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University
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3 0 0 N. Z E E B R O A D , AN N A R B O R , Ml 4 8 1 0 6
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8001559
MALIK, IF TI KHAR HAIDE*
A S T U D Y OF THt A C C U L T U R A T I O N OF THE
P A K I S T A N I S IN' S O U T H - E A S T M I C H I G A N IN
R E F E R E N C F TO THREE V A R I A B L E S :
FAMILY,
PROFESSION A M D E T H N I C I T Y .
MICHIGAN

University
. Microfilms
international

STATE

UNIVERSITY,

300 n . z e e b r o a d , a n n a r b o r , m i 4 8 i o 6

PH.D.,

1979

A ST U D Y

OF THE

SOUTH-EAST

ACCULTURATION

MICHIGAN

F A M ILY,

OF T HE

IN R E F E R E N C E

PROFESSION

TO

PAKISTANIS
THREE

VARIABLES:

AND ETHNI CI TY

by
If t i k h a r

Haider

Malik

A DISSERTATION
S u b m i t t e d to
M i c h i g a n Stat e U n i v e r s i t y
in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of t he r e q u i r e m e n t s
for t h e d e g r e e of

DOCTOR

OF

Department

PHILOSOPHY
of

1979

English

IN

ABSTRACT

A STUDY OF THE A C C U L T U R A T I O N OF THE P A K I S T A N I S IN
S O U T H - E A S T M I C H I G A N IN R E F E R E N C E TO THREE
VARIABLES:
F A M I L Y , P R O F E S S I O N AN D E T H N I C I T Y .
By
Iftikhar

The
and

Pakistanis

a small

review
with

and

reference

residing

th i s

s tu dy.

case

features:
li k e

from

Michigan

Pakistanis

One m e e t s

in

t he

businessmen

working

the

The

state.

engaged
help

in

them

Pakistani
party

all

sorts

Most

wit h

sel l

of the

of

study

three

has

of D e t r o i t
and

number

ethnic

of

or

of

part

campuses

quite

in t h i s

area.

part

likewise,

of M i c h i g a n

a

and

in th i s

There

for

Michigan.

semi-skilled

Americans.

Pakistani

rural

lawyers

workers,

Pro­

Michigan
and

professions

unskilled

the

students,

capacities

unskilled

Family,

urban

engineers,

to

culture

to w e l l - k n o w n

of the

different

in thi s

pa r t

University

in m a n y

many

American

selected

b ot h

recent

is d e s i g n e d

variables:

includes

physicians,
in

a relatively

South-Eastern

engaged

businessmen
or

the

University

Pakistani

interact

stores

the

slums

Pakistani

are

The a u t h o r

a sizeable
are

U.S.

in m a i n s t r e a m

The a r e a

State

Besides
f ew

to

Ethnicity.

community

Ma l i k

The p r e s e n t

acculturation

special

fession

in the

community.

their

Haider

are

jo b s

are
who

of

which

som e
r un

small

foods.

Pakistanis

in

South-East

Michigan,

who

h av e

been

settled

naturalized,

li v e s

bachelors

with

in

South-Cast

co m e

their

and m a k e

A majority

form

are,

the

families.

Michigan

members

belong

ar e a

The

in

of the

to

the

As r e g a r d s

Sind

and

B a l u c h i s t a n — -the r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

Only

a few

from

Baluchistan

are

The

replacing

largest

of

other

itself,

the

the
two

Baluchi

Punjabis

K a r a c h i — as the
Michigan.

the

on

The

n u m ber.

Sindhis

third

Muhajirs--the

Despifca the

community

group

of the

co m e

par t

Punjab,
from
of

their

Pakistan--

two
of

Baluchis
Pakistan

people

Pakistanis
ethnic

the

or

the

on an i n c r e a s e

in the

fro m

mostly

is ve r y m e a gre .

Urdu-speaking

diversity

members

of

while

are

very

community

in c o n t e x t

tha t

Michigan

of

Pathans

provinces

represent
in

largest

list

descent,

are,

Pakistani

Province

live

labor.

province

Pakistan.

and

students

Frontier

Michigan.

are

married

b u l k of u n s k i l l e d

of the

Karachi

generally,

in

in

and

fPom

South-East

origins,

urban areas

the

of

Pakistan.
The n u m b e r
number

of the

An a v e r a g e
three
with

other

Pakistani

different
the

three

affiliations,
of m a n y
tudes

undergo

change

students

is

on

professionals

is

on a s t e a d y

in

stages

also,

in his

help

cultural

a cultural

Pakistanis,

qu i t e

th i s

different

American

Americans,

of the

a bit

and

part

o f the

U.S.

acculturation,

periods
him

a decrease

in his

in the

n orms ,
change.

while
His

his m ot h er l a n d
he p l a y s

a very

his

which
His

habits

correspond
religious

and

atti­

towards

towards

active

through

or r e j e c t i o n

attitudes
and

the

increase.

passes

stay.

selection

while

role

women
in the

evolution

and

mentioned

as a t h i r d

extent
the

development

of h i s / h e r

three

culture

role

variables

of a P a k i s t a n i - A m e r i c a n

in the

construed

in the
third
for

present

study.

culture,

the

culture,

present

owes

The
to

s t ud y.

all

Mr.

IN

HONOR

and

Mrs.

OF MY
Ghulam

PARENTS
Rabbani

Malik

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Throughout
me k i n dl y
all

of

dynamic

his

me

with

way.

unending.
precious

from

Appel

the

advisory
o we m y
ment

for

h is

William
fessor

T.

Fauzi

provided

a moral

of

the

and

and

ki n d

my

initial

of

the

from

of

History

Department

support

the

gratitude

to

all

the

MSU as w e l l

as

ih the

T.

to sit

Sociology

stage

Miller

on my
I

Depart­

of my r e s e a r c h .
like

Studies

S o cial

of

Coll e g e ,

appreciation.

Department

of

from

help.

University

Humanities

whenever

iii

of e d i t o r i a l

Douglas

has

have

scripts

Dr.

Professor
Cen ter,

Professor

Science

I needed
friends

Pro­

Department,
and

it

always

the

in the

International

M.

own

different

at MSU

the

who

his

guidance

enough

Asian

MSU,
in

to

Victor

hours

sincere

fro m

indebted
Dr.

at

helped

countless

of the

teachers

Dulai

the

sorts

wer e

Useem

Director

fr o m

I o w e my
Department

during

Marcus

the

Department

Jo h n

Singh

all

deserve

friends

Harold

me

and

Dr.

Ross,

Najjar

ATL

spent

Anderson

Department

help

Surgeet

Professor

D.

Program

considerate

through

provided

deeply

encouragement

Howard

in g o i n g

fro m

My r e s p e c t a b l e

and

I am

ha v e

for my a d v i s o r ,

and

Da v i d

to

and

inspiration

committee

thanks

individuals

Studies

and

History

wa y s

thanks

Professor

Dr.

many

of A m e r i c a n

time

Then,
John

different

His p a t i e n c e

my d i s s e r t a t i o n

Dr.

research,

My s p e c i a l

Chairman

afforded

been

in m a n y

them.

Howard,

my

most.
English

Section

iv

of the

East

University

Library.

My s i n c e r e

thanks

Michigan

who

I a c k n o w l e d g e my
mullah,
Asif,

Dr.

and

A k bar,

Za h e e r

and

(India),

thanks
Mrs.

Habibis
a nd

fatherly
study
the
her e
to

Hasan

U.S.

as

R.

U.S.

short

with

and

their

Ka r i -

N a s eem,

Ashr.af Khan,
like

Cleemputs

Siddiquis

(Egypt),

for

Mrs.

Jamal,

friends

Sami

sincere

who

students

Islamabad,
always

only

through

I thank
well

as

in

the

staff

for his

Ms.

that

of the

and

useful

Janice

Gee

dissertation

the

with

help

of

Foundation

efforts

indebted

to m a k e

properly

within

a
'

but

Nighat,
her

my

her p a i n s t a k i n g

time.

all

b ot h

for me.

for

typed

a

present

I am g r e a t l y

sincere

friends

in p a r t i c u l a r

financial

Pakistan.

fruitful

thank
the

the

and

and

p r o v i d e d me

I fully a c k n o w le dg e

more

in g e t t i n g

Last
wife,

Dani,

Thorburn

I sincerely
efforts

thanks

and

Khan,

to my c o l l e a g u e s ,

possible

Michael

in the

equal

University,

Foundation.

in the

Mr.

stay

been

A la f

South-

frie nd.

affection.

has

As i a

my

thanks

Ahmad

Aurengzeb,

(Jordan ),

Mr.

Mashori,

Kamal

Quaid-i-Azam

Professor

Ehsan,

in

enthusiastically.

Khattak,

Om a r

their

the

very

Shumses

thoughts

at

Dr.

me

Pakistanis

(Afghanistan),

deserve

1 owe my

An w a r

the

My n o n - P a k i s t a n i

(Palestine),
for

to

all

with

Akhtar,

Sumbal,

Hasan

for

cooperated

Mushtaq.

(Belgium),

are

n ot

who
hard

least

proved
work

my sincere
more

than

patience

and

thanks

for m y b e l o v e d

a life-companion
encouragement.

for me

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS.
Page

LIST

OF T A B L E S

LIST

OF M A P S

vii
viii

Chapter
I.

II.

III.

IV.

INTRODUCTION:

THE C O N C E P T S OF T H I R D C U L T U R E AN D
A C C U L T U R A T I O N ................................

A

T h i r d C u l t u r e .................................................
A c c u l t u r a t i o n .................................................
S t u d i e s of A c c u l t u r a t i o n ....................................
P u r p o s e of S t u d y ..............................................
M e t h o d o l o g y ....................................................
D e f i n i t i o n of the B a s i c T e r m s .............................
S c h e m e of C h a p t e r s ...........................................

2
4
7
12
13
15
16

P A K I S T A N R E V I S I T E D ...........................................
G e o g r a p h i c and H i s t o r i c a l B a c k g r o u n d ....................
R e l i g i o n ........................................................
R u r a l and U r b a n Lif e in P a k i s t a n .........................
F a m i l y ..........................................................
P r o f e s s i o n ...............................
E t h n i c i t y .......................................................
The P a t h a n s ...........
The P u n j a b i s ...................................................
The B a l u c h i s ...................................................
The S i n d h i s ....................................................

30
30
35
37
39
41
43
44
46
4B
30

YOU

W A Y . . . ......................................

54

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of t he P a k i s t a n i s in the U . S ...........
The P a k i s t a n i C o m m u n i t y in S o u t h - E a s t M i c h i g a n ........
The D i s t r i b u t i o n of the P a k i s t a n i s in S o u t h - E a s t
M i c h i g a n .........................................

64
68

CA M E

EARLY

A LONG

PHASE

IN

A C C U L T U R A T I O N ..............................

H i s t o r i c a l R e t r o s p e c t i v e ....................................
The I m a g e s of A m e r i c a in a P a k i s t a n i M i n d ..............
E a r l y C u l t u r a l S h o c k .........................................
The V a r i a b l e s and E a r l y C u l t u r a l E x p e r i e n c e s ..........

v

73
78
78
80
86
96

vi
Page

V.

VI.

VII.

C U L T U R E ......

103

D e f i n i t i o n a n d T r a i t s of "The T h i r d C u l t u r e " .................
C a t e g o r i z a t i o n of the P a k i s t a n i s on the B a s i s of
Th e i r I d e o l o g i c a l O u t l o o k s ....................................
S o c i a l I n t e r a c t i o n s of the P a k i s t a n i s ........................
M o b i l i t y A m o n g the P a k i s t a n i s ............
C o n t a c t s w i t h P a k i s t a n ...........................................
A t t i t u d e s T o w a r d s A m e r i c a ..........................
A t t i t u d e s T o w a r d s Other P a k i s t a n i s in S o u t h - E a s t
Michigan
...............
A t t i t u d e s T o w a r d s W o m e n .........................................

103

THE

C O M P L E T I N G OF A C C U L T U R A T I O N ........

128

C h a n g e s in D a i l y L i f e ............................................
N e i g h b o r h o o d and C u l t u r a l C h a n g e ..............................
A t t i t u d e s T o w a r d s P a k i s t a n ..............................
M u t u a l R e l a t i o n s h i p s .............................................
A t t i t u d e T o w a r d s A m e r i c a ........................................
W o m e n and A c c u l t u r a t i o n ..........................................

129
133
136
140
142
149

C O N C L U S I O N .............

154

A p p e n d i c e s ..........................................................
E x p l a n a t o r y N o t e ..................................................
Q u e s t i o n n a i r e No. 1 ...............................................
Q u e s t i o n n a i r e No. 2 ...............................................
L i s t of R e s p o n d e n t s ...............................................
B i b l i o g r a p h y . . . . * .................................................

166
168
171
180
185

MIDDLE

PHASE

FINAL

AND

PHASE

PARTICIPATION

A N D THE

IN THE T H I R D

107

Ill
113
113
118
123
113

LIST

Table

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

6.

7.

8.
9.

OF

TABLES

Title

The E s t i m a t e d P o p u l a t i o n of the
in S o u t h - E a s t M i c h i g a n ( A d u l t s

Page

Pakistanis
o n l y ) .....................

19

The D i v i s i o n of the P a k i s t a n i s C o m m u n i t y , o n
the B a s i s of M a r i t a l S t a t u s ................................

20

The D i s t r i b u t i o n
on the B a s i s of

21

of the P a k i s t a n i s C o m m u n i t y
P r o f e s s i o n ................

The D i s t r i b u t i o n of the P a k i s t a n i s in S o u t h - E a s t
M i c h i g a n on the B a s i s of T h e i r U r b a n / R u r a l
B a c k g r o u n d s .............. ........................... .........

22

The C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of the P a k i s t a n i s
P r o f e s s i o n a l s ( n o n - s t u d e n t ) on the Ba s i s
of t h e i r U r b a n / R u r a l O r i g i n s ................................

22

The C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of the P a k i s t a n i s S k i l l e d
P r o f e s s i o n a l s on the B a s i s of T h e i r
U r b a n / R u r a l O r i g i n s ...........................................

23

The C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of the P a k i s t a n i s U n - s k i l l e d
(n o n - s t u d e n t ) L a b o r on the B a s i s of T h e i r
U r b a n / R u r a l O r i g i n ............................................

24

The D i s t r i b u t i o n of t he S p o u s e s
on the B a s i s of T h e i r N a t i o n a l

of the P a k i s t a n i s
O r i g i n s ....................

24

The D i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e P a k i s t a n i s S t u d e n t s
on the B a s i s of T h e i r R u r a l / U r b a n
a nd
Age G r o u p i n g ....................................................

25

10.

The D i v i s i o n of t he P a k i s t a n i s C o m m u n i t y in
S o u t h - E a s t M i c h i g a n on the B a s i s of
E t h n i c i t y .......................................................... 26

11.

The D i v i s i o n
M i c h i g a n on
Ideological

of t he P a k i s t a n i s in S o u t h - E a s t
the B a s i s of T h e i r
O u t l o o k s . . . . .......................................27

12.

The C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of
the P a k i s t a n i s S k i l l e d
P r o f e s s i o n a l s on t he B a s i s of T h e i r
I d e o l o g i c a l O u t l o o k s ............................................ 28

13.

The C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of
the P a k i s t a n i s S t u d e n t s
in S o u t h - E a s t M i c h i g a n on the B a s i s of
T h e i r I d e o l o g i c a l O u t l o o k ..................................... 29

14.

The C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of the S p o u s e s of the
P a k i s t a n i s on t he B a s i s of T h e i r
I d e o l o g i c a l O u t l o o k s ........... * .............................. 29

15.

The C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of the P a k i s t a n i
B l u e - C o l l a r L a b o r on the B a s i s of
I d e o l o g i c a l O u t l o o k ............................................. 29

vii

LIST

OF

MAPS

Ti t l e

Page

General

Map of P a k i s t a n ........................

11

General

Map of M i c h i g a n ........................

31

\

viii

Chapter

1

INTRODUCTION

The

Concepts
The

of

the

are

and

to

define

chapter

also

garding

the

waves
made

Pakistani

main,

dominant
The

countries
the

century,

historical
heritage

discipline
between
parts

of the

sociologists

and

American

The

present

entity.

The

world

hav e

Since

the

been

the

has

generations

to

com e

dominant

persist

until

the

a focal

culture

today

point

for

the

relationship

culture

a nd

its e t h n i c

theme

anthropologists.

as

ethno-cultural

then,

a multi-fold

in

or n o n - E u r o p e a n

of the

in

re­

Michigan.

of the

European

became

Culture

of a c c u l t u r a t i o n ,

society.

for

been

of a c c u l t u r a t i o n

culture

traits

Si n c e

Third

South-East

diversity

States

like

studies

h as

recounted.

parts

sub-culture
The

ethnic

a homo-cultural

culture

many

Sociology.

provided

in

Anglo-Saxon

to a c c e p t

dominant

been

aspect

an a t t e m p t

studies

concept

from other

the U n i t e d
of

the

has

the

realities.

of

the

the

different

mainstream

pockets

h ave

and

concepts

a multi-ethnic

migrants

had

on,

b ee n

from

society

17th

ethnicity

community

has n e v e r

early

f u t u re.

up o n

pluralistic

Besides,

Further

touches

American

where

one

Acculturation

with

sociological

present

of e m i g r a n t s

a nd

deal

features.

the

the

America

of

pages

Acculturation.
to

Culture

society,

prominent

similar

but

Th i r d

following

American

the

made

of

to a c o u n t l e s s

the

counter­
number

2

Afte r

t he

sociologists
experiences
Hand l i n ,
whic h

have
of

1957).

immigrants

mainstream

b ined

century.,

historians

introduced

many

theories

relating

Americans

used

pot

fi r s t
to

the

replaced

by

into m a i n s t r e a m
persistent

ethnic

time

non-Anglo

the

has

cultures,

capacity

challenged

but

such cultures.

has

not

cultures

affirms

(Glaser,

to

and

which

ethnic

also

by the

to be c o m ­

This t h e o r y

of the

new

is of the

culture

pluralism

contribution

of

minorities

theory

and

was

of c u l t u r a l

American

survival

it

Anglo-confirmity,

It a s s u m e d

cultures

until

1964:

immigrants.

new sub-cultures.

the

1963).

Culture
The r e l a t i o n s h i p

cultures,
vided

of the

to the

of t he

American

theory

on l y a c k n o w l e d g e s

settled

of

and

relationship

acknowledges

a l on g

the

the

(Gordon,

tha t

The s e c o n d

different

for

is

culture.

of d i v e r s i f i e d

been h e l d

describe

assimilation

which

minorities.

theory

already

American

incorporate

Third

this

The

with

the c o m p l e t e

of the

the

h as b e e n

melting

turn

or

between

an i m pr es s iv e

The s e a r c h
movements
nition

logical

pioneer

identity

in t h e

Th i r d

h as

World

and

less

has

pro­

framework

across

the

world.

of the

reinforces

basis,

Likewise,
developed

subordinate

groups

wak e

genuine

and

follower

of c r o s s - e t h n i c

very

foundations.

the d e v e l o p e d

a nd

in the

on a i n d i v i d u a l

history

dominant

theoretical

and e x p l o r a t i o n

Similarly,
family

for

between

the

nationalistic

the need

defi­

human contacts.
zeal

for

sociological
the

for

locating

and p s y c h o ­

inter-dependence

nations

of the

world

between
is

3

not m e r e l y

a political

rather

become

has

of g r o u p s
the r i c h

The n e w

countries
in t h e

customs

lo c a l

have

powerful

position

pa t r o n s .

In the

countries

from
a nd

cultures.

in

concept

of

same

a

and

been
t he
to

into

Asia.

world

of a b e t t e r

future

has

rich

the

styles,

contact

with

of c u l t u r a l

Culture

St a t e
as

pos§

businessmen

visit

the

different

a term

and

in a

science,

Ruth

University,

as
and

developing
sor l

of

leads

to

us e d

cross-cultural
John

and

cultures.

being

relationship

Culture',

als o

religions

scholars,

to

cultures.

in s u c h

and

countries

of s u c h

local

countries,

many

Professors

Th i r d

of

dress

Michigan

The m i g r a t i o n

of the

technology

' Third

but

parts

introduced

way,

studies

at

different

western

sort

of

faculty members
the

due

come

in t h e i r

South-East

in

the

Such

the e v o l u t i o n
Useems

food

of c o n v e n i e n c e ,

necessity.

heterogenity

cultures

scientists

from

human

in s e a r c h

languages,

numerous
The

a basic

of p e o p l e

contributed

relationship

by the
contacts

Useem,
ha v e

d§fined

following*.

By the I t h i r d c u l t u r e " is m e a n t t h e p a t t e r n s
w h i c h are c r e a t e d , s h a r e d a n d l e a r n e d by m en
of t h e two d i f f e r e n t s o c i e t i e s w ho are p e r s o n ­
al l y e n g a g e d in the p r o c e s s of l i n k i n g t h e i r
s o c i e t i e s or s e c t i o n s t h e r e o f , to e a c h other.
(J. Useem, 1966, p. 146).
W e . . . d e f i n e it b r o a d l y as the b e h a v i o r p a t ­
t e r n s c r e a t e d , s h a r e d and l e a r n e d b y m e n of
d i f f e r e n t s o c i e t i e s w h o a re in t h e p r o c e s s of
r e l a t i n g t h e i r s o c i e t i e s or s e c t i o n s t h e r e o f ,
to e a c h o t h e r .
Put on t he w i d e s t s o c i a l sc ale,
one c a n r e f e r to a w o r l d - e n c o m p a s s i n g th i r d
c u l u t r e and, t a k e n as a w h o l e , o ne c a n v i e w it
as t h e c o m m o n s o c i a l h e r i t a g e of m a n k i n d .
Seen
in its p a r t i c u l a r a s p e c t s , it i n c l u d e s the s h a r e d
u n d e r s t a n d i n g of s u c h d i s p a r a t e g r o u p i n g s as

4

the U n i t e d Nati o n s , the E u r o p e a n c o m m o n m a r k e t
the e c u m e n i c a l m o v e m e n t of the C h r i s t i a n C h u r c h ,
the i n t e r n a t i o n a l e x c h a n g e of s t u d e n t s , i n t e r ­
n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i t i e s of s c i e n t i s t s or a r t i s t s ,
and the d i p l o m a t i c c o m m u n i t y .
(Useem s, 1953,
p . 169).
Da v i d

W i n t er,

in his

a former

dissertation

on

academic

institutions

from

U s e ems.

the

graduate

of

American

borrowed

He d e f i n e d

Michigan

State

professors

the

te r m

it as

of

in

University,

Pakistani

Third

Culture

following:

The t e r m "Third C u l t u r e " i n t r o d u c e d by J o h n
a nd Ruth U s e e m r e f e r s to the c u l t u r e of t h o s §
who o p e r a t e w i t h i n mo r e t h a n one s o c i e t y at
the same time.
The e m p h a s i s her e is u p o n the
p a t t e r n s of i n t e r a c t i o n and the c u l t u r a l
c o n t e x t s r a t h e r t h a n the s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e . . . .
Their r e s e a r c h on b i - n a t i o n a l and i n t e r ­
n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i t i e s has i s o l a t e d a n u m b e r
of c u l t u r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h i c h e m e r g e
as p e o p l e from s e v e r a l s o c i e t i e s i n t e r a c t
o v e r a p e r i o d of time.
(Winter, 19 68:3).

Acculturation
The i n t e r a c t i o n
to m a n y c u l t u r a l
rejection
or

total

The

undertaken

because

citizens
in s o m e

of t h e s e
of

In t h i s
trace
other

the

their
part

and m a n y

such

have

almost

world.

Almost

have

in t h e

of t h e

of the
other

cultural

bee n

conceptualization.

nature

o r i g i n to s o m e

or

detailed

case-studies

originated

all

leads

acculturation

in s u c h

given

theoretical

heterogenous

of the

and

of the s t a g e s
ha v e

always

acceptance

culture,

historians

efforts

nation

groups

The r e c e p t i o n ,

some

terms

illuminate

cultural

the o t h e r

are

cultural

of s u c h

to

Mo s t

society.

from

assimilation

explanations

States

processes.

of t r a i t s

processes.

of m a n y

two

United

American

million

nation

inhabited

every country

in

5

the

world

nation
tio n

is

represented

of th e

nations.

of n a t i v e
ot h e r

Americans

ent

parts

of

d ou s

the

have

globe.

’s u b - n a t i o n s *

amount

a nd

treatments.

neutral

"safe"

studies,
w ill

as

their

some

of

term
the

are

half

of the

themselves

ancestral

U.S.

have

research.
have

The term,
in t h e

a minority,

roots

in

among
led to

Concepts

undergone

differ­

these
a tremen­
like

numerous

'acculturation'

context

following

it a

a million p o pula­

The r e l a t i o n s h i p

assimilation

theoretical
and

who

of s o c i o l o g i c a l

acculturation

U.S.., w h i c h m a k e s

Excepting

Americans,

all

different

in the

is a

of c r o s s - c u l t u r a l

standard

definitions

elaborate.
A c c u l t u r a t i o n r e f e r s to a g r o up s' t a k i n g
on e l e m e n t s ( be l i e f s , v a l u e s , p r a c t i c e s ) from
the c u l t u r e of a n o t h e r g r o u p .
(It) has also
b e e n u s e d as a s y n o n y m for s o c i a l i z a t i o n , the
a c q u i s i t i o n of w ay s of b e h a v i n g and v a l u i n g
by i n d i v i d u a l s .
We r e s e r v e the w o r d for the
p r o c e s s o f c u l t u r a l c h a n g e i n d u c e d by c o n t a c t
with fore ig n cultures.
Usually both cultures
are c h a n g e d .
(Broom) (2:8, 499).
A c c u l t u r a t i o n is one of the s u s t a i n i n g p r o ­
c e s s e s w h e r e b y m i n o r i t i e s a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d into
the d o m i n a n t c u l t u r e .
The term, w h e n u s e d to
d e f i n e a p r o c e s s , r e f e r s to the c h a n g e s in
i n d i v i d u a l s (and, if s h a r i n g the s a m e .e x p e r i e n c e s ,
g r o u p s of i n d i v i d u a l s ) w h o s e p r i m a r y l e a r n i n g
has b e e n in o ne c u l t u r e and who t a k e over
t r a i t s fro m a n o t h e r c u l t u r e .
The p r o c e s s ... t a k e s p l a c e on two l e v e l s :
b e h a v i o r a l v e r s u s a t t i t u d i n a l or e x t e r n a l and
i n t e r n a l (in c o n t e m p o r a r y w r i t i n g on a c c u l t u r a ­
t i on).
E x t e r n a l a c c u l t u r a t i o n is b e h a v i o r in
w h i c h m a t e r i a l c u l t u r e , e v e r y d a y l a n g u a g e and
s e c u l a r r o l e s are a c q u i r e d .
( M a r d e n ) (7:34, 437).
The t e r m a c c u l t u r a t i o n is w i d e l y a c c e p t e d
a m o n g A m e r i c a n a n t h r o p o l o g i s t s as r e f e r r i n g to
t h o s e c h a n g e s set in m o t i o n by c o m i n g t o g e t h e r
of s o c i e t i e s w i t h d i f f e r e n t c u l t u r a l t r a d i t i o n s .

i

6

The t e r m r e m a i n s s o m e w h a t a m b i g u o u s but p e r ­
s i s t e n t u s a g e g i v e s it t he m e a n i n g of c u l t u r a l
assimilation., or r e p l a c e m e n t of o n e set of
c u l t u r a l t r a i t s by another., as in r e f e r e n c e feo
i n d i v i d u a l s in c o n t a c t s i t u a t i o n s as m o r e or
less " a c c u l t u r a t e d . "
As d e f i n e d by R o b e r t R e d f i e l d , R a l p h L i n t o n
and M e l v i l l e H e r s k o v i t s , as m e m b e r s of the
S o cial S c i e n c e R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l , in 1935s
"Acculturation comprehends those phenomena
w h i c h r e s u l t w h e n g r o u p s of i n d i v i d u a l s h a v i n g
different c ul tu re s come into c o nt i nu ou s f i r s t ­
hand c o n t a c t , w i t h s u b s e q u e n t c h a n g e s in the
o r i g i n a l c u l t u r a l p a t t e r n s of e i t h e r or b o t h
groups."
( I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n c y c l o p e d i a of the
S o c i a l S c i e n c e s ) (9:21).
S o c i o l o g i s t s and c u l t u r a l a n t h r o p o l o g i s t s
have d e s c r i b e d the p r o c e s s e s a n d r e s u l t s of
e t h n i c " m e e t i n g s " u n d e r s u c h t e r m s as " a s s i m i ­
l a t i o n " and " a c c u l t u r a t i o n . "
S ometimes these
t e r m s h a v e b e e n u s e d to m e a n the s a m e t hing;
in o t h e r u s a g e s t h e i r m e a n i n g , r a t h e r t h a n
being identical, have overlapped.
Sociolo­
g i s t s are m o r e l i k e l y to use " a s s i m i l a t i o n " ;
a n th ro p o l o g i s t s have favored " a c c ul t ur at i on "
and h a v e g i v e n it a n a r r o w e r but g e n e r a l l y
consistent meaning.
( G o r d o n ) (4:61).
The p r o c e s s of l e a r n i n g a c u l t u r e d i f f e r e n t
from the o n e in w h i c h a p e r s o n was o r i g i n a l l y
r a i s e d is c a l l e d a c c u l t u r a t i o n .
L e a r n i n g the
f i r s t c u l t u r e s is s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d s o c i a l i z a t i o n ,
sometimes e n c u l t u r a t i o n .
Learning other cUltres
is c a l l e d a c c u l t u r a t i o n .
The p r o c e s s of an
o u t s i d e r ' s b e i n g a c c e p t e d as a g e n u i n e m e m b e r
of a new s o c i a l g r o u p is c a l l e d a s s i m i l a t i o n .
One is a c c u l t u r a t e d to a c u l t u r e , a s s i m i l a t e d
int o a s o c i e t y .
One p r o c e s s c a n o c c u r w i t h o u t
the o ther.
( B e r e l s o n and S t e i n e r ) (1:.646).
Thus

the c o n c e p t

among

of a c c u l t u r a t i o n
of

t wo

n ot

be

incorrect

of a t h i r d c u l t u r e

to

the

words,

given

the p a t t e r n s
it w i l l

cross-cultural

records

different

the

relationship

cultures.

Or in other

to a t t r i b u t e

process

relationship.

t he

evolution

of a c c u l t u r a t i o n

in any

7

Studies

of A c c u l t u r a t i o n
Ethnic

has

gathered

articles
written
The

studies.,

though

considerable

monographs,
on the

momentum

small

of the

minorities,

an e q u a l

place

interest

has

actually

followed

mostly

revolved

around

which
tion.

In t he

valuable
grants

and

and

were

roots

settled,

rather

has

Asians,

in

cultural

t he m u l t i p l i c i t y
Studies
and

been

made

Hindustani,

American
in the

World.

La t i n

in the

studies

Italian,

the

seems

groups
Dutch,

to

had

added
on

immi­

these

students

attention
The

oriented,
Orientals,

being

or m i n o r i t i e s ,

history

growing.

where

are

of t h i s

recollecting

the

Europe

gained

immigra­

Once

foreign

to be

U.S.

have

American

started

attracted

studied

responsible

as
for

culture.
other

of a c a d e m i c

than

For

cited

interest.

on a s s i m i l a t i o n

of c a s e - s t u d i e s .

on the

of

World.

Lately,

acculturation,
field

the

resurgence

Handlin

New

Americans

U.S.

in

relating

children

hav e

been

historiography

is no m o r e

societies

a wide

a variety

Os c a r

have

unknown

phase

issues

phenomenon,
Many

groups

The

on a g l o b a l s c a l e ,

and

anthropological

include
have

cover

of

ethnic

that

the

their

U.S.

books

studies.

The t r e n d

the

and

recent

1960s.

hitherto

like

campuses

developed

Africans

distinct

and

Old

researchers.
studies

many

people
in the

on b i g

ethnic

ethnic

encounters

in the

scholars

of m a n y

1950s,

their

immigrants
their

in t he

collection

si n c e

dissertations

experiences

relatively

a relatively

and

example,

of A r a b - S y r i a n s ,
German,

Bl a c k

and

above,

are

Sociological

acculturation
the

studies

Chinesi,
Norwegian

Greeks

8

people

in the

United

States

(Tannous;. 1943;.. 2 6 4 — 271 ;.

Fong;. 1969;. 2 6 5 — 273 ;. T r e u d l e y ,
138-141;
Ta uber,
Most

Gary,
1964;

an

differences

of b e i n g

parts

Many

evidenced
effective

to th a t ,

cultural

these
in one

studies

immigrant

communities

witnessed

the

in a v e r y u n - A m e r i c a n
study

of the

1966).

His

Arabs

research

was

tried

to d e t e r m i n e

am ong

the

studies
Wayne

Muslim

of

life-styles

Aswad

University
of the

Detroit

area.

did

his

research

the

U.S.

the s p a t i a l

on

other

campuses

and

area.

in t h e

roots

the

their

has

on

don e

recent

scholars

an e x t e n s i v e

t ha t

of A s i f

(Wasfi;

of the

(El - K h o y ;
W as fi,

1964).

acculturation

The

in t o l i m e l i g h t

State

1977).
studies

th§

University

another

the

Muslim

S i m i l a r l y on
by

in

Arab

disseration

among

at

in G r e a t e r

Saudi s t u d e n t s

his d o c t o r a l

who

customs

Department

years,

have

continuity

Toledo.

Michigan

States

the

own

Arab c o m m u n i t i e s

(S ir y a n i ,

their

the e x p e d s B

of the m a r r i a g e

In r e c e n t

United

at

and

being

at

placS.

retained

Sociology

Detroit

32-41).

wholesomeness.

Dearborn
by

1952;

of e t h n i c

taking

ot h e r

1954;

1949;

of c u l t u r a l

Dearborn.

submitted

mobility

in D e a r b o r n

in

problems

1972).

Jordan

by

El-Kholy

student

the

the

a sort

from

in

An A r a b

Arabs

of

different

(J a m m az,
f ro m

U.S.

followed

in

groups

cultural

native

Arabs

Barbara

State

student

the

assimilation

of a c c u l t u r a t i o n

way.

