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3 0 0 N. Z E E B RD. . A NN A R B O R . Ml 4 8 1 0 6

8202383

Al l e n , T r o y L ’O v e r t u r e

BOARD MEMBERS’ FUNCTIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS: AN
EXAMINATION OF A SAMPLE OF THE OPPORTUNITIES
INDUSTRIALIZATION CENTERS’ BOARD MEMBERS WITHIN THE STATE
OF MICHIGAN

Michigan State University

University
Microfilms
International

PH.D.

300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106

Copyright 1981
by
Allen, Troy L’Overture
All Rights Reserved

1981

BOARD MEMBERS' FUNCTIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS:

AN

EXAMINATION OF A SAMPLE OF THE OPPORTUNITIES
INDUSTRIALIZATION CENTERS' BOARD MEMBERS
WITHIN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN

By

Troy L ' O v e r t u r e A ll e n

A DISSERTATION
Submitted to
M ich ig an S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y
in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of the re q u irem en ts
for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
D ep art men t o f A d m i n i s t r a t i o n and H ig he r E d u c a t i o n
1981

ABSTRACT
BOARD MEMBERS' FUNCTIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS: AN
EXAMINATION OF A SAMPLE OF THE OPPORTUNITIES
INDUSTRIALIZATION CENTERS' BOARD MEMBERS
WITHIN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN
By
Troy L ' O v e r t u r e A l l e n

T h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s t u d i e d t h e Board members o f t h e
O p p o r t u n i t i e s I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n C e n t e r s (OIC) w i t h i n t h e S t a t e o f
M ic h i g an .

The s t u d y was c o n d u c t e d t o :

(1) i d e n t i f y t h e o b s e r v a b l e

p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d p o s s e s s ;
(2) i d e n t i f y t h e f u n c t i o n s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members a r e e x p e c t e d t o
p e r f o r m ; (3) i d e n t i f y t h e s o c io e c onom ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l OIC
Board members; (4) i d e n t i f y t h e d e g r e e t o which l o c a l OIC Board members
possess th e Executive D i r e c to r s ' d e sig n a te d o b serv ab le personal c h a ra c ­
teristics;

(5) i d e n t i f y t h e d e g r e e t o which l o c a l OIC Board members have

made c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e i r l o c a l OIC by p e r f o r m i n g t h e E x e c u t i v e
D i r e c t o r s ' d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s ; (6) examine t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p
between t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e p o s s e s s i o n
of observable personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ;

(7) examine t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p

between t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e nominal
s c a l e s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l OIC Board members; and
(8) i d e n t i f y t h e i n t e r v a l

s c a l e s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t a r e

a c c e p t a b l e p r e d i c t o r s o f p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s o f
l o c a l OIC Board members.

Troy L1O v e r t u r e A l l e n

The f i r s t p h a s e o f t h e s t u d y employed a v e r s i o n o f t h e Delphi
T e c h n iq u e u s i n g a t h r e e - r o u n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e and a pa nel o f seve n e x p e r t s
t o a g r e e on t h e o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board
members s h o u l d p o s s e s s and t h e f u n c t i o n s t h a t t h e s e Board members s h o u l d
perform.

E i g h t e e n o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were i d e n t i f i e d

a s d e s i r a b l e f o r l o c a l OIC Board members t o p o s s e s s , and n i n e t e e n f u n c ­
t i o n s were i d e n t i f i e d a s d e s i r a b l e f o r l o c a l OIC Board members t o
perform.
During t h e s e c o n d p h a se o f t h e s t u d y , a sample o f OIC Board
members w i t h i n t h e S t a t e o f Michigan was s u r v e y e d t o g a t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n
o f t h e i r s o c i o e c o n o m i c s t a t u s and e i t h e r t h e i r d e g r e e o f p o s s e s s i o n o f
the o bservable personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s or t h e i r degree of c o n tr ib u tio n s
t o t h e i r Board by p e r f o r m i n g t h e d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .
The s t u d y d e v e l o p e d a so ci o e c o n o m ic p r o f i l e o f OIC Board
members w i t h i n t h e S t a t e o f Michigan and an i n s t r u m e n t t h a t can be
used t o i d e n t i f y e f f e c t i v e Board members.

The s t u d y found t h a t :

(1) t h e r e i s a m i l d r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d
Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s ­
t i c s ; and (2) t h e r e a r e some s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t can a i d
i n f o r e c a s t i n g how a p o t e n t i a l Board member w i l l p e r f o r m t h e d e s i g n a t e d
Board f u n c t i o n s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d p e r f o r m .

VEV7CATEV

TO MV CH1LVREN

Efiid,

Ttioy,

Jh..,

ii

a n d TaAa

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am g r a t e f u l t o God and t h e f o l l o w i n g p e r s o n s who a s s i s t e d
me i n c o m p l e t i n g t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n :
The l a t e P r o f e s s o r R u s s e l l

K l e i s , f o r m e r c h a ir m a n o f my

c o m m i t t e e ; Dr. Melvin C. Buschman, c o mm itt ee c h a i r m a n ; and committee
members:

Dr. R i c h a r d L. F e a t h e r s t o n e , Dr. S. L e v i n e , and Dr. Mary L.

S ch n e id er, f o r t h e i r guidance in t h i s re s e a rc h p r o j e c t .

I am e s p e c i a l l y

g r a t e f u l t o Dr. Buschman f o r a c c e p t i n g t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f committee
chairm anship d uring th e middle of th e re s e a rc h p r o j e c t .
The e n t i r e OIC f a m i l y - - T h e Reverend Leon S u l l i v a n f o r h i s
e n d o r s e m e n t t o s t u d y t h e l o c a l OIC o r g a n i z a t i o n s ; Mr. James Brewer
f o r h is te c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e in developing th e re s e a rc h in stru m e n ts;
and t h e E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s and Board members w i t h i n t h e S t a t e o f
M ich ig an f o r c o m p l e t i n g t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s .
Mrs. Ann McCalpin f o r t y p i n g t h e r e s e a r c h i n s t r u m e n t s , and
Mrs. S h i r l e y T i n s l e y f o r e d i t i n g t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n .
Mrs. O rd a re a n Newson A l l e n , my w i f e , f o r h e r moral s u p p o r t
and e n c o u r a g e m e n t t o c o m p l e t e t h e d o c t o r a l program and h e r a s s i s t a n c e
i n e d i t i n g and t y p i n g t h e f i r s t d r a f t o f t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n .
The l a t e Mrs. Eva Kidd A l l e n , my m o t h e r ; t h e Reverend Roy A.
A l l e n , S r . , my f a t h e r ; and t h e l a t e Mrs. Nola White Brumsey, my
g r a n d m o t h e r ; f o r t h e i r i n f l u e n c e in my l i f e and t h e i r c o n t i n u o u s
educational support.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
LIST OF TABLES

...........................................................................................................

vii

CHAPTER
I.

II.

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................

1

I n t r o d u c t o r y S t a t e m e n t ......................................................................
I m p o r t a n c e o f C i t i z e n Boards ..............................................
C i t i z e n Boards i n t h e B lack Community ..........................
B l a c k - C o n t r o l l e d V o l u n t a r y O r g a n i z a t i o n s ...................
OIC B a c k g r o u n d .............................................................................. . .
Why OIC Was Chosen f o r T h i s S t u d y ....................................
The Need f o r O l C / S o c i a l C o n t e x t .....................................
The P r e c u r s o r t o O I C ..........................................................
.
The B i r t h o f O I C ..........................................................................
The F u n c t i o n o f O I C .................................................................
The Local OIC O r g a n i z a t i o n ...................................................
S t a t e m e n t o f t h e Problem .................................................................
P ur po se o f t h e S t u d y ..........................................................................
R e s e a r c h T a s k s ...............................
Phase I .............................................................................................
Phase I I .......................................................................... . , . .
D e f i n i t i o n o f T e r m s ..........................................................................
I m p o r ta n c e o f t h e S t u d y .................................................................
Overview o f t h e D i s s e r t a t i o n ........................................................

1
1
2
3
3
3
4
5
6
7
7
8
9
10
10
11
12
12
13

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE......................................................................

15

I n t r o d u c t i o n .............................................................................................
L e a d e r s h i p T h e o ry ...............................................................................
T r a i t T h e o r y ....................................................................................
Group T h e o r y ....................................................................................
S i t u a t i o n T he or y ...........................................................................
Com bi na tio n T he ory ......................................................................
Community L e a d e r s h i p ..........................................................................
Formal and In f o rm a l L e a d e r s h i p ..........................................
S o c i a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .....................................
Boardsma ns hip ........................................................................................
E d u c a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n s ........................................................
N o n - P r o f i t V o l u n t a r y O r g a n i z a t i o n s .................................
S u m m a r y .......................................................................................................

15
15
15
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
22
23

iv

Page

CHAPTER
III.

IV.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..............................................................................

24

D e s c r i p t i o n o f Methodology ............................................................
Phase I - - D e l p h i T e c h n i q u e ............................................................
Delphi I n s t r u m e n t and P r o c e d u re .....................................
Time Frame and Data C o l l e c t i o n ..........................................
Phase I I - - S u r v e y Design .................................................................
P o p u l a t i o n S t u d i e d .....................................................................
Sample P o p u l a t i o n
.....................................................................
Random S e l e c t i o n ..........................................................................
R e s e a r c h I n s t r u m e n t and P r o c e d u r e s ................................
Time Frame and Data C o l l e c t i o n ..........................................
S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s i s ..........................................................................
R e s e a r c h Hy po th e se s .................................................................
L i m i t a t i o n s of t h e Study .......................................................

24
25
27
29
29
29
30
31
32
33
33
36
37

...................................................

38

R e s e a r c h Q u e s t i o n s 1 and 2 ............................................................
F i n d i n g s : F i r s t Round Delphi Q u e s t i o n n a i r e
. . .
F i n d i n g s : Second Round Delphi Q u e s t i o n n a i r e
. . .
F i n d i n g s : T h i r d Round Delphi Q u e s t i o n n a i r e
. . .
R e s e a r c h Q u e s t i o n 3 ..........................................................................
Formal E d u c a t i o n ..........................................................................
O c c u p a t i o n ........................................................................................
Income .................................................................................................
Growing Up As C h i l d / R u r a l o r Ruban .................................
Ethnic O rigin
...............................................................................
S e x ......................................................................................................
A g e ......................................................................................................
P l a c e o f B i r t h ...............................................................................
Growing Up As C h i l d / S t a t e
................... ............................
M a r i t a l S t a t u s ...............................................................................
R e s i d e n c e in Community „ . . « ..................................... ....
Years As Local OIC Board Member .....................................
L e a d e r s h i p P o s i t i o n s in O r g a n i z a t i o n s
.......................
R e s e a r c h Q u e s t i o n s 4 and 5 ............................................................
Saginaw OIC ...................................................................................
Muskegon OIC ...................................................................................
F l i n t OIC ........................................................................................
D e t r o i t OIC ...................................................................................
R e s e a r c h Q u e s t i o n 6 ..........................................................................
R e s e a r c h Q u e s t i o n 7...............................................................................
Null H y p o t h e s i s H0 .....................................................................
F T e s t o f S i g n i f i c a n c e ............................................................
D e g r e e ( s ) Earned ..........................................................................
O c c u p a t i o n ........................................................................................

39
39
41
45
48
48
51
52
53
53
54
55
55
56
57
57
58
59
60
60
61
62
64
66

FINDINGS:

ANALYSES AND RESULTS

v

68
68
69
70
70

CHAPTER

Page
P l a c e o f B i r t h ...............................................................................
P l a c e o f Growing U p / S t a t e ......................................................
P l a c e o f Growing Up/Rural o r U r b a n ...................................
...............................................................................
Ethnic O rig in
S e x ......................
R es e ar ch Q u e s t i o n 8........ .......................................................................
S u m m a r y ......................................................................................................

V.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, ANDRECOMMENDATIONS

72
73
74
75
76
77
80

................................

81

Summary o f P r o j e c t and P r o c e d u r e s
.............................................
R es e ar ch Q u e s t i o n s
................................................................
D i s c u s s i o n o f F i n d i n g s ......................................................................
Conclusions
........................................................................................
Recommendations f o r F u t u r e R e s e a r c h ........................................

81
84
89
93
94

DELPHI INSTRUMENTS .....................................................................................

95

.

115

APPENDIX
A.
B.
C.

DELPHI PAR TICIPANTS..........................................................................
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS............................ ...................................................

116

BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................

124

vi

LIST OF TABLES

Table

Page

3.1

Summary o f Q u e s t i o n n a i r e R e t u r n s .....................................................

31

5.1

F i r s t Round O b s e r v a b l e .P e rs o n a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

40

5.2

F i r s t Round Board F u n c t i o n s

..............................................................

42

5.3

Second Round R a t i n g o f O b s e r v a b l e P e r s o n a l
C haracteristics
........................................................................................

44

5.4

Second Round R a t i n g o f Board Members' F u n c t i o n s

46

5.5

Observable Personal C h a r a c te r i s t ic s - - D is a g r e e m e n t
from Group C o n s e n s u s ...............................................................................

47

Board Members' F u n c t i o n s - - D i s a g r e e m e n t from Group
C o n s e n s u s ................................................................

49

Local OIC Board Members' Number o f Years o f Formal
E d u c a t i o n ......................................................................................................

50

5.6

5.7

. . . .

5.8

Local

.............................

50

5.9

Local OIC Board Members' P r i n c i p a l O c c u p a t i o n s ...................

51

5.10

Local OIC Board Members' Years i n P r i n c i p a l
O c c u p a t i o n s ..................................................................................................

52

Local OIC Board Members' T hr ee Year (197 7- 197 9)
Average Income .............................................................................................

52

5 . 1 2 Local OIC Board Members' Community Growing Up/Rural
o r U r b a n ...........................................................................................................

53

5.13

Local OIC Board Members' E t h n i c O r i g i n ......................................

54

5.14

Local OIC Board Members' S e x ..............................................................

54

5.15

Local OIC Board Members' A g e .............................................................

55

5.16

Local OIC Board Members' P l a c e o f B i r t h

56

5.11

OIC Board Members' Earned D e g r e e ( s )

. . . .

vi i

..................................

Table

Page

5 .1 7

Local OIC

Board Members' P l a c e o f Growing U p / S t a t e . . . .

56

5.18

Local OIC

Board Members' M a r i t a l S t a t u s

......................................

57

5.19

Local OIC Board Members' Len gth o f R e s id e n c e i n
P r e s e n t Community ........................................................................................

58

5.20

Local OIC

Board Members' Years o f S e r v i c e t o OIC ....................

58

5.21

Local OIC Board Members' P o s i t i o n s Held in
............................................................
Community-Based O r g a n i z a t i o n s

59

Saginaw OIC: R a t i n g s o f Board Members' P o s s e s s i o n
o f O b s e r v a b le P e r s o n a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and Perf orm an ce
o f D e s i g n a t e d Board F u n c t i o n s
............................................................

61

Muskegon OIC: R a t i n g s o f Board Members' P o s s e s s i o n
o f O b s e r v a b l e P e r s o n a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and P e rf orm an ce
o f D e s i g n a t e d Board F u n c t i o n s
............................................................

62

F l i n t OIC: R a t i n g s o f Board Members' P o s s e s s i o n o f
O b s e r v a b l e P e r s o n a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and Pe rf orm an ce
o f D e s i g n a t e d Board F u n c t i o n s
. . . ..............................................

63

D e t r o i t OIC: R a t i n g s o f Board Members' P o s s e s s i o n o f
O b s e r v a b l e P e r s o n a l C h a r a c t e r ! s t i e s and Perf orm an ce
o f D e s i g n a t e d Board F u n c t i o n s ............................................................

65

Local OIC Board Members' R a t i n g s f o r P o s s e s s i o n o f
O b s e r v a b l e P e r s o n a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and Perf orm an ce
o f D e s i g n a t e d Board F u n c t i o n s ............................................................

66

The C o r r e l a t i o n Between P e rf orm a nc e o f D e s i g n a t e d
Board F u n c t i o n s and P o s s e s s i o n o f O b s e r v a b l e
P e r s o n a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ..........................................................................

67

A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e : The P e rf o rm a n c e o f D e s ig n a te d
Board F u n c t i o n s and D e g r e e ( s ) Earned by Local OIC
Board Members . . . . .
..........................................................................

71

A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e : The P e r f o r m a n c e o f D e s i g n a t e d
Board F u n c t i o n s and P r i n c i p a l O c c u p a t i o n s o f Local
OIC Board M e m b e r s ........................................................................................

72

A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e : The P e r f o r m a n c e o f D e s i g n a t e d
Board F u n c t i o n s and t h e P l a c e o f B i r t h o f Local OIC
Board M e m b e r s .................................................................................................

73

5.22

5.23

5.24

5.25

5 .2 6

5 .2 7

5.28

5.29

5.30

vi ii

Table
5.31

5 .3 2

5 .3 3

5 .3 4

5 .3 5

Page
A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e : The P e rf o rm a nc e o f D e s i g n a t e d
Board F u n c t i o n s and t h e P l a c e o f Growing U p / S t a t e o f
Local OIC Board M e m b e r s ..........................................................................

74

A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e : The Pe rf or m a nc e o f D e s i g n a t e d
Board F u n c t i o n s and t h e P l a c e o f Growing Up/Rural o r
Urban o f Local OIC Board M e m b e r s ........................................................

75

A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e : The P e rf orm a nc e o f D e s i g n a t e d
Board F u n c t i o n s and t h e E t h n i c O r i g i n o f Local OIC
Board F u n c t i o n s .............................................................................................

76

A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e : The Pe rf or m a nc e o f D e s i g n a t e d
Board F u n c t i o n s and t h e Sex o f Local OIC Board Members . .

77

M u l t i p l e R e g r e s s i o n : Socioeconomic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as
P r e d i c t o r s o f Pe rf o rm a n c e o f D e s i g n a t e d Board F u n c t i o n s
o f Local OIC Board M e m b e r s ......................................................................

79

ix

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Good boards do not j u s t happen any more
than do good s t a f f s 3 program3 and financing.
The f u l l p o t e n t i a l i t i e s o f boards may not
be achieved because we have not in v e s te d as
much time and e f f o r t in them as we have in
other phases o f agency operation s.
Louis H. Blumenthal
In tr o d u c to r y Statement
Im p o r ta n c e o f C i t i z e n Boards
The us e o f c i t i z e n b o a r d s i s a p a r t o f t h e d e m o c r a t i c p r o c e s s
in t h i s c o u n t r y .

C i t i z e n s ' p a r t i c i p a t i o n a s Board members i s a t r a ­

d i t i o n t h a t e n h a n c e s v o l u n t a r i s m t h r o u g h o u t each l o c a l community.
T r e c k e r e x p l a i n s why he f e e l s t h e s e b o a r d s a r e i m p o r t a n t :
The c i t i z e n bo a rd i s one o f s o c i e t y ' s most i m p o r t a n t
instrum ents.
I t i s used t o d e t e r m i n e s o c i a l p o l i c y and
is charged with the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r providing a l l
k i n d s o f community s e r v i c e . 1
Houle a g r e e s w i t h T r e c k e r on t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f c i t i z e n b o a r d s
and g i v e s t h e f o l l o w i n g a n a l y s i s o f t h e imp ac t o f b o a r d s on o u r d a i l y
living:
C o n s i d e r t h e o r d i n a r y c i t i z e n , l i v i n g anywhere i n t h e
United S t a t e s .
I f he works f o r a p r i v a t e c o r p o r a t i o n o r
f o r any o f a number o f p u b l i c s e r v i c e s , h i s c o n d i t i o n s o f
employment and h i s c h a n c e s f o r advanc em ent a r e go ve rn e d

^ a r l e i g h B. T r e c k e r , C i t i z e n Boards a t Work (New York:
A s s o c i a t i o n P r e s s , 1 9 7 0 ) , p. 17.
1

2

by a b o a r d .
His c h i l d r e n a r e e d u c a t e d i n s c h o o l s , c o l l e g e s ,
and u n i v e r s i t i e s whose p o l i c i e s a r e c o n t r o l l e d by b o a r d s .
The c h u r c h a t which he w o r s h i p s , t h e o r g a n i z e d e f f o r t s t o
improve s o c i e t y i n which he p l a y s a p a r t , and t h e i n s t i t u ­
t i o n s i n which he s e e k s knowledge and e n l i g h t e n m e n t a r e
u s u a l l y g u i d e d by b o a r d s .
I f he b e l o n g s t o a u n io n o r t o
a p ro fe s sio n a l or t r a d e a s s o c i a t i o n , th e co n d itio n s of his
membership and t h e s e r v i c e s he r e c e i v e s w i l l be i n f l u e n c e d
by a b o a r d .
I f he g i v e s t o c h a r i t y , h i s money i s s p e n t by
a b o a r d , and i f he r e c e i v e s p r i v a t e c h a r i t y , t h e t e r m s un de r
which he r e c e i v e s i t a r e e s t a b l i s h e d by a b o a r d .
I f he i s
i l l o r i f he needs o t h e r kin ds o f s p e c i a l c a r e , he u s u a l l y
goe s t o an i n s t i t u t i o n which i s o p e r a t e d by a b o a r d . Many
o f t h e s e r v i c e s o f t h e government which he s u p p o r t s w it h
h i s t a x e s a r e d i r e c t e d by b o a r d s .
Boards' i n f l u e n c e i s ,
i n f a c t , so much a p a r t o f h i s l i f e and e n v i r o n m e n t t h a t ,
l i k e t h e a i r he b r e a t h e s , he s c a r c e l y knows t h a t i t i s
th ere.2
T h e r e can be l i t t l e d o u b t t h a t c i t i z e n b o a r d s have g r e a t im p a c t on
our liv e s .

C i t i z e n Boards in t h e B la ck Community
W i t h i n t h e B la ck community, c i t i z e n b o a r d s began t o t a k e on
a new l ook d u r i n g t h e 1960s.

Black o r g a n i z a t i o n s began t o t u r n t o t h e

B la ck community t o r e c r u i t l e a d e r s h i p i n t h e form o f Board members as
C a u c a s i a n s w ere no l o n g e r e x p e c t e d t o p e r f o r m t h i s f u n c t i o n .

These

o r g a n i z a t i o n s were a t t e m p t i n g t o e l i m i n a t e Board members who had no
imm e dia te c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h t h e Black community.

