INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a m icrofilm copy of th e original do cu m en t. While the m ost advanced technological m eans to photograph and reproduce this docu m en t have been used, th e quality is heavily d ep en d en t upon th e quality of th e original subm itted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1 .T h e sign or " ta rg e t” for pages apparently lacking from th e docum ent photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain th e missing page(s) or section, they are spliced in to th e film along w ith adjacent pages. This m ay have necessitated cu ttin g th ru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you com plete co n tin u ity . 2. 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Silver prints of "p h o to g rap h s" may be ordered a t additional charge by writing th e O rder D epartm ent, giving th e catalog num ber, title, au th o r and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Som e pages m ay have ind istin ct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 3 0 0 N orth Z e e b R oad A nn A rbor, M ic h ig a n 48106 RADCLIFFE, K atherin e Ann, 1940A STUDY OF ATTRITION FROM THE TEACHING PROFESSION OF MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATES WHO TAUGHT IN MICHIGAN PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN 1972-73, BUT NOT IN 1973-74. Michigan S t a t e U n iv e r s ity , Ph.D ., 1975 E ducation, cu rriculu m and i n s t r u c t i o n Xerox University Microfilms , C o p y r i g h t by KATHERINE ANN RADCLIFFE 1 9 75 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 A STUDY OP ATTRITION FROM THE TEACHING PROFESSION OF MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATES WHO TAUGHT IN MICHIGAN PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN 1 9 7 2 - 7 3 , BUT NOT IN 1 9 7 3 - 7 ^ By K a t h e r i n e A. R a d c l i f f e A DISSERTATION S u b m itte d to M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e re q u ire m e n ts fo r th e d eg ree o f DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY D e p artm en t o f S e c o n d a ry E d u c a tio n and C u rric u lu m C o lle g e o f E d u c a tio n 19 75 ABSTRACT A STUDY OF ATTRITION FROM THE TEACHING PROFESSION OF MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATES WHO TAUGHT IN MICHIGAN PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN 1 9 7 2 - 7 3 , BUT NOT IN 1973-7** By K a t h e r i n e A, R a d c l i f f e P u rp o se o f th e S tu d y The p u r p o s e o f t h i s s t u d y w as t o i d e n t i f y and com pare re a so n s f o r le a v in g th e te a c h in g p ro fe s s io n , p ro fe ssio n a l a ttitu d e s ty p e s o f v a r i a b l e s . and t o com pare o f f o r m e r t e a c h e r s b e tw e e n c e r t a i n The s t u d y a l s o a t t e m p t e d t o r e p o r t t h e im p r e s s io n s o f t h e s e t e a c h e r s to w a rd t h e i r t e a c h e r - p r e p a r a tio n a t M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y i n t e r m s o f s t r e n g t h s an d w eak n esses o f th e p ro g ram . D e sig n and A n a ly s is P ro c e d u re A f o l l o w - u p s t u d y was c o n d u c t e d by s e l e c t i n g a ra n d o m s a m p l e fr o m M i c h i g a n ’ s S t a t e B o a rd o f E d u c a t i o n P e r s o n n e l R e g i s t e r o f M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y g r a d u a t e s who t a u g h t i n M ic h ig a n P u b l i c S c h o o ls i n 1 9 7 2 -7 3 , b u t n o t i n 1973-7**. A f o u r - p a g e q u e s t i o n n a i r e w as m a i l e d t o e a c h p e r s o n i n t h e s a m p l e f o r whom a c u r r e n t a d d r e s s c o u l d be o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y A lu m n i O f f i c e . A six ty -n in e K a t h e r in e R a d c l i f f e p e r c e n t r e t u r n w as r e a l i z e d from t h e se q u e n c e o f m a i l in g s . I n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w as c r o s s - t a b u l a t e d a n d p ro g ra m m e d f u r t h e r f o r t h e t e s t i n g la tin g to a tt r it i o n , o f tw e lv e h y p o th e s e s r e ­ p ro fe ssio n a l a ttitu d e s o f fo rm er te a c h e rs and o v e r a l l jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n d e r i v e d fro m t e a c h i n g . a n a l y s e s e m p lo y e d o n e - w a y A n a l y s e s o f V a r i a n c e , The e stim a te s of p o p u l a t i o n p r o p o r t i o n s and p r o v i d i n g o f c o n f id e n c e i n t e r v a l s , P e a r s o n P r o d u c t Moment C o r r e l a t i o n s , o n e -sam p le t e s t s , an d a C ochran Q t e s t . A second d im e n sio n o f th e s tu d y in v o lv e d a s e r i e s ta p e d - in te r v ie w s w ith in d iv id u a ls l e f t th e te a c h in g p ro fe ssio n * a ls o th e se id e n tifie d of as h a v in g in te r v ie w s a tte m p te d to o b t a i n a m o re i n - d e p t h a n d a c c u r a t e a p p r a i s a l o f t h e p r o b l e m s and m o tiv a tio n s o f fo rm e r t e a c h e r s . The i n f o r m a t i o n w as r e ­ v iew ed and e x c e r p t e d fro m t h e t a p e s , a n d w as p r e s e n t e d in a s e p a ra te c h a p te r o f th e t h e s i s • R e su lts The t e s t i n g v e rify re s u lts o f t h r e e h y p o t h e s e s w h ic h a t t e m p t e d t o o f s i m i l a r r e c e n t s t u d i e s on a t t r i t i o n con­ firm e d th e fo llo w in g s ta te m e n ts i 1) Of i n d i v i d u a l s who h a v e l e f t t h e t e a c h i n g p r o f e s s i o n , t h e r e w i l l be a g r e a t e r num ber p l a n n i n g t o r e t u r n — o r hav e a l r e a d y r e t u r n e d — t h a n f o r t h o s e who d o n o t . 2 ) T h e r e a r e n o t a s i g n i f i c a n t n u m b e r o f t e a c h e r s who l e a v e th e M ic h ig a n p u b l i c s c h o o l s t o a c c e p t t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n s K a t h e r in e R a d c l i f f e in o th e r s t a t e s . 3) M ore p e o p l e l e a v e t e a c h i n g f o r p e r s o n a l r e a s o n s (illn e s s, m a t e r n i t y o r s a b b a t i c a l l e a v e o r h o m e m a k in g ) t h a n f o r a c h a n g e of career, b e tte r sa la ry , jo b d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n , or o th e r reaso n s. I t was f o u n d , h ow ever, t h a t t e a c h e r s do le a v e f o r r e a s o n s o t h e r t h a n " p e r s o n a l , " an d a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w e n t y p e r c e n t o f t h e s a m p le d -in d iv id u a ls "change o f c a r e e r " in d ic a te d "jo b d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n " fo r reaso n s. U s i n g a o n e -w a y A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e , a ttitu d e and p ro fe ssio n a l (m easured in term s o f a g reem en t o r n o n -a g re e m e n t a b o u t e n jo y m e n t-o f, f l e x i b i l i t y / c r e a t i v i t y - o f , and p r e f e r e n c e - t o t e a c h i n g ) w as sho w n t o h a v e n o r e l a t i o n s h i p c o lle g e su p p o rt, t y p e o f c o l l e g e e m p lo y m e n t, to ty p e o f o r w ork e x p e r ­ ie n c e w ith young p e o p le p r i o r to g r a d u a tio n . P e a r s o n P r o d u c t Moment c o r r e l a t i o n s sh o w e d n o r e l a t i o n ­ s h i p b e tw e e n am ount o f " j o b s a t i s f a c t i o n " and num ber o f y e a r s te a c h in g e x p e rie n c e . A n a ly s i s o f V a ria n c e t e s t s f u r t h e r sh o w e d n o r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n am ount o f " j o b s a t i s f a c t i o n " or c e rtific a tio n ty p e . The a n a l y s i s r e s u l t s d i d sh o w , h o w e v e r , b e tw e e n am ount o f " jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n " t i n g m ore s a t i s f a c t i o n te a c h in g p o s itio n d istric ts and ty p e o f d e g r e e h e ld th a n m a le s), and s e x a re la tio n s h ip ( fe m a le s i n d i c a ­ and l a s t l o c a t i o n o f ( s u b j e c t s who h a d t a u g h t i n s u b u r b a n s c h o o l i n d i c a t i n g m ore s a t i s f a c t i o n t h a n t h o s e who h a d K a t h e r in e R a d c l i f f e ta u g h t in r u r a l o r in n e r - c ity a r e a s ) . M e a su rin g b o th am ount o f “ jo b c h a l l e n g e ” and " j o b s a t i s ­ f a c t i o n ” a s i n d i c a t e d b y r e s p o n d e n t s who w e r e c u r r e n t l y em­ p lo y ed o u ts id e o f e d u c a tio n , t e s t r e s u l t s sh o w e d t h a t t h e new p o s i t i o n s w e r e v i e w e d a s b e i n g m o re s a t i s f y i n g , but not m ore n o r l e s s c h a l l e n g i n g . I n r e g a r d t o t h e t e a c h e r - e d u c a t i o n p ro g ra m a t M ic h ig a n S ta te U n iv e rs ity , re sp o n d e n ts re p o rte d th e ir s tu d e n t-te a c h in g a s s ig n m e n ts and a d d i t i o n a l i n t e r n s h i p s as b e in g th e m ost v a l ­ u a b le and w o rth w h ile p a r t o f t h e i r p r e p a r a t i o n . W eaknesses o f t h e p ro g ram w ere v iew ed t o be t h e t h e o r e t i c a l and g e n e r a l — r a th e r th an p r a c t i c a l — n a tu r e o f th e c o u rse c o n te n t, to o l im i­ te d and d e la y e d c la s s ro o m e x p o s u re and c o n t a c t w ith young p e o p le , in a d e q u a te i n s t r u c t i o n m a n a g e m e n t an d d i s c i p l i n e , p o su re to th e in a re a s o f re a d in g , and in a d e q u a te p r e p a r a t i o n f o r ex ­ " re a l-w o rld " o f te a c h e r s . The i n t e r v i e w s r e v e a l e d s i m i l a r f e e l i n g s e d u c a tio n p ro g ram s. p e rie n c e , tio n In r e l a t i o n th e p a r tic ip a n ts to about te a c h e r- th e a c tu a l te a c h in g ex­ ex p ressed t h e i r g r e a t e s t s a t i s f a c ­ i n t h e i r w o rk a n d i n v o l v e m e n t w i t h s t u d e n t s , a t t i t u d e s w ere v e r b a l i z e d in r e la tio n p r o f e s s i o n a l i s m and s e n s i t i v i t y to rs, c la s s ro o m N e g a tiv e to 1 ) th e la c k o f among t e a c h e r s a n d a d m i n i s t r a ­ 2 ) t h e e n o rm o u s c o m m itm e n t t e a c h i n g r e q u i r e s t h e fe w p r o f e s s i o n a l r e w a r d s r e c e i v e d , in v iew o f an d 3 ) t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s o f t e a c h i n g in an i n e q u i t a b l e and i n e x o r a b le s o c i a l s y s te m . D e d i c a t e d t o my h u s b a n d A u b r e y , my c h i l d r e n R i c k y an d D e b b i e , a n d my m o t h e r , M i r i a m S c a n l a n B e rg ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am d e e p l y i n d e b t e d t o m any p e o p l e f o r t h e i r h e l p w ith t h i s th e s is . G eo rg e R. M yers, I owe my g r e a t e s t g r a t i t u d e t o D r . my c o m m i t t e e c h a i r m a n . H is c o n s ta n t e n c o u r a g e m e n t g u i d e d me t h r o u g h t h e r e s e a r c h f r o m i t s f o r m a t iv e s t a g e s and t o I w o u ld l i k e to c o m p le tio n . ex p ress d e e p e st a p p re c ia tio n to o th e r m em bers o f my c o m m i t t e e , G ra n d sta ff, its D r , D a l e V, Alam , D r . M a r v i n a n d D r . J o h n H. S u e h r , w h o se s u g g e s t i o n s an d s u p p o r t w ere e x tr e m e ly h e l p f u l i n t h i s en d eav o r, A s p e c i a l n o te o f th a n k s to A s s i s t a n t D ir e c to r o f M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y 's S c h e e tz, It fo r h is is P la c e m e n t S e r v ic e , P a t r i c k L. e n c o u ra g e m e n t and a d v i c e . f u r t h e r ack n o w le d g ed t h a t w i t h o u t t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f t h e M ic h ig a n S t a t e B oard o f E d u c a tio n and t h e M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y A lu m n i O f f i c e , t h i s r e s e a r c h c o u ld n e v e r have been u n d e rta k e n . My s i n c e r e t h a n k s a r e r e n d e r e d t o R o b e r t A. C a r r f o r h i s p e r c e p t i v e a n d p a t i e n t a d v i c e an d s t a t i s t i c a l a s s i s ­ ta n c e . TABLE OF CONTENTS Page D E D IC A TIO N ........................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................. i i i LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. C h a p te r I. II. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1 S ta te m e n t o f t h e P ro b le m .......................... N eed f o r t h e S t u d y .............................................. 3 G e n e ra l S ta te m e n t o f th e H y p o th e ses . . . . L im ita tio n s ............................................................................. D e f i n i t i o n s o f T erm s .................................... O v e r v ie w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 REVIEW OF THE L I T E R A T U R E ..................................... 12 T e a c h e r A t t r i t i o n and T u rn o v e r. . . . . . . N a tio n a l S tu d ie s R e la tin g to T urn o v er a n d A t t r i t i o n .................................................... 22 T e a c h e r T u rn o v e r and A t t r i t i o n i n M i c h i g a n ......................................................... 2? T e a c h e r A t t r i t i o n and S tu d e n t A c h i e v e m e n t ......................................................... 30 Summary ................................................................... III. METHODOLOGY........................................................................ 13 33 36 D e s i g n o f t h e S t u d y ......................................... The P o p u l a t i o n a n d S a m p l i n g . . . . . . . P rocedure , ................................................................... M a jo r R e s e a rc h H y p o th e se s 7 8 10 10 36 36 37 .......................................... 39 I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n .............................................. C o l l e c t i o n o f D a t a ..................................... *4-3 A n a ly s i s ......................................................... *4-2 Summary . .................................................. 44 45 C h a p te r IV . P age A N A L Y S IS ............................................................................................ A n a ly s is o f th e D a ta f o r each H y p o t h e s i s .......................... . . . . . . . . • R e p o rte d A n a ly s is o f W r itte n R esp o n ses to Q u e stio n s R e g ard in g th e te a c h e r P r e p a r a t o r y P ro g ram a t M ic h ig a n S ta te U n iv e rs ity . . . S t r e n g t h s o f t h e P rogram W eaknesses o f t h e P rogram 67 69 71 .................................... 77 IN T ER V IEW S....................................................................................... 79 In tro d u c tio n S u b je c t S u b je c t S u b je c t S u b je c t S u b je c t S u b je c t C o n c lu sio n V I. ^6 ..................... . . . . . . . Sum m ary . . . . . . . . . . V. 4-6 1 2 3 4 5 6 . . . . . . 79 .............................. ........................................................................ ........................................................................ . . . . . . . . ............................... 80 82 85 87 90 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SUMMARY. FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................... Summary o f t h e S t u d y ................................... P u rpo se . . . . . . . ......................................... D e sig n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A n a ly sis . ................................................................... F i n d i n g s ......................... C o n c l u s i o n s ................................... 93 99 99 99 100 101 101 105 M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y 's T e a c h e r - e d u c a t i o n P r o g r a m .......................... In te rv ie w s . . . . . . . . . . 105 107 I m p li c a t io n s o f th e S tu d y ..................... R e c o m m e n d a tio n s f o r F u t u r e R e s e a r c h . . . . 108 110 v P age REFERENCES....................................................................................................... A. B. C. 0. B ooks ..................... . . . . . . . . . . J o u r n a l s and P e r i o d i c a l s ................................... .. R e p o r t s ............................................. U n p u b lish e d M a t e r i a l s . . . . . . . . . . . . A P PE N D IC E S....................................................................................................... A. B. C, Q u e stio n n a ire . . . . . . . . . . . L e tte r s to T eachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . C o m p u ta tio n s and A n a ly s is R e s u l t s T a b le s . . vi 112 . 112 11^ 117 118 1 19 1 20 125 129 LIST OF TABLES T a b le 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Page I n t e n t i o n s o f R e sp o n d e n ts to w a rd R e tu r n in g o r N ot R e tu r n in g t o T e a c h in g . . . . 48 R e s u l t s f o r N um ber o f P e o p l e R e t u r n i n g t o T e a c h in g i n M ic h ig a n A g a in s t T hose who R e t u r n e d O u t s i d e o f M i c h i g a n . . . . . . . 50 T a b u la tio n o f R esponses to R easons f o r L e a v in g th e T e a c h in g P r o f e s s i o n . . . . . . . 52 A C o m p ariso n o f P r o f e s s i o n a l A t t i t u d e s T o w ard T e a c h i n g i n T erm s o f T ype o f F i n a n c i a l S u p p o rt f o r U n d e rg ra d u a te P re p a ra tio n . . . . . . . . . . . 56 ttitu d e s T ype o f Work A tten d in g . . . . . . . . . 56 A C o m p ariso n o f P r o f e s s i o n a l A T o w a rd T e a c h i n g i n T erm s o f E x p e r i e n c e E n g a g e d i n W h ile C o lle g e . . . . . . . . . . A C o m p ariso n o f P r o f e s s i o n a l A t t i t u d e s T o w ard T e a c h i n g i n T erm s o f T yp e a n d A m ount o f E x p e r i e n c e W o rk in g w i t h Young P e o p l e P r i o r t o S t u d e n t T e a c h i n g .............................. . 57 A C o m p ariso n o f O v e r a l l J o b S a t i s f a c t i o n D e r i v e d f r o m T e a c h i n g a n d T ype o f ......................................... D e g re e H eld 61 A C o m p ariso n o f O v e r a l l J o b S a t i s f a c t i o n D e r iv e d from T e a c h in g and C e r t i f i c a t i o n Type . ........................................................ 61 A C o m p ariso n o f O v e r a l l J o b S a t i s f a c t i o n D e r iv e d from T e a c h in g and Sex o f R e s p o n d e n ts A C o m p ariso n o f O v e r a l l J o b S a t i s f a c t i o n D e r iv e d from T e a c h in g and L a s t L o c a tio n o f T ea ch in g P o s i t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . v ii . 64 64 P age T a b le . 11 12 . 13. 14 . 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. ANOVA R e s u l t s f o r C o m p a r in g A t t i t u d e s T ow ard T e a c h i n g P r o f e s s i o n w i t h T yp e o f F i n a n ­ c i a l S u p p o rt in C o lle g e (H y p o th e sis 4) . . . . 131 ANOVA R e s u l t s f o r C o m p a r in g A t t i t u d e s T ow ard T e a c h i n g P r o f e s s i o n w i t h T y p e o f Work E x p e r i e n c e i n C o l l e g e ( H y p o t h e s i s 5 ) ..................... 131 ANOVA R e s u l t s f o r C o m p a r in g A t t i t u d e s T o w ard T e a c h i n g P r o f e s s i o n w i t h T y p e a n d Amount o f E x p e r i e n c e w i t h Young P e o p l e P r i o r t o G ra d u a tio n (H y p o th e sis 6 ) 132 P e a r s o n C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s B e tw e e n N um ber o f Y e a r s T e a c h i n g E x p e r i e n c e an d Amount o f J o b S a t i s f a c t i o n V a r i a b l e s H y p o t h e s i s 7 ) .................................................................. 133 ANOVA R e s u l t s o f E a c h V a r i a b l e f o r Amount o f J o b S a t i s f a c t i o n o f Form er T e a c h e rs w ith T y pe o f D e g r e e H e l d ( H y p o t h e s i s 8 ) . . . . . . 134 ANOVA R e s u l t s o f E a c h V a r i a b l e f o r Amount o f J o b S a t i s f a c t i o n o f Form er T e a c h e rs w ith C e r t i f i c a t i o n T ype ( H y p o t h e s i s 9 ) 135 ANOVA R e s u l t s o f E a c h V a r i a b l e f o r Amount o f J o b S a t i s f a c t i o n o f F o rm er T e a c h e rs w ith Sex o f R e sp o n d e n ts (H y p o th e s is 10) . . . . . . I 36 ANOVA R e s u l t s o f E a c h V a r i a b l e f o r Am ount o f J o b S a t i s f a c t i o n o f F orm er T e a c h e rs w ith T ype o f S c h o o l D i s t r i c t ( H y p o t h e s i s 1 1 ) . C a lc u la tio n s o f t-v a lu e s f o r H y p o t h e s i s 12 v iii . . . . . 137 138 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION One o f t h e i m p o s i n g c o n c e r n s o f e d u c a t o r s y e a rs has been t h a t o f a tte m p tin g to sio n a l s ta tu s dem and k e y n o t e T eacher a t t r i t i o n fa c u lty . in te re s te d im m e d ia te in th e te a c h in g ­ S t i n n e t t e s tim a te s t h a t th e av erag e n a tio n a l tu rn o v e r r a t e o f E d u c a tio n , e d u c a tio n a l an d m o b i l i t y t h u s becom e a n c o n c e r n f o r a l l t h o s e who a r e l e a m in g p r o c e s s . T e a c h e r s u p p l y and o f th e im p o rta n t a s p e c ts o f a c q u irin g and m a i n t a i n i n g a n e f f e c t i v e ten p e r c e n t.1 im p r o v e t h e p r o f e s ­ and q u a l i t y o f t e a c h e r s . one in r e c e n t fo r te a c h e rs i s b e t w e e n s e v e n and The m o st r e c e n t s t u d i e s by t h e U. S . O f f i c e th e N a t io n a l E d u c a tio n A s s o c ia t io n and th e Rand C o r p o r a t i o n sh o w t h a t t h e o v e r a l l t e r m i n a t i o n r a t e h a s v a rie d from s i x t o e le v e n p e r c e n t o v e r t h e l a s t f i f t e e n y ears. T he d e g r e e t o w h i c h a t t r i t i o n v a rie s c o n sid e ra b ly . i s p e r c e iv e d a s a p ro b lem P ed ersen s t a t e s t COn t h e o n e h a n d l t h e r e a r e many e d u c a t i o n a l a d m in ­ i s t r a t o r s and l a y p e r s o n n e l a s s o c i a t e d w ith p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n who a r g u e t h a t a c c e l e r a t e d r a t e s o f t e a c h e r tu rn o v e r are b e n e f ic ia l fo r a h o st o f rea so n s, n o t t h e l e a s t o f w h ich i s e c o n o m ic . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , e q u a l l y c o n c e r n e d e d u c a t o r s an d o t h e r s b e l i e v e t h a t h i g h r a t e s o f r e t e n t i o n a r e c r i t i c a l an d s e r v e a s T , M. S t i n n e t t an d A l b e r t H u g g e t t , P r o f e s s i o n a l P r o b l e m s o f T e a c h e r s (New Y o r k t M a c m i l l a n Co7"j 1 9 6 3 ) , P» 6 4 . -2 - p a r t i a l e v id e n c e o f o u ts ta n d in g sy ste m s o f e d u c a tio n . 2 Among t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e s i d e n t i f i e d a r e t h e a d d e d c o s t s f o r r e c r u i t m e n t , m a l f u n c t i o n s i n c o m m u n i c a t i o n an d a r t i c u l a t i o n p r o c e s s e s , and a g e n e r a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n in th e te a c h in g s e r v ic e s p r o v id e d .3 It is a n tic ip a te d t h a t a m o re t h o r o u g h i n v e s t i g a t i o n in to t h e m o t i v a t i o n s o f t e a c h e r s who l e a v e e d u c a t i o n a n d t h e i r a ttitu d e to w ard t h e t e a c h i n g p r o f e s s i o n c a n p e rh a p s p r o v id e a b a s i s upon w h ich t o v ie w t h e e x t e n t o f t h e t e a c h e r a t t r i ­ t i o n p ro b lem , a n d c a n h e l p f o c u s on f a c t o r s w h i c h may b e c o n s i d e r e d by t h o s e in v o lv e d g r e a te r te a c h e r s t a b i l i t y — p a r tic u la r ly r u r a l a r e a s — an d i t s and p a t t e r n s in p ro v id in g i n u rb a n c o r e and lo n g -te rm e f f e c t s upon th e p u b lic s c h o o l sy ste m . S ta te m e n t o f th e P ro b le m T h is s tu d y i s an a tte m p t to d e te rm in e th e r e a s o n s te a c h e rs le a v in g th e e d u c a tio n a l p ro fe s s io n , c e r t a i n v a r ia b le s such as sex , am ount o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n , ie n c e in c o lle g e , sa la ry , fo r and w h e th e r y e a rs o f te a c h in g e x p e rie n c e , am ount and ty p e o f w ork e x p e r ­ d e g re e ty p e and s i z e of school d i s t r i c t l a s t t a u g h t i n c a n be sho w n t o p r o v i d e s i g n i f i c a n t re la tio n sh ip s to d e p a r t u r e from t e a c h i n g . T h is fo llo w -u p K. G eo rg e P e d e r s e n , The I t i n e r a n t S c h o o l m a s t e r > A S o c i o - E c o n o m i c A n a l y s i s o f T e a c h e r T u r n o v e r ( C h i c a g o t M id­ w e s t A d m in is t r a t i o n C e n t e r , U n i v e r s i t y o f C h i c a g o , 1 9 7 3 )* P» 1 1 6 . 3I b i d .. p . 1 19. s tu d y o f M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y t e a c h e r g r a d u a t e s w i l l a ls o a tte m p t to o b ta in d a ta ab o u t th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of n e w l y - d e s i g n a t e d o c c u p a t i o n s o f t h o s e r e s p o n d e n t s who a r e c u r r e n t l y e m p lo y e d i n n o n - e d u c a t i o n a l a r e a s , a s s e s s t h e e c o n o m ic s o r a e s t h e t i c s to te a c h in g , A f i n a l co n cern is in o rd e r to of c aree r a lte rn a tiv e s to g a th e r in fo rm a tio n r e ­ g a r d i n g t h e t e a c h e r - e d u c a t i o n p ro g ra m a t M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n iv e rs ity , re p o rtin g its stre n g th s and w e a k n e s s e s a s v iew ed by t h o s e who h a v e l e f t t e a c h i n g a n d w h e t h e r o r n o t t h i s program c o u ld have had an im p a c t upon an i n d i v i d u a l ' s d e ­ c i s i o n t o re m a in o r n o t re m a in i n t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o f e s s i o n . N eed f o r t h e S t u d y T he c o m m itm e n t t o e d u c a t i o n i s a c o m m itm e n t made a t many l e v e l s a n d a t c o n s i d e r a b l e e x p e n s e t o t h e p r o s p e c ­ tiv e te a c h e r, t h e p u b l i c and p r i v a t e l e a r n i n g and s u p p o r t t h e r e o f , in s titu tio n s of th e s t a f f i n g o f p u b lic sc h o o l s y s t e m s an d t h e c o m m u n i t i e s w h i c h e d u c a t i o n s e r v e s . Y et a v ery la rg e p ro p o rtio n o f our te a c h e r g ra d u a te s n ev er e n te r th e te a c h in g p r o f e s s i o n and a n o th e r s i g n i f i c a n t p r o p o r t i o n d r o p o u t o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n a f t e r o n e o r tw o y e a r s o f t e a c h i n g . T he n e e d f o r m o re a s s u r a n c e t h a t we a r e p r e p a r i n g p e o p l e f o r a sa tis fy in g and f u l f i l l i n g p r o f e s s i o n w h ich t h e y c a n and w i l l m e rg e i n t o s e e m s o b v i o u s . S tin n e tt in d ic a te s th a t a re d u c tio n i n t h e t u r n o v e r r a t e w o u ld p r e s u m a b l y r a i s e p ro fe ssio n a l s ta tu s v e rse ly b e lie v e s red u c e th e r a t e w o u ld a l s o tiv e w ise , o f te a c h i n g * * a s d o e s B u sh , t h a t u p g ra d in g th e s t a t u s of a ttritio n .-* A re d u c tio n th e who c o n ­ o f te a c h in g w ill in tu rn o v er be e x p e c t e d t o r e d u c e t h e a m o u n t o f a d m i n i s t r a ­ tim e and e f f o r t d e v o te d t o t e a c h e r r e c r u i t m e n t . i t m i g h t be a s s u m e d t h a t lo w e r r a t e s f o r t e a c h e r s w o u ld im p r o v e t h e q u a l i t y L ik e ­ of a ttr itio n o f th e le a r n in g e x p erien c e f o r s t u d e n ts . ^ I n a t i m e w hen we h a v e a n o v e r s u p p l y o f t e a c h e r s , c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n m ust be g iv e n t o r e c r u i t m e n t p r o c e d u r e s e m p lo y e d i n t h o s e in s titu tio n s re sp o n sib le f o r th e p re p a ra ­ t i o n o f t e a c h e r s » p r o c e d u r e s w h ich e n t a i l n o t m e r e ly random re s tric te d se le c tio n , but i f p o ssib le , u n d e r t a k e n by a d v a n c e k n o w l e d g e o f t h o s e hum an c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t a re m ost l i k e l y and m o ti v a ti o n s t o p r o d u c e i n d i v i d u a l s h i g h l y c o m m ite d to th e te a c h in g p r o f e s s io n . T h erefo re, research re la te d t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f s o c i a l d e c i s i o n m o d els o f t h i s be o f v a l u e to t y p e w o u ld in d e te rm in in g p o l ic y c o n c e rn in g th e program s o f te a c h e r e d u c a tio n . i n w h ic h p a t t e r n s A m o re i n - d e p t h s t u d y o f a t t r i t i o n , o f m o ti v a ti o n and a t t i t u d e s of in d iv id u a ls - S tin n e tt, lo c , c i t . p. 66. ^ R o b e r t B u s h , " T e a c h e r S t a t u s » E f f e c t on T e a c h e r D r o p o u t , " i n T . M, S t i n n e t t ( e d . ) T he T e a c h e r D r o p o u t ( I t a s c a , I l l i n o i s t F . E. P e a c o c k P u b l i s h e r s , I n c , , 1 9 7 0 ), p . tio n s ^ C h a rle s R eeves, S c h o o l B oards. T h e ir S t a t u s . F unc­ an d A c t i v i t i e s (New Y o rk i P r e n tic e T a l l , 1 95 ^), p . 157. 112, -5 - who h a v e w i t h d r a w n m i g h t b e a s s e s s e d , c o u ld p e rh a p s be o f b e n e f i t f o r t h o s e e n g a g e d i n d e v e l o p i n g s u c h d e c i s i o n m o d e ls r> fo r th e re c ru itm e n t o f fu tu re te a c h e r s . S e v e ra l so u rc e s u n d ersco re t h e i r co n cern o v e r th e lim ite d research in th e a re a o f te a c h e r tu rn o v e r. B ush s t a t e s , "T he p o w e r o f t e a c h i n g t o h o l d t h o s e who e n t e r t h e c a r e e r i s m ore se rio u s th a n m ig h t a p p e a r a t f i r s t g la n c e , m any t e a c h e r s f o r n o t o n ly do le a v e so o n a f t e r b e g in n in g t o te a c h , th e b e s t ones d ro p o u t m ost r a p i d l y . Y e t m eager r e s e a r c h on t e a c h e r d r o p o u t s p r o v i d e s d e n c e t o b a c k up s u c h f r e q u e n t a l l e g a t i o n s . ib u tl o fte n he a d m its t h a t th e in s u f f ic ie n t e v iO P ed erso n and C h a rte rs ^ b e lie v e t h a t an im p o rta n t segm ent o f d ro p o u ts , p o s s ib ly e x c e lle n t te a c h e rs, l e f t n o t o n l y t o p u r s u e h o m e m a k in g c a r e e r s , b u t c h o s e o t h e r f o r m s o f e m p lo y m e n t i n t h e p u b l i c se c to rj no e v id e n c e i s a v a ila b le to in d ic a te and p r i v a t e th e d eg ree o f s a t i s f a c t i o n su ch a l t e r n a t e c a r e e r s p ro v id e f o r th e s e d u a ls , P ed erso n has in d ic a te d th a t i f in d iv i­ t e a c h e r s c a n be p u rs u a d e d to p ursue t h e i r te a c h in g c a re e r f o r fiv e y e a rs, th e p r o b a b ility o f c o n t i n u e d m e m b e r s h ip i n t h e s y s t e m a n d p r o f e s s i o n i s g r e a t l y in c re a s e d .A s 7 B ush, to th e h o ld in g pow er o f sy ste m s r e s p o n s i b l e lo c . c it. O K. G e o r g e P e d e r s e n , " T e a c h e r M i g r a t i o n a n d A t t r i t i o n , " A d m i n i s t r a t o r ' s N o t e b o o k . X V I I I , N o. 8 ( A p r i l , 1 9 7 0 ) , 1 - 4 . ^W, W. C h a r t e r s , " S u r v i v a l i n t h e P r o f e s s i o n * A C r ite r io n f o r S e le c tin g T eacher T r a in e e s ," Jo u rn a l of Teacher E d u c a tio n . V II, (S e p tem b er, 1 9 5 6 ), 2 5 3 -2 5 5 . * °P ed ersen , Loc. c i t . -6 - f o r h i r i n g and m a i n t a i n in g an e f f e c t i v e sta ff, and s t a b l e t e a c h i n g B o o th c o n c l u d e s * I f t h e t e a c h e r i s t o becom e a c a r e e r t e a c h e r a n d n o t a d ro p o u t, c o o p e r a tio n m ust d e v e lo p w ith in th e t o t a l n a t i o n a l , s t a t e a n d c o m m u n ity s t r u c t u r e t o p r o v i d e t h e c li m a t e f o r l e a r n i n g and g ro w th w h i c h - f o s t e r s s e l f c o n f id e n c e and p e r s o n a l f u l f i l l m e n t . Thus a c q u i r i n g i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l a t t i t u d e s of young t e a c h e r d r o p o u ts a s w e l l a s t h e am ount o f s a t i s f a c t i o n d e r i v e d fro m t h e i r a l t e r n a t i v e c a r e e r s c o u l d y i e l d som e u s e f u l d a ta in a s s e s s in g th e a t t r i t i o n m ost c r u c i a l t o th e s t a b i l i t y p ro b le m — a p ro b le m w h ich i s and e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t e a c h e r s lo w e r s o c io -e c o n o m ic s t a t u s s c h o o ls (see in a l s o p a g e 16 , C h a p te r I I ) , It is assum ed t h a t M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y 's C o l le g e o f E d u c a tio n i s s itie s re p re se n ta tiv e i n M ic h ig a n , of s e v e ra l sta te -su p p o rte d u n iv e r­ A p p r o x i m a t e l y 70 p e r c e n t o f M i c h i g a n ' s t e a c h e r s c o m p le te t h e i r a c a d e m ic p r e p a r a t i o n seven la r g e s t sta te -s u p p o rte d Wayne S t a t e , M ic h ig a n S t a t e , in s titu tio n s i n M i c h ig a n 's ( C e n t r a l M ic h ig a n , W e ste rn M ic h ig a n , E a s te r n M ic h ig a n , t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f M ic h ig a n and N o r th e r n M ic h ig a n U n i v e r s i t y ) . I n 1 9 7 1 -7 2 M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y g r a d u a t e d t h e l a r g e s t 1? num ber o f t e a c h e r s ( 2 6 6 6 ) o f any o f th e s e u n i v e r s i t i e s , — F r u s a n n a S . B o o t h , "Why Do T e a c h e r s D r o p O u t ? " C h i l d h o o d E d u c a t i o n . XLIV, ( D e c e m b e r , 1 9 6 7 ) , 2 4 -5 -5 6 . 