Muslim

Jonassen,

persistence

form or

in the

persistence

the

cultural

of a c o m p l e t e

recent

1968;. 93-103;. C a u d i l l ,

W i t t k e , 1967 and

studies

despite

In a d d i t i o n

Campisi,

4 2 — 50;

of t h e s e

cultures,

1965,

1949;. 4 4 — 53;. D a d a b h a y ,

foreign

on

9

students

on

th e i r

research

on the

(Pido,

Besides

certain

biographies

dealing

Yankee
in

rags

riches.

to

Yankee"
many

is

ye a r s

States
tant

and

culture

of his
th e n

U.S.

to

are

a donor

its

tionship,

the

of a d o m i n a t i n g
which
ethnic

in t h i s

part

an

Iranian

culture

while

influence
than

of the

of

U.S.

where

to

is

of t h e

operates

who

spent

United
an

impor­

Pakistani
in

in

the
rela­

is m o r e

Pakistani
as

the

American

a mutual

American culture

that

from

1969).

Pakistanis
it

ri s e

assume

It r e f e r s

No d o u b t ,

A

is

in the

counterpart

the

U.S.

of a c c u l t u r a t i o n

phenomenon

setting.

auto­

"A P e r s i a n

to

(Ali,

American

who

his

education

country

the

student

the c o n c e p t

the

its

Arab

col­

culture,

a minority

culture.
The

the

with

nature

be ci t e d

n o w have

their

in

Similarly,

his

study,

recipients.

but

P ido's

groups

lands

writing

and d e s c r i b e s

government.

socio-cultural
as

by

higher

to

describe

distant

of a S y r i a n

of

for

the

present

done.

t o w n c an

ethnic

experiences

1945).

returned

interacts

cUlture

their

account

the

from

studies

States

life

with

used

American

with

(Rizk,

another

position

been

ethnic

the U n i t e d

In our
has

treating

is an a c c o u n t

settled

being

in a M i d w e s t e r n

individuals

to the

are

1977).

researches

contributed

Syrian

communities

Phillipnoes

as an e x a m p l e .

lectively,

native

present

attitudes,

South-East

study

habits

Michigan,

and

attempts

to

life-etyles

keeping

in v i e w

assess
of the
t he

the c h a n g e s

in

Pakistanis

in

cultural

diversity

10

and

reciptivity

based

ethnic

backgrounds

degree

the

into

the

taneous

evolution

of a t h i r d

Pakistani-American

recreation

and

of ea c h

every

her

familial^

The

fi r s t

arrival,
four

when
the

early

once
U.S.

ment.

he
and

This

final stage
fro m

ninth

in the

U.S.

certain
working,

chapters
the

or s h e

has

the

can

cul­

pinpoints

roughly

he

s t udy,

fehe

describe

or

ethnic

some

of c e r t a i n

consciousness

etc.

the

stay

U.S.,

no m a t t e r

his

or

background
of

enters

a development

sta y
for

in

familarity

or s he

rejection

in

for t h r e e

of t h e

food,

stages

attitudes

shock

concept

three

ethnic

li v e d

the

like dresses,

in t h e

m on t h after

By t h e n

the

Pakistani

consciously

early period

early

rest

or t e n t h

given

simul­

study.

of our

and

individual

shows

covers

attitudes,

The

culture

is a n o t h e r

like r e c e p t i o n ,

a n d the

gained

once

donor

presupposed

relates

The

has

the

habits

Pakistani

stage

recognition,

has

habits

months.

to

and

s u b cul t u r e .

professional

stages

community-

w h i c h we

religiosity

author

and

culture

covers

The p r e s e n t

the

A m e r i c a n and

environment

attitudes

values,

in

present

of t he

following

of a c c u l t u r a t i o n

American

in our

American

In t he

professional

of a t h i r d c u l t u r e ,

interaction

the

existence

to

reciprocate

consideration

in

familial.,

of the m e m b e r s

Pakistanis

The
tures

on the

the

early

second

fou r

new

of s t a b i l i t y
gone.

time,

which

the

arrival

The

has d e v e l o p e d

which

sh o w the p l a c e

three

variables.

stage

third

the

in

environ­

and

generally
of

three

months

with the

is

be.

covering

the

to

might

self­
and

starts

individual

associations

of a c c u l t u r a t i o n

and

MICHIGAN

11

Ontario, Canada

Mackinaw

• Traverse City

m

Grand Rapids

0

Saginaw

• Flint

0 Lansing
0

Kalamazoo
Jackson Ann

ii

rwinds^r

Lake Erie
Indiana

Ohio

Purpose

Th ere
the

has been

ethnic

finds

cause

multiplicity

this

of the

Study

an i n t e r e s t

the m i n o r i t i e s ,
one

of

given
trend

growing

of the

in

everytime

nation,

a cultural

very much

hetero-ethnic

re a l

nature

and

to

particularly,

set-upand

study

In the

practical

of the

U.S.,

be­

American

society.
So

far

like
and

the

Asians

othe r
the

Japanese
in

in

The

Am erica.

from

the
the

not

have

proportion

studies

on t h e

t he

the

Iranians

academic

research

numbers,

plus

The

present

Arabs

into the cultural
U.S.
been

The

ove r

the

Pakistan,
prised

are

been

while

recent

the

have
The

experiences

in

as

a case

study,

or

of t h e

entire

Pakistani

of a

ethnic

groups

the n e x t

on the

list

and

minimal.
d on e

the p e o p l e
Some

quite

Re­

recently

Indians,. P a k i s t a n i s
not u n d e r g o n e
being

in t h e

pioneer

o f t he

community

attention

reasons

and

Chinese

Asian

arrivals

a modest

exhaustively

The

Iranians

almost

have

far.

is

other

that

U.S.

some

Arabs,

America

so

Pakistani

selected

microcosm

in

their

study

to

are

by a few Arab s c h o l a r s ,
a nd

in the

Phillipnoes
on

treated

attracted

sub-continent

searchers

been

ethnic minorities

few s c h o l a r s

while

have

a ny

their

U.S.
effort

Pakistanis

South-East
better

small

l ook

in the

Michigan

to say,

community

to

has

a

spread

all

U.S.
like

of m a n y

many

other

ethnic

nations

groups

who

in t h e
derive

w orld,
their

is com-— ,

origin

on

a geo-linguistic
shaped
with

basis.

by s p e c i a l

sub-cultural

the m a i n s t r e a m

ways.

Like

and

very dominant
Family

away

from

role

the

name

of the

Muslims

only

in

lip

in e n t i r e

future.

service

stanis

consider

nature

of the

skills

s ee m

In sh ort,

an

refuge
in

Islam

and

to be v e r y
of the

in

to

th a t ,

be

it.

lik e

academic

determining

Pakistanis
Profession
bringing

habits

the a t t i t u d e s

in

ideals
Islamic

the

cultural

of t h e s e

standing,

in

modern
the

Michigan.
p l a y a vir y

change

community

Paki­

Similarly,

variables

Ethnicity

pay

never

of c e r t a i n

South-East

and

to get

a few

policy.

knowledge

sys­

Pakistanis

Quite

a

Created

r e l i g i o n , bit, s t i l l ,

the

role

plays

the

a tru e

many

society

family

harbors

and

modern

a Pakistani

as a c o m p l e t e

definitive

ar e m o r e

Religion

for

world,

background,

jobs

rural

Pakistani

extended

Pakistan

th e i r

with

different

a n ew c o u n t r y .

way to c r i t i c i z e

Family,

and

ones.

with

Despite

to

professional

live s

main

of r e l i g i o n ,

of the

daily

ru r a l

frustrations

go out

t he

the

centers

groups,

interact

in m a n y

society,

The u r b a n

along

is the

in the

society

tha n

culture

Eastern

of t h e s e

environments

b e i n g in majority,,

th a t m o b i l e .

industrial

tem.

American

a ny othe r

agrarian population
is not

The a t t i t u d e s

in the

members.

Methodology
Observation

and

participation

c omm u ni ty members.

in the

daily

lives

of the

Collection
talks
The

and

of

information

some

author

relevant

received

through

information

questionnaire

The

are

sort

of

schedule

of

personal

The

family

reunions

by

Pakistanis

t he

The

numerous

sive

u se

ti o n .
is

unknown,

should

not

a random

be

reached.

and

South

strength
About
all

100

but

their

lesser

Ohio,
helped

Pakistani
listed

serial

identity.

variety

in o t h e r

So t h e

to

places

an e x t e n ­

and

numbers

of i n f o r m a ­
in

830 and

th i s

w as

done

of r e s p o n d e n t s

could

of M i c h i g a n ,

Wisconsin,

Minnesota

in g e t t i n g

reached

of them

in

area

similarly

a sampling

we r e

avoid

organized

Michigan.

in the p r e s e n t

All

areas

South-East

tremendously

a b ove.

were

meetings,

of p a r t i e s

parts

N e w York,

respondents

numbers,

So

these

of g e t - t o ­

social

exceed

made

to

in d i f f e r e n t

Pakistanis

323.

arguments

interview

in c o l l e c t i o n

not

tha n

The t r a v e l s

the

of

the

so that

Illinois,

for

of

should

basis,

the means

allotted

it

D a k ota,

sorts

to d i f f e r e n t

number

another

scores

prayers,

helped

intensive

of information

people

in all p a r t s

the

In a d d i t i o n

attended

all o t h e r

travels

be

on

Indiana,

and

exact

the

through

60 q u e s t i o n s .

while

through

channels

religious

of t e l e p h o n e

The

in n a t u r e ,

with

people

contains

questions.

author

picnics,

about many

which

sought

t he m a i n

contacts

Michigan.

gethers,

was

w h i c h has 162

questionnaires,
the

general

information

interviews,

study material*

a preliminary
questions

informal

have

the

study .

through
been

the d i s c l o s u r e

of

the p a r e n t h e s e s ,

15
througout
whose

the

present

positions

present

are

sometimes,

the

assure

full

All

the

ti o n s
use

were

data,

should

r ead

were

very

with
h as

been

Many

been

fi r s t

terms,

s t u d y a nd

variable

in its

on the

in

basis

of

for

of t h e i r

family

any capacity

in

author

use d

precise
oRly
but

has

South-East

so th a t

fcho

the s t u d y

inter-discipli­
study

in o r d e r

and

t he

following

one,

Terms
concepts
at

of

for

the

also,

"Third

different

definitions.

marital

places

Family,

institution

represents
among

status

and

Culture"
in
as

the
the

of f a m i l y

the

age

the

Pakistanis

ti e s

with

the

Pakistan.

"profession"
Any

ques­

avoided

present

a differentiation

in

evidence.

theses.

t h a n the

age,

and

to

the r e s e a r c h

A very

in the

used

different

models,

Basic

been

members

of t h e m e a n i n g .

about

and.,

appendix.

of

not

was

information

flow.

the

the

context,

Similarly,
se n s e

have
need

It s t a n d s

remaining

of the

cards,

cassettes

questionnaire

other

stands

Pakistani

factor.

The

adopted

aspect

added

"acculturation"

present

individuals,

par t

in a n s w e r i n g

exhaustive

Definition

or

last

enthusiastic

a consistent

different

h ave

of the

way.

or

The p r e l i m i n a r y
both,

for the

on r e g u l a r

on t he

helpful

relaxed

figures

approach

to c o v e r

in the

recorded

authenticity

in a v e r y

of

nary

and

was

tape-recording

respondents

project

listed

stand

dissertation.

The i n f o r m a t i o n

the

study.,

has

been

Pakistani
Michigan

used

studying
has

been

in its
or

very under

working

taken

as a

in

16
professional.
sici a n s ,
factory

In o t h e r

lawy e r s ,
workers,

housewives

have

engineers,
Pakistanis

bee n

The s k i l l e d
lawy e r s ,

are

collar

working

part-time,

attendants

and

labor.

or

working
as

babysitters

as u n - s k i l l e d

Pakistani

Pakistani

in

back

provinces

of

Pakistan,

wi t h

from

different

ethnic

Along

wi t h

cludes

an

the

equally

ru ral,

important

Pakistanis

Scheme

of

in

the

Chapter
culture
up o n

tribal
roles

a nd

pro­

as m e m b e r s

Pakistani

students

janitors,

parking-

considered

s t udy.

has

The

un­

semi-skilled

represent

a cle ar

variations.
overlapping,

groups,
the

urban

in the

South-East

Pakistani

living

Pakistani

ethnic

The

four

derive
in t h e s e
society

variations,

cultural

cut

which

changes

among

their
a r eas.
in­
play
the

Michigan.

Chapters
1 is a b r i e f

similar

U.S.

some

division,

study

and a c c u l t u r a t i o n .

the

in the

geo-linquistic

ethnic

engineers,

Michigan.

home,

ba s e d on

even

semi-skilled

personnel,

South-East

society,

and

physicians,

factories

been

present

division,

origins

the

like

h ave

as

labor

employees,

o d d jobs

while
in

laborers

in our

collar

are

working

professionals

blue

st a t e

phy­

professionals.

skilled
well

at

Simultaneously,

other

teachers,

pharmacists,

teachers,

Pakistanis

of blue

lot

taken

students,

professionals

pharmacists

fessionals

w ords,

studies

It s e r v e s

as

It,

of t h e

concepts

of t h i r d

simultaneously,

done

on c e r t a i n

an

introduction

ot h e r
to

touches
ethnic

our

groups

study,

too.

17
The
in

its

three

second

chapter

historic

and

cultural

variables

has

been

w it h

a survey

tani

society.
Chapter

tion

to

ship

between

the

Hemisphere

3 discovers
foreign
the

has

bee n

This

of the

Pakistani

certain

an e f f o r t

to

into

same

of the

the

the

The

w it h

in the

community

the

the

U.S.
under

community

past

on

the

migra­

the
few

touches

study.

along

relation­

general

and

the

Pakis­

Pakistani

ages.

through

of

chapter

sub-continetnt and

de a l s

the

the

study

s p e c t r u m of

origins

of the

of the

look

urban

through

also,

in

The

Western
centu­

overview
upon

the

Chapter

basis

2 is

of

the

variables.
Chapter

4 is an e f f o r t

to

encompass

the

initial

ex­

the

in

the

T he

pace

accul­

periences

of

turation,

which

the

and

community

features

with

ascertained

chapter,

of P a k i s t a n

perspectives.

the

lands

people

introduction

dealt

of the r u r a l

ries.

three

is an

habits

and

Pakistanis
is n a t u r a l l y

the

attitudes

U.S.

slow,

has

of the

be e n

of

ascertained

Pakistanis

in

in

South-East

Michigan.
Chapter
of the
tural
the

Pakistanis,
crisis

been

Their
new

is

chapter.

5.

the

second

starts

soon

The e v o l u t i o n

by the

Pakistanis

stability

among

to t h e i r

socio-cultural

Chapter

which

The

assessed

loyalties

with

over.

participation

in t h i s
has

5 deals

in

different
own

phase

in a c c u l t u r a t i o n

after

the e a r l y

of a third
in

the

environment

are

the

culture

it m a k e a n o t h e r
habits and

groups

cultural

cul­

of

theme

attitudes

Pakistanis.

institutions
main

a nd

topics

in

a

in

the

Chapter
tio n

in

its

6 is

third

feel c o m p l e t e l y
consolidation
changed

final

their

temendously

observations
study.

and

adjusted

in

Chapter

an e f f o r t

7 is

made

in

stage.,

since

the

they

and

the

when

in A m e r i c a

habits

the

to s ee

and

Conclusion^

and

of

accultUra

th e c o m m u n i t y m e m b e r s
pas s

attitudes,

arrived

previous

process

through
which

the

have

first.
is

chapters

a summary
of the

of some

present

19

Table

The
in

1.

Estimated
South-East

Total

Population

Michigan.

of the

(Adults

Pakistanis
"I

only)

Lansing

55

Ann

45

Arbor

Jackson

andKa la m az oo

Detroit

Area

Total

40
6 10
750

The s o u r c e s for the i n f o r m a t i o n in t h e s e t a b l e s are
v a r i e d like p e r s o n a l o b s e r v a t i o n , c o n t a c t s , p a r t i c i p a t i o n
and also i n f o r m a t i o n p r o v i d e d by the f o r e i g n s t u d e n t s o f f i c e s
on d i f f e r e n t c a m p u s e s a n d by the l o c a l P a k i s t a n i s o r g a n i z a t i o n s
or i n d i v i d u a l s .

20

Ta b l e

The
of

2

Division
Martial

of

the

Pakistani

Community

on

the

Basis

Status.

Approximate

Married

500

Single

250

Males

545

Females

205
750

Total

= 750

21
Table

The

3

Distribution

Ba s i s

of

of

the

Pakistani

Community

on

the

Profession.
Approximate

Total

= 750

Students
(including part-time)

160

Skilled

200

Professionals

Semi-Skilled
Housewives

Personnel

190
200

22
Table

4

The D i s t r i b u t i o n
on the

Ba s i s

of the

of t h e i r

Pakistanis

Urban/Rural

in

The

Michigan

Backgrounds.

Urban

40 0

Rural/Tribal

350

Total

Table

South-East

750

5

Classifications

student)

on

the

of the

Basis

of

Pakistani

their

Professionals

Urban/Rural

Urban

200

Rural/Tribal

190

Total

390

Origins.

(non­

23

Table

The
on

6

Classification
the

Ba s i s

of the

of t h e i r

Pakistani

Rural/Urban

Ur b a n

Skilled

Origins.

130

Rural/Tribal
To tal

70
200

Professionals

24

Table

The

7

Classification

student)

Labor

on

of
the

the

Pakistani

Basis

of t h e i r

Urban

Total

The

Urban/Rural

Origins.

120
190

8

Distribution

Basis

(non­

70

Rural/Tribal

Table

Un-Skilled

of t h e i r

of t h e

National

Spouses

of the

Pakistanis

Origins.

Pakistanis
Americans

160
33

Others

7
Total

200

on the

Table 9
Distribution of the Pakistani Students on the Basis of their Rural/Urban
and Age Grouping

Province

Rural
of
Tribal

Urban

20-30

30-40

40-50

8

60

33

12

Punjab

20

47

52

10

5

Frontier

10

13

15

6

2

1

1

Sind

Baluchistan

2

•

3

Sub-Total
=

68
67

=

Total

23
2
160

K

26

Table

The

1G

Division

Michigan

on

of the
the

Pakistani

Basis

of

Community

in

South-East

Ethnicity.

Approximate

Si n d

355

Punjab

350

Frontier
Baluchistan

A3
2
750

Total

= 750

27

Table

The

11

Division

Ba s i s

of the

of t h e i r

Pakistanis

Ideological

in

South-East

Michigan

the

Outlooks

Approximate

Religious

on

Conservatives

Liberals

225
45

Moderates

270
To tal

750

Tot al

= 750

28

Table

The

12

Classification

on the

Basis

of the

of thei r

Pakistani

Ideological

Religious

Conservatives

100
Total

East

80
20

Moderates

The

Professionals

Outlooks

Liberals

Ta b l e

Skilled

200

13

Classification
Michigan

of the

on the

Basis

Religious

Pakistani
of t h e i r

Conservatives

Students

Ideological

40

Liberals

40

Moderates

80
Total

in

160

SouthOutlooks

Table

14

The

Classification

of the

the

Basis

Ideological

of

their

Religious

Spouses

of the

Conservatives

55
Total

on

200

15

Classification
the

140
5

Moderates

The

on

Outlooks

Liberals

Table

Pakistanis

Baeis

of

of the

Pakistani

Ideological

Religious

Blue-Collar

Outlooks

Conservatives

130

Liberals

20

Moderates

40
Total

190

Labor

Chapter

2

Pakistan

This
of

chapter

Pakistan

in o r d e r

of the

Pakistani

survey

deals

the

in

the

and

acculturation

he

was

first

a nd

in

a separate

55).
as

The

Indian
1947,
states

known

to

land
by

of

the

pure

Chaudhary

Cambridge

for

the

"Pakistan"
from

In d i a

another

the

of

Pakistan,

30

cam e

in

in

in t o

t he

roles

part

in

India.

identity

Ind ia

its

variables--

of

1933,

w ho

of the

two

1971,
wing,

independent

was

believed

(Aziz,

existence

eastern

while

He

groups

in t o

the U.S.

a Persian

England.

In D e c e m b e r ,

wh e n

became

Ali

and

in t h e i r

people--is

religious

British

Pakistan.

partition

the

other

Pakistan

partition
and

denoted

Our

three

sub-continent,

Muslims

background

respective

Rehmat

people

structure

in th i s

University

country

of

The

their

Background

Indo-Pak

the

East

determine

Historical

nation

social

Pakistan.

the

wit h

as

of

the

Michigan.

Ethnicity--aredescribed

sub-continent.

underwent

history,

from

word

a separate

South-East

the

and

socio-cultural

Pakistanis

at

student

the

country

of the

conceived

studying

a Muslim

in

sub-cultures

Pakistan--the
word,

estimate

with

perspective

Geographical

characterize

community

Profession

Pakistani

to

briefly

different

F a m i ly,

will

Revisited

1967;

Muslims
in the

on

August

independent
Pakistan
formerly

state

of

14,

PAKISTAN

G IL G IT

CHITRAL

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R A W A LPIN D I
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JUNAGADH & MANAVADAB

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32

Bangladesh.
Himalayas
S outh.
and
on

The

in the

extreme

Pakistan

Iran
the

on

the

South.

Northern

The

edges

as

the

of

River
stems

fro m

Baltistan
Punjab
1965).

the

Sind,

Thus,

The

high

snow-clad

the

steppes

the

barren

deserts

of

tropical
miles

away

g a t e w a y to
hordes

the

units
the

empties

and

the

the

h ills ,

the

the

Ku s h

c i t y of

from C e n t r a l

West

rivers

to

the

Arabian

and

Pakistan,

plains
Sea.

a re

weather

and

scores

has

w orld ,
of

of

(Fai r l y ,

young

green

P ass

the

terrain

Suleiman

Khyber

Asia,

borders

of

in

features

plains

The

the

country.

N o rth,

Peshawer
for

along

of t h i s

green

regions,

disputed

mountaneous

the

the

(NWFP),

Wild

geographic

historic

fr o m

Sea

Himalayas.

of t he

areas

of the

Baluchistan.

sub-continent

of i n v a d e r s

as

in the

of H i n d u

The

third

richness

lush

away

Province

life-line

mountains

Arabian

twain g e o g r a p h i c

into

of d i v e r s e

the

in the

mightiest

brings

dry.

fr o m

known

NWFP,

mountains

a nd

Iran,

and

20 m i l e s

tribal

through

of t h e

North

One

flows

a land

Sind

four

and som e

it m a k e s

is

Afghanistan

Frontier

one of

and

Pakistan

East;

frontiers

Sind.

geographic

Indus,

and

and

and

and

T ib et,

on the

only

Kashmir

comprise

India

is

territory

Afghanistan

in the

by

of

the

Gcean

U.S.S.R.

comprises

from

Indian

the

Pakistani

stretches

to the

on

Punjab

also,

North

North-Western

of

Pakistan

China

Balachistan,

wit h

of

is b o r d e r e d
West;

Pakistan
known

territory

country.
and

climates.

valleys
joined
and

is

lies

by

the

ari d

mostly
a few

served

as

of c e n t u r e s .

Afghanistan

in

and

a
The
Iran

33

used

the

ages.

Pass

in

Karachi,

ports

in t he

L a h ore,
urban

centers

of

and

provided

B.C.

The
proved

the

years

basic

of t he
of t h e

the

Turks,

Ar a b s
ing in

efforts

the
of

and

h ad

conquered

roles

the

busiest

Peshawer,

as the m a i n

northern
Muslim

with

the

of

India

factor

by

in

ethnic

in t h i s

traders

A.D.

of the
and

region
This

and

Afghans

of old
long

during

religion

travellers

this

religious
the

Huns,

contributed

Pakistan.

before

sub-continent

other

of the

mad e

Ku shans,

the

multiplicity

in 711
parts

the

Great,

hi&feory of

India,

artistic

and

heritage
the

developing
in

Indus

Indo-Aryan

evolution

ancient

culture,

Mongols

The

Alexander

inthe

Greeks,

is c o m p r i s e d

cultural

the

past

and

rich

its c o u n t e r p a r t s

format

of

of t h e i r

The f a m o u s

1950).

the

the

arrived
Sin d

conscious

intellectual,

the

Is lam

like

(Wh e e l e r ,

Buddhist

Persians,

cultural

of the

many centuries

Greco— Bactrian

The

to t h e

th e i r

civilization

pursuits.
Arabs,

one

cities

contemporary

a vital

The

cradel

India t h r o u g h

undercurrents-

invasion

Pakistan.

the

back

was

the

Gandhara

area

is

very, m u c h

China.

well-known

golden

are

cross-cultural

Pakistan.

in 327

play

int o

Pakistan.

stretches

in M e s o p o t a m i a

South,

historic

Quetta

Civilization

culture

in the

Pakistanis

of n u m e r o u s

expenditions

while

a nd
of

history which

Valley

deep

world

Multan

The

their

has

the
been

w i t h th e
fr o m

Muslim
spread­
vigorous

other

parts

of

t

34

Muslim

world.

The

the

long phase

the

sub-continent,

in

of

the

18th

and

spread

over

many

the

Muslims

dynasties
and

Arabic,
the

official

(Ahmed,

a nd

known

as Urdu,

Sindhi

on

The

evolution

and

in d i v e r s i t y .

the

Despite

of m a n y

of the

century,

European

Muslims

is

Asia

as

India

in the

added

rul e

sub-continent.
as

in

well

like

Pushto,
with

of a n e w

national

as

India.

interacted

these

language

language

an a f t e r - e f f e c t

resulted

heritage

the

the

British

mainstream

interaction

in d i f f e r e n t

Pakistan

of

of M u s l i m s '

of

area

in

Pakistan

with

tensions,

the

with

Since
Hindus

strains

and

Tradi­
the

early
and

and

its

culture

values.

started

India.

finds

linguistic

non-Indian

of the
rul e

of

provincial,

Indian and

modernization

cosolidation
the

cultural

variations,

admixture

tionally,

of Urdu

ruling

linguistic

languages

the

of

India.

ethnic

sub-cultural

a nd

emergence

presently

heritage

In d i a

of

rulers

India,

Central

religious

Baluchi

the

in

int o

Muslim

regional

caused
is

the

of

ruled

as

different

residing

the

a nd

rule

conquests

were

during

local

which

The

invasions

is an

The

gradually,

Pakistan.

roots

Persian

These

cultural

society

them

cultural

they moved

ethnic,

languages

Kashmiri,

thus,

the

started

Muslims

replaced

originated

and

Ar a b s

The

Muslim

became

whence

the

India.

The

Muslims

Muslim

by

British

invasions

a nd

1969).

Punjabi,

from

in the

Turkish

in

century.

India

of the

Sind

sub-continent.

Their

dimensions

the

dynasties,

Afghanistan,

of

rul e

until

19th

of the

realities

Muslim

in the

conquerers.
new

conquest

19th

the

reactions

35

on

the

part

of the

themselves

to the

long

could

of

time,

power.

The

introduced

new
not

Due

Indian

Muslims

overcome

to t h e i r

in

the

in

the

were

fro m

and

their

quick

Muslims,

shock

India,

agrarian

ti m e

Hindus

but

benefited

British

to o k

The

changes,

Hindus

by the

behind.

Indians.

even

suffered

western
while

by

adjust
after

the

Muslims

loss

lagged

background,

adjustment

a

institutions

the

martial

to

to

the

the

changing

exigencies.
The
provinces

geographical
in

thi s

lega cy.

kept

behind

the

Royal

Except

the

significant

of

deprived

Since
extent

of the

the

Independence,

tragically

urban

with

the

the

there

from

was

other

for m a n y

province

and

opened

orthodoxy

a nd

but

ha s
t he

out-moded

a

a re as.
few

years.
did

The

improve

rest

of t h e
Raj.

overall

So

areas
the

a poo r

of l ife

in

the

imporved

to

a great

rural

the

a few mo r e

British

features

situation

centers,

the

of the

no

that

these
or

in

we r e

so

posts,

Punjab,

But

role

Pakistan,

for

explicit

same

decisive

fondness

blessings

the

army

areas

majority

government,

enrollment

interest.

religious

remained

in the

this

public

traditionalism,
economy

in

these

a very
n o w mak e

officers,

in

Muslim

Britich

maximum

British

of t h e i r

system

which

connecting

development

because

of the

played

by the

have

few r o a d s

institutions
we r e

could

to h o u s e

irrigation

provinces,

intentionally

for a

British,

sub-continent

These

Army

buildings

location

Pakistan

area.

persists

traditions.

Religion
Pakistan
the

population

is a M u s l i m
believe

in

country

Islam.

in w h i c h

Islam,

more

as we s a w

than

985o of

earlier

36

was

introduced

and

Middle

religion
factor

into

East.

of

long

ago

the

present

Pakistan

and

considered

evolution

of t h i s

a very vital

a nd

international

the

teachings

companions

area

At

in the

Islam plays

this

life

of the

are

the

To a p r a c t i s i n g
than

r a t her,

a complete

Holy

basic

a religion

every

Muslim

Islam

in c o n t e x t

code

country

time,

in the

of t h e

the

many

in

its

conventional

of

life.

national

Holy

Quran,

other

of his
Muslim.

religions,

meaning:

political

programs

sub-continent

1963).

a Pakistani

unlike

Many

determining

lifestyles

Islam,

their

main

(Pi n z a d a ,

The

for

Asia

state

individual,

and

guidelines

base

the

to be the

country.

Prophet

Central

it is

of a P a k i s t a n i .

Muslim,

is m or e

ro l e

fro m

on

it

is,

parties

Islamic

is a l i v i n g

in

ideology.

reality.

(Z a m a n , 196 4 ) .
Islam

is

suc h

a reality

pressure

groups

lik e

t he

get

away

fr o m

for

many

Pakistanis.

non-skilled
revenues

of the

Muslim
The

propagation

of

Pakistanis

forefront

in

make

Pakistan

annually.

The

home

Islam

the

has

pilgrims

the

the

international
Islam
living

of t he

are
in

Muslim

the

make

Arab

lion's

be e n
to

and

is a l s o

Pakistanis

force

Pakistan

military

easily.

labor

sent

exchange.

it

in

civil

the

share

in

one

foreign

located
lands

organizations

cannot

skilled

foreign

largest

Saudi

and

their

Pakistani

in

strong

of m o b i l i t y

a nd

of the

places

the

service

largest

organizations

mostly

even

a source

countries

sending
holy

that

groups

Arabia

working

for

the

in K a r a c h i

and

Lahore.

are

always

overseas.

in the

37

Rural

and U r b a n

Life

A majority
are

engaged

areas
in

their
have

sprung

For

spend

are

their

babies

or w a t e r

ove r

time

is

women.

The

of the

community

rural

life.

The

traditional

different

social

irrigational
brought

prosperity
people,

in the

sam e

society.

the

"Chaudhary",

is

schools

still

the

The

marriages,

individual,

hard work

cleaning,

cooking,

neighbors.

center

of

The

from

daw n
over

part

a nd

with

bring

par t

the

for

are

de

gossip
different

the

simple

folk
to

we l l

songs

the

dams

and

agriculture

s om e

special

persists

leader,

locally
fac to

have

groups

Pakistan

religious

landlord,

"Wadera",

th e i r

of r u r a l

the

for

A few

industrialized

or

of

co l o r

festivities.

areas

village

work

parcel

wives

nourishing

information

professionals

in

and

are

The

greater

and
or

over

chats

"Mullah",

leader*

li f e

arranged

entertainers

an

Although

life.

certain

patterns.

spiritual

"K han",

but

in

with

instruments

with

lik e

people

of a p e a s a n t ' s

athletic

canals

of the

the

or

rural

folks

and a r e

musical

people

other

the

main

the

tribal

with

h ous e,

village

less,

The

and

semi-nomadic

areas.

Pakistan.

village

needs

and

system

with

the

or

the

areas

hard.

evening

in the

a nd

country,

realities

talking

mor e

community

and

in r u r a l

cattle-grazing.

it is

of r u r a l

live

adjoining

the

family

the

or

the

of the

spring

rural

in

fo o d

or

are,

many,

strong

poor

a "huqqa"

Pakistanis

Baluchistan,

Sind,

up all

features

to dusk,

for

of

superiority

common

the

and

counterparts

traditional.

the

of the

NWFP

deserts

The

Pakistan

in a g r i c u l t u r e

in the

the

in

"Pir",

called
t he

as

rural

The
British

38
aristocracy

landed

Raj

in the

supporter.

Long

decide

of the

diminishing

hav e

be e n

the

jobs

the

and

of

army

the

an d

was

its

Independence,

issues

value

f a v o r i t e of the

the

facing

the

those

the

land,

find

an

lucky

ones

ha v e

landlords,

n a t ion.

many

to

staunch

ru r a l

Because
youths

alternative
been

source

abl e

to

find

overseas.
Urban

industrial
Lyallpur,
of

the

major

joining

of s u b s i s t e n c e ,

sub-continent

after

s till,

was

these

rural

centers
Lahore,

cities

represent
points

very

boasts

like

Hyderabad,

have
rich

tribal

a different
prefer

regional

to

of

associate

associations

the

areas,

another.

The

stereotypes
very

urban

about

conscious

of

new

environment.

and

it

is

country,

While
with

and

tend

the

cities,

eve n

the

their

people.

attitudes

The r u r a l

stereotypes

and

Such

"community"

affiliation

in

cities

feel

of m u t u a l

students

comfortable

own

rural

The

soldiers,

such

strongest

these

from home.

more

the

now e xp er ie nc e

channels

feel

focal

from

mai n

hav e

rural

the

the

people

who

friends
as

Be i n g

and

the

to

people

in

Most

times

draw

and

Gujranwala,

Karachi.

ancient

cities

continue

Laborers

rural

these

life.

a nd

traditions.

of the

relationship.
same

since

cultural

cultural

Rawalpindi,

Quetta

existed

areas

sort

educational,

Peshawer,

of m o d e r n i z a t i o n ,
a nd

folk s

Pakistan

wit h

is

one

and

people

insecure

from

are
in the

voluntary,

or

countries

most

distant

of the

Pakistani

society,

f ro m

home.
With
touch

upon

this
the

overview

three

variables

construed

for

our

we

can

present

study.
roles

Family,
in the

country.
or

T h e y are

role

professional

and

abroad

many

three

sh a r e

fac t o r s ,

them.