Zald has s t a t e d t h e

u n d e s i r a b i l i t y o f l e a d e r s h i p from o u t s i d e o f t h e immediate community
a s r e l a t e d t o Board p a r t i c i p a t i o n .
The J a c k s o n i a n em phas is o f d e m o c r a t i c p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n
o u r s o c i e t y s u g g e s t s t h a t such a s i t u a t i o n ( l e a d e r s h i p from
o u t s i d e o f t h e imm ed iate community) i s bad s i n c e de p e n d e n c e
on " o u t s i d e " l e a d e r s h i p l e a d s t o a d e v i t a l i z a t i o n o f l o c a l

2C y r i l 0. H oule, The E f f e c t i v e Board (New York:
P r e s s , 1 9 6 0 ) , pp. 1-2 .

A ssociation

3

in stitu tio n s:
" s o c ia l absenteeism" leads e i t h e r to
an a b s e n c e o f l e a d e r s h i p o r t o a l e a d e r s h i p w i t h o u t
commitment and i n v o l v e m e n t . 3

B lack-C ontrolled Voluntary O rganizations
In a d d i t i o n t o t h i s new e mp has is on Board l e a d e r s h i p from
w i t h i n t h e Black community, " t h e r e a l s o emerged i n t h e mid 1960s a
new group o f b l a c k o r g a n i z e d and b l a c k - c o n t r o l l e d v o l u n t a r y o r g a n i ­
z a t i o n s . " 14 One o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s t h a t emerged d u r i n g t h a t p e r i o d
was t h e O p p o r t u n i t i e s I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n C e n t e r (OIC).
OIC Background
Why OIC Was Chosen f o r T h i s St udy
Th e re a r e s e v e r a l r e a s o n s why OIC was c ho sen f o r t h i s s t u d y .
F i r s t , t h e OIC s t o r y i s one t h a t i s w or th s h a r i n g , b e c a u s e i t i s t r u l y
A me ric an, o n l y in America c o u l d a Black B a p t i s t m i n i s t e r , w i t h e x t r e m e l y
l i m i t e d r e s o u r c e s , armed w i t h u n l i m i t e d f a i t h in God and d e d i c a t e d
w o r k e r s , c r e a t e a manpower t r a i n i n g program t h a t i s r e v o l u t i o n a r y in
t h a t i t screens the t r a i n e e s "in " r a t h e r than " o u t" ; thus g iv in g m il­
l i o n s o f p e o p l e ( B l a c k , S p a n i s h - s p e a k i n g , a s we ll as p o o r C a u c a s i a n s )
new hope , a s e n s e o f b e i n g and s e l f - r e s p e c t , a n d , p o s s i b l y , a new image
and s e n s e o f a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r t h e Black Church.

3Mayer N. Z a l d , "Urban D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n , C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
Board o f D i r e c t o r s , and O r g a n i z a t i o n a l E f f e c t i v e n e s s , " The American
J o u r n a l o f S o c i o l o g y 73 (November 1 96 7): 261-26 2.
‘‘David M. A u s t i n , The Black C i v i c V o l u n t e e r L e a d e r : A Kew Era
in V o l u n t a r i s m (Waltham, M a s s . : B r a n d e i s U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 7 0 ) , pp. 3 - 4 .

4

Sec ond, as a B lack B a p t i s t m i n i s t e r , t h e w r i t e r f e e l s t h a t
t h e s t u d y o f OIC Board members can a s s i s t t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n i n i t s
c o n t i n u i n g e f f o r t t o make a s i g n i f i c a n t im pa c t in t h e d e ve lo pm en t
o f human r e s o u r c e s .

The Need f o r Q I C / S o c i a l C o n t e x t
During t h e l a t e 1950s and t h e e a r l y 1960s j o b d i s c r i m i n a t i o n
a g a i n s t B la ck s was p r e v a l e n t , as i t had been f o r many y e a r s , t h r o u g h o u t
th e United S t a t e s .

The Reverend Leon S u l l i v a n , f o u n d e r o f OIC, e x p l i ­

c a t e s t h e s e d i s c r i m i n a t o r y l a b o r c o n d i t i o n s a s t h e y e x i s t e d in t h e c i t y
of Philadelphia:
Up t o 1958 i n P h i l a d e l p h i a , a l t h o u g h t h e b l a c k popu­
l a t i o n c o m p ri s e d o n e - f o u r t h o f t h e c i t y ' s p o p u l a t i o n , l e s s
t h a n one p e r c e n t o f t h e s e n s i t i v e c l e r i c a l , and p u b l i c
c o n t a c t j o b s were h e l d by b l a c k p e o p l e . The j o b s b l a c k s
h e l d f e l l m o s t l y i n t o t h e s e r v i c e f i e l d and i n t o t h e most
menial work c a t e g o r i e s . . . . Everywhere you went where
t h e j o b s were p o o r , you saw b l a c k s . And even t h e s e b l a c k
j o b s had w h i t e b o s s e s , f o r t h e most p a r t . 5
Not o n l y was t h e r e l o n g - s t a n d i n g r a c i a l j o b d i s c r i m i n a t i o n b u t
a l s o t h e r e wa s, d u r i n g t h a t p a r t i c u l a r p e r i o d , w i d e s p r e a d unemployment
t h r o u g h o u t t h e n a t i o n in t h e m i d s t o f economic p r o s p e r i t y .

This

unemployment prob lem was p r e s e n t d u r i n g t h e Eisenhower and KennedyJo hnson a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s .

The U.S. S e n a t e Subcommittee on Employment

and Manpower c o n d u c t e d h e a r i n g s d u r i n g 1963 t o a d d r e s s t h i s i s s u e .
The f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s summarize Black unemployment and c o n d i t i o n s
o f p o v e r t y which were p r e s e n t e d a s f i n d i n g s o f t h e Subco mmitt ee:

5Leon H. S u l l i v a n , B u il d B r o t h e r B u i l d ( P h i l a d e l p h i a :
Smith Company, 1 9 6 9 ) , p. 67.

Macrae

5

The l a b o r m a r k e t s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s have been pla g u e d
s i n c e 1953 w i t h a p e r s i s t e n t upward t r e n d i n unemployment
which has a v e r a g e d a b o u t 6 p e r c e n t f o r t h e p a s t 6 y e a r s .
D e s p i t e a h ig h l e v e l o f p e r s o n a l income e x p a n s i o n , unemploy­
ment has re m a in ed a b o u t 5 . 5 p e r c e n t d u r i n g a l l o f 1963. T h i s
unemployment has been c o n c e n t r a t e d among y o u t h f o r whom t h e
r a t e t e n d s t o be t r i p l e t h e n a t i o n a l a v e r a g e , m i n o r i t y gr o u p s
whose unemployment e x p e r i e n c e s i s d o u b l e t h e a v e r a g e , o l d e r
w o r k e r s , t h e u n e d u c a t e d and t h e u n s k i l l e d . . . .
. . . One h a l f o f a l l Negro f a m i l i e s a r e p o o r by t h e
$ 3 , 0 0 0 . 0 0 ann ual income d e f i n i t i o n .
They and o t h e r m i n o r i t y
gr o u p s a r e c o n c e n t r a t e d in d e p r e s s e d r u r a l and c e n t r a l c i t y
sl ums . T h e i r e d u c a t i o n a l ba ck gr ou nds and o p p o r t u n i t i e s a r e
deficient.
The j o b s open t o them due t o t r a d i t i o n , d i s c r i m ­
i n a t i o n , p r e j u d i c e , and i n a d e q u a t e p r e p a r a t i o n a r e among t h o s e
vulnerable to technological change.6
The Jo h n so n a d m i n i s t r a t i o n r e a c t e d t o t h e s e and r e l a t e d
c o n d i t i o n s by d e c l a r i n g a "war a g a i n s t p o v e r t y " and c o m m it ti n g t h e
f e d e r a l gove rnm en t t o fu n d programs which were d e s i g n e d t o a s s i s t in
the area o f s o c ia l reform.

T h i s commitment by t h e f e d e r a l government

was e v i d e n t i n t h e 1965 b u d g e t , a s e x p r e s s e d by G i n z b e r g :
In 1965, t h e combined e x p e n d i t u r e s f o r e d u c a t i o n
( i n c l u d i n g manpower t r a i n i n g ) , community d e ve lo pm en t and
h o u s i n g , h e a l t h , and w e l f a r e ( i . e . , p u b l i c a s s i s t a n c e and
s e r v i c e s to the poor) t o t a l l e d 7.6 b i l l i o n , o r 6.4 p e rc en t
of the federal b u d g e t.7

The P r e c u r s o r t o OIC
The p r e c u r s o r t o OIC was an economic w i t h d r a w a l c am p a ig n 8
c o n d u c t e d i n t h e C i t y o f P h i l a d e l p h i a a g a i n s t b u s i n e s s e s t h a t were

6G a r t h Mangum, e d . , The Manpower R e v o l u t i o n (New York:
Doubleday and Company, 1 9 6 5 ) , pp. 235 and 265.
7E l i G in z b e r g and R o b e r t M. Solow, e d s . , The G r e a t S o c i e t y
(New York: B a s i c Books, I n c . , P u b l i s h e r s , 1 9 7 4 ) , p. 9.
8T h i s campaign was f o r m a l l y c a l l e d t h e S e l e c t i v e P a t r o n a g e
Program.

6

lo a th to d isco n tin u e r a c i a l l y d iscrim in a to ry job p ra c tic e s .

Over a

p e r i o d o f f o u r y e a r s ( 1 9 5 9 - 1 9 6 3 ) , t h e r e had been a t o t a l o f t w e n t y - n i n e
economic w i t h d r a w a l campaigns which had r e s u l t e d in t h e o p e n in g o f many
job o p p o r t u n i t i e s .

The o p e n i n g s o f t h e s e j o b o p p o r t u n i t i e s ex posed

a n o t h e r s e r i o u s problem i n t h e q u e s t t o a s s i s t B l a c k s .

I t was t h a t

many B la ck s were u n p r e p a r e d t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e new j o b o p p o r ­
tunities.

The Reverend S u l l i v a n saw t h e need f o r an a g g r e s s i v e manpower

t r a i n i n g program d e e p l y r o o t e d in t h e c o n c e p t o f s e l f h e l p .

The B i r t h o f OIC
As manpower d e ve lo pm en t was becoming a p r i o r i t y o f t h e f e d e r a l
g o v e r n m e n t , t h e c l i m a t e was r i g h t f o r t h e b i r t h o f O I C .9

The Reverend

S u l l i v a n f o r m a l l y i n t r o d u c e d t h i s new manpower t r a i n i n g program on
Sunday, J a n u a r y 24, 1964.
A f t e r l i s t e n i n g t o t h e many b u s i n e s s e x e c u t i v e s who had n e i t h e r
t h e t i m e n o r t h e commitment t o i n i t i a t e needed manpower t r a i n i n g p r o ­
gra m s , t h e Reverend S u l l i v a n p r o c l a i m e d , " I f we a r e n o t p r e p a r e d , t h e n
we w i l l make o u r s e l v e s p r e p a r e d !

We w i l l h e l p o u r s e l v e s . " 10

a s i t s c e n t r a l p u r p o s e , OIC was f o u n d e d .

With t h i s

In r e p o r t i n g t h e f o u n d i n g ,

t h e Reverend S u l l i v a n e x p l a i n e d , "A s k e l t o n key was c ho sen as o u r
sy mb ol, meaning t h a t OIC c o u l d u n l o c k any d o o r , and o u r s l o g a n was
'we h e l p o u r s e l v e s . ' " 11
90IC was fo und ed and i n i t i a l l y o p e r a t e d w i t h o u t government
fin a n c ia l support.
10 Sul 1 i v a n , p. 89.
“ I b i d . , p. 95.

7

The F u n c t i o n o f OIC
OIC f u n c t i o n s a s a l i n k a g e ag enc y between t h e b u s i n e s s /
i n d u s t r i a l community and d i s a d v a n t a g e d w o r k e r s , p r e d o m i n a n t l y w i t h i n
t h e Black c o m m u n i t y . 12

This linkage r e l a t i o n s h i p with the b u s in e s s /

i n d u s t r i a l community d i d n o t happen by c h a n c e , as t h e Reverend S u l l i v a n
e a r l y r e c o g n i z e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f i n d u s t r y t o t h e s u c c e s s o f OIC.
However, he d i d n o t s e e t h e O l C - i n d u s t r y r e l a t i o n s h i p as b e n e f i c i a l
o n l y t o OIC.

I n d e e d , t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p was viewed by t h e Reverend

S u l l i v a n a s "a p a r t n e r s h i p . . .

a r e c i p r o c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p " between

OIC and i n d u s t r y :
We knew t h a t a s u c c e s s f u l OIC o p e r a t i o n would b e n e f i t no
one more t h a n i n d u s t r y .
I n d u s t r y needed OIC as much as
OIC needed i n d u s t r y , f o r no i n d u s t r y can e x i s t i n a com­
m u n i t y w i t h o u t t h e r e s o u r c e s o f s k i l l e d workmen t o do i t s
work.
We were t i e d by r e c i p r o c a l n e e d s ; o u r p e o p l e needed
j o b s , and i n d u s t r y needed good p e o p l e . 13
The Local OIC O r g a n i z a t i o n
Each l o c a l OIC o r g a n i z a t i o n i s an autonomous j o b t r a i n i n g
c e n t e r t h a t i s a f f i l i a t e d w i t h t h e N a t i o n a l OIC.

The r e l a t i o n s h i p

between t h e l o c a l c e n t e r and t h e N a t i o n a l OIC i s gove rne d by an
A f f i l i a t e Agreement.

Anderson summarizes t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e a g r e e m e n t :

In a d d i t i o n t o making a p u b l i c commitment t o t h e
o v e r a l l g o a l s o f OIC, l o c a l o f f i c i a l s must a g r e e t o c e r t a i n
o p e r a t i o n a l p r o c e d u r e s as a c o n d i t i o n f o r u s i n g t h e OIC name.
A mod est an n ua l f e e i s imposed on each c e n t e r f o r a f f i l i a t e

1201C does n o t r e s t r i c t i t s s e r v i c e s t o B l a c k s . However, i t i s
p r i m a r i l y a B la ck s e r v i c e - o r i e n t e d o r g a n i z a t i o n .
OIC o r g a n i z a t i o n s
have been d e v e l o p e d in a r e a s t h a t s e r v e poor Whites a s we ll a s
Spanish-surnamed m i n o r i t i e s .
13S u l l i v a n , p. 90.

8

s t a t u s , and t h e n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n r e t a i n s t h e r i g h t
t o re vo ke a f f i l i a t i o n f o r f a i l u r e t o comply w i t h t h e te rm s
o f membership. The a f f i l i a t e a g r e e m e n t does n o t a b r o g a t e
t h e autonomy o f l o c a l c e n t e r s ; i t m e r e l y e n s u r e s g r e a t e r
commitment t o a common p u r p o s e and a s i m i l a r i t y o f
o r g a n i z a t i o n a l f o r m . 14
The l o c a l c e n t e r i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e
t r a i n i n g program.

The b o a rd o f d i r e c t o r s i s t h e p o l i c y - m a k i n g u n i t

o f each l o c a l OIC o r g a n i z a t i o n , and i s u s u a l l y composed o f i n d i g e n o u s
and o t h e r community l e a d e r s who s e r v e on t h e board v o l u n t a r i l y .
Anderson summarizes t h e b o a r d c o m p o s i t i o n and d u t i e s :
The board o f d i r e c t o r s i s t h e p o l i c y - m a k i n g u n i t
o f each c e n t e r .
A lt h o u g h o t h e r u n i t s , such a s t h e
I n d u s t r i a l A d v i s o r y C o u n c i l , may i n f l u e n c e t h e p o l i c y ­
making p r o c e s s , m a j o r d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g a u t h o r i t y and
a c c o u n t a b i l i t y re m a in w i t h t h e b o a r d .
T y p i c a l l y , t h e b o a r d o f d i r e c t o r s w i l l be drawn
from a wide s p e c t r u m o f p e r s o n s in t h e community who
have shown i n t e r e s t and p r i o r a c t i v i t y i n community
e f f o r t s to a s s i s t th e d isad v an tag ed .
Board members a r e
drawn h e a v i l y from r e l i g i o u s , s o c i a l , and p r o f e s s i o n a l
o r g a n i z a t i o n s . . . . U s u a l l y t h e b o a rd c ha ir m a n w i l l be
a community l e a d e r w i t h s t r o n g i n t e r e s t in t h e problems
o f m i n o r i t i e s . . . . P e rh a p s r e f l e c t i n g O IC 's o r i g i n
and d e ve lo p m en ta l h i s t o r y , a l a r g e number o f board
c hairm en a r e b l a c k m i n i s t e r s . 15

S t a t e m e n t o f t h e Problem
Each l o c a l OIC w i t h i n t h e S t a t e o f M i c h i g a n - - B e n t o n H a r b o r ,
D e t r o i t , F l i n t , Grand R a p i d s , Muskegon, P o n t i a c , and S a g i n a w - - i s
a f f i l i a t e d w i t h t h e N a t i o n a l OIC which i s l o c a t e d i n P h i l a d e l p h i a ,

^ B e r n a r d E. A n d e r s o n , The O p p o r t u n i t i e s I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n
C e n t e r s : A Decade o f Community-Based Manpower S e r v i c e ( P h i l a d e l p h i a :
U n i v e r s i t y o f P e n n s y l v a n i a , 1 9 7 6 ) , p. 52.
15 I b i d . , pp. 4 5 - 4 6 .

9

Pennsylvania.

The s u c c e s s o r f a i l u r e o f each l o c a l OIC de pends on

many f a c t o r s , a key one b e i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f i t s Board members.
L i k e a l l e f f e c t i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n s , e ach l o c a l OIC must r e c r u i t and
m a i n t a i n e f f e c t i v e Board members.

To a i d in t h e p r o c e s s o f r e c r u i t i n g

and m a i n t a i n i n g e f f e c t i v e OIC Board members, t h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t :
(1 )

i d e n t i f i e s the observable personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t local

OIC Board members s h o u l d p o s s e s s and t h e f u n c t i o n t h a t l o c a l OIC
Board members s h o u l d p e r f o r m ;
sample o f l o c a l OIC
p rofile

(2) a s s e s s e s t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f a

Board members; and (3) d e v e l o p s a s o c io e c o n o m ic

o f a sample o f l o c a l OIC Board members.

Pu rp ose o f t h e Study
The p u r p o s e o f t h e s t u d y i s t o a c h i e v e t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s e a r c h
objectives:
1.

To i d e n t i f y t h e o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t
l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d p o s s e s s , a s ju d g e d by l o c a l
OIC E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s .

2.

To i d e n t i f y t h e f u n c t i o n s t h a t
expected to

p e r f o r m , a s ju d g e d

l o c a l OIC Board members a r e
by l o c a l OIC

Executive

D irectors.
3.

To i d e n t i f y t h e s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l OIC
Board members, a s r e p o r t e d by t h e Board members t h e m s e l v e s .

4.

To i d e n t i f y t h e d e g r e e t o which l o c a l OIC Board members
p ossess the Executive D ir e c t o r s ' desig n a te d o b servable
p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , as ju d g e d by f e l l o w Board members
a t e a c h l o c a l OIC.

10

5.

To i d e n t i f y t h e d e g r e e t o which l o c a l OIC Board members have
made c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e i r l o c a l OIC by p e r f o r m i n g t h e
E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s ' d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s , as ju d g e d
by f e l l o w Board members a t ea c h l o c a l OIC.

6.

To examine t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e p e rf o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f o b s e r v a b l e
p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l OIC Board members.

7.

To examine t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e p e rf o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e nominal s c a l e so ci oe c on om ic
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l OIC Board members.

8.

To i d e n t i f y t h e i n t e r v a l s c a l e so ci oe c on om ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
t h a t a r e a c c e p t a b l e p r e d i c t o r s o f p e rf o rm a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d
Board f u n c t i o n s o f l o c a l OIC Board members.

R e s e a r c h Tasks
The t a s k s t h a t were a c h i e v e d d u r i n g t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n were
d i v i d e d i n t o two p h a s e s :

Phase I
By us e o f t h e De lph i T e c h n i q u e , t h e l o c a l OIC E x e c u t i v e
D i r e c t o r s were as ke d t o d e s i g n a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g :
1.

The o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board
members s h o u l d p o s s e s s .

2.

The f u n c t i o n s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d p e r f o r m .

11

Phase I I
By u s e o f a s e l f - m a d e q u e s t i o n n a i r e , l o c a l OIC Board members
were a s k e d t o :
1.

I d e n t i f y t h e i r own s o ci o e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

(Part A

o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t c o n t a i n e d q u e s t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o s o c io e c o n o m ic
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ; each Board member was a sk e d t o c o m p l e t e t h i s
se c tio n of the re sea rc h in s tru m e n t.)
2.

I d e n t i f y t h e d e g r e e t o which Board members o f e a c h l o c a l Board
possess the Executive D i r e c t o r s ' d e s ig n a te d o b s e r v a b le personal
characteristics.

(P art B of the instrum ent contained questions

r e l a t i n g t o o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and o n e - h a l f o f
t h e Board members a t ea c h l o c a l OIC r e c e i v e d t h i s P a r t B w i t h
i n s t r u c t i o n s t o r a t e a l l Board members [ e x c e p t s e l f ] a t t h a t
g iv e n c e n t e r in t h e a r e a o f p o s s e s s i o n o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l
ch aracteristics.)
3.

I d e n t i f y t h e d e g r e e t o which Board members o f e ach l o c a l Board
have made c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e i r l o c a l OIC by p e r f o r m i n g t h e
E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s ' d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .

( P a r t BB o f

the instrum ent co n tained q u e stio n s r e l a t i n g to performance of
*

designated fu n ctio n s.

The o t h e r o n e - h a l f o f t h e Board members

a t ea c h l o c a l OIC r e c e i v e d t h i s P a r t BB w i t h i n s t r u c t i o n s t o
r a t e a l l Board members [ e x c e p t s e l f ] a t t h a t g i v e n c e n t e r in
t h e a r e a o f p e rf o rm a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d f u n c t i o n s . )

12

D e f i n i t i o n o f Terms

Board:

C i t i z e n b o a r d s , c o n t r o l l i n g b o a r d s , and boa rd o f d i r e c t o r s
a r e used i n t e r c h a n g e a b l y . A Board i s a group o f p e r s o n s who
have t h e l e g a l a u t h o r i t y and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e o p e r a t i o n
o f an i n s t i t u t i o n o r o r g a n i z a t i o n .