12 " A c tu a l and P r o j e c t e d P u p i l P o p u l a t i o n : P u b lic , N o n -P u b lic and T o t a l , " M ic h ig a n E d u c a tio n A s s o c i a t i o n , (MEA, 1 9 7 3 ) . -7 - The M i c h i g a n P r o f e s s i o n a l R e g i s t e r f o r 1 9 7 2 sh o w s t h a t M i c h i ­ g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y w as t h e s e c o n d l a r g e s t s u p p l i e r f o r te a c h e rs i n M ic h ig a n 's P u b l i c S c h o o ls* th e R e g is te r a ls o sh o w s a n 11 p e r c e n t l o s s o f t h e s e t e a c h e r s t h e f o l l o w i n g y ear. 13 D i r e c t r e s e a r c h on t h e t e a c h e r a t t r i t i o n o f fo rm er g r a d u a t e s o f o u r l a r g e t e a c h e r c o l l e g e s h a s in d e e d been la c k in g . It i s hoped t h a t su ch a s tu d y w i l l h e lp e d u c a to rs a t a l l le v e ls i n u n d e r s t a n d i n g and c o p in g w ith t h e p ro b lem s in h e re n t in la rg e tu rn o v e r r a t e s in th e p u b lic s c h o o ls . G e n e ra l S ta te m e n t o f th e H y p o th e ses The s t u d y w i l l be a t w o - f o l d e n d e a v o r i n w h i c h b o t h q u e s t i o n n a i r e an d i n t e r v i e w th e s t a t i s t i c a l p o rtio n d e v e lo p e d w h ich r e l a t e t e c h n i q u e s w i l l be em p lo y ed . o f th e stu d y , to For h y p o th e se s have been a s a m p lin g o f M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y C o l l e g e o f E d u c a t i o n g r a d u a t e s who t a u g h t i n M ic h ig a n P u b l i c S c h o o ls in 1972-73 b u t n o t in 1 9 7 3 -7 ^ . The h y p o th e se s a re d e sig n e d to d e te rm in e re a s o n s f o r in d iv id u a ls l e a v in g th e p r o f e s s i o n and t o r e l a t e c e rta in c h a ra c te ristic s o f th e s e fo rm er te a c h e r s w ith p r o f e s s io n a l a t t i t u d e o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n d e r i v e d fro m t e a c h i n g . and am ount F o llo w in g a re som e o f t h e c o n c e r n s d e a l t w i t h i n t h e h y p o t h e s e s i 13 G ary S m ith , S tu d y o f t h e M ic h ig a n P r o f e s s i o n a l R e g i s t e r 1 9 6 7 - 1 9 7 3 . U n p u b l i s h e d r e p o r t . (W ayne S t a t e U n iv e rs ity : J a n u a r y , 197k), p . 1 - ^ , 1. C o n firm in g o r r e j e c t i n g c e r t a i n r e s u l t s o f re c e n t s tu d ie s in re g a rd to i a) t e a c h e r s r e t u r n i n g to th e p r o f e s s i o n a f t e r th e y have w ith d raw n ; b) t h e n u m b e r o f t e a c h e r s l e a v i n g M i c h i g a n t o a c c e p t a t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n e ls e w h e r e ; and c ) t h e e x t e n t o f te a c h e rs le a v in g th e p ro fe s s io n f o r p e rs o n a l re a so n s r a t h e r th a n b ecau se o f jo b d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n . 2. R e la tin g th e f in a n c ia l su p p o rt o f c o lle g e e d u c a tio n and t h e am ount o f e x p e r i e n c e w o rk in g w ith young p e o p le d u rin g u n d e rg ra d u a te program s t o p r o f e s s i o n a l a t t i t u d e to w ard t e a c h i n g . 3. R e la tin g s p e c if ic v a ria b le s of te a c h e rs to th e am ount o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n e x p e r ie n c e d w h ile te a c h in g , 4. A f i n a l q u e s tio n posed as to th e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f th e p r e p a r a t i o n o f f e r e d by M i c h i g a n S t a t e ' s t e a c h e r e d u c a t i o n p r o g r a m w i l l be r e p o r t e d u p o n a t t h e c o m p le tio n o f th e s tu d y . F o r a c o m p lete s ta te m e n t o f th e h y p o th e s e s , s e e C h a p te r I I I . L im i ta t io n s o f th e S tu d y The f o l l o w i n g l i m i t a t i o n s a r e a ck n o w le d g ed as i n h e r e n t i n t h i s s t u d y , an d t h e s c o p e o f i t s fin d in g s is re s tric te d a c c o rd in g ly . T h i s s t u d y w i l l be c o n f i n e d M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , ra n d o m ly s e l e c t e d to te a c h e r g ra d u a te s an d w i l l be f u r t h e r l i m i t e d of to i n d i v i d u a l s o f t h e a b o v e g r o u p who a p p e a r e d on t h e M i c h i g a n P r o f e s s i o n a l R e g i s t e r a s h a v i n g t a u g h t i n 1 972-73, b u t n o t in 1973- 7 4 . L im ita tio n s o f th e q u e s t i o n n a i r e sa m p lin g a r e th e f a c t th a t th e re (as th is is im p o s e d by i s no p e r s o n a l c o n ta c t w ith th e s u b j e c t s a m a ile d s u r v e y ) , a n d by t h e l i m i t e d am ount o f t i m e a n d a t t e n t i o n t h a t s u b j e c t s c a n be e x p e c t e d t o v o l u n t a r i l y d e v o te to a s u rv e y q u e s t i o n n a i r e . (P erso n al in te r v ie w s c o n d u c te d w ith a s m a ll num ber o f fo rm e r t e a c h e r s h o p e f u l l y may o b t a i n m ore h o n e s t a t t i t u d e s to w a rd e d u c a t i o n , and a id from t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e . ) and f e e l i n g s in a s s e s s in g th e d a ta c o lle c te d F u rth e r, t e s t w h e th e r o r n o t th e s u b j e c t s it is n o t p o s s ib le to a c c u ra te ly ex p ress t h e i r t r u e f e e l i n g s w hen r e s p o n d i n g t o e i t h e r m u l t i p l e - c h o i c e o r o p en -en d ed q u e s t i o n s . P e r s i s t e n t a tte m p ts have been made t o o f f e r a l l p o s s i b l e a l t e r n a t i v e c h o i c e s o n q u e s ­ t i o n s and t o l e a v e b la n k o p t i o n s it is im p ro b a b le t h a t a l l o p tio n s u n re a lis tic f o r r e s p o n d e n t s » h o w ev er, a r e a c c o u n te d f o r , and t o e x p e c t u n m i t i g a t e d h o n e s t an d o b j e c t i v e r e s p o n s e s fro m a l l p a r t i c i p a n t s . e x e m p la ry l i m i t a t i o n s T hese a re , o f such s tu d ie s , i n h i b i t r e l a t i v e l y sound p r e d i c t i o n s h ow ever, and do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y about c e rta in c a te g o rie s w ith in th e stu d y i t s e l f . A n o th e r l i m i t a t i o n o f t h e s tu d y i s lity . its g e n e ra liz a b i- T he r e s u l t s w i l l be g e n e r a l i z a b l e t o t h e s t a t e M ic h ig a n o n ly t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s S ta te U n iv e rsity a re r e p r e s e n ta tiv e M i c h i g a n ’s t e a c h e r - p r e p a r a t o r y o f M ic h ig a n of a l l g ra d u a te s in stitu tio n s . of of -1 0 - D e fin itio n A ttritio n i o f T erm s T h e d e p a r t u r e o r t e r m i n a t i o n o f t e a c h e r s who h a v e had a t l e a s t one y e a r o f te a c h in g e x p e r ie n c e in th e p u b lic sc h o o lsi a l s o u s e d sy n o n y m o u sly w ith T e a c h e r p r e p a r a to r y p ro g ram ? "tu rn o v e r". th e program o f a c t i v i t i e s and e x p e r i e n c e s d e v e lo p e d by an i n s t i t u t i o n r e s p o n s i b l e f o r th e p r e p a r a t i o n and g ro w th o f p e r s o n s p r e p a r i n g t h e m s e l v e s t o becom e t e a c h e r s . O v e r v ie w T h is t h e s i s h a s s i x c h a p t e r s w h ich a r e o r g a n i z e d in t h e f o l l o w i n g m ann er* A fram e o f r e f e r e n c e f o r t h i s in C h a p te r I . th e p ro b lem , research is e sta b lis h e d In c lu d e d a re th e in tr o d u c tio n , need f o r th e re s e a rc h , th e h y p o th e se s, lim ita tio n s sta te m e n t of g e n e ra l sta te m e n t o f o f t h e s t u d y and d e f i n i t i o n s o f te rm s. In C h a p te r I I a re v ie w o f r e l a t e d research , is p re se n te d . The d e s i g n o f t h e s t u d y and p r o c e d u r e s f o llo w e d a r e c o n ta in e d research in C h a p te r I I I . In c lu d e d a re s o u rc e s o f d a ta , th e in s tr u m e n t and t r e a tm e n t o f d a t a . C h a p t e r IV c o n s i s t s o f th e d a ta o b ta in e d of a p re s e n ta tio n of th e a n a ly s is from t h e m a ile d q u e s t i o n n a i r e . -1 1 A r e p o r t o f s e v e r a l i n t e r v i e w s w i l l be p r e s e n t e d in C h a p t e r V. C h a p t e r V I w i l l i n c l u d e a sum m ary o f t h e s t u d y a n d c o n c l u s i o n s draw n fro m b o th s a m p le - s u r v e y and i n t e r v i e w re s u lts . In c lu d e d and i m p l i c a t i o n s in th is c h a p t e r a r e rec o m m e n d atio n s fo r fu rth e r research . CHAPTER I I REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE L ite ra tu re c h a p te r. re la te d C o n tain ed w ith in th e c h a p te r i s m a t e r i a l d e a l in g w ith te a c h e r a t t r i t i o n la tin g to t h i s s tu d y i s re v ie w e d in t h i s and t u r n o v e r , n a t i o n a l s t u d i e s r e ­ t o t u r n o v e r and a t t r i t i o n , a ttritio n t e a c h e r t u r n o v e r and i n M ic h ig a n and t e a c h e r a t t r i t i o n and s t u d e n t a ch ie v e m e n t, A su rv e y o f th e l i t e r a t u r e fo llo w -u p s tu d ie s d ir e c te d fie ld o f te a c h in g , re v e a ls a p a u c ity o f re c e n t t o w a r d p e r s o n s who h a v e l e f t t h e e s p e c ia lly in r e l a ti o n to w ard th e p r o f e s s i o n . H o w e v e r, to t h e i r a ttitu d e s th e co n cern o f e d u c a to rs to w a rd m a in ta in in g b o th th e l a s t i n g p r o f e s s i o n a l i s m q u a li t y o f p u b lic and e d u c a t i o n i s e m p h a size d in t h e c o n s i d e r a b l e r e s e a r c h d e v o te d t o s u p p l y and dem and. B e c a u s e o f t h e many a p p e a l i n g e c o n o m ic an d p r o f e s s i o n a l c h a n g e s i n t e a c h i n g b r o u g h t a b o u t by u n i o n i z a t i o n a n d b a r g a i n i n g , su p p ly o f q u a l i f i e d th e b u rg eo n in g t e a c h e r s e x c e e d i n g c u r r e n t dem and a n d t h e p h e n o m e n o n o f women a c c e p t i n g an d m a i n t a i n i n g a s t r o n g e r h o ld on t h e jo b m a rk e t, it is b e lie v e d t h a t th e m o tiv a tio n s o f t e a c h e r s who l e a v e t h e p r o f e s s i o n a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y 12- -1 3 - d i f f e r e n t f ro m t h o s e c i t e d th e 1960*s. E ls b re e in s tu d ie s u n d e rta k e n p r i o r to T h e r e f o r e e a r l i e r s t u d i e s by s u c h p e r s o n s a s (1 9 2 9 ). Ira p e llite ri (1959) (1 9 5 6 ) w i l l n o t be c o n s i d e r e d and T h o r n d ik e and H agan in th is c h a p te r except fo r a n h i s t o r i c a l com m ent o r c o m p a r i s o n . T e a c h e r A t t r i t i o n and T u rn o v e r In th e l i t e r a t u r e o f t h e e a r l y 1 9 6 0 ' s a fe w a t t e m p t s w e r e made t o p r e d i c t a n d c l a s s i f y to te a c h e r a t t r i t i o n . in 196^, f a c t o r s w h ich c o n t r i b u t e d One s u c h s t u d y w as c o n d u c t e d by W h it e i n w h ich h e p r o d u c e d an i n s t r u m e n t t o m e a su re p r o f e s s i o n a l c a r e e r in v o lv e m e n t and t e s t e d it in a fa c e -to - fa c e s i t u a t i o n as a p r e d ic to r o f te a c h e r d ro p o u ts, u sin g as s u b j e c t s 1 ^ 3 f e m a l e e l e m e n t a r y t e a c h e r s who w e r e c o m p l e t i n g t h e i r f i r s t o r second y e a r o f te a c h in g . e ffe c tiv e T h e s c a l e was i n d i s c r i m i n a t i n g b e t w e e n t h o s e who l e f t t h e p r o ­ f e s s i o n an d t h o s e who r e m a i n e d ( p * . 0 1 ) . h i g h e s t te n d e d t o re m a in in t e a c h i n g . T h o s e who s c o r e d T e a c h e r s who w e r e p rim a r ily s e lf - s u p p o r tin g d u rin g t h e i r c o lle g e c a re e rs s c o r e d h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e who d e p e n d e d p r i m a r i l y u p o n p a r e n t a l s u p p o r t (p = . 0 5 ) , who w e r e n o t m a r r i e d M a rrie d t e a c h e r s s c o r e d h i g h e r th a n th o s e ( p = . 0 5 ) I n a la te r a rtic le s tu d y he r e p o r t e d t h a t th e s o c i a l c l a s s b a se d on h i s background o f th e ^ K in n a rd W h ite , " P r o f e s s i o n a l C a r e e r In v o lv e m e n t Among F e m a l e E l e m e n t a r y S c h o o l T e a c h e r s , " D i s s e r t a t i o n A b s t r a c t s . XXV, (N o v e m b e r, 1 9 6 ^ ) , 2 8 6 5 . -l^ f- te a c h e r in r e la tio n to th e s o c i a l c la s s o f th e s tu d e n ts in t h e s c h o o l w as c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t e a c h e r t u r n o v e r ( p = . 0 2 ) . T u r n o v e r w as g r e a t e s t w i t h t h e m i d d l e c l a s s t e a c h e r i n t h e 2 w o rk in g c l a s s s c h o o l - - 5 2 p e r c e n t . I n 1 965 W h i t e n e r f o u n d i n h e r r e s e a r c h o n t e a c h e r t u r n ­ over th a t th e p r o b a b ility o f s u r v iv a l is le n g th o f s e rv ic e ra te s i n t h e s c h o o l sy ste m ? a fu n c tio n o f th e h ig h e r s u rv iv a l a r e a s s o c i a t e d w ith t h e num ber o f y e a r s o f s e r v i c e . Age a t e n t r y o f t h e t e a c h i n g p r o f e s s i o n w as t h e b e s t s i n g l e p r e d ic to r of le n g th o f s e r v ic e . age 5*0. T he o l d e r t h e t e a c h e r ( u p t o th e g r e a te r th e p r o b a b ility o f s u rv iv in g a t l e a s t ten y e a r s . B e tw e e n t h e a g e s o f 2 2 - 2 6 s i g n i f i c a n t d i s p a r i t i e s i n l e n g t h o f s e r v i c e w ere a s c r i b e d t o s e x and m a r i t a l s t a t u s among women. H i g h e r s u r v i v a l r a t e s w e r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h men a n d s i n g l e women . ^ Thomas J a c k s o n s t u d i e d th e te a c h e r tu rn o v e r in th e M in n e a p o lis p u b l i c s c h o o l s f o r 1 9 6 5 -6 7 by m e a s u r in g and c la ss ify in g th e f a c to r s c o n trib u tin g to tu rn o v e r. d a t a upon tw e lv e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s . in v o lv e d , Of t h e *f32 t e a c h e r s 207 c o n ti n u e d beyond t h r e e y e a r s , t h e i r e m p lo y m en t. He s e c u r e d and 225 t e r m i n a t e d T he f o u r v a r i a b l e s w h i c h s e e m e d t o h a v e 2 K in n a rd W h ite , " S o c io - e c o n o m ic F a c t o r s and t h e M o b ility o f B e g in n in g E le m e n ta ry T e a c h e r s , " T e a c h e rs C o lle g e J o u r n a l . XXXVII, ( M a r c h , 1 9 6 6 ) , 1 7 7 - 7 8 . -^Joy E . W h i t e n e r , "An A c t u a r i a l A p p r o a c h t o T e a c h e r T u r n o v e r , " U n p u b l i s h e d EdD. d i s s e r t a t i o n , W a s h i n g t o n U n i v e r s i t y , 1965. -1 5 - th e m ost s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t u r n o v e r w ere a g e , 4. t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e and m a r i t a l s t a t u s . sex, I n 1966 B l a s e r ^ d i d a f o l lo w - u p s t u d y o f 636 g r a d u a t e s o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f I d a h o f r o m 1 9 5 1 - 6 0 who h a d p r e p a r e d t o te a c h . He f o u n d t h a t 3 5 6 w e r e t e a c h i n g , and 70 h ad l e f t t h e p r o f e s s i o n . 115 n e v e r t a u g h t , T hrough t h e u s e o f a q u e s t i o n n a i r e he o b t a i n e d r e a s o n s f o r l e a v i n g and i n f o r m a tio n re la te d ie n c e , to age, siz e m a rita l s ta tu s , o c c u p a tio n , o f s c h o o l and s a l a r y . He f o u n d t h a t t h o s e who w ith d re w te n d e d t o be young, w ith l i m i t e d sa la rie s. ( m o re r e c e n t s t u d i e s by C h a r t e r s , e t . a l . , r e p o r t t h a t p e r s o n a l r e a s o n s a r e f a r m ore p re d ic tiv e and H ag an , e x p e r i e n c e an d lo w T he r e s p o n d e n t s t h e m s e l v e s p l a c e d e c o n o m ic f a c t o r s above p r o f e s s io n a l re a s o n s P ed ersen , y ears o f ex p er­ o f t u r n o v e r t h a n e c o n o m ic f a c t o r s ) , a s d i d T h o r n d i k e 6 B o o th d i d a f o llo w u p s t u d y o f t h e 392 t e a c h e r s in G e o rg ia who w i t h d r e w f r o m t h e i r p o s i t i o n s d u r i n g o r a f t e r o n e y e a r o f te a c h in g . She p r e p a r e d a T e a c h in g A p p r a is a l S c h e d u le to m easu re a t t i t u d e s o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n . o f te a c h e rs in r e l a ti o n (T .A .S .) to e le v e n a re a s H er n u l l h y p o th e s is s t a t e d th a t th e re ^T hom as J a c k s o n , "T h e S o c i a l O r i g i n s o f H ig h S c h o o l T e a c h e r s i n a C a n a d i a n S c h o o l , " C a n a d i a n J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic s an d P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e . LXXXIX, (N o v e m b e r, i 9 6 0 ) i 1 4 7 . ^ J o h n B l a s e r , " F a c t o r s C o n t r i b u t i n g t o Men G r a d u a t e s from t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Id a h o (1 9 5 1 -6 0 ) L e a v in g t h e T e a c h in g P r o f e s s i o n , " D i s s e r t a t i o n A b s t r a c t s , XX V II, ( A u g u s t , 1 9 6 6 ) , 3 4 1 . ^ R o b e r t T h o r n d ik e and E l i z a b e t h H agen, " C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Men Who R e m a in e d i n a n d L e f t T e a ch in g /* C o o p e r a t i v e R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t N o. 5 7 4 (New Y o rk i T e a c h e r s C o l l e g e , C o lu m b ia U n iv e r ­ s i t y , n . d . ), 1 6 . -1 6 - w ere no s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s among t e a c h e r s who l e a v e t h e p r o f e s s i o n in r e l a t i o n to t h e i r a ttitu d e s to w a rd t e a c h i n g and t h e f o l l o w i n g v a r i a b l e s * sex, e d u c a tio n o f t h e i r p a r e n t s , ty p e o f c e r t i f i c a t e , te a c h in g , siz e o f s c h o o l sy ste m , to r e tu r n to te a c h in g . areas. le v e l of r e a s o n s f o r l e a v i n g and p l a n s Each o f th e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s show ed s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s T .A .S . age, T he v a r i a b l e i n o n e o r m o re o f t h e e l e v e n o f p la n n in g to r e tu r n to te a c h in g sh o w e d a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p to e ig h t o f th e e le v e n a re a s , m ore t h a n a n y o f t h e o t h e r v a r i a b l e s . T h o s e who d i d n o t p la n to te a c h a g a in had th e l e a s t f a v o r a b le a t t i t u d e s te a c h in g as a p ro fe s s io n . In a l a t e r a r t i c l e f u r t h e r on a t t i t u d e s s a tis fa c tio n . 7 re fe rrin g to h e r stu d y , about among t h e i r f a c u l t y , t o s e e m ore s k i l l an d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f s t u d e n t s At a l l le v e ls d ro p o u t te a c h e rs t h a t p r i n c i p a l s p la y an im p o r ta n t r o l e sa tis fa c tio n jo b Many f o r m e r t e a c h e r s w e r e d i s i l l u s i o n e d on h i g h s c h o o l l e v e l s . d ic a te d B o o th r e p o r t e d o f te a c h e r d ro p o u ts in re g a rd to a l a c k o f p r o f e s s i o n a l p r i d e and e t h i c s and d e s i r e d to w a rd or d issa tis fa c tio n . in t h e i r in ­ jo b T he s i n g l e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r in te a c h e rs * d e c is io n s t o d ro p o u t o r re m a in in th e p r o f e s s i o n was t h e i r a t t i t u d e to w a rd th e m s e lv e s and t e a c h i n g . ? F r u a a n n a S . B o o t h , “F a c t o r s A s s o c i a t e d w i t h E a r l y W ith d ra w a l o f T e a c h e r s fro m t h e P r o f e s s i o n i n G e o r g i a , " D i s s e r t a t i o n A b s t r a c t s . XX VII, ( A p r i l , 1 9 6 6 ) , 333*4-, -1 7 - B o o th s u m m a r i z e s p o i g n a n t l y , " I f th e te a c h e r is t o becom e a c a r e e r t e a c h e r and n o t a d r o p o u t, c o o p e r a tio n m ust d e v e lo p w ith in th e t o t a l n a tio n a l, a n d c o m m u n ity s t r u c t u r e to p ro v id e th e c lim a te s ta te , f o r l e a r n i n g and g ro w th w h ich f o s t e r s s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e and p e r s o n a l f u l f i l l m e n t , " B a rn e s ra n d o m ly s e l e c t e d fifty d istric ts in fo rm a tio n r e l a t e d m a r r i e d women, s i n g l e m en. 568 m a th e m a tic s t e a c h e r s fro m in P e n n sy lv a n ia f o r th e y e a r 1968- 6 9 , Q u e s t i o n n a i r e s m a ile d th e p r o f e s s io n . i n J a n u a r y a n d May s e c u r e d t h e n e c e s s a r y t o t h o s e who l e f t o r p l a n n e d t o l e a v e The h i g h e s t p e r c e n t a g e o f t u r n o v e r w as among f o l l o w e d by s i n g l e women, m a r r i e d men, T he f o l l o w i n g h y p o t h e s e s w e r e a c c e p t e d , upon th e d a t a r e c e i v e d : (1) h i g h e r s a l a r i e s b e n e f i t s a r e among t h e m a j o r f a c t o r s te a c h in g , 8 an d based and f r i n g e t h a t l u r e men f r o m w h ile m a r r ia g e and p re g n a n c y a r e t h e m a jo r f a c t o r s w h ic h c a u s e women t o l e a v e , ( p r o f e s s i o n a l f a c t o r s w ere a l s o a m a j o r r e a s o n f o r w o m e n ), a n d ( 2 ) women t e a c h e r s who l e a v e and r e t u r n do s o f o r d o s o f o r e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s , n o n -e c o n o m ic r e a s o n s . w h i l e men who r e t u r n B arnes c la im e d t o have p r o ­ d u c e d a q u e s t i o n n a i r e w h i c h w o u ld h e l p t o p r e d i c t f u t u r e d r o p o u t s .* p " F r u a a n n a S . B o o t h , "Why Do T e a c h e r s D r o p Out:*' C h i l d h o o d E d u c a t i o n , XL1V, ( D e c e m b e r , J.9 6 7 ) , 2 4 5 - 5 6 . 9 Ward B a r n e s , "A D t u d y o f V a r i a b l e s t h a t . I n f l u e n c e d S e c o n d a r y P u b l i c U chooJ M a t h e m a t i c s T e a c h e r s i n P e n n s y l v a n i a t o f tam ain or L e a v e t h e P r o f e s s i o n D u r i n g 1 9 6 8 - 6 9 , *’ D i s s e r t a t i o n A b s t r a c t s . XJCXi, ( N o v e m b e r , i 9 7 b ) , 2 0 6 8 . -1 8 - F o l l o w i n g a r e som e o f t h e t h i r t y - f o u r f i n d i n g s r e p o r t e d by M e d e i r o s i n h i s s t u d y c o n c e r n i n g t h e f a c t o r s w h i c h c o n t r i b u ted t o t e a c h e r tu r n o v e r p ro b le m s i n t h e p u b l i c s c h o o ls o f A r i z o n a f o r 1 9 6 8 -6 9 * L a r g e s c h o o l s y s t e m s h a v e l o w e r m ean a g e l e v e l s a n d s m a lle r r a t e s o f tu r n o v e r th a n do s m a ll s c h o o l s y s te m s . T e a c h e r t e n u r e i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d t o lo w r a t e s of tu rn o v e r. The s m a l l e r t h e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t t h e h i g h e r t h e a v e r a g e t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e and r a t e s o f tu rn o v e r. A p p ro x im a te ly f i f t y - o n e p e r c e n t o f a l l tu rn o v e r te a c h e rs d id n o t r e tu r n to te a c h in g in 19691970. The m a j o r o c c u p a t i o n e n t e r e d b y t u r n o v e r t e a c h e r s w as t h a t o f h o u s e w i f e . T he m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t o r g i v e n b y t u r n o v e r t e a c h e r s f o r l e a v i n g w as " p e r s o n a l * * . M a le s an d f e m a l e s w e r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d i n t h e i r ra n k in g s o f th e s i x m ajo r c a t e g o r i e s o f f a c t o r s . I n - s t a t e and o u t - o f - s t a t e g ro u p s w ere n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d . 10 C o h en s t u d i e d th e in n e r c i t i e s th e a t t r i t i o n of H a rtfo rd o f b eg in n in g te a c h e rs in a n d New H a v e n i n a n a t t e m p t t o d isc o v e r th e rea so n s f o r te a c h e r tu rn o v e r, re c ru itm e n t p ro c e d u re s. and t o im p ro v e He d e v e l o p e d a q u e s t i o n n a i r e v i n g g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t new t e a c h e r s . in v o l­ F iv e f a c t o r s w e r e f o u n d t o be s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f o r t h o s e who r e ­ m a in e d i n t e a c h i n g a n d t h o s e who l e f t * s t a y m ore t h a n raenj (2) ( 1 ) women t e n d e d t h o s e who r e m a i n e d g e n e r a l l y cam e fro m t h e hom es o f b l u e c o l l a r w o r k e r s , w h i l e t h o s e who l e f t came f r o m w h i t e c o l l a r and p r o f e s s i o n a l h o m e s i re m a in e d te n d e d t o o f te n tended J0 to (3) t h o s e who be e d u c a t i o n m a j o r s w h i l e t e a c h e r d r o p o u t s t o be s o c i a l s c i e n c e m a j o r s » ( k) t h o s e who C h a r l e s M e d e i r o s , "An A n a l y s i s o f T e a c h e r T u r n o v e r in P u b l i c L le m e n ta ry and S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l s in A riz o n a f o r 19681 9 6 9 , " D i s s e r t a t i o n Aba t r a c t s . XXXI, (November-, 1 9 7 0 ) , 1 2 2 1 , -19- re m a in e d te n d e d t o t a k e m o re e d u c a t i o n c o u r s e s i and (5 ) th o se who r e m a i n e d u s u a l l y c h o s e t e a c h i n g a s a c a r e e r a t a n e a r l i e r tim e i n l i f e t h a n t h o s e who l e f t The a g e and s e x c o m p o s it i o n o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l f a c u l t y o f a s c h o o l s y s te m stu d ie s is h ig h ly p re d ic tiv e o f tu rn o v e r, by b o t h P e d e r s o n a n d C h a r t e r s r e v e a l . stu d y re p o rte d P e d e r s o n 's t h a t v e l o c i t y flo w s w ere i n v e r s e l y c o r r e l a t e d , w ith y o u n g e r fe m a le s e x h i b i t i n g th e h ig h e r r a t e s and a t t r i t i o n . as M arital s ta tu s o f m ig ra tio n o f te a c h e rs s i g n i f i c a n c e a t any l e v e l o f h i s f a i l e d t o a c h ie v e 12 a n a ly sis. C h a rte rs in d i ­ c a t e d t h a t a lth o u g h m ales a r e r e l a t i v e l y good s u r v i v a l r i s k s in te a c h in g , m any a r e a t t r a c t e d to o th e r f ie ld s , w h i l e t h e men who r e m a i n o f t e n move i n t o a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p o s i t i o n s . T hese s t u d i e s 13 d o n o t d i f f e r c o m p l e t e l y by o n e o f t h e e a r l i e s t and m ost e x t e n s i v e r e s e a r c h o f t e a c h e r m ovem en t by E l s b r e e , who d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h r e e m a in c a u s e s w e r e r e s p o n s i b l e fo r over o n e -h a lf o f th e t o t a l tu rn o v e r— le a v in g f o r a b e tt e r p o sitio n , m a rria g e , and d i s m i s s a l . H ow ever E l s b r e e c i t e s t h a t e c o n o m ic r e t u r n s w e r e f o u n d t o b e i m p o r t a n t d e t e r m i n a n t s ^ A l a n C o h e n , "Some F a c t o r s R e l a t e d t o A t t r i t i o n B e g in n in g T e a c h e r s from I n n e r C i t y S c h o o l s , " D i s s e r t a t i o n A b s tr a c t s . XXXII, (S e p tem b er, 1 9 7 1 ), 1221. of 12 K, G e o r g e P e d e r s e n , " T e a c h e r M i g r a t i o n a n d A t t r i ­ t i o n , " A d m i n i s t r a t o r s N o t e b o o k . X V I I I , No. 8, ( A p r i l , 1 9 7 0 ) , 3 . 13 W. W. C h a r t e r s , "Some O b v i o u s F a c t s A b o u t t h e T ea ch in g C a r e e r , ” E d u c a tio n a l A d m in is tr a tio n Q u a r t e r l y . I l l ( S p r i n g , 1 9 6 7 ) , 1 8 3 - 9 3 . "What C a u s e s T e a c h e r T u r n o v e r ? " S c h o o l R e v ie w . LVIV, ( O c t o b e r , 1 9 6 $ ) , 2 9 4 - 9 9 , an d "T he S o c i a l B a c k ­ g r o u n d o f T e a c h i n g , " H a n d b o o k o f R e s e a r c h on T e a c h i n g , e d . by N. L . G age ( C h i c a g o i R and ' M c N a l l y a n d C o . ” I 9 JS5 V, 7 1 9 - 4 1 . i n t h e c a s e o f p r o f e s s i o n a l p e r s o n n e l who e l e c t e d t o a c c e p t " b e t t e r p o s itio n s e ls e w h e re ." 14 G a rris o n c o n d u cted a s tu d y o f th e f a c t o r s r e l a t e d to t e a c h e r t u r n o v e r in th e B u reau o f I n d i a n A f f a i r s s c h o o l s . From t e a c h e r s who t a u g h t t h e i r f i r s t y e a r d u r i n g 1 9 6 9 - 7 0 , t h e r e w ere 356 u s a b l e r e p l i e s . w ere s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e He f o u n d d i f f e r e n c e s w h ic h . 0 5 l e v e l b e t w e e n t h o s e who r e m a i n e d a n d t h o s e who l e f t a t t h e e n d o f o n e y e a r on e a c h o f t h e fo llo w in g f a c to r s : m ales? fe m a le s te r m in a te d a t a h ig h e r r a t e t h o s e who e n t e r e d a t t h e m i d d l e g r a d e a t a h ig h e r r a te th a n ( G S -7 ) t e r m i n a t e d t h a n t h o s e who e n t e r e d a t t h e l o w e s t g r a d e ( G S - 5 )1 a n d t h o s e who h a d n e g a t i v e c o n c e p t s o f e m p lo y m e n t a rra n g e m e n ts te rm in a te d a t a h ig h e r r a te t h a n t h o s e who h e l d p o s i t i v e c o n c e p ts r e l a t i v e t o t h e i r e m p lo y m en t. no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s in te rm in a tio n r a te s r e la te d m a rita l s ta tu s , y e ars o f e x p e rie n c e , He f o u n d to s iz e o f sc h o o l o r p la c e of o rig in . ^ I n 197 3 G o s n e l l c o m p l e t e d a f o l l o w - u p s t u d y o f g r a d u a t e s o f tw o N o r t h C a r o l i n a t e a c h e r t r a i n i n g 1966. The p u r p o s e o f t h i s sh ip e x is te d in stitu tio n s f o r 1965- s t u d y w as t o d i s c o v e r w h a t r e l a t i o n ­ b e tw e e n c e r t a i n v a r i a b l e s and a t t r i t i o n fro m 14 W illa rd S. E ls b re e , T each er T u rn o v er in th e C i t i e s a n d V i l l a g e s o f New Y o rk S t a t e . C o n t r i b u t i o n s t o E d u c a t i o n ” No. 30 0 (New Y o rk : B u reau o f P u b l i c a t i o n , T e a c h e rs C o lle g e , C o lu m b ia U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 2 8 ), 4 6 . 