6 6 .5 7 11 .23 1.31 9.92 0.21 2.7 0 1.75 0 .9 5 2 .7 0 1.99 0 .7 1 2 .7 0 1 .0 0 1.7 0 2.70 0.28 2 .4 2 V11E V I IS :/ per ERED 2 .7 0 2 .4 9 N i l NO TREATMENT* MT: KITH TREATMENT* Er EOj EROSION REDUCTION DUE TO TREATMENT. STRIPCROPPING OR PERMANENT COVER ON CLASS I LAND MERE NOT INCLUDED IN THE DATA. SOURCE* COMPUTED FROM UNPUBLISHED DATA PROVIDED 9Y THE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE. SO IL LOSS ESTIMATES FOR APPENDIX TABLF 2 . - - D I S T R I 3 U H QN CF CROPLAND EBPSIQN CONTROL NEEDS AMCNG LAND C A P A B ILIT Y CLASSES, BY TREATMENT NEED i - R 20 -ULUlXlii.LflBL: TREATMENT NEED CATEGORY .L£C___ BARRY RESIDUE ANn _A^^U1L_CCVE2._LZ„,, ..................CCtJLOUEItG................ ACRES I 0. PERCENT 0 .0 ACRES 0. PERCENT 0 .0 ACRES 0. PERCENT ACRES PERCENT 0 .0 0. 0 .0 5 0 .0 0 0. 0 .0 HE 17955. 3 2 .9 6 2623. IIW 13896. 2 0 .3 3 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 IIS 6C5. 1 .11 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 10655. 1 9.63 807. 5 0 .0 0 0. 0 .0 IIIW 121 3 . 2 .2 2 0. H IS 3027. 5 .5 6 807. IVF 7466. 1 3 .7 0 IVW 0. IVS iiie 6 1 .9 1 ______ Efc&MaiESIT.CQ*£a 1 9 .0 5 404. 404. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 1 9 .0 5 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 2421. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 807. 1 .4 8 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 VIE 1211. 2 .2 2 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 1615. VIS 232. 3 .3 7 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 0. VHE 40*,. 0 .7 4 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 1 413. V I1 s 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 0. TOTAL 5*4 82. SEE FOOTNOTES AT END OF TABLE to o .n o 4237. 1 0 3 .0 0 BOB. 1 0 3 .0 0 5 449. 4 4 .4 3 2 9 .6 4 0 .0 2 5 .9 3 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 0 *EE£tEJ3_IAaLE.2.=--CamiNUEa TREATMENT NEEC CATEGORY RESIDUE AND .Lie________ lti^U4L_CEiE£_LZ____ 1 0. PERCENT 0 .0 CO ACRES BRANCH H I2E a n . .LCiilCUmGACRES PERCENT _5ILL££il££BIL ACRES . PERCENT .EE&SACOI-CmEfl ACRES PERCENT 1 0 0 .0 0 2192. 2 4 .3 9 . 0. 0. 0. 0 5042. 5 6 .1 0 0 . 0.0 . 0.0 0.0 0 . 0.0 1 9.51 0 . 0.0 0 . 8765. ITU 16442. 2 6 .6 3 IIS 24334. 3 9 .3 6 0 11 IE 0. 0. 0 0 IIIW 635e. 1 0 .2 9 . 0. m s 5515. 9 .5 7 IVF IVW 0. n IVS 438. 0.0 0 0 . 1754. 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 . 0.0 0 . 0,0 0. 0. 0 0 . 0.0 0. 0.0 0.0 0* 0.0 0 . 0.0 0. 0.0 0 .0 0 . 0.0 0 . 0.0 0. 0.0 0. 0 .0 0 0.0 0 . 0. 0 0 . 0.0 VIF 0. 0 .3 . 0. 0.0 0 . 0.0 0. 0.0 VIS c. 0 .0 0 0.0 0.0 0 VI IE c. 0 .0 0 0.0 . 0. V1IS c. 0 .0 0.0 0 TOTAL 61822. SFE FOOTNOTES AT END OF TABLE IC O .03 . . 0. 438. 1 0 0 .0 0 0 . 8988. 0.0 . 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 1 00.00 0 . 0.0 0.0 0.0 161 I IF 0.0 i £ E f ^ i a _ r A a L £ _ z l rzC O siiinu£Q ______________ TREATMENT NEFO CATEGORY RESIDUE AND ICU till_______ ICC_________ mMiaL-CDSEE-U ACRES PERCENT CONT CURING________________ S ISl££ilE£_W G _____________ E ta H 4 ! M _ C Q iE R ACRES PERCENT ACRES PERCENT ACRES PERCENT 0 .0 0* 0 *0 0* 0.0 0 . 0.0 976C. 2 8 .5 7 0• 0*0 0* 0.0 0 . 0.0 IIW 15483. 4 5 .3 3 152. 1 0 0 .0 0 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 IIS 0. I ne C. 0 .0 0 . 0.0 0 . 0.0 0 . 0.0 1022. 2 .4 9 0. 0 .0 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 HIM 3249. 9 .5 1 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 IIIS 112 8. 3 .3 0 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 0 . 0 0 IVF 3 23. 0. 95 0. 0.0 0. 0 .0 10ft. IVW 431. 1 .2 6 0* 0.0 0. 0.0 0. G.0 IVS 2 410. 7 .0 6 0. 0.0 o. 0.0 0. 