Delphi Technique:

A method used t o g a i n group c o n s e n s u s on a s u b j e c t
m a t t e r , w i t h o u t a s s e m b l i n g t h e g ro up t o g e t h e r in one s p e c i f i c
place.

E f f e c tiv e Local OIC Board Member:

The Board member who has made
s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e l o c a l OIC by p e r f o r m i n g t h e
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .

Functions:

The d u t i e s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members a r e e x p e c t e d t o

perform.

Local OIC:

One o f t h e O p p o r t u n i t i e s I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n C e n t e r s w i t h i n
t h e S t a t e o f M ic h i g a n .

OIC:

The O p p o r t u n i t i e s I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n C e n t e r o f America which i s
t h e n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n w i t h which l o c a l OIC1s a r e a f f i l i a t e d .

Panel o f Experts:

The l o c a l OIC E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s who a s s i s t e d in
c a r r y i n g o u t t h e De lph i T e c h n i q u e .

Personal C h a r a c te r is tic s :

Those a t t r i b u t e s t h a t a r e r e l a t e d t o
p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s and a r e d e s i r a b l e f o r l o c a l OIC Board members
to possess.

Socioeconomic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :

The de m og ra ph ic f a c t o r s o f and s o c i a l
p a r t i c i p a t i o n in community o r g a n i z a t i o n s by l o c a l OIC Board members.

I m p o r ta n c e o f t h e Study
The s t u d y o f c o n t r o l l i n g b o a r d s has been done in h i g h e r
e d u c a t i o n , s ch oo l s y s t e m s , and n o n - p r o f i t v o l u n t a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s ;
however, r e s e a r c h i n t h e a r e a i s e x t r e m e l y l i m i t e d .

A dditionally,

r e s e a r c h o f c o n t r o l l i n g b o a r d s o f a l t e r n a t i v e e d u c a t i o n a l programs
(s uc h as OIC) t h a t a r e n o t ru n by t h e s c h o o l s y st e m s i s a l s o l i m i t e d .
T h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t makes a c o n t r i b u t i o n t o n o n - p r o f i t
v o l u n t a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s by p r o v i d i n g an i n s t r u m e n t t h a t w i l l a s s i s t

13

in t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f e f f e c t i v e Board members.

The p r o c e d u r e f o r

i d e n t i f y i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e Board members can be a d a p t e d t o a s s e s s t h e
members o f o t h e r c o n t r o l l i n g b o a r d s on n o n - p r o f i t v o l u n t a r y o r g a n i ­
zations.

F u r t h e r m o r e , t h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t makes a c o n t r i b u t i o n

t o t h e f i e l d o f A d u l t and C o n t i n u i n g E d u c a t i o n by c o n t r i b u t i n g t o
t h e body o f r e s e a r c h knowledge— t h e s t u d y has i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r f u r t h e r
r e s e a r c h in t h e a r e a s o f (1) t h e r e c r u i t m e n t o f community l e a d e r s t o
s e r v e as Board members o f n o n - p r o f i t v o l u n t a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s ; and
(2) t h e s t u d y o f b o a r d s as i n d i v i d u a l u n i t s r a t h e r t h a n i n d i v i d u a l
Board members.
Then t o o , t h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t w i l l a s s i s t OIC p e r s o n n e l by
providing:

(1) a S t a t e p r o f i l e o f l o c a l OIC Board members; and (2)

an i n s t r u m e n t t o a s s e s s Board members' e f f e c t i v e n e s s i n o t h e r s t a t e s
where t h e r e a r e OIC a f f i l i a t e s .

Overview o f t h e D i s s e r t a t i o n
C h a p t e r I p r o v i d e s an i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f c i t i z e n
b o a r d s as a p a r t o f t h e d e m o c r a t i c p r o c e s s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s and t h e
b i r t h o f t h e O p p o r t u n i t i e s I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n C e n t e r movement; a s t a t e ­
ment o f t h e prob le m t o be i n v e s t i g a t e d in t h e s t u d y ; t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e
s t u d y ; t h e r e s e a r c h t a s k s ; and t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e s t u d y .

D efinitions

o f s e l e c t e d te r m s used in t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n a r e a l s o p r e s e n t e d .
C h a p t e r I I c o n t a i n s a r e v i e w o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e and r e l a t e d
r e s e a r c h on t h e s t u d y o f l e a d e r s h i p and c o n t r o l l i n g b o a r d s o f
e d u c a t i o n a l and n o n - p r o f i t v o l u n t a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s .

14

C h a p t e r I I I c o n t a i n s a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e r e s e a r c h metho do lo gy .
The i n v e s t i g a t i o n was d i v i d e d i n t c two p h a s e s and a d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n
o f t h e t a s k s co m p le te d i n e a c h p h a se i s p r e s e n t e d in t h i s c h a p t e r .
A ls o p r e s e n t e d a r e t h e s p e c i f i c r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n s and h y p o t h e s e s .
The raw d a t a and t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e d a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d in
C h a p t e r IV.
C h a p t e r V c o n t a i n s a summary o f t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s t u d y , and
c o n c l u s i o n s and re co mm end at ion s f o r f u t u r e i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

CHAPTER I I

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Introduction
T h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t d e a l s w i t h t h e f u n c t i o n s and
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Board members.

Board members a r e g e n e r a l l y

r e c o g n i z e d as p e r s o n s who p r o v i d e l e a d e r s h i p w i t h i n t h e community.
As s u c h , t h e s t u d y o f Board members i n v o l v e s l e a d e r s h i p in g e n e r a l
and community l e a d e r s h i p i n p a r t i c u l a r .

In r e v i e w i n g t h e l i t e r a t u r e

o f c o n t r o l l i n g b o a r d s and t h e i r members, t h e l i t e r a t u r e f a l l s i n t o
one o f t h e f o l l o w i n g a r e a s :

(1) l e a d e r s h i p t h e o r y ;

(2) community

l e a d e r s h i p ; and (3 ) bo a rd s m a n s h ip a s r e l a t e d t o c o n t r o l l i n g b o a r d s
of n o n -p ro fit organizations.

L e a d e r s h i p Theory
T r a i t Theory
T h i s t h e o r y o f l e a d e r s h i p p l a c e s em phas is on p h y s i c a l and
p e r s o n a l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t a r e p o s s e s s e d by t h e i n d i v i d u a l .
Deeply embedded i n t h i s t h e o r y i s t h e a s s u m p ti o n t h a t " l e a d e r s h i p i s
so m et hi ng t h a t r e s i d e s i n an i n d i v i d u a l , s om et hi n g t h a t he b r i n g s t o
a g r o u p , and s o m et hi ng p r e s u m a b ly t h a t i s c a p a b l e , u n d e r a l m o s t any

15

16

c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f p r o d u c i n g t h e same r e s u l t s in d i f f e r e n t g r o u p s and
i n d i f f e r e n t s i t u a t i o n s . 1,1

Group Theory
T h i s t h e o r y p l a c e s more emph asis on t h e b le n d between group
e x p e c t a t i o n s and t h e p e r s o n a l i t y o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l who l e a d s t h e g r o u p .
Russ and Hendry s t a t e :
T he re can be l i t t l e doub t t h a t t o p e rf o rm l e a d e r s h i p
f u n c t i o n s a p e r s o n must b r i n g w it h him, as p a r t o f h i s
p e r s o n a l i t y and c h a r a c t e r s t r u c t u r e , q u a l i t i e s o f be in g
and c a p a c t i t i e s f o r d o in g t h a t c o n n e c t with- what o t h e r s
b r i n g t o t h e group and t o t h e s i t u a t i o n . The i m p o r ta n c e
o f what a p e r s o n i s and does i s n o t d e n i e d . What i s
c r u c i a l in o p e r a t i v e te rm s i s w h e t h e r what he b r i n g s
meshes w i t h what o t h e r s b r i n g t o t h e g r o u p , w h e th e r
i f in f a c t t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l g e a r s mesh and in meshing
p ro du c e t h e l e a d e r s h i p e n e r g y r e q u i r e d f o r t h e g r o u p . 2
For G r i b b , t h e l e a d e r ' s p e r s o n a l i t y can o n l y be viewed i n te rm s
o f t h e p e r s o n a l i t i e s o f t h o s e whom he i s l e a d i n g .

He c o n c l u d e s :

The l e a d e r i n e v i t a b l y embodies many o f t h e q u a l i t i e s
o f t h e f o l l o w e r s . Any i n d i v i d u a l ' s p e r s o n a l i t y a t a
g i v e n p o i n t i n t i m e r e f l e c t s t h e f i e l d f o r c e s w i t h which
i t is in te ra c tin g .
The p e r s o n a l i t y which most a d e q u a t e l y
r e f l e c t s t h o s e f o r c e s i s t h e one most l i k e l y t o be
p ropelled to l e a d e r s h i p . 3

M u r r a y G. Russ and C h a r l e s E. Hendry, L e a d e r s h i p T h e o r y :
T h e o r i e s o f L e a d e r s h i p , r e p r i n t e d in L e a d e r s h i p i n V o l u n t a r y E n t e r ­
p r i s e s , e d . C h a r l e s W. M e r r i f i e l d (New York: Oceana P u b l i c a t i o n s ,
I n c . , 1 9 6 1 ) , pp. 101-10 2.
2I b i d .
3C e c il A. G r i b b , The P r i n c i p l e s and T r a i t s o f L e a d e r s h i p ,
r e p r i n t e d i n The S tud y o f L e a d e r s h i p , e d . C. G. Browne and Thomas S.
Cohn ( D a n v i l l e , 1 1 1 . : The I n t e r s t a t e P r i n t e r s and P u b l i s h e r s , I n c . ,
1 9 5 8 ) , p. 73.

17

S i t u a t i o n Theo ry
With t h i s t h e o r y , c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s g i v e n t o t h e " t i m e s " i n
which a p e r s o n l i v e s o r t h e " s i t u a t i o n s " i n which he f i n d s h i m s e l f .
Thu s, l e a d e r s h i p i s viewed a s "a f u n c t i o n o f t h e s i t u a t i o n , t h e c u l ­
t u r a l c o n t e x t , and cust om s o f a grou p o r o r g a n i z a t i o n .

. . . 1,14

With

e mp has is p l a c e d more on t h e s i t u a t i o n th a n t h e i n d i v i d u a l , t h i s t h e o r y
f o c u s e s on e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s in which t h e i n d i v i d u a l f i n d s
him self.

K n i c k e r b o c k e r has a l s o e m ph asi zed t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e

s i t u a t i o n i n which t h e grou p f i n d s i t s e l f .

Thu s, f o r him t h e l e a d e r

i s t h e one who "emerges a s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e need s o f a group o f
p e o p l e and t h e n a t u r e o f t h e s i t u a t i o n w i t h i n which t h a t group i s
attem pting to o p e r a t e . " 6

Co mbin atio n Theo ry
L e a d e r s h i p can v a r y c o n t i n g e n t upon t h e s i t u a t i o n in which
t h e group f i n d s i t s e l f and t h e r e p e r t o i r e o f ea c h i n d i v i d u a l w i t h i n
th e group.

The s i t u a t i o n , p e r s o n a l a t t r i b u t e s , and group r e q u i r e m e n t s

a l l come t o g e t h e r a t some p o i n t and ti m e in t h e dynamics o f l e a d e r s h i p .
Russ and Hendry c o n c l u d e :
L e a d e r s h i p i s a f u n c t i o n o f a c o m b i n a t i o n o f v e r y dynamic
e l e m e n t s - - t h e i n d i v i d u a l , t h e g r o u p , and t h e s i t u a t i o n .
. . . P e rh a p s t h e b e s t we can say a t t h i s p o i n t i s t h a t
any c o m p r e h e n s iv e t h e o r y o f l e a d e r s h i p must t a k e i n t o
a c c o u n t t h e f a c t t h a t r o l e s i n g ro u p s t e n d t o be

‘‘Russ and Henry, p. 104.
5I r v i n g K n i c k e r b o c k e r , L e a d e r s h i p : A C o n c e p ti o n and Some
I m p l i c a t i o n s , r e p r i n t e d i n The S tu dy o f L e a d e r s h i p , e d . C. G. Browne
and Thomas S. Cohn ( D a n v i l l e , 1 1 1 . : The I n t e r s t a t e P r i n t e r s and
P u b l i s h e r s , I n c . , 1 9 5 8 ) , p. 3.

18

s t r u c t u r e d , and t h a t t h e l e a d e r s h i p r o l e i s p r o b a b l y
r e l a t e d t o p e r s o n a l i t y f a c t o r s , t o t h e a t t i t u d e s and
ne ed s o f " f o l l o w e r s " a t a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e , t o t h e
s t r u c t u r e o f t h e g r o u p , and t h e s i t u a t i o n . . . . 6

Community L e a d e r s h i p
P e r s o n s who s e r v e on bo a rd o f d i r e c t o r s f o r n o n - p r o f i t
o r g a n i z a t i o n s a r e u s u a l l y c o n s i d e r e d community l e a d e r s and o f t e n
g i v e c r e d i b i l i t y t o t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s which t h e y s e r v e .
Formal and In fo rm al L e a d e r s h i p
E t z i o n i has d e f i n e d l e a d e r s h i p in te rm s o f " o f f i c i a l
" i n f o r m a l l e a d e r , " and " for ma l l e a d e r . "

An o f f i c i a l

leader,"

l e a d e r i s an

i n d i v i d u a l whose power i s c h i e f l y d e r i v e d from o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p o s i t i o n ;
an i n f o r m a l l e a d e r i s an i n d i v i d u a l whose a b i l i t y t o c o n t r o l o t h e r s i s
c h i e f l y p e r s o n a l ; and a fo rm al l e a d e r i s one who commands bot h
p o s i t i o n a l and p e r s o n a l p o w e r . 7
White has s t u d i e d l e a d e r s h i p i n te r m s o f i n f o r m a l
i n f l u e n c e ) and for mal
community.

(personal

( p o s i t i o n a l power) l e a d e r s in a New York r u r a l

He was i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e a s s o c i a t i o n between i n f o r m a l and

for mal l e a d e r s h i p .

He s p e c i f i c a l l y wanted t o know i f t h e r e was (between

i n f o r m a l and formal l e a d e r s h i p ) a s u f f i c i e n t l y c l o s e c o r r e l a t i o n t h a t
would p e r m i t one t o p r e d i c t t h a t he has a h ig h r a n k i n g formal l e a d e r
when he s e l e c t s a h ig h r a n k i n g in f o r m a l l e a d e r and v i c e v e r s a .

He

concluded t h a t :

6Russ and H en dry , p. 108.
7Amitai E t z i o n i , Modern O r g a n i z a t i o n s (Englewood C l i f f s , N . J . :
P r e n t i c e - H a l l , I n c . , 1 9 6 4 ) , p. 61.

19

In f or m a l and fo rm al l e a d e r s h i p a r e n o t c l o s e l y
r e l a t e d t o each o t h e r , t h e y a r e s im p l y d i f f e r e n t .
In f o rm a l l e a d e r s h i p o c c u r s i n a s o c i a l p r o c e s s n o t
s i g n i f i c a n t l y c o n d i t i o n e d by t h e h o l d i n g o f formal
leadership p o s it i o n s .8

Social C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
Th ere have been many s t u d i e s d e a l i n g w i t h t h e s o c i a l c h a r a c ­
t e r i s t i c s o f community l e a d e r s .

Included in th e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a re

u s u a l l y r a c e , s e x , a g e , o c c u p a t i o n , r e a r i n g s i t e , e d u c a t i o n , income,
l e n g t h o f r e s i d e n c e , and p o l i t i c a l and r e l i g i o u s p r e f e r e n c e s .

Studies

t h a t have a d d r e s s e d t h i s m a t t e r a r e S t e w a r t ( 1 9 4 7 ) , J e n n i n g s ( 1 9 6 4 ) ,
Freeman ( 1 9 6 8 ) , Hunt ( 1 9 5 3 ) , and Merton ( 1 9 5 7 ) .
In t h e Freeman s t u d y , 9 one o f t h e r e s e a r c h o b j e c t i v e s was t o
i d e n t i f y t h e f a c t o r s t h a t m ig ht a f f e c t d i f f e r e n t i a l
Freeman c o n c l u d e d t h a t s o c i a l

level

rates of leadership.

(e d u c atio n , occupation p r e s t i g e ,

income, p o l i t i c s , f a t h e r ' s e d u c a t i o n ) was t h e b e s t p r e d i c t o r o f
p a r t i c i p a t i o n a s a community l e a d e r .

Boardsmanship
L i t t l e r e s e a rc h d e a lin g with th e study o f c o n t r o l l i n g boards
o f e d u c a t i o n a l and n o n - p r o f i t v o l u n t a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s has been com­
pleted.

T r e c k e r ' s s t a t e m e n t g i v e s us a c l e a r p i c t u r e o f t h e r e s e a r c h

s t a t u s in t h i s a re a :

8James E. W h it e , "Theory and Method f o r R e s e a r c h i n Community
L e a d e r s h i p , " American S o c i o l o g i c a l Review 15 ( F e b r u a r y 19 50 ): 5 0 - 6 0 .
9L i n t o n C. Freeman, P a t t e r n s o f Local Community L e a d e r s h i p
(New York: The B o b b s - M e r r i l l Company, I n c . , 1 9 6 8 ) , p. 69.

20

In s p i t e o f t h e f a c t t h a t b o a r d s a r e h i s t o r i c a l l y w e ll
e s t a b l i s h e d i n s t r u m e n t s and a r c h i t e c t s o f community p o l i c y
and programs i n t h i s c o u n t r y and a b r o a d , t h e r e i s n o t an
e x t e n s i v e body o f l i t e r a t u r e a b o u t them. . . . R e s e a r c h
e f f o r t s have been r e l a t i v e l y few and r i g o r o u s s t u d i e s o f
t h e i r o r g a n i z a t i o n and f u n c t i o n i n g a r e l i k e w i s e s c a r c e . 10

Educational

Institutions

Counts (1927) s t u d i e d t h e b o a r d s o f p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n i n te r m s
of social c h a r a c te r is tic s .

He s t u d i e d 473 b o a r d s and d e s c r i b e d them

i n te r m s o f Board members' o c c u p a t i o n s , ti m e co mm itt ed t o bo a rd w ork,
a g e , s e x , l e v e l o f formal e d u c a t i o n , and l e n g t h o f ti m e in o f f i c e .
Rauh s t u d i e d t r u s t e e s o f h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n on s i m i l a r f a c t o r s a s d i d
C ou nt s.

Rauh a l s o i d e n t i f i e d t h r e e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and n i n e q u a l i t i e s

t h a t t r u s t e e s f e l t were Leither " v e r y i m p o r t a n t " o r " i m p o r t a n t . "

The

t h r e e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s u c c e s s f u l t r u s t e e s i d e n t i f i e d by Rauh
were a s f o l l o w s :
1.

Has an a n a l y t i c mind: Given a c o m p e t e n t p r e s e n t a t i o n
o f an i s s u e , even th ough i t m i g h t be q u i t e f o r e i g n t o
h i s p r o f e s s i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e , he can e x t r a c t t h e e s s e n ­
t i a l components o f t h e prob lem and r e a c t c o n s t r u c t i v e l y .

2.

Asks d i s c e r n i n g q u e s t i o n s : W i t h o u t b e i n g c o n t e n t i o u s
o r a g g r e s s i v e , he a s k s q u e s t i o n s which have t h e q u a l i t y
o f l e a d i n g d i s c u s s i o n s t o c e n t r a l p o l i c y i s s u e s and n o t
operational d e t a i l s .

3.

I s a s o u n d i n g b o a r d : He l i s t e n s and r e a c t s c r e a t i v e l y ,
f r e q u e n t l y w i t h i m a g i n a t i o n and so metimes w i t h i n t u i t i o n .
The q u a l i t y o f h i s r e a c t i o n had t h e e f f e c t o f i n f l u e n c i n g
a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d e c i s i o n s . 11

10T r e c k e r , p. 12.
“ Morton A. Rauh, The T r u s t e e s h i p o f C o l l e g e s and U n i v e r s i t i e s
(New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1 9 6 9 ) , p. 87.

21

The n i n e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s 12 o f s u c c e s s f u l t r u s t e e s a l s o i d e n t i f i e d
by Rauh were as f o l l o w s :
Percentage
Points
Received
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

S t a t u r e in t h e community .....................................
S ta t u r e in v o c atio n
. . .....................................
G e n e r a l l y known t o o t h e r t r u s t e e s
. . . .
Has s u f f i c i e n t t i m e f o r d u t i e s .......................
Possesses a m id d le -o f -th e -ro a d viewpoint .
Alumnus o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n ................................
Holds s t r o n g views a b o u t most m a t t e r s
. .
Potential fo r fin a n c ial contribution . . .
I m p a t i e n t w i t h s t a t u s qu o, l i k e s new i d e a s

92
90
28
94
33
13
46
45
67

B u rn s ' s t u d y o f t r u s t e e s i n h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n c o n c l u d e d t h a t
t h e most d e s i r a b l e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f t r u s t e e s a r e :
education;

(1) a c o l l e g e

(2) an a c t i v e i n t e r e s t i n t h e i n s t i t u t i o n ;

(3) a g e n u i n e

i n t e r e s t in h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n ; (4) t h e a b i l i t y t o a t t e n d m e e t i n g s and
work on b e h a l f o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n ;

(5) a r e a s o n a b l e economic s t a b i l i t y ;

(6 ) a good r e p u t a t i o n in t h e community and sound c h a r a c t e r and moral
j u d g m e n t . 13
Burns.

R u s s e l l and Reeves r e a c h e d a d i f f e r e n t c o n c l u s i o n t h a n

They s t u d i e d i n s t i t u t i o n a l e x c e l l e n c e and boa rd f a c t o r s t h a t

influenced in s t i t u t i o n a l

excellence.

They found t h a t t h e f o l l o w i n g

f a c t o r s had no s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p t o i n s t i t u t i o n a l e x c e l l e n c e :
(1 ) number o f members on t h e b o a r d ; (2) method o f s e l e c t i n g Board
members; (3) number and k in d o f c o m m i t t e e s ; (4) f r e q u e n c y o f r e g u l a r

12 I b i d . , p. 185.
13G e r a l d P. B u r n s , T r u s t e e s in High er E d u c a t i o n , I n d e p e n d e n t
C o l l e g e Funds o f A m e ri c a , I n c . , 1966, pp. 6 5 -6 6 .