15 I r v i n G a r r i s o n , " F a c t o r s W hich R e l a t e t o T e a c h e r T u rn o v e r in B ureau o f I n d ia n A f f a i r s S c h o o l s , " D i s s e r t a t i o n A b s t r a c t s . XX X II, ( A p r i l , 1 9 7 2 ) , 6 0 3 7 . -2 1 - te a c h in g , u s in g t h r e e m ajo r c a t e g o r i e s th o se r e la te d t o so c io -e c o n o m ic s t a t u s , in d iv id u a l d iffe re n c e s , in g s i t u a t i o n . re la tio n s h ip o f fa c to rs* (1) (2 ) th o s e r e l a t e d and (3 ) th o s e d e a l i n g w ith t h e t e a c h ­ The v a r i a b l e s w h i c h i n d i c a t e d a s i g n i f i c a n t t o a h ig h r a t e of a ttr itio n a re as fo llo w s t a, n o t h a v in g g r a d u a te d e g re e s b, b e in g m a r r ie d o r fe m a le c, t e a c h i n g f o r c o m p e n sa to ry r e a s o n s d, h a v in g n e g a tiv e a t t i t u d e s e, h a v in g h ig h s t a t u s f , h a v in g ta u g h t in s m a lle r s c h o o ls g, t h e t y p e o f w o r k e x p e r i e n c e w h ic h t h e s t u d e n t had p r i o r t o g r a d u a tio n P e rta in in g to to to w a rd th e p r o f e s s i o n o c c u p a tio n a s p i r a t io n s th e l a s t v a r i a b l e m en tio n ed , th e a t t r i t i o n ra te w as h i g h e r f o r t e a c h e r s who w e r e s u p p o r t e d by t h e i r p a r e n t s o r by s c h o l a r s h i p s w h i l e i n c o l l e g e t h a n f o r t h o s e who w e r e s e lf-s u p p o rtin g , an d f o r t e a c h e r s who h a d o n l y w h i t e - c o l l a r w ork e x p e r i e n c e , a s o p p o s e d t o t h o s e who h a d o n l y b l u e - c o l l a r w ork e x p e r i e n c e p r i o r t o g r a d u a t i o n , ^ In h is 1 9 6 7 s t u d y o f s i x s c h o o l s i n lo w in c o m e a r e a s and s i x s c h o o l s i n m i d d l e in c o m e a r e a s , n if ic a n t d iffe re n c e s te a c h e rs. sc h o o ls Faunce found no s i g ­ i n t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f m a le v e r s u s f e m a l e The r e t e n t i o n r a t e w as h i g h e r i n t h e m i d d l e in c o m e (61 p e r c e n t ) t h a n i n lo w in c o m e s c h o o l s over fiv e y e a rs , S in g le ra te th a n m a rrie d te a c h e r s (59 p e r c e n t ) (50 p e r c e n t ) t e a c h e r s had a h i g h e r r e t e n t i o n (5 3 p e r c e n t ) over th e J o h n W, G o s n e l l , "T he R e l a t i o n s h i p o f S o c i o ­ e c o n o m ic S t a t u s an d o t h e r S e l e c t e d V a r i a b l e s t o A t t r i t i o n fr o m t h e T e a c h i n g P r o f e s s i o n o f G r a d u a t e s o f Two N o r t h C a r o l i n a T e a c h e r - T r a i n i n g I n s t i t u t i o n s , " U n p u b l i s h e d PhD, d i s s e r t a t i o n . U n i v e r s i t y o f N o rth C a r o li n a a t C h ap el H i l l , 1973. 22- fiv e -y e a r p e rio d . The r e t e n t i o n r a t e 61 p e r c e n t i n lo w in c o m e s c h o o l s , m i d d l e in c o m e s c h o o l s , f o r m a l e t e a c h e r s was and 56 p e r c e n t i n t h e w h ereas f o r fe m a le s th e r a t e of re ­ t e n t i o n w as 45 p e r c e n t i n t h e lo w in c o m e s c h o o l s a n d 70 p e r c e n t i n t h e m i d d l e in c o m e s c h o o l s . 17 ' N a tio n a l S tu d ie s R e l a t i n g t o T u rn o v e r and A t t r i t i o n Some o f t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t r e c e n t r e s e a r c h o n a t t r i ­ t i o n h a s b e e n u n d e r t a k e n on n a t i o n a l l e v e l s . T hree g ro u p s o f s u r v e y s on t e a c h e r t e r m i n a t i o n s w e r e c o n d u c t e d b y t h e U. S . O f f i c e o f E d u c a t i o n , th e N a tio n a l E d u c a tio n A s s o c ia tio n a n d t h e Rand C o r p o r a t i o n . The N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n s t u d i e s p r o j e c t e d o v e r a p e r i o d o f y e a r s f r o m 1 9 5 5 - 5 6 t o 1 9 6 5 - 6 6 w e r e b a s e d on q u e s t i o n n a i r e s m a ile d t o a s t r a t i f i e d te a c h e rs. A resp o n se r a t e t h a t g ro u p , fo llo w s* o f 90 p e r c e n t w as r e a c h e d , and o f r e a s o n s f o r l e a v i n g t e a c h i n g w ere r e p o r t e d 3 0 .9 p e r c e n t to o k le a v e - o f - a b se n s e tim e ; cent re tire d ; l e f t to sa m p le o f a b o u t 2 ,0 0 0 1 0 ,5 p e r c e n t r e t u r n e d t o c o l l e g e ; as 2 0 .4 p e r ­ 5 .8 p e rc e n t im p r o v e t h e i r e c o n o m ic b e n e f i t s ; 5 . 8 p e r c e n t e n t e r e d a n o th e r o c c u p a tio n ; p ercen t l e f t 5 .5 p e r c e n t l e f t due t o because o f d e a th o r in c a p a c ity ; illn e ss; and 5 .2 p e r c e n t gave re a so n s such as p e rs o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . 1? 2 .6 T he l a r g e s t R. W. F a u n c e , T e a c h e r C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n M i d d l e a n d Low In c o m e A r e a s ( B e t h e s d a , M a r y la n d * U. S . D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h , E d u c a tio n and W e lf a r e , M arch, 1 9 6 7 ) . -2 3 - s i n g l e f a c t o r on t e r m i n a t i o n s in d ic a te d th a t p e rso n a l r e a s o n s a r e th e m ajo r c a u s e o f l e a v in g th e p r o f e s s i o n . v e ry sm a ll p e rc e n t (1 .5 ) re p o rte d th a t a t t r i t i o n re la te d moved t o a n o t h e r s t a t e . 18 A I t was f r o m t e a c h i n g w as s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o m a r i t a l s t a t u s — t h e r e was a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e o f m a r r i e d p e o p l e among t h o s e who l e f t t e a c h i n g t h a n among t h o s e who s t a y e d o r m e re ly t r a n s f e r r e d . A lso in c l u d e d i n t h i s s t u d y w e r e c o m p a r i s o n s m ade b e ­ tw een d r o p o u t s and t e a c h e r m o b i l i t y . T h e r e w as a d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t e a c h e r s who l e f t t h e p r o f e s s i o n an d t h o s e who r e ­ m a in e d i n t h e sam e s y s t e m b u t moved t o a n o t h e r s c h o o l , w h ic h c o r r e l a t e d w i t h s e x t o a d e g r e e s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .0 1 c o n f i d e n c e l e v e l . T h e r e w as a d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n d r o p ­ o u t s an d t h o s e who r e m a i n e d e i t h e r i n t h e sam e s c h o o l o r w ith in t h e sam e s t a t e , a t th e .0 5 l e v e l . ^ t h a t c o r r e l a t e d w ith se x , The U. S . O f f i c e o f E d u c a t i o n s t u d i e s surv ey of a s t r a t i f i e d i n 1957 and 1959, c o m p u te d t o w ere b a se d on a sa m p le o f o v e r 2 ,0 0 0 s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s i n w h ic h t h e r a t e be 8 . 1 p e r c e n t . th e te rm in a tio n r a t e 20 s ig n ific a n t o f t e r m i n a t i o n c a n be T he s t u d i e s a l s o sh o w e d t h a t is not g re a tly re la te d to su ch s e e m in g ly - 18 " T e a c h e r M o b i l i t y and L o b s , " N a t i o n a l E d u c a tio n A s s o c i a t i o n R e s e a r c h B u l l e t i n . XLVI, (D e c e m b e r , 1 9 5 8 ) , 1 X 5 - 2 7 . 19 " T e a c h e rs ’ P ro b le m s ," N a tio n a l E d u c a tio n A s so c ia ­ t i o n R e s e a r c h B u l l e t i n . (D ecem b er, 1 9 6 8 ), 1 1 6 -7 , " 20 Ward S . M ason a n d K . K . B a i n , " T e a c h e r T u r n o v e r i n P u b l i c S c h o o l s 1 9 5 9 - 5 8 , " O f f i c e o f E d u c a t i o n , C i r c u l a r No, 6 0 8 , HEW, W a s h i n g t o n , ( 1 9 5 9 ) , 1 - 2 9 . i m p o r t a n t e c o n o m ic f a c t o r s ra tio , as s a l a r i e s ( a s com pared t o a s l i g h t l y and H a g e n , who r e p o r t e d o r te a c h e r-p u p il e a r l i e r s t u d y by T h o rn d ik e t h a t m o s t o f t h e s a m p l e who h a d l e f t t e a c h i n g h a d d o n e s o f o r r e a s o n s o f lo w p a y a n d l a c k o f 21 o p p o r t u n i t y t o e m b a r k u p o n som e o t h e r "good** j o b ). A year e a r l i e r i n a s i m i l a r s t u d y M ason sh o w ed t h a t o n e - h a l f o f h i s n o v i c e t e a c h e r s h a d n o p l a n s t o be t e a c h i n g f i v e y e a r s hencef f u r t h e r o n ly 28 p e r c e n t o f t h e m a le s and 14 p e r c e n t o f th e fe m a le s i n d i c a t e d to r e tir e m e n t. te a c h e r tra in in g a se rio u s He i d e n t i f i e d in s titu tio n in te n tio n to te a c h c o n tin u o u sly in itia l sa la rie s, a tte n d e d , and t h e l e v e l and ty p e o f p r e p a r a t i o n as im p o rta n t c o r r e l a t e s a ttritio n . th e ty p e o f of p ro fe ssio n a l 22 In th e fo llo w -u p s tu d y c o m p le te d i n I9 6 0 , H u n te r d e te r m in e d t h a t 86 p e r c e n t o f t h e o r i g i n a l b e g in n in g g ro u p re tu rn e d to te a c h in g , and o f t h i s l a t t e r g r o u p 78 p e r c e n t c o n t i n u e d t h e i r e m p lo y m e n t i n t h e sam e s y s t e m , m ig ra te d to a n o th e r s c h o o l d i s t r i c t , e m p lo y m e n t i n p r i v a t e s c h o o l s . stu d ie s, 14 p e r c e n t had and 4 p e r c e n t had a c c e p te d A g a in , as in a fo re m e n tio n e d t h e t u r n o v e r r a t e w as f o u n d t o b e l o w e r f o r m a le th a n fe m a le t e a c h e r s , f o r o ld e r th a n younger te a c h e r s , m a rrie d th a n s i n g l e m ale t e a c h e r s , fo r sin g le fo r th a n m a rrie d 21 R o b e r t T h o r n d i k e a n d E l i z a b e t h H a g e n , "Men T e a c h e r s and E x - T e a c h e r s i Some A t t i t u d e s a n d T r a i t s , " T e a c h e r s C o l l e g e R e c o rd . L X II, ( J a n u a r y , 1 9 6 1 ), 3 0 6 -1 6 . 2 ^Ward S . M ason , T he B e g i n n i n g T e a c h e r i A S urvey o f New T e a c h e r s i n t h e P u b l i c S c h o o l s . 1 9 5 0 - 5 7 . C i r c u l a r No. 610 (W a sh in g to n , D .C .i U n ite d S t a t e s G o vernm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 958). fe m a le t e a c h e r s , te a ch e rs f o r e le m e n ta ry th a n se c o n d a ry te a c h e r s , i n l a r g e r u r b a n s y s te m s com pared w i t h t h e i r c o l l e a ­ g u e s from l e s s u r b a n iz e d a r e a s , te a c h e rs. fo r a n d f o r m o re h i g h l y e d u c a t e d 23 T he Rand s t u d i e s b a s e d on a o n e - p e r c e n t s a m p l e o f w o r k e r s c o v e re d by S o c i a l S e c u r i t y i n p rim a ry and s e c o n d a r y e d u c a tio n f o r th e y e a r s 1962-66, sh o w t h a t t e r m i n a t i o n r a t e s o f aro u n d sev en to e ig h t p e rc e n t a re q u ite s t a b l e th ro u g h o u t th e s e years ( a s do t h e O f f ic e o f E d u c a tio n s t u d i e s ) , and r e ­ e m p h a size th e tio n s , im p o r ta n c e o f d e m o g ra p h ic f a c t o r s on t e r m i n a ­ w i t h o l d p e o p l e a n d y o u n g women m o s t l i k e l y te rm in a te , The NEA r e s u l t s in d ic a tin g p e rs o n a l re a so n s as th e m ajo r c a u s e f o r l e a v in g th e p r o f e s s i o n , R a n d — t h e tw o m o s t i m p o r t a n t v a r i a b l e s hood , to a r e c o n f i r m e d by b e in g age and m o th e r­ A l s o t h e s t u d i e s sh o w t h a t o f t h e p e o p l e who l e f t te a c h in g , reaso n si e s p e c i a l l y t h e women, m o s t d i d s o f o r n o n - e c o n o m i c men a r e m o re l i k e l y t o b eco m e r e - e m p l o y e d t h a n women a n d a r e m o re a b l e t o f i n d h i g h e r - p a y i n g j o b s t v e r y few women f o u n d s u b s t a n t i a l l y a n d w hen t h e te r m in e e s w ere d iv id e d lik e ly to go i n t o b e tte r-p a y in g i n t o age g ro u p s , jo b si y o u n g men w e r e m ore th e m a n u f a c tu r in g and s e r v i c e in d u strie s, m i d d l e - a g e d men a n d a l l women g e n e r a l l y r e m a i n e d i n p r o f e s 23 . S c o t t H u n t e r , The B e g i n n i n g T e a c h e r One Y e a r L a te ri R e p o rt o f a F o llo w -u p S t u d y (W a sh in g to n . D .C .t U. S . D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n , a n d W e l f a r e , n . d , ) . - 26 - sio n a l jo b s, a n d o l d men a n d women r a r e l y t o o k a n o t h e r j o b . I n c o n c l u s i o n t h e R and r e s e a r c h i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e m ajo r re a so n s f o r te rm in a tio n s co n cern th e p r i v a te r a t h e r th a n jo b c o n d itio n s o r s a l a r i e s c o e ffic ie n t fo r sa la ry 15 p e r c e n t r i s e liv e s o f te a c h e rs ("th e re g re s s io n i n 1 9 6 3 sh o w s t h a t i t w o u ld t a k e a in s a la r y t o e f f e c t o n ly a one p e r c e n t d e c lin e in th e te rm in a tio n r a t e " ) , R e c e n t l y tw o o t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t R and s t u d i e s on t e a c h e r m o b i l i t y h a v e b e e n done i n t h e San D ieg o s c h o o l s and i n M ic h ig a n ( s e e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n ) , A g ain i t p erso n al c h a r a c te r is tic s o f th e te a c h e r, c o n d itio n s a re th e b e s t p r e d ic to r s D ie g o s t u d y . o f te rm in a tio n s in th e San a r e h i g h e r fro m u n a t t r a c t i v e s c h o o l ( th o s e w ith lo w e r s a l a r i e s o p p o rtu n itie s ) and l e s s p r o m o tio n a l and d i s t r i c t s w ith r e l a t i v e l y u n a t t r a c t i v e stu d e n t c h a r a c te r is tic s lo w s t a t u s , r a t h e r t h a n e c o n o m ic B o th t h e S a n D i e g o a n d M i c h i g a n s t u d i e s show th a t te rm in a tio n r a te s d istric ts i s c o n firm e d t h a t (stu d e n ts o f lo w in c o m e f a m i l i e s , a n d l o w e r p e r f o r m a n c e on s t a n d a r d i z e d c o g n i t i v e t e s t s ) , 2^ O Jt c E m m ett B, K e e l e r , " A n a l y s i s o f t h e E d u c a t i o n a l P e r s o n n e l S y stem : IV , T e a c h e r T u r n o v e r , " T he R and C o r p o r a ­ t i o n . R - 1 3 2 5 -HEW, ( O c t o b e r , 1 9 7 3 ) , 5 - 9 , 2 4 . 25 D av id G r e e n b e r g and J o h n M c C a ll, " A n a l y s i s o f t h e E d u c a t i o n a l P e r s o n n e l S y stem : I. T e a c h e r M o b ility i n San D i e g o . " T he R and C o r p o r a t i o n . R-1071-HEW , ( J a n u a r y , 1 9 7 3 ) , 1 - 2 9 . -2 7 - T e a c h e r T u rn o v e r and A t t r i t i o n i n M ic h ig a n P e d e rs e n h a s c o n d u c te d p r o b a b ly t h e m ost c o m p re h e n s iv e s t u d y on t e a c h e r t u r n o v e r u n d e r t a k e n i n M i c h i g a n s t a t e w i d e . Much o f h i s w o r k d e a l s w i t h t e a c h e r m i g r a t i o n f r o m w h i c h h e u s e s d a t a o b t a i n e d fro m t h e S t a t e B oard o f E d u c a ti o n , t h e 26 M ic h ig a n S c h o o l F in a n c e s t u d y and l o c a l s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s . He e l i c i t s d e ta ile d a n a l y s e s a b o u t t h e M ic h ig a n c la s s r o o m - t e a c h e r m o v em en t a n d a t t r i t i o n . The t r a n s i t i o n m a t r i c e s w h ich h e d e v e lo p e d r e v e a l e d t u r n o v e r l o s s e s o f c o n s i d e r a b l e m ag n itu d e d u r in g th e y e a r s 1 9 6 5 -6 6 , In h is c lu d e s t h a t M ic h ig a n s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s t h e i r te a c h e rs th a t y ear, fin d in g s he con­ l o s t 2 0 ,1 p e r c e n t o f and t h a t o n ly o n e - f i f t h m ig ra te d t o o t h e r M ic h ig a n s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s , w hereas th e re m a in in g 16 p e r c e n t w e r e n o t a c t i v e l y i n v o l v e d i n s c h o o l t e a c h i n g M ic h ig a n i n t h e f o l l o w i n g S e p te m b e r, 27 ' In a l a t e r a r t i c l e h e r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e r e w as a h i g h e r o v e r a l l r a t e in th e m e tro p o lita n re g io n r e f l e c t in g in of re te n tio n b o th lo w e r m ig r a tio n r a t e s and c o m p a r a t i v e l y fe w e r d r o p o u ts fro m t h e p r o f e s s i o n . 2 fi S e e A l a n T hom as, S c h o o l F i n a n c e a n d E d u c a t i o n a l O p p o r t u n i ty i n M ic h ig a n ( L a n s in g i M ic h ig a n D e p a rtm e n t o f E d u c a tio n , 1 9 6 8 ), 27 K, G e o r g e P e d e r s e n , The I t i n e r a n t S c h o o l m a s t e r s A S o c io -E c o n o m ic A n a ly s is o f T e a c h e r T u rn o v e r (C h ic a g o t M id w est A d m i n is tr a t io n C e n te r , U n i v e r s i t y o f C h ica g o , 1 9 7 3 ), 1 1 2 -2 6 , 28 _______________ , " T e a c h e r M i g r a t i o n a n d A t t r i t i o n ; " A d m i n i s t r a t o r s N o t e b o o k . X V I I I , N o. 8 , ( A p r i l , 1 9 7 0 ) , 3 . He a g a i n c o n f i r m e d t h e r e s u l t s th a t o v e ra ll re te n tio n o f s t u d i e s c o n d u c te d n a t i o n a l l y i s h i g h e r f o r o l d e r (m ore e x p e r i e n c e d ) t e a c h e r s th a n f o r young t e a c h e r s , f o r y o u n g women, h i g h e r f o r y o u n g men t h a n a n d h i g h e r f o r women w i t h a d v a n c e d d e g r e e s t h a n f o r men w i t h s i m i l a r t r a i n i n g , He a l s o la r g e r th e sc h o o l p o p u la tio n in a s p e c if ic t h e l o w e r w as t h e r a t e (A u stin , school d i s t r i c t , o f t e a c h e r o u t - m i g r a t i o n , and t h a t t h e r e w as n o s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p o f s in g le te a c h e rs found t h a t th e b e tw e e n t h e num ber in a sc h o o l d i s t r i c t and tu r n o v e r . in a d d itio n , r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e e m p lo y m e n t o f t e a c h e r s tra in e d i n h i g h e r s t a t u s M ic h ig a n p o s t - s e c o n d a r y i n s t i t u t i o n s 29 e n su red g r e a t e r s t a b i l i t y in th e te a c h in g f o r c e .) P ed ersen b e lie v e s " E d u c a tio n a l p ro b le m s, u rb a n c o r e and r u r a l a r e a s o f t h i s p a rtic u la rly c o u n try , in may b e r e s o l v e d i n p a r t by p a y in g g r e a t e r a t t e n t i o n t o f a c u l t y s t a b i l i t y its and 30 l o n g - t e r m e f f e c t s . ** In an u n p u b lis h e d r e p o r t c o m p ile d from s t a t i s t i c s ta k e n fro m t h e S t a t e D e p a rtm e n t o f E d u c a t i o n 's M ic h ig a n P r o f e s s i o n a l R e g i s t e r s fro m 1 9 6 7 -7 3 , ra te S m ith c o m p u tes t h e a n n u a l a t t r i t i o n f o r th e s e y e a rs as fo llo w s j 29 (C h ica g o : A l e x a n d e r W. A u s t i n , Who G oes W here t o C o l l e g e ? S c ie n c e R e se a rc h A s s o c ia te s , I n c 7, 1 9 6 5 ), 5 5 -6 6 . 30 P ed ersen , T he I t i n e r a n t S c h o o l m a s t e r . , ., 124. -2 9 - 1 9 67-68 196 8-6 9 1 9 69-70 1970 -72 19 7 2-7 4 T he f i g u r e s is 14% Wo 13% 1 1 .5 % ( t w o - y e a r a v e r a g e ) 10% ( •* ) a b o v e sh o w t h a t t h e m o s t r e c e n t t r e n d i n M ic h ig a n a d ro p o f a b o u t 4 p e r c e n t in th e o v e r a l l a t t r i t i o n S m ith a l s o h a s e s t i m a t e d t h a t a p p r o x im a te ly 23 p e r c e n t o f t h e p e r s o n n e l ( t e a c h e r s and a d m i n i s t r a t o r s ) sc h o o ls who l e a v e t h e p u b l i c i n M ic h ig a n w i l l r e t u r n w i t h i n f i v e y e a r s . p o r t s a h ig h l o s s o f t e a c h e r s w ith 0, ien ce, ra te . 1, He r e ­ 2 o r 3 y e a rs ex p er­ b u t t h e r e a f t e r th e p ro p o rtio n le a v in g te a c h in g d e­ creases ra p id ly . T h ere i s even a h ig h e r lo s s g ra d u a te d te a c h e r s w ith 0 -3 y e a rs T he Rand s t u d i e s re s u lts of o u t-o f-sta te e x p e rie n c e ,-^ o f t h e M ic h ig a n s c h o o l s y s te m s evoked s im ila r to s e v e ra l p re v io u s ly -c ite d so u rces. Y oung, i n e x p e r i e n c e d t e a c h e r s w e r e m o re l i k e l y t o l e a v e t h e i r school d i s t r i c t , d is tric t, t h a n w e r e m o re e x p e r i e n c e d t e a c h e r s . fu rth e r in d ic a te d m o re l i k e l y b a b ility e i t h e r t o q u i t t e a c h i n g o r move t o a n o t h e r The r e s u l t s t h a t y o u n g women u p t o t h e a g e o f 2 8 w e r e t o t e r m i n a t e t h a n y o u n g m en. S e c o n d ly th e p r o ­ o f te r m in a tio n s o f te a c h e r s w ith advanced d e g re e s was s i g n i f i c a n t l y le ss th a n f o r le s s -e d u c a te d te a c h e rs, and t e a c h e r s who r e c e i v e t h e i r m o s t r e c e n t d e g r e e s f r o m a n o u t - o f - ^ G a r y R. S m i t h , S t u d y o f t h e M i c h i g a n P r o f e s s i o n a l R e g i s t e r 1 9 6 7 - 1 9 7 4 . U n p u b l i s h e d r e p o r t , (W ayne S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , D e c e m b e r, 1 9 7 ^ . -3 0 - s t a t e c o l l e g e l e a v e t h e M ic h ig a n s y s te m w ith g r e a t e r f r e ­ q u e n c y t h a n t h o s e who a t t e n d e d c o l l e g e w i t h i n M i c h i g a n . th ird re s u lt, c o n s i s t e n t w i t h e c o n o m ic t h e o r y , t e r m i n a t i o n b e h a v i o r o f men a n d women a n d t h e m o b i l i t y o f m a le s w ere a l l sa la rie si how ever, not re la te d te a c h e rs th e in v e rse ly re la te d w as t h a t t h e in te rd is tric t to th e ir i n t e r d i s t r i c t m o b i l i t y o f f e m a l e s was to th e s a la r y v a r i a b le , I t w as f o u n d t h a t i n g e n e r a l d i s p l a y e d a t e n d e n c y t o move aw ay f r o m d i s t r i c t s w ith r e l a t i v e l y lo w -p e c u n ia ry r e t u r n s , e sp e c ia lly in re g a rd to s tu d e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s — i . e . , s tu d e n ts so c io -ec o n o m ic s t a t u s th is A o f lo w (S E S ) a n d c o g n i t i v e a b i l i t i e s — a n d t h a t p r o v e d t o b e a v a r i a b l e t h a t p l a y e d a m o re i m p o r t a n t c o n sid e ra tio n in d e c is io n s to T eacher A ttr itio n A lth o u g h t h e r e th e e f f e c ts m e n t, sm a ll, and S t u d e n t A c h iev e m e n t lim ite d re se a rc h a v a i l a b l e sh o w in g o f t e a c h e r te r m in a tio n s upon s t u d e n t a c h ie v e ­ a f e w r e c e n t s t u d i e s h a v e i n d i c a t e d som e i n t e r e s t i n g c o rre la tio n s . tio n , is te rm in a te th a n s a l a r y .^ 2 T he S a n D i e g o s t u d i e s o f t h e R and C o r p o r a ­ by d e v e l o p in g a s i m u lt a n e o u s e q u a t i o n m o d el, but sig n ific a n t, re la tio n sh ip sh o w e d a b e tw e e n s t u d e n t a c h ie v e m e n t and t e a c h e r e x p e r ie n c e and l o n g e v i t y w i t h i n a s c h o o l sy s te m i 32 s c h o o ls w ith h ig h a c h ie v in g s tu d e n ts te n d to D a v id G r e e n b e r g and J o h n M c C a ll, A n a l y s i s o f t h e E d u c a ti o n a l P e r s o n n e l S y stem i V II. T eacher M o b ility in M i c h i g a n . T he R and C o r p o r a t i o n . R-13^3-HEW . F e b r u a r y . 1 9 7 4 . -3 1 - h a v e a m o re e x p e r i e n c e d s t a f f , w h ile s c h o o ls w ith lo w e r- a c h i e v i n g and s o c i a l - e c o n o m i c - s t a t u s s tu d e n ts have a c o n tin u in g o ccu ran ce o f h ig h e r te a c h e r te r m in a tio n s . sc o res o f s tu d e n ts sig n ific a n tly R e ad in g i n t h e San D ie g o i n n e r - c i t y s c h o o l s w ere lo w e r in s c h o o ls w ith h ig h e r t e a c h e r tu r n o v e r ( i t w as a c c e p t e d , h ow ever, t h a t t h e lo w e r s c o r e s w ere a l s o a r e s u l t o f th e s tu d e n ts * background). A n o th e r c o r r e l a t i o n 33 o f v a r i a b le s a n aly z e d in th e San D i e g o s t u d y sh o w e d t h a t r a t h e r t h a n t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e o r te a c h e r e d u c a tio n a f f e c tin g s tu d e n t t e s t s c o re s , re a d in g a b i l i t y f a c u l ty 's a b a s ic d e te rm in a n t o f th e av erag e le v e l o f e x p e rie n c e be i n e v i t a b l e , fille d of a school is th e average ( t h i s w i l l c o n tin u e to w hen p o s i t i o n s v a c a t e d a t lo w SES s c h o o l s a r e b y new i n e x p e r i e n c e d t e a c h e r s — t o o o f t e n a p r a c t i c e i n m any i n n e r - c i t y s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s — a n d i n d i c a t e s need f o r p o lic y changes a t a d m in is tra tiv e T he R and s t u d i e s a d ire and h i r i n g l e v e l s ) . o n M i c h i g a n sh o w e d s i m i l a r r e s u l t s in r e g a r d t o s t u d e n t a c h ie v e m e n t and t u r n o v e r i n t h e s o - c a l l e d u n a ttra c tiv e sc h o o ls. Two v a r y i n g t y p e s o f r a t i o n a l e h a v e been posed f o r th e above r e l a t i o n s h i p s t p a rtu re s cause s tu d e n ts cause o f th e r e l a ti v e 33 (1) te a c h e r de­ to have reduced re a d in g a b i l i t y be­ i n e x p e r i e n c e o f new t e a c h e r s b e i n g D a v i d G r e e n b e r g a n d J o h n M c C a l l , MA n a l y s i s o f t h e E d u c a t i o n a l P e r s o n n e l S y ste m : 1. T e a c h e r M o b ility in San D i e g o , " T he R and C o r p o r a t i o n , R-1071-HEW , ( J a n u a r y , 1 9 7 3 ) , 5 6 -5 8 . -3 2 - h ire d and t h e l a c k o f c o n t i n u i t y o f a t e a c h i n g s t a f f * o t h e r hand ( 2 ) r e a d in g a b i l i t y s u c h a s t h e r a c e and c l a s s te a c h e r d e p a rtu re s? and f a c t o r s r e l a t e d to on t h e it o f s t u d e n t s may c a u s e o r i n f l u e n c e in f a c t, w h ite m id d le -c la s s s c h o o ls — w h e r e s t u d e n t s p o s s e s s h i g h r e a d i n g a b i l i t y — a r e m o re a t t r a c 34 t i v e t o m ost t e a c h e r s . O th e r s t u d i e s have c o n c u rre d w ith th e above r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e tw e e n a t t r i t i o n an d G u t h r i e 3? and a c h ie v e m e n t. B urkhead, S ilb e rm a n , a l l p o se t h e p ro b lem s and c o n c e rn s o f t e a c h e r a ttritio n and l a c k o f t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e i n l a r g e c i t y sc h o o ls. Faunce, i n m a k in g a c o m p a r a t i v e s t u d y b e t w e e n m i d d l e a n d lo w in c o m e a r e a s c h o o l s th a t th e a t t r i t i o n sc h o o ls, fou n d r a t e w as h i g h e r i n l o w - i n c o m e a r e a c o n c lu d in g t h a t a ttrib u te d in M in n e a p o lis a l s o "D iffe re n c e s to so c io -e c o n o m ic s t a t u s i n r e t e n t i o n may b e o f th e sc h o o l a re a s s tu d ie d ," ^ ® G r e e n b e r g and M c C a ll, P e r s o n n e l S y s te m ? V I I . p . 32 A n a ly sis o f th e E d u c a tio n a l I 4) J . B u r k h e a d , T . G . F o x , a n d J . W. H o l l a n d , I n p u t a n d O u t p u t i n L a r g e C i t y H i g h S c h o o l s . ( S y r a c u s e , New Y o r k : S y ra c u se U n iv e r s ity P r e s s , 19 6 7 ), 52 . Y ork: - ^ C h a r le s S ilb e rm a n , C r i s i s in th e C la ssro o m . Random H o u s e , 1 9 7 0 ) , 1 0 3 , 1 6 2 , 2 6 6 - 6 7 . (New 3? J . W. G u t h r i e , "A S u r v e y o f S c h o o l E f f e c t i v e n e s s S t u d i e s , v i n Do T e a c h e r s Make a D i f f e r e n c e ? HEW 0 E - 5 8 0 4 2 , (1970), qo R. W. F a u n c e , T e a c h e r C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n M i d d l e a n d Low In c o m e A r e a s ( B e t h e s d a , M a r y l a n d :U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h , E d u c a ti o n and W e lf a r e , M arch, 1 9 6 ? ) , p . 9 9 . B e rlo w itz , in a stu d y o f c a r e e r p a tte r n s in B u ffa lo , h y p o th e s iz e d t h a t " i f t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f b la c k and P u e r to R ica n s t u d e n t s th e n th e i s g r e a t e r i n s c h o o l A t h a n i n s c h o o l B, 'q u i t r a t e ' of te a c h e rs i n s c h o o l B w i l l be h i g h e r , " He o b t a i n e d a P e a r s o n ' s c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f . 2 5 on th e f i r s t h y p o th e s is , th e second one. a n d a n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n o f - . 2 5 on H is a r t i c l e o f lo w t e a c h e r - s t a b i l i t y re m p h a siz e s th e g e n e r a l c o n ce rn i n lo w SES i n n e r c i t y s c h o o l s . 