Such

differentiation

survey
help

in the

Pakistani

a nd

up

variables

in an

they

in

op e n

at

among

own
family,

living

groups

The y

among

and

are

facilitate

the m e m b e r s
towards

be l i v i n g

Pakistani

his

of t h e s e

atmosphere

o ther.

of

the

in.

the

new
The

perspective

acculturation

South-Eastern

his

looking

informal

might

of th e

or o u t s i d e

Pakistanis

attitudes

their

determination

because

discern

their

appreciation
in

but

recognition

build

community

The

important
of an

towards

without

to e a c h

environment,

of t h e s e

us

can

antagonistic

they

attitudes

together,

life

in the

within

influences.

originate

the

play

impossible

an o b s e r v e r

hostile

socio-cultural

to

play very

of the

factors

of his

things

not

c o m m u n i t y as

or

is

ethnic

groups

processes

has

evaluation

societies

Ethnicity

decisive

a Pakistani

The

foreign

and

socio-cultural

individual.
of the

Profession

will

of the

Michigan.

Family
Like
uni t

in the

among

the

and

Pakistani

Western
social

members

matrimonial

arranged

enormous

other

family

inter-family
mostly

all

with

influence

many times

the

family

structure.

is a l w a y s

on

The

the

relationships.
consent

in s u c h

authority

societies,

of

the

decisions.

also.

Thus,

is a v e r y

mutual

increase

dependence
because

The m a r r i a g e s
elders
Age

the

who

means
married

basic

of

are

wield

wisdom,
on e s

respect,

are

40

considered
Pakistan,
it

mature

where

the

is e x t r e m e l y

live.
to

more

His

li v e

difficult

education

wi t h

brings

is

more

of

It

back

Marriage

considered
his

balances

sexual

on h is

or

out

for

the

end

of an e ra

balanced

sexual

la p s e

youths

or

cities

exercise

less

to

fin d

are

in
co nt r o l ,

a place

guarantee

of time,

and

for

him

to

a pla ce

married

pressure

positive

conduct

in the

by p u t t i n g

permitted,

attain

the

for

the

in

start

institution

of

to

the

intention

parents.
individual
and

there

is no

is the

Pakistan
an e ra

individual

So

an

checks

so m a r r i a g e

of an

overnight.

on

of the ir

youth

with

Pakistan

Marriage

and

lif e

force

In

the

rural

on v a c a t i o n

Pakistan,

parents

stabilizes

aspirations.
sex

in

relieves

a young

some

fulfillment.

to a m a n

institution

town

of m o b i l i t y

stability

fro m a youth
the

in big

people

together,

a ve r y

moral

pre-marital

way

limited

by p u t t i n g

in s a f e g u a r d i n g

dating

cannot

of the

uncommon

village

married

is

their

is not

to his

of g e t t i n g

mo s t

relatives

towards

hurry

where

should

a bachelor

position

a very

obligations
family.

or

for

Even

children.

Marriage
which

traditionalism

in a n y a r e a

couples

a nd b a l a n c e d .

who

only

me a n s
of

changes

the m a r r i e d

p e o ple,
in t h e i r

more

ho n o r

and

respect

criterion

which

determines

with

community.
Age
respect
In the
the

of an
tribal

final

under

is

the

another

individual
and

s a y in

rural
the

hegemony

among

the

societies

commual

of t h e s e

rest
of

Pakistan,

affairs.
e l d ers,

of the

the

community
aged

Extended

plays

status

a very

and

members.

people

have

family-system,
conservative

ro l e

41
much

to

the

disgust

tions

are

passed

se n c e

of d e v o t i o n

Simultaneously,
troubled
members

on

of the

education

to

the s u c c e e d i n g

a nd

with

the

areas

from

the

elders,

institution

to

generations

with

the

sense

extended

Many

a dee p

reinforcement.
for

a

of s a c r i f i c e , the

one a n o t h e r .

mobility,

family

seems

to

marriages,

system,

be

losing

without

because
its

the

Pakistanis

frown

at m a n y

traditions

lik e

been

mor e

the

The

and

in

women
cities

that,

the

development

seriously

ha v e
are

family

given

working

influence

of

of a t t i t u d e s

orbits.

along

an

the

with

family, as

in

in

interference

outside

system.

of

sway

place

Despite

for

family t r a d i ­

taking

facilities

colleagues.

not

hand,

are

marriage

educational

The

of r e l i g i o u s

a dutiful

relate

Pakistan.

Foreign-educated
arranged

With

a faster

of

a kind

generation.

f a m i l y is a p s y c h o l o g i c a l b a l m

family

other

and

many

still

the yo u n g

individual.

On the

as

of

men

an

individual

is

disputed.

Profession
Professional
determination
in a n y

given

regard.
to

a social
caste

The

classes
economic

prevalent

needs.

agricultural

which

among

classification
can

Each

are

of a n y

in

the

professional

Thus

the

professions
different

the

individual

no e x c e p t i o n

on

is q u i t e

the

of the

be d i v i d e d

sections.

based

reality

attitudes

Pakistanis

are

stratification,

of p r o f e s s i o n

is a u n i v e r s a l

socio-cultural

society.

the

system
The

of the

Social

fulfill

background

in

th i s

pursuits
have

from

created

the

rigid

H i n du s.
Pakistani

between
of t h e s e

society

agricultural
sections

is

on t he
a nd

basis

non-

further

divided

42

into

groups

skilled

like

labor

educated,

landlords,

in

the

doctors,

clerks,

With

and

one

entered

as

of the

of s u c h

classification.

in the
the

rural

armies

sections
and

areas

of

in

in the

the

the

of

Baluchistan

clergy

has

who

Indian

society

lured

in t o

engineers,
in the

points

been

skilled

educated,

everywhere,

fo c a l

Pakistan,

previous

were

a nd

army

Punjabi

likewise,

opening

major

tenants,

physicians,

artists

colleges

Enlistment

areas,

teachers,

politicians,
schools

rural

peasants,

to the

The

a nd

many

the

British

areas.
has

determination

formed

rulers.

non­

education

confined

non­

lawyers,'

urban

in the

have

or

the

farmers

bulk

Pathans,

Baluchis
Arm y

fr o m

of
certain

Sin d

by o r g a n i z e d

propaganda.
The
Indian

British

Muslims

government

of b e i n g

commercial

class

heavily

on

the

an

discrimination

open

rural

people

o ff

the

their

the

Indians

attitude

British

and
rul e

stereotypes

different

the

towards

Army*

rural

differentiation
on

among

India
the

seem

to

and

British

be

hand,

They

jobs
and

went

the

Since

Hindu

they

applied

the

Hindus

regularly
on

the

basis

of

tribal

Muslims.

on

many

for

helped

decades

evolve

Independence

negative

diminishing

unlike

preferred

over

They,

the

depended

army and

tragically

Indians.

at

place

Muslims

from m il i ta r y

facilities

groups

The

recruitments.

for

certain

educational

in the

to c o n v i n c e

whose

in t h e i r

Indians

discrimination

m ore

enlistment

and

This

certain

military.

ones,

preferential

the

the

tried

race,

urban

this

during

In d i a

a martial

in

Muslims

over

in s e l e c t i n g
shunned

was

of

images

s l o wly.

wi t h

among

43

Ethnicity
Islam
race

or tribe.

nearness

to

generally
but

does

the

recommend

Piety

God.

tend

wit h

no t

is the

The

to

of

ethnicity

Interestingly,

the

its

geographic

house

the

which

is p r e s e n t

urban

centers.

largest

four

in

the

generally

ethnic
form

With

the

took

Muslim

to

strong
in

groups

place

settle

in

of

the

reality

majority,
Islam,

of

mutual

in

Pakistan.

is c l e a r l y

som e

of

one

defined

Pakistan

overlapping

population

1947,

color

of

provinces
wit h

diverse

f rom
in

main

in the

lack

Pakistan

along

Partition

immigrants

preferred

injunction
of the

on

a Muslim's

basic

four

of s o m e

for

Muslims

because

The

based

being

division

context.

major

touchstone

this

and

distinction

is a v e r y

ethnic

migrations

received

in

tim e

communication,

in

main

Pakistanis,

believe

lapse

any

groups

of the

sub-continent.

in

world's

Pakistan

the

I ndia n

provinces,

who

cities

rather

than

in

sm a l l

particulary

in

Pakistan,

villages.
The
trace

Muslims

their

Turkish

or

the

local

the

future

in

origin
Afghan

fr o m

regions

made

regional

languages,

Baluchi,

playing

with

of the

them

like

the

provinces,
Pakistan.

Muslim
These

linguistic

specific

present-day

the

and

generations
and

sub-continent,

origin.

population

geographical

different

the

form
The

conquerers

matrimonial
Muslims

in

different

of
the

basis

from

Punjabis,

the

had

mingled

with
produced

Muslims

Kashmiri,

the

Irani a n ,

sub-continent.

one a n o t h e r .

tongues
for

Arabian,

of t h e s e

Pushto,

mother

of

relationships
the

distribution

Punjabi,

roles

invadors

for

ethnicity

Pathans,

in

The

Sindhi

the

the

The

and

Muslims
in

in

the

Kashmiris,

44

the

Baluchis,

immigrants
origin,

The

from

but

division,

the

India ),

the

have

Sindhis,

shaped

bee n

the

known

Pathans

are

and

cultural

status

ag e s ,

int o

of s o m e

the

Muhajirs

f r o m the
with

different

(the

same

ethnic

a clear-cut
ethnic

the

decisions
and

of the

Every

clan

and

geographic

groups.

on

belt

stories

the

decent

very

tribes
and

have

around

personal

for

himself

the

in

values
Pak-Afghan

constitutional
to

many

These

Pathans

' j u r g a s 1 , who

enforce

elderly

history,

and

inspirations

w o r ld.

The
people,

honor

of its

ne a r

special

great
the

Pathans.

introduces

living

NWFP

ethnic

strong-bodied

conscious

called

The

or

fought

enjoy

been

courts,

spot.

and

and

in the

Pushto-speaking

Pathan

is

The

They

assembly

lived

plains

Afghans

hawk-nosed

have

tribal

heroic

own

trans-Attock

abode

traditions.

a nd

their

the

1976).

in P a k i s t a n .

character

Pathans,
can

become

with

superb

members

of

j u r gas.
Th e s e

of H i n d u

in the

and

a nd

and

represent

Their

people

Koh-i-Suleiman

colleges

provincial

Pathans

system.

free-spirited

Ku s h

to s c h o o l s

The

the

make

romantic

the

people

P u s h t o o n , Pakhtoons,

(Caroe,

context

borders

and

fair-skinned,

the

the

the

diversity,

them

traditional
as

through

freedom.

ha v e

likewise

Pathans

grou p,

who,

a re

linguistic

The h i l l y a r e a s
ha v e

and

in the

national
the

life-styles

in

the

hilly

are

now

sending

towns

and

ha v e

legislatures

world's
a re

living

largest

traditional

a nd
a nd

their

their

from

terrain

representatives

time

oldest

young

to

time.

tribal

Islamic,

but

45

not

archaic.

Peshawer

a nd

generation
The
engaged
has
of

up

bulk

The

then,

the

in
the

way

have

the

the

are

in his

The

Pathan

family

m al es.

in

post-Partition

very

wear

since

young

coercion

The

other

days

a nd

since

Pakistan.

fasting,

annual

witnessed

a nd

jewelry

lon g
a nd

through

in

of

health,

realities.
Pathan,
is

observance

in a P a t h a n

to

before

Frontier,

of

Mecca

community.

decorate

veil

of

roadside

pilgrimage

observe

engaged

state

tragic

the

on t he

garments,

the

are

A bearded

by

All

education,

the

people,

stress

but

the

Pathans

ti m e

sub-continent.

A majority

prayers

ma k e

to

the

are

of

Mughals'
the

and

of

facilities

irrigation

kinds

yeoman

in a p o v e r t y - s t r i c k e n

religious

driving

town

country.

offering

huge

of

Pathans

a number

Pathans

the

rest

Karachi,

a re

rendered

fo r c e

to e v e r y

can be

traditional
While

of the

Pakistan.
li k e

by

The

are

agriculture

different

ha v e

fro m

them

to

and

d ress,

in

in

There

Sind..

and

sufficient

are

in

areas,

a mechanized

in p o s t - P a r t i t i o n

farmers

of

and

isolated

of t h e i r

industry

women

with

studying

fertile

Pathans,

subjugate

for c l e r g y

selves

The

Pass

practices

respect

the

engaged

Army

Khyber

lack

scene

a nd

Pathans

attitudes.

landlords

spread

traditional

religious

Karachi

have

Pathans

a frequent

th e i r

almost

still

transportation,
The

and

in

started

Pathans

The

in p l a i n s

The m i g r a t i o n

development

affairs.

of

Pakistan

to

Pakistan

Pathans

in

been

tried

from

is a par t

country.

utterly.
in

of the

progressions

Pathan

to t h e i r

areas

the

are

of the

British

failed

urban

residing

There

India,

living

new changes

jobs.

in

cities

Pathans,

Pathans

generation

Pakistanis.

in mo r e

service

new

other

of

brought

the

The

one

them­
non­
comes

46

across

frequently

fetching

water

the

from

am o n g

themselves.

gi r l s

become

'chadders'.

girls

for

the

t he

its

us a g e

in t h e i r

the

near

the

the r o a d and

the

daily

take

tal k
Many

a n d wi l l be

is a v e r y

identity

proverbs.

P u s hto.

a nd

T h e y w i l l not

schools

The

old,

of the

Gr e a t w r i t e r s

poet-philosopher-warrior

language

these

hasten

disappeared.

Pathans

It s t r e n t h e n s

used

all

futur e.

of the

and

to

completely

attending

idioms

century,

their

has

language

the

ab o u t

The

in

language.

Khattak,
1 7t h

are

jobs

Pushto,

Kh a n

stranger

chatting

of a n y s t r a n g e r ,

their

shy

cherish

appearance

maidens

or s p r i n g ,

with

the

who

well

Pathan

backs

until

r ic h

Persian

the

their

or

a nd

of

turn

faces

competing

the

scene

quiet,

their

of t h e s e

nearly
At

to v e i l
move

usual

of the

Pathans are

a great

degree

historic

Pathans,

like

Kushal

Pathans

very

in

sensitive

of p r i d e

in

its

lives.

Punjabis
Pu n j a b ,

province

of

land

Pakistan,

sub-cultures.
ethnic

the

unity

a nd

an d

and

of

some

lying

between

offers

the

in e a r l y

19t h

1840's

and

the

most

Punjab

in

a nd

river

in

who

became

Pathan

Indus

Punjab
were

part

belongs

tribes

a n d the

was

by t he

British

the

Jats,

complete

river

followed

defeated

the

to

excepting

efficient

diverse

determines

Awans,

Punjab,

a nd

of the

and

populated

of m a n y

language,

The

P u n jab.

most

flavors

Punjabis

developed

rule

century,

is the

strong

languages.

Baluchi

region

Muslim

the

of the

the

sub-grouping

world's

rivers,

a multi-dialect

ethnographic

The

h as

identity

group

system.

five

and

Punjabi,

Indo-European
Arayeens,

of

the

the

J h e lum,

irrigational
by the

Sikhs'

British

Empire,

in

Punjab

the

47

was

called

'Swordarm

heavy enrollment

of

of
the

1971).

The

Punjabis

of t h e m

won

promotions

The

British

province

had

and

military
the

Pakistan)

carries

groups

late,

but

the

still

still

its p a c e

entire

sub-continent.

mo s t
by

mobile

landing

married
Middle

women
East

in

Pakistani
industry

and

here,

faster

is

the

even

from

assimilation
been

much

India.

of the

Th e r e

is

Punjab

of t h e
som e

19 63).

around

for

in

Raj

the

this
A

forces

India

these

Punjab

one

in

Punjabis

s om e

was

many

battlefields

which
the

became

of t h e m

Wars,

in

and

institutions

The

the

positions.

with

fastest

and

many

system.

affairs.

the

the

and a sizeable

(both

British

as

and

polarizing

British

During

the

ended

up

Punjabis
in the

Asia.
center

t he
of

any

agriculture,

other

immigrants
of t h o s e

The

1947,

all
with
who

number

ove r
the
came
of

education,

urbanization

province.

Rawalpindi,

Since

spread

a handsome

of

Government.

Lyallpur,

and

class

the m a j o r

lands.

is

fondness

irrigational

India

tha t

than

of

of the

helm

centers.

India

easier

its

have

the

than

urban

in

sort

of

(Malik,

a nd m i l i t a r y

a neo-feudal

areas

of

civil

British

Punjab

are

moved

W ars

some

South-East

Sialkot,

big

World

(Singh,

in

Gujranwala,
the

the

present

to

foreign

and

in bot h

in m o d e r n i z a t i o n

people
in

Army.

British

the

lucky

helped

Royal

legacy

at

because

the

became

The

British

in

improve

group

Pun jab.

three

in

beauracracy,

pressure

British

fought

to

by the

Punjabis

developed

tried

strong-headed

India'

Multan

millions
the

Lahore,
and
of

immigrants

province.

Punjabi

The

background

fr o m o t h e r

immigrants

Sargodha

has

provinces

from t he

of

disputed

48

territory

of K a s h m i r

Partition

and

in the

minds
The

with
The

rural

mosque

other

Punjabi

Punjabis

village

in r u r a l

life.

The

The

Punjabi

Family

'bi r a d a r y '

very

crowds

very

sc a r s

1965).

hard-working
in

the

role

sung

make

produced

Punjabis
important

the

bright
the

ove r

roles

peasants

of a s m a l l

fro m

all

Army.

in the

the

at

the

people

British

spectrum
are

which

movies,

of t he

play

the

The

many

landlord,

folklores

sports,

l eft

important

The

make

1948.

(Singh,

experiences

the

Punjabi

h av e

simple,

Punjabis.

rural

attract

Wars

since

Punjabis.

very

play

the

in L a h o r e ,
and

new

are

rural

Punjab,

Kashmir

professionals

village.
and

in

of t h e i r

'mullah'

of the

festivities

t he

old and

stories

a nd

lives

on

of t h e

numerous

daily
a nd

later

residing

feature

studios

Pakistan.

in

the

social

relationship.
Punjabi
taught
has

the

in the

been

jabis

is

widely

schools

replaced

correspond

higher

Punjabi

in
in

spoken

as
the

Urdu

academic,

in

or

civil

a medium

of

considered

impolite

by m a n y

pite
the

prefer

this,

The

and

among

popular

Punjabi
t he

English

as

but

music

a spoken

but

no t

extent,

in

liked

widely

The

and

h as

use

is,

of

rather,

interes­

children.

appreciated

language

Pun­
In

the

Punjabis,
their

not
Punjabi

Punjabi.

departments,

to

is

English.

Such

English
is

or

is not

Punjabis.
or

Punjab

To a l a r g e

or m i l i t a r y

Urdu

in

by U r d u

conversation

teach

Punjabi

country,

following

to

used

Pushto.

schools

as

tingly,

and

still

all

Des­
over

a big

masses.

Baluchis
Baluchistan

is

the

largest

province

of

Pakistan.

It

is

49

mostly
vast

arid

and

deserts.

Baluch

ethnic

distributed
tries

the

political
g roup.

Every

300,000

the
been

the

control

from

who,

like

Mo s t

of

camels

fed

Baluchis

are

are

hills

tribes

semi-nomadic
over
The

the

entire

Baluchi

w hile,

Baluchi

ancestory.
in

coun­

Baluch­

been

the

ethnic

every

engaged

of the

three

has

and

people

Pakistani

population,

a n d are

are

where

fifth

Pun­

Around
skilled

or

in

considered

the

a re

accustomed

Baluchistan

and
to a

in s h e e p - h e r d i n g
The
is

caravans

ric h
and

British

the

life

Bugtis

in

and

and

Sin d

have

British

to o k

of

is the

sort

Army

the

hard-working

and
a re

use

poorest

over

present

f o r ces.

toughest

which

feudalism

a n d at

armed

their

frequent

prevail

of

people

free-spirited

in m i n e r a l s ,

disease

Pakistan

so m e

are

tribes

until

courageous

a chauvinistic
the

which

Baluchi
area

a clan-style

18540's.

Poverty

in

li v e

largest

The

very

engaged

Pathans,

of the

in e a r l y

Baluchistan

served

Tragically,

some

the

1968).

Pathans,

heavy enlistment
diers

the

tribes,

unexplored.

people,

are

is a B a l u c h i

transportation*

Baluchistan.
mostly

them

t he

for

of the

Karachi

dynasties

Baluchis

them

and

dry

traditional

scattered

in ar e a

fr o m

like

( Far i d i ,

ruling

The

a nd

of the

labor.

18 m a j o r

M a ris.

of the

Baluchis

center

in

because

Afghanistan.

Sindhi

live

Baluchis,

about

all

origin

Baluchis

The

of

and

spiritual

his

semi-skilled

tribes

Iran

fourth

abode

These

many

largest
and

populated

the

origin.

into

derives

hav e

It is

of P a k i s t a n ,

is tan,

jabi

is l e s s

The

fighters

province

in

life.
sw i f t

scenes
still
the

in

are

under­

persists.
they

h av e

Baluchi
in the

The
a
sol­

world.

Pakistan.

That

50

is w h y

so m a n y

Karachi
in

the

Baluchis

in the

hope

slums.

because

The

of the

The

times.

prospects

Th e i r

in

in e v e r y

and

nook

river

future
Sind

and

are

of t h e i r

is

fu l l

Th e r e

West,

corner

province

Indus,

Pakistan.

of

which

but

of the

ha v e

ended

relatively

like

up

living

better

of f

ther e.

of h e r o i c

are

centers

achievements

not

inside

of

epics

many

their

of a n c i e n t

Baluchis

Pakistan

fore­

they

abroad,

are

almost

country.

a part

Sindi

vocabulary

is

the

rich

other

the

place

of t h e

Sind

on

the

mouth

of t h e

river

guistic
based

on

has

been

The

big

of m a n y

traits

landlords,

their

hands

known

as

along

"Pirs."

simultaneously,

with
The

are

them

Until

are

a nd

very

parcel

province
century

the

Sea.

Hyderabad
main

The

Sindhis

an d

pas t,

the

flourishing.

local

religious

lin­

Sind

powers

of the

port

community,

society

landed

of

Indo-Iranian

cultural

all

group

of the

8th

is

recent

wield

simply

in

an e t h n i c

a semi-feudal

not

Indian

its

Karachi

share

make

lifeline

Pakistan.

but

influential

Pirs

in

groups,

"Waderas",

an

part

languages

Arabian

with

called

shares

the

to

the

Calipahte

and

"Sindh"--the

fi r s t

at

u n i ty.

a desert

fr o m

makes

the

and

University

enough

geo-linguistic
largely

language

Indus

name

was

Arabs'

sister

ethnic

strong

its

earlier,

Sind

Muslim

is

mixture

derives

1975).

of t he

a very

with

Sind

as m e n t i o n e d

(Lambrick,

become

A.D.

are

industrial

Sindhis
The

to

proud

1967).

the

of

to

in a g r i c u l t u r e

literature

particularly,

The

are

(Matheson,

moved

a better

Baluchis

Baluchis

fathers.

of

have

in
saints,

leaders,

but

aristocracy.

51
Since

t he

1930's,
l eft
the

separation

t he

Sindhis

behind

by

Sindhis

of the
have

been

tihe H i n d u

is v e r y

region

from

trying

the

to w i p e

money-lenders.

conscious

of

Bombay

their

The
role

province

out

the

new

generation

in

elements,

in t h e i r

of

young

country.
Since
moved

into

Partition,
the

"Muhajirs",
have

been

playing

with

dominated

the

in

Karachi,

Sind.

the

Muhajirs

Sind.

Many

of t h e s e
Punjabi

has

many

left

to

out

a nd

communal

local

population

economic
its

centers,

turbulent
province
rural

history
in

and

and

has
t he

the

NWFP.

sensitive

It

and

its

shares

been
The

in the

much
lack

where

is

the

migration

Th i s
as

their

picture

second

three
of the

of c o m m u n i c a t i o n

in

being

and

in

most

with

all

own

Sind,

characteristics
other

helped

language

issues.

hav e

along

population

agonizing

Pakistan.

feel

in

and

classes

Sind.

rights

local

1959,

landlords

Sindhis

r iot s,

a very

counterparts
never

the

to m a n y

present
of

native

between

led

yo u n g

o f the

institutions

Hindu

in

as

tongue,

Muhajirs

until

absentee

known

background

the

and

aristocracy

of t h e i r

became

Pakistan

urban

There
Punjab

has

city

ha v e

history

industrial

British

the

mother

in the

academic

and

India

migrants,

their

Sindhis,

are

Pathan

tensions

realities

urban

Muhajirs

and

as

capital

ruling

tensions

Th e i r

their

local

the

th e

a nd

deprived

of

from

Th e s e

ro l e

commercial

being

replace

a sizeable
led

the

academic,

Urdu

important

Because

cooperation

refugees

of Sind.

speaking

a very

Sind.

Muslim

centers

generally

present-day
early

urban

many

land.
non­

and
particularly,
the
populated

with

its

provinces.
Sindhis
a nd

into

a hostile

52

geographic

terrain

The

mystic

literature

all

ov e r

Pakistan.

suddenly
the
to

found

those

in

major
to

life-styles.
of K a h s m i r ,

have

living

immigrated
Kashmiri
their

into

occupied

territory

at

motherland.

like

reluctant
and

the

Chitral
and

tural

or

the

their

Their

new

into

Many

the

sort

hilly

unity

people,

been

the
is

look

with

and

have

o ut

of t h e s e

of

Indian

nostalgia

interestingly,
a nd

groups.

of

urban

Kashmiris

maintain

outlook

ethnic

State
and

Mos t

with

is,

their

The

Gilgit,

centers

of

of s u c h

is
Baltis

Hunza

and

Pakistan

people

is

Pakistan-.

Muslims,
in

valleys

pushed

of a c c u l t u r a t i o n
in

very

of, - the

land.

NWFP

than

primitive

Kashmiris

regions

the

centers
of

in th e

local

to

side

troubled

in

other

are

and

hills,

generation

the

slowly

land

of

in p a t t e r n

health-looking

always

generation

the

where

and

groups

unique

lakes,

centuries.

Kashmir

Pakistan,

hav e

generation

Pakistan

Pakistani

have

urban

of t h e

of t h e i r
t he

in

ethnic

people

the

distribution

of t h e s e

These

in

dances

very similar

groups

or

interesting

phenomenon

ethnic

Punjab

down

is p o p u l a r

and

new

isolation.

Punjab.

from

from

in the

are

in

first

moving

place

dresses

fair-skinned,

many

of

people

1960's

because

to a s s i m i l a t e

are

a very

taking

their

other

since

of b e a u t i f u l

l iv e

sub-culture.

enough

music

Pakistan

Muhajirs

their

Sindhi

K a h s m i r , or

for

such

traditional

Some

where

for

however,

one s.

is a l a n d

factors

poets,

small

Azad

main

Sindhi

Sindhi

at,

the

t he

many

look

pastures
been

The

The

are

interesting

green

of

Baluchistan

There
four

been

resurgence

Pakistanis.

the

have

is

a very

diversity.

clear-cut

The

unique

cul­

geographic

linguistic

zones,

traditional

social

tions

alike

have

call,

the

the

along
groups

with

ethnic

or

some

who are

language

created

Pathans,

Muhajits

and

structures

the

the

those

Punjabis,

very

distributed

geographic
of

modern

personalities
Baluchis,

minorities,

over

division
the

th e

in the

On r e l i g i o u s

small
all

sharing

ethnic

Kahsmiris.

other

distribution

a nd

the

play

Pakistanis.

the

country.

the

whom

major

we

Sind h i s ,

b asis,
make

institu

Christians,

the

mi n o r

But,
r ol e

m a i nly,

in the

54
Chapter

3

You

This
ground

Thus,
the

chapter

of the

provides

be

Pakistani

basis

Muslims

because

had

with
in

the

the

Abyssinia

(Ethopia).

were

compelled

to

of

future

tion

of the

Mecca
tion

of

ment,
and

to

Islamic

wide,

Many

by

until

Muslims

Africa,
to

Medina

helped

the

historical
U.S.

in our

composite

back­

It also
case-study.

features

Michigan,

community

the

of

keeping

members

La t e r

on

the

along

people,

n ew

one

religion.

and

the

his

city

very

his

local
to

Muslims,

companions
in

the

the

from

in a n e w e n v i r o n ­

of

the

world's

great

to

distant

places

In a few

migra­

evolu­

the

and

Arabian
and

The

spread

Asia

places

friendly

in

new r el ig io n

to

of

Prophe t,

companions,

landmark

The

migrated

South-East

Holy

safeguarded.

with

a historic

it b e c a m e

and

was

The

to m i g r a t e

he

were

history

f ro m

another

people

civilization.
lo c a l

on,

M e d ina,

the

Islam.

Muslims

movement

became

of

of

suppression

early

local

Prop h e t ,

feature

da y s

a nd

to

voluntarily

Central

propagate

move

Islamic

Holy

the

South-East

early

like

the

the

variables.

advised

where

to

the

of the

oppression

Peninsula,

with

community

is a p e r m a n e n t

since

of the

Meccans,

the

community

Migration
the

of

dealing

three

Way....

migration

distribution

of the

A Lo n g

is c o n c e r n e d

an o v e r v i e w

the

Come

Pakistani

we wil l

in m i n d

Have

Europe

ye a r s

far

religions.
in

in or d e r

after

the

55
death

of the

Caliphates,
and

Arabs'

army

almost

every

Central
in

Indonesia,

hinterlands

has

territories

conquest

or

migrating
chose

to

shelter

the

the

to the

and

wit h

rulers

in

this

local

of the

the

areas,

in

C hina.

of the

the

Asi a
and

historic

in

just

Islamic

and

Pan-Islamic

a military

Middle

wi t h

the

spirited

continuum

of r e l a t i o n s h i p .

pilgrimage

to

holy

places

the

another

channel

different
Muslims
holy

ethnic

from

p l a c es.

multiple
Arabia.

the

of m u t u a l

backgrounds.

Until

sub-continent

have

Th&ta has

nature

relationship

of the

helped

in the

ethnicity

among

very
be e n

Indian

the

the

in

mutual

Annual

Peninsula

was

Muslims

recently
migrating

development

of the

who

Muslims

and

this

Arabian

Ea s t

the

helped

in

originally

a psychological

migrations

the

In brief,

teachings.

meantime,

ties

these

were

provided

In the

African

people.

tha n

The

Muslim

lived

sub-continent

land

Muslims.

w er e

in the

more

Central

n ew

of t h e i r

ev e n

local

the

Ceylon,

or

the

gains

in

in

who

of

reached

ev e n

immigrants

North

sub-continent.

Islam

efforts

is s o m e t h i n g

from

because

adjoining

due

had

and

East

Muslim

East,

arrival

of the

introduced

Far

of the

Middle

the

parts

Phillipines

financial

Muslim

settle

Muslims,

traders

interacted

so m e

the

ti m e

Muslim missionaries

in the

"Hijra"

the

before

of n o r t h e r n

traders

tribes

to

the

been

and

or

The

Long

Muslim

missionaries,

migration

Asia.

Sind,

Islam

during

conquered

Malayasia,
of

and

armies

corner

the

expansion

Prophet

Muslim

Africa

Like-wise

Holy

of

present-day

many
to

the

the
Saudi

of

56

With

the

British

Muslims

suffered

a large

number

During

the

height

of the

Movement"
British
Ot h e r
kind

early

in

Balkan
India,

the

momentum

to the

were

British

colonies

la n d s

as

happening
of the

terribly
health

in

19th

Far

a nd

slavery.

because

of the

they

Malayasia

and

railroads

in the

thousands

of h e l p l e s s

to a v e r y

cruel

quite

the

the
"Hijrat

with

in

the

T u r key.

traditional

economic

and

for

kinds

sub-continent,

many

of

other

jobs

Middle

of

po o r

in

inhuman

20th

century,

a terrible
under

already,

taken

Most

of

laboring

the

and

of t he
the

destined
West

East

Ind i a n s ,

w ho

of d r u d g e r y .

in

the

distant

of s l a v e r y
auspieces

lead

in

Indians

lo n g

died

voyages,

poor

and

unfamiliar

toil.

The

planta­

to

and

cost

h ad

invited

sort

the

and

hostile

Ind ies,

Africa

Africa

were

had,

ships

the

conditions

was

these

in

East,

Indians

This

we r e

British

sort

the

at

in a c c o u n t i n g

in t he

severities

on the

where

Caliphate

behind

East,

work

which

facilities

in

rule

labor.

Crown

the

environment
tions

the

century,
joined

so

many

countries.

disheartened

ignored

Thousands

a forced

and

Muslim

political,

different

to

power,

Muslims

Muslim

the

sub-continent

mobility.

the

class

of

twentieth

reasons

British

in

the

other

became

the

be

Muslims

Indies .

same

outlawing

cannot

assigned

ruling

they

towards

t he

Indians

by the

as

to

many

migrations,

factors

We s t

Wars,

religious

of M u s l i m

During

of the

in

los s

migrated

ye a r s

attitude

than

a severe

of t h e m

academic

the

from

conquests

the

been

These

the

building

lives

rendered

coolies

of

of
victims

suffered

57

fr o m

identity

crises

history remains
The
the

an

The

U.S.,

had

been

1950 s

and

early

minimal

sub-continent

The

Entire

the

European

diamonds,
in men

as

to

hot

at

discovered

people

In dians.

have

of the
between
plus,

the

the

two

Western

East

Thi s

lands

engagement

was
of

the

Worl d.

The

for

the

sa k e

differentiation,

from
in

terms
the

the

people,

are

Native

New
who

still

had

used

was

widely

many

a land
customs

and

Indians

of the

Americans.