22

m e e t i n g s ; (5) a t t e n d a n c e a t b o a r d m e e t i n g s ; (6) r e s i d e n c e o f Board
members; and (7) a ge o f m e m b e r s . 1*1

N on-Profit V oluntary O rganizations
Zald s t u d i e d Young Men's C h r i s t i a n A s s o c i a t i o n s (YMCA's) o f
M e t r o p o l i t a n C h ic a g o .
characteristics

Za ld loo ke d a t Board members s o c io e c onom ic

( b u s i n e s s l e a d e r s , m i d d l e management, p r o f e s s i o n a l s ,

r e l i g i o u s l e a d e r s / m i n i s t e r s , l a b o r l e a d e r s , and o t h e r s ) , r e s i d e n c y ,
and l o c a t i o n o f employment a s r e l a t e d t o b ra n c h YMCA's o r g a n i z a t i o n a l
effectiveness.

He found l h a t ,

in t e r m s o f i t s c o n t r i b u t i o n t o o r g a ­

n i z a t i o n a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s , t h e s o c io e c o n o m ic c o m p o s i t i o n o f a Board
member i s more i m p o r t a n t t h a n h i s / h e r w o r k - r e s i d e n c e p a t t e r n . 15
H a r t u g s and Weber s t u d i e d 296 u O S p I t u I s , h e a l t h and w e l f a r e
o r g a n i z a t i o n s o f t h e G r e a t e r New York Fund.

Q u e s t i o n n a i r e s were s e n t

t o Board members, as w e ll as t o t h e Board p r e s i d e n t s and e x e c u t i v e
d i r e c t o r s o f e ach o r g a n i z a t i o n .
w e re :

The o v e r a l l f i n d i n g s o f t h i s s t u d y

"Most Board members a r e men . . . ou tn u m b e ri n g women two t o

o n e ; . . . t h e m a j o r i t y o f them r a n g i n g i n a g e s from 25-65 . . . most
Board members a r e employed p r i m a r i l y a s b a n k e r s , l a w y e r s and b u s i n e s s
p e o p l e , and most o f them h old demanding e x e c u t i v e p o s i t i o n s . " 16

This

^ J o h n D. R u s s e l l and Floyd W. R e e v e s, The E v a l u a t i o n o f H ig he r
I n s t i t u t i o n s (C h ic a g o : The U n i v e r s i t y o f Chicago P r e s s , 1 9 3 6 ) , p. 35.
15Mayber N. Z a l d , "Urban D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n , C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
Board o f D i r e c t o r s , and O r g a n i z a t i o n a l E f f e c t i v e n e s s , " The American
J o u r n a l o f S o c i o l o g y 73 (November 1 9 6 7 ) :
261-272.
16 N e l l y H a r t u g s and J o s e p h Weber, Board o f D i r e c t o r s : A St udy
o f C u r r e n t P r a c t i c e s i n Board Management and Board O p e r a t i o n s i n
V o l u n t a r y H o s p i t a l , H e a l t h and W e l f a r e O r g a n i z a t i o n s (Dubbs F e r r y ,
N . Y . : Oceana P u b l i c a t i o n s , I n c . , 1 9 6 7 ) , p. 19.

23

s t u d y i d e n t i f i e d t h e f o l l o w i n g q u a l i f i c a t i o n s f o r Board members:
(1)

someone w i t h a p o s i t i o n in t h e community; (2) someone w i t h a

w illin g n ess to serv e;

(3 ) someone w i t h i m p o r t a n t c o n n e c t i o n s and

a c c e s s t o f u n d i n g ; and (4 ) someone who has some e x p e r t i s e i n t h e
f i e l d o f s e r v i c e in which t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n i s e n g a g e d . 17
Summary
The r e v i e w o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e r e v e a l e d t h a t :
no one a c c e p t a b l e t h e o r y o f l e a d e r s h i p ;

(1) t h e r e i s

(2) t h e r e i s no s i g n i f i c a n t

r e l a t i o n s h i p between i n f o r m a l and formal l e a d e r s ;

(3) t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l

s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t a r e a c c e p t a b l e p r e d i c t o r s o f p a r t i c ­
i p a t i o n a s a community l e a d e r ; and (4) t h e r e a r e s t u d i e s o f boardsmanship of educational

i n s t i t u t i o n s and n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n s which

d e s c r i b e Board members i n te rm s o f t h e i r so ci o e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

17 I b i d .

CHAPTER I I I

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In t h i s c h a p t e r t h e r e s e a r c h method olog y o f t h e s t u d y i s
presented.

The r e s e a r c h d e s i g n , i n c l u d i n g v a r i a b l e s and r e s e a r c h

q u e s t i o n s and h y p o t h e s e s , i s d e s c r i b e d .

Also d e s c r i b e d a r e t h e

r e s e a r c h i n s t r u m e n t used in d a t a c o l l e c t i o n and t h e method used
to analyze the d a ta.
D e s c r i p t i o n o f Methodology
T h i s i s a d e s c r i p t i v e s t u d y wh ic h:

(1) i d e n t i f i e s t h e

o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s hould
p o s s e s s , a s j u d g e d by l o c a l OIC E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s ;

(2) i d e n t i f i e s t h e

f u n c t i o n s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members a r e e x p e c t e d t o p e r f o r m , as
j u d g e d by t h e l o c a l OIC E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s ;

(3) i d e n t i f i e s t h e s o c i o ­

economic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l OIC Board members, a s r e p o r t e d by
t h e Board members t h e m s e l v e s ; (4) i d e n t i f i e s t h e d e g r e e t o which l o c a l
Board members p o s s e s s t h e E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s ' d e s i g n a t e d o b s e r v a b l e
p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , as j u d g e d by f e l l o w Board members a t each
l o c a l OIC; (5) i d e n t i f i e s t h e d e g r e e t o which l o c a l OIC Board members
have made c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e i r l o c a l OIC by p e r f o r m i n g t h e E x e c u ti v e
D i r e c t o r s ' d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s , a s ju d g e d by f e l l o w Board members
a t e a c h l o c a l OIC; (6) ex amines t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e pe rfo rm an c e
o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l

24

25

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l OIC Board members; (7 ) examines t h e
r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s
and t h e nominal s c a l e s o c i o e c o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l OIC Board
members; and (8) i d e n t i f i e s t h e i n t e r v a l s c a l e s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c ­
t e r i s t i c s t h a t a re a c c e p ta b le p r e d i c t o r s o f performance of d e s ig n a te d
Board f u n c t i o n s o f l o c a l OIC Board members.
This i s a c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l

s u r v e y d e s i g n ; t h a t i s , d a t a were

c o l l e c t e d a t one p o i n t i n ti m e from a random sample s e l e c t e d t o
d e s c rib e the la r g e r p o p u la tio n a t t h a t time.

The r e s e a r c h was done

i n two p h a s e s .

Phase I — Del phi T e c h n i q u e
By us e o f t h e De lph i T e c h n i q u e , l o c a l OIC E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s
were a s k e d t o d e s i g n a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g :

(1 ) t h e o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d p o s s e s s ; and
(2) t h e f u n c t i o n s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d p e r f o r m .
The Delphi T e c h n iq u e was d e v e l o p e d by Helmer and o t h e r s a t
t h e RAND C o r p o r a t i o n d u r i n g t h e e a r l y 1950s.

I t i s a method which

p e r m i t s t h e s y s t e m a t i c c o l l e c t i n g and o r g a n i z i n g o f d a t a from in fo r m ed
p e r s o n s ( o f t e n r e f e r r e d t o a s " e x p e r t s " ) on a p a r t i c u l a r t o p i c .

This

t e c h n i q u e e n a b l e s one t o p r o c u r e group o p i n i o n on t o p i c s w i t h o u t
b r i n g i n g members o f t h e g rou p t o g e t h e r i n any kin d o f a f a c e - t o - f a c e
confrontation.

While t h e r e i s v a r i a t i o n i n a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h e Delphi

Technique, the general procedure i s as fo llo w s:
1.

By us e o f m a i l , a p a n e l o f e x p e r t s r e c e i v e a q u e s t i o n n a i r e
t h a t is designed to o b ta in in fo rm atio n re g a rd in g a to p ic or

26

p ro ble m a r e a .

The e x p e r t s i n d e p e n d e n t l y answer t h e

q u e s t i o n n a i r e and r e t u r n i t t o t h e r e s e a r c h e r .
2.

The r e s p o n s e s a r e summarized i n t o a f e e d b a c k r e p o r t and s e n t
back t o t h e p a n e l o f e x p e r t s w i t h a second q u e s t i o n n a i r e t h a t
i s d e s i g n e d t o a s c e r t a i n more d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t was
. g e n e r a t e d from t h e f i r s t q u e s t i o n n a i r e .

A g a in , t h e e x p e r t s

i n d e p e n d e n t l y a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e and r e t u r n i t t o t h e
researcher.
3.

T h i s p r o c e s s c o n t i n u e s , u s u a l l y from two t o f o u r ro u n d s o f
q u e s t i o n n a i r e - f e e d b a c k r e p o r t s , between t h e panel o f e x p e r t s
and t h e r e s e a r c h e r .

4.

F i n a l l y , t h e p a n e l members a r e r e q u e s t e d t o a g r e e w i t h t h e
m a j o r i t y o p i n i o n o f t h e group o r t o s t a t e i n n a r r a t i v e form
t h e i r p o s itio n of disagreement.

In c o n d u c t i n g t h e r e s e a r c h , t h e r e s e a r c h e r u s e d , w i t h some
a d a p t a t i o n , t h e Delphi T e c h n i q u e t h a t was used in a s t u d y by Rossman
and B u n n i n g . 1

The D e lp hi T e c h n iq u e c o n d u c t e d by t h i s w r i t e r i n v o l v e d

a s e r i e s o f t h r e e - r o u n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e s ; t h e panel o f e x p e r t s c o n s i s t e d
o f t h e s e v e n l o c a l OIC E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s .

The names o f t h e s e p e r s o n s

a r e l i s t e d i n Appendix B.
^ a r k H. Rossman and R i c h a r d L. Bun nin g, "Knowledge and S k i l l s
f o r t h e A d u l t E d u c a t o r : A D e lp hi S t u d y , " A d u l t E d u c a t i o n 28 (No. 3 ,
1 9 7 8 ) : 139 -1 55 .

27

Delphi I n s t r u m e n t and P r o c e d u r e
The f i r s t - r o u n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e was d e v e l o p e d by t h e w r i t e r i n
c o n s u lta tio n with the Executive D i r e c t o r 2 o f the G reater D e tr o it
O p p o r t u n i t i e s I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n C e n t e r d u r i n g t h e s p r i n g o f 1979.
T h i s was a t w o - p a r t q u e s t i o n n a i r e and t h e f i r s t p a r t c o n t a i n e d e i g h t e e n
observable personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

( a l o n g w i t h a d e f i n i t i o n f o r each

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ) t h a t a re a s s o c ia te d with le a d e r s h ip .

The panel o f

e x p e r t s was a s k e d t o r e s p o n d ( w it h a y e s o r no a ns w e r) as t o w h e t h e r
o r n o t each o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s h o u l d o r s h o u l d n o t
be p o s s e s s e d by l o c a l OIC Board members.

Space was p r o v i d e d f o r t h e

l i s t i n g o f a d d i t i o n a l p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t panel members f e l t
s h o u ld be i n c l u d e d on t h e l i s t .

The second p a r t o f t h e f i r s t - r o u n d

q u e stio n n a ire contained a l i s t of tw enty-four fu n c tio n s t h a t are
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l o c a l OIC b o a r d s m a n s h ip .

A g a i n , t h e panel o f e x p e r t s

was as ke d t o r e s p o n d ( w i t h a y e s o r no a n sw e r) as t o w h e t h e r o r n o t
e ach f u n c t i o n s h o u l d o r s h o u l d n o t be pe rf o rm ed by l o c a l OIC Board
members.

Space was p r o v i d e d f o r t h e l i s t i n g o f a d d i t i o n a l f u n c t i o n s

t h a t panel members f e l t s h o u l d be i n c l u d e d on t h e l i s t .
The s e c o n d - r o u n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e was a t w o - p a r t q u e s t i o n n a i r e
a l o n g w i t h f e e d b a c k from t h e f i r s t - r o u n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e .

Based on

r e s p o n s e s by t h e p a n e l , two o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
( e g o t i s t i c a l and dominance) were d e l e t e d from t h e l i s t , and two

2T h i s E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r i s no l o n g e r employed by t h e D e t r o i t
OIC. However, he was one o f t h e most d i s t i n g u i s h e d and r e s p e c t e d OIC
E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s , h a v in g s e r v e d a s an E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r f o r f i f t e e n
y e a r s in t h e c i t i e s o f P h i l a d e l p h i a , New York, and D e t r o i t .

28

observable personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

( d e d i c a t i o n and g e n e r o s i t y ) were

added t o t h e l i s t i n t h e f i r s t p a r t o f t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e .

In t h e

s ec ond p a r t , t h e l i s t o f f u n c t i o n s was r e d u c e d from t w e n t y - f o u r t o
nineteen.

The f o l l o w i n g f u n c t i o n s were d e l e t e d from t h e l i s t :

f u n c tio n s in the area o f s a la r y n e g o t i a t i o n s ;
area of s t a f f ev alu atio n ;

(1)

(2) f u n c t i o n s o f t h e

(3) f u n c t i o n s i n t h e a r e a o f s t a f f s e l e c t i o n ;

(4) f u n c t i o n s i n t h e a r e a o f bu d ge t p r e p a r a t i o n ;

(5) f u n c t i o n s in t h e

a r e a o f v o c a t i o n a l / t e c h n i c a l program d e v e l o p m e n t ; and (6) f u n c t i o n s in
t h e a r e a o f g e n e r a l b a s i c e d u c a t i o n program de v e lo p m e n t.
f u n c t i o n was added t o t h e l i s t :

The f o l l o w i n g

when n e e d e d , makes p r o f e s s i o n a l

a v a i l a b l e t o t h e l o c a l OIC on a f r e e o r modest b a s i s .

service

For t h e f i r s t and

second p a r t s o f t h e s e c o n d - r o u n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e , t h e panel o f e x p e r t s was
asked to p r i o r i t i z e the o b serv ab le personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t lo c al
OIC Board members s h o u l d p o s s e s s and t o p r i o r i t i z e t h e f u n c t i o n s t h a t
l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d p e rf o rm .
The t h i r d - r o u n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e was d e s i g n e d t o p ro duc e a
c o n v e r g e n c e o f gr oup c o n s e n s u s .

For b o th t h e f i r s t p a r t ( o b s e r v a b l e

p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ) and t h e second p a r t ( f u n c t i o n s t h a t s h o u l d
be p e r f o r m e d ) panel members were aske d t o r e s p o n d t o it e m s where t h e i r
i n d i v i d u a l r a t i n g o f a p a r t i c u l a r ite m was d i f f e r e n t from t h e group
c o n s e n s u s by one o r more p o i n t s .

They were as k e d t o e i t h e r j o i n t h e

g ro up c o n s e n s u s in r a t i n g a p a r t i c u l a r i t e m , o r t o d e f e n d t h e i r d i s s e n t
with a n a r r a t i v e statem en t.

Each panel member a l s o r e c e i v e d a summary

s t a t e m e n t o f e ach r e s p o n d e n t ' s r e s p o n s e s i n t h e s e c o n d - r o u n d q u e s t i o n ­
n a i r e and a copy o f t h e s e c o n d - r o u n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e .

The q u e s t i o n n a i r e s

and i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r e a c h round a r e g i v e n in Appendix A.

29

Time Frame and Data C o l l e c t i o n
The f i r s t - r o u n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e was m a i l e d t o t h e panel o f
e x p e r t s in O c t o b e r 1979, and a l l
1979.

r e s p o n s e s were r e t u r n e d by December

The s e c o n d - r o u n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e was m a i l e d t o t h e panel o f e x p e r t s

i n J a n u a r y 1980, and a l l

r e s p o n s e s were r e t u r n e d by A p r i l 1980.

The

t h i r d - r o u n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e was m a i l e d t o t h e p a nel o f e x p e r t s i n May
1980, and a l l r e s p o n s e s were r e t u r n e d by J u n e 1980.

All seven panel

members re s p o n d e d in ea c h o f t h e t h r e e - r o u n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e s .

Phase I I - - S u r v e , y Design
P opulation Studied
The t a r g e t p o p u l a t i o n was i d e n t i f i e d a s OIC Board members
w i t h i n t h e S t a t e o f M ic h i g a n .

At t h e ti m e t h a t t h e r e s e a r c h was

c o n d u c t e d , l o c a l OIC o r g a n i z a t i o n s were o p e r a t i n g i n t h e f o l l o w i n g
cities:

Benton H a r b o r , D e t r o i t , F l i n t , Grand R a p i d s , Muskegon,

P o n t i a c , and Saginaw.

T h r e e o f t h e s e c e n t e r s (Benton H a r b o r , Grand

R a p i d s , and P o n t i a c ) were n o t i n c l u d e d in t h e s t u d y .

The r e a s o n s

f o r the ex clu sio n of th e se c e n te r s a re :
1.

Benton Ha rbo r:

A lt h o u g h t h e r e q u e s t f o r t h e m a i l i n g l i s t s

o f Board members from a l l

l o c a l OIC o r g a n i z a t i o n s was made

i n May 1980, t h e l i s t from t h i s c i t y was n o t r e c e i v e d u n t i l
mid -A ugus t 1 9 8 0 - - t o o l a t e t o be i n c l u d e d i n t h i s s t u d y .
2.

Grand R a p i d s :

Only two Board members r e s p o n d e d t o t h e i n i t i a l

questionnaire.

Because o f t h e n a t u r e o f t h e r e s e a r c h d e s i g n ,

r e q u i r i n g a minimum o f f o u r r e s p o n d e n t s , t h e s e two r e s p o n d e n t s
c o u l d n o t be used in t h e s t u d y .

30

3.

Pontiac:

The m a i l i n g l i s t o f Board members was n e v e r r e c e i v e d

by t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r .

S e v e r a l r e q u e s t s , v i a t e l e p h o n e , pro ved

unsuccessful in p ro c u rin g th e m ailing l i s t .
The t a r g e t p o p u l a t i o n was r e - i d e n t i f i e d as OIC Board members i n f o u r
c i t i e s w i t h i n t h e S t a t e o f M ic hi gan — D e t r o i t , F l i n t , Muskegon, and
Saginaw.

Sampled P o p u l a t i o n
Because o f t h e n a t u r e o f t h e r e s e a r c h d e s i g n , Board members
were a s k e d t o c o m p le te a q u e s t i o n n a i r e c o n c e r n i n g t h e i r s o c io e c o n o m ic
s t a t u s and t o r a t e o t h e r Board members a t t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e c e n t e r s in
t h e a r e a o f p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p o s s e s s e d o r Board f u n c t i o n s
performed.

The p o t e n t i a l t a s k o f each r e s e a r c h s u b j e c t was enormous.

For e x a m p l e , w i t h a Board c o n s i s t i n g o f t h i r t y members, e ach r e s e a r c h
s u b j e c t would be ask e d t o c o m p le te a two-pa ge q u e s t i o n n a i r e r e g a r d i n g
h i s / h e r s o c io e c on om ic s t a t u s and t o r a t e t w e n t y - n i n e o t h e r Board
members in t h e a r e a o f p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p o s s e s s e d o r Board
f u n c t i o n s p e rf o rm e d .

Not o n l y would t h i s r e q u i r e a c o n s i d e r a b l e

amount o f ti m e on t h e p a r t o f each r e s e a r c h s u b j e c t , i t a l s o would
r e q u i r e an enormous amount o f p a p e r , t h e r e b y i n c r e a s i n g m a i l i n g c o s t s .
Because o f t h e a b o v e - s t a t e d r e a s o n s , t h e d e c i s i o n was made t o
sample t h e r e - i d e n t i f i e d t a r g e t p o p u l a t i o n .

I t was a r b i t r a r i l y d e c i d e d

t o randomly s e l e c t o n e - h a l f o f t h e Board members a t ea c h l o c a l OIC
o r g a n i z a t i o n as s u b j e c t s f o r t h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t .
(1) t h e l o c a l OIC o r g a n i z a t i o n ;
l i s t e d on t h e m a i l i n g l i s t ;

Ta b le 3.1 d i s p l a y s :

(2) t h e t o t a l number o f Board members

(3 ) t h e t o t a l number s e l e c t e d f o r t h i s

31

T a b l e 3.1

Local
O IC 's

Total
Number
o f Board
< Members

Summary o f Q u e s t i o n n a i r e R e t u r n s
T o t a l Number
I n c l u d e d in
Study and
R ec e iv ed
Q uestionnaires

T o t a l Number
o f Completed
and R e t u rn e d
Q uestionnaires

Percentage
Rate
o f Completed
and R e t u rn e d
Q uestionnaires

15
10
9
10
44

12
7
7
6
32

80.0
70.0
78.0
60.0
72.0

31
20
18
20
89

D etroit
FI i n t
Muskegon
Saginaw

s t u d y and r e c e i v e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e s ;

(4) t h e t o t a l

number o f c om ple ted and

r e t u r n e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e s ; and (5) t h e p e r c e n t a g e r a t e o f t h e c o m p le te d
and r e t u r n e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e s .
Random S e l e c t i o n
Random s e l e c t i o n was t h e p r o c e d u r e used t o i n s u r e t h a t each
member o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n ( e x c l u d i n g t h e Chairman and V ice- Ch ai rm an o f
e a c h l o c a l OIC) had an e q u a l c h a n c e o f b e in g c h os e n f o r t h i s s t u d y .
I t was a r b i t r a r i l y d e c i d e d t h a t b e c a u s e o f t h e i r p o s i t i o n s , e ach l o c a l
OIC Board Chairman and V ic e- C ha ir m a n s h o u l d a u t o m a t i c a l l y be i n c l u d e d
in th e study.

Fo r e ach l o c a l OIC ( e x c l u d i n g t h e Board Chairman and

V ic e - C h a ir m a n ) e a c h Board members' name was p l a c e d on a s l i p o f p a p e r
and p l a c e d i n a c o n t a i n e r f o r dra w in g o r s e l e c t i o n .