39 Sum m ary A su rv ey o f th e l i t e r a t u r e re la tio n sh ip s r e v e a ls s e v e r a l im p o rta n t b e tw e e n t e a c h e r s and a t t r i t i o n tio n a l p ro fe ssio n . fro m t h e e d u c a ­ The f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s a t t e m p t t o s u m m a r i z e t h e c o n c l u s i o n s made i n t h e a n a l y s e s o f t h e v a rio u s s tu d ie s . A lth o u g h n o t c o n s i s t e n t l y th e c a se , m ost s t u d i e s fo u n d t h a t age and s e x v a r i a b l e s w ere f r e q u e n t p r e d i c t o r s of te a c h e r tu rn o v e r. T he r a t e of a ttritio n m a rrie d fe m a le s th a n f o r s i n g l e m a rrie d m a le s, w as g r e a t e r f o r f e m a le s and m a le s and and h i g h e r f o r b o th y o u n g e r (up t o t h e a g e s o f 27 a n d 2 8 ) m a l e s a n d f e m a l e s . L e n g t h o f t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e was a n o t h e r p r e d i c t i v e M a rv in B e r l o w i t z , " C a r e e r P a t t e r n s o f T e a c h e r s i n a n U rb a n A r e a o f B u f f a l o , " U r b a n E d u c a t i o n . V I , ( J u l y , 1 9 7 1 ) , 262. -3 ^ - f a c t o r u p o n t e r m i n a t i o n s — t h o s e who h a d f e w y e a r s o f te a c h in g ten d e d to le a v e a t a g r e a t e r fre q u e n c y th a n th o s e who w e r e m ore e x p e r i e n c e d . I t w as f o u n d , a ls o , t h a t th e p r o b a b i l it y o f te rm in a tio n s o f te a c h e r s w ith advanced d eg rees is s ig n if ic a n tly le ss th an f o r le s s -e d u c a te d te a c h e rs. A n o th e r f a c t o r upon a t t r i t i o n background o f th e t e a c h e r j w as t h e home a n d w o r k t e a c h e r s who come f r o m b l u e - c o l l a r hom es o f h a d b l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e x p e r i e n c e p r i o r t o t e a c h i n g te n d e d t o re m a in in t e a c h i n g l o n g e r t h a n w h i t e c o l l a r and p r o f e s s i o n a l l y - o r i e n t e d jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n te a c h e rs, A ttitu d e s of t o w a r d t h e p r o f e s s i o n among t e a c h e r d r o p ­ o u t s w e r e m o re f a v o r a b l e among t e a c h e r s who i n d i c a t e d th e y p l a n n e d t o r e t u r n t o t e a c h i n g t h a n f o r t h o s e who d i d n o t . One v e r y c o n s i s t e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p fo u n d b e tw e e n a t t r i ­ t i o n an d t e a c h i n g w as s i z e a n d s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s t a t u s school d i s t r i c t s . of L a rg e r s c h o o l sy ste m s have l e s s t u r n o v e r th a n do s m a l l e r s c h o o l s y s t e m s . H o w e v e r, l o w e r SES s c h o o l s w ith lo w e r a c h ie v in g s t u d e n t s hav e a g r e a t e r p ro b lem o f re te n tio n s tu d e n ts o f t e a c h e r s t h a n do m id d le -in c o m e s c h o o l s w here te n d t o be h i g h e r a c h i e v e r s — t h e a n a l y s e s s u g g e s t th a t te a c h e r tu rn o v e r in la rg e s e r i o u s p ro b lem , in n e r-c ity areas is a b u t t h a t th e m a jo r r e a s o n f o r th e r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n t e a c h e r s t a b i l i t y and s t u d e n t a c h ie v e m e n t i s th e -3 5 - a b ility o f e x p e rie n c e d te a c h e r s to g e t in to th e sc h o o ls o f h ig h a c h ie v e r s . F in a lly , a lth o u g h th e g r e a t e s t s i n g l e p r e d ic to r o f rea so n s f o r le a v in g th e te a c h in g p ro fe s s io n is " p e rs o n a l," s e v e r a l s t u d i e s c o n c lu d e d t h a t e c o n o m ic s p l a y s a n e v e r im p o rta n t r o le in f a c u lty r e te n tio n . t h a n women, h o w e v e r , b e n e fits . Men m o re f r e q u e n t l y le a v e te a c h in g f o r a d d itio n a l s a la r y CHAPTER I I I METHODOLOGY T h is r e s e a r c h i s co n cern ed w ith te a c h e r a t t r i t i o n f r o m t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o f e s s i o n among g r a d u a t e s o f M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y . d e sig n e d to o f fo rm er te a c h e rs and t o com pare p r o f e s s i o n a l a t t i t u d e s in term s o f s e l e c t e d v a r i a b l e s . f u r t h e r a tte m p ts to r e p o r t th e th e te a c h e r p re p a ra tio n o ffe re d s i t y 's stu d y is i d e n t i f y and com pare r e a s o n s f o r l e a v i n g t h e te a c h in g p ro fe s s io n , research S p e c ific a lly th is T h is im p re ss io n s o f by M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r ­ C o l l e g e o f E d u c a t i o n a s v i e w e d by t h e r e s p o n d e n t s . In c lu d e d in t h i s c h a p te r a re th e s e le c tio n o f th e s u b je c ts , s p e c if ic p ro ce d u res o f th e stu d y , re s e a rc h h y p o th e se s, th e a p r e s e n ta tio n o f th e in stru m e n ta tio n , d a ta c o lle c tio n and a n a l y s i s . D e sig n o f th e S tu d y T he P o p u l a t i o n a n d S a m p l i n g T he p o p u l a t i o n f r o m w h i c h t h e s a m p l e f o r t h i s s t u d y was d r a w n h a s b e e n o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e M i c h i g a n S t a t e B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n ' s P r o f e s s i o n a l P e r s o n n e l R e p o r t #G0^-53, w h ic h -3 6- -3 7 - c o n ta in s th e e n ti r e lis tin g by s o c i a l s e c u r i t y n u m b e r o f a l l M i c h i g a n p u b l i c s c h o o l t e a c h e r s who t a u g h t i n 1 9 7 2 - 7 3 . tout who d i d n o t r e t u r n t o M i c h i g a n p u b l i c s c h o o l s f o r t h e s c h o o l y e a r 197 3 -7 4 . E a c h i n d i v i d u a l ’s g r a d u a t i n g i n s t i ­ t u t i o n w as n u m b e r - c o d e d on t h e r e g i s t e r ! U n i v e r s i t y 's num ber b e in g u a lly s o r t o u t a l l such '0 4 ', M ic h ig a n S t a t e i t was n e c e s s a r y t o man­ '0 4 * n u m b e r s . A f i n a l co u n t o f th e ' 0 4 ' n u m b e r s sh o w e d t h a t a t o t a l o f 1442 M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n iv e r s ity g r a d u a te s had te rm in a te d t h e i r te a c h in g p o s i ­ tio n s tio n i n 1 9 7 2 -7 3 and had n o t r e t u r n e d in M ic h ig a n in 1 9 7 3 -7 4 . to a te a c h in g p o s i­ I t w as f r o m t h i s p o p u l a t i o n o f 1442 t h a t a ra n d o m s a m p l e o f 2 1 0 i n d i v i d u a l s w as s e le c te d f o r th e stu d y . P ro ced u re I n D e c e m b e r o f 1 9 7 4 p e r m i s s i o n was g i v e n t o t h e w r i t e r by t h e T e a c h e r C e r t i f i c a t i o n d e p a r t m e n t o f t h e M i c h i g a n ' s B o a rd o f E d u c a t i o n t o e x t r a c t t h e n e c e s s a r y p o p u l a t i o n fro m t h e c u r r e n t P r o f e s s i o n a l P e r s o n n e l R e g is ­ t e r — an u n p u b lis h e d c o m p u te r p ro g ra m o f raw d a t a - - a n d fro m t h a t p o p u l a t i o n , num ber, w h ic h was l i s t e d by s o c i a l s e c u r i t y t h e s a m p l e was s e l e c t e d . A u t h o r i z a t i o n w as s e c u r e d f r o m t h e D e an o f M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y 's C o lle g e o f E d u c a tio n , an d h i s s i g n a t u r e - 38- was a d d e d t o a c o v e r - l e t t e r w h ic h a c c o m p a n i e d t h e q u e s ­ tio n n a ire , t o g iv e l e g i t im a c y and s t a t u s to th e stu d y . The l e t t e r e x p l a i n e d t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e r e s e a r c h a n d o ffered t o s h a r e t h e f i n d i n g s w i t h t h o s e who r e q u e s t e d in r e tu r n it fo r t h e i r c o o p e ra tio n . A d d re s s e s o f t h e 210 i n d i v i d u a l s in c lu d e d in th e s a m p l e w e r e p r o c u r e d by t h e M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ' s A lu m n i O f f i c e th e n m a ile d , in A p ril o f 1975. The q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w ere an d f o l l o w - u p p r o c e d u r e s w e r e e m p l o y e d . r e t u r n e d d a t a was c o d e d , p r o g ra m m e d , The s e c o n d d im e n s io n o f t h i s The an d a n a l y z e d . s tu d y in v o lv e d a s e r i e s o f i n f o r m a l t a p e d i n t e r v i e w s o f i n d i v i d u a l s who w i t h d r e w from t h e t e a c h i n g p r o f e s s i o n and h a v e s i n c e p u r s u e d a l t e r ­ n a tiv e c a re e rs tio n . a n d /o r a m b itio n s to p u b lic s c h o o l e d u ca ­ The i n t e r v i e w s w e r e p e r c e i v e d a s a m o re i n - d e p t h a p p ro a c h t o t h e phenom enon o f t e a c h e r - d e p a r t u r e , a tte m p te d o rig in a lly and t o o b t a i n a m ore a c c u r a t e a p p r a i s a l a s t o w h a t m o tiv a te d th e s e fo rm er te a c h e r s a te a c h in g c a re e r, to p rep a re fo r w h at p ro m p te d t h e i r d e c i s i o n s t h e p r o f e s s i o n an d i n r e t r o s p e c t , w hat s p e c i f i c th e y g e n e ra te d a b o u t c la ss ro o m te a c h in g . to le a v e a ttitu d e s M a.ior R e s e a r c h H y p o t h e s e s T he r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s e s f o r t h i s s t u d y a l l p e r t a i n to t h e sa m p le o f M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y C o lle g e o f E d u c a t i o n g r a d u a t e s who t a u g h t i n M i c h i g a n P u b l i c S c h o o l s in 1 972-73, b u t n o t in 1 9 7 3 -7 ^. They a r e an a tt e m p t t o d e te r m in e r e a s o n s f o r l e a v i n g t h e p r o f e s s i o n and t o r e l a t e c e rta in c h a ra c te ris tic s o f th e s e te a c h e rs w ith p r o f e s - sio n a l a ttitu d e and am ount o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n d e r i v e d fro m t e a c h i n g . T h ese h y p o th e s e s a r e p r e s e n t e d b e lo w . A. H y p o th e ses c o n firm in g o r r e j e c t i n g a ttritio n H -ls c e r ta in a sp e c ts of in re c e n t s tu d ie s 1 Of i n d i v i d u a l s who h a v e l e f t t h e t e a c h i n g p r o f e s ­ s i o n , t h e r e w i l l be a g r e a t e r n u m b e r o f t e a c h e r s p l a n n i n g t o r e t u r n — o r who h a v e a l r e a d y r e t u r n e d — t o t e a c h i n g t h a n f o r t h o s e who d o n o t . In stru m e n ta tio n t Item s 8 and 9 o f th e q u e s t i o n n a i r e a r e em p lo y ed . A n a l y s i s % An e s t i m a t e o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n p r o ­ p o r t i o n f o r one c a t e g o r y i s m ade, and a c o n f id e n c e in te r v a l about th e p ro p o rtio n is p ro v id e d . H -2 : T h e re w i l l n o t be a s i g n i f i c a n t num ber o f t e a c h e r s l e a v i n g t h e M ic h ig a n P u b l i c S c h o o ls and a c c e p t i n g a t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n o u t s i d e th e s t a t e o f M ic h ig a n . In stru m e n ta tio n ! Item 8, r e s p o n s e s 1 and 2, e m p lo y ed . A n a ly s i s : Same a s f o r H - l . is -4 0 - H -3» M ore p e o p l e w i l l h a v e l e f t t h e t e a c h i n g p r o f e s s i o n f o r p e rs o n a l re a so n s ( e .g ., m a te rn ity le a v e o r h o m e m a k in g , i l l n e s s , s a b b a t i c a l l e a v e ) t h a n f o r a change o f c a r e e r , b e t t e r s a la r y , jo b d i s s a t i s ­ fa c tio n o r o th e r s e le c te d v a ria b le s . In stru m e n ta tio n : Item 7 c a t e g o r i z e s r e a s o n s fo r le a v in g th e te a c h in g p ro fe s s io n . A n a ly sis: C h i- s q u a r e o n e -sam p le t e s t , and C o c h r a n 's Q t e s t . B. H y p o th e ses r e l a t i n g e d u c a tio n , to f in a n c ia l su p p o rt o f c o lle g e ty p e o f w ork e x p e r i e n c e , and am ount o f e x p e rie n c e w ith young p e o p le d u rin g u n d e rg ra d u a te p ro g ram s: H -4: T h e r e w i l l be a m o re p o s i t i v e a t t i t u d e t o w a r d t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o f e s s i o n am ong t e a c h e r s who w e r e p r im a r ily s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g w h ile in c o lle g e , as c o m p a r e d t o t h o s e who w e r e on s c h o l a r s h i p o r w e r e s u p p o r t e d by t h e i r p a r e n t s . In stru m e n ta tio n : A n a ly sis: H-5* Ite m s 3 (a ) and 14 a r e u s e d . A 1 -w a y ANOVA ( A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e ) . T h e r e w i l l be a m o re p o s i t i v e a t t i t u d e t o w a r d t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o f e s s i o n among t e a c h e r s who h e l d b l u e - c o l l a r jo b p o s i t io n s w h ile in c o lle g e , as c o m p a r e d t o t h o s e who h a d w h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e x ­ p e rie n c e . In stru m e n ta tio n : A n a ly sis» Item s 3(b) A 1 -w a y ANOVA. and 14 a r e u s e d . -4 1 - H -6» T h e r e w i l l b e a m o re p o s i t i v e a t t i t u d e t o w a r d t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o f e s s i o n am ong t e a c h e r s who h a d w o r k e x p e rie n c e in th e s c h o o ls a n d /o r w ith young p e o p le p r i o r t o t h e i r d e g r e e , a s c o m p a r e d t o t h o s e who h a d none. In s tru m e n ta t io n : A n a ly sis: C. Ite m s 4 and 14 a r e u s e d . A 1 -w a y ANOVA. H y p o th e ses r e l a t i n g s p e c i f i c v a r i a b l e s o f te a c h e r s to am ount o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n e x p e rie n c e d w h ile te a c h ­ in g . H -7 1 T h e r e w i l l be a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n num ber o f y e a r s t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e and am ount o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n r e p o r te d ab o u t te a c h in g . In stru m e n ta tio n : A n a ly sis: I t e m s 5 and 13 a r e u s e d . P e a r s o n P r o d u c t Moment c o r r e l a t i o n a l t e c h n i q u e s a r e e m p lo y e d t o m e a s u r e t h e r e l a t i o n ­ sh ip s b e tw e e n num ber o f y e a r s t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e and am ount o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n . H -8 s T h ere w i l l be no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t y p e o f d e g r e e ( B a c h e lo r s , M a s te r s , e t c . ) h e ld , and am ount o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n f e l t a b o u t te a c h in g . In stru m e n ta tio n s A n a ly s i s » H -9: I t e m s 1 a n d 13 a r e e m p l o y e d . ANOVA T h e re w i l l be no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c e r t i f i c a t i o n t y p e and a m o u n t o f j o b s a tis f a c tio n f e l t about te a c h in g . In stru m e n ta tio n : A n a ly s i s : ANOVA I t e m s 2 a n d 13 a r e e m p l o y e d . H - lO t T h e re w i l l be no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n s e x and am ount o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n f e l t about te a c h in g . In s tru m e n ta t io n : A n a ly sis: H -ll: ANOVA T h e re w i l l be no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n l a s t l o c a t i o n o f t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n ( m e t r o p o lita n - u r b a n * s u b u r b a n , and r u r a l ) and am ount o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n f e l t a b o u t t e a c h i n g . In stru m e n ta tio n : A n a ly s i s s H -12: S e x a n d i t e m 13 a r e e m p l o y e d . I t e m s 6 a n d 13 a r e e m p l o y e d . ANOVA Of t h o s e t e a c h e r s who l e f t t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o f e s s i o n a n d a r e e m p lo y e d i n n o n - e d u c a t i o n a l a r e a s , t h e r e w i l l be n o s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e o f a t t i t u d e to w a rd jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n . In s tru m e n ta t io n : I t e m s 10 a n d 1 1 ( a ) and (b ) a re used. A n a ly sis: A o n e -sa m p le t - t e s t is e m p lo y ed . In stru m e n ta tio n Upon e x a m i n a t i o n o f r e s e a r c h r e l a t e d a ttritio n , to te a c h e r a n i n s t r u m e n t was d e v e l o p e d b y t h e w r i t e r t o m ea su re and com pare v a r i a b l e s a c c o u n te d f o r in t h e h y p o ­ th e se s , C e r t a i n f a c u l t y m em bers i n t h e C o l l e g e o f E d u c a ­ t i o n and S t u d e n t P la c e m e n t S e r v i c e s re v ie w e d t h e ite m s as to t h e i r v a l i d i t y f o r th e p u rp o ses o f t h i s stu d y , and added h e l p f u l in p u t to th e f i n a l d r a f t o f th e in s tr u m e n t. -4 3 - T he i n s t r u m e n t c o n s i s t e d o f f o u r p a g e s a n d 18 i t e m s A p p e n d ix a) w h ic h , i t w as a s s u m e d a f t e r t e s t i n g , n o t ta k e lo n g e r th a n tw e n ty t o t h i r t y (see w o u ld m i n u t e s t o com ­ p le te . The i n s t r u m e n t i n c l u d e d i n f o r m a t i o n on s e x , c a t i o n ty p e and d e g re e a t t a i n e d , u n d e rg ra d u a te e d u c a tio n , so u rc e o f fu n d s f o r t y p e o f w ork e x p e r i e n c e w i t h young p e o p le p r i o r t o s t u d e n t te a c h in g , te a c h in g e x p e rie n c e , num ber o f y e a r s lo c a tio n of school d i s t r i c t resp o n d en t l a s t ta u g h t, i n w h ich p rim a ry a n d /o r se c o n d a ry re a s o n s f o r le a v in g th e te a c h in g p ro fe s s io n , cu rren t s ta tu s t y p e o f e m p lo y m e n t a n d a m o u n t o f j o b s a t i s f a c t i o n ie n c e d , c e rtifi­ and ex p er­ re a s o n s f o r c h o o sin g th e te a c h in g p r o f e s s io n , a ttitu d e s f e l t a b o u t t h e t e a c h i n g p r o f e s s i o n g e n e r a l l y an d s p e c ific a lly , and o p e n -e n d e d ite m s r e g a r d i n g t h e C o l le g e o f E d u c a t i o n 's t e a c h e r - p r e p a r a t i o n p ro g ram a t M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n iv e rsity , C o l l e c t i o n o f D a ta On A p r i l 2 5 , sta m p e d , 1975, 210 q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w h ic h i n c l u d e d s e l f - a d d r e s s e d r e t u r n e n v e lo p e s w ere m a ile d t o a l l sa m p le d i n d i v i d u a l s , m a i l e d on May 9, F o llo w -u p p o s t a l - c a r d r e m in d e r s w ere and f i n a l l y on May 2 3 a s e c o n d m a i l i n g o f q u e s t i o n n a i r e s was c o n d u c t e d w h i c h i n c l u d e d a l l p e r s o n s -4 4 - who h a d n o t y e t r e s p o n d e d t o th e o r ig in a l q u e s tio n n a ire ( s e e A p p e n d ix B f o r c o p i e s o f t h e c o v e r - l e t t e r s and p o s ta l-c a rd re m in d e r). T en l e t t e r s w e r e r e t u r n e d ad d ress. f o r la c k o f a fo rw a rd in g Of t h e r e m a i n i n g 2 0 0 , 145 r e p l i e s w e r e r e c e i v e d — a r e s p o n s e o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 69 p e r c e n t . T h e i n t e r v i e w s w e r e c o n d u c t e d i n May a n d J u n e o f 1975, g a t h e r e d on t a p e s , p re se n te d and th e n ty p e d and re v ie w e d as i n C h a p t e r V. A n a ly s i s T he C o n t r o l D a t a C o m p u t e r 6 5 00 a t M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y w as u s e d t o a n a l y z e t h e d a t a . As p r e s e n t e d w i t h t h e m a j o r r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s e s , t y p e s o f a n a l y s e s w e re em p lo y ed i n t h i s 1) E stim a te s stu d y t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n p r o p o r t i o n s an d p ro v id in g o f c o n fid e n c e i n t e r v a l s fo r p 2) C h i-s q u a re o n e -sam p le t e s t 3) C o c h r a n 's Q t e s t 4) P e a r s o n P r o d u c t Moment c o r r e l a t i o n s 5) A n a ly sis 6) a o n e -sam p le t - t e s t o f V a ria n c e s (ANOVA) six Summary T he r e s e a r c h m e t h o d o l o g y u t i l i z e d f o r c o n d u c tin g t h i s p a r t i c u l a r f o l l o w - u p s t u d y on t e a c h e r a t t r i t i o n S ta te U n iv e rs ity g ra d u a te s has been p re s e n te d c h a p te r. in th is B o th t h e d e s i g n o f t h e s t u d y a n d m a j o r r e s e a r c h h y p o th e s e s w ere in c lu d e d , th e o f M ic h ig a n in stru m e n t, p ro ced u res. as w e ll as th e d e v elo p m e n t o f c o lle c tio n o f th e d a ta , and a n a l y s i s CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS A s t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s is o f th e d a ta , r e j e c t th e h y p o th e se s p re s e n te d to te a c h e r a t t r i t i o n , to accept or in C h a p te r I I I r e l a t i n g is d isc u sse d in t h is c h a p te r. In a d d i t i o n a n a n a l y s i s o f t h e w r i t t e n r e s p o n s e s t o tw o o p e n ended ite m s o f t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e r e g a r d i n g M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y 's C o lle g e o f E d u c a tio n i s re p o rte d . I A n a ly s is o f th e D a ta A. As a r e v i e w o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e few f o l lo w - u p s t u d i e s re v e a le d r e la tiv e ly on t e a c h e r a t t r i t i o n u l a t i o n s a m p lin g s from s t a t e - s u p p o r t e d u sin g pop­ u n iv e rs itie s, it seem ed r e a s o n a b l e t o a t t e m p t t o v e r i f y p a r t i c u l a r f i n d i n g s fro m o t h e r r e c e n t s t u d i e s . The f o l l o w i n g t h r e e h y p o t h e s e s t e s t f o r a s p e c t s o f t u r n o v e r w h ich r e v e a l th e p ro fe s s io n a l in te n tio n s to o f fo rm er te a c h e r s , an d s e e k i d e n t i f y r e a s o n s why p e o p l e l e a v e t h e t e a c h i n g p ro fe ssio n . -J*6- -4 7 - H -l: O f i n d i v i d u a l s who h a v e l e f t t h e t e a c h i n g p r o f e s s i o n t h e r e w i l l be a g r e a t e r num ber o f t e a c h e r s p la n n in g to r e t u r n — o r have a lre a d y r e tu r n e d — to te a c h in g th a n f o r t h o s e who d o n o t . A s s u m in g t h e r e w o u ld b e n o d i f f e r e n c e p ro p o rtio n s in th e p o p u la tio n f o r e i t h e r g ro u p s o f th o se in d iv id u a ls or n o t re tu rn in g to te a c h in g , re tu rn in g t h e h y p o t h e s i s was t e s t e d as fo llo w s: w here P i s H0 : P £ .5 H1S P > .5 th e p ro p o rtio n o f te a c h e rs have re tu rn e d o r p la n to r e tu r n . The a n a l y s i s in v o lv e d e s tim a tin g th e p o p u la tio n p ro p o r­ t i o n o f t h o s e who r e t u r n e d (p ), le y 's i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n who o r p lan n e d to r e t u r n to te a c h in g and p r o v i d in g an i n t e r v a l o f c o n f i d e n c e . G la s s and S t a n ­ f o r m u l a was u s e d f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l s ^ R esponses to P + y ~ in d ic a te d ' N n ite m s 8 and 9 o f t h e b i n e d a s show n on T a b l e 1 . p e rc e n t) z.l POlE.) ■em O f t h e 145 i n d i v i d u a l s , th ey have re tu rn e d r e m a in in g 59 s u b j e c t s i n s t r u m e n t w e r e com­ (4 0 .7 p e rc e n t) 86 ( 5 9 . 3 o r p la n to r e t u r n . had n o t y e t r e t u r n e d , an d w e r e e i t h e r n o t p l a n n i n g t o r e t u r n o r w e r e u n d e c i d e d . The 95% c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l i s c o n fid e n c e (.5 1 3 . .6 7 3 ). S in c e th e i n t e r v a l c o n ta in s o n ly v a lu e s g r e a t e r th a n ,5 . ^G ene V. G l a s s an d J . C . S t a n l e y , S t a t i s t i c a l M e th o d s i n E d u c a t i o n a n d P s y c h o l o g y (E n g le w o o d C l i f f s , New Jersey s P r e n t ic e H a ll, 19 7 0 ), p . 323. The -4 8 - T a b le 1 . I n t e n t i o n s o f R e sp o n d e n ts to w a rd R e tu r n in g o r N ot R e tu rn in g t o T ea ch in g V a ria b le 1. 2. 3, Num ber o f S u b je c ts P ercen t H ave r e t u r n e d o r p la n n in g to r e tu r n to te a c h in g 86 5 9 .3 N ot r e t u r n e d and n o t p la n n in g to r e tu r n to te a c h in g 29 2 0 .0 N o t r e t u r n e d and u n d e cid ed ab o u t re tu rn in g 30 2 0 .7 C o n fid e n c e I n t e r v a l a b o u t p t (P = .. . 5 9 3 ± .0 7 9 9 6 =>> ( .5 1 3 * .6 7 3 ) -4 9 th e a l t e r n a t i v e h y p o th e s is fo re th e r e s u l t s of th is (H^a p > .5 ) was a c c e p t e d . T h ere a n a l y s i s s u p p o r t t h e m ajo r h y p o th e s is. H -2 : T h e re w i l l n o t be a s i g n i f i c a n t num ber o f t e a c h e r s l e a v i n g t h e M ic h ig a n P u b l i c S c h o o ls and a c c e p t i n g a te a c h in g p o s i t i o n o u t s i d e th e s t a t e o f M ic h ig a n . I t e m 8 o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t was a n a l y z e d t o e s t i m a t e t h e p o p u l a t i o n p r o p o r t i o n o f t h o s e r e s p o n d e n t s who i n d i c a t e d t h e y had r e t u r n e d t o t e a c h i n g o u t s i d e o f M ic h ig a n and t o s e e w h e t h e r o r n o t t h a t p r o p o r t i o n w o u ld be s m a l l . Of t h e 1^5 r e s p o n d e n t s , o n l y 15 ( p - th e y had l e f t M ic h ig a n t o t e a c h e ls e w h e r e S co re v a lu e s to .2 0 . in d ic a te d ( s e e T a b le 2 ) . f o r t h e c o n f i d e n c e i n t e r v a l ra n g e d fro m As t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s above h y p o th e s is H -3 : .1 0 3 ) is .0 5 i s sm a ll, th e a c c e p te d . M ore p e o p l e w i l l h a v e l e f t t h e t e a c h i n g p r o f e s s i o n f o r p e r s o n a l r e a s o n s ( e . g . , m a t e r n i t y l e a v e o r h o m e m a k in g , i l l n e s s , s a b b a t i c a l le a v e ) th a n f o r a change o f c a r e e r , b e t t e r s a l a r y , jo b d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n o r o th e r se le c te d re a so n s, The i n s t r u m e n t p r o v i d e d f o r n i n e s e p a r a t e r e s p o n s e s to reaso n s 3) f o r le a v in g te a c h in g * 1) p e r s o n a l , l e f t M ic h ig a n t o t e a c h e ls e w h e r e , a n o th e r l o c a l i t y , 7) d i s i l l u s i o n e d b e tte r sa la ry , 5) r e tu r n e d 4 ) s p o u s e moved t o to c o lle g e , 6) c h a n g e d c a r e e r s o r d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith te a c h in g , and 9) o t h e r . 2) r e t i r e d , 8) needed a I t was r e c o g n i z e d f r o m t h e o n s e t o f t h e s t u d y t h a t i n d i v i d u a l s m i g h t h a v e m o re t h a n o n e -5 0 - T a b le 2. R e s u lts fo r i n M ic h ig a n M ic h ig a n N u m b er o f P e o p l e R e t u r n i n g a g a in s t t h o s e w ho R e tu r n e d N um ber o f S u b je c ts V a ria b le 1. 2. 3. 4, t o T e a c h in g O u ts id e o f P ercen t R e tu rn e d t o t e a c h i n g i n M ic h ig a n 41 2 8 .3 R e tu rn e d t o t e a c h i n g o u t s i d e o f M ic h ig a n 15 1 0 .3 Not r e t u r n e d t o te a c h in g (n o t p la n ­ n in g to r e t u r n o r u n d e c id e d a b o u t r e ­ tu rn in g 59 4 0 .7 Not r e t u r n e d , b u t p la n n in g to r e tu r n 30 2 0 .7 T o ta l: ♦ C o n fid e n c e In te r v a l 145 ab ou t p: (.05, ,20) ♦ G la ss and S t a n l e y — T a b le P /A p p e n d ix A (p a g e 553) ( p = .1 0 re a so n f o r le a v in g th e f i e l d o f te a c h in g . T h erefo re s u b je c ts who s e l e c t e d m o re t h a n o n e r e s p o n s e w e r e r e q u e s t e d t o d o u b le -c h e c k t h e i r p rim a ry re a s o n f o r le a v in g th e p r o f e s s i o n . In o rd e r to t e s t th e h y p o th e s is , w ere e m p lo y ed . T he f i r s t a n a l y s i s , tw o t y p e s o f a n a l y s e s u s in g o n ly th e p rim a ry r e a s o n f o r l e a v i n g t e a c h i n g , made u s e o f a C h i - s q u a r e 2 O n e - S a m p le t e s t . T he s e c o n d a n a l y s i s , u s i n g a l l r e a s o n s g i v e n f o r l e a v i n g t e a c h i n g e m p lo y e d t h e C o c h r a n Q t e s t . B o th a n a l y s e s t e s t e d f o r w h e th e r o r n o t th e r e s p o n s e s w ere e q u a lly s e l e c t e d . T h e d a t a sh o w e d ( s e e T a b l e 3) a s i g n i f i c a n c e .0 0 0 1 f o r b o t h t e s t s , le v e l of sh o w in g an u n e q u a l p r o p o r t i o n o f resp o n ses a cro ss th e rea so n s, th u s in d ic a tin g th a t te a c h e rs do l e a v e f o r d i f f e r e n t r e a s o n s , The t a b l e f u r t h e r sh o w s t h a t t h e l a r g e s t p e r c e n t a g e ( 31. 5 ) o f re sp o n d e n ts l e f t te a c h in g f o r p e rs o n a l re a so n s , in d ic a te d g o rie s, as by b o t h " p r i m a r y " a n d " i n d i v i d u a l " s e l e c t i o n c a t e ­ s u p p o r t i n g t h e m a jo r h y p o t h e s i s w h ich v e r i f i e s o th e r recen t stu d ie s. R e g r o u p i n g o f som e v a r i a b l e s c h o ic e r e v e a ls a c c o rd in g to s i m i l a r i t y o th e r s i g n if ic a n t reaso n s fo r le a v in g th e te a c h in g p ro fe s s io n . C o m b in e d r e s p o n s e s t o " d e c id e d -to - c h a n g e - c a r e e r s " and " d i s s a t i s f i e d - w i t h - t e a c h i n g " v a r i a b l e s S id n e y S i e g e l , N o n p a ra m e tric S t a t i s t i c s f o r th e B e h a v i o r a l S c i e n c e s (New Y ork* McGraw H i l l , 1 9 5 6 } , p . 4 2 . of Table 3. Tabulation of Responses to Reasons for Leaving the Teaching Profession y zl-S am ple T e s t (P rim ary Reasons) V ariable C o c h r a n ’s Q ( I n d i v i d u a l R e a s o n s )♦ (n) U) (n) 45 55 6 1. Personal 2. R etired 6 31.5 4 3. L e f t M ichigan to teach elsew here 4 3 5 S p o u s e moved t o another lo c a lity 20 14 29 R eturned to c o lle g e 10 7 Changed C a r e e r s 17 11 15 20 D isillu sio n ed or d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith teaching 12 8 22 0 0 6 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. L0. N eeded a b e t t e r salary O ther 18 12.5 Moved t o an a d m i n i s ' tr a tiv e p o sitio n 13 9 42 (Included in o th e r) 145 X T otal: II 4. 96.5862 II • IL • Q 9 S ig n ific a n c e Less than .0001 Cochran Q = 117.6175 D. F . = 8 S ig n ific a n c e Less Than .0001 ♦More than 1 reason could be checked, so th a t the t o t a l number o f in d iv id u a l responses i s g rea ter than the number o f sampled su b je cts -5 3 - sh o w 2 9 p e r s o n s (2 0 p e r c e n t ) th e te a c h in g f i e l d . o f p erso n s who c h o s e n o t t o c o n t i n u e i n I m p o r t a n t t o n o t e a l s o w as t h e n u m b e r (1 7 p e r c e n t ) who m oved, e i t h e r to te a c h o u ts id e o f M ic h ig a n o r b e c a u s e t h e i r s p o u s e s h ad r e l o c a t e d . T h irte e n p erso n s l e f t th e p ro fe s s io n , (9 p e r c e n t ) sa m p le d h ad n o t a c t u a l l y b u t h a d moved f r o m a t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n t o an a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r o l e w i t h in th e s c h o o l s y s te m . 7 p e r c e n t o f th e re s p o n d e n ts had r e tu r n e d none o f th e s u b j e c t s s e l e c t e d A n o th e r to c o lle g e , an d "n e e d e d -a -b e tte r-sa la ry " as a p rim a ry re a so n f o r le a v in g te a c h in g . A ta b u la tio n o f th e " in d iv id u a l" reaso n s (w h ich i n ­ c l u d e d b o t h p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y r e a s o n s ) sh o w e d s i m i l a r d is trib u tio n s, w ith th e e x c e p tio n to t h e 42 r e s p o n s e s t o "o th e r" r e f le c te d moved t o a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p o s i t i o n s , r e a s o n s ass "o th e r* " th ir te e n 1) l a i d - o f f sp e c ific (p in k -slip p e d ) to a d i f f e r e n t l o c a li t y , r e q u ir e m e n ts o f jo b , an d l i v i n g t h o s e p e r s o n s who and t h e r e s t g a v e s u c h lo o k in g f o r a n o th e r te a c h in g p o s itio n * spouse) in th e in n e r c i t y . 3) of and c u r r e n t l y 2 ) m oved ( n o t w i t h in c o m p a ta b ility w ith and 4) t i r e d o f te a c h in g -5 4 - B. The a n a l y s i s f o r th e fo llo w in g th r e e h y p o th e se s a tte m p ts t o m easure fo rm e r t e a c h e r s ' a t t i t u d e s th e te a c h in g p r o f e s s io n w ith re la tin g to : to w a rd in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b le s 1) ty p e o f f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t o f u n d e r­ g ra d u a te e d u c a tio n , 2) t y p e o f w ork e x p e r i e n c e en g ag ed in w h ile a tte n d in g c o lle g e , and 3) ty p e and am ount o f w ork e x p e r i e n c e w i t h young p e o p le d u r i n g u n d e r g r a d u a t e pro g ram . For each o f th e t h e sa m p le i s s e p a r a t e d in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s above, i n t o tw o g r o u p s I te m 14 ( r e s p o n s e s a , c and d) (le v e ls ), o f th e in stru m e n t was u s e d t o m e a s u r e w h e t h e r a t t i t u d e s w e r e o r w e r e n o t fa v o ra b le , u sin g a L ik e r t- ty p e s c a le h ig h e r s c o re v a lu e s fro m 1 t o 5 . The i n d i c a t e d p o s i t i v e o r m o re f a v o r a b l e a ttitu d e s, The a n a l y s i s in v o lv e d t e s t i n g H, : > f w h e r e yV( i s ^ yV t h e p o p u l a t i o n m ean o f t e a c h e r s ' a t t i t u d e s f o r one l e v e l o f t h e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e and S t i s th e p o p u l a t i o n m ean f o r t h e s e c o n d l e v e l o f t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a ria b le . T h e ,0 5 l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e w as s e l e c t e d s u f f i c i e n t to r e j e c t th e n u l l h y p o th e s is . A n a ly s i s o f V a r i a n c e t e s t w as e m p l o y e d . a s b e in g A o n e -w a y T he ANOVA -5 5 - re s u lts , T a b l e s 11 t o l 3 i n A p p e n d ix C, c o n t a i n t h e m ean s q u a r e s b e tw e e n g r o u p s and w i t h i n g r o u p s , H -^t T h e r e w i l l b e a m o re p o s i t i v e a t t i t u d e t o w a r d t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o f e s s i o n among t e a c h e r s who w e r e p r im a r ily s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g w h ile in c o lle g e , as c o m p a r e d t o t h o s e who w e r e o n s c h o l a r s h i p o r w e r e s u p p o r t e d by t h e i r p a r e n t s . An e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e d a t a s i g n i f i c a n t m ean d i f f e r e n c e ( T a b le 4) i n d i c a t e s no in p r o f e s s io n a l a t t i t u d e s of f o r m e r t e a c h e r s w hen c o n s i d e r i n g t h e t y p e o f f i n a n e i a l s u p p o rt th e y re c e iv e d f o r t h e i r u n d e rg ra d u a te p r e p a r a tio n . The ANOVA p r o c e d u r e p r o d u c e d a n F r a t i o a p r o b a b i l i t y v a l u e o f ,7 1 5 w i t h 1 , of ,13*f, w h i c h h a s 129 d e g re e s o f freed o m . T h e m a j o r h y p o t h e s i s w as n o t c o n f i r m e d . H -5 » T h e r e w i l l b e a m ore p o s i t i v e a t t i t u d e t o w a r d t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o f e s s i o n among t e a c h e r s who h e l d b l u e c o l l a r jo b p o s i t i o n s w h ile i n c o l l e g e , a s com pared t o t h o s e who h a d w h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e x p e r i e n c e . O n ly t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s who h e l d p r i m a r i l y o n e t y p e o f jo b p o s i t i o n o r t h e o t h e r w ere in c lu d e d in th e te s tin g of t h i s h y p o th es i s . An e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e d a t a s i g n i f i c a n t m ean d i f f e r e n c e ( T a b le 5) i n d i c a t e s no in p ro fe s s io n a l a ttitu d e s of f o r m e r t e a c h e r s w hen c o n s i d e r i n g t h e t y p e o f j o b p o s i t i o n s th e y h e ld w h ile in c o ll e g e . an F r a t i o w ith 1, o f 1 .5 0 7 , T h e ANOVA p r o c e d u r e p r o d u c e d w h ic h h a s a p r o b a b i l i t y v a l u e o f .2 2 3 89 d e g r e e s o f fre e d o m . The m a j o r h y p o t h e s i s w as n o t c o n f i r m e d . -5 6 - T a b l e 4s A c o m p a r i s o n o f P r o f e s s i o n a l A t t i t u d e s T ow ard T e a c h i n g i n t e r r a s o f T y pe o f F i n a n c i a l S u p p o r t f o r U n d e rg ra d u a te P r e p a r a t io n Num ber o f S u b je c ts V a ria b le 1. 