World,

search

The

the

pioneers

New

These

in

to

the

of

people

wealth

as

In d i a
in

rajas,

va s t

potentials

European

land,

the

to

known

route

the

to

local

Americas

did

under

the

vague

relationship

lack

hegemony

of c o m m u n i c a t i o n ,

in the

colonization
were

or

of

called,

Indian-Indians.

differentiate

the

India,

Europeans

of m y s t e r y ,
and

U.S.

the

every

East-Indians

However,

to

with

sub-continent

to

fr o m

of a n e w

in

the

people

another

called

to

late

of r i c h n e s s ,

attrached

Company.
due

one

a nd

the

known

with

colonials

of the

In d i a

to co m e

la n d

Hemisphere

European

in

was a p r o s p e r o u s

Columbus,

picture

of the

was

1974).

present

sub-continent

number

1947,

(Tin k e r ,

the

Only

tremendous

time,

of

time.

competing

it.

a nd

that

The

a clear

British

were

the

their

sub-continent

start

chance

traditionally

sparrow."

India,

some

before

colonize

spices,

India,

"golden

not

w ho

and m a t e r i a l ,

na t i o n .

get

sub-continent,

efforts

a long

while

recently.

the

a handsome

could

people

at

lands,

fr o m the

between

for

1960s,

until

people

started

relationship

the

forgotten

story

of the

Hemisphere

century.

many

untold

migration

Western

their

in

to

the

inhabited

religions,

many

by

rich

Indians

strange
people

58

known
and

as N a b o b s

beautiful
The

people

to

American
pioneer
First

continent

in

obviously,

hygenic
not

or

relationship

sent

well-versed

in t he

outdated

their

in

The
influence
tai n

the

sterotypes

plete

its

minds

as

press

1958).

and

foremost

Americans

reached

The
the

the

of the

and

the

sub­

Indians

local

were,

people

as

their

efforts

in

poor

Indians

could

letters

United

primitive

style

of l i f e

of the

States,

people
and

the

who

who

or t h e i r
were

were

not

ver y

practices.

and

American

the

of the

to

first

considered

cost.

ho m e

(Issacs,

the

However,

religious

that,

the

expansion

literature

mind

on

India,

the

Indians

which

India

still

enjoyed

to

esteem

Thoreau.

ligious
outlook.

American

singing

"A P a s s a g e

special
and

of

Whitman,

peom,

they

of e l e p h a n t s ,

as

the

main

helped
wer e

source

develop

based

on

of

cer­

incom­

information.
Despite

Walt

any

modern

about

were

images

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Hindu
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re­

59

philosophy

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world.
great

respect

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the

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Indian

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Kipling

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60

two

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61
Bai,
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62

created
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situation

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families

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period
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of

63

the

Muslims

join

the

we r e

British

nationalism
until

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Army

India

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students,

an d

of

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countries,

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its

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the

the

(Shahnawaz,

in the

Movement.

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country
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in

western

1971).

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h is

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to A m e r i c a

CENTO

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1950).

traditional

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visit

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wit h

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the

from

relationship
Prime

welcome.

1960's.
in the

of her

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started

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the

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Pakistanis

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masses

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States,

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for

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educationists

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agriculturalists,

Bloc,

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1950's,
to the
of

thousand,

64

because
like

of the

physicians

ization
w ay

early.

int o

the

thousands
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The
States
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close

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Pakistan

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likewise,

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treaties

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them

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Pakistanis

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number

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of w o r k e r s

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immigration

a nd e n g i n e e r s

U.S.,

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have

strict

different
experts

largest
lat e

in

1970's

the

following

groups :
1.

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sponsored

related

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and

bound

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they
2.

complete
Students

students
soring
their
3.

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or

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scholarships

sponsored

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istan,

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to

spon­
resume

training.
by

international

employees
expiration

of

the

organ­
Pak­

of t h e i r

65

4.

Self-supporting

Students.

ass i s t a n t s h i p s , f e l l o w s h i p s
themselves.
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do

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work

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Many

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and

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relatives

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industrial

in the

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the s t a t u s

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have

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members

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candidates

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are

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for

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students

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affluent

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could achieve
in

to

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part-time

fro m home.

education.
degrees

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obligation

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hard

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money

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their

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is

expense
have

taking
and

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Mos t

urban

centers

companies

and

related

mov e

66

literature.
arrival,
while
to

were

working

them

such

easily

a nd

without

West

and

the

other

busy

to

of s u c h

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U.S.,

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live

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reffered

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some

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biggest

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oil

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suburbia,

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67

Along
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tenents

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departments.
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were

schools.

in

trained
But

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in

68

number

of P a k i s t a n i s

in big

schools

working

is

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as s k i l l e d

full-time

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personnel

with

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ove r

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Michigan

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of

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number

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and

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f am i l i a l , e i i h n i c and

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State

plants

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largest

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with

themselves.

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a nd

communication

communities

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are

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variety

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Michigan

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community

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hosts

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explicitly

69

an

academic

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community

students

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mostly

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physicians

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Pleasant

University.
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But

attractive
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number

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Western

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Michigan
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members.

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are

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Lansing)

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universities
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towns

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City,

s tate.

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Michigan)

and

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students

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Arbor

physicians

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regular

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and

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Ann

engineers

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after

University

in

some

University.

students,

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Michigan

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cater

students,
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international

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70

programs.
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ating.
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campuses,
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are

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movement.

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the

number

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higher

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months

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number

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early

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for

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1976,
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support

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campuses

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role

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fluctu­

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1976

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studies.

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students

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number

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officials

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number

home

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situation
of

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education

cannot

employee

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the

government.
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Eastern

Michigan

University
the

campuses

known

as

socio-cultural

the

University

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Pakistan

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affiliate

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Ypsilanti

and

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national

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members

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zations

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needs

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students

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Ann

their

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Pakistani

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functions

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students

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under

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71
leadership
local

as

community

them.

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comprising
area

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of t he

Windsor

full

letters

a nd

in the

are

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fees
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groups,

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in the

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mostly

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Cobo

stars* f r o m m u s i c

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frequent

Arbor,

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Hall
movie

dishes'
for

the

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cultural
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organization

organization
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professional

themselves

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countries.

cultural

create

Detroit,

through

programs;

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entire

to

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wi t h

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shown

the

community.

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1963

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functions

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groups

groups,
and

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publicaltions.

thei r

clubs

programs

Pakistanis

attend

activities.

Muslim

Hemisphere,

tend

programs

community,

Lansing

is a v e r y

organized

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concerts

hold

Hall.

such

communities

of t h e i r

financially,

different

maybe

to

Pakistani

Indian

The

from

Canada.

of the

cultural

Mexico

in

to

cultural

P a k i s t a n i m o v i e s are

Detroit,

their

Pakistani

featured

entertainment
The

generally

Pakistani

periodical

by

membership

industry

try

are

publicity

organized

or

a organization

members

there

dissensions,
make

well

in

world

It

where

many

people

diversity,

for

of s t u d e n t s

on c a m p u s e s

membership

the

America

is p r o b a b l y

many activities.

a platform

of N o r t h

in

times

with

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most

Western

excessive,

so

thinking

coming

the

the

and

many
alike

MSA was

international

or

ethnic,
religiously,
founded

Muslim

in

community

in the

Western

consciousness

in the

intellectuals

have

a nd

development

been

of

on

its

everywhere.

town
in

in

the

event

the
New

and

Indiana

W o rld .
held

are

Indianapolis,
Gary,

conventions
in

East

1976,

to

cater

academicians,

and

local

in

its

chapter

President

the

the

on

the

years

students

non-student

programs.

Local

dollars

construct

construction

is

of

MSA

students

has

M SA

on

MSA's

1973,

but

si n c e

place

social

collected

more

for

than

MSU

the
MSA

scientists,

student
of

MSU

a
was
with

Pakistani

MSA's

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the

for

MSA has

MSA

other

joining

in

U.S.

a Pakistani

families

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the

consecutively.

underway

nea r

businessmen.

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central

convention,

Muslim

of

in

campuses

annual

and

campus

annual

the
the

countries

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permanent

has

the

time,

of

big

is a big

headquarters

a multi-purpose

already

of

the

a nd

Lansing

of 4 0 0

to

with

need

a membership
and

of the

Plainfield,

Convention

become

spearhead

the

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different

physicians

two

the

k ey

in e v e r y

res t

and

foundation

very

annually.

in

Chicago.

hold

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Bloomington

previously

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construction

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chapters

convention

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hosted

meetings.

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annual
tries

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Canada

while

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premises

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project.

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MS A of

73

Ann

Arbor

a mosque
Ma n y

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Arbor,

Wayne

students
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Nilallians.

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These

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their

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Many

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Ann

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Pakistanis

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of th e s e

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Michigan

as i m m i g r a n t s ,

or

74

citizens
Eastern
when

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bulk

Michigan.

the

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There

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largest

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Michigan.
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ru r a l

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Pakistanis,

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long-time

75

backwardness
Pakistani

of t h i s

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le a s t

The

student

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students

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pretentions

76

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77

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impart
stage
span

peers
their

of
of a

three

few

The
better

encounter

desire

on

away

Peninsula,

to

travel

present

ju s t

as

backgrounds
This

o ver

vary,

a

given

the

st udy.

the

terms.

Muslims

in the

Th i s

economic,

always

need
made

sub-continient
or

rulers

Turkish
or

to s p r e a d
78

look

many

dynasty,

a nd

exchange

to

trace

and

areas

political

even

historic

their
which

Islam.

Mus­

travelled

Arabian

wer e

migrating

of p o p u l a t i o n

and e du ca t io n al

into

Muslims

t oday ,

the

Muslims

As i a

these

and

and

During

I n d ian

Central

traffic

education

a very

mind.

the

from

Interestingly,

Iranian
as

people

psychological

culture

Islamic

Persia,

higher

is

Indo-Pakistani

fro m r e l i g i o u s ,

Muslim

for

opportunities

like

India.

The

abroad

sub-continent,

places

Muslim

continent

in o p e r a t i o n

Retrospective

the

Arabian,

is

extended

will

of

community

newcomers.

generally

our

rule

their

culture

the

for

lims'

purposes.

to

construed

in t he

derived

is

Pakistani

cross-cultural

duration

reality

into

third

its

socio-economic

far

the

is an a s s e s s m e n t

the

and

human

to

of

experiences

months,

variables

Historical

the

personal

cultural

study

the

roots

think

in

a majority
roots
came

of

Panof the

to some
to

the

sub­

79

With
dians

in

the

l ate

advent

nineteenth

westernization,
for

higher

the

Muslims,

lies

of

class

l ike

Germany
bring
over

the

Islam.

early

and

to

People

who

lik e

in

present

Iqbal

world

cultural

and

as

and

where

them ,

their

w on

with

became

the

made

which

very

modern

the

Muslims
their

Britain.
leaders

of

Muslim
in the

science

matter

more

people

and

goes

for

than

superiority

morale

judgements

rather

to

Muslims'

admiration

mind

tried

a separate

of the

Pakistani

acceptance

lik e

and

credit

and

losing

power,

the

The

England

between

these

and

middle
the

its

after

for

fami­

civilization,

Interestingly,

decisions

the

boost

technology

backgrounds.

prepared

others

to

a nd

to e n c o u r a g e

struggled

a base

in

uni­

as

reformers

despondent

many

the

remember

of

equilibrium

technological

seclusion.

lik e

trusted

totally

movements

In d i a

spiritual
others

were

basis

such

spiritualism

a superior

liberation
state

Islamic

an

European

from

both

of w e s t e r n

But,

Europe

particularly

the

century

the

Western

In­
of

from a r i s to c ra ti c

studied

on

aspect

bring

in

the

influence

and

Muslims

of t h i s

decay.

to

the

Iqbal

Islam

the

individuals

whom

years

of

in m o r a l
efforts

India,

power

Iqbal

India,

Indians,

mostly

were

in

England

humanities

were

there

to

Raj

under

of t h e s e

l a w or

materialistic

was

science

world

of

in the

conscious

who

but

Mohammad

po e t

going

people

a resurgence

to h i m

in

Suc h

British

century,

Most

studied

India,

greatest

started

studies.

versities.

of the

many

masses

because

of t h e i r

to s u c h

early

living

with

local

th a n

in

who
cross-

leaders

a present-day

rejection

of d ay to

80

day

realities:

science,

opportunities
By the
States

had

in
lat e

small

subjects

which

country.

The

wake

of the
ag i n g
come

and

the

creating
were

schools
cally,
have

Pakistan,

due

ha v e

sectors

of

Images
The

needs

to l a c k

of the

Pakistani

opportunities
phenomenon
foreign

and

an

to the

these
The

departure

developed

Pakastani

of A m e r i c a
images

factors

public

in

private

a Pakistani

of A m e r i c a

a nd

who

But,

political

tragi­

States
in P a k ­

pumped

from

situation

in the

hosts

of

frustrated

contributed

has

in

prestigious

enthusiastic

countries
and

money

wel­

helped

degree

many minds

of

encour­

its

United

leadership

have

in t e r m s

students

of a c u t e
aid,

p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y made
All

the

unstable

of p r o p e r

Khan

the

Pakistani

a nd

States.

in

in

think

other

United

young

relatively

Ali

and

studying

the

movements

MIT

United

Britain,

towards

Liaquate

into

the

in

Americans

freedom

the

of t h e i r

Pakistanis

of m a n y

parts

drain

depression.

individuals

many

like

minds

Pakistanis,

fatalistic.

severe

The

Indian

job

a brain

by the

made

admission

existing

to the

Moreover,

Simultaneously,

problems,
and

the

get

educational

in

students

opportunities

leaders

in d i f f e r e n t

caused

abroad
in

in

to

the

istan.

to the

schools

discrimination

States.

hope

eager

job

major

Pakistani

relevant

racial

Muslim

most
of

immigrants,

response
to

numbers

limited

United

better

West.

1 9 6 0's,

were

of B r i t i s h

students

the

t e c h n o l o g y a nd

to a

and

paralyzed

trained
different

life.

Mind

Americans

in

t he

average

Pa k -

81

istani
or

mind

Asian

zines,

ar e

mind.

bi g
aid

and

role

an

America

wo m e n

a re

Anybody

much

to

the

poo r

as

and

port

the

for

world,

ha v e

America.
and

lems.
a nd

The

scandals

of

in t h e

the

on

local

wh e r e

all

media

in

and

those

and

Pakistanis

people

from both

is

plentiful,

attitudes.

American

and

regimes

the s u p ­
around

sterotypes

on pets,

things
as

in

a lan d

crimes,

big

the
of

alcohol
a careless

wit h

prob­

corporations

Americans,

societies.

create

between

signing

almost

s am e
the

meeting

time

common

mixed

relate

handshakes,

images

of

is bad,

Americans

to one

the

confront

ceremonies

all

non-existent.

only

do n ot

Their

su c h c o n f u s i n g

at the

countries

cases

countries,

aid-agreement

Communication
common

in m a n y

foreign

strengthen

is w e l l

useful

important

is

of

mind.

of the

people

parties

of

States,

America

wealth

image

of the

Americans

organized

Americans,

segments

"real"

dinner

lives

in a f o r e i g n

Travelling
affluent

divorce,

of

an

prop­

e a s i ly.

contradictory

of m a n y

think

very

United

waste

foreign

sexual

standards

by the

maga­

money

dictatorial

other

movies,

created

their

that

spent

non-Americans

all

in

African

of p o t e n t i a l

wonderful,

the

and

create

t he

The r a t e

feelings

outside

money

and

is

double

conservative
helped

fashion

way m a k e

and

h av e

in a n y

country,

abundance

to all

the

those

programs,

of the

relaxed

access

Simultaneously,
inside

po w e r

everything

have

morality

size

countries,

beautiful

fro m

television

hug e

a world

where

can

different

American

cars,

aganda,
its

n ot

The

carried
America
too.

and

the

privileged

another

in a v e r y

82

formal,

careful and

portation,
in the
have

wa k e

never

municate

attitude

have

price

many

despite
United

of

the

both

the

American

few

lucky

them

decide

has

only

South-East

th e

Asia,

a nd

its

many

Pakistani

versities

ov e r

their

countries,
Pakistanis

American

with

costs

of

both

of

financial

countries

a nd

in the

wake

ones

get

who

of

support

from

coming

to

a chance,

a corrupt

at

is one

of the

oldest

two

three

on

com­

of h i g h - c o s t

return

to

to

the d i s c o u r a g i n g

from

l ies

guidance

misunderstandings,

students

blame

of t r a n s ­

of p r o p e r

to

all.

the

of

members

of the

despite

the

already

underway.

United

State

y o u ths,

the
pay

beauracracy,

Pakistan,
allies

of

thousand

the

students

institutions

in

prefer

counterparts.

its

of

in

ally,

American
The

capacities,

uni­

Middle

of p e t r o - d o l l a r s , hav e
but

East­

thousands
still

in m a n y m i n d s .
in

South-East

generations

t ha t

involvement

interest

still

in d i f f e r e n t

Pakistanis

first

fact

decreasing

billions

linger

t he

of A m e r i c a n

European

working

charms

Mos t

the

and

the h a n d

curtailment

Pakistan,

of

a lack

law s

between

The

high

countries.

Despite

ern

at
not

it

schools.

entry

many

Pakistan

that

lack

schools

in

fact

a nd

people

The

prevented

States,

American

the

face.

The

The

stereotypes

American

States.

so m u c h

in

to

strict

education
United

encouraged

of the

way.

beaurocracies

of so m a n y

face

Pakistan,

that

rigid

limited

a second

The
either

majority
for

of the

are

Pakistani-Americans,

generation
of our

Michigan

of i m m i g r a n t s

respondents

professional

studies

or

came
for

is
to

83

better

economic

attracted

still

relatives

or

the

verbal

opportunities.

The

more

fr o m a m o n g s t

Pakistanis

colleagues

propagation

through
the the

"pioneer"

mutual

migrants
their

friends,

sponsorships

American

dream

or by

of r a g s

to

riches.
The

Pakistani

residents

Ar b o r

were

students

means

that

they were

by s o m e
in

cine.

1960's

tha t

rigid
later

They,

like

Since

late

and

originally
either

organization.

subjects

and e a r l y
either,

then,

families

Almost

subjects

settled
brought

fr o m

communities

in the

Pakistan

in the

United

of t h e i r

stay,

these

money

th e i r

families

the

to

new

social

Detroit,
Pakistanis
prospects

for
in

being

and

other

needs

the

United

home,

automibile

In the

first

money

in

in the

community

and

the

t he

in a m u l t i - e t h n i c

own

of
in

assistance.
attrached

economic

industrial

proximity
and

ye a r s

needs

hospitals,

legal

ethnic

amounts

center,

other

citizens.

immediate

few

better

not

easily

other

regular

The

suburban

businesses,

Ontario,

their

their

or

jo b s

enormous

an a c a d e m i c

industry

were

of t h e i r
like

until

in the

American

living

hindered
tha n

la w s

the

majoring

or m e d i ­

demand

as

members

contributed

bac k

more

found

sponsored

were

economics

Ann

which

or w e r e

people

States

S t a tes.

people

to e n h a n c e

cities

of the

students

a nd

visas,

immigration

a v a r i e t y of r e a s o n s .

t a bl i s h m e n t s , more
opportunities

a nd

started

environment

J-2

in a g r e a t e r

remaining
and

or

business,

w er e

these

the

F-1

95?o of s u c h

1970's,

all

on

Kalamazoo

self-supporting

engineering,

such

on

in L a n s i n g ,

es­

more
to

Windsor

recreational

complex

society

84

caused

many

keepers,

Pakistani

businessmen

the

Pakistani

the

communities

Saginaw,
variety

The
extended

The

l ate
has

6Q's
so

the

the

a re

communities

in

later

int o

the

Pakistani

more

So,

unlike

Jackson,
diversity,

to

are

their

Thi s

phenomenon

is mor e

a nd

immediate

or

the

United

with

fam­
in the

States

managed
girls

S t a tes,

soo n

to

back
after

(51).

Urdu-speaking
in the

United

He h as

and n e p h e w s

families

number

respondents

Lansing,

Detroit

other

in the

big

gen­

of

the

from
local

Lansing.

of t h e

this

on

complete

of the

a nd

non-skilled

sponsoring

relatives.

fly to

Greater

from

to a c h i e v e

be e n

stay

son s

in

area

able

as a s t u d e n t

to

to

were

an

sub­

came

decided

ca m e

w ho

their

who

additions

cent

perpetrate

developed

Punjabi,

to

some

have

to h a v e

on,

they

area,

tend

of his

Detroit

per

ha v e

eighteen

Ypsilanti

Pakistanis
before

members

decided

caused

Ninety

but

city.

who

ceremonies

have

A r bor,

retains

shop­

Punjabis,

one

waiting

Similarly,

Ann

the

Ypsilanti,

States

helps

W orld.

rural

then

United

which

New

sponsored

marriage

Karachi

into

Detroit

A rbor,

Kalamazoo

previously

engagements

who

Greater

Ann

in the

"pioneer"

of

and

far

a nd

system

In L a n s i n g ,

arrange
hom e

into

cases

ilies.

in the

to m o v e

physicians,

complexity.

status

in

engineers,

lawyers

Lansing,

Rapids

family

relatives
eral

in

Pakistanis

cultures.
citizen

and

community

Grand
and

workers,

stay

part

n ow r e s i d i n g

originally

permanently,
are a

wer e

of the

states

or

while

either

United

Canada.

semi-skilled

came

labor,

as s t u d e n t s ,
60?o of the

offered

States,
About
now

in

or

jobs
moved

7 OSS of
working

at

85

different
ally

for

places
studies,

sponsored

since
of

we r e

single

St a t e s .

Eighty

p er

becoming

U.S.

the

getting

wh e n

who

individuals
degree

cases

Pakistani

citizens

their

in m o s t

cent

professionals

Michigan

did

not

such

come

basic­

individuals

we r e

Pakistani-Americans.

8 5% o f the

Michigan

where

South-East

relatives

About

other

in

they

arrived

Pakistani
did

not

were

to

face

the

Pakistan

in thi s

first

in

physicians,

except

United

a nd

the

of

United

problems

in a few

States

could

pa r t

engineers

any major

married,

moved
in

students

not

in

c a s es,

soon

find

and

after

time

to m a r r y .
As

the

tables

included

indicate,

the

position,

profession

Pakistani

community

the

people

a few

ha v e

are

c a ses,

females

are

been

people

where

in

cross-cultural

the

individuals

marriages

or p h y s i c i a n s ,

are

while
labor

the

from

Most
The

of

the

married

people

place

mostly

have
t he
in

among

excepting

on age,

l ate

the

the

friends.

selections

s tyle.

students,

The

spouses.

Almost

backgrounds

as

and

ha v e

of

cross-

ex-students

un-skilled

twenties

of

marriages

or

personal

a f ew on es,

in

Excepting

of suc h

relatives

the

family

A majority

recently.

lawyers,

ethnic

their

One

respresented

cent

the

Pakistani

same

based

in a w e s t e r n

businessmen,

are

couples,

per

were

Chapter

non-Pakistanis,

parents,

marriages

of

Michigan.

a re

Ninety

took

are

married

spouses

through

or s e m i - s k i l l e d
are

were

end

groups,

ethnicity

or

the

and

the

South-East

Pakistanis.

arranged

spouses

diverse

and

married

The

cultural

of

at

l a bor,
9 5 % of

the

husbands.

mid-thirties.

children

where

8$

the

average

these

children

English
in an

more

or

branch
while

per

minors

As

Pakistanis

or

are

tables

are

follow

them

largest

rpresentation

of

largest

two

two.
who

their

Many

of

speak

parents

and

and

in

are

in our
and

labor

som e

area,

rural

bu s other

decreasing

proportionately.
equal.

groups
where

and

The

of

the

tribal

in S i n d

Pakistanis.

who m i n gl e

or

is a l m o s t

Karachi

followed

absorbed

private

is

ethnic

study

the

the

state

increasing

sequence.

group,

the

different

are

health,

of s t u d e n t s

unskilled

among

Baluchis

with

number

majority

Michigan

urban

Pak­

has

the

Punjabis

by

the

Pathans

with

the

other

and

ethnic

make

Sindhis,
groups

Pa k i s t a n .

Early

Cultural
America

ically;
in

th a n

education,

employed

represented

istanis

only

than

teen-agers,

South-East

indicate,

the

an d

more

fluently

like

The

of s k i l l e d

retain

second

young

professionals

centers

the

in

professions

other

the

and

Pakistanis

of g o v e r n m e n t .

The n u m b e r

or

is n ot

accent.

practive

the

family

frequently

the

different

nes s

a re

American
All

in

number

the

which

it

is

United

Shock
is n o t

culturally
States,

manifests

weather,
systems.

simple

in

transportation,
The

particularly

weather
in l a t e

quite

every

itself

distant

a world

Pakistani

new

food,

customs,

in t h i s
Fall

from

and

part
the

Pakistan

a part .
fa c e s

of the
entire

On his

a cultural

language,

religion

geograph­

and

dress

arrival
shock,

styles,

educational

United

S t a tes,

Winter,

is v e r y

horrifying

The e x t e n t
to

his

or her

people,
istan,
of t h e m
ag e d

particular

gone

through

in t h e i r

fi r s t

time,

physicians

of m i d - t h i r t i e s

Lahore
for

and

such

enthusiastic

play

le s s

mid-twenties.

The

s h ock ,

important

role

is v e r y

with

stereotypic

limitations

and

biases

necessarily

be a gr e a t

hel p

emigrants,

as

hav e

in the

it m ay

The u r b a n

another

factor

information.

One

very

at

students

from

the

home

age

group

graduate

beforehand

S till,
as

well

determination
in

fro m

to

and

our

of h is

of t h e i r

such

de­

their

information

experiences,

which
such
as

abroad

impart

personal

m a y n ot

be t he

information

discouraging

outdated,

background

attitude

people

Karachi,

very mobile

orientation

be e x a g g e r a t e d ,

respondent,
the

in the
likewise

Sometimes,

case.

and r u r a l

in the

shock.^

individual

in e n c o u r a g i n g

Middle-

Professional

by t r y i n g

life.

of an

any

to a w e s t e r n

being

returned

it s h o w s

in e v e r y

false.

dejected

as

Pak­

contacts.

friends

American

in

previously.

are

a very

due

tribal

unless

since

who

and

shock,

well-prepared

in c r o s s - c u l t u r a l

colleagues

or

generally,
they

person

life-style

coming

despite

to

rural

trauma.

face

are,

The

experience

a great

land.

person

cultural

mid-fourties,

Pakistani

experiences

same

such

Th o s e

parting

fr o m

traditional

engineers,

Peshawer

cultural

vary

intense

generally,

in t h e i r

a tropical

background.

face

an d

ma y

a more

to an

people,

students

to

liable

has

country
li k e

of s h o c k

accustomed
are

87
from

for a n e w c o m e r

of the

of t he

the

totally

informant

channels

present
former

or

can

s t ud y,

is

of suc h
was

colleagues

at

88

work

w ho

States

all

a nd

have

to

been

to the

the s a m e

According

appointment

in R a w a l p i n d i ,

t h i r d one

gave

to him,

him

But,

America,

he

was

the

city

did

know about

n ot

stay,

he

did

colleagues

not

had

getting

basic

and

institutions.

Mos t

dents

both

as

until

their

from

institutions

the

Federal

office

to a n o t h e r

rejected
to r e s o r t
had

to

already

to

late

moment

for

times

the

at

the

adjustment."
waiting

from

the

since

months

he

after

to w h o m

his

his

or

the

program

other
United

people,

in

States

its

particularly,

stu­

they

whether

of d i f f e r e n t
One

respondent,

an

two

years

from

going

clearance.

until

he was

totally

pressure.
out

Af t e r
of

fall

term

would

employee

His

one
case

desperate

getting

Pakistan,

sure

governmental

to get

American

and

for d e p a r t u r e

spent

to

travellers

just

evening

organized

not

abroad.

office

same

him

as n o n - s p o n s o r e d , are

obligations

political

fly the

of t he

Government,

numerous

and

already

one

"friends"

regular

about

well

to p r o c e e d

of the

those

leave,
he

a tax i

six

the

tha t

his
no

up at

on

a fortune,
E ve n

scholars

basic

be c l e a r e d

h im

is no

information

las t

find

to r e n t

cost

in

sought

(9).

visitors,

very

way

to

either.

there

sponsored

had

across

written

students,

dismayed

buses

In P a k i s t a n ,
help

h im e v e r y

which

come

was

receive

help

to

one

to

to

airport

second

show

in A m e r i c a

then

airport

"did not

United

he had

saying

and

the

to w h i c h

by

airport

h i m at

in the

hopes

to his

for

friends

one

the

high

written

in

campus

department,

admission.

the

sam e

clearance,

since

by two

a nd

he

was

w e eks.

"I

was
had
he

89

was

n ot

sure

past

the

tim e

some

Pakistani

the

Before

with

my

family."

Bangledesh,
to see

his

it was

warm

clothes
The

friends

(5).

students

Th e y

very

or

systems,

trained

basic

immigration

law s

respondents

d id not

N ew

Pakistanis

are

helpful

associations

to

find

have

the

a single
members

resident

for

po o r

any

from

of

of

a few h o u r s

reached

Michigan

fellow

had

that

organizations

job

even

Pakistan,

l ike

know that

no

University,

students
But

respondents

they came

in t o

urban
and

cultural

WMU

along
it
d id

But

many

centers

like

Los

contact

Angeles,

groups,

there

are

chapters

surprising

know
with

which

campuses

local

is v e r y

access

intricacies,

a nd WSU,

not

problems.

each

On big

with

weather,

of a

America.

ways.

UoM,

related

educational

Chicago

in m a n y

food,

h a v e an

in

and

preparations

because

in big

Houston,

find

about

other

situation

Association.

until

and

well-established

75?o of our

relatives

States

Pakistanis

on m a t t e r s
the

ha v e

United

in

many

Pakistani

Student

who

well-informed

campus

arrivals

State
of

the

Boston,

to n e w

Michigan

of M u s l i m

a nd

York,

the

li k e

He

the

insurance

faculty,

information

Detroit,

in

generally

On a u n i v e r s i t y

to

h a r d a nd

of the

Karachi

fle w out.

travellers

settled

are

transportation

foreign

the n

in

even

a former

fl e w

that

me b a c k

spend

re s t

student,

liner

worried

take

not

the

a stopover

and

and

jet

(3).

already

easier.

a nd

the

I w as

I could

Another

snowing

since

father

just

until

s h o w up

leaving,

parents

when

will

ailing

had

Pakistan

borders,

policeman

airport.
night

of l e a v i n g

o f su c h
them

in

the

90

United

States.

Karachi,
h is

had

close

left

his

prepared

for

received

member
bers

convenience
The

Sind

graduate

United

exceptions
problems

residing
Most

of

air-flight

fr o m

our

from

know

a nd

one

lon g

before

major.

since

he

of
he

This

v.as w e l l -

(5).
a rural
in

religious

which

urban

area

Karachi

party.

of h i m

thus

saved

in

and

The

l on g

fare.

Some

had

to

by

in

fr o m

food

in

Am,

and

Punjabi
was

a

party

before

him

from

par t

mem­

he

ar­

early

not

chose

to

rates

in­

face

sponsored

f rom
States.

Pakistan

any major

Twenty

per

cen t

of

fly by n o n - P a k i s t a n i

such

these

respondents,

differences

by U n i t e d

of s u c h

Sind

United

fl e w by

because

about

rural

people

of the

85?o)

did

from

many

language.

knew

because

not

( a bout

lower

students,

are

thi s

or

Karachi

offered

Pan

respondents

there

(PIA)

background,

air

our

respondents

problem

fly

since

Airlines

residents

an

were

permanently

International

airlines,

same

problems,

education

Detroit
States

in c o n t a c t

in the

changes

while

from

(14).

many

other

and

MSU

student

in Te xas,

was

student

graduate

York

in the

faced

cultural

his

he

major

of a w e l l - o r g a n i z e d

in N e w

rived

whom

any

a graduate

studying

attending

face

the

Another

with

wa s

d i d n ot

respondent,

brother

friends

Pakistan,

person

had

One

States

requirements

in
agencies,

in

their

agreements.
American
istani

who,

in

form,

any

f oo d

is n ot

as M u s l i m s ,
unkoshered

that

have
mean,

known

to an a v e r a g e

to o b s e r v e
and

strict

liquour

are

Pak­

d i ets .
strictly

Pork,

91

prohibited
menus

create

American
in

for

confusion

fo o d s

Pakistan,

the

a Muslim,

are

food,

with

confuse

its

many

But

a g ain,

the

c i t ies.
The

United

in

a re

avoid

roads

or p l a c e s ,

much

mo s t

like

of

if he h a s
and
more

many
from

pizza

apt

pork
or

li k e

french

Pakistanis

are

society.

fel t

daneing
at

the

at

the

per
or
ide a

the

n ot

try
beef

The

fi s h

States.

people

in

in

the

him.