A f t e r t h e name was

s e l e c t e d , i t was p l a c e d on t h e s i d e ( f o r no r e - e n t r y i n t o t h e c o n t a i n e r ) ,
t h e r e m a i n i n g names s hak e n i n t h e c o n t a i n e r , and a n o t h e r s e l e c t i o n made.
The p r o c e s s was r e p e a t e d s e p a r a t e l y f o r ea c h l o c a l OIC o r g a n i z a t i o n
u n t i l t h e s e l e c t i o n p r o c e s s was c o m p l e t e d .

32

R e s e a r c h I n s t r u m e n t and P r o c e d u r e s
The r e s e a r c h i n s t r u m e n t used f o r t h i s s t u d y ( d e v e l o p e d by t h e
i n v e s t i g a t o r ) was a t w o - p a r t q u e s t i o n n a i r e d e s i g n e d t o g a t h e r i n f o r m a ­
t i o n o f l o c a l OIC Board members on t h e i r s o ci o e c o n o m ic s t a t u s and e i t h e r
t h e i r degree of p o sse ssio n of o b servable personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , or
t h e i r d e g r e e o f c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e l o c a l OIC Board by p e r f o r m i n g t h e
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .
In t h e f i r s t p a r t o f t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e , l o c a l OIC Board members
were a s k e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e i r own so ci oe c ono m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

Each

Board member was a s k e d t o c o m p l e t e t h i s s e c t i o n o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t .
In t h e second p a r t o f t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e , l o c a l OIC Board members
were a s k e d e i t h e r :

(1) t o i d e n t i f y t h e d e g r e e t o which Board members

a t ea c h l o c a l Board p o s s e s s t h e E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s ' d e s i g n a t e d o b s e r v ­
a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ; o r (2) t o i d e n t i f y t h e d e g r e e t o which
Board members a t ea c h l o c a l Board have made c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e i r Board
by p e r f o r m i n g t h e E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s ' d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .
Board members were randomly a s s i g n e d t o r a t e a l l o t h e r Board members
o f t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e l o c a l OIC i n t h e a r e a o f p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
o r performance o f f u n c t i o n s .

Thus a t each l o c a l OIC, o n e - h a l f o f t h e

Board members r a t e d a l l o t h e r Board members ( t h a t were randomly s e l e c t e d
f o r t h e s t u d y ) in t h e a r e a o f p e r f o r m a n c e o f f u n c t i o n s ; and o n e - h a l f o f
t h e Board memebers r a t e d a l l o t h e r Board members i n t h e a r e a o f p o s s e s ­
sion of observable personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

However, Board members

d i d n o t r a t e t h e m s e l v e s on o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o r
performance o f f u n c t i o n s .

33

The i n s t r u c t i o n s t o s u b j e c t s and t h e t w o - p a r t ' q u e s t i o n n a i r e s
a r e g i v e n in Appendix C.

Time Frame and Data C o l l e c t i o n
The q u e s t i o n n a i r e s were m a i l e d t o t h e s u b j e c t s in J u l y 1980.
A f o l l o w - u p l e t t e r and t e l e p h o n e c a l l s were made in l a t e August 1980;
and a l l q u e s t i o n n a i r e s t h a t a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h i s s t u d y were r e t u r n e d
by e a r l y O c to b e r 1980.

Each s u b j e c t r e c e i v e d t h e f o l l o w i n g ( i n i t i a l

m ailing).
1.

A c o v e r l e t t e r which i n t r o d u c e d t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r and
i n s t r u c t i o n s regarding the q u e s tio n n a ir e .

2.

The s o c i o e c o n o m i c p o r t i o n o f t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e and e i t h e r
p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s r a t i n g s h e e t s w i t h t h e names o f a l l
s u b j e c t s a t h i s / h e r l o c a l OIC, o r p e r f o r m a n c e o f f u n c t i o n s
r a t i n g s h e e t s w i t h t h e names o f a l l

s u b je c ts a t h i s /h e r local

OIC.
3.

A l a r g e , s e l f - a d d r e s s e d , stamped e n v e l o p e f o r t h e r e t u r n o f
the q u e stio n n aire to the in v e s tig a to r .

S t a t i s t i c a l Analysis
M u l t i p l e R e g r e s s i o n was used t o a n a l y z e t h e d a t a f o r a p o r t i o n
of the study.

M u l t i p l e R e g r e s s i o n i s used t o f i n d o u t which v a r i a b l e

( a t t e n d a n c e a t com mi tte e m e e t i n g s , number o f co m m it te e s where s e r v i c e
i s r e n d e r e d , number o f y e a r s i n p r i n c i p a l o c c u p a t i o n , number o f y e a r s
o f formal e d u c a t i o n , a g e , number o f community o r g a n i z a t i o n s where
membership i s h e l d , number o f y e a r s a s community r e s i d e n t , a t t e n d a n c e

34

a t Board m e e t i n g s , and number o f y e a r s a s OIC Board member) i s an
a c c e p ta b le p r e d i c t o r o f performance.

The p r e d i c t o r o f i n d e p e n d e n t

v a r i a b l e s a r e i n t e r v a l s c a l e , i . e . , w i t h i n ea c h c a t e g o r y t h e r e can
be a n u m e r i c a l i n c r e a s e i n t h e v a l u e o f each v a r i a b l e .

In o r d e r t o

o b ta in a p r e d i c t o r o f performance o f f u n c t i o n s , the dependent v a r i a b l e
i s c o r r e l a t e d with the independent v a r ia b le s .

The M u l t i p l e R e g r e s s i o n

model e q u a t i o n i s as f o l l o w s :

Y = B q + 3-j X-j + 3 2 X 2 + $ 3 X 3 + . . • B g X g
A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e was used t o a n a l y z e t h e d a t a f o r a p o r t i o n
of the study.

A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e i s used t o d e t e r m i n e o r i d e n t i f y

t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s

(p e r f o r m a n c e o f

f u n c t i o n s o f OIC Board members) and t h e f o l l o w i n g i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s :
d e g r e e ( s ) e a r n e d , o c c u p a t i o n , p l a c e o f b i r t h , p l a c e o f growing up
( s t a t e ) , p l a c e o f growing up ( r u r a l o r u r b a n ) , e t h n i c o r i g i n , and
sex.

Thes e a r e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s t h a t a r e nominal s c a l e s , i . e . ,

each c a t e g o r y i s m u t u a l l y e x c l u s i v e and e x h a u s t i v e w i t h o u t a n u m e r ic a l
in c r e a s e in th e value of each v a r i a b l e .
To d e t e r m i n e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between p e r f o r m a n c e o f f u n c t i o n s
and p o s s e s s i o n o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , t h e P e a r s o n P r o d u c t
Moment C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t was u s e d .
tell

T hi s p r o c e d u r e p e r m i t s one t o

a b o u t t h e t e n d e n c y o f t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f one e v e n t from a n o t h e r

event.

However, one c a n n o t s ay t h a t t h e one e v e n t c a u s e s t h e o t h e r

event to occur.

35

To a c h i e v e t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e s t u d y , a nsw ers t o t h e f o l l o w i n g
q u e s t i o n s were s o u g h t :
1.

What g e n e r a l l y o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , a s ju d g e d
by l o c a l OIC E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s , s h o u l d l o c a l OIC Board
members p o s s e s s ?

2.

What f u n c t i o n s , a s ju d g e d by l o c a l OIC E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s ,
a r e l o c a l OIC Board members e x p e c t e d t o perfor m ?

3.

What, a s s e l f r e p o r t e d by e a c h , a r e t h e s oc io ec ono mi c
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l OIC Board members?

4.

To what d e g r e e , a s r a t e d by f e l l o w Board members, do l o c a l
OIC Board members p o s s e s s t h e o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c ­
t e r i s t i c s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d p o s s e s s ?

5.

To what d e g r e e , as r a t e d by f e l l o w Board members, do l o c a l
OIC Board members p e rf o rm t h e d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s
t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d p erfo rm ?

6.

I s t h e r e a g e n e r a l r e l a t i o n s h i p between p e rf o rm a n c e o f
f u n c t i o n s and p o s s e s s i o n o f p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ?

7.

I s t h e r e a r e l a t i o n s h i p between p e r f o r m a n c e o f f u n c t i o n s
and t h e f o l l o w i n g nominal s c a l e s o c io e c on om ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
a.

Degree(s) e arn ed,

b.

O ccupation,

c.

Place

of

d.

Place

o f growing

up ( s t a t e ) ,

e.

Place

o f growing

up ( r u r a l

f.
g.

birth,

E t h n i c o r i g i n , and
Sex?

or urban),

36

8.

Can t h e f o l l o w i n g i n t e r v a l s c a l e s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
be us ed a s p r e d i c t o r s o f p e r f o r m a n c e o f f u n c t i o n s :
a.

A t t e n d a n c e a t com mittee m e e t i n g s ,

b.

Number o f c om m it te e s where s e r v i c e i s

c.

Number o f y e a r s i n p r i n c i p a l o c c u p a t i o n ,

d.

Number o f y e a r s o f formal e d u c a t i o n ,

e.

Age,

f.

Number o f community o r g a n i z a t i o n s where l e a d e r s h i p

rendered,

p o s itio n s are held,
g.

Number o f y e a r s a s community r e s i d e n t ,

h.

A t t e n d a n c e a t Board m e e t i n g s , and

i.

Number o f y e a r s as OIC Board member?

R es e ar ch Hypothese s
The n u l l h y p o t h e s i s w i l l be used t o a n a l y z e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p
between p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d f u n c t i o n s and t h e nominal s c a l e
so c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

The r e s e a r c h n u l l h y p o t h e s e s a r e :

Null H y p o t h e s i s 1 :
Th ere i s no d i f f e r e n c e between t h e d e g r e e ( s ) e a r n e d by
l o c a l OIC Board members and t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d
Board f u n c t i o n s .
Null H y p o t h e s i s 2 :
T he re i s no d i f f e r e n c e between t h e o c c u p a t i o n s o f l o c a l
OIC Board members and t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d
Board f u n c t i o n s .
Null H y p o t h e s i s 3 :
Th e re i s no d i f f e r e n c e in t h e p l a c e s o f b i r t h o f l o c a l
OIC Board members and t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d
Board f u n c t i o n s .

37

Null H y p o t h e s i s 4 :
T he re i s no d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p l a c e s where l o c a l OIC
Board members grew up ( s t a t e ) and t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .
Null H y p o t h e s i s 5 :
T he re i s no d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p l a c e s where l o c a l OIC
Board members grew up ( r u r a l o r u r b a n ) and t h e
p e rf o rm a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .
Null H y p o t h e s i s 6 :
There i s no d i f f e r e n c e between t h e e t h n i c o r i g i n o f
l o c a l OIC Board members and t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .
Null H y p o t h e s i s 7 :
There i s no d i f f e r e n c e between t h e s ex o f l o c a l OIC
Board members and t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d
Board f u n c t i o n s .

L i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e St udy
There was no t r e a t m e n t ( m a n i p u l a t i o n o f v a r i a b l e s ) a p p l i e d t o
the s u b je c ts .

T h i s l a c k o f c o n t r o l i s a w eak ne ss o f c a u s a l - c o m p a r a t i v e

r e s e a r c h , and b e c a u s e o f t h i s w e a k n e s s , c a u s a l i t y o f outcomes can o n l y
be t e n t a t i v e l y i d e n t i f i e d .

A l s o , t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e s t u d y may n o t be

w i d e l y g e n e r a l i z a b l e , b e c a u s e t h r e e o f t h e l o c a l OIC o r g a n i z a t i o n s
w i t h i n t h e S t a t e o f Michi gan were n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e s t u d y .

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS:

ANALYSES AND RESULTS

In t h i s c h a p t e r , t h e d a t a c o l l e c t e d t h r o u g h t h e Delphi Tec hniqu e
and t h e d a t a c o l l e c t e d t h r o u g h t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e from l o c a l OIC Board
members a r e r e p o r t e d and a n a l y z e d .

The m a jo r f i n d i n g s , produc ed from

a n s w e r i n g t h e r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n s and t e s t i n g t h e r e s e a r c h h y p o t h e s e s ,
a r e r e p o r t e d and summarized.
The r e s e a r c h m e th o d o lo g y o f t h i s s t u d y f o c u s e s on i d e n t i f y i n g :
(1)

t h e o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l - c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members

should p o s s e s s ;

(2) t h e f u n c t i o n s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d

p e r f o r m ; and (3) t h e s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l OIC Board
members.
fail

Most s t u d i e s o f c o n t r o l l i n g b o a r d s o f n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n s

t o go beyond t h i s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f s o ci o e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

level.

T h i s s t u d y goes t o t h e n e x t l e v e l

in a t t e m p t i n g t o :

(1) i d e n ­

t i f y t h e d e g r e e t o which l o c a l OIC Board members p o s s e s s t h e o b s e r v a b l e
personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ;

(2) i d e n t i f y t h e d e g r e e t o which l o c a l OIC

Board members have made c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e i r l o c a l OIC by p e r f o r m i n g
t h e d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s ;

(3) examine t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between

t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f
o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l OIC Board members;
(4)

examine t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board

f u n c t i o n s and t h e nominal s c a l e s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l

38

39

OIC Board members; and (5 ) i d e n t i f y t h e i n t e r v a l s c a l e s o ci o e c o n o m ic
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t a r e a c c e p t a b l e p r e d i c t o r s o f performance o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s o f l o c a l OIC Board members.

R e s e a r c h Q u e s t i o n s 1 and 2
1.

What g e n e r a l l y o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , as
ju d g e d by l o c a l OIC E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s , s h o u l d l o c a l OIC
Board members p o s s e s s ?

2.

What f u n c t i o n s , a s j u d g e d by l o c a l OIC E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s ,
a r e l o c a l OIC Board members e x p e c t e d t o p e rf o rm ?

F i n d i n g s : F i r s t Round o f Delhi
Q uestionnaire
Th ere were e i g h t e e n o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t
were i d e n t i f i e d as b e i n g a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l e a d e r s h i p .
characteristics

This l i s t o f

(a d e f i n i t i o n f o l l o w e d e a c h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ) was m a i l e d

t o t h e panel o f e x p e r t s w i t h i n s t r u c t i o n s t o p l a c e an "X" n e x t t o "yes"
o r "no" i n s t a t i n g t h e i r p r e f e r e n c e as t o w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e p e r s o n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s h o u ld o r s h o u l d n o t be p o s s e s s e d by l o c a l OIC Board
members.

T h i s f i r s t ro und l i s t o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

and i n s t r u c t i o n s t o t h e p a n e l o f e x p e r t s a r e l o c a t e d i n Appendix A.
T a b l e 5.1 g i v e s a summary o f t h e f i r s t round f i n d i n g s t h a t r e l a t e t o
observable personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

Based on t h e f i n d i n g s r e p o r t e d

in T a b le 5 . 1 , " e g o t i s t i c a l " and "dominance" were dr opp e d from t h e l i s t
o f o b s e r v a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ; and ba se d on s u g g e s t i o n s made d u r i n g t h e
f i r s t round comments, " d e d i c a t i o n " and " g e n e r o s i t y " were added t o t h e
l i s t o f observable personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

T h i s r e s u l t e d in a f i n a l

40

T a b l e 5.1
Observable
Personal
C haracteristics

F i r s t Round O b s e r v a b l e P e r s o n a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
Response
------------------------------------------------------------------------"Yes"
"No"
Not Given

Aggressive

7

—

- -

S e lf confidence

7

—

—

E gotistical

- -

Am bi tio us

5

Dependability

7

Emotional m a t u r i t y

7

Decisive

7

Dominance

7

—

2

—

—

—

- -

- -

—

- -

6

1

2

1

Persuasive

4

Perceptive

7

- -

- -

Integrity

7

—

—

Courage

7

- -

—

Perserverance

7

- -

- -

Real ism

7

—

—

Innovation

7

—

—

F lex ib ility

7

—

- -

S o ciability

6

Stami na

7

1
—

—

41

l i s t of eig h teen o bservable personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

O th e r comments

t h a t were made by t h e pa nel o f e x p e r t s d u r i n g t h e f i r s t round a r e
r e p o r t e d i n Appendix A.
T he re were t w e n t y - f o u r f u n c t i o n s t h a t were i d e n t i f i e d a s b e i n g
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h OIC Board members.

T h i s l i s t o f Board f u n c t i o n s was

a p a r t o f t h e f i r s t round m a i l i n g t o t h e pan el o f e x p e r t s w i t h i n s t r u c ­
t i o n s t o p l a c e an "X" n e x t t o " y e s " o r "no" in s t a t i n g t h e i r p r e f e r e n c e
a s t o w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e f u n c t i o n s h o u ld o r s h o u l d n o t be pe rfo rm ed
by l o c a l OIC Board members.

The f i r s t round l i s t o f Board f u n c t i o n s

and i n s t r u c t i o n s t o t h e p a nel o f e x p e r t s a r e l o c a t e d i n Appendix A.
T a b le 5 . 2 g i v e s a summary o f t h e f i r s t round f i n d i n g s t h a t r e l a t e t o
f u n c t i o n s o f Board members.

Based on t h e f i n d i n g s r e p o r t e d in T a b l e 5 . 2 ,

t h e f o l l o w i n g f u n c t i o n s were dro pped from t h e l i s t o f f u n c t i o n s t h a t
l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d p e r f o r m :

(1) s a l a r y n e g o t i a t i o n ;

(2) s t a f f e v a l u a t i o n ; (3) s t a f f s e l e c t i o n ;

(4) b u d g e t p r e p a r a t i o n ;

(5) v o c a t i o n a l / t e c h n i c a l program d e v e l o p m e n t ; and (6) b a s i c e d u c a t i o n
program d e v e lo p m e n t.

Based on s u g g e s t i o n s made d u r i n g t h e f i r s t round

comments, " p r o f e s s i o n a l

s e r v i c e a v a i l a b l e t o l o c a l OIC" was added t o

the l i s t of fu n c tio n s .

T h i s r e s u l t e d in a f i n a l l i s t o f n i n e t e e n

functions.

O t h e r comments t h a t were made by t h e panel o f e x p e r t s

d u r i n g t h e f i r s t round a r e r e p o r t e d in Appendix A.
Findings:
Second Round Delphi
Q uestionnaire
During t h e second round o f t h e Del phi p r o c e d u r e , t h e panel o f
e x p e r t s was a s k e d t o p r i o r i t i z e t h e e i g h t e e n p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

42

Table 5.2

F i r s t Round Board F u n c t i o n s
Response

Board F u n c t i o n s

"Yes"

"No"

Not Given

Pol i c y :
P o l i c y making
Policy i n te r p r e t a t i o n

7
5

2

Personnel A f f a i r s :
Salary n e g o tiatio n
S ta ff evaluation
S ta ff selection

2
2
2

5
5
5

—

Budget:
Budget p r e p a r a t i o n
Budget r e v i e w and a p p r o v a l

2
7

5

- -

- -

Fund R a i s i n g :
S e c u r i n g f un ds
Personal f i n a n c i a l su p port

7
7

- -

- -

—

—

Program Development:
V o c a t i o n a l / t e c h n i c a l program d e vel op m en t
B a s ic e d u c a t i o n / p r o g r a m de velo p m en t
O v e r a l l program d e vel opm en t

2
1
6

Planning:
S hort-range planning
L o n g - ra n g e p l a n n i n g

7
7

Trainee A ffa irs :
Trainee re c ru itm e n t
Job p l a c e m e n t o f g r a d u a t e s

4
6

Public R e la tio n s :
In t h e r e l i g i o u s community
In o r g a n i z e d l a b o r
In e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s
In o t h e r c o m mu nit y-b as ed o r g a n i z a t i o n s
In gov e rn m e nta l a g e n c i e s
In b u s i n e s s and i n d u s t r y

7
7
7
7
7
7

A ttendance:
Regular atten d an ce/B o ard meetings
Regular a tten d an ce/co m m ittee meetings

7
7

—

5
5
1

- -

—
- -

- -

- -

1
- -

—

- -

—

- -

3
1

- —

- —

- -

- -

- -

—

- -

- -

—

- -

—

—
——

43

t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d p o s s e s s .

Each o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c was r a t e d a s f o l l o w s :
5
4
3
2
1

Absolutely E ssen tial
Strongly D esirable
D esirable
S Iig h tly D esirable
U ndesirable

T a b l e 5 . 3 g i v e s a summary o f t h e second round f i n d i n g s t h a t r e l a t e t o
personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

The p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e l i s t e d

(h ig h e st to low est) according to the t o t a l

points received.

Based

on t h e f i n d i n g s r e p o r t e d i n T a b l e 5 . 3 , t h e pa nel o f e x p e r t s r a t e d
" d e p e n d a b ility " as th e most im portant o b s e r v a b le personal c h a r a c t e r ­
i s t i c t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d p o s s e s s .
c h a ra c te ristic s--"e m o tio n a l m aturity,"

T hr ee p e r s o n a l

" p e r s e v e r e n c e , " and " d e d i -

c a t i o n " - - a l l t i e d f o r s ec ond a s r a t e d by t h e pa nel o f e x p e r t s ; and
" i n t e g r i t y " and " g e n e r o s i t y " b oth t i e d a s t h e n e x t most i m p o r t a n t
observable personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c .

Thus, th e s ix o b s e rv a b le c h a r ­

a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t were r a t e d a s most i m p o r t a n t by t h e p a ne l o f e x p e r t s
all

r e c e i v e d a t o t a l o f t h i r t y - o n e p o i n t s o r h i g h e r w i t h a mean r a t i n g

of 4.42 o r h ig h e r.

Fo r a c o m p l e t e summary o f t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e second

round q u e s t i o n n a i r e , s e e Appendix A.
A l s o , d u r i n g t h e s ec on d round o f t h e Delphi p r o c e d u r e , t h e
pa nel o f e x p e r t s was a s k e d t o p r i o r i t i z e t h e n i n e t e e n f u n c t i o n s t h a t
l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d p e r f o r m .

Each f u n c t i o n was r a t e d as

follows:
5
4
3
2
1

A bsolutely Essential
Strongly D esirable
D esirable
S lig h tly Desirable
U ndesirable

44

Table 5.3

Second Round R a t i n g o f O b s e r v a b l e P e r s o n a l
C haracteristics

Observable Personal
C haracteristics

T o t al
Points

Mean
Rating

Dependability

34

4.85

Emotional m a t u r i t y

32

4.57

Perseverance

32

4.57

D edication

32

4 .5 7

Integrity

31

4.42

G enerosity

31

4.42

D ecisive

29

4.14

R ea lis m

29

4.14

F lex ib ility

29

4 .1 4

Perceptive

28

4.00

Self-confidence

11

3 .8 5

Courage

27

3.85

Persuasive

26

3.71

A ggressive

25

3 .5 7

S ociability

24

3 .4 2

St amina

24

3 .4 2

A mb iti ous

22

3.14

Innovative

22

3.14

45

T a b le 5 . 4 g i v e s a summary o f t h e second round f i n d i n g s t h a t r e l a t e t o
Board members' f u n c t i o n s .