2, S c h o la rs h ip 80 3 .7 7 6 .7 6 6 S e lf-su p p o rte d 51 3 .8 2 7 .7 9 9 T a b le 5: 13 1 A C o m p a r i s o n o f P r o f e s s i o n a l A t t i t u d e s T o w ard T e a c h i n g i n t e r m s o f T yp e o f W ork E x p e r i e n c e Engaged i n w h ile A tte n d in g C o lle g e Num ber o f S u b je c ts V a ria b le 2. S ta n d a rd D e v ia tio n P a r e n ta l a n d /o r T o ta ls 1. Mean Moan S ta n d a rd D e v ia tio n B lu e -c o lla r w o rk e x p e r i e n c e ( e .g ., c u s to d ia l, c a fe te ria , c a r­ p e n try /p a in tin g ) 48 3.7 8 3 .8 1 5 W h ite -c o lla r w o rk e x p e r i e n c e (e .g ., o ffic e / c l e r i c a l , camp c o u n se lo rs) 43 3 .9 8 8 .7 7 2 T o ta li 91 -5 7 - T a b le 6. A C o m p a r i s o n o f P r o f e s s i o n a l A t t i t u d e s T o w ard T e a c h i n g i n t e r m s o f T y p e a n d Am ount o f E x p e r i e n c e W o rk in g w i t h Y oung P e o p l e P r i o r t o S tu d e n t T ea ch in g Num ber o f S u b je c ts V a ria b le 1. S ta n d a rd D e v ia tio n Had s u f f i c i e n t e x p e rie n c e 2. Mean 58 3 .8 1 0 .8 4 8 87 3.861 .7 6 5 Had i n s u f f i c i e n t o r no e x p e r ie n c e T o ta l* 145 -5 8 - H -6 : T h e r e w i l l b e a m o re p o s i t i v e a t t i t u d e t o w a r d t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o f e s s i o n among t e a c h e r s who h a d w o rk e x p e r ie n c e in th e s c h o o ls a n d /o r w ith young p e o p le p r i o r t o t h e i r d e g r e e , a s c o m p a r e d t o t h o s e who h a d none. In o r d e r to t e s t t h i s h y p o th e s is , to d e v e lo p c r i t e r i a i t w as n e c e s s a r y f o r d e te r m in in g w hat k in d s and w hat q u a n t i t y o f e x p e r i e n c e w o r k i n g w i t h y o u n g p e o p l e w o u ld b e a d e q u a te f o r b e lo n g in g t o one g ro u p and n o t t h e o t h e r . In te rp re ta tio n s o f th e r e s p o n d e n ts ' w r i t t e n an sw ers to q u e stio n n a ire -ite m 4 (b ) had t o be m ade. E x p e r i e n c e was c o n s id e r e d a d e q u a te i f d i r e c t c o n t a c t w ith g ro u p s o f young p e o p le w as i n d i c a t e d , a n d t h a t c o n t a c t i n v o l v e d a minimum o f a t l e a s t tw o h o u r s p e r w e e k f o r t e n w e e k s o r m o r e . c o n t a c t c o u ld h a v e i n v o lv e d w ork w i t h s t u d e n t s situ a tio n s, YMCA, 4 -H , c o u n se lin g , Such in c la ssro o m w ork w i t h o r g a n i z e d y o u th g r o u p s s u c h a s t h e and c h u r c h - r e l a t e d a c tiv itie s, o r sum m er camp and o t h e r r e c r e a t i o n a l o r e d u c a t i o n a l y o u th p ro g ram s. An e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e d a t a s i g n i f i c a n t m ean d i f f e r e n c e (T a b le 6) i n d i c a t e s no in p ro fe ssio n a l a ttitu d e s of f o r m e r t e a c h e r s w hen c o n s i d e r i n g w o r k e x p e r i e n c e w i t h y o u n g p e o p le p r i o r t o t h e i r d e g re e . an F r a t i o w ith 1, o f .1 7 3 * T he ANOVA p r o c e d u r e p r o d u c e d w h ic h h a s a p r o b a b i l i t y v a l u e o f ,6 7 8 143 d e g r e e s o f fre e d o m . T h e m a j o r h y p o t h e s i s w as n o t c o n f i r m e d . -5 9 C. H y p o t h e s e s 7 t h r o u g h 11 a t t e m p t t o r e l a t e s p e c i f i c dependent v a ria b le s o f form er te a c h e rs y e a rs te a c h in g e x p e rie n c e , ty p e , sex, ty p e o f d e g re e , and l a s t l o c a t i o n am ount o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n (i.e ., in num ber o f c e rtific a tio n o f te a c h in g p o s itio n ) to e x p e rie n c e d w h ile te a c h in g . J o b s a t i s f a c t i o n w as m e a s u r e d by i t e m 13 o f t h e in stru m e n t, w h ic h l i s t e d s e v e r a l a s p e c ts o f th e te a c h in g p r o f e s s i o n w h ich c o u ld be v ie w e d i n te r m s o f s a t i s f a c t i o n d e riv e d c u lu m , fro m t e a c h i n g : 3) d i s c i p l i n e , 1) s a l a r y and b e n e f i t s , *0 s u p p o r t f r o m t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , 5) s u p p o r t fro m f e l l o w t e a c h e r s , 7) c o m m u n ity i n v o l v e m e n t , d e n ts w ere a sk e d t o f e lt sa tis fie d 6) s t u d e n t a t t i t u d e , 8) g r a d i n g , 9) o th e r . R espon­ i n d i c a t e t h e e x t e n t t o w h ic h t h e y or not sa tis fie d w ith each a s p e c t, n u m b e r - v a lu e fro m 1 ( l e a s t - s a t i s f a c t i o n ) sa tis fa c tio n ) 2) c u r r i ­ w as t h e n g i v e n t o The h y p o t h e s e s w e r e t e s t e d and a t o U- ( m o s t - th e ir resp o n se. fo r o v e ra ll s a tis fa c tio n (co m b in ed m e a n - s c o r e v a l u e s o f a l l a s p e c t s ), as w e ll as fo r s in g u la r s c o re -v a lu e s o f each a sp e c t o f te a c h in g . W ith t h e e x c e p t i o n o f H y p o t h e s i s 7 — w h i c h e m p lo y e d P e a r s o n P r o d u c t Moment C o r r e l a t i o n s , by a O n e-w ay A n a l y s i s o f V a ria n c e . l e v e l o f . 0 5 w as s e l e c t e d Ho * A = a l l w ere t e s t e d The s i g n i f i c a n c e to r e j e c t th e n u l l h y p o th e s is -6 0 - H -7: T h e re w i l l be a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n num ber o f y e a r s t e a c h i n g e x p e r ie n c e and am ount o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n f e l t a b o u t te a c h in g . U s i n g P e a r s o n P r o d u c t Moment c o r r e l a t i o n s , th e fo rm al s ta te m e n ts o f th e h y p o th e s is a re H j i rD f 0 .0 ' p o p u l a t i o n c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n num ber o f w here y e a r s t e a c h i n g e x p e r ie n c e and am ount o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n , 3 T he s a m p l e c o r r e l a t i o n ( r ) o f .1 2 ( f o r o v e r a l l s a t i s ­ fa c tio n ) .0 8 1 , b a s e d o n 1*4-5 s u b j e c t s h a s a s i g n i f i c a n c e l e v e l o f T h e r e f o r e we c a n n o t r e j e c t HQ. The m a j o r h y p o t h e s i s is n o t c o n firm e d . F u r t h e r e x a m in a tio n o f e ac h d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h y e a r s o f e x p e r i e n c e sh o w e d a l l c o r r e l a ­ tio n s t o be s m a l l . (S ee c o r r e l a t i o n s an d t e s t - r e s u l t s T a b l e 1 4 i n A p p e n d ix C . ) H -8; T h e r e w i l l be n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n ty p e o f d e g r e e (B a c h e lo r s o r M a ste r s, e t c . ) h e ld , am ount o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n f e l t a b o u t t e a c h in g . As t h e r e w as a s i g n i f i c a n t d i s t r i b u t i o n in d e g re e ty p e s o f B a c h e lo rs and M a s te rs , n o t in c lu d e d in th e t e s t i n g o n ly a l l o t h e r ty p e s w ere o f th is h y p o th e s is. An e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e d a t a s i g n i f i c a n t m ean d i f f e r e n c e o f su b je c ts and ( T a b le 7) i n d i c a t e s no b e tw e e n o v e r a l l jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n 3, G la s s and S t a n le y , p. 308 -6 1 - A C o m p a r is o n o f O v e r a l l J o b S a t i s f a c t i o n D e r i v e d fr o m T e a c h in g and N um ber o f S u b je c ts V a ria b le T ype o f D egree B a c h e lo rs 86 2 ,7 8 0 2. M a ste rs 48 2 .6 6 4 T o ta ls T a b le 8, S ta n d a rd D e v ia tio n Mean 1. O b ta in e d .4 6 7 134 A C o m p a r is o n o f O v e r a l l J o b S a t i s f a c t i o n fro m T e a c h in g and C e r t i f i c a t i o n Num ber o f S u b je c ts V a ria b le 00 7. • T a b le Mean D e r iv e d T ype S ta n d a rd D e v ia tio n 1. P ro v isio n a l 51 2 .6 7 4 .5 7 3 2, P erm an ent 84 2 .7 7 8 .5 2 1 T o ta ls 135 - 62 - f e l t a b o u t t e a c h i n g an d t y p e o f d e g r e e o b t a i n e d . p r o c e d u r e p ro d u c e d an F r a t i o lity v a l u e o f .2 2 1 w ith 1, c a n n o t be r e j e c t e d , o f 1 .5 1 5 . T he ANOVA w h ic h h a s a p r o b a b i ­ 132 d e g r e e s o f f r e e d o m . th e m ajo r h y p o th e s is As H0 is c o n firm e d . F u r t h e r e x a m i n a t i o n o f m ean s c o r e s f o r e a c h d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e o f j o b s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h d e g r e e t y p e sh o w s n o s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s H -9 t ( s e e T a b le 15. A p p e n d ix C ) . T h e re w i l l be no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n c e r t i f i c a t i o n ty p e and am ount o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n f e l t about te a c h in g . M o st s a m p l e d - s u b j e c t s s p e c i f i e d th e ir c e rtific a tio n ty p e as e i t h e r p r o v i s i o n a l o r p e rm a n e n t. was n o t i n c l u d e d in th e t e s t i n g An e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e d a t a f i c a n t m ean d i f f e r e n c e s c e rtific a tio n ty p e . Any o t h e r t y p e of th is h y p o th e s is. (T a b le 8) i n d i c a t e s no s i g n i ­ b e tw e e n o v e r a l l jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n The ANOVA p r o c e d u r e p r o d u c e d a n F r a t i o o f 1 . 1 7 3 , w h ic h h a s a p r o b a b i l i t y v a l u e o f .2 8 1 w i t h 1, d e g re e s o f freedom . and As H0 c a n n o t be r e j e c t e d , 133 th e h y p o th e s is is c o n firm e d . F u r t h e r e x a m i n a t i o n o f m ean s c o r e s f o r e a c h d e p e n d e n t v a ria b le o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n w ith c e r t i f i c a t i o n no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s ( s e e T a b le 16, t y p e sh o w s A p p e n d ix C ) . -6 3 H-10* T h e r e w i l l h e n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n s e x and am ount o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n f e l t a b o u t t e a c h ­ in g . An e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e d a t a ( T a b l e 9 ) cant d iffe re n c e in d ic a te s a s i g n i f i ­ b e tw e e n o v e r a l l jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n and s e x , w here fe m a le s s c o r e d h i g h e r t h a n m a le s - - s h o w in g a h i g h e r d eg ree o f o v e r a l l jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n f o r fe m a le s. The ANOVA p r o c e d u r e p r o d u c e d a n F r a t i o has a p r o b a b ility v a lu e o f As t h e Hq i s re je c te d , . 0 0 1 w i t h 1, th e m ajo r h y p o th e s is o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n d i x C) sh o w s f e m a l e s m o re s a t i s f i e d c u rric u lu m ( . 003), w h ich 1*J4 d e g r e e s o f f r e e d o m . F u r t h e r e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e m ean s c o r e s dependent v a ria b le s o f 1 3 .^ 9 3 , is n o t c o n firm e d . fo r sin g u la r ( s e e T a b le 17, w ith s a l a r y su p p o rt o f fe llo w te a c h e rs A ppen­ (,0 0 1 ), ( , 0 0 3 ) and c o m m u n ity a n d p a r e n t a l i n v o l v e m e n t (.0*4-5). H -llt T h e re w i l l be no la s t lo c a tio n of in n e r - c ity v ersu s jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n te a c h in g p o s itio n (m e tro p o lita n r u r a l and s u b u rb a n ) and am ount o f f e l t about te a c h in g . T h i s h y p o t h e s i s was t e s t e d in d ep e n d en t v a r i a b le ( in n e r-c ity ) " d i s t r ic t '* i fo r th re e le v e ls ru ra l, o f th e su b u rb an , and u rb a n areas. An e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e d a t a m ean -sco re d i f f e r e n c e s ( T a b le 10) in d ic a te s th e re are b e tw e e n o v e r a l l jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n lo c a tio n o f sch o o l d i s t r i c t l a s t ta u g h t in . and T hose s u b j e c t s who h a d t a u g h t i n s u b u r b a n c o m m u n i t i e s sho w a h i g h e r m ean s c o r e t h a n f o r t h o s e who t a u g h t i n r u r a l o r u r b a n a r e a s . -6 4 - T a b le 9 . A C o m p ariso n o f O v e r a l l J o b S a t i s f a c t i o n D e riv e d fro m T e a c h in g and Sex o f R e sp o n d e n ts Num ber o f S u b je c ts V a ria b le Mean S ta n d a rd D e v ia tio n 1. M a les 4? 2 .5 2 1 .5 5 4 2. F e m ales 98 2 .8 5 1 .4 8 1 T o ta l* T a b le 10. 145 A C o m p ariso n o f O v e r a l l J o b S a t i s f a c t i o n D e riv e d fro m T e a c h in g and L a s t L o c a ti o n o f T e a c h in g P o s itio n Num ber o f S u b je c ts V a ria b le Mean S ta n d a rd D e v ia tio n 1. R u ral 43 2 .6 2 7 .5 7 8 2. S uburban 71 2 .8 9 1 .4 8 4 3. U rb an ( i n n e r 31 2 .5 6 7 .4 6 3 c ity ) T o ta l * 145 -6 5 The ANOVA p r o c e d u r e p r o d u c e d a n F r a t i o has a p r o b a b i l i t y v a lu e o f .0 0 3 w ith 2, dom, Hq i s r e j e c t e d , o f 5 ,9 3 1 , w h ic h 142 d e g r e e s o f f r e e ­ and t h e m a jo r h y p o t h e s is is n o t con­ firm e d , The s i n g u l a r d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s o f j o b s a t i s f a c t i o n w h ic h sh o w m e a n - s c o r e d i f f e r e n c e s (s e e T a b le 18, a re c u rric u lu m (,0 1 1 ), ( , 030), s u p p o r t (.0 4 0 ) a n d c o m m u n ity an d p a r e n t a l i n v o l v e m e n t ( , 0 1 0 ) , D, d isc ip lin e A p p e n d ix C) a d m in is tra tiv e T he f i n a l h y p o t h e s i s a t t e m p t s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e x ­ t e n t t o w h i c h e m p lo y m e n t o u t s i d e o f t h e f i e l d tio n i s m o re o r l e s s s a t i s f y i n g te a c h e rs. of educa­ and c h a l l e n g i n g t o fo rm e r A l l s u b j e c t s who i n d i c a t e d th e y w ere re -e m p lo y e d i n a r e a s o t h e r t h a n e d u c a t i o n w ere a sk e d t o r e s p o n d t o ite m s w h ich t e s t e d fo r fiv e le v e ls of s a tis fa c tio n and d e g r e e o f c h a l l e n g e w h i c h t h e y f e l t a b o u t t h e i r new o c c u ­ p a tio n s in r e l a t i o n to t h e i r fo rm er te a c h in g p o s i t i o n , A s c o r e v a l u e f r o m 1 t o 5 was g i v e n t o t h e s e r e s p o n s e s a s fo llo w s» s / c s / c 1 — much l e s s s a t i s f y i n g / c h a l l e n g i n g ! 2— le s s 8 3— a b o u t t h e sam e ( a s t e a c h i n g ) 1 4 — m ore i a n d 5 — much m o re s / c 4 A o n e -sam p le t - t e s t w as e m p lo y e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s th e re s p o n s e s . T he v a r i a b l e s " c h a l le n g i n g " w ere t e s t e d of " s a tis fy in g " se p a ra te ly , 4 G la s s and S t a n le y , p a g e 293 and of H -1 2: Of t h o s e t e a c h e r s who l e f t t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o f e s s i o n a n d a r e e m p lo y e d i n n o n - e d u c a t i o n a l a r e a s , t h e r e w i l l be n o s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e o f a t t i t u d e t o w a r d j o b s a tis fa c tio n . T he f o r m a l s t a t e m e n t s o f t h e h y p o t h e s i s a r e H0 sy9 = 3 H0 * A t 3. The v a l u e w h i c h m u s t b e e x c e e d e d i n s i z e ~ 2 .0 4 ? H0 i s T a b l e 19 o f A p p e n d ix (F or c a lc u l a t i o n o f t v a lu e s, o u ts id e o f e d u c a tio n , (3 5 p e r s o n s ) , o f t h o s e e m p lo y e d c o m p a rin g p r e s e n t p o s i t i o n t o t e a c h i n g i s show n t o b e 3 . 5 4 3 f o r t h e f a c tio n " v a r i a b le w ith a s ta n d a rd d e v ia ti o n 3 .1 1 4 f o r t h e see C ). The s a m p l e mean v a l u e o f a t t i t u d e p o s itio n in o rd e r to r e j e c t " sa tis­ o f 1 .3 1 9 , and " c h a lle n g in g " v a r ia b le w ith a s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n o f 1 .5 3 0 . For " s a tis fa c tio n " , th e c a lc u la te d t v a lu e i s 2 .4 5 , i m p l y i n g t h a t p r e s e n t e m p lo y m e n t i s v i e w e d a s b e i n g m o re s a tis fy in g th a n te a c h in g . n o t su p p o rte d H o w e v e r, As H0 i s r e j e c t e d , H y p o t h e s i s 12 i s f o r th e s a t i s f a c t i o n v a r i a b l e . th e c a lc u la te d sh ow n t o be . 4 4 0 , t v a lu e f o r " c h a lle n g in g " is i m p l y i n g t h a t p r e s e n t e m p lo y m e n t i s n o t m o re n o r l e s s c h a l l e n g i n g t h a n t e a c h i n g . r e j e c t H0 , a n d H y p o t h e s i s 12 i s T h e r e f o r e we c a n n o t co n firm ed f o r th e " c h a lle n g in g " v a ria b le . ^ G la s s and S t a n l e y , " P e r c e n t i l e P o i n t s o f t d i s t r i b u t i o n s , " T a b l e D, p a g e 5 2 1 . -6 7 - II R e p o rte d A n a ly s is o f W r i t te n R e sp o n se s t o Q u e s t i o n n a i r e Ite m s R e l a t i n g t o t h e T e a c h e r P r e p a r a t o r y P ro gram a t M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y T h is s e c t i o n o f t h e a n a l y s i s p r i m a r i l y a tt e m p t s t o r e p o r t in fo rm a tio n o b ta in e d f r o m tw o o p e n - e n d e d q u e s t i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h e s t r e n g t h s and w e a k n e s s e s o f M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ’s C o l l e g e o f E d u c a t i o n p r o g r a m a s v i e w e d by t h e s a m p le d s u b j e c t s . q u e stio n n a ire T he i t e m s , p re se n te d a t t h e end o f t h e ( A p p e n d i x A ), w e r e w r i t t e n a s f o l l o w s ! a ) W hat d i d y o u e x p e r i e n c e a s t h e s t r e n g t h s o f th e p ro g ram ? b) W hat d i d y o u e x p e r i e n c e a s t h e w e a k n e s s e s o f t h e p ro g ram ? It is f e l t t h a t p e r h a p s som e o f t h e m o re i m p o r t a n t fin d in g s o f t h is stu d y , p a rtic u la rly f o r th o se in te re s te d i n a s s e s s i n g an d r e v i e w i n g t e a c h e r - p r e p a r a t o r y p r o g r a m s , a r e d e a l t w ith i n t h e s e n e x t few p a g e s — e s p e c i a l l y o f t h e e x t e n t and q u a l i t y i n v iew o f i n p u t w h ich t h e s u b j e c t s s e lv e s gave to th e q u e s tio n s . th e m ­ T h e r e w as som e a n t i c i p a t i o n in th e b e g in n in g o f th e s tu d y as to w h e th e r o r n o t th e r e s ­ p o n d e n t s w o u ld t a k e t h e t i m e t o a n s w e r s u c h o p e n - e n d e d q u e stio n s , ta tiv e a n d som e c o n c e r n a s t o how g e n u i n e an d r e p r e s e n ­ t h e w r i t t e n r e s p o n s e w o u ld be o f t h e s u b j e c t s tru e -6 8 - fe e lin g s . It is b e lie v e d , h ow ever, f r e e l y g i v e n by t h e s u b j e c t s a lly t h a t t h e r e s p o n s e s w ere ( t h e m a j o r i t y o f whom o p t i o n ­ i n c l u d e d t h e i r n a m e s on t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s ) , t h e c o n s i s t e n c i e s and s i m i l a r i t i e s are p o s s ib ly re p r e s e n ta tiv e and due t o among t h e r e s p o n s e s , th e y o f many t e a c h e r g r a d u a t e s o f M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ? as th e d a ta in d ic a te d t h a t a p p ro x i­ m a te ly 59 p e r c e n t o f t h e s e in d iv id u a ls have a lre a d y re tu rn e d or p la n to r e tu r n to te a c h in g , i t c o u l d be a s s u m e d t h a t m o s t o f th e re s p o n d e n ts do n o t h a rb o r u n u s u a lly n e g a tiv e f e e l i n g s to w ard t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o f e s s i o n o r t h e i r g r a d u a t i n g i n s t i ­ tu tio n . a ls o Upon c l o s e r e v i e w o f t h e w r i t t e n r e s p o n s e s , it is b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e y may c o n t a i n c o n s t r u c t i v e p o s i t i v e and n e g a t i v e c r i t i c i s m s , many o f w h i c h i n d i c a t e d a g r e a t d e a l o f c o n c e r n an d s e n s i t i v i t y f o r f u t u r e t e a c h e r s and o ffe re d su g g e stio n s fo r t h e i r p re p a ra to ry p rogram s. Of t h e 1^5 s u b j e c t s in th e stu d y , o n ly te n e le c t e d n o t t o re sp o n d t o th e o p en -en d ed ite m s . T he r e ­ m a i n i n g 135 g a v e a f a i r l y in v o lv e d c l e a r in d ic a tio n o f w hat th e y p e r c e i v e d t o be s t r e n g t h s a n d / o r w e a k n e s s e s o f t h e i r e d u c a ­ t i o n a l p r e p a r a t i o n a t M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y . t h e a u t h o r ’s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y in to c a te g o rie s la ritie s and t a b u l a t e among t h e m . I t was to s o r t th e w r itte n resp o n se s th e num ber o f o c c u r r i n g s i m i ­ -6 9 - B efo re a c t u a l r e p o r tin g o f th e in c id e n c e o f re s p o n se s among a n d w i t h i n t h e c a t e g o r i e s , how ever, s p e c ia l n o te s h o u l d b e made o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s a m p l e d i n d i v i d u a l s w ere p r e p a r e d f o r a v a r i e t y tio n s , o f t e a c h i n g l e v e l s and p o s i ­ a n d t h u s d i d n o t a l l r e c e i v e t h e sam e k i n d s o f p r e ­ p a ra to ry e x p e rie n c e i a t M ic h ig a n S t a t e t h e s u b j e c t a r e a m e th o d s c o u r s e s a n d a m o u n t o f i n t e r n o r c la ss ro o m -a s s ig n m e n t e x p e r i e n c e s f o r e l e m e n t a r y m a j o r s t e n d t o b e m ore c o m p r e ­ h e n s iv e th a n f o r s e c o n d a ry m a jo rs, a c e rta in e x te n t, and t h e r e s p o n s e s do, to r e f l e c t t h e d e g re e and q u a l i t y o f t h e s e e x p e rie n c e s. A s e c o n d o b s e r v a t i o n s h o u l d a l s o be m a d e . m ore r e s p o n s e s g i v e n t o t h e T h e re w ere " w e a k n e s s e s " o f t h e p r o g ra m } how ever t h e s e w ere n o t n e c e s s a r i l y n e g a t i v e i n n a t u r e , s h o u l d t h e y be r e g a r d e d a s s u c h . R a th e r, nor many o f t h e r e s p o n s e s w ere w r i t t e n a s s u g g e s t i o n s w h ic h c o u ld p e r h a p s h e l p t o p r o d u c e a s t r o n g e r a n d m o re m e a n i n g f u l t e a c h e r e d u c a t i o n program } i n g e n e r a l t h e y se e m t o r e p r e s e n t w h a t th e sa m p le d s u b j e c t s tio n A. f e l t w as l a c k i n g i n t h e i r own p r e p a r a ­ t o becom e t e a c h e r s . S t r e n g t h s o f t h e P rogram T he f o r e m o s t s t r e n g t h program , o f th e te a c h e r-p re p a ra to ry a s i n d i c a t e d by 36 r e s p o n d e n t s , w as t h e s t u d e n t -7 0 - te a c h in g e x p e rie n c e s th e y re c e iv e d ( a l t h o u g h t h e r e w e r e som e s u g g e s t i o n s t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d be m ore o b s e r v a t i o n a n d h e l p by b o t h c o l l e g e c o o r d i n a t o r s and s u p e r v i s i n g t e a c h e r s ) . A n o t h e r 2k r e s p o n d e n t s who p a r t i c i p a t e d in th e E le m e n ta ry I n t e r n P ro g ram (E IP — f o r m e r ly S T E P /S tu d e n t T e a c h in g E x p e r i ­ m e n t a l P r o g r a m ) an d t h e MICI ( M o t t I n s t i t u t e Im p ro v em en t) p ro g ra m , th e ir f o r C o m m u n ity w ere h i g h l y p l e a s e d and s a t i s f i e d in te r n s h ip e x p e rie n c e s, an d e x p r e s s e d t h e i r a p p r e c i a ­ tio n o f th e e f f e c t i v e c o n s u lta n t s e r v ic e s th e y r e c e i v e d and t h e s u p p o r t i v e c o o r d i n a t o r s w i t h whom t h e y w o r k e d . t h e s e 2k i n d i v i d u a l s c i t e d e x p e rie n c e s w ith M ost o f th e p e rs o n a liz e d n a tu re o f t h e i r i n t h e E IP p r o g r a m a s h e l p i n g th e m b ecom e m o re a b le and c o n f i d e n t t e a c h e r s . S econd t o s t u d e n t t e a c h i n g and i n t e r n e x p e r i e n c e s , th e m o s t f r e q u e n t l y c i t e d s t r e n g t h w as t h e c o n t e n t o f a v a r i e t y o f e d u c a tio n c o u rs e s . m e th o d s c l a s s e s T w e n t y - t h r e e p e r s o n s com m ended t h e (s o m e , h o w e v e r , sta te d a n e e d f o r m ore e m p h a s i s on t e a c h e r - s t u d e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s c e n tra te d a n d a m o re c o n ­ r e a d i n g m e th o d s p r o g r a m ) . Ten s u b j e c t s w e r e p l e a s e d w i t h t h e o v e r a l l c u r r i c u l u m c o n te n t in s tr u c tio n , an d 15 i n d i v i d u a l s f a c t i o n w ith c o u rs e s i n c h i l d - d e v e l o p m e n t ( i n c l u d i n g men­ t a l h e a lth , i n d i c a t e d much s a t i s ­ c h i l d p s y c h o lo g y and t h e e x c e p t i o n a l c h i l d ) j -7 1 - s e v e n o f t h o s e who w e r e s p e c i a l e d u c a t i o n m a j o r s p r a i s e d t h e p r e p a r a t i o n and a d d i t i o n a l c la s s r o o m e x p e r i e n c e s t h e y o b ta in e d in t h e i r s p e c ia l a re a . T h irte e n p erso n s c ite d t h e p e r s o n a l c o n t a c t and e x ­ c e l l e n c e o f som e o f t h e i r e d u c a t i o n p r o f e s s o r s stre n g th as a re a l o f th e p ro g ram . A d d i t i o n a l s t r e n g t h s w ere e x p r e s s e d a s f o llo w s t 1) O u ts ta n d in g p la c e m e n t s e r v i c e s 2) E x c e lle n t a u d io -v is u a l tr a in in g c e n te rs B. and r e s o u r c e (5) 3) Good v a r i e t y o f co u rses o ffe re d *0 E x c e lle n t f a c i l i t i e s (5) fo r reso u rce m a te ria ls (5) W eaknesses o f t h e P rogram The m a j o r w e a k n e s s e s c i t e d la rg e ly by t h e r e s p o n d e n t s f e l l in to th r e e g e n e ra l a re a s o f co n cern j o v e r a l l c o n t e n t and i n s t r u c t i o n 2) (8 r e s p o n d e n t s ) o f e d u c a tio n c o u rs e s i c la s s ro o m e x p o su re o r a c t u a l te a c h in g e x p e rie n c e ? to p ic s (in te rn ) a n d 3 ) i n s t r u c t i o n a l e m p h a s i s on p a r t i c u l a r o f e d u c a t i o n a l and p r o f e s s i o n a l c o n c e r n . c a te g o ry , lis te d sim p ly as p ro p o rtio n o f re sp o n se s, v a lu e . 1 ) th e " o th e r", A fo u rth r e p r e s e n ts a sm a ll y e t may be o f som e i n t e r e s t and Each o f t h e s e a r e a s h a v e b e en s u b - c a t e g o r i z e d in to -72- m ore s p e c i f i c to p ic s o f c o n cern as g e n e ra te d by t h e re sp o n d e n ts. The f i r s t an d m o s t r e p e a t e d l y c i t e d w e a k n e s s o f t h e t e a c h e r - p r e p a r a t o r y p r o g r a m w as t h a t o f e d u c a t i o n a l c o n ­ t e n t and i n s t r u c t i o n , was r e c o r d e d . t o w h i c h a t o t a l o f 93 t a b u l a t i o n s F o llo w in g i s f o r c o n t e n t an d i n s t r u c t i o n , a lis tin g o f th e s u b -c a te g o rie s w ith th e num ber o f r e s p o n s e s g iv e n in p a r e n th e s e s . 1) C l a s s e s d e a l t t o o much w i t h t h e o r y a n d w e r e t o o g e n e ra liz e d , a s c o m p a r e d t o t h e n e e d f o r m ore p r a c t i c a l and s p e c i f i c e x p e rie n c e s 2) k n o w le d g e and t y p e s o f (4 1 ) N o t enough b a s i c m eth o d s c o u r s e s w e re i n c l u d e d i n t h e p ro g ram (2 8 ) 3) T he p r o f e s s o r s a n d / o r i n s t r u c t o r s n e e d m o re c u r r e n t a c c e s s to t h e p u b l ic s c h o o ls and young p e o p le 4) (16) T he c l a s s e s la c k e d r e l e v a n c y and c r e d i b i l i t y (8 ) S e c o n d a ry e d u c a t i o n m a jo rs e m p h a s iz e d t h a t m eth o d s c o u r s e s s h o u l d i n c l u d e m ore m e th o d s o f " h o w - t o - t e a c h " r a t h e r t h a n " w h a t - t o - t e a c h , " a n d s h o u l d o f f e r m o re t e c h n i q u e s o n p r e ­ p a r i n g o b j e c t i v e s and l e s s o n p l a n s , a d v ic e on e v a l u a t i o n , -7 3 - and p r a c t i c e p r e s e n t i n g l e s s o n s a n d o t h e r s u c h o p e r a t i o n a l te c h n iq u e s w ith in c la ssro o m s i t u a t i o n s . I t w as a l s o s u g g e s t e d t h a t s t u d e n t s b e t a u g h t how t o a p p l y a n d a d a p t th e th e o r y t h a t one l e a r n s i n t h e m eth o d s o r e d u c a t i o n c o u rses, L ack o f a d e q u a te c la s s ro o m e x p o su re o r te a c h in g e x p e r ie n c e seem ed t o be t h e se c o n d m o st f r e q u e n t l y e x p r e s s e d co n cern o f th e re s p o n d e n ts i s an o b v io u s o v e r la p (70 t a b u l a t i o n s ) . A lth o u g h t h e r e in th e fo llo w in g g ro u p in g s, som e p r e c i s e d i f f e r e n c e s may b e i m p l i e d f r o m t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h th e y a re w orded. 1) Not enough s t u d e n t te a c h in g o r c la s s ro o m e x p e r ­ ie n c e 2) (31) S t u d e n ts w ere n o t p la c e d in a c la s s ro o m s i t u a t i o n so o n enough o r o f te n enough p r i o r to s tu d e n t te a c h in g 3) (13) N o t e n o u g h c o n t a c t w i t h y o u n g p e o p l e w as p r o v i d e d by t h e c o l l e g e 4) M ore f i e l d (13) e x p e r i e n c e s h o u ld be p r o v id e d th r o u g h ­ o u t th e pro g ram ( 6 ) The m a j o r i t y o f t h e s u b j e c t s who r e s p o n d e d t o t h e a b o v e w ere s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n m a jo r s i A , e l e m e n t a r y m a j o r s who w e r e -7 4 - i n v o l v e d i n a y e a r o f i n t e r n s h i p w e r e much m ore s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e i r p r o g r a m a n d e x p r e s s e d much m ore c o n f i d e n c e i n th e m se lv e s as b e g in n in g t e a c h e r s . The t h i r d a r e a o f c o n c e rn in v o lv e d s e v e r a l re s p o n s e s an d s u g g e s t i o n s e m p h a s i z i n g t h e n e e d f o r m ore i n s t r u c t i o n on s p e c i f i c to p ic s and p ro b le m s r e l a t e d e d u c a tio n a l p ro fe s s io n a lis m , ta b u la te d 1) M ore i n s t r u c t i o n r e l a t i n g te a c h e rs (2 2 ) f o r a l l s u b j e c t and g r a d e l e v e l (16) M ore i n s t r u c t i o n a b o u t t h e p o l i t i c s law s r e l a t i n g 4) t o c la s s r o o m m anagem ent M ore i n s t r u c t i o n on m e th o d s o f t e a c h i n g r e a d i n g — t o be r e q u i r e d 3) A t o t a l o f 77 r e s p o n s e s w e r e f o r th e fo llo w in g s u b - c a t e g o r i e s . and d i s c i p l i n e 2) t o t e a c h i n g and to te a c h e rs o f s c h o o l s an d (1 4 ) M ore c h i l d - d e v e l o p m e n t c o u r s e s d e a l i n g w i t h "how c h i l d r e n l e a r n , " "how t o m o t i v a t e c h i l d r e n , " " c h i l d r e n 's n e e d s — b o th a f f e c t i v e and c o g n i t i v e , " a n d how t o w o rk w i t h t h e 5) " sp e c ia l" c h ild M ore e m p h a s i s on t h e r e a l i t i e s (1 4 ) o f th e in n e r - c ity te a c h e r (8 ) 6) M ore e m p h a s i s on t h e r e a l i t i e s o f b e in g a t e a c h e r — i n c l u d i n g t h e d e g r e e o f c o m m ittm e n t and e x t e n t o f -7 5 - w ork, 7) t i m e and e n e r g y w h i c h t e a c h i n g r e q u i r e s M ore e m p h a s i s o n i n d i v i d u a l i z e d c re a tiv ity 8) and f l e x i b i l i t y M ore i n s t r u c t i o n in stru c tio n , (6) on how a n d w h e r e t o s e l e c t t e x t b o o k s and r e s o u r c e m a t e r i a l s Many o f t h e s e (7) (6) i n d i v i d u a l s c o n s i s t e n t l y e x p r e s s e d t h e v iew t h a t th e y w ere u n p re p a re d f o r th e i n i t i a l "shock" o f th e am ount o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p r o c e d u r e s t o w h ic h new t e a c h e r s a r e s u b j e c t e d , re la te to th e b e h a v io r o f a d m in is tr a to r s , an d s t r i k e s , sta ff, fin d in g i t d i f f i c u l t to t e a c h e r u n io n s a p a t h y among b o t h s t u d e n t s an d p r o f e s s i o n a l and t h e h e a v y am ount o f " p a p e r w ork" t h e y e n c o u n t e r e d . L is te d u n d er " o th e r" re s p o n se s a re th e fo llo w in g : 1) 2) ' C l a s s e s w ere to o l a r g e and im p e r s o n a l (1 3 ) (a) B e tte r sc re e n in g o f p ro sp e c tiv e te a c h e rs — le s s e m p h a s i s on h i g h g r a d e s a s c o m p a r e d t o t h e q u a lity (b) o f one*s te a c h in g a b i l i t y M ore a c c u r a t e in fo rm a tio n as to a v a i l a b i l i t y te a c h in g p o s itio n s 3) ( ?) (7) M ore f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e s h o u l d be made a v a i l a b l e to p ro sp e c tiv e te a c h e rs ( k) of -7 6 F i n a l m e n t i o n s h o u l d be made r e g a r d i n g t h e r e s p o n s e s g iv en to q u e s t io n n a ir e ite m 1 5 , w h ic h a sk e d t h e r e s p o n d e n t s i f th e y f e l t M ic h ig a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y had a d e q u a t e l y p r e p a r e d th e m f o r c l a s s r o o m t e a c h i n g . resp o n ses a re re p o rte d T he t a b u l a t i o n of b e lo w ; (n) P ercen t 1. V e r y much s o 27 1 8 .6 2. S o m ew h at 53 3 6 .6 3. D id n o t p r e p a r e me e n o u g h 5^ 3 7 .2 4. U n d e cid e d 3 2 .1 5. O th e r 8 5*5 The m a j o r i t y o f s u b j e c t s s e e m e d t o f e e l t h a t M i c h i g a n S t a t e d i d som ew hat o r d i d q u i t e in g . a d e q u a t e l y p r e p a r e th e m f o r t e a c h ­ H o w ev e r m ore t h a n o n e - t h i r d in d ic a te d t h a t th e y f e l t t h e y w ere n o t a d e q u a te ly p r e p a r e d . I t may b e o f f u r t h e r i n t e r e s t t o r e p o r t t h e r e s u l t s of a q u e stio n re g a rd in g th e i n t e n t i o n s o f t h e sa m p le d s u b j e c t s when t h e y o r i g i n a l l y c h o s e t e a c h i n g a s a p r o f e s ­ sio n ; 1 3 .8 p e r c e n t i n d i c a t e d th e y in te n d e d t o te a c h f o r a s h o r t tim e and th e n le a v e e d u c a tio n ! 