0.0 VIE 0 0 .0 0. 0*0 0. 0*0 0 . 0.0 VIS 351. 1 .0 3 0 . 0.0 0 . 0.0 0 . 0.0 . . 100.00 VI IF C. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 VIIS 0 . 0 .0 0. 0 .0 0. 0.0 0 . 0.0 1 0 0 .0 0 0. 0 .0 TOTAL 3415b* 5FF FOOTNOTES AT END OF TABLE 1 0 3 .0 0 152. 1 06. 1 0 0 .0 0 162 II IE ££Ef!JIIJI_IAflL£-2*==Ca!ai.SU&!l treathent RESI DUE NEFC CATEGORY AND amix_______ LCC__________ lHSUiL_LDS(E£.U_____________ CQ£iLai£liiG_______________ MRIPCP.ie£iilG____________ E£B.!31UEiiI_C2i£B ACRES C. I PERCENT ACRES PERCENT ACRES 0.0 0. 0.0 0. PERCENT ACRES PERCENT 0.0 0. 0.0 7.15 0. 0.0 I IF 3 05 8. 2.55 0. 0.0 20A. ITW 7 6 6 5 7. 75.05 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 0.0 IIS 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 0. h ie 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 2 0 A. 10.56 0. 0.0 111 w 18561. 22A3 * 100.00 70.56 0. 0*0 0.0 0. 0.0 1A.29 0. 0.0 IIIS 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 0. IVE It 0.0 0. 0.0 aob. IVW 2AA7. 2 . AO 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 1VS 1020. 1.00 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 VIE 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 0. O .J VI S C. 0. 0 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 0.0 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 0. 0.0 0.0 0. 3.0 0. 3.0 0. 0.3 100.00 0. 0.0 2855. VI IE V II s TOTAL 0. 10 21 A3. SEE FOOTNOTES AT END OF TABLE 100.30 2 0 A. 100.00 TREATMENT NEFC CATFGCRY R E S I D L F AND WAS HTENAW ACRES C. I PERCENT ACRES PERCENT ACRES 0 .0 0. 0 .0 0. PERCENT ACRES PERCENT 0 .0 0. 0 .0 I IF 20SC4. 3 3 .7 0 0. 0 .0 1799. 4 0 .0 0 0. 0 .0 IIW 9850. 1 5 .9 4 0. 0 .0 450. 1 0 .0 1 0. 0 .0 IIS 450. 0 ,7 3 0. 0 .0 225. 5 .0 0 0. 0 .0 iie 854,1. 1 3 .7 7 675. 4 2 .8 6 1798. 3 9 .9 8 0. 0 .0 HIM 8317. 13.41 0. 0 .0 225. 5 .0 0 0. 0 .3 ins 7642. 1 2 .3 2 225. 1 4 .2 9 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 IVF 2473. 3 .9 9 225. 1 4 .2 9 0. 0 .0 2 25. IVW 1 798. 2.90 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 IVS 1349. 2 .1 7 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 VIE 674. 1 .0 9 450. 2 8 .5 7 0. 0 .0 8 99. VIS C. 0.0 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 VIIE C. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 VIIS 0. 0 .0 0. 0 .0 0. 9 .0 0. 0 .0 i TOTAL 6233 8. 1 3 9 .9 9 1575. 1 0 9 .0 0 4497. 1 0 0 .0 0 1 / CORRESPONDS TO BOTH CROP RESIDUE USE AND MINIMUM TILLAGE PRACTICES. SGUPCE: COMPUTED FROM MICHIGAN CONSERVATION NEEDS INVENTORY, 1 9 6 7 , TABLE 5, P P . 5 7 - 7 3 . 1 124. 2 3 .0 2 7 9 .9 8 1 0 0 .0 0 APPENDIX TABLE 3 . — WEIGHTED AVERAGE ANNUAL EROSICN REDUCTION PER ACRE FOR FIVE CROPLAND TREATHENT It-lAtIQ-BESPU5CE-aEfi,9B________ CROPLAND TREATMENT CATEGORY LCC _ CROP .RESIDUE USE .. MINIMUM TILLAGE BARRY . CONTOURING _ STRIPCROPPING . . . . PERMEnEN COVER tons p e r acre 0-0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 HE 0 .2 1 0 .4 5 1 .1 6 1 .2 5 0 .0 IIW 0*05 0 .1 1 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 ns 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 me 0. 