He

names

of

foods,

wit h

dating

of
in

on-campus

Because

of the

American

dishes

stew,

ethnic

or

religious
su c h

foods,

and

sandwiches.

mobility

cen t

of

in the

for

more

about

and

the

role

Pakistani-American

steaks,

fries

Ninety-five

aghast

to

confused..

do

television

United

students

particular

appalled

drinking,

on

of a P a k i s t a n i

some

spaghetti.

only

the

about

to be

Pakistanis

of t h e m e a t

and r a t h e r

in A m e r i c a ,

important

only

particularly

very

like

of

components,

and e m b a r r a s i n g

joined

been

d i d not

and

restaurants

of m o s t

stay

bo t h

to

the s t a y

confusion

have

American

reach

less-spiced

play a very

perplexing

a re

made

respondents

a nd

on the

Continental

expensive

of the

is a v a i l a b l e

of the

taboos

varieties

days

travelling

weeks

singles

accommodations,

than

in v e r y

documentaries

Pakistan

few

might

other

and

luxury

first

religious

names

mind.

beyond> 7 the

early

Pakistanis

suc h

but

surely

In the

movies

of

States

family,

only

selections

newcomers.

in c i n e m a s

orientation

are

strange

American
and

new

in a P a k i s t a n i

served

which

Pakistanis.

so c e r t a i n

of the

our
the

sleeping

respondents
beginning,
with

a ny

92

woman
a nd

before

very casual

shocking
tomed
at

marriage.

dress-styles

to them,

to f o r m a l

the

jobs.

weekend

Lou d

mi n d .

of

songs

popular

One
ciation

a nd

munity

to

patterned

on

problem
more

words

like

at

so,

the

And

is

the

British

style

some
istan

United

standards

extensive

students

Americans.

tests

of the

language
it

is

lyrics

class,

engineers

any

such

aspect

of

is

America

early

faced

students,

problems

in

ended

generally

courses,

even

The

ad­

up

Accordingly,

of the

members

had

the

in

Pak­

the

communicating

physicians

English.

and

days

for

in m e e t i n g

language.

community

w ho

applying

universities

problems

language

home

in the

before

a nd

com­

Pakistanis

Pakistan

faced

in the

creates

Some

other

"center"

accent

American

many

and

American

a f ew e m p l o y e e s

a nd

pronun­

back

areas,

in

in

toward

on the

States.

schools,

one

fr o m r u r a l

go t h r o u g h

a deficiency

in

the

only

English

The

the

like

in the

labor

and

"lieutenant"

courses

Government

to

the

language

unskilled

have

most

to A m e r i c a n

academic
taking

for

the

than

of t he

mission

as

youths

difference

of w o r d s

English

problems

taken

the

not

obvious

n ot

accus­

well

attitudes

"schedule",

with

in

as

of A m e r i c a n

spelling

he

since

at

The u n f a m i l i a r i t y

stay

are

of u n d e r s t a n d i n g

s tyle.

of t h e i r

are

a nd a p a r t m e n t s

confused

amazed

(35).

the

images

was

or e v e n

feel

mixed

schools

dorms

shorts

students

Pakistanis

in the

the

je ans,

culture.

of c e r t a i n

"theater"

in

causes

Pakistani

"labratory"

of the

home,

music

The

beginning,

of A m e r i c a n

most

at

create

a Pakistani

American

since

dress

parties

American

In the

do

with
not

if t h e y

students

in

have

93
humanities,
sciences
skill

have

before

since

show

they

they

do

not

students
of our

and

the

cannot

d id

not

guage,

since

they

others

know.

For

istani

government

departments

on

knew

certain

language

The
new

years

help

ilie s,
a nd

in

the

welcome

or

Pakistani

On the

face

suc h

it

prefer

communities
The

distance

environment
nostalgia

parties
c l ubs;

hosted

from

to
a nd

few
had

the

cherish

the

certain
Pak­

take

wer e

among
lived

with

some

is

the
for

the

them

homeland

among

the

for
fam­

different

Pakistanis.

local

in

in w r i t i n g

towards

everything

the

to

ha v e

where

by

Pak­

all.

associate

f r o m the

let

other

there

who

look

Many

lan­

to

the

evident

on e s

the

classes

hand,

is m o r e
the

in

status

very

at

many

te sts.

background

problems

is a m o n g

newcomers

their

official

up

education

experiences

weakness

but

other

consciousness

creates

attend

build

such

Gen­

problems

skills,

different

important
to

(10).

local

new

an

falling

visitor

in M i c h i g a n ,

classes

guidance.

faster,

the

taking

than

The

of the

and

had

cultural

here.

members

a female

did not

Pakistanis

their

any

language

about

example,
b ee n

of

individuals,

exposed.

have

language

it was a g a i n s t

such

comprehension
who

to a c c e p t

felt

that

cl e a r

the

be

not

English

linguistic

m ajor.

to

because

basic
not

a campus

istanis

visitors

we r e

want

but

of s o c i a l

their

among

d id

of q u a l i t y

the

in

weakness

I ndians,

past,

pass

respondents

they

an d

like

areas

their

a shyness

their

la c k

level

go on wit h

create

in the

or o t h e r

a special

want

Pakistanis,

English

history

could

problems

standards

and

to

Suc h

erally
with

education,

Th e y

Pakistani-Americans

memories

from

back

home

94

a nd

in m a n y

prayers
of the
the

where
world

peers

latters
other

in

the

n ot

wi t h

there

is

were

where

natural

part

of M i c h i g a n ,

law,

but

with

and
its

impressed

The
and

a sort

t ak e

lonely

early

the

Along
another

wit h
major

those

who

State

University

istanis

to

settled

reside

seemed

of

food,

problem

in D e t r o i t ,
in D o w n t o w n
in the

is m o r e

evident
students

American
for

for

arrivals.

new

to

be t a k i n g
from

at the

their

many

of

the

place

small

ar e a

in

of

a big
did

our

stay

had

neighborhood

in

our

its

in

city

for

impres­

like

let

Ann

th i s

respect

Detroit

much

respondents

felt

there.

visitors,

Detroit

of

mixed

not

which

American

towns

and weather,

first.

Ameri­

Jackson,

se cu ri t y and

Detroit

most

the

All

Lansing,

other

life­

technology,

efficiency

language
for

where

Arabs

graduate

toward

complexity,

a nd

stage

many

parts

the

Ira n i a n s ,

and

of i n s e c u r i t y
its

cases

science

from

in the

place,

the

where

by the

amazed

a nd

like

of a p p r e c i a t i o n

likewise

different

newcomers,

phenomenon

respondents

were

the

attitude

sense

from

Friday

a nd m i n g l e .

overwhelming

ill-repute

in

live

in e d u c a t i o n ,

socialization

w as

world

Pakistanis

felt

Th i s

like

In c e r t a i n

Muslims

campuses,

everything

Ypsilanti

the

other

a deep

way.

Muslims

or h e l p

a confused

becomes

respondents

sions

on

functions

situations.

Asians.

a r o u n d t he

sometimes

A rbor,

to meet

towards

achievements

very

chance

South-East

a ll

system,

religious

encourage

dormitories

styles,

attend

in s i m i l a r

did

Along

can

they

turned

or

from

c ases ,

The

lodging

particularly,

location

attracted
in the

of

many

initial

Wayne

Pak­
period

95

of t h e i r

stay.

strengthened
The

t her e,

Pakistani

enjoyed

did

not

a nd

lack

of

40's

American
small

in the

dorm

room
room

mate.

One

except

fish

and

and

tim e

for

month

wer e

a ticket

housing

Another

wife

student

shared

did not

join

his

i stan,

got

married,

own

apartments
never

cooked

did

food

who

enough

joined
and

me

then,

whose
the

not

study

American
eat

months

of s t a y
the

smoking,

money

room­

anything

and a ls o

Pot

noise

in his

sharing

not

forties

food,

w e a r y of the d o r m

saved

campus

the

by his

hall.

me

early

could

rather

w ay

lou d

life

in the

in the
I moved

and
mean­

seventh
in t o

(6).

had

thing

on

and

student

the

and

roommate,

early seven

in the
made

a nd

shock.

family

A student

student

like

of my

rather

food,

not

and

disliked

played

w ere

cultural

to age

living

his

I had

He

his

during

here

due

life

problems

Arabian

lo d m u s i c

out.

students.

housing

his

Another

living

mu c h

They

actually

freedom

to m o v e

of my s t a y

married

with

"I did

their

dorm-life.

graduate

chips

sexual

I decided

of

Pakistani

students

the

urban

mid-thirties

at all.

(7).

because

face
But

their

was

him

in a d o r m i t o r y :

music

in

problems

with

American

multiplied

d orms.

in

girlfriend

of

did not

life

privacy
had

in h is

many

which

respondents
like

fears

students

living

factors,

early

Their

a house

them

in t h e i r

arrangement.
came
(14).

eating

in m e a t

back

wit h

Later

unkoshered

shortening.

been
meat
One

Chinese

cooking,

on,

a nd m o v e d

He had

some

he v i s i t e d

in the

very
an d

but

married

particular
avoided

of his

Pak­

close

about

every­
friends

96

in D e t r o i t
Arab

used

butchers

the

beginning

and

other

course

to

in
had

advantageous

w ho

sibilities

of

back

and

with

so m e

However,

by m a n y

Pakistanis

so m o v e d

but

in a h a l l

culture

Koshered

moved

their

of t h e m

it

was

in the

Pakistani
in

could

cooking,

cleaning

in t o

d orms .

the

many

students

would

campus

li f e

at

least

for

more

means

of d e v e l o p i n g

had

meeting

people

developed
pondent

close

used

(5).
to

with
The

dorm

"My

be s t

whom

rural

I w as

urban

with

it.

Som e

associations

Variables

later

and

The u r b a n
interactions.

with

on,

Early

students
A few

with

of

h ad s o m e

of t h e m
the

are

by
of t h e m

One

in my

int o

res­
is a

fir st

in g e t t i n g

generally
a bit

cheap

the

States

ahead

residents.

developed

in

Many

problems

went

female

Cultural

room

of

li f e

United

were

and

of o f f -

living

roommates.

the

students

respon­

a taste

social

the

Some

because

backgrounds.
their

the

very

groceries

hav e

their

in

that

found

the

summer

to

sharing

often

with

Pakistanis

friend

students

but

relationships,

The

cross-cultural

life,

to c o m p r o m i s e
developed

a term.

friendships

observed:

Puerto-Rican
term"

of

out

in due

friendships.

buying

During

hallmates

observed
was

in

in u n d e r s t a n d i n g

de a l

a nd

the

respondents

adjusted

term

new

not

from

roommates,

students

r ents,

dorms

other

got

fi rst

move

bought

commonly

cultivating

out

mea t

Similarly,

problems

neighbors

accommodation

him

Dearborn.

of time.

the n e w

send

quick
and

Su c h

marriage.

Experiences

generally

respondents

quick

from

in

Karachi

cross-cultural
and

Lahore

97

had

started

working

in M i c h i g a n .
in the
tim e

cl u b

as a w a i t r e s s
twenties
at o d d
least

who

are

inhibited

sponsored

such

job s

status

but

a nd

and

since

he

his

odd

stay

here.

members

his

of rag s

posite

of the

different

sex.

h ad

earned

the

fa v o r

card.

His

mentally

Pakistan.
in d o i n g

are

age

others

had

more

(7).

determined
the

in

to

Punjab
in

employer,

is

typical

quick

in

developing

of

twenty

stay

story

Many

h ad

phase

than

to

expenses,

in M i c h i g a n ,
early

and

of t h r e e

family

a village

of

are

are

was
the

who

of the

American

(51).

students

are

They generally

S om e

from

and

to r i c h e s

married

family

twenties,

his

in t h e i r

sponsored

in w o r k i n g

Government,

residing

working

in t h e i r

father

before

same

was

attitudes

j ob

periods

the

w ho

hesitant

meet

wife

working

leave

not

student

He

feel

Pakistan

now

w ho

they

arrived

w as

students

employee,

his

at

students

their

such

such

could

discuss

wife

his

initiative

in

before

behind

Pakistanis,

green

of i n i t i a t i v e .

mostly

Yet a n o t h e r

immediate

the

employees

One r e s p o n d e n t

States.

The

to

t ak e

lon g

scholarship

at

of his

sponsored
myth

jobs

Punjab

the

they

met

working

present

cleaning,

factors

a self-sponsoring
United

visas

after

Karachi

rural

his

students,

liked

jobs

from

soon

were

Generally,

government
the

from

of them

met

in d o i n g

"pioneer"

do n e

he

an o f f i c i a l

never

of the

both

F-1

consciosness.

children
work,

on

to do s u c h

Many

student

(17).

Such

cafeterias,

student

where

then

jobs.

prepared

where

Another

in a l o c a l

the

A graduate

cafeteria

(15).

in

of our

do not

respondents

interact
in

their

with

such
the

initial

sort
op­

stage

98

of s t a y

were

anything
their

m or e

else.

worried

They

remaining

a nd m a r r i a g e ,

social

institutions

solace

in b e i n g

of

friends,

a nd

particularly
boosting
comers

getting
not

very

States,

to a r r a n g e
The
community
since
the

they

new

always
feel

a nd

for

in the
humdrum
a sort

the

pressure

lonely

certain

area.

environment.

places

problems

even

or
for

city
their

even

ones

of

Many

Indian

of t h e s e

is

life

so

solidarity

the

among

the

Their

hav e

wives

grocery

items

physicians,
new

are

away

from

profession
the

But

families,

such

in

parents

in the

help

their

adjustment

and

suburbia.

certain

physicians

are

a big p r o b l e m

Pakistani

ones,

of

United

members

in

sense

females.

not

with

deep

there

of the

in a d j u s t m e n t .

is a h a z a r d .

Most

The

accommodation

family,

many n e w ­

in t e r m s

friends

affluent

the

their

suitable

absence

important

Since

part

their

unavailability

matter

of e x c u s e

most

particularly

the

of c a m p u s

this

jus t

psychological

a very

girls.

the

early

beginning

in

than

culture,

think

with

modest

new

Since

In the

of t h e m

marriages

afford

family.

th a n

until

more

finds

and

to

the

are

Interestingly,

Pakistani

are

kins

them.

beginning

some

girls

he

becomes

back

physicians,

that

made

form them

can

the

joined

of

wrote

physicians
a nd

in

t he

youths

their

s tate,

a Pakistani.

with

l o n e l y and

in t he

under

Pakistani

these

a Pakistani,

and

of t e n s i o n ,

earlier

immediate

in t h e m

many

family

h is

for

married

of the

early

wives

relieved

among

very

of i n s e c u r i t y

not

their

as m e n t i o n e d
for

in the

factor

felt

wer e

members

family

about

new

comers
the

becomes

cultural

physicians,

surpassing

99

the

regional

or

provincial

phenomenon

in t h i s

physicians

are

or p r a c t i c e
to

hav e

of

and

hospitals

familial,

never

Suc h

people

very

beginning

se e k

people
in the

professional

very

beginning,
or e t h n i c

was

enough

for

getting

the

area.

Such

much

reserved

helped

to

academic

institutions,

overcome

it

on.

from

urban

different

centers
culture

South-East
ground

are
in

Michigan

in A m e r i c a n

mobility

h as

the
these

be e n

in

their

ture.

process

are

to do

stage

of

du e

to

particular

ethnic

the

other
com­

familial,
a Pakistani

colleagues

crisis

in

in
but

professionals

receptive
of t h e i r
with

to

stay.

their

adjusted

a
In

back­

and

to

experiences

of

them

or u n u s u a l .

wi t h

but

from

local

simply

single

easily

sex.

of e x p e r i e n c e

stage

contacts

contacts

of the

a cultural

a nd

the
with

of a c c u l t u r a t i o n

initial

likewise

other

professionals,

important

early

the

some

social

very

attitudes.

be

lack

and

intitial

has m u c h

Pakistanis
The

more

and

of t h e i r

fro m

a re

opposite

area

and

To

face

young

schools,

never

Ethnicity

The

the

in t h e

the

American

later

with

irrespective

due

residency

opportunities

background,

members

help

Pakistani

A few p h y s i c i a n s ,

pharmacists

early

their

the

in t h e i r

by the

unique

unmarried

a nd

them

background.

people,

The

contacts.

Muslims

engineers,
are

afford

or e t h n i c

other

is a v e r y

out-going

associate

out

ar e

Pakistani

munity

mo r e

cross-cultural

irrespective

skilled

of M i c h i g a n .

generally

in the

more

religious

par t

backgrounds,

the

new

is n a t u r a l l y

the

pace

orientation.

could
The

donor
slow
be

cul­
in

varied

urban

people

100
particularly
while
them
the

the
in

in

the

To a l a r g e
istan,
a nd

extent,

religiosity

and

of

the

generally

less

are

unusually

open-minded
or

in the

term.

highest

The

in

with

the

schools,
a nd als o

in

le v e l
the

cultural

much

of

of

are
of

in

Pak­

education

The

change

which

easier.

economic

back­

older

people

unless

they

Similiarly,

responsibilities

determination

rate

foreigners

or w e l l - t r a v e l e d .

family

follow

Pakistan,

of a c c u l t u r a t i o n .

receptive

obligations
factors

is

change,

a nd p h y s i c i a n s

in a c c u l t u r a t i o n

family

page

and B a l u c h i s

cultural

contacts

in the

to c u l t u r a l

students

Lahore

are

portant

in

learning

the

open

Pathans

in m i s s i o n a r y

influence

marriage

more

Punjabi

groups

Karachi

education

ground

The

process

and

Sindhis,

list.

receptive

literacy
makes

Karachi

Punjabis,

the

most

f ro m

the

become

speed

the

im­

of a c c u l t u r ­

a tion.

more

The

Karachiites

and

open

to c u l t u r a l

changes

prepares
new

them

cultural

tribal
fi r s t

for

in

Sindhis

m a y n ot

the

closer.

Karachi

easy

the

Karachiites

are

the

in

the

small

an d

Pakistan

or

the

number

selection

ethnicity

of

people

in a

Sindhis

likewise

of i n t e r n a t i o n a l

mobile

normally

new reali ti es

information

most

in

Punjabis

the

Pathans

on

Because
to

to

choice

later

access

media

are

of a c c u l t u r a t i o n

rural

Due

new

much

but

the

in a c c e p t i n g

the

have

lationships

The

stay.

a rea,

associates,

and

time

of t h e i r

Pathans

close

tak e

and

Pakistanis

inevitability

environment.

Pathans
phase

the

the u r b a n

makes

in

the

of the

the

rural

of the
the

re­

importance

foreign
fr o m

and

of

cultures,

Pakistan.

101
Th e y

face

American
always

no m a j o r
schools

keep

like

embark

on t h e i r

to be
The

food,

people

in

are

likewise,

not

richest

consciousness

abl e

a nd

among

In

that

its

through

South-East

Michigan,

mostly

speak

Urd u

a few

cases

where

communicating

in

fr o m

as m e d i u m

of c o n v e r s a t i o n .

Sindhis

mother

tongues

irrespective
tradition
for

them

gr o u p s .
new
them

feel

more

in

is

of p r o f e s s i o n

The

culturel
abstain

people

usually

greater

Pathans
norms
from

own

beginning

or

than

in t h e i r

drinking

and

the

biggest

have

early

used

very
them
the

themselves,
comfort­
Urban

to U r d u

and

English

hand,

the

usage

of t h e i r

The

tribal

status,

are

Pathans

the

Pakistani

accept

stay,

mo s t
shock
ethnic

or r e j e c t

nearly

They

own

Pathans,

of c u l t u r a l

other

dancing.

are

saw earlier,

extent

the

minority

shaped

The

straight-forwardly

and

being

dialects.

the

Sindhis.
to

not

among

other

tend

try

mor e

family

they

an d

feel

lives.

a n d the

Michigan

have

as we

in

before

Punjabis

ages

are

On the

daily

do e s

parents

comfortable

their

conscious

the

and

certain

a nd r u r a l

The

English

their

Punjabis,

and

very

or

job s

long

Punjab

the

abroad

on

conscious

Pakistan,

different

S t a tes.

Pathans

inhabitants.

history

t he

the

community

in

shock

South-East

relationships.

province

their

that.

in

cultural

people

and

in

orientation

Urdu-speaking

a nd

excepting

or

to

relatives

situation

United

inter-ethnic

Punjabis

latest

receive

weather

develop

like

of

admission

a nd

to the

Punjabis

social

friends

travels

together,

the

in s e e k i n g

their

abreast

Such

things

The

and

them

immigration.

problem

feel

all
more

of

102
nostalgic

of t h e i r

new e nv i ron me nt

language,

they

in

i c u lar.

In the i n i t i a l
the

a nd

Pathans

from

a nd

the

T he y

more

homesick

and t h e i r
them

small

wi t h m or e

weeks

of th e i r

about

the

this

numbers,

stay

from

s ay

leaving

bye.

I was

I was

He

Another

Pathan

the

the due

course

Pakistanis
family

origin.

the
in

of tim e

futur e.

extent

and

fi r s t

very

al l

around

The

and

with

came

living

Virginia,

then"

in
because

But,
cam e
as

I

to

if

(13).

working

in the

thus,

regular

a few

to k n o w

it l o o k e d

homesick

developed

afforded

friends

tow n

cultur­

community

University.

time,

in a s m a l l

was

(52).

We s t

a nd

met

w it h

beginning.
some

friendship

early

loneliness

among

in

is mor e

in D e t r o i t .
of

cultural

shock

South-East

Michigan

owes

position,

These

in A m e r i c a
the

he has

first-timers

Thu s

age,

whom

the

of the

already

Pathan

a c h ild,

chemist

Pakistanis

wit h

the

for

my

in p a r t ­

Punjabis.

respondents,

fr o m

the

fro m

more

the a r e a

by the

when

like

Corporation,

Pathans

among

crying

Pakistan

called

to me

Charleston

urban

rest

stock

Michigan

afforded

leaving

Dow Medical

to

people

felt

of M i c h i g a n ,

ethnic

in

in S o u t h - E a s t

a nd

in

and

province

stay

the

These
part

their

"I m o v e d

of a s s i s t a n c e s h i p
remember

than

the

Sindhis

relatively,

in t h i s

with

Sindhis

togetherness.

people

r e g ion:

rural

urban

homeland

Frontier

of the

the

than

bee n

the

stage

al s t r a n g e n e s s
have

a nd

t ry to a s s o c i a t e

Pakistan

Michigan,

general

family

professional

factors

help

them

prepare

them

for

a great

background

in t h e i r
more

different
deal
and

early

cultural

to t h e i r

ethnic

adjustment

changes

in

Chapter

5

Middle

Ph a s e

and

A Pakistani,
over,

enters

in t o

acculturation.
covers

the

soon
the

The

Participation

after

second

fi r s t

or the

reveals

mo r e

middle

do e s

not

seem

to be

mor e

natural

tha t

defensive

so r t

of

course.
about

acceptance

stag e,

the

"third

culture"

Pakistani-American
a "third

one's

culture"

stil l,

it

of our

study

"third

culture."

of the

Pakistani

deals

with

from

the

also,

community

one

Definition

Traits

of

"The

interaction

of

Pakistani

The

102.

Third

does

not

and

to

the

w ords ,

a

another,

trait
t he

Michigan

wi t h

of a

in suc h

present

the

feel

At t h i s

In o t h e r

to

The

a

a compromising

to e s t i m a t e

in c o n t e x t

adopts

of s h a r i n g

in S o u t h - E a s t

society

mainstream

individual

attempts

new

contributing

definition

The

resistance.

activity.

environment

one

reality.

as

U.S.

The

th e

extent

socio-cultural

and

in

is

of a c c u l t u r a t i o n

Rather

rigid

shock

variables,

in the

that

culture.

The

three

Culture

of his

adjustment

mean

as wel l

an o p t i o n a l

It,

rather

ultimate

culture.
varies

is n e v e r

stay

of a P a k i s t a n i

sharing

the

process

a more

as an

process

attitude.

not

own

replaces

occurs

starts

the

a w ful,

It does

adjustment

A Pakistani

in

Third

cultural

the

given

in h i s / h e r

that

in

of h i s / h e r

stage

stability

primary

phase

phase ,

a few e a r l y m o n t h s

second,

the

in the

to

three

but

p ar t
of thi s
response
the n e w
variables.

Culture"
culture

with

its

American

104

counterpart
another

or

an a m a l g a m

to the

of

many

in

to

Pakistanis
their

in

The

by

the

of

South-East

culture

operates

recipient

of

To

might

be

traits

deny

the

liable

historic
The
American

during
also

and

to t he
which

the

not

they

we r e

of the
phase

from

in the
Pakistanis

that
is

American

also

its

a

Pakistani

sort

of r e l a ­

acceptance

a very

is

individual.

by the

it

of

participation

role

of t h i s

blind

of a

members

second

mean

culture,

is

its

of t h a t

shared

is

Pakistanis

participation

a dominant

values

it

Pakistani

which

their

of t he

existence

"Americanization",

leads

of

third

role

acculturation

It d o e s

o n l y as a d o n o r

where

of the

of l if e

culture,

Michigan.

of c e r t a i n

counterpart.
tionship

third

"the

playing

background

plays

as

traits

and

the

evolution

Actually,

members

norms

level

culture

the

the

means

particular

American

culture.

Michigan

The

the

define

culture,

Thus,

w or ds,

culture.

can

Michigan

of c e r t a i n

South-East

determination
in the

with

Pakistan.

causes

cultural

American

interacts

in o t h e r

third

determined

loosely

South-Eastern

in

stay,

in the

we

different
The

acceptance

used

Michigan

a Pakistani-American

culture,

community

kin g

which

accordingly.

donor

not

South-East

culture,

culture"

act

in

of s w e e p i n g

unreal

and

u n-

generalization.
common
a nd

grounds

Pakistani

language,

leisure

religious

practices

in a t t i t u d e s

for

cultures,

pastimes,

created

and
as

the

interaction
are

multiple:

matrimonial

association
results

of b o t h

with

the

dress,

food

relationships,
others.

of i n t e r a c t i o n

The

in th e

changes
third

105

culture

can

as

as

well

The
nautral

to

of s t a y

evolution

in the

primary

phase

of c e r t a i n

during
dorms
used

the
are

their

second

Some

ridiculing
certain

studies.

manners

have

to

America

of

in

phase.

and

strange

or

the

by the

in
a

the
few

of t h e i r
family

new

basic

contents

in

The

the

com­

cannot

in

be

in

the

getting

food
the

w ho h a d

and

enough

information

of

on

the

arrogant
enjoyed

unawareness

of

society.
most

Michigan

are

engaged

students

are

always

schedules.

responsibilities

activities.

life.

of the

hands,

The

acceptance

living

complained

un­

provides

veterans

undergraduates,

busy

or

Michigan,

d r e s s - s t y l e s , accent

changes

culture.

daily

new students

old

of

members

of the

and

a f ew m o n t h s

a feasible

American

respondents
of s uc h

third

out

a

Pakistani

host

experiences

South-East

The

of

been

consciously

of the

work

"pioneers"

graduate

additional

non-academic

cultural

has

After

feel

which

or b i t

values

South-East

The

complain

th e

part

their

in

Pakistanis

occasionally

the

Excepting
students

t he

insemination

student

on

institutions.

residing

helped

attitudes

and

and

culture

and

Pakistanis

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106

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107

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108

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109

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110

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113
cherish
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114

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115

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area.

the

fact

that

the

original

in

South-East

Michigan

They read

newspapers

fro m

libaries

by the

places

to

to

Pakistan

Pakistanis

of home.

many

visit

jobs

of m a n y m o r e

Contacts

Mo s t

Similarly,

similar

of the m a r r i e d

lawyers,

South-East
or

Many

in t o u c h

savings

too.

second

S t a tes.

so o n

enough

in

return

holidays.

physicians,

married,

in t h e i r

the

to

try to m ak e

in o t h e r

keep

Pakistanis

istan

relatives

to see more

destined

in L a n s i n g

wives

skilled

other

workers

American

get

or

for

visits

of t h e m

United

le a v e

to

short

students

is t a n

travel

they

and

time.

Pakistanis

zeal

education

make

them

The

and

Pakistani

friends

States

their

among

ambitious

students,

leisure

cars

observed

is an

graduate

of t h e i r

States

United

stage

finishing

blue-collar

vi s i t

reality

in

Pakistani

the

universities.

Embassy

in

mostalgia
cherish

Pakistan
The

Washington,

the

over,

memories

provided

newsletters,
D.C.,

is

by

published

and r eligious

116

organizations
latest

like

happenings

usually

prefer

MSA,
in

keep

Pakistan.

religious

distrust

though

very explicit,

political
all

the

situation

Pakistani

well-informed
of

on

information

the

homeland.

in

the

fro m an

curiosity

do not

openly.

On the

politics

openl y.

interesting
for

settled

Students

fessionals,

b eing

physicians,
send

large

fledged
t ha t

to t h e

The
and

at

the

United

same

mixed

cases,

Michigan
but

fro m

w er e

the

quality

Pakistan

about

their

impressions

of the

of

Government

of

situations

discuss

religion

time

the

a nd

to a n o t h e r .

political

a nd

home,

economic

Pakistanis

students

liberal

from

all

arrivals

officials

the

the

Pakistan,

express

discuss

very

Pakistani

are

the

two

controversial

Pakistanis.

in

South-East
new

regular
the

home

in
but

soon
to

sa v e

community,
and

United

rather

Similarly

t he

the

pro­

unlike

the

cannot

with

States

money.

The

lawyers,

bring

they

some

home.

professionals
the

after

likewise,

dispatches

in the

The

try

and

businessmen

of s e t t l i n g

States.

home

money

poorest

back

Michigan,

positions,

back

consignments.

money

new

th e

Letters

In a l m o s t

in

of the

Pakistanis

unlike

vaguely

local

politics

engineers,

plans

much

to

families

sen d

the

contrary

in t h e i r

with

students,

like

all the

Pakistanis
are

a nd

Many n e w m e m b e r s

and

individual

of the

Pakistan,

religious

in S o u t h - E a s t

happenings

particularly,

topics

depict

travellers

abreast

media.

Pakistan.

Pakistan,

mo s t

western

respondents

varied

Visitors,
increase

the

The

literature

Pakistanis
not

Pakistanis

full-

do n ot

mo r e

blue-collar

se n d

relatives
workers,

117

through

the

relatives
regard
in

arranged

to

are

the

United

the m o s t

increasing

marriages,

the

sponsor

S t a tes.

ambitious

number

The

people

of t h e i r

m a n y of t h e i r

near

Punjabis,

in this

w ho

little

waste

families

in

ti m e

South-East

Michigan.
The
the

affluent

validity

enterprises
estate

of t he
during

is a v e r y

professionals
The
to

rural
buy

Pakistanis
American
thi s

manage

Punjabis,

f ar m

la n d

while

with

fond

the

physicians

b uy

houses

A rural

Punjabi

was

working

with

sponsored
and

two

younger
while
This

his

three

the

United

sons

ran

a party

brother

two

other

while

nephews

worked

well-integrated

both

a span

a land

a nd

are

the

wi t h

tribal

or e t h n i c i t y

on m u t u a l

at

expanded
years.

To

people

with

and

in a s t r o n g

accept

the

system

his

a nd

business
still

of t h e i r

system

of a r r a n g e d

meant

the

professions

regularly.

family

jobs.

"pioneer-

obligations,

parents

wif e

house;

unskilled

America

family

his

complexes,

the

number

factory

he had

time,

their

obeying

irrespective

to t h e i r

believe

to

them

complexes.

whom

same

prefer

skilled

automobile

nephews
the

its

the

money

the

different

family,

Pakistanis,

apartment

relatives.

l ands,

other

apartment

opportunities.

w ho

support

of h is

Pakistani

agrarian

adjacent

and

send

people

h ad

of a few

of r i c h e s
Along

rural

store

At

in r e a l -

of t h e i r

and

the
two

States.

two

completely,

and

and

managed

member"
in

cousins

to

help

of v a s t

usually

many

confirm

their

Investment

for

the

Michigan

expanding

period.

professionals

along

by

business

it

being

South-East

dream

middle

lucrative

who

in

They
based
marriages.

118

Attitudes

toward

During
States,
their

the

America

the

second

Pakistanis

habits

towards

culture.

Or,

culture.

We
and

determine

into

wi l l

their

Th e i r

words,

fi rst

and

their

new

or c o n t a c t s
ga i n

more

bors,

jobs,

fri e n d s ,

this.

After

land

among

ov e r

and

travel

the

groups

awareness
in

a few m o n t h s ,

they

The

their

food,

feel

in

American

at e a s e

by a so r t

of a d v e n t u r o u s

spirit.

istani

tries

to

u se s

words

American

popular

mensions

and

of s u c h
strong
There

will

and

are

t r y to

culture.
not

experiences.
confidence

wil l

be

Now,
shocked

Th i s

and more

exceptions,

of

is

that

curiosity
capacity

course.

jeans,

enhance
he

h is

much

for

new

habits

and

A Pak­

certain

for

by t he

mingled

new

are

knowledge

prepared

is

towards

communication
American

ed­

in the

is r e p l a c e d

colloquial

South-

neigh­

contribute

tastes

wear

re­

culture.

in t r y i n g

likes

result­

in

hesitancy

food,

stage.

mutual

early

new

to

life-styles,

with

more

problems

culture

american

a ll

third

towards

Pakistanis

of the

and m e d i a ,

of the

affiliations

the

language,

own

intermediate

and

association

colleagues

new people.

this

in

in t h e i r

their

pa r t

own

United

only

attitudes

their

during

not

as

become

ho m e ,

in the

also

well

their
to

three

and

but

idelolgical

with

early experiences

ucation,

t he n

stay

change

as

they

discuss

above-mentioned

Michigan

culture

acculturation

fro m

lationships
Eas t

in o t h e r

a b ig

relationships

new

Americans

Ap a r t
ing

the

of t h e i r

undergo

and m u t u a l

attitudes

America

phase

new

di­

results

with

ideas

of

a

a n d norms .

119

The

deeply

at

American

in

their

social

or

other

Muslims

bo t h

rural

Islamic

popular

and

or

contacts

their

w it h

jazz,

Pakistanis

They

a nd m o v e

prefer

mainly

among
These

a re

provincial

and

behavior.

To

is e n o u g h .
American

American

them

They

movies

women.

being

they

reserved

Pakistanis,

are

dislike

and

be

loo k

Pakistanis

outlooks.

less

still

to

similiar

social

a Muslim

with

religious

doubtfully.

urban,

music,

ernization
explain

culture

in t h e i r

Pakistani

committed

more

Pan-

a simple

American
avoid

A fe w t y p i c a l

frat­

remarks

will

ty p e

all,

attitudes:
" I do

"

not

music

because

it

is

Iprefer

to

wear

than

tight

I am
"

lik e

un-Islamic"

compelled

with

actual
" I hate

to

girls

marriage"
seeing

a nd

K u rta ,

rather

to

weather

the

so" (40).
l i k e the

idea

of

go i n g

w h a t - s o - e v e r , before

(56).

Pakistanis

girls

at

(26).

but due

do

do n o t

any

American

Shalwar

trousers,

Ipersonally
out

of a n y

an d

going

behaving

out

lik e

with

Americans"

(79).
" I c o o k my
are

On the
closer

other

interaction

my

own

favorite

" I will

accept

ture

lo n g

hand,
with

as
the
the

fo o d

and

ones"

anything
as

liberal

it

all

Pakistani

(74).
from

is n o t

American

cul­

un-Islamic^

Pakistanis

Americans:

dishes

believe

in

(62).