The f u n c t i o n s a r e l i s t e d

according to the t o t a l p o in ts re c eiv e d .

(h ig h e s t to low est)

Based on t h e f i n d i n g s r e p o r t e d

i n T a b l e 5 . 4 , t h e panel o f e x p e r t s r a t e d " p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s / g o v e r n m e n t a l
a g e n c i e s " as t h e most i m p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members
s h o u ld p e r f o r m .

T h i s was f o l l o w e d by "fu nd r a i s i n g / s e c u r i n g f u n d s , "

" p o l i c y / m a k i n g , " and " p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s / b u s i n e s s and i n d u s t r y " - - a l 1
s h a r i n g t h e number two s p o t i n t h e r a t i n g .

The n e x t h i g h e s t r a t e d

f u n c t i o n s were " p l a n n i n g / l o n g r a n g e OIC g o a l s , " " a t t e n d a n c e / b o a r d
m e e t i n g s , " and " p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s / o r g a n i z e d l a b o r " — a l l
number t h r e e s p o t i n t h e r a t i n g .

sharing the

T h u s , t h e seve n Board members'

f u n c t i o n s t h a t were r a t e d a s most i m p o r t a n t by t h e panel o f e x p e r t s
a l l r e c e i v e d a t o t a l o f t h i r t y - o n e p o i n t s o r h i g h e r w i t h a mean r a t i n g
v a l u e o f 4 . 4 2 or h i g h e r .

For a c o m p l e t e summary o f t h e f i n d i n g s o f

t h e sec on d round q u e s t i o n n a i r e , s e e Appendix A.

F i n d i n g s : T h i r d Round Delphi
Questionnai re
The t h i r d and f i n a l

round o f t h e Delphi p r o c e d u r e produced a

c o n v e r g e n c e o f gr oup c o n s e n s u s from t h e pan el o f e x p e r t s .

The panel

o f e x p e r t s r e c e i v e d f e e d b a c k o f t h e c o n s e n s u s o f t h e group a s well as
t h e i r individual

r e s p o n s e s g e n e r a t e d in round two on bot h p e r s o n a l

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and f u n c t i o n s .

The p a nel was i n s t r u c t e d t o r e v i e w

t h e i r r e s p o n s e on it e m s wh ere t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l

r a t i n g s were d i f f e r e n t

from t h e g ro up c o n s e n s u s 1 by one o r more p o i n t s , pa nel members were

: The gr oup c o n s e n s u s i s t h e mean group r a t i n g f o r e ach p e r s o n a l
c h a r a c te ris tic or function.

46

Table 5.4

Second Round Rating o f Board Members' Functions

Total
Points

Mean
Rating

Public relatio n s/g o v ern m en tal agencies

34

4.85

Fund r a i s i n g / s e c u r i n g fu n d s

33

4.71

Pol i c y / m a k i n g

32

4.57

P u b l i c r e l a t i o n s / b u s i n e s s and i n d u s t r y

32

4.57

P l a n n i n g / l o n g r a n ge OIC g o a l s

31

4.42

A ttendance/board meetings

31

4.42

Public r e la tio n s /o r g a n iz e d labor

31

4.42

B u d g e t / r e v i e w and a p p r o v a l

30

4.28

P u b l i c r e l a t i o n s / r e l i g i o u s community

30

4.28

Attendance/com m ittee meetings

30

4.28

P r o f e s s i o n a l i s m / s e r v i c e t o OIC

29

4.14

P l a n n i n g / s h o r t ra n g e OIC g o a l s

29

4.14

Public r e la tio n s /e d u c a tio n a l

29

4.14

Public relations/com m unity-based
organizations

29

4.14

Pol i c y / i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

25

3.57

Fund r a i s i n g / p e r s o n a l f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t

25

3.57

Program d e v e l o p m e n t / o v e r a l l

21

3.00

Trainee a f f a i r s / r e c r u it m e n t

20

2.8 5

T rain ee a f f a i r s / j o b placement

17

2. 4 2

Board F u n c t i o n s

institutions

47

t h e n i n s t r u c t e d e i t h e r t o j o i n t h e gr oup c o n s e n s u s o r t o d e f e n d
t h e i r d e ss e n t with in d iv id u a l s ta te m e n ts .
T a b l e 5 .5 g i v e s a summary o f t h o s e o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s where t h e i n d i v i d u a l r e s p o n s e s o f t h e pa nel members
d i f f e r e d from t h e group c o n s e n s u s by one o r more p o i n t s .

Of t h e

eighteen observable personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , fourteen are presented
in Table 5 .5 .

Group c o n s e n s u s was o b t a i n e d on each o f t h e f o u r t e e n

o bservable personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s l i s t e d except f o u r --" a m b itio u s ,"
" p e r s u a s i v e , " " g e n e r o s i t y ," and " d e d i c a t i o n . "

The s t a t e m e n t s made

by pa ne l members who d i d n o t j o i n t h e group c o n s e n s u s in r a t i n g a
p a r t i c u l a r p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a r e l i s t e d in Appendix A.

Table 5.5

O b s e r v a b l e P e r s o n a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s - - D i s a g r e e m e n t from Group
Consensus

Observable
Personal
C haracteristics
Amb iti ous
Persuasive
S e lf confidence*
Perceptive*
Courage*
Innovative*
S ociability*
D edication
G enerosity
R ealism*
F lexibility*
Decisive*
Integrity*
St amina*

Number o f
Disagreements
4
4
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2

♦Complete a g r e e m e n t a c h i e v e d .

Of t h e D i s a g r e e m e n t s ,
Number J o i n i n g Group
Consensus
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
- -

1
1
1
1
2

48

T a b l e 5 . 6 g i v e s a summary o f t h o s e Board members' f u n c t i o n s
where t h e i n d i v i d u a l r e s p o n s e s o f t h e p a n e l members d i f f e r e d from
t h e group c o n s e n s u s by one o r more p o i n t s .

Of t h e n i n e t e e n Board

members' f u n c t i o n s , t w e l v e a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 5 . 6 .

Group con­

s e n s u s was o b t a i n e d on e a c h o f t h e t w e l v e Board members' f u n c t i o n s
l i s t e d e x c e p t f i v e — " p o l i c y / i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , " "program d e v e l o p m e n t /
overall,"

" b u d g e t / r e v i e w and a p p r o v a l , " " t r a i n e e a f f a i r s / j o b p l a c e m e n t , "

and "fund r a i s i n g / p e r s o n a l f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t . "

The s t a t e m e n t s t h a t

were made by t h e panel members who d i d n o t j o i n t h e g ro up c o n s e n s u s
i n r a t i n g a p a r t i c u l a r f u n c t i o n a r e l i s t e d in Appendix A.

Research Question 3
3.

What, a s r e p o r t e d by e a c h , a r e t h e s o c io e c o n o m ic
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l OIC Board members?

Formal E d u c a ti o n
T a b le 5 .7 shows t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members have a t o t a l o f
494 y e a r s o f formal e d u c a t i o n and t h e mean y e a r s o f for mal e d u c a t i o n
i s 15.4.

Muskegon Board members have t h e h i g h e s t mean y e a r s o f for mal

e d u c a t i o n w i t h 17 .7 y e a r s w h i l e Saginaw Board members have t h e l o w e s t
mean y e a r s o f formal e d u c a t i o n w i t h 1 3 . 0 .
In a d d i t i o n t o t h e number o f y e a r s o f formal e d u c a t i o n , some
l o c a l OIC Board members have e a r n e d d e g r e e s .

T a b l e 5 . 8 shows t h a t o f

t h e t h i r t y - t w o l o c a l OIC Board members, 3 4 . 4 p e r c e n t a r e n o n - d e g r e e
h o l d e r s w h i l e 6 5 . 6 p e r c e n t have e a r n e d d e g r e e s .

49

Table 5.6

Board Members' Functions--D isagreem ent from Group Consensus

Board F u n c t i o n s

Number o f
D is a g r e e m e n ts

Of t h e D i s a g r e e m e n t s ,
Number J o i n i n g Group
Consensus

P o licy/interpretation

4

1

P rofessional/service available
t o OIC*

1

1

Program d e v e l o p m e n t / o v e r a l l

3

2

Trainee a f f a ir s / r e c r u it m e n t*

1

1

Public re la tio n s/g o v ern m en t
agencies*

1

1

B u d g e t / r e v i e w and a p p r o v a l

1

Public re la tio n s /e d u c a tio n a l
institu tio n s*

1

1

Pol i c y / m a k i n g *

1

1

P l a n n i n g / s h o r t r a n g e OIC
goals*

1

1

P l a n n i n g / l o n g r a n g e OIC
goals*

1

1

T r a in e e a f f a i r s / j o b placement

2

1

Fund r a i s i n g / p e r s o n a l
fin a n c ia l support

2

1

♦Complete a g r e e m e n t a c h i e v e d .

—

50

T a b le 5 . 7

Local OIC Board Members' Number o f Years o f Formal E d u c a t i o n

Sum.

Mean

Standard
D eviation

12

175

1 4 .6

3.42

11.71

F lint

7

117

16.7

1 .7 9

3.23

Muskegon

7

124

17.7

1.70

2.90

Saginaw

J>

78

1 3 .0

3 .2 2

10.40

Total

32

494

15 .4

3 .1 6

9.99

Area
D etroit

N

Table 5 .8

Area

Variance

Local OIC Board Members' Earned D e g r e e ( s )

Non-Degree

Bachelor
Degree

M a s te r
Degree

D o c to r a l
Degree

Total

D etroit

4

4

4

-_

12

FI i n t

2

2

2

1

7

Muskegon

1

2

2

2

7

Saginaw

_4

_2

Total

11

10

Percent

3 4 .4

31.3

_6
8
25.0

3
9.4

32
100

51

Occupation
Local OIC Board members have v a r y i n g o c c u p a t i o n s .

However,

6 2 . 6 p e r c e n t o f t h e Board members l i s t C l e r g y o r B u s i n e s s - I n d u s t r y
as t h e i r p r in c ip a l o c c u p a tio n s .

T a b l e 5 . 9 g i v e s a summary o f t h e s e

findings.

T a b le 5 . 9

Area

Local OIC Board Members' P r i n c i p a l O c c u p a t i o n s

Education

D etroit

2

FI i n t

—

3

Muskegon
Saginaw

J_

T o t al

6

Percent

1 8 .8

B usinessIndustry

Other

6

3

1

12

3

3

1

7

1

3

C le r g y

Total

—

7

_L

_4

6

10

10

6

32

31.1

31.1

- -

18.8

100

Local OIC Board members have a t o t a l o f 606 y e a r s i n t h e i r
p r i n c i p a l o c c u p a t i o n s w i t h a mean o f 1 8 . 9 y e a r s .

D e t r o i t Board members

have t h e h i g h e s t mean y e a r s in t h e i r p r i n c i p a l o c c u p a t i o n s w i t h 2 2 . 5 ,
w h i l e t h e F l i n t Board members have t h e l o w e s t mean y e a r s a t 1 2 . 6 .
T a b l e 5 . 1 0 g i v e s a summary o f t h e f i n d i n g s .

52

Table 5.10

Local OIC Board Members' Years in P r in c ip a l Occupations

Summation

Mean

Standard
D eviation

Variance

12

270

22.5

1 3 .2 0

174 .4 5

FI i n t

7

88

12.6

8.22

6 7 .6 2

Muskegon

7

129

18.4

10. 22

104.6 2

Saginaw

_6

119

19.8

1 0 .0 0

100.17

Total

32

606

18.9

11.21

125.67

Area

N

D etroit

Income
Of t h e OIC Board members, 7 1 . 9 p e r c e n t have h a d, f o r t h e p a s t
t h r e e y e a r s ( 1 9 7 7 - 1 9 7 9 ) , an a v e r a g e income o f a t l e a s t $ 1 5 , 0 0 0 , b u t
l e s s than $40,000.

T a b l e 5.11

Area
D etroit

T a b l e 5.11 g i v e s a summary o f t h e f i n d i n g s .

Local OIC Board Members' T h r e e Year (197 7- 1979) Average
Income

Less
than
10,000
1

FI i n t

1 0 , 0 0 0 - 1 5 , 0 0 0 - 2 0 , 0 0 0 - 2 5 , 0 0 0 - 3 0 , 0 0 0 - 40 ,0 0 0
1 4 ,9 9 9 19,9 99 2 4 ,9 9 9 29 ,9 9 9 39 ,9 9 9 49 ,9 9 9

2

1

2

4

1

2

1

1

2

7

3

1

1

2

7

Muskegon
Saginaw

Total

_2

_1_

Total

2

3

Percent

7.3

9.4

12

J_

_2

_6

8

4

6

5

4

32

25.0

12.5

18 .8

1 5 .6

1 2 .5

100

53

Growing Up As C h i l d / R u r a l o r Urban
Local OIC Board members a r e , f o r t h e most p a r t , p r o d u c t s o f an
urb a n community w i t h 6 5 . 6 p e r c e n t o f t h e Board members ha v in g grown up
i n an urba n s e t t i n g .

T a b l e 5 .1 2 g i v e s a summary o f t h e f i n d i n g s i n

th is area.

T a b l e 5 .1 2 ' L o c a l OIC Board Members' Community Growing
Up/Rural o r Urban
Area

Rural

Urban

D etroit

6

6

12

FI i n t

1

6

7

Muskegon

2

5

7

Saginaw

_2

_4

_6

Total

11

21

32

Percentage

34.4

65.5

Total

100

Ethnic O rigin
Local OIC Board members a r e p r e d o m i n a n t l y B la ck .

Th ere a r e

t h r e e Board members who a r e i n t h e “o t h e r " c a t e g o r y - - t h e i r e t h n i c
o r i g i n i s Mexican (2) and Leb anese ( 1 ) .
of the fin d in g s.

T a b l e 5 . 1 3 g i v e s a summary

54

Table 5.13
Area

Local OIC Board Members' E thnic O r ig in
Black

White

11

1

D etroit

O th e r

Total
12

1

7

2

—

7

_3

_L

_2

_6

Total

25

4

3

32

Percentage

78.1

FI i n t

6

Muskegon

5

Saginaw

9.4

12 .5

100

Sex
A lt ho ug h male d o m i n a t e d , f e m a l e s make up 3 1 . 3 p e r c e n t o f t h e
l o c a l Board membership.

T he re i s a s u b s t a n t i a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f

f e m a l e s a t t h e D e t r o i t and F l i n t OIC B oa rd s.

Ta b le 5 .1 4 g i v e s a

summary o f t h e f i n d i n g s .

T a b le 5 . 1 4
Area

Local OIC Board Members' Sex
Female

Male

D etroit

4

8

12

Flint

4

3

7

Muskegon

-

-

7

Total

7

Saginaw

2

4

6

Total

10

22

32

Percent

3 1 .3

68.8

100

55

Age
Local OIC Board members have l i v e d a t o t a l o f 1 ,6 1 6 y e a r s w i t h
5 0 . 5 a s t h e mean a g e .

The mean a g e s a t t h e Saginaw ( 5 4 . 8 ) and D e t r o i t

( 5 3 . 4 ) Boards a r e t h e h i g h e s t .

T a b l e 5 .1 5 g i v e s a summary o f t h e

findings.

T a b le 5 . 1 5

Area

N

Local OIC Board Members' Age
Standard
Deviation

Variance

Summation

Mean

12

641

53.4

9 .8 7

97 .53

F lint

7

314

44.8

8.97

8 0.4 7

Muskegon

7

332

47.4

9 .3 7

8 7 .9 5

Saginaw

_6

329

54 .8

7.60

5 7.7 6

Total

32

1,616

50 .5

9.63

92.77

D etroit

Place o f B irth
Of t h e l o c a l OIC Board members, 6 2 . 5 p e r c e n t were born i n t h e
South.

T a b le 5 . 1 6 g i v e s a summary o f t h e f i n d i n g s .

56

Table 5.16

Local OIC Board Members' Place o f B i r t h

Area

North

South

4

8

12

7

7

4

3

7

Saginaw

_4

_2

_6

Total

12

20

32

Percent

37.5

62.5

Detroi t
FI i n t

- -

Muskegon

Total

100

Growing Up As C h i l d / S t a t e
Even though a m a j o r i t y o f l o c a l OIC Board members were born
i n t h e S o u t h , 50 p e r c e n t o f t h e s e Board members grew up in n o r t h e r n
states.

One Board member grew up i n a w e s t e r n s t a t e

(Kansas).

T a b l e 5 .1 7 g i v e s a summary o f t h e s e f i n d i n g s .

T a b l e 5. 1 7
Area

Local OIC Board Members' P l a c e o f Growing U p / S t a t e
North

South

Other

Total

D etroit

5

7

--

12

F lint

2

5

—

7

Muskegon

5

2

Saginaw

_A

__L

-

-

7
_L

6

32

Total

16

15

1

Percent

50.0

46.9

3.1

100

M arital S ta tu s
The m a j o r i t y o f l o c a l OIC Board members a r e m a r r i e d (77.1
percent).

T a b l e 5 . 1 8 g i v e s a summary o f t h e f i n d i n g s in t h i s a r e a .

Table 5.18

Area

Local OIC Board Members' M a r i t a l S t a t u s

Single

Married

D etroit

1

9

FI i n t

1

5

Muskegon

7

—

Saginaw

Married
o r Divorce d
-

Widow o r
Widower
2

_

1
- -

_2

_2

Total
12

—

7

—

7
_6

Total

3

23

3

3

Percent

9.4

71.9

9.4

9.4

32
100

R e s i d e n c e i n Community
Local OIC Board members have l i v e d in t h e i r p r e s e n t communities
f o r a t o t a l o f 783 y e a r s w i t h a mean o f 2 4 . 5 y e a r s .
has t h e h i g h e s t mean w i t h 3 7 . 0 y e a r s .
p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 5 .1 9

The Saginaw Board

A summary o f t h e f i n d i n g s i s

58

T a b le 5 . 1 9

Local OIC Board Members' Length o f R e s id e n c e in P r e s e n t
Community

Summation

Mean

Standard
Deviation

Variance

12

280

23.3

9.80

9 6 .0 6

FI i n t

7

166

2 3 .7

8.44

7 1 .2 3

Muskegon

7

115

1 6 .4

10.45

109.28

Saginaw

_6_

222

37.0

12.08

1 4 6 .0 0

Total

32

783

2 4 .5

11. 75

138 .1 9

Area

N

D etroit

Years As Local OIC Board Member
Local OIC Board members have a t o t a l o f 210 y e a r s o f boa rd
s e r v i c e w i t h a mean o f 6 . 6 y e a r s .

T a b l e 5 . 2 0 g i v e s a summary o f t h e

findings.

T a b l e 5. 20

Local OIC Board Members' Years o f S e r v i c e t o OIC

Summation

Mean

Standard
Deviation

12

93

7 .7 5

3 .0 5

9.29

FI i n t

7

42

6.00

4.58

21.00

Muskegon

7

27

3 .8 5

2 .2 6

5.15

Saginaw

_6

48

8.00

3 .9 4

1 5 .6 0

Total

32

210

6.60

3 .6 8

13.54

Area
D etroit

N

Variance

59

L e a d e r s h i p P o s i t i o n s in O r g a n i z a t i o n s
Local OIC Board members a r e q u i t e a c t i v e a s community l e a d e r s .
Not o n l y do t h e y s e r v e as Board members, b u t t h e y a r e a l s o members and
o f f i c e - h o l d e r s i n community-based o r g a n i z a t i o n s .

Members o f t h e Saginaw

Board h o ld p o s i t i o n s i n an a v e r a g e o f 4 . 3 c om mu nit y-b as ed o r g a n i z a t i o n s ,
w h i l e members o f t h e F l i n t Board h o ld p o s i t i o n s i n an a v e r a g e o f 4 . 0
community-ba sed o r g a n i z a t i o n s .

A summary o f t h e f i n d i n g s i s p r e s e n t e d

in T a b le 5 . 2 1 .

T a b le 5.21

Area

Local OIC Board Members' P o s i t i o n s Held i n Community-Based
Organizations

N

Summation

Mean

Standard
D eviation

Variance

12

44

3 .7

1 .8 2

3.33

FI i n t

7

28

4.0

1 .6 3

2.66

Muskegon

7

27

3.9

2.19

4.80

Saginaw

_6

26

4.3

2 .7 3

7.46

Total

32

125

4.0

1.9 7

3.89

D etroit

60

R e s e a r c h Q u e s t i o n s 4 and 5
4.

To what d e g r e e , a s r a t e d by f e l l o w Board members, do
l o c a l OIC Board members p o s s e s s t h e o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d p o s s e s s ?

5.

To what d e g r e e , as r a t e d by f e l l o w Board members, do l o c a l
OIC Board members p e r f o r m t h e d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s
t h a t OIC Board members s h o u l d p erfo rm ?

Saginaw OIC
For t h e Saginaw B o a r d , t h e mean r a t i n g o f p o s s e s s i o n o f
o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s was 3 . 9 , and t h e r e were f o u r c a s e s
a t o r above t h e mean.

The mean r a t i n g f o r p e rf o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d

f u n c t i o n s was 3 . 7 , and t h e r e were f o u r c a s e s a t o r above t h e mean.
T h r e e c a s e s were a t o r above t h e mean i n r a t i n g s o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r ­
s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and p e r f o r m a n c e d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .
One c a s e was a t o r above t h e mean in r a t i n g o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , b u t was below t h e mean i n r a t i n g o f p e r f o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .

Th ere was a l s o one c a s e below t h e mean

i n r a t i n g o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , b u t i t was a t o r
abo ve t h e mean i n r a t i n g o f p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .
F i n a l l y , t h e r e was one c a s e below t h e mean in r a t i n g o f o b s e r v a b l e
p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .
T a b l e 5 . 2 2 g i v e s a summary o f t h e f i n d i n g s .