11 p e r c e n t i n d i c a t e d t h e y i n t e n d e d t o t e a c h f o r a s h o r t t i m e a n d t h e n g o on t o an a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p o s i t i o n in d ic a te d in e d u c a tio n ! th e y in te n d e d c la ss ro o m te a c h in g to lo n g c a r e e n p ercen t be a l i f e ­ 2 1 .4 p e r c e n t w ere u n d e c id e d a b o u t t e a c h i n g ! and 1 2 . ^ p e r c e n t g a v e a n a s s o r t m e n t o f o t h e r i n t e n t i o n s -77- a b o u t te a c h in g . T h e s e r e s u l t s may w e l l i n d i c a t e f o r an e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t s e t o f r e f e r e n c e s th e need f o r v ie w in g te a c h e r tu rn o v e r. Sum m ary T h is c h a p t e r d e a l t w ith a s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s d a ta to c o n firm o r n o t c o n firm stu d y r e l a t i n g th e m ajo r h y p o th e s e s o f th e to te a c h e r a t t r i t i o n . 8 an d 9 w e r e c o n f i r m e d . w ere n o t c o n fir m e d . o f th e H y p o th e se s 1, H y p o th e se s 5. 2, 3. 7» 10 a n d 11 H y p o t h e s i s 12 c o m p a r e d tw o v a r i a b l e s — " c h a l l e n g i n g " an d " s a t i s f y i n g " — t o f o r m e r t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n an d new o c c u p a t i o n o u t s i d e o f t h e f i e l d v a ria b le o f e d u c a tio n ! f o r " c h a l l e n g i n g " w as c o n f i r m e d , bu t th e th e " sa tis­ f y i n g " v a r i a b l e was n o t c o n f i r m e d . The c h a p t e r f u r t h e r r e p o r t e d resp o n ses to q u e s tio n n a ire th e a n a ly s is o f w r itte n i t e m s w h ic h a s k e d t h e s u b j e c t s t o p r o v i d e i n p u t a s t o t h e s t r e n g t h s an d w e a k n e s s e s o f M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ’s t e a c h e r - e d u c a t i o n p r o g r a m a s t h e y p e r c e i v e d th em . M o st p o s i t i v e l y v i e w e d w e r e t h e s t u d e n t t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e s and i n t e r n s h i p s , e d u c a t i o n a n d m e th o d s c o u r s e s . and th e v a r i e t y o f T he m o s t f r e q u e n t l y c i t e d w e a k n e sse s o f t h e p ro g ram w ere t h e t h e o r e t i c a l n a t u r e th e in s tr u c tio n a l co u rses, to o -lim ite d e x p o s u re and c o n t a c t w ith young p e o p le , of and d e la y e d c la s s ro o m and n o t enough i n s t r u c t i o n a l e m p h a s i s u p o n m e th o d s o f t e a c h i n g r e a d i n g , an w e l l a s i n s t r u c t i o n d e v o t e d t o m ore p r a c t i c a l c o n c e r n s of te a c h e rs. CHAPTER V INTERVIEW S In tro d u c tio n T h is c h a p t e r c o n t a i n s e x c e r p t s fro m ta p e d o f p e r s o n s who p u r s u e d t e a c h i n g a s a c a r e e r , v a rio u s rea so n s ta rily id e n tifie d l e f t th e ir p o sitio n s A lth o u g h i t in te rv ie w s and f o r in th e fo llo w in g p ag es, v o lu n - in th e p u b lic sc h o o ls . i s d i f f i c u l t t o g e n e r a l i z e f r o m w h a t was r e c o r d e d and w r i t t e n , it is b e lie v e d t h a t th e in te rv ie w s p r o v i d e d som e v e r y u s e f u l a n d u n u s u a l i n s i g h t t o t h e p ro fe s s io n of e d u c a tio n , ro le s and c o m m itm e n ts p a rtic u la rly o f te a c h e rs in r e l a t i o n to th e and t h e i r p e c u l i a r s t a t u s w i t h i n an i n t r i c a t e l y - w o v e n — and f r e q u e n t l y in ­ fle x ib le — so c ia l stru c tu re . The p u r p o s e f o r t h e re a lis tic d u a l s who, i n t e r v i e w s w as t o s e e k m ore and g e n u in e r e s p o n s e s and a t t i t u d e s fro m i n d i v i ­ a f t e r h a v in g ta u g h t a t l e a s t f o u r s y e a r s , d e c id e d to le a v e th e p r o f e s s i o n . I t w as f o u n d t h a t t h e S e e S t u d s T e r k e l ' s b o o k W o rk in g (New Y o rk i P a n t h e o n B o o k s, 1 9 7 2 ) f o r o n e o f t h e l a r g e s t a n d m o s t r e c e n t l i t e r a r y c o n t r i b u t i o n s e m p lo y in g i n t e r v i e w r e p o r t ­ in g . -7 9 - -80- s u b j e c t s w ere g e n e r a l l y e x tr e m e ly r e c e p t i v e t o b e in g in te rv ie w e d , tiv ity and a l l v e r b a l i z e d w ith e n th u s ia s m and s e n s i ­ about t h e i r e x p e rie n c e s, an d t h e i r f e e l i n g s S p e c ific t h e i r g o a ls and r e g r e t s , an d c o n v i c t i o n s a b o u t e d u c a t i o n . k in d s o f q u e s tio n s d i r e c te d to th e i n t e r ­ v i e w e e s i n v o l v e d why t h e y c h o s e t e a c h i n g a s a p r o f e s s i o n a n d t h e d e g r e e o f c o m m i tm e n t to iti th e y had in te n d e d to g iv e how t h e y v i e w e d t h e i r e d u c a t i o n a l p r e p a r a t i o n * t h e i r o v e r a l l f e e l in g s a b o u t te a c h in g * t h e i r p e r s o n a l and p r o f e s s i o n a l re a s o n s f o r le a v in g te a c h in g * and t h e k in d s o f c h a n g e s w h i c h w o u ld h a v e t o t a k e p l a c e — e i t h e r i n t h e i r p e r s o n a l l i v e s , o r in e d u c a t i o n — i f th e y w ere t o d e c i d e t o re tu rn . In te rv ie w S u b je c t 1 P r e s e n t e d h e r e a r e t h e f e e l i n g s o f a y o u n g man who, a f t e r te a c h in g f o r y ears, l e f t to a tte n d i s p r e s e n t l y c l e r k i n g f o r an a t t o r n e y la w s c h o o l , an d in th e D e tr o it a re a . A lth o u g h he h a s n o t e n t i r e l y d is m is s e d th e n o t i o n o f r e t u r n in g t o t e a c h in g , c h a n c e s a r e he w i l l c o n tin u e w ith la w . * * * * * * I guess sc h o o l, "bag", I had a u t o p ia n v ie w o f t e a c h i n g in u n d e rg ra d I w as s o m e w h a t u n s u r e t h a t t e a c h i n g w o u ld b e my bu t I th o u g h t t h a t g e tt i n g i n t o t h e s c h o o l s w o u ld -8 1 - re m o v e my d o u b t s . But in f a c t , i t d id th e o p p o s ite . W o rk in g w i t h t h e k i d s was g r e a t 1 c a t i o n s m e th o d s c l a s s re la te a t S ta te , I had a s o l i d com m uni­ and i t w a s n 't d i f f i c u l t t o my s u b j e c t t o t h e s t u d e n t s . I f te a c h in g e n ta ile d o n ly in v o lv e m e n t w ith o n e 's s t u d e n t s , an d o t h e r t e a c h e r s e x h i b i t e d t h e sam e k i n d s o f c o n c e r n a n d p r i d e t h a t I h a d f o r my p r o f e s s i o n , I c o u ld h av e s ta y e d But th e t e a c h e r s ! I see i t , e x is ts in te a c h in g . The r e a l p r o b l e m i n e d u c a t i o n , in t e a c h e r s ' a t t i t u d e s to w ard th e m s e lv e s . The e d u c a t i o n c o u r s e s d o n ’ t p r e p a r e t e a c h e r s t o a c t , an d v i e w t h e m s e l v e s a s PROFESSIONALS. d e m a n d in g w o r k , a s i t s h o u l d be* as w o rk , T e a c h in g i s to u g h , b u t th e te a c h e rs w ith b e h av e d and a p p ro a c h e d t h e p r o f e s s i o n l i k e I w o rk e d fa c to ry w o r k e r s a t O l d s m o b i l e — o n e m o re f e n d e r — o n e m o re d a y ' s w ork. T he l a c k o f p r i d e , d e d ic a tio n , and a m b itio n o f o t h e r t e a c h e r s was d i s g u s t i n g a n d d i s g r a c e f u l . No w o n d e r s t u d e n t s becom e a p a t h e t i c a n d l a z y — t h e y h a v e n o l e a d e r s h i p o r m o d e ls to fo llo w . S tu d e n ts and p r e p a r e d i n c o l l e g e m u s t be t a u g h t t o f o r th e l a c k - l u s t e r , jo b o f te a c h in g . c la ss e s trie d to d u ll, be p r o f e s s i o n a l s , d a y -in d ay -o u t The m i s s i o n a r y z e a l t h a t my e d u c a t i o n in still i n me f a d e s q u i c k l y t o t h e s h o c k o f t h e am ount o f e f f o r t and tim e dem anded o f a f u l l - t i m e te a c h e r. -8 2 I 'v e s till b e e n much m ore c o n t e n t i n la w s c h o o l — y e t , I f e e l t h a t p o s s i b l y t e a c h i n g i s w o rth a n o th e r t r y . The s t u d e n t s n e e d h e l p , p ro fe ssio n a lism a n d so m e o n e h a s t o p u s h f o r m o re in te a c h in g . I n a way I c o p p e d o u t — t h e s t u d e n t s c a n *t r e a l l y d o t h e s a m e , can th e y ? I n t e r v i e w S u b .ie c t 2 B o n n i e t a u g h t f o r tw o y e a r s i n h i g h s c h o o l , y ears in th e e le m e n ta ry g r a d e s , A young, and t h r e e a ttra c tiv e and e x t r e m e l y v e r b a l woman, s h e h a d b e e n u n d e c i d e d a b o u t t e a c h ­ in g w h ile in c o lle g e , o f c o m m itm e n t a lth o u g h sh e p r o f e s s e d a g r e a t d e a l to h e r y e ars o f te a c h in g . le a v in g te a c h in g p a r t l y H er re a so n f o r in v o lv e d t h a t c o m m itm e n t— s h e d e ­ c id e d t o p u rs u e th e c a r e e r o f c l i n i c a l p sy c h o lo g y , and i s c u r r e n t l y a c o u n s e l o r in F l i n t w h ile w o rk in g to w a rd c e r t i f i ­ c a tio n in th e a r e a o f p sy c h o lo g y . * * * * * * W h ile t e a c h i n g , I o fte n f e l t th e need to re a c h f o r s o m e t h i n g more* n o t t h a t t e a c h i n g w a s n ' t c h a l l e n g i n g — i t w a s, d e fin ite ly . th e a t t i t u d e s B ut so m e tim e s I f e l t s t i f l e d } of a d m in istra to rs were s o r e p e a t e d l y a r r o g a n t . jo b o f te a c h in g , y o u know — to w ard t e a c h e r s and s t u d e n t s I f e l t I was d o i n g a d a m g o o d a n d I b e l i e v e t h e s t u d e n t s g a v e me a maximum a m o u n t o f s u p p o r t — b u t n o t t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . They -8 3 - c o n t i n u a l l y p l a y e d t h e game o f p o l i t i c s w i t h t e a c h e r s an d p a r e n t s — s u c h a p h o n y g am e— an d I f o u n d m y s e l f r e s e n t i n g th e s a l a r i e s t h e y drew f o r a l l t h e i r a r r o g a n c e and i n s e n s i ­ tiv ity . I lo v e w o rk in g w ith c h i l d r e n , so l i t t l e re c o g n itio n needs to have a r e a l and a lw a y s w o u ld . But i s g iv e n t o a h a rd d a y 's w ork— one (ta n g ib le , i f you w i l l ) sense of a c c o m p l i s h m e n t a n d be a c k n o w l e d g e d m ore f r e q u e n t l y t h a n te a c h e rs a r e . The s y s t e m j u s t i s n ' t s e t up f o r p e r s o n a l rew ard s ( o th e r th a n w hat th e u n io n s f i g h t f o r , I fe e l, o fte n f a i l s and w h ic h , to c o n sid e r th e w e lfa re o f s t u d e n ts ) . I t ’s o b v i o u s t o me why s o many t e a c h e r s ro u tin e y e a r-a fte r-y e a r, m ent and f r u s t r a t i o n s in to t h e sam e h a v i n g t o f a c e t h e sam e d i s c o u r a g e a l l th e tim e . k id s f o r t h i s — t h e y 'r e fa ll B u t I d o n ' t b la m e t h e t h e m o st r e a l p a r t o f t h e w h o le sy ste m . I t h o u g h t t e a c h i n g w o u ld a l l o w f o r s o much c r e a t i v i t y , but in ste a d re d -ta p e , ho m e. I fo u n d m y s e lf i n u n d a t e d w ith bookw ork, sc h e d u le s to keep, stu p id and h o u r s o f p a p e r w ork a t I f e e l t h a t m ore p e o p l e s h o u l d b eco m e i n v o l v e d t o h e lp r e lie v e te a c h e rs o f th e sm a ll, but n ecessary , w h i c h t a k e aw ay f r o m t h e a r t o f t e a c h i n g — h i r i n g la y p e rso n n e l, a llo w in g o ld e r s tu d e n ts and t e a c h y o u n g e r o n e s . fa c ilita te d e ta ils o f m ore to p a r t i c i p a t e w ith So much m ore c o u l d b e d o n e t o t h e l e a r n i n g p r o c e s s w i t h i n t h e s c h o o l fram ew o rk -8 4 - I ' m r e a l l y n o t a s "dow n" on e d u c a t i o n a s i t m u s t s e e m . I j u s t s i m p l y f e l t t h e n e e d t o make room f o r my p e r s o n a l p rio ritie s and m o ti v a ti o n s , g e t an y w h ere w i t h th em , a n d t e a c h i n g w a s n ' t h e l p i n g me I w o u ld n e v e r h a v e m e r e l y " e n d u r e d " f i v e y e a r s o f t e a c h i n g — I e n jo y e d t h e c h a l l e n g e s and s m a ll sa tis fa c tio n s} m e n a l. an d t h e c o n t a c t w i t h y o u n g p e o p l e w as p h e n o ­ But I d e c id e d I s h o u ld g e t o u t and t r y s o m e th in g I r e a l l y w a n t e d t o d o b e f o r e i t w as t o o l a t e . o v e r-a m b itio u s. But a c t u a l l y c o u n s e l l in g moved f r o m t e a c h i n g } P e r h a p s I 'm i s n ' t so f a r r e ­ 90% o f my t i m e i n t h e s c h o o l s c o u l d h a v e b e e n s p e n t p e r f o r m i n g many o f t h e sam e k i n d s o f c o u n ­ s e l i n g s e r v i c e s w h i c h I am p r e s e n t l y a s s i g n e d t o . I t is w here i t my f e e l i n g t h a t e d u c a t i o n n e e d s t o c h a n g e fro m b e g in s — th e u n i v e r s i t i e s , f in e p o t e n t i a l to p ro v id e a good, t i o n p rogram . But i f la rg e , p r a c t i c a l ty p e o f ed u ca­ I h a d n ' t b e e n e n c o u r a g e d a t home b y my m o t h e r who was a t e a c h e r , t e a c h i n g on t h e b a s i s M ic h ig a n S t a t e h a s a I w o u ld n e v e r h a v e d e c i d e d u p o n o f my e d u c a t i o n c o u r s e s — t h e y w e r e t o o s t r e s s i n g q u a n tity r a t h e r th a n q u a li t y , th e p ro fe s s o rs w e r e t o o f a r re m o v e d f r o m p u b l i c s c h o o l c l a s s r o o m s , s u b je c t m a tte r lac k ed p r a c t i c a l c o n te n t. and th e I w o u ld recom m end t h a t c o l l e g e s and s c h o o l s y s te m s h a v e c o n t i n u a l c o n t a c t , t h a t th e y e x ch an g e t e a c h e r s and p r o f e s s o r s , m e a n in g fu l i n s e r v i c e w ith in a l l le v e ls nBii _ tra in in g and p r o v i d e and c r e a t e c o n s t a n t e n th u s ia s m o f th e te a c h in g p ro fe s s io n . -8 5 - I n t e r v i e w S u b .ie c t 3 T h is p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r v i e w e e , i e n c e d many f r u s t r a t i o n s fie ld o f te a c h in g , to g e th e r. an a r t m ajo r, in h e r p e rs o n a l l i f e has ex p er­ and in th e y e t h a s n o t g i v e n up on t h e c a r e e r a l ­ A young d iv o r c e e , l e f t te a c h in g to r e lo c a te has s in c e been t r y in g to b o th h e r m a r i t a l s t a t u s s h e h a s t a u g h t f o r 6-| y e a r s , in a n o th e r p a r t o f th e s t a t e , an d f i n d a s y s te m w h ic h w i l l c o n s i d e r and t h e s a l a r y h e r e x p e r ie n c e dem ands u n d e r u n io n c o n t r a c t . * I once b e lie v e d * * * * * th a t d isc rim in a tio n a g a in s t d iv o rc e d women was o n l y a n h i s t o r i c a l c o m m e n t a r y i n t h e f i e l d te a c h in g . H o w e v e r, c u la rly in se n sitiv e I 'v e found r u r a l s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s of p a rti­ t o my e x p e r i e n c e a n d t o my r a t h e r g o o d fo rm e r t e a c h i n g re c o m m e n d a tio n s? in ste a d t h e y se e m t o v i e w me a s a n u n d e s i r a b l e p e r s o n t o h a v e t e a c h i n g t h e i r c h i l d r e n . I 'v e a p p lie d to s e v e r a l a re a s in f a c t have in te rv ie w e d I c o u ld e a s i l y fin d i n N o r th e r n M ic h ig a n , fo r se v e ra l p o sitio n s . I suppose a jo b in an i n n e r - c i t y s c h o o l, r e a l l y d o n 't w ant t h a t h a s s l e . but I My s t u d e n t t e a c h i n g e x p e r ­ i e n c e s u p p l i e d me w i t h e n o u g h r e a s o n s I g u e s s y o u c o u l d c a l l me s t r i c t l y w ith m id d le -c la s s e x p e c ta ti o n s . and f o r a v o id in g th e c i t y . m id d le -c la s s o rie n te d , -86- I have c o n s id e re d c h a n g in g c a r e e r s . fo r fiv e y e ars. I e n jo y e d te a c h in g B u t a f t e r a w h i l e much o f t h e g l a m o r a n d e n th u s ia sm b e g in s to w ear o f f — a t l e a s t k id s w ere o k ay , i t d i d f o r me. b u t s o many o t h e r t h i n g s th e a c tu a l te a c h in g . The i n t e r f e r e d w ith I t w as h a r d t o c o n s t a n t l y k e e p i n to u c h w ith t h e k i d s and d e v e lo p t h a t n e c e s s a r y r a p p o r t — w h ich in i t s e l f , is a fu ll-tim e jo b . You s e e k i d s m e s s e d - u p i n d r u g s o r c o m in g t o s c h o o l h i g h on p o t , w h ere t h e y ' r e g o in g t o f i t i n t h e sc h e m e o f y o u r c l a s s r o o m . You f e e l s o h e l p l e s s a t t i m e s . d o n e by p r i n c i p a l s fa ile d and t h e n w onder You s e e in ju s tic e s a n d o t h e r t e a c h e r s » y o u know y o u ' v e many t i m e s t o a d e q u a t e l y a s s e s s a n d h a n d l e p r o b l e m s w ith s tu d e n ts i an d y o u l o o k f o r a n s w e r s w h i c h , when f o u n d , n e v e r seem t o a p p ly t o t h e n e x t s i t u a t i o n . Maybe I r e a l l y d o n ' t b e l o n g i n t e a c h i n g . husband u sed t o sa y I o v e r - r e a c te d a lth o u g h I b e lie v e d I 'v e i t w as m o re e m p a th y t h a n o v e r - r e a c t i o n . t o te a c h o r to d e a l w ith p e o p le — such p r e p a r a ­ tio n is g e ts b a c k t o my e d u c a t i o n c o u r s e s w as, t o s t u d e n t p ro b le m s, a lw a y s m a in ta in e d t h a t n o -o n e c a n t e a c h o r p r e p a r e som eone e l s e te s tin g My e x - o n ly le a rn e d by a c t u a l d o i n g o r t e a c h i n g . in t h e o r y and u n r e l a t e d I fe e l, W hich in c o lle g e — a l l o f th e e d u c a tio n a l te rm in o lo g y w a ste d and i r r e l e v a n t . O n ly my s t u d e n t t e a c h i n g a s s i g n m e n t p r e p a r e d me a t a l l f o r t h e r e a l t h i n g . My m a j o r , a rt, p r o v i d e d a t l e a s t som e f l e x i b i l i t y and o p tio n s -8 7 - fo r g e ttin g -th ro u g h -to -th e -k id s. I t o ffe re d a c o n stru c tiv e o u t l e t f o r b o t h th e m a n d m y s e l f . I f I d o n 't lan d a te a c h in g jo b soon, I guess I ' l l t o u s e my a r t b a c k g r o u n d f o r a c a r e e r i n a d v e r t i s i n g , e l s e en d u p b a c k i n s c h o o l . stu d e n ts, . . Y e s, b u t n o t th e p ro b le m s. have or I 'v e m isse d th e I 'm s t i l l lo o k in g * but I ' m b e g i n n i n g t o f e e l t h e i m p a c t o f b e i n g t u r n e d down an d n o t h a v in g a s t a b l e in co m e. In te rv ie w S u b je c t k The i m p r e s s i o n s o f a f o r m e r D e t r o i t i n n e r - c i t y s c h o o l te a c h e r a re p o ig n a n tly p re se n te d in th e fo llo w in g in te rv ie w . A l t h o u g h now p u r s u i n g a n a d v e r t i s i n g c a r e e r i n I n d i a n a , h e h a s much t o s a y a b o u t h i s e x p e r i e n c e s a n d s t r u g g l e s in an u rb a n e n v iro n m e n t. For fiv e y e a rs I fo u g h t i t s c h o o l — i n t h e m id d le o f t h e a tte m p tin g th e im p o ssib le . t h e sam e b o a t — b l a c k , w h ite , o u t i n an i n n e r - c i t y " to e " £ g h e tto 3 — f iv e y e a rs We C t h e t e a c h e r s ! w e r e a l l in i t d o e s n ' t make a n y d i f f e r e n c e . We a l l h a d t o c o p e w i t h t h e sam e p r o b l e m s — y o u c a n ' t f e e d e v e r y k i d who c o m e s t o s c h o o l h u n g r y » y o u c a n ' t r e s o l v e t h e b itte rn e s s , in g ! th e a p a th y , th e s tr u g g le s th e f i g h ts , th e la c k o f u n d e rs ta n d ­ f o r b are s u r v i v a l. I once th o u g h t t h a t 's -88- w h a t s c h o o l - t e a c h i n g w as a l l a b o u t* T hese k i d s ' t o t a l e n v iro n m e n t i s but i t ju st i s n 't so. a n ti-e d u c a tio n . What t h e y r e a l l y n e e d fro m s c h o o l i s t h e i r b a s i c f u n d a m e n ta ls — te a c h in g o f re a d in g , w ritin g , t e a c h e s t h e s e t h i n g s anym ore? an d 'r i t h m e t i c . Why. B u t who I n e v e r even had a r e a d i n g m e t h o d s c o u r s e i n c o l l e g e t o h e l p me w o rk w i t h a l l my p o o r r e a d e r s . And t h e r e s t o f t h e c o u r s e s w e r e t o t a l l y i r r e l e v a n t p r e p a r a t i o n f o r an i n n e r - c i t y p o s i t i o n — a l l w ere g e a re d to w a rd a panaceas e n v iro n m e n ta l s i t u a t i o n g n o t th e r e a l th in g . I m ust h av e le a r n e d a l i f e - t i m e o f e x p e rie n c e s w ith p e o p l e i n o n l y a f e w m o n th s my f i r s t y e a r o f t e a c h i n g . you d o n ’t le a rn it a ll th a t fa s t, L iv in g in t h e c i t y h e lp e d * o lo g y w h ich , b ro th e r, If you j u s t w o n 't s u r v i v e . y o u p i c k up t h e you r e a l l y need! " jiv e " te rm in ­ B u t f o r how l o n g c a n o n e b e a t h i s h e a d a g a i n s t t h e sam e b r i c k w a l l . I w as n e v e r p r e p a r e d o r e q u ip p e d in s c h o o l t o d e a l w ith t h e l a c k of f a c ilitie s , m o tiv a tio n . space, in s tr u c tio n a l m a te ria ls , Oh, new p r o g r a m s p a s s e d t h r o u g h o u r s c h o o l s ev ery y e a r, s u p p o r t e d by F e d e r a l o r S t a t e le ft little im p a c t— th e r e p ro g ram s. is so l i t t l e fu n d s, But th e y c a rry -o v e r o f th e se O n ly s m a l l g r o u p s o f s t u d e n t s y e a r a d i f f e r e n t gro u p i s b e n e fit, and each in v o lv e d . Y o u ’v e g o t a l l t h e m ess h e r e * ra c k e ts and o v e r a l l p o v e rty , d ru g s, th e a n d n u m b e r s g a m e s , t h e h u s t l e r s * and a c o m p l e t e l y -8 9 - re v e rse concept of e th ic s and m o r a l i t y — b e in g e t h i c a l i s "n o t s ta b b in g your b ro th e r in th e back, i t's s o m e o n e e ls e f e b r o t h e r " of co u rse). ( t h a t 's Y o u 'v e g o t k i d s who, o f any ty p e o f fo rm a l e d u c a tio n , b u t m ak in g s u r e a s l i g h t e x a g g e ra tio n , in s p i t e o f th e la c k a r e f a r w i s e r a n d m ore w o r ld ly th a n you— th e y c o u ld r a p and j i v e m ost s u b u rb a n k i d s o u t o f t h e i r l a s t d im e, a n d h a v e th e m f e e l g o o d a b o u t it. T he i n t e l l i g e n c e i t 's a m a t t e r o f a c k n o w le d g in g t h a t i n t e l l e c t and d e v e lo p in g it is r e a l l y t h e r e — in th e g h e tto — b u t f o r c o n s t r u c t i v e an d m ore p o s i t i v e p u r p o s e s . T h e s e s t u d e n t s c o u l d h a v e s o much t o o f f e r , if o n ly e v e r y o n e ' s t i m e w a s n ’ t c o n su m e d by m e n i a l a n d d i s c i p l i n a r i a n task s, a n d i f t e a c h e r s a n d a d m i n i s t r a t o r s w o u l d n ' t g i v e up so e a s ily . P e o p l e ' s a t t i t u d e s h a v e t o c h a n g e — s c h o o l an d l e a r n i n g s h o u l d n o t be s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e s o c i a l an d p h y s i c a l e n v iro n m e n ts o f th e s e k id s , in te g ra te d d e n ta lly ) ( I 'm n o t r e f e r r i n g in to th e t o t a l l i f e p ic tu re try in g to h a lls and d o o r s ! ? have o f le a rn in g ! b u t sh o u ld to r a c i a l in ste a d in te g ra tio n , schem e o f t h i n g s . be in c i­ Can y o u "te a c h " k id s w ith cops p a t r o l l i n g th e Im ag in e w h a t k in d s o f p e r c e p t i o n s t h e y and o f t h e s y s te m and t h e i r p l a c e w i t h i n it! No, a n y th in g ! I 'd n e v e r g i v e up t h o s e y e a r s o f t e a c h i n g ! I 'v e n e v e r been so c o m p le te ly e n li g h t e n e d , not fo r and t h e y c e r t a i n l y c h a n g e d my v i e w p o i n t s a b o u t p e o p l e a n d l i f e -9 0 - in g e n e ra l. W hat a f f e c t I h a d on my s t u d e n t s , e v e r know , I d o n 't suppose I ' l l I f o u g h t many o f t h e i r b a t t l e s , w in th e m a l l . b u t you c a n 't And t h e r e a r e p l e n t y o f t i m e s w hen y o u c a n ' t s i d e w i t h th e m — a n d t h e y know a n d c a n r e s p e c t t h a t . I g u e s s w h a t 's m ost d i s c o u r a g i n g is c a n e s c a p e w hen t h i n g s g e t t o o h e a v y , no p la c e to g o . I t 's th e y a c c e p t t h i s as a f a c t o f l i f e . i t th ro u g h s c h o o l, m ost a r e c a p t i v e s b u t th e k id s have "back to th e s t r e e t s " f o r th e m . And A f e w g e t l u c k y — make a n d g o on t o s o m e t h i n g b e t t e r . But o f a sy ste m t h a t r e f u s e s to c h a n g e — a sy ste m t h a t s t r i v e s much v i t a l i t y t h a t y o u know y o u t o p u s h th e m u n d e r ? i t's a m a z i n g how and s t r e n g t h t h e s e p e o p le m a i n t a i n - - p e r h a p s th e key to t h e i r e n d u ran ce l i e s s u r v i v e - - i t k e e p s th e m a l i v e T h e y 'r e b e a u t i f u l , in t h e i r v e ry s tr u g g le to and aw are and c o n te m p o r a r y . re a lly I I f I c o u l d h a v e made a s much m oney i n t e a c h i n g a s i n a d v e rtis in g , a n d r e c e i v e d m o re r e s p e c t a n d s u p p o r t f r o m t h e " s y s t e m " and s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , I m ig h t s t i l l be th e re . In te rv ie w S u b je c t 5 T h is n e x t i n t e r v i e w e x p r e s s e s t h e f e e l i n g s o f an e n e rg e tic , v i v a c i o u s woman who b e g a n t e a c h i n g l a t e r a f t e r h a v in g b ro u g h t-u p f o u r c h i l d r e n . in l i f e , H er e x p e rie n c e s w ith -9 1 - h e r own c h i l d r e n a n d t h e i r f r i e n d s c o n v i n c e d h e r t h a t t e a c h i n g w o u ld f u l f i l l a p e r s o n a l need to lau n c h i n t o a c a r e e r o t h e r t h a n h o m e m a k in g . upon g r a d u a t i n g , She w ent b ack t o c o l l e g e , ta u g h t f o r n in e y e a rs , a c c e p tin g , and how ever, an e a r l y r e t i r e m e n t r a t h e r th a n c o n tin u e f o r a n o th e r sev eral y ears. # # * * * * G o in g b a c k t o s c h o o l w as d i f f i c u l t ! seem ed s o you n g, everyone e ls e a n d i t was h a r d t o g e t b a c k i n t h e s w i n g o f stu d y in g a f t e r a l l th o se y e a r s . I re a lly f e l t a sense o f a c c o m p l i s h m e n t i n g e t t i n g my s e c o n d a r y c e r t i f i c a t i o n . I f o u n d many s u p p o r t i v e in stru c to rs a t S t a t e who s h a r e d a w e a lth o f i n f o r m a ti o n and i d e a s . I began te a c h in g i n a s c h o o l s y s t e m w h e r e I knew many o f th e s tu d e n ts — f r ie n d s had a l o t o f a d v a n ta g e s . o f my own t e e n a g e r s . I guess I Who c o u l d a s k f o r m o re e d u c a t i o n - a l l y - g e a r e d c h i l d r e n th a n one f i n d s in a c o lle g e to w n ? And t h e s c h o o l s h a v e a l l t h e a d v a n t a g e s t h a t m oney c a n p r o d u c e . So d o many o f t h e s t u d e n t s — a f a c t w h i c h d o e s n ' t a l w a y s r e f l e c t a b e t t e r v a lu e -sy ste m , My f i r s t my s t u d e n t s , m ost p a r t , tio n s u n fo rtu n a te ly . f e w y e a r s w e r e e x c i t i n g — I l e a r n e d m o re f r o m I th in k , th a n th e y le a rn e d f r o m me. For th e we g o t a l o n g v e r y w e l l t o g e t h e r — s h a r i n g a m b i ­ an d p i c k i n g e a c h o t h e r ' s a f l e x i b l e c la ssro o m , b ra in s, I trie d to o p e ra te w h i c h i n t h e b e g i n n i n g was d i f f i c u l t -92- fo r a ll of us. th e id e a s M ost o f t h e s t u d e n t s w e r e n ’t r e a d y I h a d i n m in d . fo r a ll But l a t e r th in g s changed— e d u c a tio n c h a n g e d — a n d m any o f my s t u d e n t s B eg an t o s e t u p t h e i r own g o a l s and tim e s c h e d u l e s . My g r e a t e s t f r u s t r a t i o n w as g r a d e s . I m ust h a v e t r i e d e v e ry g r a d in g sy ste m im a g in a b le — I even c o n te m p la te d w r i t i n g a book a b o u t i t ? p o ss ib ility b u t a f t e r s t r u g g l in g w ith th e o f an e q u i t a b l e s y s te m f o r a l l s t u d e n t s , I g a v e up t h e id e a . N o th in g I e v e r t r i e d I guess was c o m p l e t e l y s a t i s f a c t o r y — t o me o r t o t h e s t u d e n t s . E v e n m o re t r y i n g w e r e t h e m ounds o f p a p e r w o r k I h a d ? jo u rn a lism in v o lv e s c o n s ta n t w r itin g , m o re h o u r s l a t e c la ss ro o m . and p r o b a b ly I s p e n t a t n i g h t w ith p a p e rs th a n tim e s p e n t in th e I hope n o -o n e e v e r u n d e r e s t i m a t e s th e p ro b lem s o f d e d i c a t e d E n g l i s h t e a c h e r s — t h e i r w o r k i s d e m a n d in g a n d to o - f r e q u e n tly goes unrew arded. done, face. o n ly to f in d I trie d m y se lf o f t h i s You g e t o n e s e t o f t h e m e s tw o o r t h r e e m ore s t a r i n g y o u i n t h e a l l t h e w ays I c o u l d t h i n k o f t o r e l i e v e ch o re, b u t som ehow I s t i l l ended up " b u r n in g th e m id n ig h t o i l , " s t a r i n g h e l p l e s s l y a t th o s e p a p e r s . don't th in k I a ssig n e d an u n r e a s o n a b l e am ount o f w ork— t h e s t u d e n t e d i d n 't co m p lain ? jo u rn a lism I i t's ju s t a ty p ic a l tra p o f th e te a c h e r. I c o u ld have s ta y e d i n t e a c h i n g f o r many m ore y e a r s , -9 3 b u t when t h e t i m e cam e t h a t I w a s n ' t a n y l o n g e r f i r e d - u p fo r te a c h in g i n t h e f a l l — t h a t my sum m er v a c a t i o n h a d s l i p p e d aw ay t o o s o o n , and t h a t t h e jo b no lo n g e r h e ld th e sam e d e g r e e o f e x c i t e m e n t a n d i n v o l v e m e n t , I d e c id e d i t w o u ld be b e t t e r f o r me a n d my s t u d e n t s n o t t o r e t u r n , I t h i n k a l o t o f t e a c h e r s w o u ld l i k e t o do t h e sam e, th e y c a n 't a ff o r d t o . m ore t e a c h e r s s h o u l d t a k e T h a t 's sa d i but fee l a d v a n ta g e o f s a b b a t i c a l s — te a c h in g i s so e n e rg in g -c o n su m in g , t h a t u n l e s s a p e r io d o f tim e i s and body, t a k e n t o r e j u v e n a t e t h e m ind t e a c h e r s c a n d o m ore h a rm t h a n g o o d t o t h e i r s tu d e n ts, T e a c h in g h a s b o u n d le s s m a tu re and b lo sso m , n a tu ra l a b ilitie s jo y s? you s e e young p e o p le and y o u f e e l a s e n s e o f w o n d er i n t h e an d p o t e n t i a l i t i e s of k id s. made som e s m a l l d i f f e r e n c e s a s a t e a c h e r . th in g s I m iss a b o u t t e a c h i n g , back, I w o u ld i f I feel I T h e r e a r e many b u t n o t e n o u g h t o l u r e me I f i n a n c i a l l y had to ? b u t f o r now, I feel c o n f i d e n t th e y o u n g e r g e n e r a t i o n c a n h a n d le th e p ro b lem s o f sc h o o ls. I f th e y c a n 't , who c a n ? In te rv ie w S u b je c t 6 A m ost e x c i t i n g and u n u s u a l p e r s o n a l i t y i s r e v e a l e d th e fo llo w in g in te rv ie w . The i n d i v i d u a l i n v o l v e d h a s s p e n t s e v e r a l c o m m itte d y e a r s in te a c h in g , b u t i s now a in - 9^ - member o f t h e M i c h i g a n L e g i s l a t u r e . to ta lly He h a s a l w a y s b e e n im m e rs e d i n h i s s t u d e n t s ' l i v e s , w e l f a r e o f t h e i r c o m m u n ity — r e l a t i n g C h ic a n o s, B la c k s, as w e ll as in th e e f f e c t i v e l y w ith and th e w o rk