34 0 .7 2 0 .8 3 3 .1 6 0 .0 mw Q.QI 0 .0 2 0 .0 o.o 0 .0 ms 0 .0 2 0 .0 3 0 .1 5 0 .0 0 .0 IVE 0 .4 8 1 .0 3 o.o 0 .0 6 .8 7 ]VW 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 tVS 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 0 .0 0 .0 0-0 VIE 0 .0 1 0 .0 5 0 .0 O 1 .5 6 VIS 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 VUE 0 .0 1 0 .0 3 0 .0 0 .0 2-57 VI is 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 total 1 .1 4 2 .4 6 2*14 4 .4 1 ll.O l o I • CROPLAND TREATMENT CATEGORY CROP MINIMUM S TR IP PERMANENT ------------ a£iIOU£_USE---------------- ULLAGE-------------- CQHIQUaiUO________CAPERING____________COVER co u n ty BRANCH tons p e r acre I 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 o .o 0 .0 iie 0 .0 9 0 .2 0 1.8B 0 .6 1 0 .0 llM 0 .0 7 0 .1 5 0 .0 0 .5 7 0 .0 US 0 .1 1 0 .2 2 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 THE 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 .2 3 0 .0 11IW 0 .0 4 0 .0 9 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 Ills 0 .0 3 0 .0 5 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 IV6 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 IVH 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 TVS 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 VIE 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 VIS 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 O.o V I IE 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 V IIS 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 TOTAL 0 .3 4 0 .7 2 l.s a 2 .4 1 0 .0 AEPEMPIX TABLE..3»7-CQtillNVEfl. CROPLAND TREATMENT CATEGORY county LCC CROP MINIMUM STRIPPERMENENT RES1CUE-USE_________ IILLflfifi________ CQMlQURlttS________ tEQREIUG____________CflMEB.. GENESEE TONS PER ACRE I 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 HE 0.45 0.74 0.0 0.0 0*0 I IW 0.29 0.46 1.91 0.0 0.0 US 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 HIE 0.12 0.21 0.0 0.0 O.o 11 IW 0.10 Q. 16 0.0 0.0 0.0 ins 0.01 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.0 IVE 0.03 0.13 o.o 0.0 37,93 IVH 0.01 0.02 0.0 o.o 0.0 IVS 0.02 0»04 0.0 0.0 0.0 VIE o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 VIS 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 VUE 0.0 0.0 o.o 0.0 0.0 VMS 0.0 0.0 o • o 0.0 0 .0 TOTAL 1.03 1.80 0 .0 37*93 1.91 AEE£iiEl>Ll4SlE a»==CCKIlHUED. CROPLAND TREATMENT CATEGORY CROP Cfllttl*.. JLLSL ■EE1IPUE -USE. HINIHUH STRIP— PERMENENT .TiuacE. GRATIOT TONS PER ACRE I 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 I tE 0 .0 5 0 .0 8 0 .0 0 .4 5 0 .0 nw 0 .4 8 0 .8 0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 IIS 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 h ie 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 9 .1 0 IIIW 0 .1 9 0 .3 1 o .o 3 .1 7 0 .0 n is 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 IVE 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 * .1 3 0 .0 IVH 0 .0 2 0 .0 3 0*0 0 .0 0 .0 I VS 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 VIE 0 .0 o .o o.o 0 .0 0 .0 vis 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 o .o o .o VIIE 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 O.o viis 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 total 0 .7 4 1 .2 2 0 .0 7*74 1 9 .1 0 HEEKnwin CROPLAND TREATMENT CATEGORY CQUNIY ...___ LCC _ _ CROP RESIDUE USE _ MINIMUM ULLAGE WASHTENAW CONTOURING _ STRIPCRQPR1NG PERHENENT COVFR TONS PER ACRE I 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 he 0 .2 2 0 .4 7 0 .0 1 .0 0 0 .0 iiw 0 .1 0 0 .1 7 0 .0 0 .2 5 0 .0 us 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 .0 5 0 .0 H IE 0 .2 4 0 .5 1 1 .8 7 2 .5 3 0 .0 I I Iw 0 .1 4 0 .2 3 0 .0 0 .2 0 0 .0 It Is 0 .0 3 0 .0 7 o.ll 0 .0 0 .0 IVE • o 0 .3 0 0 .8 9 0 .0 3 .1 0 I VH 0 .0 2 0 .0 4 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 IVS 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .3 0 .0 0 .0 VIE 0 .0 1 0 .0 2 0 .4 4 0 .0 4 .2 2 VIS 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 Vi IE 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 VIIS 0 .0 o.o 0 .0 o.o 0 .0 total 0 .9 1 1.81 3.31 4 .0 4 7 .3 2