61

Ta b le 5 . 2 2

Saginaw OIC: R a t i n g s o f Board Members' P o s s e s s i o n o f
O b s e r v a b l e P e r s o n a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and Pe rf o rm a n c e o f
D e s i g n a t e d Board F u n c t i o n s
Mean R a t i n g
o f P e rs o n a l
C haracteristics

Case

Mean R a t i n g o f
P e rf o rm a n c e
of Functions

1

2.2

3 .7 *

2

4.5*

4.6*

3

4.4*

4.1*

4

4.7*

3.8*

5

4.0*

3.2

_6

3 .5

2.8

Total 6

2 3 .3

22.9

Percent

3.9

3 .7

* R a t i n g a t o r above t h e mean.

Muskegon OIC
Fo r t h e Muskegon B oar d, t h e mean r a t i n g f o r p o s s e s s i o n o f
o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s was 3 . 6 , and t h e r e were f o u r c a s e s
a t o r above t h e mean.

The mean r a t i n g f o r p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d

Board f u n c t i o n s was a l s o 3 . 6 , and t h e r e were f o u r c a s e s a t o r above t h e
mean.

T h r e e c a s e s were a t o r above t h e mean i n r a t i n g o f o b s e r v a b l e

p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and p e rf o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .
One c a s e was a t o r above t h e mean i n r a t i n g o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , b u t i t was below t h e mean i n r a t i n g o f p e r f o r m a n c e
o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .

A l s o , one c a s e was below t h e mean i n

r a t i n g o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , b u t i t was a t o r above
t h e mean i n r a t i n g o f p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .

Two

62

c a s e s were below t h e mean i n r a t i n g o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .
T a b l e 5 . 2 3 g i v e s a summary o f t h e d a t a .

Table 5.23

Case

Muskegon OIC: R a t i n g s o f Board Members' P o s s e s s i o n o f
O b s e r v a b l e P e r s o n a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and P e rf o rm a n c e o f
D e s i g n a t e d Board F u n c t i o n s
Mean R a t i n g
o f Personal
C haracteristics

Mean R a t i n g o f
Performance
of Functions

7

3.0

3.4

8

3,6*

4.1*

9

3.1

3.6*

10

4.3*

3 .7 *

11

4.0*

4.0*

12

3 .7 *

3.4

1_3

3.5

3.2

7

2 5 .2

25.4

3.6

3.6

Total
Percent

* R a t i n g a t o r above t h e mean.

F l i n t OIC
The mean r a t i n g f o r p o s s e s s i o n o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r ­
i s t i c s was 4 . 0 f o r t h e F l i n t Board; t h e r e were f o u r c a s e s a t o r above t h e
mean.

The mean r a t i n g f o r p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s was

3 . 5 ; t h e r e were t h r e e c a s e s a t o r above t h e mean.

T he re were o n l y two

c a s e s a t o r above t h e mean i n r a t i n g o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r ­
i s t i c s and p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .

T he re w ere two

63

c a s e s a t o r above t h e mean i n r a t i n g o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , b u t t h e y were below t h e mean r a t i n g o f p e rf o r m a n c e
o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .

T h e re was one c a s e below t h e mean in

r a t i n g o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , b u t i t was a t o r above
t h e mean in r a t i n g o f p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .
T he re were two c a s e s below t h e mean i n r a t i n g o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .

A

summary o f t h e f i n d i n g s i s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 5 . 2 4 .

T a b le 5 . 2 4

Total
Percent

F l i n t OIC: R a t i n g s o f Board Members' P o s s e s s i o n o f
O b s e r v a b l e P e r s o n a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and P e rf orm a nc e
o f D e s i g n a t e d Board F u n c t i o n s
Mean R a t i n g o f
P e rf orm a nc e
of Functions

Case

Mean R a t in g
of Personal
C haracteri s t i e s

14

4.1*

3 .9 *

15

3.9

4.4*

16

3.6

2.8

17

3.9

3.4

18

4.1*

4.1*

19

4.2*

3 .2

20

4.0*

2.8

7

27.8

24 .7

4.0

3.5

* R a t i n g a t o r above t h e mean.

64

D e t r o i t OIC
For t h e D e t r o i t B oa r d, t h e mean r a t i n g f o r p o s s e s s i o n o f
o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s was 3 . 9 ; t h e r e were seve n c a s e s
a t o r above t h e mean.

The mean r a t i n g f o r p e rf o rm a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d

Board f u n c t i o n s was 3 . 7 ; t h e r e were s i x c a s e s a t o r above t h e mean.
Th ere were f o u r c a s e s a t o r above t h e mean i n r a t i n g o f o b s e r v a b l e
p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and p e rf o rm an c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .
The re were t h r e e c a s e s a t o r above t h e mean in r a t i n g o f o b s e r v a b l e
p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , b u t t h e y were below t h e mean in r a t i n g o f
p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .

Two c a s e s were below t h e

mean in r a t i n g o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , b u t t h e y were
a t o r above t h e mean i n r a t i n g o f p e rf o rm an c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board
functions.

There were t h r e e c a s e s below t h e mean in r a t i n g o f

o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d
Board f u n c t i o n s .

T a b l e 5 . 2 5 p r e s e n t s a summary o f t h e f i n d i n g s .

Ta bl e 5. 2 6 p r e s e n t s a summary o f T a b l e s 5 .2 2 th r o u g h 5 . 2 5 .
" P . C . / P . F . High" i n d i c a t e d t h a t 3 7 .5 p e r c e n t o f t h e l o c a l OIC Board
members r e c e i v e d a mean r a t i n g ( a t t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e OIC o r g a n i z a t i o n s )
a t o r above t h e mean f o r b o t h o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

(P.C.)

and p e rf o rm a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s ( P . F . ) ; "P.C. H ig h/P . F.
Low" i n d i c a t e s t h a t 2 1 . 8 p e r c e n t o f t h e l o c a l OIC Board members r e c e i v e d
a mean r a t i n g a t o r above t h e mean f o r o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s ­
t i c s and below t h e mean r a t i n g f o r p e rf o rm a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board
f u n c t i o n s ; "P.C. Low/P.F. High" i n d i c a t e s 1 5 .6 p e r c e n t o f t h e l o c a l
OIC Board members r e c e i v e d a mean r a t i n g below t h e mean f o r o b s e r v a b l e

65

T a b l e 5 .2 5

Case

Total
Percent

D e t r o i t OIC: R a t i n g s o f Board Members' P o s s e s s i o n o f
O b s e r v a b l e P e r s o n a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and P e rf orm an ce o f
D e s i g n a t e d Board F u n c t i o n s
Mean R a t i n g
of Personal
C haracteristics

Mean R a t i n g o f
Pe rforma nce
o f Functions

21

4.5*

4 .2 *

2?

4.7*

4.2*

23

3.4

3.5

24

3.8

3 .7 *

25

4.6*

4. 7 *

26

4.0*

3.0

27

2.6

3 .3

28

3.7

3.8 *

29

4.0*

3.9*

30

4.4*

3.4

31

3.3

3. 2

32

4.1*

3.2

12

47.1

44.1

3.9

3 .7

* R a t i n g a t o r above t h e mean.

66

p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and a t o r above t h e mean f o r p e r f o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d f u n c t i o n s ; and "P.C. Low/P.F. Low" i n d i c a t e s t h a t 2 5 . 0 p e r ­
c e n t o f t h e l o c a l OIC Board members r e c e i v e d a mean r a t i n g below t h e
mean f o r b ot h o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and p e r f o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .

T a b le 5 . 2 6

Local OIC Board Members' R a t i n g s f o r P o s s e s s i o n o f
O b s e r v a b l e P e r s o n a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and Pe rf or m a nc e
o f D e s i g n a t e d Board F u n c t i o n s
P.C ./P .F.
High

P.C. High/
P. F . Low

P.C. Low/
P .F . High

P.C ./P .F.
Low

D etroit

4

3

2

3

12

FI i n t

2

2

1

2

7

Muskegon

3

1

1

2

1

Saginaw

J_

J_

J_

_1

_6

Total

12

7

5

8

32

Percent

3 7 .5

21 .8

15 .6

25.0

100

Area

Total

R es e ar ch Q u e s ti o n 6
6.

I s t h e r e a g e n e r a l r e l a t i o n s h i p between pe rf o rm an c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and p o s s e s s i o n o f o b s e r v a b l e
personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ?

To measure t h e d e g r e e o f r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e p e r f o r m a n c e
o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , t h e P e a r s o n P r o d u c t Moment C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t was
used.

T a b l e 5. 2 7 d i s p l a y s t h e f i n d i n g s .

The symbol " r " i s used t o

67

T a b l e 5. 2 7

The C o r r e l a t i o n Between P e rf orm an ce o f
D e s i g n a t e d Board F u n c t i o n s and P o s s e s s i o n
o f Observable Personal C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
r

c
Predictor variable

.481

r2
.231

P
.003

me asu re t h e d e g r e e t o which t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between two v a r i a b l e s
can be r e p r e s e n t e d by a s t r a i g h t l i n e .

I t is the ab so lu te s iz e of

"r" t h a t in d ic a te s the degree o f s tr e n g th or closeness of the r e l a ­
tionship.

T a b l e 5. 27 shows t h a t t h e r e i s a low o r m il d p o s i t i v e

c o r r e l a t i o n ( . 2 3 1 ) between t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e ( p e r f o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s ) and t h e p r e d i c t o r v a r i a b l e ( p o s s e s s i o n
of observable personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ) .

The d a t a show t h a t .231 o r

23 p e r c e n t o f t h e v a r i a t i o n in P ( p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c ­
t i o n s ) can be e x p l a i n e d by knowing C ( p o s s e s s i o n o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l
characteristics).

P i s s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .003 l e v e l ; t h a t i s , in

r e p e a t e d random s a m p l in g o f t h e l o c a l OIC Board p o p u l a t i o n w i t h i n t h e
S t a t e o f M ic h i g a n , i t i s n o t v e r y p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e sample means between
t h e two v a r i a b l e s ( p e r f o r m a n c e o f Board d e s i g n a t e d f u n c t i o n s and p o s s e s ­
s i o n o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ) w i l l have a c o r r e l a t i o n o f
zero.

The r e s e a r c h e r t h u s c o n c l u d e s t h a t t h e r e i s a .231 p o s i t i v e

c o r r e l a t i o n between t h e two v a r i a b l e s , and t h e r e i s t h e r i s k o f b e in g
wrong a b o u t .003 ( t h r e e t h o u s a n d t h s ) p e r c e n t o f t h e t im e i n making
t h i s conclusion.

68

Research Question 7
7.

I s t h e r e a r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e f o l l o w i n g nominal
s c a l e s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
a.

Degree(s) earned,

b.

O ccupation,

c.

Place of b i r t h ,

d.

P l a c e o f growing u p / s t a t e ,

e.

P l a c e o f growing u p / r u r a l o r u r b a n ,

f.

E t h n i c o r i g i n , and

g-

Sex?

A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e was used t o a n a l y z e t h e d a t a r e l a t e d t o
th is research question.

Analysis o f varia n ce perm its the re s e a rc h e r

t o t e s t t o s e e i f t h e s e p a r a t e means o f s e v e r a l g ro u p s d i f f e r s i g n i f ­
i c a n t l y from e a c h o t h e r .
deviations.

Variance is the square of th e stan d ard

The b a s i c q u e s t i o n a s k e d in a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e i s ,

" I s t h e v a r i a t i o n between g ro u p s g r e a t enough in r e l a t i o n t o t h e
v a r i a t i o n w i t h i n gr oups t o r e j e c t t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s t h a t t h e gr ou ps
a r e s am ple s o f a common p o p u l a t i o n ? "

Two i m p o r t a n t c o n c e p t s t h a t a r e

used in t h e a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e p r o c e d u r e s a r e t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s and
t h e F t e s t o f s i g n i f i c a n c e ; t h e s e c o n c e p t s w i l l be b r i e f l y d i s c u s s e d .

Null H y p o t h e s i s H0
The n u l l h y p o t h e s i s s t a t e s t h a t no d i f f e r e n c e e x i s t s between a
sample s t a t i s t i c and a p o p u l a t i o n v a l u e .

A sample s t a t i s t i c , o f t e n

c a l l e d 6 , i s an e s t i m a t e o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n v a l u e , o f t e n r e f e r r e d t o

69

a s 9p0p-

T he se sample s t a t i s t i c s v a r y a ro und t h e p o p u l a t i o n v a l u e

w i t h a v a r i a b i l i t y equ al t o t h e s t a n d a r d e r r o r - - t h e s t a n d a r d e r r o r
o f t h e mean i s an e s t i m a t e o f t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e means base d on
t h e same s i z e N - - o f t h e s t a t i s t i c .
o b s e r v e d d i f f e r e n c e between 6

pop

The n u l l h y p o t h e s i s i m p l i e s t h a t

- 6 i s a c han c e o c c u r r e n c e , and t h a t

t h e sample s t a t i s t i c and t h e p o p u l a t i o n v a l u e a r e t h e same.
comparing two o r more sample s t a t i s t i c s , 6-j,

02

...

When

0 , the re s e a r c h e r

i s e s t i m a t i n g two o r more p o p u l a t i o n means, 0___ , 0„
...
p p
pop-]* pop2

0 _ .
popn

The n u l l h y p o t h e s i s s t a t e s t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e p o p u l a t i o n
means i s z e r o ; t h a t i s , t h e p o p u l a t i o n means a r e e q u a l .
0

pop-,

,0

pop2

...

0

popn

I f , in f a c t ,

a r e e q u a l , any d i f f e r e n c e between 0, 0O . . .
1 2

can be a t t r i b u t e d t o s a m p l in g e r r o r .

0

n

However, i f t h e two p o p u l a t i o n s

a r e n o t e q u a l , t h e d i f f e r e n c e can be a t t r i b u t e d t o s om et hin g o t h e r th a n
sam pl in g e r r o r .

The n u l l

hypothesis, th a t a p a r tic u la r deviation

o c c u r r e d by c h a n c e , i s t h u s r e j e c t e d when t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f t h e
e v e n t i s f i v e t i m e s in one hundred ( p = 0 . 0 5 ) o r s m a l l e r .

F Test of Significance
The F t e s t o f s i g n i f i c a n c e g i v e s t h e r a t i o o f t h e between group
v a r i a n c e t o t h e w i t h i n grou p v a r i a n c e and makes i t p o s s i b l e t o d e t e r m i n e
t h e p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t o b s e r v e d d i f f e r e n c e s among t h r e e o r more sample
means o c c u r r e d by c h a n c e .

The r a t i o i s o b t a i n e d by d i v i d i n g t h e between

v a r i a n c e by t h e w i t h i n v a r i a n c e .

The g r e a t e r t h e v a r i a t i o n between

g ro u p s a s compared w i t h t h e v a r i a t i o n w i t h i n g r o u p s , t h e g r e a t e r w i l l
be t h e s i z e o f t h e F r a t i o .

70

Factors t h a t a re im portant in the F t e s t o f s i g n i f i c a n c e a r e :
(1) d e g r e e s o f freedom ( d f ) ;

(2) sum o f t h e s q u a r e s ; (3 ) w i t h i n gro up

v a r i a t i o n ; and (4) between group v a r i a t i o n .

The d f r e f e r s t o t h e

number o f s c o r e s o r f r e q u e n c i e s p e r m i t t e d t o v a r y a ro un d some p a r a m e t e r ;
when s c o r e s v a r y a ro un d a s i n g l e p a r a m e t e r one d f i s l o s t .

The sum o f

t h e s q u a r e s i s t h e sum o f t h e s q u a r e d d e v i a t i o n o f e ach s c o r e a ro und t h e
gr a n d mean.

W ith in group v a r i a t i o n i s t h e mean v a r i a t i o n w i t h i n a g r o u p ;

t h u s , one t a k e s t h e group v a r i a n c e s and d e r i v e s a mean o f t h e v a r i a n c e s .
Between group v a r i a t i o n i s t h e m e asu re o f v a r i a t i o n o f mean from s e v e r a l
d i f f e r e n t g r o u p s ; t h u s , one t a k e s t h e group means and d e r i v e s a v a r i a n c e .

D e g r e e ( s ) Earned
There i s no s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p between p e r f o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e d e g r e e ( s ) e a r n e d by l o c a l OIC Board
members.

The r e s e a r c h n u l l h y p o t h e s i s o n e , t h a t t h e r e i s no d i f f e r e n c e

between t h e d e g r e e e a r n e d by l o c a l OIC Board members and t h e p e r f o r m a n c e
of designated fu n c tio n s , is not re je c te d .

Table 5.28 p r e s e n t s th e

findings.

O c c u p a ti o n
There i s a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p between p e r f o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e p r i n c i p a l o c c u p a t i o n o f l o c a l OIC
Board members.

The r e s e a r c h n u l l h y p o t h e s i s tw o, t h a t t h e r e i s no

d i f f e r e n c e between t h e o c c u p a t i o n s o f l o c a l OIC Board members and t h e
p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s , i s r e j e c t e d a t t h e .007 l e v e l
of significance.

The f i n d i n g s a r e summarized i n T a b l e 5 . 2 9 .

T he re i s a

71

Table 5.28

A n a ly s is o f V aria nce: The Performance o f Designated Board
Functions and Degree(s) Earned by Local OIC Board Members

Variance

Sum o f
S q u a re s

Summation

Mean

Standard
D eviation

10

34.41

3.44

.593

.353

3 .1 7

M ast er

8

3 1 .4 6

3 .9 3

.380

.144

1.01

D o c to ra l

3

11.00

3.66

.440

.194

0 .3 8 8

11

3 8 .4 2

3 .4 9

.691

.477

4 .7 7

32

115.30

3 .6 0

.585

.343

10.62

Degree Earned
Bachelor

Non-degree
T o t al

N

F Test of Significance
Sum o f
Squares

D egrees o f
Freedom

Mean
Square

F

Significance

1.28

.301

Between g ro u p s

1 .2 8

3

.427

W ith in gro up s

9.34

28

.334

1 0 .6 2

31

T o t al

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e between t h e mean r a t i n g o f p e r f o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s o f o t h e r o c c u p a t i o n s 1 ( 2 . 9 6 ) and e d u c a t i o n
( 3 . 8 6 ) ; t h e r e i s a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e between t h e mean r a t i n g on
pe r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s o f " o t h e r " o c c u p a t i o n s ( 2 . 9 6 )
and c l e r g y ( 3 . 8 7 ) .

T h e re i s no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e between t h e mean

r a t i n g on p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s o f c l e r g y ( 3 . 8 7 ) ,
e d u c a t i o n ( 3 . 8 6 ) , and b u s i n e s s - i n d u s t r y ( 3 . 5 5 ) .

i n c l u d e d in t h i s c a te g o ry a re th e follow ing p r in c ip a l
o c c u p a t i o n s o f l o c a l OIC Board members:
(1) unio n l e a d e r ; (2 ) s o c i a l
w o r k e r ; (3) c o u n s e l o r ; (4 ) r e l i e f man/General M o to rs ; (5) r e t i r e d /
General M o t o r s ; and (6) r e t i r e d / s a l e s .

72

Table 5.29

A n a ly s is o f V aria nce: The Performance o f Designated Board
Functions and P r in c ip a l Occupations o f Local OIC Board
Members

Occupations

N

Summation

Mean

Standard
D eviation

Variance

Sum o f
Squares

Education

6

2 3. 17

3 .8 6

.372

.138

0.693

Clergy

10

38.79

3.8 7

.536

.287

2.58

BusinessIndustry

10

3 5 .5 5

3.55

.499

.249

2.24

O th e r

_6

1 7 .7 8

2.96

. 540

.291

1.45

32

11 5 .3 0

3.60

.585

.342

1 0 .6 2

Total

F Test of Significance
Sum o f
Squares

Degrees o f
Freedom

Between gro up s

3.64

3

W it hi n g ro u p s

6.98

28

10.62

31

Total

Mean
S qua re

F

Significance

1.21

4.86

.007

0 .2 4 9

Place of B irth
T h e re i s no s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p between p e r f o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e p l a c e o f b i r t h o f l o c a l OIC Board
members.

The r e s e a r c h n u l l h y p o t h e s i s t h r e e , t h a t t h e r e i s no d i f f e r ­

e nc e i n t h e p l a c e o f b i r t h o f l o c a l OIC Board members on t h e p e r f o r m a n c e
o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s , i s n o t r e j e c t e d .
sumnary o f t h e f i n d i n g s .

Table 5.30 p re s e n ts a

73

Table 5.30

A n a ly s is o f V ariance: The Performance o f Designated Board
Functions and the Place o f B i r t h o f Local OIC Board Members

Place of B irth

N

Summation

Mean

Standard
Deviation

Variance

Sum o f
Squares

North

12

44.23

3.6 8

.490

.240

2.64

South

20

71.07

3.5 5

.642

.413

7.84

32

1 1 5 .3 0

3.60

.585

.342

10.6 2

Total

F Test of Significance
Sum o f
Squares
Between g ro u p s
W it hin gr ou ps
Total

Degrees o f
Freedom

Mean
Squ are

F

1

.131

.375

1 0 .4 9

30

.349

1 0 .6 2

31

.131

Significance
.541

P l a c e o f Growing U p / S t a t e
The d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 5.31 s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e r e i s no
s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p between p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board
f u n c t i o n s and t h e p l a c e o f growing u p / s t a t e as a c h i l d o f l o c a l OIC
Board members.

The r e s e a r c h n u l l h y p o t h e s i s f o u r , t h a t t h e r e i s no

d i f f e r e n c e in t h e p l a c e where l o c a l OIC Board members grew up (N or th
o r S o u th ) on t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s , i s n o t
rejected.

74

Table 5.31

A n a ly s is o f V aria nce: The Performance o f Designated Board
Functions and the Place o f Growing Up/State o f Local OIC
Board Members

Place of
Growing Up

N

Summation

Mean

Standard
Deviation

Variance

Sum o f
S q u a re s

North

16

56.76

3.5 4

.493

.243

3.6 5

South

15

54.41

3.62

.688

.473

6 .6 3

1

4.13

4 .1 3

32

1 1 5 .3 0

3.60

Other*
Total

---

.585

.342

---

1 0. 6 2

F Test of Significance
Sum o f
Squares
Between gr o u p s
W ith in g ro u p s
Total

D egrees o f
Freedom

Mean
S quar e

F

2

.168

.168

1 0. 28

29

.354

10.62

31

.337

Significance
.626

*K an sas .

P l a c e o f Growing Up/Rural o r Urban
The re i s no s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p between p e r f o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e p l a c e o f growing u p / r u r a l o r urba n
a s a c h i l d o f l o c a l OIC Board members.