in g c l a s s e s . c u rre n tly a p o litic a l fig u re , A lth o u g h he a p p e a re d in th e in te rv ie w t o be a d o w n - t o - e a r t h a n d e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y c o n c e r n e d c i t i ­ zen r a t h e r th a n e p ito m iz in g th e * N o th in g i s k id s I * * * m ore s a t i s f y i n g ’’p o l i t i c i a n ” i m a g e . * * t o me t h a n w o r k i n g w i t h T h e y 'r e w here a l l t h e a c t i o n v ib ra n t, T h e y 'r e s e n s i t i v e , a n d a r e t r y i n g t o c o p e w i t h t h e m ess o f s o c i a l p ro b lem s th e to u g h , is. " sy s te m " h a s i n f l i c t e d but v u ln e ra b le . id e n tific a tio n . upon e v e r y o n e . T h e ir b i g g e s t p ro b lem i s v o lv ed a la c k of T h e r e a r e s o fe w a d u l t s who l o o k u p o n t e e n a g e r s a s hum an b e i n g s — n o t many t e a c h e r s d o i istra to rs T h e y 'r e c e r t a i n l y d o n 't ? t h e a d m in ­ and th e p a r e n t s a r e o f t e n s o i n ­ i n t h e i r own p r o b l e m s t h a t t h e y ju st can ' t t i m e ( t h e y e x p e c t t h e s c h o o l s t o w h ip t h e i r k i d s w h ic h i s n o t o n l y a n i m p o s s i b i l i t y , ta k e th e in shape, but a jo k e ). The p u b l i c s c h o o l s a r e s t r a n g e e n t i t i e s . More t i m e i s w a s t e d h a g g l i n g o v e r s u c h t h i n g s a s "who i s g o i n g t o p a t r o l th e h a ll s t o m o r r o w m o r n i n g " o r "who w i l l c o n d e s c e n d t o c h ap ero n F rid a y n i g h t 's s c h o o ls as h u m o rle ss , d a n c e ." d ry , I d o n ' t know— I v i e w t h e p u n i t i v e and r e j e c t i n g . Don' t we know by now t h a t i f we t r e a t y o u n g p e o p l e l i k e r e j e c t s , -9 5 - th e y w i l l p erfo rm l ik e r e j e c t s — k id s r e a l l y anyw ay. T e e n a g e r s n e e d a s much l o v e , d ig r o le - p la y in g r e s p e c t and e n c o u r ­ agem ent as do o u r s e n i o r c i t i z e n s — y e t n e i t h e r g ro u p e v e r s e e m s t o g e t a c c o m m o d a te d i n t h a t r e g a r d . I t 's t r u e — I w o rk e d w i t h a l o t o f " c a s t - o f f s " — k i d s n o b o d y e l s e w o u ld a l l o w i n t h e i r c l a s s r o o m . p lis h e d a l o t to g e th e r. who, I 'v e g o tte n s e v e r a l boys i n t o c o lle g e a f t e r h a v i n g come o u t o f r o t t e n g iv e n a l a s t chance to a c o m p le te f i l e And we a c c o m ­ " m a k e -it" refo rm s c h o o ls , i n my c l a s s . I d o n ’t have o f su c ce ss s to rie s --w h o does? w ip e o u t t h e p a s t ? th e y s t i l l and h o m e - l i f e p r o b l e m s . g o a l s and a m b i t i o n s ; w ere You j u s t c a n ’ t have to fa c e m u ltip le s o c i a l But you c an t r y to r e d ir e c t t h e i r make th e m f e e l m ore c o m f o r t a b l e o r u s e f u l in t h e i r p e rs o n a l " ju n g le s ." T h e r e a r e b o t h p o o r k i d s an d r i c h y o u 'd n e v e r b e l i e v e . stre e ts, Young g i r l s k i d s who h a v e p r o b l e m s m a k in g i t o u t on t h e a n y b o d y an d e v e r y b o d y p u s h i n g o r u s i n g d r u g s . I ’v e l e a r n e d to ta k e t h a t a l l th in g to th e k id s, why s h o u l d in s t r i d e . If Ah, i t ’s n o b i g th e te a c h e rs g e t so u p - tig h t? N ot t h a t t h e y s h o u l d n 't s e t t h e b e t t e r e x a m p le — t h e y s h o u ld ! The e x a m p le i s f a r m ore e f f e c t i v e when t h e l e c t u r e u s u a lly d eg rad es, th e s tu d e n t o u t - r ig h t . a ttitu d e s w hat i s te a c h e rs th a n a l e c t u r e , in tim id a te s , I g u e s s a p ro b lem i s e sp e c ia lly or re je c ts a ls o th e t e n d t o h a v e — a s o r t o f l o o k i n g - d o w n on a c t u a l l y m o st r e a l o r m ost i n t e r e s t i n g — w h ich t r i e s -9 6 - to su p p re ss th e n a tu r a l in q u is itiv e n e s s o f y o u th . l o n g , now, h a v e we a t t e m p t e d d r u g - e d u c a t i o n in our sc h o o ls? Has i t w o r k e d { h a s i t r e s o l v e d t h e p r o b l e m ? h a s n ' t . D ru g s s t i l l We t a l k a b o u t s e x - e d u c a t i o n L o rd 1 We’ l l try in g to say is t h a t t h e m ore t h e s c h o o l s t r y a l l w rong. e n t i r e sy ste m b lin d fa ith , W hat I 'm t o make We i n s t i t u t e it. The a c a d e m i c a " R ig h t t o R ead" i n s i n u a t i n g we a l l h a v e r e a d i n g p r o b l e m s , and now n o b o d y c a n r e a d I of e d itin g Good t h e m o re t h e i r c u r i o s i t y g e t s and t h e m ore t h e y g o o u t an d t r y program n a tio n w id e , lib e rty in th e s c h o o ls I r e a l l y m ess t h a t o n e u p , w o n ' t we? s t u d e n t s aw are o f s o m e th in g , ap p ro ach i s Of c o u r s e i t e x i s t — in o u r s c h o o l s and e v e ry w h e re e ls e . aro u sed , F o r how CThe w r i t e r a t t h i s th e fo llo w in g s ta te m e n t.!) is a l l £m essedl u p . I ’d b e l i e v e If p o in t to o k th e Man, th e I d i d n ' t h a v e s o much i t w as a l l a d i r e c t c o n s p i r a c y a g a i n s t t h e m ost p o t e n t a g e - g r o u p in o u r s o c i e t y . I s u p p o s e t h e r e a s o n t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n l e t me o p e n up an " a l t e r n a t i v e " s c h o o l w as b e c a u s e t h e y w a n t e d t o g e t r i d o f me. The i r o n y o f t h a t i s , th e m o f f my b a c k , in d o in g so , a n d r e a l l y g e t down t o and w o r k i n g w i t h k i d s . I w as a b l e t o g e t th e jo b o f te a c h in g We h a d a l o t o f s t r u g g l e s to g e th e r— b e g g i n g a n d b o r r o w i n g (who knows# m aybe e v e n s t e a l i n g ) e q u ip m e n t. i t w as. A t l e a s t we w e r e g i v e n a f a c i l i t y , in a d e q u a te as We s e t up a n e i g h b o r h o o d s t o r e — u s u a l l y broke e v e n . fo r The k i d s s e t up t h e i r own s c h e d u l e s , it o n ly cam e when -9 7 - th e y c o u ld , w o rk e d o n - t h e - j o b , on t h e i r own t i m e . ra d io . c o m p lete d c o u rs e r e q u ir e m e n ts They g o t i n t o p h o to g r a p h y , M o s t o f th e m w e r e o v e r s i x t e e n . b u t m ost w ere g u y s . a t once. m o v ie s, Some w e r e g i r l s , We s e l d o m h a d t h i r t y stu d e n ts in c la s s B u t m o s t o f th e m e v e n t u a l l y e a r n e d t h e i r h i g h s c h o o l d i p l o m a — a l t h o u g h t h a t was a n o t h e r o n e o f t h e h a s s l e s w ith th e b o ard o f e d u c a tio n . th e y t r i e d I d o n ' t know how many t i m e s t o g i v e me t h e r u n - a r o u n d b e fo re t h e y 'd fin a lly a c c e p t t h e h a r d - e a r n e d r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e s e k i d s and g r a n t th e m t h e i r d i p l o m a s . A l l my p e o p l e d i d n ' t make i t s d id , a n d now h a v e g o o d - p a y i n g a tte n d e d b u t a s i g n i f i c a n t num ber j o b s i n t h e c o m m u n ity * t h e l o c a l c o m m u n ity c o l l e g e * in v a r i o u s u n i v e r s i t i e s . th e s e k id s s tr u g g le d and made i t o r som e som e e v e n g o t p l a c e d I d o n 't ta k e c r e d i t f o r th e su c ce sses* lik e H t h r o u g h many p e r s o n a l p r o b l e m s , on t h e i r own i n i t i a t i v e and d r i v e . Some o f t h e s e p e o p l e h a d n o s e l f - c o n c e p t o r s e l f - r e s p e c t w hen t h e y f i r s t a rriv e d Cat th e a l t e r n a t i v e sc h o o lD . To r u n f o r a s t a t e o ffic e , I suppose, w as a n a t u r a l o u t g r o w t h f r o m my own i n v o l v e m e n t i n t h e c o m m u n i t y . So many p e r s o n s e n c o u r a g e d me* a n d I g u e s s I ' m r a t h e r w e l l known f o r t a k i n g s t a n d s a g a i n s t t h e i n e q u i t i e s " sy s te m ." my l i f e , I lo v e t h i s an d my w i f e ' s o f th e c o m m u n ity an d t h e s e p e o p l e — i t ' s ( s h e 's so m e th in ’ e l s e ) , been a n d my own -9 8 - k i d s '. W e 'r e a l l o u t h e r e t o g e t h e r , c e rta in tie s. fig h tin g fig h tin g t h e sam e u n ­ Now I c a n d e a l w i t h p e o p l e f r o m t h e in sid e , f o r t h e e d u c a t i o n a l and s o c i a l r e fo r m s I s e e as n ecessary . If I fin d I c a n ’ t make a n y h e a d w a y — t h a t I c a n ' t h e l p my c o n s t i t u e n c y — I ' l l I ju st fe e l th a t th is g e t o u t a n d l e t so m e o n e e l s e try . way I c a n c o v e r m o re g r o u n d — e f f e c t c h a n g e s f o r m o re p e o p l e who n e e d t h e m . My s c h o o l o u t h e r e is la rg e r? I 'm s t i l l try in g to t e a c h — b u t t o a much s t r a n g e r an d h a r d e n e d s t u d e n t b o d y . My d o o r s a r e o p e n — a l l th e tim e ! C o n c lu s io n S e v e ra l a d d itio n a l in te rv ie w s in t h i s to o k p la c e , c h a p t e r w ere t h o s e c o n s i d e r e d se n ta tiv e , yet d iv e rse . but p re se n te d t o be t h e m o s t r e p r e ­ I t seem s r a t h e r a n t i - c l i m a c t i c a t t e m p t a su m m ary o f w h a t t r a n s p i r e d . s u f f ic ie n t to say th a t a l l P erh ap s it to is e d u c a t o r s who a r e d e e p l y c o n c e r n e d a b o u t t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l i n v o l v e m e n t s an d t h e s o c i a l n o rm s an d d i s c r e p e n c i e s w ith in th e sy ste m o f s c h o o lin g o u g h t t o be a b l e t o e m p a th iz e w ith t h e p e r c e p t i o n s and f e e l i n g s p u r p o r t e d th e se in d iv id u a ls . T h e r e w as much t h a t was p o s i t i v e , much t h a t was n e g a t i v e . To w h a t e x t e n t t h e o f th e re a d e rs . and in q u iry conveys a m essage d e p e n d s l a r g e l y upon t h e e x p e r i e n c e s tu a l c a p a c itie s by an d p e r c e p ­ CHAPTER VI SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The p r i m a r y p u r p o s e o f t h i s d e s i g n and a n a l y s i s , xhe r e s u l t s c h a p te r is to re v ie w th e a n d t o r e p o r t f i n d i n g s an d d i s c u s s o f th e s tu d y . I m p l i c a t i o n s and re c o m m e n d a tio n s f o r f u t u r e r e s e a r c h a r e a l s o b r i e f l y su m m arize d . Summary o f t h e S t u d y P urpose T he m a j o r p u r p o s e o f t h i s s t u d y w as t o d e t e r m i n e r e a s o n s fo r te a c h e rs le a v in g th e e d u c a tio n a l p ro fe s s io n , c e r t a i n v a r ia b le s such as sex , y ears and w h e th e r o f te a c h in g e x p e rie n c e , a m o u n t an d t y p e o f w o rk e x p e r i e n c e a n d e x t e n t o f e x p e r i e n c e w o rk in g w ith young p e o p le w h ile in c o l l e g e , c e rtific a tio n , and s i z e d eg ree ty p e , o f school d i s t r i c t la s t- ta u g h t- in be sh o w n t o p r o v i d e s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s from t e a c h i n g . T he s t u d y a l s o c o n t a i n e d -99- can to d e p a rtu re in fo rm a tio n re g a rd in g -1 0 0 - t h e s t r e n g t h s a n d w e a k n e s s e s o f M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ’s t e a c h e r - e d u c a t i o n p r o g r a m a s v i e w e d by t h e r e s p o n d e n t s th r o u g h b o th q u e s t i o n n a i r e and i n t e r v i e w m eth o d s, a s s e s s i n g t h e f a c t o r s w h ich m o tiv a te d t h e s e as w e ll as in d iv id u a ls to c h o o se t e a c h i n g a s a p r o f e s s i o n and d e te r m in in g w h e th e r o r n o t th e se fa c to rs i n v o l v e d a p e r m a n e n t c o m m itm e n t t o t h e c a re e r of te a c h in g . D e sig n o f th e S tu d y On A p r i l 2 5 , 1975, an i n s t r u m e n t d e v e lo p e d by t h e w r i t e r w as m a i l e d t o a r a n d o m - s a m p l e o f 2 1 0 f o r m e r g r a d u a t e s o f M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y who t a u g h t i n M i c h i g a n p u b l i c sc h o o ls in 1 9 7 2 -7 3 , b u t d id n o t r e tu r n to a te a c h in g p o s itio n i n M ic h ig a n i n 1 9 7 3 - 7 ^ , The c o l l e c t i o n o f d a t a i n c l u d e d 1^5 p e r s o n s who h a d resp o n d ed t o th e q u e s tio n n a ir e s ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 69 p e r c e n t o f th e sa m p le ). The t a p e d June o f 1975, in te rv ie w s , c o n d u c te d i n f o r m a l l y i n May and i n v o l v e d som e p e r s o n s who h a d r e p l i e d to th e q u e s t i o n n a i r e a n d o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l s who w e r e r e f e r r e d th e w r i t e r as h a v in g l e f t th e f i e l d be i n t e r e s t e d in p a r t i c i p a ti n g o f t e a c h i n g and m ig h t in th e stu d y . The i n s t r u m e n t s u p p l i e d d a t a f o r t e s t i n g h y p o th e se s 1 -1 2 , to th e m ajo r A d d itio n a l in fo rm a tio n re g a rd in g th e -1 0 1 - p r e p a r a t i o n o f t e a c h e r s and o v e r a l l im p r e s s io n s o f t e a c h i n g a s a p r o f e s s i o n was r e p o r t e d fr o m o p e n - e n d e d w r i t t e n r e ­ sponses, and fro m t h e i n t e r v i e w s , A n aly s i s S e v e n o f t h e h y p o t h e s e s e m p lo y e d a o n e - w a y A n a l y s i s o f V a ria n c e t e s t . C o rre la tio n s, O th e rs u t i l i z e d P e a r s o n P r o d u c t Moment a o n e -sam p le t - t e s t , a C h i- s q u a r e o n e -sam p le t e s t a n d C o c h r a n Q» a n d e s t i m a t e s o f p o p u l a t i o n p r o p o r t i o n s . F in d in g s H -lr Of i n d i v i d u a l s t h e r e w i l l be to r e tu r n — o r f o r t h o s e who The r e s u l t s M ore s u b j e c t s who h a v e l e f t t h e t e a c h i n g p r o f e s s i o n a g r e a t e r num ber o f t e a c h e r s p la n n in g have a lre a d y r e tu r n e d — to te a c h in g th a n do n o t . from t h e d a t a s u p p o r t e d ( 5 9 .3 % ) in d ic a te d o r p la n to r e tu r n to te a c h in g . th is h y p o th e sis. th e y had a lr e a d y r e tu r n e d H o w e v e r t h e 4 0 .7 % who s t a t e d t h e y w ere n o t r e t u r n i n g o r w ere u n d e c id e d a b o u t r e t u r n i n g is a l a r g e e n o u g h p r o p o r t i o n t o e l i c i t som e d e g r e e o f c o n ­ cern , and p e rh a p s i n d i c a t e s a la c k o f a d e q u a te p r e p a r a t i o n p r io r to te a c h in g , H -2 s T h e re w i l l n o t be a s i g n i f i c a n t num ber o f t e a c h e r s l e a v i n g t h e M ic h ig a n P u b l i c S c h o o ls and a c c e p t i n g a te a c h in g p o s i t i o n o u t s i d e o f th e s t a t e o f M ic h ig a n . T he h y p o t h e s i s was a c c e p t e d , in d ic a te d a s o n l y 15 p e r s o n s (10%) t h e y had l e f t M ic h ig a n and w ere c u r r e n t l y t e a c h i n g -1 0 2 - e l s e w h e re . Some o f t h e s e p e r s o n s moved o u t - o f - s t a t e b ecau se t h e i r sp o u se s had r e l o c a t e d . n o t s u p p l i e d by t h e r e s p o n d e n t s . O th e r r e a s o n s w ere In g e n e ra l, i t w o u ld a p p e a r t h a t t h e M i c h i g a n s c h o o l s y s t e m s p e r s e c a n n o t be a ttrib u te d H -3 : t o r e a s o n s why t e a c h e r s le a v e . More p e o p l e w i l l h a v e l e f t t h e t e a c h i n g p r o f e s s i o n f o r p e r s o n a l r e a s o n s ( e . g . , m a t e r n i t y l e a v e o r h o m e m a k in g , i l l n e s s , s a b b a t i c a l le a v e ) th a n f o r a change o f c a r e e r , b e t t e r s a l a r y , jo b d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n o r o th e r se le c te d rea so n s. D a ta i n d ic a t e d reaso n s. t h a t t e a c h e r s do le a v e f o r d i f f e r e n t The r e s u l t s f u r t h e r sh o w e d t h a t t h e p r i m a r y rea so n fo r le a v in g te a c h in g i s p e r s o n a l (31*5% ). H o w e v e r, t h e n e x t p r i m a r y r e a s o n w as g i v e n b y t h o s e who i n d i c a t e d th e y had e i t h e r c h an g ed c a r e e r s te a c h in g o r w ere d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith (ab o u t 2 0 $ ). None o f t h e s u b j e c t s in d ic a te d o f a need f o r a b e t t e r s a l a r y y e a rs ago, le a v in g p rim a rily (a lth o u g h as r e c e n tly r e s e a r c h sh o w ed " s a l a r y " because as e ig h t t o be a m a j o r r e a s o n f o r te a c h e r-a ttritio n ). H -^s T h e r e w i l l be a m ore p o s i t i v e a t t i t u d e t o w a r d t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o f e s s i o n among t e a c h e r s who w e r e p r im a r ily s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g w h ile in c o lle g e , as c o m p a re d t o t h o s e who w e r e on s c h o l a r s h i p o r w e r e s u p p o r t e d by t h e i r p a r e n t s . H -5: T h e r e w i l l be a m ore p o s i t i v e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o f e s s i o n am ong c o l l a r jo b p o s i t i o n s w h ile in t o t h o s e who h a d w h i t e - c o l l a r a t t i t u d e to w ard th e t e a c h e r s who h e l d b l u e c o l l e g e , as com pared w o rk e x p e r i e n c e . -103- H -6: T h e r e w i l l be a m ore p o s i t i v e a t t i t u d e t o w a r d t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o f e s s i o n among t e a c h e r s who h a d w o rk e x p e rie n c e in th e s c h o o ls a n d /o r w ith young p e o p le p r i o r t o t h e i r d e g r e e , a s c o m p a re d t o t h o s e who h a d none. The r e s u l t s fr o m t h e A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e t e s t s n o t s u p p o r t any o f th e above t h r e e h y p o th e s e s . d id P ro fe ss io n a l a t t i t u d e — w h ic h w as m e a s u r e d i n t e r m s o f a g r e e m e n t o r n o n ­ a g re e m e n t a b o u t e n jo y m e n t o f , fle x ib ility /c re a tiv ity o f, and p r e f e r e n c e t o t e a c h i n g — was sho w n t o h a v e n o r e l a t i o n ­ s h ip to ty p e o f c o lle g e su p p o rt, t y p e o f c o l l e g e e m p lo y m e n t, o r w o rk e x p e r i e n c e w i t h y o u n g p e o p l e p r i o r t o g r a d u a t i o n . H -7: T h e r e w i l l be a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n num ber o f y e a r s t e a c h i n g e x p e r ie n c e and am ount o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n f e l t a b o u t t e a c h in g . The r e s u l t s h y p o th e s is . tio n o f th e a n a ly s is d id n o t c o n firm t h i s No r e l a t i o n s h i p was sh ow n b e t w e e n j o b s a t i s f a c ­ in t e a c h i n g t o am ount o f t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e . The mean s c o r e f o r n u m b e r - o f - y e a r s - t e a c h i n g was 5 . 7 . H -8 : T h e r e w i l l be n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n ty p e o f d e g re e (B a c h e lo r s o r M a s te rs ) h e ld , and am ount o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n f e l t a b o u t te a c h in g . H-9* T h e r e w i l l be n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c e r t i f i c a t i o n t y p e an d a m o u n t o f j o b s a t i s f a c t i o n about te a c h in g . The d a t a sh o w ed n o r e l a t i o n s h i p te a c h in g to o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n ty p e o f d e g re e h e ld o r to c e r t i f i c a t i o n ( p r o v is io n a l o r p e rm a n e n t). fe lt in ty p e T hus t h e h y p o t h e s e s w e r e c o n - -104- firm e d . P r i o r t o t h e s t u d y i t w as s u g g e s t e d m i g h t be m o re s a t i s f a c t i o n th a t th e re show n b y p e r s o n s who h a d m ore c o m p l e t e l y c o m m i t t e d t h e m s e l v e s t o t e a c h i n g by m eans o f a c q u irin g g ra d u a te c r e d its c e rtific a tio n . o r by o b t a i n i n g p e r m a n e n t T h is a p p a r e n t l y i s n o t a p r e d i c t a b l e a ssu m p tio n . H -10: T h e r e w i l l be n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n s e x and am ount o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n f e l t a b o u t t e a c h ­ in g . T he a n a l y s i s r e s u l t s The d a t a i n d i c a t e d o v e ra ll H -ll: d id n o t c o n firm t h i s h y p o th e s is . t h a t f e m a l e s sh o w a h i g h e r d e g r e e o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n to w ard t e a c h i n g th a n do m a le s . T h e r e w i l l be n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n l a s t lo c a tio n o f te a c h in g p o s itio n ( in n e r - c ity , r u r a l o r s u b u rb a n ) and am ount o f jo b s a t i s f a c t i o n f e l t a b o u t te a c h in g The a n a l y s i s r e s u l t s d i d n o t c o n f i r m t h i s h y p o t h e s i s . T h o s e r e s p o n d e n t s who h a d t a u g h t i n r u r a l o r i n n e r - c i t y a r e a s sh o w ed s i g n i f i c a n t l y le ss s a tis fa c tio n t h a n t h o s e who h a d t a u g h t i n s u b u r b a n a r e a s . re s e a rc h te n d s to s u b s ta n t ia t e p r e f e r su b u rb an s c h o o ls t e a c h i n g in th e m ), in n e r-c ity su b u rb s. to w a rd t e a c h i n g R ecent t h e phenom enon t h a t t e a c h e r s ( a n d d e r i v e m o re s a t i s f a c t i o n an d f r e q u e n t l y move f r o m p o s i t i o n s or r u r a l areas to sc h o o ls in m id d le -c la s s from in -1 0 5 - H -12? Of t h o s e t e a c h e r s who l e f t t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o f e s s i o n a n d a r e e m p lo y e d i n n o n - e d u c a t i o n a l a r e a s , t h e r e w i l l be n o s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e o f a t t i t u d e t o w a r d j o b sa tis fa c tio n . Two f a c e t s t h i s h y p o th e s is ? fy in g , o f o c c u p a t i o n a l e x p e c t e n c i e s w ere t e s t e d in 1) t h e new e m p lo y m e n t i s m o r e / l e s s s a t i s ­ a n d 2 ) t h e new e m p lo y m e n t i s m o r e / l e s s c h a l l e n g i n g . A o n e -sam p le t - t e s t r e s u l t e d h y p o th e s is r e l a t i n g to th e in r e je c t i o n o f th e " sa tis fy in g " v a ria b le , su p p o rte d th e h y p o th e s is r e l a t i n g to th e but " c h a lle n g in g " v a ria b le . T he s u b j e c t s who w e r e c u r r e n t l y e m p lo y e d o u t s i d e o f e d u c a tio n in d ic a te d t h e i r new j o b s w e r e m ore s a t i s f y i n g te a c h in g , b u t n o t m o re n o r l e s s c h a l l e n g i n g . th a n C o n c lu s io n s MSU*s T e a c h e r - e d u c a t i o n P r o g r a m R e p o rtin g o f th e s t r e n g th s o f t h e p r o g r a m sh o w e d r e s p o n d e n ts t o m ost f a v o r a b l y r e a c t t o t h e s t u d e n t t e a c h i n g e x p e r ie n c e s and a d d i t i o n a l i n t e r n s h i p s th e y r e c e i v e d . O t h e r s t r e n g t h s w e r e p e r c e i v e d t o be t h e v a r i e t y a n d c o n t e n t o f e d u c a t i o n an d m e t h o d s c o u r s e s . W eaknesses, c a te g o riz e d as in d ic a te d by t h e r e s p o n d e n t s , in to th r e e g e n e ra l areas? and i n s t r u c t i o n w as n o t a d e q u a t e ; w ere a) o v e r a l l c o n te n t b) n o t e n o u g h c l a s s r o o m -1 0 6 - e x p e r i e n c e a n d c o n t a c t w i t h y o u n g p e o p l e w as p r o v i d e d s o o n e n o u g h o r o f t e n en o u g h * a n d c ) m ore i n s t r u c t i o n r e l a t i n g p r a c t i c a l t e a c h i n g m e th o d s (p a rtic u la rly an d c l a s s r o o m m a n a g e m e n t a n d d i s c i p l i n e ) co n cern s o f e d u c a tio n is n eed ed . to in a re a s o f re a d in g and p r o f e s s i o n a l In g e n e ra l, re sp o n d e n ts f e l t t h a t e d u c a ti o n c o u r s e s w ere to o t h e o r e t i c a l i n n a t u r e , and c o u ld i n s t e a d p r o v i d e m ore p r a c t i c a l a n d i n s t r u c t i o n a l t e c h n i q u e s f o r t e a c h i n g an d c o p i n g w i t h d a y - t o - d a y p r o b l e m s and c o n c e r n s o f t e a c h e r s . in in n e r-c ity a reas T h o s e r e s p o n d e n t s who h a d w o r k e d a l l m a in ta in e d t h a t th e program f a i l e d t o em p h a size o r s e n s i t i z e p r o s p e c t i v e t e a c h e r s t o th e re a litie s an d p r o b l e m s o f i n n e r - c i t y s c h o o l s . I n su m m ary , i t seem s r e a s o n a b l e t o c o n c lu d e t h a t e a r l i e r c l a s s r o o m e x p e r i e n c e s a n d m o re f r e q u e n t c l a s s r o o m e x p o s u r e w o u ld h a v e e n h a n c e d t h e p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t h e s e in d iv id u a ls. I t a ls o a p p ea rs t h a t th e y f e l t s tro n g needs f o r m ore p r a c t i c a l " h o w - t o - t e a c h " m e th o d s c o u r s e s r e l a t i n g to th e r e a l i t i e s o f th e te a c h in g p ro fe s s io n , t h e o r e t i c a l and g e n e r a l k n o w led g e. P erhaps as opposed to " tim in g " is t h e e s s e n t i a l k e y h e r e — t h e o r y m i g h t b e m o re a p p l i c a b l e to stu d e n ts i f t a u g h t a f t e r som e a m o u n t o f c l a s s r o o m ie n c e h as been re c e iv e d * ex p er­ and p e rh a p s th e n t h e t h e o r y c o u ld be c o m b in e d w i t h p r a c t i c a l c o n c e r n s w h i c h t h e s t u d e n t s h a v e becom e a w a r e o f t h r o u g h t h e i r r e c e n t c l a s s r o o m e x p o s u r e . -1 0 7 - In te rv ie w s The i n t e r v i e w s d i d n o t p u r v e y many s i m i l a r i t i e s among r e a s o n s f o r l e a v i n g t h e f i e l d m ost o f th e sin c e i n d i v i d u a l s w e r e p r o m p t e d by t h e i r own u n i q u e or p e rso n al in c e n tiv e s. siste n c ie s of te a c h in g , H o w e v e r, among a t t i t u d e s t h e r e w e r e som e c o n ­ e x p re s s e d to w a rd th e t e a c h i n g p ro fe ssio n . In g e n e r a l th e m ost s a t i s f y i n g a sp e c t o f te a c h in g w as t h e a c t u a l w o r k i n g a n d r e l a t i n g w i t h s t u d e n t s . d e n t s w ere v ie w e d i n v e r y p o s i t i v e te r m s , S tu ­ and a g r e a t d e a l o f e m p a th y a n d a w a r e n e s s o f y o u n g p e o p l e ' s p r o b l e m s was d is c lo s e d . b a liz e d N e g a tiv e a t t i t u d e s w ere m ost f r e q u e n t l y v e r ­ in r e l a t i o n and s e n s i t i v i t y 2) t h e to : 1) t h e l a c k o f p r o f e s s i o n a l i s m among b o t h t e a c h e r s and a d m i n i s t r a t o r s ? i n o r d i n a t e d e g r e e o f c o m m itm e n t t e a c h i n g r e q u i r e s , in v ie w o f t h e s m a ll am ount o f re w a rd r e c e i v e d sh o u ld th a n be q u a l i f i e d " p e rs o n a l" rew ard )? p re p a ra tio n tie s, to r e f e r to (th is "p ro fe ssio n a l" r a th e r 3) t h e in a d e q u a t e e d u c a t i o n a l i n l e a r n i n g how t o d e a l w i t h h a r d - c o r e r e a l i ­ p a rtic u la rly in re g a rd to u rb an sc h o o ls? th e m u ltitu d e o f s o c i e t a l in e q u itie s and and c o n s t r a i n t s w h i c h c a n make t e a c h i n g a n o n e r o u s an d f o r m i d a b l e c h a lle n g in g ) p erh ap s o c c u p a tio n . (y et I m p li c a t io n s o f t h e S tu d y The s t u d y p r o v i d e d som e e v i d e n c e t h a t t e a c h e r s g e n e r a l l y l e a v e t h e p r o f e s s i o n f o r r e a s o n s w h ic h a r e p e rso n a l, a n d many o f t h e s e e v e n t u a l l y r e t u r n t o t e a c h i n g . H o w e v e r, a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n l e a v e who e i t h e r d o n o t p l a n t o re tu rn , o r are n o t c e r ta in about re tu rn in g . Many o f t h e s e i n d iv i d u a l s have had a t l e a s t f i v e y e a r s o f t e a c h in g e x ­ p e rie n c e , b u t h a v e becom e d i s s a t i s f i e d ( p a r tic u la r ly m a le s). F u rth e rm o re , w ith te a c h in g i t w as f o u n d t h a t w hen fo rm er te a c h e r s p u rsu e a n o th e r o c c u p a tio n , i n d i c a t e m ore s a t i s f a c t i o n in r e l a t i o n th e y te n d to t o t h e i r new jo b th an to te a c h in g . One o f t h e s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t o r s w h i c h c o n t r i b u t e d to j o b d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w as t h e t e a c h i n g l o c a t i o n a t w h i c h t h e su b je c ts l a s t ta u g h t, to m a in ta in a s t a b le R u ra l and i n n e r - c i t y a r e a s h av e y e t and s a t i s f i e d te a c h in g s t a f f , l a r l y w ith r e s p e c t to y o u nger o r le s s - e x p e r ie n c e d p a rtic u ­ te a c h e rs, I t w o u ld se e m t h a t a s y s t e m o f i n d u c e m e n t s a n d r e w a r d s w h ich i n c r e a s e d e sp e c ia lly j o b - s a t i s f a c t i o n m ig h t be u n d e r t a k e n , i f h ig h a t t r i t i o n r a t e s do a f f e c t t h e e d u c a tio n o f l o w e r s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m ic s t a t u s rev erse, ra te , s tu d e n ts w h e r e lo w s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s t a t u s a s som e r e c e n t r e s e a r c h im p lie s ). (o r th e a ffe c ts a ttritio n -1 0 9 - A l s o i t w as f o u n d t h a t t h o s e r e s p o n d e n t s who r e c e i v e d m ore c l a s s r o o m e x p o s u r e a n d i n t e r n s h i p e x p e r i e n c e v ie w e d t h e p r o f e s s i o n m ore p o s i t i v e l y t h a n t h o s e who h a d c o n t a c t w ith s tu d e n ts o n ly th ro u g h t h e i r s tu d e n t te a c h in g a s s ig n ­ m e n ts . Thus one o f t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s t i o n a l sy s te m , sa tis fa c tio n i f th e in th e p re s e n t educa­ i n t e n t w e r e t o im p r o v e t h e o v e r a l l to w ard t h e p r o f e s s i o n o f t e a c h i n g — th u s p o s s i b l y im p ro v in g r e t e n t i o n , m i g h t b e a m ore t h o r o u g h r e a s s e s s m e n t o f t e a c h e r - p r e p a r a t o r y p r o g r a m s * i n f o r m a ti o n fro m t h i s s t u d y m ig h t be u s e f u l , a s w e l l a s i n v o lv in g i n p u t from t e a c h e r g r a d u a t e s o f s u c h p r o g r a m s who h a v e s u c c e s s f u l l y r e m a i n e d w ith in th e te a c h in g p ro fe s s io n . A s id e fro m t h e r e s u l t s th a t a n o th e r r e la tio n s h ip to o f t h i s stu d y , it is a ls o p o s s ib le jo b -sa tisfa c tio n -d e riv e d -fro m - t e a c h i n g m ig h t w e l l be t h e p la c e m e n t o f t e a c h e r s * who t a u g h t i n a r e a s t y p i c a l o f t h e i r own ’’n a t u r a l " m e n ts m i g h t sh o w m o re o v e r a l l s a t i s f a c t i o n tau g h t in a lie n e n v iro n ­ Such an hypo­ by f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h . T he im p o s e d a n d i m p l i e d l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h i s s t u d y w ere t h e a m o u n t o f t i m e a n d m oney w h i c h c o u l d b e a b s o r b e d , s i z e o f t h e s a m p le w h ich l i m i t s re s u lts c a n be g e n e r a l i z e d , an d t h e n e c e s s a r y u s e o f a I n a d d i t i o n i t was n o t ju d g e o r e v a lu a te th e c o m p e te n c ie s o f t h e s e t e a c h e r s who h a d l e f t c o u ld a l t e r t h e th e t h e e x t e n t t o w h ich t h e q u e s tio n n a ire to o b ta in in fo rm a tio n . f e a s ib le to a tte m p t to th o se t h a n t h o s e who o r l e s s - t y p i c a l e n v iro n m e n ts. t h e s i s w o u ld n e e d s u b s t a n t i a t i o n i.e ,, th e p ro fe s s io n , in te rp re ta tio n s of a ttitu d e s a f a c t o r w h ich and o p in io n s - 110- e x p r e s s e d by t h e r e s p o n d e n t s , F u rth e r i t i s u n c e r t a i n w h e th e r o r n o t t h e in s tr u m e n t a d e q u a te ly m easu red w hat i t m easu re, a tte m p te d to o r t h a t re sp o n d e n ts a c c u ra te ly e x p re ssed t h e i r tru e f e e l i n g s — a l t h o u g h t h e p e r s o n a l c o n t a c t s made t h r o u g h t h e i n ­ t e r v i e w s d i d se e m t o c o n f i r m t h e i n f o r m a t i o n r e c e i v e d from t h e q u e stio n n a ire s, R e c o m m e n d a tio n s f o r F u t u r e R e s e a r c h F u tu re s tu d ie s , g e a re d to w ard t e a c h e r - e d u c a t i o n a s s e s s ­ m e n t, s h o u l d be a c o n t i n u i n g e n d e a v o r f o r e v a l u a t i o n p u r ­ poses, and s h o u ld i n c l u d e a l a r g e s a m p lin g o f a l l g r a d u a t e s , a n d b e e x t e n d e d o v e r a much l o n g e r p e r i o d o f t i m e . An i m p o r t a n t r e s e a r c h c o n t r i b u t i o n c o u l d b e made i n th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f a m odel f o r s y s t e m a t i c a l l y e v a l u a t i n g and u p - d a t i n g a t e a c h e r - e d u c a t i o n p ro g ram , u tiliz in g in fo r­ m a tio n o b ta in e d from t h i s — and s i m i l a r - - s t u d i e s , A n o th e r p o s s i b l e r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t c o u ld in v o lv e d e v e l o p i n g a s e t o f c r i t e r i a w h i c h p r o v i d e s f o r m o re p e r ­ sonal s a tis fa c tio n fo r te a c h e rs v o ted t o of te a c h in g — p a r tic u la r ly in i n n e r - c i t y a n d /o r r u r a l sc h o o l d i s t r i c t s . S in c e t h i s d is s a tis fie d in th e f i e l d stu d y im p lie s t h a t m a l e s t e n d t o becom e m ore w ith te a c h in g th a n fe m a le s , im pro v ed r e t e n t i o n any r e s e a r c h d e ­ o f m a le t e a c h e r s s c h o o l s w o u ld a l s o be a v a l u a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n lity and q u a l i t y o f e d u c a tio n . in th e p u b lic to th e s t a b i ­ T h ere i s an a p p a r e n t n eed f o r d e v i s i n g a b e t t e r s y s te m f o r r e c o g n i z i n g and r e w a r d in g t e a c h e r s o t h e r t h a n w h a t i s p r o v i d e d by t e n u r e , b e n e fits . sa la ry , and o t h e r c o n t r a c t e d frin g e Thus any r e s e a r c h g e a r e d to w a rd d e v e lo p m e n t o f a new c o n c e p t o f v i e w i n g a n d a d m i n i s t e r i n g s u c h r e w a r d s an d r e c o g n i t i o n w o u ld b e e x t r e m e l y v a l u a b l e i n m a i n t a i n i n g a m ore h i g h l y m o t i v a t e d a n d e f f e c t i v e C lo se ly r e la te d w h ic h c r i t i c a l l y to th e above i s te a c h in g s t a f f . th e need f o r re s e a rc h e v a lu a te s c u rre n t sta n d a rd s sta n d a rd s) o f p r o f e s s io n a lis m among t e a c h e r s , t e n t t o d e v e lo p a c h a n g e -m o d e l w h ic h e l i c i t s c o n s c i e n t i o u s n e s s an d p r i d e (o r la c k of w ith th e in ­ m ore c o n c e r n , from t h e r a n k s o f t h e t e a c h ­ in g p r o f e s s i o n . Due t o t h e f r e q u e n t a p p r e h e n s i o n s a n d m i s u n d e r s t a n d ­ in g s o f th e r o l e s b e tw e e n a d m i n i s t r a t o r s and t e a c h e r s , r e s e a r c h s h o u l d be u n d e r t a k e n t o b e tte r d e fin e th e s e ro le s i n a m a n n e r w h i c h w o u ld h e l p t o s e n s i t i z e w a rd e a c h o t h e r , t h e r e b y e n c o u r a g i n g m ore f l e x i b i l i t y , r e s p e c t and lo n g - te r m s t a b i l i t y its e lf. b o th g ro u p s t o ­ w ith in th e sc h o o l s t a f f REFERENCES REFERENCES A. A u stin , BOOKS A l e x a n d e r W. Who G o e s t o C o l l e g e ? C h ica g o : S c ie n c e R esearch A s s o c ia te s , I n c ., 1965. B u r k h e a d , J . , F o x , T . G . , a n d H o l l a n d , J . W. I n p u t an d O u t p u t i n L a r g e C i t y H i g h S c h o o l s . S y r a c u s e , New Y ork: S y ra cu se U n iv e rs ity P re s s , 1967. 