" I do not
se x e s
bo y s

mind

a nd
and

free-mixing

I like
there

to

go

of o p p o s i t e

out

is n o t h i n g

with

American

wrong

with

it"

(24).
" Casual

Bear

in m i n d

westernized
students

a nd

Many
pendent
a nd

late

other
are

urban

good

for m e n t a l

week

of h a r d

that

for

twenties.

generally

partying

after

are

a tense

(23).

respondents
and

and

relaxation

work"

them,

both

careful

who

most

are
of

believe

themselves

To

has

dancing

fro m

them

highly

are

unmarried

professionals.

Pakistanis,

decisions

culture,

suc h

backgrounds,

skilled

other

drinking,

goo d

and

bad

mind

t h e y are

reaching
want

totally remain
up

the

without

good

things

as

to

at"
be

twenties

like

a ny

it.

They

of A m e r i c a n

long

goint

as

culture

out

they

with

know

w ha t

(30).

Americanized

isolated.

things

going

in

Pakistanis

girls

inde­

in m i d

culture,

evaluation

American

" I do not

mostly

American

in t h e i r

" I do not

are

in m a k i n g

from

to e i t h

I want
both

of t he

or
to

pick

cultures
extremes"

(79).
All of t h e s e
the
it.

second phase
Thus,

towards
new

they

a nd

are

of a c c u l t u r a t i o n
are

America.

habits

respondents

clearer

They

changes

feel

in

either
or

their

have

just

ideas

self-assured

in t h e i r

passing

in

attitudes.

and

through

gone

through

attitudes

discussing
Contacts

their

wit h

121

the

American

colleagues,
neighbors

at

insurance

lessen

Pakistanis
meet

jobs,

Eastern

female

friends

feel

with

regular
The

members

in the
The

with

liberal

such

idea

ha v e

cultural

many

women.

dorms.

like

there

sor t

Some

with

other

marry

their
Iran

or

marriages
similar

are

st a r t

but

cultural

very

few

going

of d a t i n g s

are

of i n t e r ­

Egypt,

wi t h

Pakistanis

they

relationships

in a r r a n g e d

S ince

Such

unmarried

community

a nd

a nd

mainstream

out

usually

mostly

married,

or h a v e

phase

urban
the

difficulties

end

no o p p o r t u n i t y

of t h e i r

mos t

The

a nd

successful

tribal

in a c c e p t i n g

do not

cult u r e .

outgoing

origins

Pathans
the

blue-collar

in o v e r c o m i n g

people

third

the mos t

Punjabis,

relationships.

Th e s e

of the

second

are

rural

difficulties

inhibitions.

in the

The

are

from

outlooks

many

pre-marital
similar

the

physicians

ventures.
have

Pakistanis

during

moderate

Sindhis

of su c h

workers

w omen,

students

social

and rural

own.

who

communities

partners

Many

marriages.

younger

stay.

believe

their

Eastern

females

Such

large

an d

Pakistanis.

to go out

countries

in m a r r y i n g

lik e

consumers

in the

area.

patients,

A few P a k i s t a n i s

Muslim

do not

Pakistani

other

up as

in

from

comfortable

single

reside.

or

prefer

where

of

American

rooms

in the

campuses

They

orientations

isolation
with

class

present
on

out

teachers,

businessmen,

consciously,

students

Palestine.

agents,
social

the

very

mostly

roommates,

going

in

women

national

the

start

Pakistanis,

found

students,

their

find t h e m s e l v e s

T h e y are
of m e e t i n g

either
members

of

122

opposite

sex

obligations
experience
le a s t

the
or

tribal

face

friends
moral

lack

of

leisure

with

back

home

and

greater

with

the

or s p o u s e s
for
is

avoid

hand,

other

The

loyalty

Americans
the

in

norms

Pakistanis

provide

a sort

of

serious

of

them

the

youthful
degrees

are

attachment
to their

to

ru r a l

of ma n y of the
the

area.

rural

Th e y

of a n ew c u l t u r e .

with

Pakistanis.

varied,

The

family

la c k

a ll make

free-mixing

in a c c e p t i n g

other

s ta ge,

other

Th e i r

and

the u n i v e r s i t y

exceptions.

the

ti m e

community.

are

hinder

jobs.

relations,

in the

group

of th e i r

thus

the

Pakistanis

nature

a nd

support

this

members
this

confusion
On

home,

values

Pakistanis

at

in

social

t he

cross-cultural

outgoing

family

to

back
in

Pakistanis
very

due

American

gi r l

psychological

and

The e x t e n t

involvement,

particularly

the

of

rural

and

tribal

committments:

" I used

to

my belief
which
wa n t

" I used

turn

deceive
to

but

place

every

woman

in an a r r a n g e d

would
to

days

tell

her
her

go out
would

But

either"

drink

the
only

and

about

marriage

off.

with

of a l b o h o l

I met

system,

I did

(18).

gi r l s

in

hot t e a

would

not

avoid

those
in

dancing"

(71).
" I fell

in lo v e

in the

hospital

because

of my

She

only

not

town"

with

(73).

but

a woman
could

familial
left

me,

at t he

job

not m a r r

her

and c u l t u r a l
but

also,

lef t

reasons.
the

12?

Suc h
rural

backgrounds

dancing
men t

examples

with

or m a r r y i n g

of the

temporary

fun

culture.

out

with

and

mo v e

away

the

basics

women

evaluation

among
that

these

towards

The

their
own

accept

work

of

system

The

Americans
should

but

are

the

them

very

are

principal
the

with

them

The y

usually

loneliness

of s p e e c h ,

most.
ample

closely.

h el p

life-styles.

America

freedom

Americans

experiences

American

disagree.

and

Their

in

the

like

the

critical

isolation

hurt

many

Pakistanis

receive

more

care

from

own

of

oarticularly

w ho

believe

their

own

relatives.

Attitude

second

people

stage

provides

American

of t h e i r

a later

their

stay

of

going

parents

his

sake

start

about

values.

elderly

at

agree­

who

individual's

about

personal

system

moral

the

yo u n g

and

Pakistanis

if t h e i r

of the

from

appreciate

see

of t h e

educational
American

in

many

seriously,

even

Pakistanis

observations

the

do no t

honesty

to

without

from

drinking,

the

features

opportunities

girl

dislike

for

and

phase

ties

Pakistani

socialize

application

second

family

many

they

religion

The

since

So

for m a r r i a g e ,

his

rare ,

strong

In g e n e r a l ,

American

The

not

a non-Pakistani

parents.

own

them

are

Pakistanis

stage

countrymen
or

Pakistanis

in

towards
in the

in

South-East

of a c c u l t u r a t i o n ,

attitudes

profession

other

not

Americans,

area.

in e t h n i c i t y

The

South-East

Michigan

Michigan,

during

only

a change

but

feel
also

towards

similarites

determine

their

in

the

th e i r

family

mutual

in

status,

relationship.

124

Besides,

their

respective

basis

their

ideological

of

towards

one

The
the

platform

The

married

mingle

like

such

getting

Pakistani
f r o m t he

grouping,

to

dissatisfaction
grouping

ethnicity.

To

on

them

more
one

the

gusted

such

differences

the

members

their

irritation

their

own

a necessary

part

dependent

determine

in

the

at t he

life-styles.

Pakistanis

their

on

the

attitudes

in

and

South-East

a balancing

f a m i ly,
or

try

to

life,

forge

position

the

students
other

always

of o t h e r

t ry

for

a

w ho

themselves

dis­

t ie s

recalled

Pakistanis
of

conflict

culture.

in t h e i r

or

feel

patterns

into

dis­

should

closer

Respondents

Pakistani

Michigan

married

a Pakistani

comes

another.

profession

individualistic

of

is

one

the

new enthusiasts

intervention

patterns

the

Then,

The re

community.

The

with

provide

of the m e m b e r s ,

of

The

of A m e r i c a n

social

many

wit h

likewise

another.

a Muslim

differences.

among

origin.

basis

being

acquainted

freely,

among

such

the

culture

harness

associate

ethnic

eliminate
at

third

Muslim organizations

closely

same

relate

a nd

couples

themselves

professionals
of

Pakistani

for

among

so r t

in the

another.

local

Pakistanis

roles

o wn

in
life,

with

So

the

to

between

the

t wo e x t r e m e s .
The

prosperity

their

family

life

which

affect

their

of wiv e
ion

can

be

of m u t u a l

an

of

could

some

create

mutual
excuse

relations

Pakistanis
arrogance

relationships.
as w e l l

of

as

or

the

or m u t u a l

in

in

jealousy

The n a t i o n a l i t y

a support

Pakistanis

success

in

the

South-East

definit­
Michigan.

125

a few

bachelor

couples

w ho

g irls.

In an

Pakistanis

do n o t

approve

independent

Pakistanis

did

countrymen

in t h e i r

ualism
while

is
it

the
is

Attitudes

sector

their

raise

the

East

Michigan

in

among

these

be t r a c e d
The
of the

feel

to

things
wives

from

three

on

in

play
in

the

married

the

American

these

unmarried

of t h e i r

American

bachelor

the

they

U.S.,

and

individ­

Pakistanis

married

Pakistanis.

available
of the

an

women,
simply

a new world

a nd

lif e

in

women
the

status

person

in

beginning,

of t h e i r

to

South-

Similarly,

the h a b i t s

from

public

and

adjustment.

in

the

educated

Pakistani

new

of c h a n g e s

in

housewives

homesick

the

men varies

and

wives

attitudes

person

and

can

variables.

a very

profession

and

ethnic

background

important

role

in the

acculturation

Af t e r

early

start

wives

A few

working

Baby-sitting,
these

the

their

culture.

absorb

most

begin

encourage

American

jo b s

of the

lonely

America.

men

campuses

for

fewer

many

religiosity,

expenses.

the

full-time

extent

of s t u d e n t s ,

family

one

accepting

the

Pakistani

by

become

very

and

wives

trait

The

Even

doubt,

women

age,

affairs.

have

But

start

husbands

of t h e i r

job s

No

The

wit h

interference

life.

a few m o n t h s

America.

many

family

husbands

dates

certain

atmosphere,

the

disliked

Pakistan

them.

th e i r

wi t h

Women

children.

for

but a f t e r

admired

marriage,

wait

uneasy

social

personal

the m o s t

in

of

appreciate

most

outside

after

their

not

Towards

Women

feel

to

w o men,
support

The

is

to a c c e p t

housekeeping

women.

shock

over,

some

new

particularly,
so m e
or

the

of the
similar

Pakistani

other

women

with

126

college

degrees

communicating
new

with

atmosphere

Some

women,

busy,

do not

have

som e

start

but

the

husbands,
even

dress-styles.
South-East
way.
a nd

The

Michigan

"Kurta",

urban

women

continent.
attitudes
ation
Such

The

the

liberal

conservative

Punjabi

students

believe

in t he

Contrary
Pakistanis
the

their

ar e

enthusiastic
Pakistan.
learn

Urdu,

and

to

social

In the

about

M a n y of

the

them,

d ress .

found

the

in

sub­

associ­

families.
among

rural
who

sexes.

t he

women
and

cook

the

the

the

spouses

ambitious
a nd

"Shalwar"

physicians,

people

in

protective

Pakistani

these

Pakistani

Similarly

prefer

in

Islamic

wear

dress

from

and

Pakistanis

f r i e n d l y .w i t h

clothes

generally

basic

a strict

of b o t h

of the

them­

trousers

Pakistan

Pathan

in a v e r y

Pakistani

in

mostly

beginning,

learning

children

th e i r

non-Pakistani
and

to k e e p

discouraging

we r e

a

skilled

like

popular

separation

that,

more

wea r

of

moderate

tribal

discover

encouragement

religious

Pakistanis

and

the

with

quitting

by

in

fruitfulness.

classes

dresses

areas

attitudes

strict

community.

w ome n,

wives

and

problem

jobs.

Pakistani

religious

quickly

of the

themselves

rural

any

or m o r e

fi n d

"Sa ri ” , another

towards

with

two

of the

typical

wear

wives

without

dress

from

the

to

American

wives

and

evening

with

Pakistani

The

women

the

leisure

skirts

face

independence

taking

wear

do not

Americans

mothers

enough
of

cases

the

particularly,

selves

their

Pakistan

of p ers on al

professionals,

Mo s t

from

are

of s o m e
rest
very

culture
way,

of

of

t r y to

Pakistani

food.

127

They even
Muslim

change

n ames.

socialization
of s u c h

their

Suc h
a nd

such

accept

the

mixed

w ho

role

greater

knowledge

Thi s

their

in t h e i r
of

fr o m

culture

tudes,

which

groups

pf

extent

of r e c e p t i o n

by the

community

the

p ac e

specific

their

husbands

in

popular

America.

in the

Pakistani

in

The

their

parents

non-Pakistani

beginning

bring

discussion,

in S o u t h - E a s t
adjustment

but,

women
later

both
is

the

different

on,

These

three

rejection

of a c c u l t u r a t i o n

among

familial,

are

and

habits
three

are

combined
cultures.
an d

on

cultural
also

in

their

realities.

the

traits

shows

Pakistanis
by

atti­

different

based

influenced
ethnic

is

American

distribution
different

The

environment

from

groups

in

a

culture.

of c e r t a i n

further

professional

and

phase

plays

which

of c e r t a i n

reactions

This

who

new

culture

Pakistani

members.

Michigan

Michigan

in the

third

comprised

or

the s e c o n d

new s o c i o - c u l t u r a l

in the

Pakistanis.

South-East

to

to m a r r y

above

the

movement

traits

third

the

Pakistanis

pivotal

of the

plan

names

realities.

of the

helps

hel p

marriages

To s u m m a r i z e
stay

spouses

acculturation

Pakistanis

resent

Christian

Chapter

6

The

Final

Ph ase
Of

The
Michigan
their

sta y;

adjustment
present
stage

their
in the

part

new

of the

interaction
mainstream
sharing,

with
of

their
par t

elements

of

familiarity

phase

in the

American

new

the

institutions

and

is the

attitudes
most

and

intimate

contacts

with

Americans

generally,

U.S.

they
the

gone

and

a sense

change

in t h e i r

develop
128

the

this

comprehensive
of s t a y

Pakistanis,

the

time,

during

duration

the

in

brings

A longer

accept

the

their

are

of all.

Pakistanis

the

American

By thi s

reaching
more

to

culture,

culture

and

their

stag e,
to

final

homeland.

in h a b i t s

of a c c u l t u r a t i o n

U.S.

and

closer

minorities

too.

The

third

a nd

in

their

behavior

them

in a d i f f e r e n t

foreignness

change

the

At this

culture,

to t he

to

brings

of A m e r i c a n

with many

of b e l o n g i n g
The

being

the,

stabilized

many other

stages

environment.

a nd c o n t r i b u t i o n

like

roots

are

and

cultural

soc i e t y .

participation

Despite

the

Americans

American

is e x a c t l y

U.S.

is d e v o t e d

Pakistanis

culture

become

in the

when

in S o u t h - E a s t

different

socio-cultural

study

the

Completion

Pakistanis

by the t h r e e

of a c c u l t u r a t i o n ,

attitudes

of the

arrival

of the

the

Acculturation

acculturation
is m e a s u r e d

and

a mor e

daily

and

in t he

far -

U.S.

help

l ive s.

tolerant

third

and

The
receptive

attitude

towards

American

life-styles

is m a n y

c a ses,

undergo

a big

own

people

easy

contribute

wives

pages,

we

habits

and

Changes

will

or

in thi s

the

early

contacts

media

or

them

in

getting

third

of

the m e m b e r s
United

their

friends,
media,

cultural

patterns

In the

such

and,

Pakistanis

towards

Michigan.

stay

of

the

changes

of the

following
in

Pakistani

S t a tes.

which

of t h e i r

stay.

self-reliance

helps

American

of age,

have

cultural

American

second

flourishes
The

ensure

par t

they

aura

Pakistanis

the

with

become

soon

U.S.

through
their

personal

in g a i n i n g

Their
the

"peers,

helps

mainstream

a pa r t

during

after

accultura­

stay

the

in

previous

starts

of t h e i r

more
of

for

all

profession

of c h a n g e

the

culture

acquainted

By then,

in

change

homeland

society,

family,
amount

seen

initiatives

closely

culture.

in

a tremendous

their

The

culture

par t

of

As we

by p e r s o n a l
America.

American

of

these

American

the

The

complex

of a p o w e r f u l

extent

of the

feel

with

in

of

changing

the

years

leave

tion

attitudes

impact

in

part

process

Pakistanis

less

rol e

irrespective

origin,

the

natural,

South-East

daily habits.

chapters,

the

features.

Life

a few

Pakistanis,

their

in

The

cultural

Similarly

their

attitudes

in D a i l y

ethnic

and

explore

the

After
the

in

effectively

Pakistanis

more

to a d opt.

culture.

of t he

community

American
lo o k

change

and

colleagues,

many

the

of the
third

confidence
more

a nd

intimacy

13 0

with

the

American

from

their

parent

During
of

the

Americans

tanis

culture

Pakistani
third

and

American
places,

idioms

cultural
customs,

activities
more.

Sociable

personnel,

due

Michigan.

infrastructure.

Names

Pakistani
the

third

to

ag e d

to the

or

of the
ot h e r

U.S.

America,

have

more

and

tribal

than

culture.

with

their

American

colleagues

mo r e

comfortable

other
send

tha n

from their

letters

cases,

other

back

the t r i b a l

hom e

own

all

sorts

Pakis­

American

daily

comprehension
of

the

or o t h e r
to

to

of

people,
lisure

them

a ny

skilled

occupations

and

better

wai t

for

the

education,

the

middle

religious

affil­

strong

Pakistanis

by t h e i r
the

hinder

American

and

of

other

have

with

urban

mainstream

family members

a nd

These

free

places

mother

Pakistani
ethnic

in

the

same

Pathans

a nd

the

tongue

friends.

group,

they

language,
rural

in

from

movement

Pakistani

at the

visits

in c r o s s - c u l t u r a l

expectations

the

their

whose

relatives

others

traditions,

in u s i n g

with

foreign

college

sponsored

taboos

off

things.

and

slowly

Family

not

do not

community

b ee n

breaking

for t he

food

of t h e i r

without

rural

more

relationships.
elders

these

Pakistanis

members

iations,

learn

are

nature

qualifications,

The

manners,

students

educational
stage

Knowledge
in the

Americans

to

a problem

Pakistanis

festivals,

of the

communication

presents

he l p

completely

culture.

stage

no l o n g e r

in S o u t h - E a s t

usages

without

in

speak
of

the
the
English

work

with
With

but

their
Pakistanis,

speak

Urdu

too.

But

Sindhis

feel

write

and
in m a n y

letters

131
back

hom e

in

The

Pushto

and

Punjabis,

S i n dhi ,

bot h

rural

K a r a c h i i t e s , communicate
in

Pakistan

large

in Urdu.

extent

variable,
their

use

families,
other

use

friends.

community,

Pakistanis

in

the

mothers,

with

of Urdu,

mostly

sometimes,
here
The
family

wit h

their

in a l o c a l
his

east

Pakistani

older

of

words

highly
and

urban

parents

with
and
in

a nd

English
with

The
or

in

the

of the

for

English

South-

rural

their

bac k

other

teenagers

generation

from

of a ny

wi t h

Pakistanis

other

tongues

are

infant

sensitive

tongue

and

American

w ive s,

have

spouses

son
fo o d

Pakistani

very

mother

and

air-conditioning

wi t h

wearing

use

to a

Michigan

uni-linguals.

mother

Pathans

traditions,

to

and

the

Pakistani

that

matter

children
picked

a nd

up

there.

tribal

respondents
words

speak

their
or

the

knowledge

as

tongues.

friends

of c o n v e r s a t i o n

to the

with

are

unconciously
a nd

liberal

South-East

children

U.S.,

and

irrespective

from a f f l u e n t

bor n

unlike

little

The

in

English

well

mother

likewise

of c o m m u n i c a t i o n

mostly

children

These

as

Pakistanis,

her e

and

relatives

religious,

as a m e d i u m

bot h

respective

ubran,

their

Pakistan.

speak

a nd

a medium

English

The

Michigan

Pakistani

fr o m

in

Pakistanis,

family

as

Pakistanis,

Pakistan.

East

The

moderate

Urd u

relatives

westernized

in

the

with

their

bo r n
and

kids.

fro m
h is

clothes.

his

wife
(65).

religion.
taught

A Pathan

factory,

not

their

So m e

many

speaks
wife.

feel

Pathan

Pushto

resident

always

American
doe s

about

working
Pushto

They

hesitant

always
in

132

However
their

public

Pakistanis
habits.
styles

sion

and

in

The

eat

but

never

studying
always

eat

have

bo r s

a nd

t he

American

the

eat

out.

of t h e i r

dishes

at h o m e

the

East

The

mutual

American

wives

rest

of the

su c h

realities:

A Punjabi

own

a re

The
not

skilled

American

on

them

much

in

The

the

their

own

wh e n

spicy

lawyers
because

the

American
food

natural

fro m

those

respondents

efforts.

result

Pakistanis

from

of

Pakistani

entertaining

of

neigh­

single

Their

a very

patterns

compul­

prepare

a nd

in

under

friends,

foo d

in t h e i r

of

of

with

of the
wi l l

typify

Detroit:

Pakistani
food.

of

living

Michigan,

their

always

is

food

Pakistan,

engineers,

hot

the

occasions

food.

different

Some

in

weekends.

the

for

from

on r a r e

b ut

foo d

worker

eat

taste

sorts

of r e c i p e s

community.

"I a l w a y s

all

like

encourages

students

entertain

in

Pakistanis

cafeterias

Pakistani

eat

live s,
change

colleges

except

of E n g l i s h

sub-continental

students

or

use

of the

single

married

elaborately

get-togethers.

the

native

occupations,

exchange

in

pharmacists,

colleagues

which

their

with

seldom

in the

They

professionals

nature

fo o d

and

daily

interest

The

food

physicians,

a nd

prepared

universities

colleagues

or o t h e r

su c h

The

Pakistani
to

Pakistani

friends

forsake

of

Michigan

permanent

dishes.
in

they

food

knowledge

sectors

of M i c h i g a n .

dorms

Pakistani

private

spicy

part

the

South-East

remains

in t h i s
the

widespread

food,

while

Sometimes,

we

my w i f e
exchange

prefers
the

her

dishes

133

cooked

by e a c h

in c o m p l e t e
Another
ties

rural

other

and

harmony."

Punjabi

our

mutual

arrangement

works

(77).

un-skilled

worker

in his

late

twen­

observed:
"My w i f e
am at

works

home

during

taking

Pakistani

dishes

wife

likes

als o

sometimes,
Pakistani
A student

from

the

car e
a nd

to

then

entertains

Karachi

for

of our

cook

dishes."

day

the

baby.

we all

my

I

prepare

together.

food

Pakistani

while

I usually

eat

Pakistani

State,

My

on w e e k e n d s

friends

and

wit h

(51).

finds

it

handy

to

try all

food,

which

bot h

kinds

of

food :
"I p r e f e r
co o k

very

dishes
and

Pakastani

which

try

Neighborhood

a nd

their

The

Pakistanis,
mor e

o wn

members

nature

of t he

workers,

houses

in

and

Pakistani

workers

during

their
friends

are

in

wife

prepares
We eat

and

I

American
out

rarely

(15).

Change
both

skilled
status

the

o wn

a nd

and

third

like

aTound.

well-prepared

ethnic

Due

property

stay.

societies,
immediate

the

agrarian

holds

a very

of the

Michigan,
to buy

in t h e i r

their
to

ones,

origins,

Eastern

with

determination

South-East

unskilled

stage

other

homes

society,

in t h e

she

a like.

a lot."

family

Pakistani

position

stay,

like

historically

important

of t h e i r

both

Cultural

secure

family

Sometimes,

food

of t h e i r

buy

feel

we

Greek

Pakistani
irrespective

often.

my

social

after

their

a few

own

s t a tus.
years

h o u ses.

134
Almost

90?o own

Pakistani
affluent

their

physicians,

are

and

Pakistani

other

share

usually

their

Students
dominantly
the
har d

to be

fina l

stanis

help

tion

Pakistanis

are

in the

Chicago,

there

Detroit.

The

terns
mo r e
The

family
of the

same
is

South-East

over
where

prosperity

in the

Michigan

who

their

with

pre­

T h e y live
make

stores

the

the

and,

The

business

and

f a m i l y or town

to so m e
foremost

Pakistani,
considera­

Pakistanis.

they

be

would

the

New

to

in

f o l l o w the

acquisition

pat­

of

subu r b s .

Pakistanis

acculturation.

and

concen­

area

to a f f l u e n t

helps

The

York and

ethnic

seem

in

Paki­

Michigan

out

ne a r

it

Pakistanis

sam e

Unlike

neighborhood
in

food

Pakistani

move

Americans.

South-East

with

income

p l a ces.

of t h e s e

in D e t r o i t

Americans,

and

diversity

spouses

special

Pakistanis

of

close

is a l w a y s

area

all

estate

to the

workers

class

kinds

in

of th e i r

to m i d d l e

dwellings.

real

live

Blue-collar

help

Living

all

most

around.

jo bs,

neighborhood.
no

where

limitations

their

in the

scattered

of other
wealth

about

of M i c h i g a n .

businessmen

expensive

belonging

is no p a r t i c u l a r

trated

people

schools,

par t

neighborhooods

financial

another.

or a M u s l i m
minds

mixed

rent

another

one

with

neighborhoods

decisions

to

in the

there

safer

one

belonging

group

to

the

Pakistanis

clo se

Indian

t he

their

c h o o s y or

making

live

in

some

Americans.

workers

live

P r o x i m i t y to

sometimes

white

in t h i s

suburbs,

neighborhoods

since

comparatively

and

in t he

lower-income

campuses

dwellings

lawyers

neighborhoods

neighbors

group,

own

in

135

The
Michigan

Pakistanis
spend

relatives
visit

or

other

frequent

area

their

married

Pakistani

couples

spend

they

their
much

spots.

spare

to

of w h o m

come

from

Muslims

many

religious
other

with

the

and

bachelors

Pakistanis,
in the

Americans.

local

Afro-American
with

of

families,

Muslims

other

the

own

state

Pakistanis

with

associate

Albanian

their

while

with

associate

Pakistanis

Iranians,

time

of the

married

The

socialization

prefer

The r e l i g i o u s

Afro-Asian

social

pa r t

with

The

the m a j o r i t y

Arabs,

time

countrymen.

and a v o i d

Howe v e r ,

leisure

in t h i s

th e i r

American

likewise,

residing

Muslims,
community.

the r e l i g i o u s

other

Muslims

from

countries.
»«

Most
television
ly.

The

like

sets

and

religious

television
of t h e m

Pakistanis,

avoid

to go with
The

students

and other
of

going

humor

shown

favorite

prefer

theaters.

families
movies

to

are

any
like

third

or s c r e e n .

prefer

to e n t e r t a i n

Similarly,
parts

many

of t he

Pakistanis
U.S.

on

in

on

programs.
They

Some

do

not

social

the

by b a c h e l o r

most

fro m the

stage,
local

American
them

guests

with

South-East

recreational

event

urban

language

M a n y of

their

ne w s

American

professionals

By the

own

regular­

the

movie

tube

music.

watch

the

on the

popular

programs

popular

they enjoy

and

to

students,

other

so

systems

a nd

a f ew s i n g l e

li k e

to

single

Pakistan.

any hurdle

to o t h e r

do not

American

of fer

their

Pakistanis

their

e i t her.

centers

watch

onl y a n d

e ve n

excepting

does

not

jokes

and

o wn

stereo

American

Michigan

or b u s i n e s s

travel
visits

1 36

a nd

get

local

to

know more

businessmen

do not

travel

ag e n t s ,

Pakistanis
visitors

in

U.S.

jo b s

or

United

The

States,
stage

third

their

outlooks

stage

towards

less

U.S.

indefinitely.

feel

number
rural

nostalgic

of s i n g l e
villages
into

The

result

South-East

with

in

the

in

big

and

seeking
cities
a nd

their

summer

in the
the

Pakistanis

South-East

stay,

feel

own

in

South.
South-

mobility.

relatives
by b e i n g
is

in

with

in an

plan

from

among

Pakistan
them.

in m e n t i o n i n g
par t

the

girls

a nd

back

ever-increasing

They

in the

status

to

That

the

U.S.,

is w h y

the

Michigan.

The

the

of t h e i r

of M i c h i g a n

engagements

in

and people.

citizen

in

during

changes

on r e s i d i n g

with

increasing

this

Michigan,

enormous

country

Pakistanis

pride

number
or

elsewhere

arranged

marriages

in the n a t i v e
number

of

the

Punjabis

Michigan.

Pakistanis
their

insurance

to m a n y p l a c e s

Midwest

many

The

mutual

Punjabis

The
touch

feel

residing

U.S.

other

facilitate

their

Punjabis

Punjabis

in t he

in

generally

secure

of the

trips

workers

posts

students

and

of t h e i r

more

relatives

living

in the

feel

and

which

physicians,

Pakistan

Pakistanis

many

make

single

widely

cars

students,

administrative

Pakistan

travel

lawyers,

blue-collar

single

employment

own

their

sponsor

holding

The

married

the

Pakistani

Towards

The

ot h e r

in a c c u l t u r a t i o n ,

Michigan

Attitudes

America.

but

from

temporary

By th i s
East

and

o ften ,

casual
the

of

in

South-East

families

and

Michigan

friends

in

keep

in c o n s t a n t

Pakistan.

Th e i r

137

occasional
varying
the

visits

from

family

elaborate

homeland,
marents

to get
The

Michigan,

feel

like

stories

to

native

Pakistanis
beautiful

helps
a nd

their

these

in

in

due

gifts

the

to

the

to t h e i r

highly

parents

educated

U.S.,

family

they

do

success

spread

lik e

wildfire

consignments
Interestingly,

in p e r s o n

in g e t t i n g

in

since
The

parents.

for

their

residing

regular

girls

make

visit

visits

in

to t h e i r

by t h e i r

Pakistan.

represented

th e i r

workers

Pakistanis

elders

workers

families

tribal
to

of r e a s o n s ,

happenings

married

selected

villages

charm"

a h os t

other

Pakistani

Pakistanis

other

American

with

bound

their

The

to

to g i r l s

an d

morally

defy

of m o n e y a n d

single

rural

due

m a t r i m o n y or

along

married

of t h e s e

in t h e i r

"the

the

are

circles.

visits

while

members.

not

Pakistan

nostalgia,

immediate

such

to

by the
the

returning

hands

marriage

of the

to

th e i r

many

spon­

country,

after

sons.
During
sored
they

the

students
have

justment

third

prepare

completed
problems

fessionals,

after

discouraged

and

economic
hands

faith

to r e t u r n

their

their

vacations

pessimistic
poverty,

political
all

ge t s

The

about

is r e p l a c e d

in the

forever.

training.

other

own

exploitation

instability,

by a n e w
better

them
and

Read­

Pakistani

Pakistan

their

discourage

The

their
or

in

strengthened

to P a k i s t a n
U.S.

for

education

here.

bureaucracy

in A m e r i c a

in a c c u l t u r a t i o n ,

await

disparity,

of a few,

corrupt

stage

come

of m a n y
faith

utterly,
id e a

determination
economic

back

country.

blind

the

pro­

at

The
the

and
Their

of r e t u r n i n g
to

stay

opportunities,

138

individual
life

help

Thus,
non,

freedom
these

these
which

The
during

The

Pakistanis

mutual

for

flaws

visits
the

in

motivation

to

the

in the

partial

responsibility

law
this

part

spirit,
makers

of

but
and

and

had

students

jo b s

find

to

go

future
and

quite

back
in

do not

after

if

at

see

such

in

these

for

about

any

sort

at the

men

with

themselves

of c h a n g e

Tragically,

they

in

going

established

in

the

U.S.

engineers,

policy
came

ba c k

amongst

who

and

in

enthusiastic

Michigan

ar e

left

their

the
the

their

dependents.

experiences
a re

be h o p e d

ha v e

back

of

they

of t h e m

could

wisdom

their

from

personal

the

out

an

government

of

their

So

respondents

or

ignore

of l o c a l

South-East

helm

personnel

Pakistan.

their

interest

physicians,

hands

Pakistan

experience

decisions.

cannot

Pakistan

in

bitter

appraent

u n h e s i t a n t l y , and many
some

and

encouraging

qualified

the

of the

lives

talk

Pakistan.

getting

to

systems

of t h e

better

Pakistanis

Pakistan

highly

professionals

phenome­

developed

the

Pakistanis

Pakistani

went

Numerous

employees

to

These

and

a n d the

pushing

suffer

prevalent

as

in m a k i n g

the

in

other

to

over

government,

many

Michigan

discouraged.

former

Pakistani

Actually,

graduates

of

drain

w orld.

laws

par t

of

decisions.

between

of w o r d s

Pakistanis

such

standard

of a b r a i n

h o m e l a n d a ct

Pakistani

on

p ar t

reality

o f the

affairs

country.

become

exchange

of a b e t t e r

in m a k i n g

a historical

countries

their

factors

prospects

Pakistanis
is

developing

and

for

become

to t h e i r

even

in
ready

a better

desperate

country

139

A few r e c e n t
residing

in

Pakistan

a nd

ate s

Pakistani

he,

leave

Another

student

j ob

to

The

go

for

plan

the

S t a te s.

invest

in s o m e

But,

in time,

they

decide

to

charge

for

now

jobs

in

Two

gradu­

a prestigious

school

of the

to e v e n

was

and

department

think

trying

h is

fin d s o m e

never

work

many
on

of

of c o m i n g

level

best

employment

abroad."

try

hard
on

of

their

the

and

they

(15

thi s

their

s av e

do n ot

part

of

have

the

state,

a few m o r e

enough

return

Pakistanis

are

- 92).

spending

to

to

money

years
to

Pakistan.

in the

discouragement
the

Pakistanis

relations

associate

with

with

sub-continent,

to g a t h e r

conversation

relatives

fact

spouse

area,

indefinitely.

They mostly

and

is

after

officials,

from

American

Pakistan.

other

sorts

sever

movies

mutual

back

businesses

Pakistani

Pakistan

in

his

the

Pakistanis

They

a ll

and

despite

them

to s t a y

completely.

Karachi

go

li k e

Despite

frequent

applied

responses.

fr o m

not

himself

back,

unskilled

generally,

from

from

waiting

Michigan

in

us

country

Pakistan,

- 34).

determined

The

his

from

very pathetically:

office

back,

had

shocking

engineering

advised

(33

from

very

experiences

since

graduates

Michigan,

Rawalpindi,

to

by t h e

of

received

their

"The

in

part

in a e r o n a u t i c a l

disclosed

any

thi s

university

among

friends

in

news

the

meted
in

Pakistanis

Pakistan

are

them

motherland

own

entertain

of t h e i r

to

South-East

their

their

out

countrymen,
visitors

country.
and

their

letters
main

14 0

channels

of

Pakistani

information

student

in p r o v i d i n g
These

the

opportunities

concerts

Pakistanis

sh i p

in s u c h

and

communities
Indi a n s ,
tries

invited

functions,

prepared

by

expenses

are

help

the

clubs

members

or

are

these

from

by

the

the

women

individuals,

Pakistani

member­

to all

loc al

many

invite

the

Pakistani

Americans,

Afro-Asian

coun­

get-togethers.

serve

in the

they

open

f rom

wh i l e

in s o c i a l

dinners,

Mostly

and

other

associations

Pakistani

from

mostly

Michigan,

people

where

alike.

is v o l u n t a r y

occasionally.

organize

events

groups

Pakistani

In

food,

community

and

or

occasional

Embassy

by the

in W a s h i n g t o n ,

D.C.

Relationships
During

turation

in

the
the

third
U. S . ,

undergo

many

The

relations

new

family

changes

positions,

married

couples,

while

ity a f t e r

mostly

to

the

process

of time.

in

attitudes
based

of t h e i r

South-East
towards

one

associate

bachelors

origins.
closely

feel

more

accul­

Michigan

on s i m i l a r i t i e s

or e t h n i c

bachelor

invariably

a period

the

Pakistanis

in t h e i r

prefer

c o m p a n y o f t he
groups

in

professions

Pakistanis

Two

stage
the

are

married

in the

non-Pakistanis

lo cal

active

meetings

groups

social

frequently

borne

received

Mutual

many

South-East

Europeans

a re

and

The

the mos t

social

citizens'

The

in

for

c ountry.
are

and

social

nationalities.

su c h

organizations

associations

seminars,

on t h e i r

another.
in

The

with

other

comfortable

Pakistanis.

emerges
The

in

first

the

Pakistani

group c o ns is ts

commun­
of

141

mainly

the

one

mostly

is

this

part

these

of

t wo

nature

single

in t h e i r
parts,
enjoy

the

of t h e i r

emergence

li f e

with

generally

and

do not
the

basic

degrees

of

people
act

The

are

The

an

from

lack

their

access
seem

to

create

basic

The

late

sphere

liberal

to

are

t ha n

the

in the

generally
their

on

other

and

activities
pursuite

unlike

the

leadership

polarization

the

with
student

of the

hands

among

are

forties,

professionals

universities,

in

campuses

Pakistanis

intellectual

The

counter­

the

of s o c i a l

These

in

between

reasons

thirties

is u s u a l l y

such

second

in age,

atmosphere

mo.bility too.
which

due

students

to enjoy.

Pakistani

t he

helps

in

exists

difference

younger

liberal

the

of p r o f e s s i o n a l s

divided

so m e

in a l i m i t e d

organizations

students,

basically

the

while

of r i v a l r y

comparatively

students

community,

are

kinds

open-heartedness.

have

which

A sort

ideologies

because

who

of all

suclh g r o u p i n g s .

married

social

who

twenties,

a nd

mostly

U.S.

students,

professions.

and

of

married

comprised

groups

professions

a nd

the

of the
two

groups.
Similarly,
Pakistanis

ethnicity

towards

in a c c u l t u r a t i o n .
are

the

largest

Michigan.

The

associate

with

not

that

wives

ethnic

generally

one

another

The

Punjabis

groups

conscious
like

to

a nd

if g i v e n

Punjabis.
as

attitudes

during

But
the

associate

their

of the

third

stage

the U r d u - s p e a k i n g

of P a k i s t a n i s

Punjabis,
t he

determines

in t h i s

a choice,
the

one s

the

of

prefer

single

married
with

part

to

Punjabis
are,

ot h e r

people

are

whose

Punjabi

142

women

in

mutual

in

th e i r

from

in the

U.S.

with

mutual
all

m ix

w h ere,
The

one

Urdu

a nd

the

of p e r s o n a l
other

Attitudes

in

sorts

are u s e d

loyalties,

or

as

of

choices,

it

th i s

individual

keep

in

and
joi n

get-togethers,
of c o n v e r s a t i o n .

affiliations

in a c c u l t u r a t i o n ,

where

wi t h

Sindhis,

interact

in

and

letters

cross

However,

Pakistanis

area

medium

cut

living

Pushto

rural

ideological

Muslims.

the

as

Pakistanis

phase

in the

Indian

to m a r r y

ag e s

of s o c i a l

sometimes

a nd

through
with

area

ethnic-

one

is v e r y
the

and

another

evident

mutual
are

selection

more

out

precedes

considerations.

Towards

America

contacts

hasten

acculturation.

action

with

to s h o p p i n g

the

an

wit h
Along

American

centers,

of m u t u a l

Pakistanis

all

of all

these

the

Muslims

telephone,

and

enjoy

include

speaking

Sindhis

Pathans

feelings,

Frequent

change

and e n j o y

through

and

Indian

Pathans

the

Pakistanis

They prefer

of the

the

English

third

relationships

all

The

relationships

by

those

another

Pakistanis

Pakistanis

th a t

or

themselves

circles.

Likewise,

nationalistic

as

social

professional

based

among

together

visits.

other

Urdi-speaking

Similarly,

another.

touch

The

Karachi

professions
one

area.

relationships

Muslims
girls

the

mainstream

wi t h

a powerful

colleagues

leisure

experiences

intimacy

the

wit h

American
media,

a nd n e i g h b o r s ,

culture,
inter­

visits

activities,

travels

and

in

provide

these

the

America,
different

aspects

ex­

of a

143
highly

industrial
The

American
which
The

Pakistanis
neighbors,

takes

mutual

create

them

The

the

most

Pakistanis

with
rid

the

of t he

They

enjoy

food,

from

politics,

open
for

and
both

differences
such

in

most

such

parties

help

the

cultural

physicians

a nd

the

community

workers

of r e s e r v e d
However,

people

fro m

false

on all

in

lawyers

their

groups.
is

the

religious
in g e t t i n g

more

frequent

both

the

encounters

cultures

and

get

stereotypes.

of

subjects

varying

status

of w o m e n

in

interaction

atmosphere,

a nd

attitude

images

sorts

to the

an

culture

Punjabi
socially

South-East

spouses,
These
the

culture.

both

of the

existing

cultural
in

fellows,

American

dinner

their

the

takes

place

effects

The m u t u a l
most

are

both

the

in an

long-lasting

assommodation

important

result

or

of

experiences.
The

the

let

religion

voluntary
the

a sort

talk

Since

and

unskilled

Americans.

Americans

cultures.

members

or c l a s s

of the

between

students,

students,

the

tea

with

Americans.

maintain

of m a n y

ov e r

relations

roommates

to the h e a r t

understanding

with

Married

to

often

active

friendly

colleagues,

bachelor

associations

closer

establish

interactions

a mutual

groups.
are

culture.

active

they

met

without

Pakistanis^in

culture.

workers
members

Michigan.

Punjabis,

other

third

whom

skilled

Most
on

the

from
in the

of t h e s e
job s

or

b re ak in g off
the

A Pakistani

urban

area,

Pakistani
workers

their

who

in

has

American

gatherings.

relations
the

are

community

have

in s o c i a l

move

l a w yer,

origins

orbit

lived

in

with
of the
t hi s

14ft
are a

for

lives
mo s t

many

in

years

can

an a f f l u e n t

popular

figures

friends

and

Despite

being

be c i t e d

suburb

of D e t r o i t

in

entire

colleagues

the
com e

in

his

late

extremely

social

a nd

quite

circles.

He

mo s t

hosts

attended

hundreds
free

drinks

area

is

brighest

his

party

sta r

other

with

sultations.
h is
His
socially
He

invites

wif e

keeps

wives

of b o t h

husbands
but

herself

the y,

in

their

jobs

and

wai t

others,

legal

con­

and

thu s

countrymen.

is a p h y s i c i a n ,

among

the

the

Pakistanis'

Pakistanis

organization

and

do not

like

is m o r e

Americans.

o f ten,

are

community

for

of his

place

for

him

the s a k e

to hi s

as

problems.

charge,

over

the

is v e r y

or o t h e r

among

in

wide.

approach

than

the

provided

of any

who

social

around

people

brothers

themselves

are

life.

where

free

active

these

the

in

Pakistanis

Pakistanis

perhaps

moves

deportations,

brother,

the

The

many

for

in h is

cl u b

He

ambitious,

everybody

he

lik e

them

among

while

l a w y er,

He h e l p s

younger

evening

far

the

American

a very

a nd

from

at

of the

of

person

come

facing

is o ne

the t o w n s h i p

evening.

problems

influence

is

(80).

clients,

in a l o c a l

th a t

Pakistanis

students,

he

study*

His

walks

biggest

invited,

and

Pakistani

to

Pakistani

used

For

of the

anxiously

Thi s

members

food.

all

a mobile

around

and

area.

fifties,

parties

fro m

automatically

fr o m

of the

Christmas

and

the

helpful

one

of p e o p l e

as a cas e

a n d h is
w i ves.

active
(70).
physician
The

who

help

their

celebration

of

such

events,

to d r i n k

d a nce.

or

They

145

st ri c tl y wear
related

with

The

Pakistani
the

Pakistani

Punjabis

make

tanis

in S o u t h - E a s t

Thei r

wives

th e i r

socialization

chiites
mixed

help

are

the

next

the

students

Mos t

students

or

the

single

than

the

rest

of the

youths,

despite

succeed

in c o n v i n c i n g

parents
thi s

and

sort

personal
life

fr o m

After
feel

in

approach

out-come
as

institution
spending

the

religion

of t h e

control

bring

in the

religion.

U.S. ,
They

of

of t h e s e

back

the

by

about
a nd
daily
is

the

Pakistanis.

is a v e r y

Pakistanis

These

decisions.

relationship

the

to

eventually

or

for

towards

parents,

in the

earlier,

the

ar e a .

matters

se e n

years

open

important
social

under­

of a r r a n g e d

individualistic

acculturation

a ll

this

institutions

The

we h a v e

a few

differently

change.

mor e

with

Pakistanis,

among

personal

decrease

liberal

towards

marriage,

the

their

in

Kara-

state,

system

are

from their

about

Pakistan,

education

Religion,
social

them

The

happen

in

Pakis­

as

unmarried

the

Pakistanis

closely

Pakistanis

of the

who

the

as w e l l

the

marriages

protests

of c u l t u r a l

like,

necessary

early

towards

be

spouses.

Americans.

par t

physicians,

of the

among

American

other

in t h i s

to

- 89).

group

among

many

mixed

(87

always

businesses

list

attitude

want

hav e

other

Similarly,

marriages.

distahce

who

the

on the

in t h e i r

The

largest

their

with

go a c h a n g e

change

the

in

and

culture.

Michigan

them

marriages.

particularly

dresses

important

home.

Pakistanis

do not

refute

the

146

importance

of

it mor e

less

or

Yet
of time,
develop

religion

a re

become

standards.
personal
it w i t h

a personal

there

strong

affair
others.

to t h e i r
the
some

r e a son.

very

years.
does.

All

to my
the

Muslims,

more

do

Most

the

landscape

better
of the

experiences

with

organizes
country.
other

as

secure
them

with

a sort

where

extent

by t h e i r

of

they
loyalties

involvement

of mo r e

a

in p r a c t i c i n g

culture,

in

religiosity

is not

outgoing
which

without

among
a ny

for
an

the

pa s t

American

few

youth,

I was

more

liberal

wife

lef t

me and

I cam e

bac k

associating

myself

with

my

I started

I discovered

during

develop

free dom,

religion

Michigan

a nd

until

until

of

They

observed:

acculturation
distaste.

passage

commend

The

resurgence

Then

Pakistanis,

the

moral

alien

of a s u d d e n ,

senses.

wit h

American

more

everything

Americans,

considering

about

of place.

liberal

I did

st a r t

conservative.

provides

South-East

respondent

"I was

many

The

in

feel

determined

culture.

One

The

is

and

do not

in an

a nd o ut

but

who,

suspicions

religion

solace

lonely

Pakistanis

and

rather

The

religion

third

Pakistanis,

Pakistanis
b ut

life,

affair.

religious

doubts

Su c h

mo r e

many

more

of p s y c h o l o g i c a l
feel

in t h e i r

the

third

affinity

On the

Americans,

stage

for

respondents
public

my real
in

than

a nd the
of th e i r

testify

(30).

their

appreciated

basis
they

identity."

America

systems

than

they

individual
beautiful
personal

their

honesty

147

and

faithfulness

towards

express

their

ma n y

of t h e m

rate

of c r i m e s

and

drug

addiction

They

criticize

t he

cold

attitude

can g o v e r n m e n t
very

towards

few P a k i s t a n i s

colleagues,

but

existing

victimized

by h is

him which

(61).

The

to

him

in

on

very

the

state

due

to h i s

t he

basis

a very

sort

of d i s c r i m i n a t i o n

in the

future,

more

unskilled
low-paid
Man y

like

in

E u r op e,

The s i z e a b l e

numbers

raise

resentment

enhance

the

or

chanced
Middle

of d i s c r i m i n a t i o n

make

competition,

who

Canada

countries
the

do not

more

with

the

color.

ot h e r
face

nationality

expected

wh e n

compete

sk i n

some

and
Americans

jobs.

Pakistanis

observation

will

of j e a l o u s y

many

color,

respondents

lean i n g s .

a wave

Michigan

of race,

of b e i n g

important

different

of the

Pakistanis

of r a c i a l

leftist

likewise,

South-East

American

complained

f eels

Ameri­

discrimination,

conscious

holding

society.

the

of t h e i r

of his

and,

of

regards

A student

students

increasing

part

hands

time,

American

many

for

But

is

the

the

As

because

with

living

any d i s c r i m i n a t i o n
religion.

are

for

on the

the

physician,

Pakistani

professionals,

them

around.

office

around

or

of

at

At the s a m e

in

Pakistan.

teachers

A Pakistani

administrative

dislike

suffer

a ll

prejudices

(32).

their

jobs.

them

lack

of

the

visible
among

of m u t u a l

atmosphere

to

travel

East,

meted

quoted

o ut

Pakistanis

to
in

communities,
some

of the

the
the

suspicions.

personal

Pakistanis.
Commonwealth

quite

and

countries

their

enough

natives.

communication

of m u t u a l

other

to

The e c o n o m i c

racial

prejudices

Immigrants

fr o m

148

the

sub-continent

scapegoats

for

societies.

residing

events

in the

Commonwealth

Middle

Eastern

countries,

collar

workers

ar e

la c k

The

of m u t u a l

providing
mos t

at

the

the

human

labor.

wiped

out

like

economic

Similarly,

were

engaged,

bulk

hands

of

most

there

labo r

in

are

who

of s u c h

societies

are

n ot

tragic

unusual

oil-rich
blue-

evidences

multiplied

by the

Pakistanis,

countries,

suffer

ignore

dignity

the

servitude

eve n

local

Pakistani

semi-educated

these

the

in t h e s e

in the

the

exists

The

natives

existence

these

of

jealousies

of the

The

tensions

become

could

the
of

n ot

by an e g a l i t a r i a n

be

religion

Islam.

exist

.of the
an

countries

of v i o l e n c e

countries.

communication.

from

In the
not

such

t he s o c i o - p o l i t i c a l

The s p o r a d i c

of r a c i s m .

in

except

them

in
in

South-East
The

a nd p r o f e s s i o n a l

American
The

United

States,

a few c a s e s .

minority.

in s e c u r i n g

sorts

of the

Pakistanis

invisible

tional

case

Michigan

in

of

the

the

fe wer

make

comparatively

place

tensions

Relatively

background

a better

such

them

better

do

numbers
almost

educa­

Pakistanis

mainstream

he l p s

of the

society.
Pakistanis

of A m e r i c a n s

on the

campuses

ethnic

Americans.

the

cross-ethnic

the

Pakistanis,

in

meet

in

South-East

their

daily

whites,

with

the

lives.

blacks,

Similarly,
Americans,

Michigan

the

but

The

all

and many

professionals
the

with

students

Hispanics

still,

non-white

d ea l

deal

oth er

wit h

relationships

minorities

is rare,

of

limited

149

a nd m o r e

formal.

out

the

w it h

white

predominantly
prefer

the

students

some

racial
ot h e r

commonly
tanis

person

The

religious

non-Muslim
feelings

very

let

in

only

The

business

familiar

were

scared

cautious.

Women

robbed

shared

towards

their

shop

or

racist
the

family,
near

closed

American

of a p e n n y

by a n y

to

th e i r

tendencies.

local

Muslims

association

other

foods

Pakis­

it c o m e s

businessmen

a Pakistani

(83

images

when

share

avoid

do not

wi t h

close

Eastern

but

of s i c i a l i z i n g

but

of

girls

from

with

in e t h n i c

doors

marriages

Interestingly many

Pakistanis

of

in

suffer

to s o m e

but

to go

Pakistanis

either

associate

attitudes

members

the

due

live

in m i x e d

black

afraid

themselves

community

Th e y n e v e r
and

are

prefer

to

A few

Pakistanis

American,

they

varied

The

with

Pakistanis.

blacks.

ke e p

or

Pakistanis

lucrative

Detroit,
and

lives,

and

Detroit.

These

racism

black

out

lik e

and

others.

minorities

by o t h e r

own

f ro m the

them.

prejudices

lament

females;

ov e r

in g o i n g

ethnic

generally

neighborhoods,

women

believe

to m a r r y

Pakistanis,

American

white

white

wan t

the

The

have

with
mixed

minorities
running

in

a

downtown
for

blacks

individuals
b lac k,

but

in.

are

- 84).

a nd A c c u l t u r a t i o n
By the

Pakistanis

in

start

of the

South-East

basic

attitudes

These

women,

towards

equally,

third

phase

Michigan
their

play

own

a very

in

accept
women

their

sta y,

changes
as w e l l

important

role

in

the
their

as o ther .
in

the

process
The

of c u l t u r a l

American

basic
many

contacts
of

its

language,
an d

traits

while

talking

wives

of the

Pakistan
there.

and
Like

wit h

These

in

experiences
and

share

of the

many

other

culture

their

are

They

and

American

in

live

generally,

l if e

in

The

American

Pakistan

a nd

to

the

low

in

early
They

status

t he

U.S.

their

Pakistanis

The

a re

American
ar e

husbands
of

the

spouses

well-

prepared

their

spouses

visited

general

mainstream

and a r e

ha v e

Michigan

mobile

them

visit.

of the

women,

norms

of t h e s e

describe

of t h e m

of

life-styles

stay

U.S.

Americans

of t h e i r

first

South-East

social,

the

in

use

Many

much

together.

in the

introduce

some

and

accept

spouses

their

d res s.

Michigan

lose

to the

These

and

words

their

and some

husbands.

accept

about

prefer

the

results

women.

do not

thus,

return

Pakistan

with

of s a n i t a t i o n

students

attitudes.

urban

af t e r

and ambiguities

Pakistanis

and

their

prefer

to o t h e r

about

with

in

on t h e i r

fears

back

lack

Pakistan.

Pakistani

informed

Pakistan

Pakistan

w omen,

Urdu

they

sever
rather

fo o d

South-East

husbands,

poverty,

in

religion,

Pakistani

men.

Proficiency

women

impressions

dislike

of w o m e n

these

have
their

but

of the

in

about

illiteracy

so m e

Pakistanis
mixed

do not

relations

up so m e

other

Pakistanis

husbands.

like,

pick

romanticism
the

their

Similarly,

women

their

culture,

in s o c i a l

culture

these

own

m o b i l i t y are

marriages.

of

to

among

Pakistanis

their

expansion

Pakistanis

Most

of the

with

a reinforced

mixed
of

wives

change

to

go

and

third

and m od e ra t e
of the

hesitant

to

Pakistanis
liv e

in

151

rural

or t r i b a l

backgrounds
with

the

of s u c h

country

marriages
so c i a l ,
The

go

of t h e i r

prospects

in one

can

of s u c c e s s

married

strains

sacrifice

which

in m i x e d

their

because
and

the

the

religious
affiliations

two

pa r t

mixed

factors.

countries
of the

partners

marriage.

marriages
in

the

of p e r s o n a l ,

cultural

whole

couples

and

Sometimes,

of the

on

jol t

Pakistanis

urban

determine

religious

to s e t t l e

in m a r r i a g e ,

rural,

husbands.

many

psychological,

an e n o r m o u s

ot h e r

The

spouses

through

decision

costs

areas.

are

The

few,

South-East

as

many

Michigan

believe.
Pakistani
their
jo i n

day-to-day
training

variety

program,

while

jobs.

professions

the

Pakistani
or

Except

a few

to

facilities

account

in

language

homeland

to

associate

the

their

country
closely

h el p

their

skills
charm

Pakistani

women

teaching.
me n

or

have

The

their

wives

of

the
things.

Pakistanis

better

women

and

a

encourage

jobs.

and

Th e y

some

in

in r u n n i n g

other

in

schools,

themselves

feel

miss

Pakistani

economic
more

their

accept

accompli.

other

roles

business-related

all

husbands.

with

attending

a nd

of o t h e r

a fai t

new

Pakistanis

continuously

as

adopt

absorb

skilled

monetary

America,
th a n

a different

many

certain

the

an d h o m e s i c k
a nd

start

individuals,

obtain
all

region

as m e d i c i n e

businessmen

strict

Despite

The

such

keeping

wives

this
Some

of o dd

stores

in

life.

own

their

wives

families,

a new

These
women

lonely

women

life

in

prefer

in t h i s

pa r t

152

of M i c h i g a n .

The

women,

selection

about

in the
their

ethnicity;

recommendation.
Pakistan
ethnic

stock

during

The

prefer

Many

to be

since

second

or

took

I enjoyed

all

n ot

seriously

think

of

study

janitor

an d

studying,
stidy
wife
has

my

saved

helped

me

and
to

me

in

very

always

awake
f ro m

observed,

home

for h o u r s
straying

a real

clothes.

Her

refraining

away

changes

remarked,
very

lightly.

and

did

future.
in my

(5).

spouse

ideas,

believes,

I would

feel

(20).

n ot

a

encouraged

me

Similarly,

my

like
to

and

A Pakistani
herself,

in her

drinking

Si n c e

Another

fro m my c u l t u r e

stability

married

as

and

of

own

restaurants

a physician

from

many

or m y

back."

w i t h me.

Muslim."

" M y wife,

me

areas

get

activities

Muslim

late.

pushed

who

nationalistic

and

enough

communication.

Pakistan

country

much

their

Pakistani

to

to go

hotels

an

of

attribute

leisure

I am e a g e r

in

Michigan,

back

more

is

mutual

Pakistani

care

from rural
women

One

study,

become

d ay

com e

become

wives.

my

the

their

a non-Pakistani

wi f e

me

Pakistani

helped

about

whole

would

but

physician

has

work

by s i t t i n g
has

wears

work

women

p hase,

American

do not

a Pakistani

with

of g o i n g

1 hav e

married

to

their

kinds

do m o r e

being

third

well-travelled

fri e n d s ,

South-East

the

ide a

married,

"I u s e d

in

t he

getting

Pakistani

jus t

and

facilitates

to

"I a l w a y s

of t h e i r

intimate

it

attitudes

urban

semi-edueated

Pakistanis

the

in t h e i r

educated,

own

always
culture

or d a n c i n g . "

(70).

153

Thus,
inevitable
Pakistani
enormous
t udes.

the

reality.
community

amount
They,

America,

American
their

as w e l l

culture

as

in

with

social

which

help

the

in

this

dynamically

culture.

result,

their

their

par t

in

daily

w omen,

succeed

of

and

the

many

world

l ife

Amercians
the

They,

an

finding

features

live
of

They establish

and share

become

an

atti­

n o w on,

with many

diffusion

and

in

as

of the

undergo

habits

them anymore.

of a n e w

with

the m e m b e r s

and West.

shock

appears

of M i c h i g a n

minorities

not

contacts

acculturation

part

in

Eas t

other
do

in

this

frustrations

Their

American

With

between

like

families

stage

of c h a n g e

along

an e q u i l i b r i u m
in

fi n a l

others.

regular

of the

expectations

association,

Pakistani-

Chapter

7

CONCLUSION

The
Michigan
The

acculturation

is

a reality

importance

tremendously
West
The

Pakistanis,

groups

engaged
joined

in s h a p i n g

their

cheap

an

the

immense

to come
after

and

second

vanishes

stage

o ut

confidence,

in

and

shock

is

in s t a y

and

completely.
explores

the

and

gap.

the

The

new

15#

sees

East

dynamic
groups,

a number

fa ith
The

So,

on

of

the

of e t h n i c

rol e

by the

start

Pakistani,
culture

a nd

based

on

early
and

it

takes
individual

culture.

takes

the

of
contacts

of an

peers

with

images

historical

part

of

Pakistanis

channels

other

of the

these

the

mutual

the

adjustment

way.
wi t h

help

limited
the

and

All

and

ot h e r

are

effort

over,

The

increases

of u n d e r s t a n d i n g

evaluation

a nd

to

U.S.

Americans

course.

age

operative.

kind

a broader

the

fill

of t i m e

stable

in the

lack

are

a very

religious

try

to

one

South-East

of p r o f e s s i o n s .

media

a reasonable
early

kinds

sensational

Pakistanis
amount

to

the

natural
the

rather

in

belonging

Americans

a basic

present

different

a nd

in

factors

he r e

other

a strong

and

information

between

each

many

many

that

life-styles

represent

realities,

in
by

Pakistanis

context

fact

status

variables,

of the

wit h

Pakistanis

of the

representing

family

are

study

to t h e

compromising

different

in w h i c h

of the

due

of t h e

However,

a more

decreases
third

a new

stage

vigour

participates

during

and

actively

155

in

the

third

grounds

for

variables,
determine
changes
in

culture.
a joint

fam ily,
his/her

in the

South-East
One

two

the

religion,

cultural

Pakistanis

through

in h a b i t s ,

stages

South-East
4-The

or

similar

Pakistanis
more

three

not

only

but

also

cause

residing

the

in t hi s

the

part

Eastern

and

coming

ethnic

to the

ac­
of

culture
origins

U.S.

relationship

mutual
which

de­

between

images,

have

in v e r y

based

been

the

on

partially

years.

of the
of

regarding

Pakistanis

fields

life-styles

change

usually

phases

in

the

in

American

of a c t i v i t i e s ,
and

attitudes.

relates
stay

including

with

of a

The

the

three

Pakistani

in

Michigan.

show similarities

food,

common

individual.

the

and,

a variety

of c u l t u r a l

different

The

of a P a k i s t a n i

is a v e r y

The

acculturation

covers

changes

the

following:

of an

that

information,

persisted

as

started

minimal.

process

an d

role

was

culture

culture,

community

profession,

cultures

3- T h e

ethnicity,

third

culture

before

true,

in s h a p i n g
culture.

discussion

Pakistani

and

hand

a nd

attitudes

the

years

second

the

a nd

Pakistani

2- T h e
recent

habits

helps

American

in the

specifically

family,

termine

ro l e

summarize

M i c h i g a n mo r e

where

Pakistani
profession

of the

1-The

rather

Michigan.

can

culturation

He,

studies

between

in t h i s

mobility,

of a c c u l t u r a t i o n

the

pa r t

experiences

of the

different

U.S.

on

other

of s u c h
The

socio-cultural

groups

people

language,
habits

new

and

a

156

more

formal

people
ally,

atmosphere

f rom the
do not

a compulsory
in m a n y
sorts

very
on

in

Pakistan,

but

presents

i t s e l f as

a challenge

things

back

coming

because

The

la r g e

to

much

between

the two

race,

for

the

istanis

in the

copatriots

in o t h e r

an

the

number

crease

due

to the m u t u a l

sponsorships.

Pakistanis

in

Michigan

shou ld not

exceed

are

South-East
850,

Chicago,
are

engaged

numbers

of the

in a v a r i e t y

in t h e s e

c i t ie s,

is n ot
the

s ma ll.

Los

business

Pak­

unlike

their

Pakistanis

phenomenon;

is

on the

certain,

but

and

Pakistanis,
to

in e t h n i c

in­

number

In the

Angeles

Due

a

of the

The

The

is

measures

number

minors.

of t he

th a n

U.S.

The e x a c t

of p r o f e s s i o n s .
the

the

personnel

Houston,

centers

the

brain-drain

unskilled

Boston,

the m a i n

of the

including

to

countries.

though

Francisco

p ar t

the

immigrants

minority

U.S.

York,

mostly

quite

invisible

pres­

make

of r e s t r i c t i v e

Government,

Commonwealth

the

countries.

Pakistanis

because

and

country

European

relatively

are

home

in t he

New

are

f rom

Afro-Asian

American

U.S.

life-styles

the

and

is

U.S.

similarities

development

community

for all

of the

recent

Pakistani

newness

is c o m -

of the

of t he

the

is

America

immigration

pa r t

English

in

of p e o p l e

from

gener­

Europeans

easier

people

the

of the

religion,

number

the

5-The

the

Pakistanis,

language

easy

of the

for

since

acculturation
th a t

The

things

language,

acculturation

continents.
of

countries.

new

in

of P a k i s t a n i s

paritively

en c e

Eastern

of t he

face p r o b l e m s

ot h e r

The

are so m e

of the

it
U.S.,

San

where
their

foods,

they
large
clothings

157

and

other

Detroit

related

is

recreational

following

6-The

Pakistanis

iently

categorized

of the

single

als

a re

groups

a nd

the

the

a nd

on

socio-economic

those

of the

collar
state
nesses
along

or

and

with

their

unskilled

labor

help

specially

them

of the
the

in

American

in t h e i r

many

East

the

two

increasing

due

to

in t h e i r

the

professionals,

are

in

much

personnel
The

age

the

mobility

with

their

engaged

sorts

busi­

students
Pakistani

The s u m m e r
different

and

blue-

engineers,
in

of

and

th a n

the

lawyers,

interaction

skilled
all

stable

include

portion

in

t ha n

community

mor e

of M i c h i g a n .

The

other

self-supporting

the m a j o r

part

people.

jobs

sections

is m o s t l y

better-placed

of A m e r i c a n s

wi t h

Pakis­

which

acculturation.

majority

Michigan.

other

their

deal

Most

profession­

generally

belong

pharmacists,

mak e

in

are

professionals

jobs.

The U r d u - s p e a k i n g
a re

usually

Pakistani

this

professionals

helps

t he

society where

lower-income

tani

while

The

wives

conven­

are s t u d e n t s ,

conditions

semi-skilled

be

variables.

physicians,

employees

can

too.

on.

students.

workers,

cities,

three

a steady increase

their

big

Michigan

The s t u d e n t s

of the

is

increasing.

of the

professionals

number

students,

basis

in

of t h e s e

South-East

the

married.

of t h i r t i e s
The

on

patterns

in

Pakistanis

mostly

twenties

the

necessities

The
to

people

groups
number

the

from

among
of

extended

Karachi

the

Punjabis
family

and

t he

Pakistanis
has

been

in

Punjabis
South-

continously

system more

prevalent

15 8

among

the

Baluchis
East

Punjabis.
are

the

minor

Pathans,

ethnic

the

groups

rural
of

Sindhis

Pakistanis

and

the

in S o u t h -

Michigan.
7-The

divided
gious

Pakistanis

into

three

ones,

wards

U.S.,
itself

friends

a nd

mostly

try

residing

at

to

in

feel

more

at

culture.

this

t he

ease

which

American

culture.

tanis

in

South-East

time

further

their

a n d the

reli­

are

the

liberals

highlights
community

the

extent

members

to­

Michigan,

stage

to

in

arrival

which

one's
with

stay
own

o wn

the

and

in the

manifests
relatives,

Americans

the

is

Pakistanis

countrymen,

their

in the
an

traits

extent

of

of t h e i r

professional
physicians

the

during

are

Americans.
their

stay,
U.S.,

intimacy

participating
the

familial,
and

shock,

arrival

already

Michigan.

combines

closer

their

developing

The

of t h e i r

for

of t h e i r

with

start

students

to get

the

stage

their

They now

single

the

interaction

second

after

on t h e i r

fro m

of

be

Pakistanis

also ,

of c u l t u r a l

The

associate

culture,

rests

basis

moderates

of a n o s t a l g i a

South-East

months

at

a sort

shape

9-During
a few

response

country.

limited

the

can

culture.

from

in the

Michigan

religious

by the

Pakistanis,

suffer

most

on

distribution,

cultural

8-The

very

This

American

groups

The

followed

respectively.
of a v a r i e d

in S o u t h - E a s t

major

affiliations.

orthodox

The

The

which
the

with

actively

Pakistanis
the

as

involvement
and ethn ic

third

well

as

again

background.

the

most

The

Pakistanis

stage

American

in the

Pakistani

second

starts

mobile

in

the

Pakis­
in
stay

\

159
start

accepting

many

of

the

with

the

dependency

on

third

reliance,
culture
habits

Michigan

makes

similarly

their

their

deeply

11-The
owes

viduals.

The

a lot

to the

unmarried

members

relationships.

They

since

fe wer

age

have

gives

them

deeply

int o

the

riages

take

place

j eans,

parties
national
married

a nd

problems
Pakistanis

many

their
in

things

the

the

pop m u s i c ,

discussions

become

usual

on t he

norms

South-East

new

Their
and

The

n ew

back

ho m e

South-East
of the

indi­

are

the

cross-cultural
the

new

and

culture

their

age

dates,

national

of t h e i r
feel

youth­

to a d v e n t u r e

of m i x e d

in t h i s

Michigan

the

twenties

fro m

travel,

self-

environment.
in

number

Pakistanis

of

the

of e n t h u s i a s m

A large

a new

cultures.

background

in

mentally

change,

with

in

Pakistanis

smoother.