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E d u c a tio n as a P r o f e s s i o n . C liffs t P r e n t i c e H a l l , 195*>. E n g le w o o d P e d e r s e n , K. G e o r g e . The I t i n e r a n t S c h o o l m a s t e r * A S o c io -E c o n o m ic A n a ly s is o f T e a c h e r T u r n o v e r . C h ica g o i M id w e s t A d m i n i s t r a t i o n C e n t e r , U n i v e r s i t y o f C h ica g o , 1973. R ic c io , A n th o n y , and C y p h e r t, F r e d e r i c k . T ea c h in g in A m e r i c a . C o lu m b ia * C h a r le s M e r r i l l B ooks, 1 9 6 2 . S ie g e l, S id n e y . N o n p a ram etric S t a t i s t i c s f o r th e B e h a v io ra l S c i e n c e s . New Y ork* McGraw H i l l , 1 9 5 6 . S ilb e rm a n , C h a rle s , C r i s i s in th e C la ssro o m . Random H o u s e , 1 9 7 0 . New York* S t i n n e t t , T , M ., a n d H u g g e t t , A l b e r t . P ro fe ss io n a l P r o b l e m s o f T e a c h e r s . New York* M a c m illa n C o . , 19W . T e rk e l, S tu d s. W o rking* P e o p l e T a l k A b o u t W hat T h e y Do A l l D ay a n d How T h e y F e e l A b o u t W hat T h e y D o . New York* P a n th e o n B ooks, 1972• -1 1 4 - B. B arn es, JOURNALS AND PERIODICALS W ard , "A S t u d y o f V a r i a b l e s t h a t I n f l u e n c e d S e c o n d a ry P u b l i c S c h o o l M a th em atic T e a c h e rs in P e n n s y l v a n i a t o R e m a in o r L e a v e t h e P r o f e s s i o n D u r i n g 1 9 6 8 - 6 8 , " D i s s e r t a t i o n A b s t r a c t s . XXXI, (N o v e m b e r, 1 9 7 0 ) , 2 0 6 8 . B e r lo w itz , M a rv in , “C a r e e r P a t t e r n s o f T e a c h e r s i n a n U r b a n A r e a o f B u f f a l o , M U r b a n E d u c a t i o n . V I, ( J u ly , 19 7 1 ). 262. B la se r, John, " F a c t o r s C o n t r i b u t i n g t o Men G r a d u a t e s from t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f I d a h o (1 9 5 1 -6 0 ) L e a v in g th e T ea ch in g P r o f e s s i o n , " D i s s e r t a t i o n A b s t r a c t s . XX VII, ( A u g u s t , 1 9 6 6 ) , 3 4 1 . B o o th , F r u s a n n a S . " F a c t o r s A s s o c i a t e d w i t h E a r l y W ith ­ d r a w a l o f T e a c h e rs fro m t h e P r o f e s s i o n i n G e o r g i a , " D i s s e r t a t i o n A b s t r a c t s . X X V II, ( A p r i l , 1 9 6 6 ) , 3 3 3 4 . B o o th , F ru san n a S, "Why Do T e a c h e r s D ro p O u t ? " C h ild h o o d E d u c a t i o n . XLIV, ( D e c e m b e r , 1 9 6 7 ) . 2 4 5 - 5 6 7 ” C h a r t e r s , W. W. "Some O b v i o u s F a c t s A b o u t t h e T e a c h i n g C a r e e r , " E d u c a t i o n a l A d m in is t r a t i o n Q u a r t e r l y . I l l (S p rin g , 1 967), 1 8 3 -9 3 . C h a r t e r s , W, W. " S u rv iv a l in th e P r o f e s s io n i A C rite rio n fo r S e le c tin g T eacher T r a in e e s ," Jo u rn a l of T e a c h e r E d u c a t i o n . V I I , (S e p tem b er^ 1 9 5 6 ), 2 5 3 - 5 5 . C h a r t e r s , W. W, "W hat C a u s e s T e a c h e r T u r n o v e r ? " R e v ie w . LVIV, ( O c t o b e r , 1 9 6 5 ) , 2 9 4 - 9 9 . Cohen, School A la n . "Some F a c t o r s R e l a t e d t o A t t r i t i o n o f B e g i n ­ n in g T e a c h e rs fro m I n n e r C i t y S c h o o l s , " D i s s e r t a ­ t i o n A b s t r a c t s . XX X II, ( S e p t e m b e r , 1 9 7 1 ) , 1 2 2 1 . G a rris o n , I r v i n , " F a c t o r s W hich R e l a t e t o T e a c h e r T u r n ­ o v e r in B ureau o f I n d ia n A f f a i r s S c h o o l s . " D is ­ s e r t a t i o n A b s t r a c t s . XX X II, ( A p r i l , 1 9 7 2 ) , 6 6 3 7 . -1 1 5 - G o u rle y , R o b e r t L . , and P o u r c h a t , L e o n a r d . "T eacher D ro p o u ts ," I l l i n o i s E d u c a t i o n . V o l . 53» ( F e b r u a r y , 1 9 6 5 ) , 259-62*: Jackson, Thomas L . " F a c to rs R e la te d to S eco n d ary T ea ch e r T u r n o v e r i n t h e M in n e a p o lis P u b l i c S c h o o l S y stem 1965- 6 7 , " D i s s e r t a t i o n A b s t r a c t s . V o l. 31, ( A p r i l , 19 7 1 ), 5077. Jackson, Thomas L . "T he S o c i a l O r i g i n s o f H ig h S c h o o l T e a c h e rs in a C a n a d ia n S c h o o l ," C a n ad ian J o u r n a l o f E c o n o m ic s an d P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , 'LXXXIX, (N o v e m b e r, 1 9 6 8 ), lV ? . M e d eiro s, C h a r l e s . "An A n a l y s i s o f T e a c h e r T u r n o v e r i n P u b lic E le m e n ta ry and S e c o n d a ry S c h o o ls i n A riz o n a f o r 1 9 6 8 - 1 9 6 9 , " D i s s e r t a t i o n A b s t r a c t s . XXXI, (N o v e m b e r, 1 9 7 0 ) , 1 2 2 1 . P e d e r s e n , K. G e o r g e . " T e a c h e r M ig r a tio n and A t t r i t i o n , " A d m i n i s t r a t o r ' s N o t e b o o k . X V I I I , N o. 8 , ( A p r i l , 19 7 0 ), 1 -4 . " T e a c h e r M o b i l i t y an d L o s s , " N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a ­ t i o n R e s e a r c h B u l l e t i n . V o l . 1 6 . No. 4 . R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n , N a t i o n a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n , (D ecem ­ b e r, 1968), 1 1 8 -2 7 . " T e a c h e r s ' P ro b le m s ," N a tio n a l E d u c a tio n A s s o c ia tio n R e s e a r c h B u l l e t i n . V o l . l 6 . N o. k. R e s e a r c h D i v i ­ s i o n . N a t i o n a l E d u c a ti o n A s s o c i a t i o n , (D ecem ber, 19 6 8 ), 1 1 6 -7 . T h o r n d i k e R o b e r t , and H a g e n , E l i z a b e t h , "Men T e a c h e r s a n d E x - T e a c h e r s : Some A t t i t u d e s a n d T r a i t s , " T e a c h e r s C o l le g e R e c o rd . L X II, ( J a n u a r y , 1 9 6 1 ), 306 - 1 6 . W h ite , K i n n a r d . " P r o f e s s i o n a l C a r e e r I n v o l v e m e n t Among F e m a le E l e m e n t a r y S c h o o l T e a c h e r s , " D i s s e r t a t i o n A b s t r a c t s . XXV, (N o v e m b e r, 1 9 6 * 0 , 2 8 6 5 . W h ite , K in n a rd . "S o c io -E c o n o m ic F a c t o r s and t h e M o b i l i t y o f B e g in n in g E le m e n ta ry T e a c h e r s , " T e a c h e rs C o l l e g e J o u r n a l . XXXVII, ( M a rc h , 1 9 6 6 ) , 1 7 7 - 7 8 . -1 1 6 - W o lf, W i l l a v e n e , a n d W o lf , W i l l i a m . S c h o o l and S o c i e t y . V o l. 92, 193-9 ^. "T each er D ro p o u ts," ( A p r il 18, 19 6 4 ), C. E ls b re e , REPORTS W illa rd S. T e a c h e r T u rn o v e r i n t h e C i t i e s and V i l l a g e s o f New Y o r k S t a t e . C o n t r i b u t i o n s t o E d u c a t i o n , N o . 3 00 (New York* B ureau o f P u b l i c a ­ t i o n . T e a c h e r s C o l l e g e , C o lu m b ia U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 2 8 ) , *4-6, G r e e n b e r g , D a v id , and M c C a ll, J o h n . A n a ly s is o f th e Educa­ t i o n a l P e r s o n n e l S y stem : I. T e a c h e r M o b ility in ~ S an D ie g o . R -107 1— D e p a rtm e n t o f H e a lth , E d u c a tio n and W e lfa re . T he R an d C o r p o r a t i o n , J a n u a r y , 1973* G r e e n b e r g , D a v i d , a n d M c C a ll , J o h n . A n a ly s is o f th e Educa­ t i o n a l P e r s o n n e l S y stem t V II. T eacher M o b ility in M ic h ig a n , R-13*+3— D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n a n d W e l f a r e , T he R and C o r p o r a t i o n , F e b r u a r y , 197^. G u th rie , J , W. "A S u r v e y o f S c h o o l E f f e c t i v e n e s s S t u d i e s , " i n Do T e a c h e r s Make a D i f f e r e n c e ? D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h , E d u c a tio n and W e lf a r e , 0E -5 8 0 4 2 , 1 9 7 0 . H u n te r, J , S c o tt, The B e g i n n i n g T e a c h e r One Y e a r L a t e r : R e p o r t o f a F o llo w - u p S t u d y . W a sh in g to n , D. C ." U. S . D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n a n d W e l f a r e , n .d . K e e le r, E m m ett B, A n a ly sis o f th e E d u c a tio n a l P e rso n n e l S y stem ; IV . T e a c h e r T u r n o v e r . R - I 325— D e p artm en t o f H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n a n d W e l f a r e , The Rand C o r p o r a t i o n , O c t o b e r , 1973* M ic h ig a n E d u c a tio n A s s o c i a t i o n . " A c tu a l and P r o j e c t e d P u p il P o p u la tio n * P u b l i c , N o n -P u b lic and T o t a l , " MEA, 1973* -1 1 8 - D. G o sn e ll, UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS J o h n W. "T h e R e l a t i o n s h i p o f S o c i o - E c o n o m i c S t a t u s and O th e r S e l e c t e d V a r i a b l e s t o A t t r i t i o n f r o m t h e T e a c h i n g P r o f e s s i o n o f G r a d u a t e s o f Two N o rth C a r o lin a T e a c h e r - T r a in in g I n s t i t u t i o n s , " U n p u b l i s h e d PhD D i s s e r t a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y o f N o r t h C a ro lin a a t C hapel H i l l , 1973. M aso n , Ward S , The B e g in n in g T e a c h e r ; A S u r v e y o f New T each ers in th e P u b lic S c h o o ls. 1 9 5 6 -5 7 . C i r c u l a r N o. 5 1 0 , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . : U. S . G o v e r n m e n t P r in tin g O ffic e , 1958. M aso n, Ward S . , a n d B a i n , R. K. T eacher T urn ov er in P u b lic S c h o o ls, in 58-5 9 . O ffic e o f E d u c a tio n , C i r c u l a r N o . 6 0 8 , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n an d W e l f a r e , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C , , 1 9 5 9 . S m ith , T hom as, G ary , " S tu d y o f t h e M ic h ig a n P r o f e s s i o n a l R e g i s t e r 196 7 -1 9 7 ^ ." Wayne S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y : D ecem ber, 1 9 7 ^ . A la n . S c h o o l F in a n c e and E d u c a t i o n a l O p p o r tu n ity in M ic h ig a n . L a n s in g , M ic h ig a n : D e p a rtm e n t o f E d u c a tio n , 1968, T h o r n d i k e , R o b e r t , an d H a g e n , E l i z a b e t h , " C h a ra c te ris tic s o f Men Who R e m a in e d i n a n d L e f t T e a c h i n g , " C o o p e r a t i v e R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t N o. 5 7 ^ (New Y o r k : T e a c h e r s C o l l e g e , C o lu m b ia U n i v e r s i t y , ) n . d . W h i t e n e r , J o y E. "An A c t u a r i a l A p p r o a c h t o T e a c h e r T u r n o v e r , " U n p u b l i s h e d EdD D i s s e r t a t i o n , W a s h i n g t o n U n iv e rs ity , 1965. APPENDICES APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRE -1 2 0 - Teacher Education Michigan State University P. 0 . Box 806 E a s t L a n s i n g , M i c h i g a n 48823 Your Name ( O p t i o n a l ) _______________________________________________ Male_____ F e m a l e _ Name o f I n s t i t u t i o n a t w h i c h y o u r e c e i v e d y o u r i n i t i a l e d u c a t i o n a l P r e p a r a t i o n _______________________________________________________ Name o f I n s t i t u t i o n ( i f n o t t h e same) a t w h i c h you r e c e i v e d y o u r p r o v i s i o n a l t e a c h e r c e r t i f i c a t i o n ________________________________________________________ DIRECTIONS: 1. P lease in d i c a te your h ig h e st degree a t t a i n e d . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 2. None BA/BS MA/MS Phd/EdD S p ecialist P l e a s e s p e c i f y your most r e c e n t t e a c h e r c e r t i f i c a t i o n 1. 2. 3. 3. P l e a s e c h e c k t h e number i n e a c h q u e s t i o n w h i c h m o s t a p p l i e s t o y o u r s i t u a t i o n , and f i l l i n an y a p p r o p r i a t e b l a n k s . P rovisional Permanent O ther What was t h e p r i m a r y s o u r c e o f f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t f o r y o u r c o l l e g e e d u c a t i o n ? a) 1. 2. 3. b) 4. P aren t or r e l a t i v e S elf-supported S cholarship and/or support fellow ship I f yo u w or ke d a t a l l w h i l e i n c o l l e g e , p l e a s e d e s c r i b e t h e t y p e o f j o b w h i c h yo u h e l d ________________________________________________________________________ Not i n c l u d i n g y o u r s t u d e n t t e a c h i n g a s s i g n m e n t , d i d y o u h a v e e x p e r i e n c e w o r k i n g i n t h e c l a s s r o o m s i t u a t i o n o r w i t h yo u n g p e o p l e p r i o r t o y o u r c e r t i f i c a t i o n ? a) 1. 2. Yes No b) I f you a n s w e r e d Y e s , p l e a s e d e s c r i b e t h e t y p e and d u r a t i o n o f y o u r e x p e r i e n c e _________________________ ___ ______ _________________________________ 5. How many y e a r s o f t e a c h i n g e x p e r i e n c e h a v e you had ? 6. Which t y p e o f s c h o o l d i s t r i c t d i d you l a s t t e a c h in? 1 . Rural 2. S u b u r b a n 3. U rb a n ( m e t r o p o l i t a n o r i n n e r - c i t y ) 7. What was y o u r m a j o r r e a s o n ( s ) f o r l e a v i n g y o u r t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n i n M i c h i g a n i n 1973? N o t e : I f yo u c h e c k more t h a n o n e , p l e a s e d o u b l e c h e c k (XX) t h e p r i m a r y r e a s o n . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 8. Have yo u r e t u r n e d t o t h e t e a c h i n g p r o f e s s i o n ? 1. 2. 3. 9. Yes No Undecided I f you a r e n o t p r e s e n t l y t e a c h i n g , p l e a s e i n d i c a t e w h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g a p p l i e s to you. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 11. Yes, in M ichigan Yes, o u t s i d e o f Michigan No I f you h a v e n o t r e t u r n e d t o t e a c h i n g , do y o u p l a n t o do so ? 1. 2. 3. 10. Personal reasons (m aternity or s a b b a tic a lleav e, illn e ss, etc.) R etired L e f t th e s t a t e o f M ichigan f o r a t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n e ls e w h e r e S p o u s e moved t o a n o t h e r l o c a l i t y R e tu rn ed t o c o l l e g e f o r an advanced d e g r e e i n e d u c a t i o n or o t h e r s u b j e c t a r e a _____ Decided to change c a r e e r s D is illu s io n e d or d i s s a t i s f i e d w ith teach in g as a p ro fe s s io n N eed ed a b e t t e r s a l a r y O t h e r ( d e s c r i b e ) _____________ ____________ I am p u r s u i n g t h e c a r e e r o f homemaking ( t e m p o r a r i l y o r p e r m a n e n t l y ) I am l o o k i n g f o r employment i n e d u c a t i o n I am l o o k i n g f o r employment o u t s i d e o f t h e f i e l d o f e d u c a t i o n I am c u r r e n t l y em p lo y ed o u t s i d e o f t h e f i e l d o f e d u c a t i o n O ther I f y o u a r e e m p lo y e d o u t s i d e o f t h e a r e a o f e d u c a t i o n : cO The w o r k i n y o u r new o c c u p a t i o n a s co m p ar ed t o when yo u w e r e t e a c h i n g i s 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. b) Much l e s s c h a l l e n g i n g Less c h a lle n g in g About t h e same More c h a l l e n g i n g Much more c h a l l e n g i n g Your work a s co m p ar ed t o when you w e r e t e a c h i n g i s : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Much l e s s s a t i s f y i n g Less s a t i s f y i n g About t h e same More s a t i s f y i n g Much more s a t i s f y i n g II. wuj.en < jl t h e f o l l o w i n g i t e m s b e s t i n d i c a t e s y o u r i n t e n t i o n s when y ou c h o s e te aching as a p r o f e s s io n ? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 13. I i n t e n d e d t o t e a c h f o r o n l y a s h o r t t i m e , and t h e n l e a v e e d u c a t i o n I i n t e n d e d t o t e a c h f o r a s h o r t t i m e , and t h e n go on t o an a d m in is tr a t iv e or s p e c i a l i z e d p o s i t i o n in ed u ca tio n I i n t e n d e d c l a s s r o o m t e a c h i n g t o b e a l i f e - l o n g c a r e e r f o r me I was u n d e c i d e d a b o u t t e a c h i n g a s a c a r e e r O t h e r ____________________________________________________________ _________ In view of your past and/or present teaching experience, please indicate the degree of satisfaction you feel about each of the following aspects of the teaching profession. Highly Somewhat Not Very Satisfactory Satisfactory Satisfactory Unsatisfactory a) Salary and benefits . .____ ______ ______ ______ ______ b) C u r r i c u l u m ........... ...... ...... ...... ...... c) Discipline in the S c h o o l s ............. ...... ...... ...... ...... ______ ______ _____________ d) e) 14. Support from the administration . . . . ______ Support from fellow t e a c h e r s ............. . . .____ ______ ...... ...... ______ ______ ______ f) Student attitude g) Community and parental involvement . ______ ______ ______ ______ h) Grading of students . . ______ ______ ______ ______ i) Other_______________________ ______ ______ ______ _____________ P le a se check th e d e g r e e to w hich you a g r e e o r d i s a g r e e w ith each o f th e follow ing s ta te m e n ts about te a c h in g : Strongly Agree Agree N eutral D isagree St r o n g 1v D isagree a) I p e rs o n a lly enjoy te ac h in g . _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ b) T e a c h in g i s d i f f i c u l t work f o r which one r e c e i v e s i n a d e q u a t e r e c o g n i t i o n . ___________ _____ _ _____ _____ _____ The t e a c h i n g p r o f e s s i o n o ffe rs s u f f ic ie n t opportunity f o r p e r s o n a l c r e a t i v i t y and f l e x i b i l i t y . ________________________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ I w o u ld p r e f e r t e a c h i n g t o a n y o t h e r o c c u p a t i o n . _____________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ c) d) e) T e a c h e r s a r e more o f t e n c r i t i c i z e d , r a t h e r than acknow ledged, f o r t h e i r effo rts. 15. Do you f e e l t h a t M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y a d e q u a t e l y p r e p a r e d yo u f o r the classro o m te a c h in g ex p erien ce? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Note: Ve ry much s o Somewhat D id n o t p r e p a r e me eno ug h Undecided O ther The l a s t two q u e s t i o n s a r e l e f t o p e n f o r you t o s u p p l y i n p u t r e g a r d i n g M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ’s C o l l e g e o f E d u c a t i o n p r o g r a m . You may u s e b o t h s i d e s o f t h i s p a g e o r a d d a n o t h e r o f y o u r own i f yo u w i s h . 16. What d i d y o u e x p e r i e n c e a s t h e s t r e n g t h s o f t h e p r o g r a m ? 17. What d i d y ou e x p e r i e n c e a s t h e w e a k n e s s e s o f t h e p ro g r a m ? APPENDIX B LETTERS TO TEACHERS -125- L e t t e r S e n t w i t h F i r s t C op y o f t h e Q u e s t i o n n a i r e M IC H IG A N STATE U N IV E R S IT Y bast lansino • Michigan isru COLLEGB OF EDUCATION • BRICKSON HALL A p ril 8, 1975 Dear M ichigan S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y G ra d u a te : We b e l i e v e t h a t y o u , a s a g r a d u a t e o f M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e f u t u r e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t e a c h e r s . We a r e e n g a g i n g i n a s t u d y w h i c h we t h i n k w i l l make a m e a n i n g f u l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h a t t e a c h e r e d u c a t i o n p r o g r a m , a n d would a p p r e c i a t e y o u r h e l p . This stu d y in v o lv e s a fo llo w -u p o f M ichigan S t a t e U n iv e r s it y te a c h e r g ra d u a te s who t a u g h t i n M i c h i g a n P u b l i c S c h o o l s i n 1 9 7 2 - 7 3 , b u t d i d n o t r e t u r n i n 1 9 7 3 - 7 4 . The p u r p o s e o f t h e s t u d y i s t o l e a r n more a b o u t t h e r e a s o n s why t e a c h e r s l e a v e , how many r e t u r n t o t e a c h i n g , a n d how yo u a n d o t h e r s v i e w t h e t e a c h e r - e d u c a t i o n program a t M ichigan S t a t e . I n o r d e r t o c o m p l e t e t h i s s t u d y , we n e e d s a n e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t o n l y yo u c a n g i v e us. Would y o u p l e a s e f i l l i n t h e e n c l o s e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e a n d r e t u r n i t t o me i n t h e s t a m p e d , a d d r e s s e d e n v e l o p e we h a v e p r o v i d e d . As w i t h m o s t s t u d i e s , a c c u r a c y is e s s e n ti a l to the r e l i a b i l i t y of the r e s u l t s . We a s s u r e y o u t h a t a l l i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l b e k e p t c o n f i d e n t i a l . A blank fo r your name h a s b e e n i n c l u d e d o n l y t o e l i m i n a t e t h e n e e d f o r m a i l i n g yo u a f o l l o w - u p le tter. I f yo u h a v e a n y q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e , p l e a s e c o n t a c t me. I f y ou w o u l d l i k e t o know t h e c o n c l u s i o n s dr a w n a t t h e en d o f t h i s s t u d y i n r e t u r n f o r y o u r c o n t r i b u t i o n , y o u may s i g n y o u r name a n d a d d r e s s a t t h e e n d o f t h i s l e t t e r a n d r e t u r n i t w i t h t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e ; we w i l l t h e n s e n d yo u a c o p y o f the r e s u l t s . Thank you i n a d v a n c e f o r y o u r c o n t r i b u t i o n n o t o n l y t o t h i s s t u d y , t h e cau se o f e d u c a t i o n , w hich i s o f m u tu al c o n c e rn t o u s . gin foro 1xr vmirs . K atherine R a d c liffe This stu d y has th e a p p ro v a l o f th e School o f E ducation Si: Dean C ollege of Education buta ls o to P o s t a l - C a r d R em in d er D e a r MSU G r a d u a t e t We n e e d y o u r h e l p t o c o m p l e t e a s t u d y we h a v e b e g u n i n o r d e r t o make i t s f i n d i n g s v a l i d . T h is n o te i s to ask you to p le a s e f i l l o u t th e q u e s­ t i o n n a i r e we r e c e n t l y m a i l e d y o u . We know t h a t t h i s i s a b u s y t i m e f o r many o f y o u , b u t we w a n t e d t o r e a c h y o u b e f o r e som e o f y o u l e f t f o r t h e su m m e r. I f you have l o s t o r m is la id your o r ig in a l q u e s tio n n a ire , j u s t n o tif y me a t t h e a d d r e s s b e lo w a n d we w i l l s e n d y o u a n o th e r copy. T hank y o u f o r y o u r tim e and a s s i s t a n c e . K a th e rin e R a d c liffe M I C H I G A N STATE U N I V E R S I T Y e a s t l a n s i n g • M i c h i g a n 48823 COLLEGE OF EDUCATION • ERICKSON HALL May 20, 1 9 75 Dear MSU Alumnusi We are very grateful for those who have returned the questionnaire we recently sent out. However, we need a greater percentage of returns if our study is to he valid. We know this is a busy time of year for many of you, but we wanted to reach you before summer vacations begin. We are enclosing a second copy of the questionnaire and a self-addressed, stamped return envelope, just in case you misplaced your first copy. This follow-up study will be of value to both the College of Education at the University and to those who share concerns about the quality and effectiveness of public school education. Thus we would greatly appreciate your time and consideration in filling out and returning the questionnaire soon to avoid the delay and expense of an additional follow-up letter. If you want to know the conclusions drawn from the study, please be sure to sign your name and address to this sheet and return it with the questionnaire. Thank you so much for your helpI naxnerine Kaacxirre P . 0 . Box 8 0 6 East Lansing, Michigan APPENDIX C COMPUTATIONS AND ANALYSIS RESULTS TABLES -1 2 9 - - 130 - C o m p u ta tio n s f o r 95# C o n fid e n c e I n t e r v a l f o r H y p o th e s is 1 p± zJU&L n •Sis- f 86 p =145 = *593 .593 ± 1 . 9 6 V l .593i 1.96 145 jL’*V U *!2i 145 .593± .07996 :=> (.5 1 3 , .673) -1 3 1 - T a b le 11. ANOVA R e s u l t s f o r C o m p a r i n g A t t i t u d e s T o w ard T e a c h i n g P r o f e s s i o n w i t h T ype o f F i n a n c i a l S u p p o r t i n C o l l e g e ( H y p o t h e s i s b) D eg rees o f F re e d o m Mean S qu ares 1 .0 8 1 6 W ith in G roups 12 9 .6 0 7 6 T o ta l 13 0 S ource B e tw e e n G r o u p s T a b le 12. F R a tio P V a lu e .1 3 ^ .7 1 5 ANOVA R e s u l t s f o r C o m p a r in g A l t i t u d e s T o w ard T e a c h i n g P r o f e s s i o n w i t h T y p e o f W ork E x p e r i e n c e i n C o l le g e ( H y p o th e s is 5) D egrees o f F re e d o m Mean S q uares 1 .9 5 3 5 W ith in G roups 89 .6 3 2 7 T o ta l 90 S o u rce B e tw e e n G r o u p s F R a tio 1 .5 0 7 iM'n P V a lu e .2 2 3 - 1 32 - T a b le 13. ANOVA R e s u l t s f o r C o m p a r in g A t t i t u d e s T ow ard T e a c h i n g P r o f e s s i o n w i t h T y p e a n d Amount o f E x p e r i e n c e w i t h Young P e o p l e P r i o r t o G r a d u a t i o n ( H y p o th e s is 6) S ource B e tw e e n G r o u p s D egrees o f F re e d o m 1 W ith in G roups 1*4*4- T o ta l 1*4-5 Mean S q u ares F R a tio P V a lu e .1 7 3 .6 7 8 .1 1 0 3 .6 3 8 9 -1 3 3 - T a b le 14. P e a r s o n C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s B e tw e e n Num ber o f Y e a r s T e a c h i n g E x p e r i e n c e a n d Am ount o f J o b S a t i s f a c t i o n V a r i a b l e s ( H y p o t h e s i s 7) V a ria b le C o rre la tio n Num ber o f S u b je c ts S ig n ific a n c e 1. S a la ry .0 4 2 6 145 .3 0 5 2. C u rric u lu m .1 5 2 4 14 3 .0 3 5 3. D isc ip lin e .0 1 5 6 145 .4 2 6 4. A d m in is tra tiv e S u p p o rt .1 3 1 1 144 .0 5 9 F e llo w -T e a c h e r S up p o rt .0 6 8 7 145 .2 0 6 S tu d e n t A ttitu d e .0 7 2 6 145 .1 9 3 C o m m u nity an d P a re n ta l In v o lv em en t .1 3 1 6 145 .0 5 7 G ra d in g o f S tu d e n ts .0 7 3 5 144 .1 9 1 A verage o f a l l V a ria b le s .1 1 6 6 145 .0 8 1 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. -1 3 4 - T a b le 1 5 . ANOVA R e s u l t s o f E ach V a r ia b le f o r Amount o f J o b S a t i s f a c t i o n o f Form er T e a c h e r s w it h Type o f D e g r e e H e ld ( H y p o t h e s is 8) V a ria b le D egrees o f F reedom F R a tio P V a lu e S a la ry 1, 132 .0 0 1 .9 9 4 2. C u rric u lu m 1. 13 0 .5 0 0 .4 8 1 3. D isc ip lin e 1. 132 .0 1 6 .8 9 8 4. A d m in is tra tiv e S u p p o rt 1, 1 31 3 .4 8 0 .0 6 4 T eacher S upport 1. 132 .1 0 0 • S tu d e n t A ttitu d e 1. 132 .1 0 0 .7 5 2 C o m m u n ity a n d P a re n ta l S upport 1. 132 .3 7 7 .5 4 0 G ra d in g o f S tu d e n ts 1. 131 3 .0 1 .0 8 5 A verage 1. 132 1 .5 1 5 .2 2 1 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. CM 1. -1 3 5 - T a b le 1 6 . ANOVA R e s u l t s o f E ach V a r i a b l e f o r Amount o f J o b S a t i s f a c t i o n o f Form er T e a c h e r s w it h C e r t i f i c a ­ t i o n Type ( H y p o t h e s is 9 ) V a ria b le D egrees o f F re e d o m P V a lu e .0 1 2 .9 1 2 1. S a la ry 1, 2. C u rric u lu m i— i C~S H •» H F R a tio 3. D isc ip lin e 1, 133 .0 0 1 .9 7 8 4. A d m in is tra tiv e S upport 1, 132 .8 4 5 .3 6 0 Teacher S u p p o rt 1, 133 .0 7 2 .7 8 9 S tu d e n t A ttitu d e 1. 133 .0 0 1 .9 8 3 C o m m u n ity a n d P a re n ta l In v o lv e m e n t 1. 133 2 .7 5 5 .0 9 9 8. G ra d in g 1, 132 .4 2 5 .5 1 5 9. A verage 1, 133 1 .1 7 3 .2 8 1 5. 6. 7. 133 2 .5 2 .1 1 4 T a b le 1 7 . ANOVA R e s u l t s o f Each V a r i a b l e f o r Amount o f J o b S a t i s f a c t i o n o f F orm er T e a c h e r s w it h S e x o f R e s p o n d e n ts ( H y p o t h e s is 1 0 ) V a ria b le D eg rees o f F reedom F R a tio P V a lu e 1. S a la ry 1, 143 1 4 .2 9 2 .0 0 1 * 2. C u rric u lu m 1, 141 9 .1 1 8 .0 0 3 * 3. D isc ip lin e 1, 14 3 2 .5 3 .1 1 4 4. A d m in istra tiv e S u p p o rt 1, 142 3 .1 8 3 .0 7 7 Teacher S u p p o rt 1. 143 9 .4 1 2 .0 0 3 * S tu d e n t A t t i ­ tu d e 1. 143 3 .7 7 5 .0 5 4 C o m m u n ity a n d P a re n ta l In v o lv e m e n t 1. 143 4 ,0 6 .0 4 5 * 8. G ra d in g 1. 142 1 .6 6 5 .1 9 9 9. A verage o f a l l V a ria b le s 1, 145 5. 6. 7. * In d ic a te s S ig n ific a n c e a t .0 5 L e v e l 1 3 .4 9 .0 0 1 * -1 3 7 - T a b le 1 8 . ANOVA R e s u l t s o f E ach V a r i a b l e f o r Amount o f J o b S a t i s f a c t i o n o f Form er T e a c h e r s w it h Type o f School D is tr ic t ( H y p o t h e s is 1 1 ) V a ria b le D eg rees o f F re e d o m F R a tio P V a lu e 1. S a la ry 2 , 142 2. C u rric u lu m 2 . 140 4 .7 0 .0 1 1 * 3. D isc ip lin e 2 , 142 3 .5 9 .0 3 0 * A d m in istra tiv e S up p o rt 2 , 141 3 .3 0 6 .0 4 0 * Teacher S upport 2 , 142 1 .8 4 .1 6 1 S tu d e n t A ttitu d e 2 , 142 2 .1 5 9 .1 1 9 C om m un ity a n d P a re n ta l In v o lv em en t 2 » 142 4 .7 7 .0 1 0 * 8. G ra d in g 2 , 141 1 .7 9 .1 7 1 9. A v erage o f a l l V a ria b le s 2 , 142 5 .9 3 .0 0 3 * 5. 6, 7. * In d ic a te s S ig n ific a n c e a t .0 9 7 .0 5 L e v e l .9 0 7 -1 3 8 - T a b le 1 9 . C a lc u la tio n s t = o f t v a l u e s f o r H y p o t h e s i s 12 x - 3 Sx / { n C h a lle n g in g V a r ia b le : t = 3.11fr - 3 1 . 5 3 0 / \[55 _ »114 = .4 4 0 *259 S a tis fy in g V a ria b le : t = 3 .5 4 3 - 3 1 . 3 1 4 / *f35 _ «543 .2 2 2 = 2 .4 5