Pakistanis

amount

the

norms

socio-cultural

community

ample

among

in

the

time

helps

With

cultural

personnal

culture.

open

and

mixing

prepared

family respons ibi litie s

hamburgers,
the

t he

contacts

of t he

accept

an

new

both

Pakistanis

in the

of

a vital

in the n e w

stay,

more

and

liesure

culture

environment.

fe w e r

acculturation

Michigan

they

of t h e i r

them

start

jobs,

new

easier

with

and

the

knowledge

undergo

la n d

The

themselves

adjustment

relations

new

them

active

find

first-hand

attitudes

in the

fashion

phase

in a c r o s s - c u l t u r a l

their

a nd

t he

around

community

intimately.

10-During

interact

The

the

tremendously.

to

ful

in

realities

acculturation

South-East

most

members

more

and more

in

needs

new cultural

outgoing

Americans

activities
th e i r

the

mar­

group.

week-end
and

lives.
more

inter­
The
responsible

1 60

towards
future

their

of t h e i r

seriously
mo r e

families

children

about

sensitive

attitudes

and

culture.

Such

needs

about

the

mostly

Pakistani

are

that m o bi le

The
direct
wives
tur e

an

help
and

in the

like
ial

to

East
try

in

and

Michigan
to

visit

their

are
and

third
the

bachelor

spouses

other
Pakistanis,

have

a mo r e

culture.
of the

Their

new

cul­

among

th e i r

Pakistani

in the

heart

of the

happen

in

America

permanently.

motivates

Pakistani

gives

these

they

back

very

girls

them

a nd

The

third
the

lack

of

Pakistanis

to

they

lonely
in

share

Pakistani

of t h e i r

Many
and

Pakistan

doubts

wives,

about

to
very

go

with

strength

husbands,

of t h e s e

yearn

believe

The m a r r i a g e s

very nostalgic

home.

families

as

mostly,

a psychological

These

because

feel

Michigan,

marriages.

society.
U.S.

culture
feel

work

South-East

of m i x e d

the

yet

wit h

realities

in A m e r i c a

in

the

American

benefits,

the

American

mobility

Pakistan

spouses

in

mo r e

indefinitely.

endurance

live

families

in

U.S.

with

Pakistani

security

many

marriages

living

Pakistanis

in m a r r y i n g

the

accepting

of s u c h

comforts

the

to the

couples

material

about

access

mixed

up

of

the

American

These

e nd

The

the

more

partners

s t a y 1on

with

cause

M ost

They

the

daily habits

associate

and u n l i k e

somehow

husbands.
culture.

in

to

fringes

about

an d t h i n k

dependents.

in t h e i r

the

prefer

worry

either.

easier

them

on

They

new s o ci et y

changes

couples,

Pakistanis

and

the

of t h e i r

live

people

cultures.

in

t he

married
not

and

though

and

their

wives
back

o fte n.

and

in
and

mater­
own
Souththu s

Many

161

Pakistani
more

women

cause

purposefulness

the

and

resurgence

a new wave

of a s t r o n g

religiosity,

of n a t i o n a l i s m

in

th eir

husbands.
The
minority
They

Pakistanis
groups

continue

U.S.,

and

in g e t t i n g
the

their

mos t

they

icans

of d i f f e r e n t

rated
in

Pakistani

the

mobility

The

Pakistani
people

with

the

ture

of t h e i r

collar
styles.
much

with
the

fr o m

the

very

the

the

have

in t h e

Americans.

with

again

members

attitudes

purpose
American

Pakistanis
A majority

is

and

Some

most

wi t h
society.

a nd

the

businessmen
upon

Pakistani

money

prefer

deal

the

blue-

getting

they

are

to a s s o c i a t e

interaction

married

na­

life­

without

in t h i s

a limited
are

accultu-

them

American

and

Amer­

physicians,

American

of the

gen­

life-styles

depends

however,

of t h e m

the

Pakistanis

to m a k e

ha v e

the

afford

towards

are,

Pakistanis

and

of the

culture,

They,

of

affluent

it

the

variably

of m e e t i n g

are

the

to

engaged

students

houses

circles

but

The

successful.

other

them,

are

them

groups

Their

deal

mainly,

basic

The

sub-continent.

mixed

help

lawyers

suburban

upper

business.

involved

usually

class

businessmen

Their

among

p e o ple.

together.

Michigan

outgoing

professionals.

among

ties

which

The

Eastern

relatives

of o p p o r t u n i t i e s

bachelors

Americans

labor

family

interests.

upper-middle

the

other

a variety

the

of t h e i r

culture.

an d

many other

family-minded

South-East

American

serious

since

particularly

in

very

many

strong

li k e

of p r o f e s s i o n s

to

have

are

sponsoring

kinds

used

U.S.,

America,

Pakistanis

different

erally,

on

cherish

12-The
in

in

in the

and

l ea d

with
reserved

162

family
very

l ive s.

East

ethnic

Michigan
process

as

are

than

urban

their
are

even

very

after

their

stock

a l on g

which

ited

cities

the

and

the

are

in

keep

with

their

the

relationship

preparedness

to

due
live

to

alienate

themselves

also,

do

not

isolation

a ll

The

culturally

the

ethnic

Michigan,

Urdu-speaking
the

most

the

on

more

Punjabis

of all,

the

largest

and

and

are
the

people

les s

inhib­

in

language

culture.

own

ethnic

They
ties,

Americans.
represented

most

Karachi
the

and

Lahore,

These
feel

are t he

but

them.

representation

Pakistanis,

from

ethnic

extended

proficiency

ot h e r

th e y

sa m e

outgoing

from t h e i r

of

missing

with

Karachi

They,

a choice,

of

in a d i f f e r e n t

groups

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culture-conscious

contacts

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more

Michigan.

from

tribal

cultural

They have

to m or e

try

li k e

to.

the

mo r e

in

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influence

and

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c h a nge.

South-East

Americans

rural

continue

are u s u a l l y

ha v e

study,

Pakistanis

in c l o s e

Pakistan,
in

other

in

family obligations.

stay,

belong

a cultural

Pakistanis

South-East

ple.

with

Pakistanis

for

their

and homeland.

themselves

home

The

T h e y are

in th eir

urban

Among
in

tim e

The

better

but

Pakistanis

Pakistanis

conservative

towards

new members.

in

never

more

their

associate

and

these

in our

acculturation.

friends

they

back

variable

help

big

among

third

sensitive

well-prepared
two

among

of the

counterparts.

to a s s o c i a t e

families
They

the

generally

language,

prefer

backgrounds

of t h e i r

Pakistanis

a nd

marriages

rare.
13-The

the

The m i x e d

social

have

Punjabis,

peo­

been
due

to

163

the

steady

increase

socio-cultural
Karachiites
are

on the

relate

The

Punjabi

a nd

are

They
new

with

to h o s t
their

and

do n o t
The
in

get

rural
this

with

rural
with

all

of s t a y
The

in

Pathans,

associate
with

all

kinds

part

are

and

in n u m b e r

an d p a r c e l
leadership

it a m a t t e r

particularly

the

and

often.

of S o u t h - E a s t

par t

f in d

very

growing

provide

and

personnels

of M i c h i g a n

Americans

every corner

but

on

to

the

the

are

Michigan.
of

to

the
their

of p r e s t i g e

Punjabis

fee l

and

more

of

Pakistanis

U.S.

other

hand

mostly

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Pathans.

do not

and

get

their

Pathans

Pakistanis

factories,
usually

at

group

are

South-East

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very

belong

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to

equally

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the

they

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hesitant

in s o c i a l i z a t i o n .

to k n o w
own

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life.

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other

U.S.,

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skilled

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the

of t h e m

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community.

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in t h e i r

physicians

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Michigan

expansion

started

blue-collar

in e n t e r i n g

and

upper-class

communities

luxurious

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almost

Some

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the

in

Pakistani

number

Pakistanis

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local

list.

lawyers

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Pakistanis.

prefer

develop

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short

They

in

to
socialize

closer

164

friendships
groups.
small

with

The

people

Pathans

number

educated

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of the

and

in

from

South-East

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well-placed

members

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erings

cherish

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ligion

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a very

decisive

their

roles

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marriages

occur

honor

is

unchallengable

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the

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or

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ethnic

family

create
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the

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English

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municating

stay

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and

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re­
of

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family

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towards

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reflect

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ethnic

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the

find

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plays

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norms.

the

hand,

is why,

comparatively

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p e o ple.

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English
the

know­

part

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the

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in

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proficiency

helps

American

Pakistanis

the

decisive

other

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accepting

S t a tes,

or

of

selecting,

other

United

Pakistanis.

students

comprehension

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in the

language

Michigan

with

gath­

Michigan.

their

graduate

The

determination

attachment

forces

the

Language

Pakistanis

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highly

in the m u t u a l

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South-East

but are

fact.

attitudes

attitudes

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community.

Pathans,

a very

their

ethnic

make

cosmos.

the

acculturation

in the

part

profession,

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in

a nd

and

in

status,

in the

traditions.

orientations.

Throughout
ledge

tribal

Besides

mutual

Michigan

homeland,

ethnicity

acculturation.
culture,

their

Pakistani

population,

tribal

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other

who

them

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cultural
have

some

deficieny
in

the

in

new

cate

with

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any

aspect

of

socio-cultural
the

other

acculturation

Americans
fellow
takes

English,

find

environment.

tha t

easily,

Pakistanis.

a slower

pace

it h a r d

They cann ot

and

mostly

Consequently,
than

to

that

adjust
communi­

interact
their

of o t h e r s .

APPENDICIES

EXPLANATORY

Before
to

I introduce

introduce

M SU

in

to ral

East

myself

to

you.

Lansing

in

the

candidate

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Howard

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I am a G r a d u a t e
Dept,

American

the

of

I hope

the

end

University

student

E ngli s h .

Studies

advisor.

before

NOTE

of

of

I am a d o c ­

with
to

Dr.

Victor

finish

the

at

my

current

Islamabad,

my

re­

year

and

parent

institution.
I have
United
The

States

topic

turation
ference

of
to

litical

the

ican
of

deal
in

in

the

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friends

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in

variables;
purely

is

American

the

of my

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Pakistanis

Ph.D.

A Stud y

an a c a d e m i c

the

on

South-East

intentions

with

of

requirements.

the

activity

in

re­

and

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what-so-ever.

no

My

po­

disser­

experiences

of

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source-

and only

information

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basis

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make

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ethnic

make

context.

Accul­

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cross-cultural

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tation

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1 66

in t h i s

Amer­

new

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167

social

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country.*

kinds

social

on

information.

I assure
all

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cross-cultural

subsequent

andexperiences

really

a nd a d d r e s s
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THE

PAKISTANIS

Questionnaire
(Note):

As

tionnaire

is

of the

at all.

assumptions
full

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ab l e

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name?
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your

mother's

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tongue?

168

you

belong

for

my
your

full
I will
for

questionnaires.

Condition.
of P a k i s t a n

is

subversive

address

Personal.
1.

It

I hope

you

given
name

or

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assure

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the

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this

cultural

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make

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information

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in

language

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information

activity

request

convenience

Use

the

in m y

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cooperation

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motives

THE

1.

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IN

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169

History*
7.

When

did

8.

H o w lo n g

9.

Wha t

you a r r i v e
ha v e

is

your

you

Was your v i s i t
organization?

11.

If yes,

12.

D id

13.

If yes, can you
that p e r s o n ?

14.

can

H ow d id

Ab o u t

you

you

States
thi s

first?

city?

status?

write

else

by s o m e

the

ca u s e

just

select

Education

in

sponsored

you

somebody

be e n

visa

10.

in the

name

your

town

of the

Are

16.

If yes, w i l l you
c l a s s of s t u d y ?

your

for

your

wi t h

dwelling?

a student?

basic

please

degree

write

your

Wh a t

d id

you

hold

fro m

18.

If not a s t u d e n t , can
fi e l d of t r a i n i n g ?

you

te l l

me

If not a s t u d e n t ,
wer e in P a k i s t a n ?

20.

Did

you

21.

How

lo n g

22.

Did

you

If not
help?

organization?

relationship

17.

23.

American

& Profession

15.

19.

or

visit?

mention

this

Pakistani

we r e

you

any

problem

did

you

wa i t

fa c e

any

discrimination

sponsored,

do

in

he r e

you

finding
in

the

work

or

and

profession

y our

j ob

this

U.S.

for

field

Pakistan?

your

offered

face

major

you

jo b ?

to get

the

get

while

of

the

job?

job?

some

finalcial

Dwelling.
W i l l you
place?
1 ___

check

Dormitory

in

the r e l e v a n t

box

for

your

dwelling

170

2 ___

Married

3 ___

Off-campus

25.

If i m m i g r a n t ,

26.

How

did

Religion

you

Which

28.

If m a r r i e d ,
r e l i g i o n of
Is

30.

Wh e n

31.

housing

do you

select

own

th i s

this

place

place?
of d w e l l i n g ?

& Family.

27.

29.

Housing

religion

your

wife

a nd

your

do

you

can you tell
your w i f e ?
here

where

How many

sect

d id

children

me

you

hav e

33.

Is

34.

What

language

do you

generally

35.

Wh a t

language

do you

speak

a

nationality

and

married?

Does

wife

work

to?

y ou ?

you get
do

the

32.

your

wife

with

belong

now?

somewhere?

student,

too?

with

use

at

your

home?
children?

INTERVIEW

SCHEDULE

QUESTIONNAIRE
(Note):

THE

PRESENT

SAMPLE

questionnaire

which

nature.

exhaustive

This

dissertation
in

me,

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thesis.

The

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divided

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present
if

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with

to m a k e

or

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to

follows

Ph.D.
a nd

trust

in my

secrecy

of

to me.

the

part

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2

Interview

interview

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appreciate

questions.

Some

Sample

finally

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able

provided

beginning

middle

be

FOR

meant

I hope

I assure

information

tually

and

was

NO.

pa s t

three
of

try to

THE

EARLY

of

your

adjustment

you

your

da y s
of

parts

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giv e

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stay,

your
stay

your

th a t

stay,
in the

American

answers

ac­

to all

is,

the
U.S.,
society.
of my

Thanks.

QUESTIONS

ABOUT

1.

Would

2.

Your

3.

Which

province

4.

Which

ethnic

5.

Whe n

you

please

address

did

you

g iv e

PART

OF

me

your

YOUR

STAY

IN T HE U.S.

name?

please?
of

Pakistan

group
co m e

in
to

17 1

you

Pakistan
the

U.S.

belong

t o?

you b e l o n g
first?

to?

172

.

6

In w h a t

capacity

7.

Which

8.

Did

9.

If so, can you
that friend?

10.
11

.

place

you

in

live

did

the

with

something

U.S.
so m e

tell

D i d you e n c o u n t e r
in the b e g i n n i n g ?
Did

you

shock

did

the

sort

you

in

arrive

you

friend

me

any

fi r s t

land

at

in the

ethnic

of

beginning?

13.

How

14.

H o w d id you d e c i d e
accommodation?

to m o v e

15.

What

did

you

think

of

16.

What

d id

you

think

of A m e r i c a n

17.

D i d you feel
clothes?

18.

W ho

were

19.

D id

you

make

20.

How

di d

you

21

.

you

bee n

hesitant

you r

bes t

in

com e

to

the

friends

across

present

food

the

place

styles

jeans

and

then?
rough

then?

with

the

Americans?

them?

D i d you
girls?

believe

in

22.

Can

you

give

the

23.

Did

you

visit

24.

W e r e you m o s t l y a s s o c i a t i n g w i t h the P a k i s t a n i s
p a r t i c u l a r a n d the M u s l i m s in g e n e r a l ?

25.

What e t hn i c
associating

26.

Did

27.

Did they try
Americans?

28.

W e r e you m o s t l y
c o u p l e s or w i t h

they

me

any

going

out

reason

American

wi t h

for

the

the

club

to

you

over

influence

American

aboveanswer?

then?

g r o u p you p r e f e r r e d to be
wi t h the P a k i s t a n i s ?

invite

of

then?

dre ss

wearing

friendships

in

Michigan?

American

in

of

experience

D i d you fac e a n y s o r t of d i s c r i m i n a t i o n
e a r l y d a y s of your s t a y in the U . S . ?
have

U.S.?

first?

background

12.

long

the

beginning?

bitter

the

in

around

while

mostly?
your

opinionabout

a s s o c i a t i n g with
the s i n g l e o n e s ?

the

married

in

the

173

So m e

29.

Did
the

something bother
countrymen?

30.

H o w did you f in d the a t t i t u d e
w i v e s o f the P a k i s t a n i s ?

31.

W h a t k i n d of
ating mostly

32.

D i d you feel mo r e c o m f o r t a b l e w i t h
o f t he s a m e p r o f e s s i o n you are i n?
you

Did

34.

Were

you

35.

What

kind

36.

W h a t k i n d of c o m p a n y
out for m o v i e s ?

37.

Were

38.

D i d you face
Americans?

39.

How

d id

you

40.

Did

you

feel

41.

Any other
ica?

questions

travel
going

in

the

out

y our

going

to

early

the

of m o v i e s

were

you

improve

American

RECENT

in

of

your

stay?

to m o s t l y ?

be w i t h

while

going

often?
with

the

often?
of

your

early

days

in

Amer­

PAST

What

44.

How

did

you

45.

Di d

you

fac e

46.

D i d you
h e r e in

feel a d j u s t e d
the U.S .?

47.

Did

face

neighborhood
about

conditions

did

you

move

in

the

into?

that?

any academic

any

associ­

communicating

43.

decide

you

it?

homesick

your

with

the P a k i s t a n i s
W h y s o?

meetings

H o w did you f i n d yo u r l i v i n g
U.S. , o n c e you got s e t t l e d ?

you

the

going

would

religious

any p r o b l e m

of

of

days

42.

kind

association

movies?

you

impressions

about

in

p r of e s s i o n a l people were
a m o n g s t the P a k i s t a n i s ?

33.

you

you

with

problem?
the

discrimination

educational

at t he

job?

system

174

48.

D i d you fac e a ny sor t of f r u s t r a t i o n in your
r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h your A m e r i c a n c o l l e a g u e s ,
c l a s s - m a t e s or r o o m m a t e s ?

49.

W h a t s o r t of c h a n g e s
you c a m e a c r o s s wi d e

50.

Were

51 .

D i d m o s t of your P a k i s t a n i f r i e n d s
s a m e e t h n i c g r o u p you b e l o n g to?

52.

Were

53.

D id

they help/hinder

in

54.

Did

something

you

55.

We r e

56.

Did

57.

D i d you b e c o m e i n v o l v e d
social activities?

58.

D id y o u r w i f e feel c o m f o r t a b l e
s t a n i w o m e n in suc h m e e t i n g s ?

59.

Any

60.

Did you
because

61 .

Did you a t t e n d m e e t i n g s
Students' Association?

arranged

62.

Di d

with

63.

D i d you
group?

64.

D id you feel a l i e n a t e d
e t h n i c or p r o f e s s i o n a l
get-togethers?

65.

D id you t r a v e l
you r s t a y ?

your

they

friends

very

you

fee l

reason

you

mostly

friendly

bother

you g o i n g

you felt
r a n g e of

to

the

the

any office

belong

to a n y

during

belong

wi t h

you?

your

adjustment

about

wit h

in

to the

America?

th e m ?
of the
thei r

in a n y such

above

feel b e i n g left
of your f a m ily,

hold

Pakistanis?

meetings

comfortable

for

in y o u r s e l f once
American society?

with

Pakistanis?

activities?
cultural

ot h e r

or

Paki­

answer?
out by the P a k i s t a n i s
e t h n i c i t y or p r o f e s s i o n ?
by the

Muslim

MSA?

American

social

or c u l t u r a l

b e c a u s e of your f a mil ial,
b a c k g r o u n d in A m e r i c a n s '

this

intermediary

st a g e

of

6 6 . D i d you lik e the A m e r i c a n f o o d ?
67.

68

.

Did
Your

you

sometimes

favorite

make

American

American
dish

dishes

at h o m e ?

or r e s t a u r a n t ?

175

NOW

69.

What

kind

of m o v i e s

70.

Did

you

see

71.

Did

you

like

72.

A ny

favorite

73.

Something
T.V.?

many

you

American

American
T.V.

which

to?

then?

programs?

programs?

you

want

D id

you

like

your

75.

Did

you

li k e

the

76.

Did

you

go

wife

77.

Did

you

like

to d a n c e ?

78.

D id

you

dat e

any

79.

D id

you

ever

think

80.

D i d you
kids ?

like

yo u r

to

concert

American

T.V.

or

American

often?

club?

H ow o f t e n ?

girl?

going

he r ?

with

the

American

81.

Any

82.

Anything helping
the A m e r i c a n s ?

83.

Anything hindering
the A m e r i c a n s ?

in

your

relationship

84.

D id you, at t h a t s t a g e of
g o i n g b a c k to P a k i s t a n ?

stay

ever

85.

Why did

86.

A n y o t h e r c o m m e n t or i m p r e s s i o n s a b o u t
your
t u r a l e x p e r i e n c e in the U.S. at th a t t i m e ?

SOMETHING

you

ABOUT

87.

H o w do

88.

H o w did

89.

Do

90.

Did

you
the

you
you
o wn

you

decide

YOU R

in

you

answer?
your

relationship

think

with

wit h

of

to s t a y h e r e ?
cul­

PRESENT

feel

about

come
your

number

above

the

music?

of m a r r y i n g
kid s

the

say about

watch

American

to a n y

for

going

movies

T.V.

74.

reason

we r e

your p r e s e n t n e i g h b o r h o o d ?

across

to it?

dwelling?
in

your

family

increase?

176
91 .

Do

you

own

any

92.

Do

you

own

any

93.

Do

you

eat

outside

94.

Do

you

eat

mostly

95.

Do you e n t e r t a i n
Pakistani food?

96.

Your

favorite

Pakistani

97.

Your

favorite

American

98.

Do

you

99.

Is

your

100.

101

.

have

How
the

stereo system?
often?
Pakistani
you r

some

best

Do e s y o u r
origin?

car?

friends

best

mostly

a

friends?

P a k i s t a n i or an A m e r i c a n ?

in t o u c h
origin?

with

to the s a m e

ethnic

the

fr o m

people

102.

Wha t
from

language
the s a m e

do you s p e a k w i t h your
p r o v i n c e of P a k i s t a n ?

103.

Wha t

language

do

104.

In w h a t

105.

Do

106.

Do you a l l o w your
American dresses?

107.

W h a t k i n d of
family while

108.

Do

109.

Are you
zation?

110.

Any

reason

.

Are

you

112.

A ny

reason

113.

Do you a l l o w
the A m e r i c a n

111

you

you

language
wear

do

speak
you

American

while

write

clothes

wife

or

friends

at h o m e ?

letters

back

home?

often?

children

to

wear

d r e s s e s do you r e c o m m e n d for you r
attending Pakistani get -t ogethers?

generally
an

you

the

dish?

friend belong

do you k e e p
same ethnic

with

dish?

American

friend

food?

attend

office

for

active
for

the
in

bearer

above
any

the
in

Muslims'
any

meetings?

Muslims'

organi­

answer?

Pakistani

group?

that?

your o t h e r
parties?

family

members

to

attend

177
114.

H ow do you
Pakistan ?

115.

Do

116.

What

117.

D id you
h e r e in

118.

Do t he o t h e r P a k i s t a n i s ,
ethnic group, d is cr im at e
of y o u r f a m i l i a l , e t h n i c
grounds?

119.

Do

you

attend

120.

Do

you

go

121

.

you

read

does

Wha t

keep

in t o u c h

newspapers

discourage

travel back
the U . S . ?

to

kind

any
any

on

you
to

with

m a in l y about

Pakistan

on c e

Pakistan?
you

social
club?

like

to

listen?

Do you
ends?

attend

123.

Do

lik e

124.

Would

125.

A ny r e a s o n

126.

Do th e
go o u t

Pakistanis discriminate
w i t h an A m e r i c a n g i r l ?

127.

Do you
who go

yourself
out w i t h

128.

Any i m p r e s s i o n
riages?

129.

Do

130.

Who

131 .

How do the p e o p l e of your e t h n i c g r o u p
your A m e r i c a n w i f e or g i r l f r i e n d ?

132.

H ow d o e s

133.

What

kind

of T.V.

134.

D oe s

your

wife

135.

How

you

you

you

to

American

dat e

recommend
for

prefer

the

an

parties

American

dating
above

for

on

the

week­

girl?
your

ne a r

relatives?

answer?
against

feel bad a b o u t your
the A m e r i c a n g i r l s ?
or c o m m e n t

the

landed

activity?

122.

any

in

o t h e r t h a n in your own
a g a i n s t you b e c a u s e
or p r o f e s s i o n a l b a c k ­

American
you

happenings

Pakistan?

American

of m u s i c

the

about

arranged

the

marriage

you

if

you

countrymen

mixed

mar­

system?

so?

do

your

you

wife

feel

react
program

like

soap

about

treat

to t h a t ?
do

you w a t c h

operas?

that?

on

T.V.?

178

136.

Do

137.

Any c o m m e n t

138.

Do

139.

Wha t

140.

you

lik e

you

your
on

travel

kind

of

children

American
quite

people

come

across?

Do you fac e a n y d i s c r i m i n a t i o n in you r b u s i n e s s
by the c u s t o m e r s b e c a u s e of your e t h n i c , f a m i l i a l
or p r o f e s s i o n a l b a c k g r o u n d ?

142.

Do

143.

Anything

you

like

144.

Anything

you

dislike

145.

Would

146.

Any

reason

147.

Are

you

148.

Any

reason

for

149.

H ow

do

like

152.

T.V.?

you

What

151.

T.V.?

a bit?

141.

150.

to w a t c h

kind

you

of

like

you

customers
the

like

the

the

planning

you

you

lifestypes

your

for

do

children

to

the

U.S.?

America?

about

America?

to g r o w

up

here?

answer?

stay

here

above

the

mostly?

in

about

most

above

the

here

most
the

get

forever?

answer?

educational

system

here?

Do you i n v i t e your n e i g h b o r s / f r i e n d s / c o l l e a g u e s
over for tea or d i n n e r ?
Wh a t k i n d s
them?

of t h i n g s

do

you

H ow does yo u r w i f e h e l p you
a c t i o n w i t h t he A m e r i c a n s ?
a re

invited

in

your

social

154.

H ow

d oe s

155.

Does she f e e l d i s c r i m i n a t e d by o t h e r P a k i s t a n i
w i v e s b e c a u s e o f h e r f a m i l y , e t h n i c i t y or p r o ­
fession?

156.

Do

you

celebrate

American

157.

Do

you

celebrate

Pakistani

158.

Do

you

celebrate

Islamic

about

the

inter­

often

feel

by

with

How

wife

ove r

often

153.

your

you

discuss

your

job

holidays?
holidays?

holidays?

Americans?
or

How?
How?
How?

study?

179

159.

Are you p l a n n i n g to b r i n g some m e m b e r s
f a m i l y f r o m P a k i s t a n to the U . S . ?

160.

Do you t a l k w i t h the o t h e r P a k i s t a n i s
your c u l t u r a l e x p e r i e n c e s in A m e r i c a ?

161.

A n y o t h e r r e l a t e d i m p r e s s i o n or i d e a s a b o u t
s o c i o - c u l t u r a l e x p e r i e n c e s in the U . S . ?

162.

Any s u g g e s t i o n for the p r e s e n t
k i n d s of s t u d i e s in f u t u r e ?

study

of

your

about

or

such

your

1 80

The

.

List

of the

Pakistani

Respondents

A graduate

student

from

Punjab

2.

A graduate

student

from

NWFP

3.

A graduate

student

from

Karachi

4.

An u n d e r g r a d u a t e

5.

A graduate

student

from

Punjab

(MSU)

6.

A graduate

student

from

Punjab

(MSU)

7.

A graduate

student

from

Sin d

(MSU)

8.

A graduate

student

from

Sin d

(MSU)

9.

A graduate

student

from

Sin d

(MSU)

1

(MSU)

s t u d e n t ; from

graduate

student

(MSU)

(MSU)

Karachi

10.

A female

11 .

A graduate

12.

Ani u n d e r g r a d u a t e

13.

A graduate

student

from

NWFP

14.

A graduate

student

from

Punjab

15.

A graduate

student

from

Karachi

16.

A visiting

graduate

17.

A graduate

student

from

Punjab

18.

A graduate

student

from

NWFP

19.

A graduate

student

from

Beluchistsn

20.

A graduate

student

from

Punjab

(MSU)

21 .

A graduate

student

from

Punjab

(UoM)

22.

A graduate

student

f rom

Karachi

student

from

student

fro m

Sind

Karachi
fr o m

student

(MSU)

(MSU)

(MSU)

Punjab

(MSU)

(MSU)
(MSU)
(MSU)

from

Karachi

(MSU)

(MSU)
(MSU)

(UoM)

(MSU)

181

23.

An u n d e r g r a d u a t e

student

from

Punjab

24.

An u n d e r g r a d u a t e

female

25.

A graduate

student

fr o m N W F P

26.

A graduate

student

fr o m K a r a c h i

(UoM)

27.

A graduate

student

fr o m K a r a c h i

(UoM)

28.

A graduate

student

from Sind

(UoM)

29.

A graduate

student

from S in d

(UoM)

30.

A graduate

student

fro m N W F P

(UoM)

student

student

from

An u n d e r g r a d u a t e

32.

A graduate

33.

A recent

Punjabi

graduate

from

UoM

34.

A recent

Punjabi

graduate

from

UoM

35.

A graduate

student

from Karachi

36.

A graduate

student

fro m P u n j a b

37.

A Punjabi

38.

A recent

39.

An

40.

A graduate

student

41.

A graduate

42.

A graduate

43.

A part-time

undergraduate
Pathan

Punjab

Punjab

(EMU)

student

(UoD)

WSU

student

fr o m

Karachi

fro m

Punjab

(WSU)

student

fr o m

Punjab

(WMU)

student

from

Karachi

of

student

(UoM)

(EMU)

fr o m

graduate

(WSU)

(WMU)

from

Karachi

Technology

44.

A Punjabi

visiting

45.

A visiting

46.

A faculty

member

47.

A regular

faculty

professor

professor
from

from

member

at

MSU

Karachi

Punjab
fr o m

(UoM)

(UoM)

graduate

undergraduate

Institute

fr o m

fro m

Punjab

(UoM)

31.

student

(UoM)

(MSU)

(UoM)
Punjab

(EMU)

in

Detroit

182

48.

A regular

faculty member

fro m

Karachi

(WMU)

49.

A regular

faculty member

from

Karachi

(WMU)

50.

A Punjabi

semi-skilled

51.

APunjabi

un-skilled

52.

APathan

53.

APunjabi

unskilled

54.

APunjabi

store

55.

Asalesman

56.

APunjabi

skilled

worker

worker

worker

from

near

Lansing

(Lansing)

(Lansing)

Karachi

sanitary

(Lansing)

worker

owner

in L a n s i n g

(Lansing)

engineer

(Lansing)

57.

An e n g i n e e r

fr o m

Karachi

working

with

the s t a t e

(Lansing)

58.

An e n g i n e e r

fro m

Karachi

working

with

the s t a t e

(Lansing)

59.

A Punjabi

engineer

60.

An a c c o u n t a n t

w o r k i n g for

from

the

Karachi working

state
for

(Lansing)

the

state

(Lansing )
61.

APunjabi

62.

A Pathan

physician
physician

working
working

for
at

the

st a t e ( L a n s i n g )

a lo c a l

hospital

ne a r

Lansing
63.

A Punjabi

physician

working

64.

APunjabi

unskilled

worker

65.

APathan

66.

APunjabi

semi-skilled
engineer

in a h o s p i t a l
(Ann

worker

near Lansing

Arbor)

(Tecumseh)

(Jackson)

67.

A Pathan

physician

w o r k i n g in

a hospital

(Monroe)

68.

A Pathan

physician

w o r k i n g in a h o s p i t a l

(Monroe)

69.

A physician

from

Karachi

working

in a local

hospital

(Detroit)
70.

A Punjabi

physician

working

in a h o s p i t a l

(Detroit)

183

71.

A Punjabi

physician

working

in a s u b u r b a n

hospital

physician

working

in a s u b u r b a n

hospital

(D e t r o i t )
72.

A Punjabi

(Farmington
73.

A Pathan

Hills)

physician

employed

in a l o c a l

hospital

(Detroit)
74.

A parking

lot

attendant

fr o m

Karachi

in

downtown

(D e t r o i t )
75.

A semi-skilled

worker

fro m K a r a c h i

76.

A semi-skilled

worker

from NWFP

77.

A Punjabi

78.

A Pathan

79.

A Punjabi

engineer

80.

A Punjabi

lawyer

81.

A lawyer

from

82.

A lawyer

from NWFP

83.

A businessman

from

Karachi

84.

A businessman

from

Kara ch i (Detroit)

85.

An a i r l i n e s '

agent

86.

A Punjabi

taxi

87.

A Punjabi

female

physician

88.

A female

business

partner

89.

A Punjabi

90.

A Punjabi, w i f e

91.

A Pathan

semi-skilled

unskilled

worker

(Detroit)

(Detroit)

(Detroit)

Karachi

(Detroit)

(Detroit)

from

driver

(Detroit)

Karachi

(Detroit)
fro m

Karachi

(Detroit)

(Detroit)

of a s t u d e n t
of

(Detroit)

(Detroit)

a Pathan

(Lansing)

physician

92.

An

American

wife

of a s t u d e n t

93.

An

American

wife

of a P a t h a n

(Tecumseh)

(Detroit)

(Detroit)

housewife

wife

laborer

(Detroit)

from

(near

Karachi

Lansing)
(Lansing)

semi-skilledworker

1 84

94.

An

American

(outside
95.

An

96.

A Punjabi

97.

A Pathan

98.

A Punjabi

99.

A Sindhi

100

.

physician

wife

of a P a t h a n

physician

Detroit)

Egyptian

wife

wife
wife
wife
wife

The m o t h e r

of a P u n j a b i

of a P u n j a b i
of a P a t h a n

student

student

of a P u n j a b i
of a p r o f e s s o r

of a p r o f e s s o r

student

store
fr o m

from

(Lansing)

(Lansing)

(Ann
owner

Arbor)
(Lansing)

Karachi

Karachi

(Kalamazoo)

(Kalamazoo)

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