The r e s e a r c h n u l l h y p o t h e s i s

f i v e , t h a t t h e r e i s no d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p l a c e where l o c a l OIC Board
members grew up ( r u r a l o r u r b a n ) on t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board
fu n ctio n s, is not re je c te d .

T a b l e 5 . 3 2 g i v e s a summary o f t h e d a t a .

75

Table 5.32

A n a ly s is o f V ariance: The Performance o f Designated Board
Functions and th e ,P la c e o f Growing Up/Rural o r Urban o f
Local OIC Board Members

Place o f
Growing Up

N

Summation

Mean

Standard
D eviation

Variance

Sum o f
S q u a re s

Rural

11

40.93

3 .7 2

.412

.169

1 .6 9

Urban

21

7 4 .3 7

3.54

.659

.434

8.69

32

1 1 5 .3 0

3.60

.585

.342

1 0 .6 2

Total

F Test of Signficance
Mean
Squar e

F

1

.232

.671

1 0 .3 9

30

.346

1 0. 62

32

Sum o f
Squares
Between gr ou ps
W it hi n gr ou ps
Total

D egrees o f
Freedom

.232

Significance
.419

Ethnic O rigin
T he re i s no s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p between p e r f o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e e t h n i c o r i g i n o f l o c a l OIC Board
members.

The r e s e a r c h n u l l h y p o t h e s i s 6 , t h a t t h e r e i s no d i f f e r e n c e

among t h e e t h n i c o r i g i n o f l o c a l OIC Board members on t h e p e r f o r m a n c e
o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s , i s n o t r e j e c t e d .
f in d i n g s i s p re s e n te d in Table 5.33.

A summary o f t h e

76

Table 5.33

A n a ly s is o f V aria nce: The Performance o f Designated Board
Functions and the E thnic O r ig in o f Local OIC Board Members

Ethnic O rigin

N

Summation

Mean

Standard
Deviation

V a ri a n c e

Sum o f
S q u a re s

Black

25

90.12

3.60

.599

.359

8.63

White

4

1 5 .3 6

3.84

.536

.288

0 .8 64

_3

9.81

3.27

.531

.282

0.565

32

115.30

3.60

.585

.342

O the r*
Total

1 0.6 2

F Test of Significance
Sum o f
Squares
Between g ro u p s
W it hin gro ups
Total

Mean
Square

F

Significance

2

.278

.803

.457

1 0 .0 6

29

.347

1 0 .6 2

31

.557

Degrees o f
Freedom

* I n c l u d e s 2 Mexicans and 1 Leb a nes e .

Sex
There i s no s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p between p e r f o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e sex o f l o c a l OIC Board members.

The

r e s e a r c h n u l l h y p o t h e s i s s e v e n , t h a t t h e r e i s no d i f f e r e n c e among t h e
se x o f l o c a l OIC Board members on t h e p e rf o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board
fu n c tio n s, is not re je c te d .

T a b l e 5 .3 4 g i v e s a summary o f t h e d a t a .

77

Table 5.34

A n a ly s is o f V ariance: The Performance o f Designated Board
Functions and the Sex o f Local OIC Board Members

Sex

N

Summation

Mean

Standard
D eviation

Variance

Sum o f
S q u a re s

Male

22

81.59

3.70

.534

.285

6.00

Female

10
32

33.71

3 .3 7

.653

.426

3 .8 3

1 1 5 .3 0

3.60

.585

.342

10 .62

Total

F Test of Significance
Sum o f
Squares
Between groups
W it hi n gro up s
Total

Mean
Square

F

Significance

1

.784

2 .3 9

1 .3 2

9.84

30

.328

1 0.6 2

31

.784

D egrees o f
Freedom

Research Question 8
8.

Can t h e f o l l o w i n g i n t e r v a l s c a l e so ci oe c o no m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

be used a s p r e d i c t o r s o f p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s :
a.

A t t e n d a n c e a t Board m e e t i n g s ,

b.

A t t e n d a n c e a t c o mm itt ee m e e t i n g s ,

c.

Number o f c o m m it te e s where s e r v i c e i s r e n d e r e d ,

d.

Number o f y e a r s

in p r in c ip a l oc cu p a tio n ,

e.

Number o f y e a r s

o f for mal e d u c a t i o n ,

f.

Age,

g.

Number o f p o s i t i o n s h e l d in community o r g a n i z a t i o n s ,

h.

Number o f y e a r s

a s community r e s i d e n t ,

i.

Number o f y e a r s

a s OIC Board member?

and

When an i n v e s t i g a t o r u s e s two o r more v a r i a b l e s i n c o m b i n a t i o n
to p r e d i c t a s in g le v a r i a b l e , the M u ltip le C o rre la tio n procedure is
u s e d ; t h i s p r o c e d u r e i s more a c c u r a t e t h a n a one p r e d i c t o r v a r i a b l e .
Each p r e d i c t o r v a r i a b l e i s w e i g h t e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h i t s c o n t r i b u t i o n
to the c r i t e r i o n v a r i a b l e (in t h i s study the c r i t e r i o n v a r ia b le is p e r­
form anc e o f d e s i g n a t e d f u n c t i o n s ) .

The M u l t i p l e R e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n i s

t h e model whereby t h e p r e d i c t o r o f t h e c r i t e r i o n m e asu re i s maximized
involving the d i f f e r e n t i a l w eighting o f the p r e d i c t o r s .

These o p ti m a l

w e i g h t s a r e c a l l e d " b e t a w e i g h t s " and a r e d e r i v e d such t h a t p r e d i c t i o n
e r r o r s a r e m in im i z e d .

T h i s p r o c e d u r e o f u s i n g two ( o r more) p r e d i c t o r

v a r i a b l e s i s i n v o l v e d w i t h M u l t i p l e R.

The M u l t i p l e R i s t h e c o r r e l a ­

t i o n between a c r i t e r i o n v a r i a b l e and t h e sum o f two w e i g h t e d p r e d i c t o r s .
T a b le 5 . 3 5 g i v e s a summary o f t h e d a t a .

The f o l l o w i n g f o u r v a r i a b l e s

a r e a c c e p t a b l e p r e d i c t o r s o f p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s
o f l o c a l OIC Board members:

(1) number o f y e a r s o f for mal e d u c a t i o n - -

.004 s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l ;

(2 ) a t t e n d a n c e a t c o m m it te e m e e t i n g s - -

.018 s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l ;

(3) number o f y e a r s a s OIC Board member--

.021 s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l ; and (4) number o f y e a r s i n p r i n c i p a l
o c c u p a t i o n - - . 049 s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l .

T a b le 5 .3 5

M u l t i p l e R e g r e s s i o n : Socioeconomic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s as P r e d i c t o r s o f Perf orm an ce o f
D e s i g n a t e d Board F u n c t i o n s o f Local OIC Board Members

P r e d ic to r Variable

B

F to Enter
o r Remove

M ultiple
R

R
Square

R Squ are
Change

.410

.746

.557

.013

A t t e n d a n c e a t boa rd m e e t i n g s

.020

A t t e n d a n c e a t committee
m e e t in g s

.015

6. 2 7

.018*

.415

.172

.172

Number o f y e a r s in p r i n c i p a l
occupation

.021

4.23

.049*

.560

.313

.103

Number o f c om mi tte es s e r v e d
on

.079

1.37

.252

.458

.210

.037

Number o f y e a r s o f formal
education

.108

10 .06

.004*

.707

.500

.186

Age

.012

0 .0 02

.960

.707

.500

.000

Number o f p o s i t i o n s h e l d in
community o r g a n i z a t i o n s

.005

1.0 9

.305

.721

.521

.021

Number o f y e a r s as community
resident

.331

1 .2 0

.283

.737

.544

.022

Number o f y e a r s as OIC Board
member

.078

6 .1 6

.021*

.809

.654

.096

♦ S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l .

.704

Significance

Summary
In t h i s c h a p t e r t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e s t u d y were p r e s e n t e d
and a n a l y z e d t o t e s t h y p o t h e s e s r e l a t e d t o t h e r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n s .
A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e , P e a r s o n P r o d u c t Moment C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t ,
and M u l t i p l e R e g r e s s i o n were used t o an swe r t h e r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n s and
to t e s t the s t a t i s t i c a l

hypotheses.

In a n s w e r i n g t h e t h r e e r e s e a r c h

q u e s t i o n s and se v e n h y p o t h e s e s t h a t r e q u i r e d s t a t i s t i c a l
t h e .05 l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e was u s e d .

analyses,

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

T h i s c h a p t e r p r e s e n t s a summary o f t h e r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t ,
f o l l o w e d by a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e f i n d i n g s and some c o n c l u s i o n s t o
be drawn from t h e r e s u l t s .

A d d itio n ally , th is chapter o ffers

rec om me ndat io ns f o r p o s s i b l e a r e a s o f f u t u r e r e s e a r c h .

Summary o f P r o j e c t and P r o c e d u r e s
The use o f c i t i z e n b o a r d s i s a p a r t o f t h e d e m o c r a t i c p r o c e s s
in t h i s country.

W i t h i n t h e B lack community, c i t i z e n b o a rd s began

t o t a k e on a new lo o k d u r i n g t h e 1960s as C a u c a s i a n s were no l o n g e r
e x p e c t e d t o p r o v i d e l e a d e r s h i p a s Board members w i t h i n t h e Black
community.

These Black o r g a n i z a t i o n s began t o t u r n more t o t h e

B la ck community f o r p e r s o n s t o p r o v i d e l e a d e r s h i p as Board members.
One o f t h e B la ck o r g a n i z a t i o n s t h a t emerged d u r i n g t h e 1960s
was t h e O p p o r t u n i t i e s I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n C e n t e r (OIC).

OIC f u n c t i o n s

a s a l i n k a g e ag en c y between t h e b u s i n e s s / i n d u s t r i a l community and
d i s a d v a n t a g e d w o r k e r s , p r e d o m i n a n t l y w i t h i n t h e Black community.
T h e r e a r e sev e n l o c a l O IC 's w i t h i n t h e S t a t e o f M ic h i g an .

Each

l o c a l OIC i s an autonomous j o b t r a i n i n g c e n t e r t h a t i s a f f i l i a t e d
w i t h t h e N a t i o n a l OIC.

The bo a rd o f d i r e c t o r s i s t h e p o l i c y - m a k i n g

u n i t o f e a c h OIC, a n d , l i k e a l l e f f e c t i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n s , ea c h l o c a l
OIC mu st r e c r u i t and m a i n t a i n e f f e c t i v e Board members.

81

To a i d in t h e

82

p r o c e s s o f r e c r u i t i n g and m a i n t a i n i n g e f f e c t i v e l o c a l OIC Board
members, t h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t :

(1) i d e n t i f i e d t h e o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d p o s s e s s and t h e
f u n c t i o n s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d p e r f o r m ; (2) a s s e s s e d
t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f a sample o f l o c a l OIC Board members; and (3)
d e v e lo p e d a s o c io e c o n o m ic p r o f i l e o f a sample o f l o c a l OIC Board
members.
In r e v i e w i n g t h e l i t e r a t u r e , t h e s t u d i e s r e l a t i n g t o t h i s
research p ro je c t f e ll
theory;

in to the following a re a s :

(1) l e a d e r s h i p

(2) community l e a d e r s h i p ; and (3) b o a rd s m a n s h ip a s r e l a t e d

t o c o n t r o l l i n g b o a rd s o f n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n s .
T h i s i s a d e s c r i p t i v e s t u d y w hic h:

(1) i d e n t i f i e d t h e

o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members
s h o u l d p o s s e s s , as ju d g e d by l o c a l OIC E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s ;

(2)

i d e n t i f i e d t h e f u n c t i o n s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members a r e e x p e c t e d
t o p e r f o r m , as ju d g e d by l o c a l OIC E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s ;

(3) i d e n t i f i e d

t h e s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l OIC Board members, a s
r e p o r t e d by t h e Board members t h e m s e l v e s ; (4 ) i d e n t i f i e d t h e d e g r e e
t o which l o c a l OIC Board members p o s s e s s t h e E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s '
d e s i g n a t e d o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , a s ju d g e d by f e l l o w
Board members a t ea c h l o c a l OIC; (5) i d e n t i f i e d t h e d e g r e e t o which
l o c a l OIC Board members have made c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e i r l o c a l OIC
by p e r f o r m i n g t h e E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s ' d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s ,
a s ju d g e d by f e l l o w Board members a t ea c h l o c a l OIC; (6) examined
t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s

83

and t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l OIC
Board members; (7) examined t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e nominal s c a l e so ci o e c o n o m ic c h a r a c ­
t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l OIC Board members; and (8) i d e n t i f i e d t h e i n t e r v a l
s c a l e s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t a r e a c c e p t a b l e p r e d i c t o r s o f
p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s o f l o c a l OIC Board members.
T h i s i s a c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l s u r v e y d e s i g n , t h a t i s , d a t a were
c o l l e c t e d a t one p o i n t i n ti m e from a random sample s e l e c t e d t o d e s c r i b e
the l a r g e r population a t t h a t time.

The r e s e a r c h was done i n two

phases.
During Phase I , a t h r e e - r o u n d Delphi q u e s t i o n n a i r e was used t o
i d e n t i f y t h e o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board
members s h o u l d p o s s e s s and t h e f u n c t i o n s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members
should perform.
During Phase I I , a sample o f l o c a l OIC Board members from t h e
t a r g e t p o p u l a t i o n r e c e i v e d a t w o - p a r t q u e s t i o n n a i r e t h a t was d e s i g n e d
t o g a t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n o f l o c a l OIC Board members on t h e i r s o c io e c o n o m ic
s t a t u s and e i t h e r t h e i r d e g r e e o f p o s s e s s i o n o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o r t h e i r d e g r e e o f c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e l o c a l OIC Board
by p e r f o r m i n g t h e d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .

In t h e f i r s t p a r t o f t h e

q u e s t i o n n a i r e , l o c a l OIC Board members were as k e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e i r own
so ci o e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ; ea c h Board member was a s k e d t o c o m p l e t e
t h i s sec tio n of the instrum ent.

In t h e second p a r t o f t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e

l o c a l OIC Board members were a sk e d e i t h e r :

(1) t o i d e n t i f y t h e d e g r e e

t o which Board members a t each l o c a l Board p o s s e s s t h e E x e c u t i v e

84

D i r e c t o r s ' d e s i g n a t e d o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ; o r (2) t o
i d e n t i f y t h e d e g r e e t o which Board members a t e ach l o c a l Board have
made c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e i r Board by p e r f o r m i n g t h e E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s '
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .

Thus a t each l o c a l OIC, o n e - h a l f o f t h e

Board members r a t e d a l l o t h e r Board members i n t h e a r e a o f p o s s e s s i o n
o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ; and o n e - h a l f o f t h e Board
members r a t e d a l l o t h e r Board members in t h e a r e a o f p e rf o rm a n c e o f
functions.

Board members d i d n o t r a t e t h e m s e l v e s on o b s e r v a b l e

personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o r performance o f f u n c t i o n s .

Research Q uestions
Question 1 :
What g e n e r a l l y o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , as
j u d g e d by l o c a l OIC E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s , s h o u l d l o c a l
OIC Board members p o s s e s s ?
A ns w e r:

Local OIC E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s i d e n t i f i e d e i g h t e e n

o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members
should p o s s e s s .

Four o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were r a t e d

as b e i n g t h e most i m p o r t a n t t o p o s s e s s ; t h e y a r e :
(2) " e m o ti o n a l m a t u r i t y " ;

(1) " d e p e n d a b i l i t y " ;

(3) " p e r s e v e r a n c e " ; and (4) " d e d i c a t i o n . "

Question 2 :
What f u n c t i o n s , as ju d g e d by l o c a l OIC E x e c u t i v e
D i r e c t o r s , a r e l o c a l OIC Board members e x p e c t e d t o
perform?
A nsw er:

Local OIC Board members a r e e x p e c t e d t o p e r f o r m

n i n e t e e n f u n c t i o n s , a s i d e n t i f i e d by t h e l o c a l OIC E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s .
The f o u r mo st i m p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n s t h a t were i d e n t i f i e d a r e :

(1) " p u b l i c

r e l a t i o n s / g o v e r n m e n t a l a g e n c i e s " ; (2) "fu nd r a i s i n g / s e c u r i n g f u n d s " ;
(3) " p o l i c y / m a k i n g " ; and (4) " p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s / b u s i n e s s and i n d u s t r y . "

85

Question 3 :
What, as r e p o r t e d by e a c h , a r e t h e s o c io e c o n o m ic
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l OIC Board members?
Answ er:

The s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t were used t o

d e v e l o p t h e l o c a l OIC Board members' p r o f i l e w e r e :
cation;

(2) e a r n e d d e g r e e ( s ) ;

(1) formal e d u­

(3 ) p r i n c i p a l o c c u p a t i o n ; (4) y e a r s in

p r i n c i p a l o c c u p a t i o n ; (5 ) income; (6) p l a c e o f b i r t h ;
growing up as c h i l d / s t a t e ;
urban;

(9) e t h n i c o r i g i n ;

(7) p l a c e o f

(8) p l a c e o f growing up as c h i l d / r u r a l o r
(10) s e x ; (11) a g e ; (12) m a r i t a l

status;

(13) l e n g t h o f r e s i d e n c e in community; (14) y e a r s as l o c a l OIC Board
member; and (15) l e a d e r s h i p p o s i t i o n s i n community o r g a n i z a t i o n s .
Accordingly, the ty p ic a l

l o c a l OIC Board member i s a B l a c k ,

m a r r i e d male a b o u t f i f t y y e a r s o f a g e .

He has a p p r o x i m a t e l y f i f t e e n -

a n d - a - h a l f y e a r s o f formal e d u c a t i o n w i t h a b a c h e l o r ' s d e g r e e o r l e s s .
He i s u s u a l l y in one o f t h r e e p r i n c i p a l o c c u p a t i o n s - - c l e r g y , b u s i n e s s i n d u s t r y , o r e d u c a t i o n , and he has worked i n h i s p r i n c i p a l o c c u p a t i o n
fo r almost nineteen y e a r s .
income f o r t h e t y p i c a l

For t h e p a s t t h r e e y e a r s , t h e a v e r a g e

l o c a l OIC Board member has been a t l e a s t

$ 1 0 , 0 0 0 , b u t l e s s t h a n $ 30 ,0 00 p e r y e a r .

The t y p i c a l OIC Board

member was born i n t h e S o u t h , and a p p r o x i m a t e l y h a l f o f t h e members
grew up in t h e S o u t h - - t h e o t h e r h a l f in t h e N o r t h .
t h e Board members grew up in ur ba n a r e a s .

The m a j o r i t y o f

F in a lly , the ty p ic a l local

OIC Board member has l i v e d in h i s r e s p e c t i v e community f o r a l m o s t
t w e n t y - f i v e y e a r s and m a i n t a i n s l e a d e r s h i p p o s i t i o n s in f o u r
community o r g a n i z a t i o n s .

86

Question 4 :
To what d e g r e e , a s r a t e d by f e l l o w Board members, do
l o c a l OIC Board members p o s s e s s t h e o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d
possess?
An swer:

The mean r a t i n g f o r p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e o b s e r v a b l e

p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a t t h e Saginaw OIC was 3 . 9 ; t h e r e were f o u r
c a s e s ( o u t o f s i x ) a t o r above t h e mean r a t i n g .

The mean r a t i n g f o r

t h e Muskegon OIC was 3 . 6 ; t h e r e were f o u r c a s e s ( o u t o f s e v e n ) a t o r
above t h e mean r a t i n g .

The mean r a t i n g

t h e r e were f o u r c a s e s ( o u t o f s e v e n ) a t

f o r t h e F l i n t OIC

was 4 . 0 ;

o r above t h e mean r a t i n g .

The mean r a t i n g f o r D e t r o i t

OIC was 3 . 9 , and t h e r e were seve n c a s e s

( o u t o f t w e l v e ) a t o r above

t h e mean r a t i n g .

Question 5 :
To what d e g r e e , a s r a t e d by f e l l o w Board members, do
l o c a l OIC Board members p e r f o r m t h e d e s i g n a t e d Board
f u n c t i o n s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d pe rf or m ?
Answer:

At t h e Saginaw OIC, t h e mean r a t i n g f o r p e r f o r m a n c e

o f d e s i g n a t e d f u n c t i o n s was 3 . 7 ; o u t o f a t o t a l o f s i x c a s e s , t h e r e
were f o u r c a s e s a t o r abov e

t h e mean r a t i n g . For t h e Muskegon OIC,

t h e mean r a t i n g f o r p e r f o r m a n c e

of designated

f u n c t i o n s was 3 . 6 ; o u t

o f a t o t a l o f se v e n c a s e s , t h e r e were f o u r c a s e s a t o r above t h e mean
rating.

The mean r a t i n g f o r t h e F l i n t OIC was 3 . 5 ; o u t o f a t o t a l o f

a t o t a l o f s e v e n c a s e s , t h e r e were t h r e e c a s e s a t o r above t h e mean
rating.

At t h e D e t r o i t OIC, t h e mean r a t i n g f o r p e r f o r m a n c e o f

d e s i g n a t e d f u n c t i o n s was 3 . 7 ; o u t o f a t o t a l o f t w e l v e c a s e s , t h e r e
were s i x c a s e s a t o r above t h e mean r a t i n g .

87

, Question 6 :
I s t h e r e a g e n e r a l r e l a t i o n s h i p between p e rfo rm an c e
o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and p o s s e s s i o n o f
observable personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ?
Answ er:

Using t h e P e a r s o n P r o d u c t Moment C o r r e l a t i o n

C o e f f i c i e n t , t h e s t u d y found a low o r m il d p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n

(.23)

between t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e p o s s e s ­
io n o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

Question 7 :
I s t h e r e a r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e p e rf o rm a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e f o l l o w i n g nominal
s c a l e socioeconomic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

Degree(s) earned,
Occupation,
Place of b i r t h ,
P l a c e o f growing up ( s t a t e ) ,
P l a c e o f growing up ( r u r a l o r u r b a n ) ,
e t h n i c o r i g i n , and
sex?

An sw er:

A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e , t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s , and t h e

F t e s t of s ig n ific a n c e are the s t a t i s t i c a l
t o a nsw e r t h i s q u e s t i o n .

p r o c e d u r e s t h a t were used

T h e re was no s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p found

between p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e f o l l o w i n g
socioeconomic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
birth;

(1) d e g r e e ( s ) e a r n e d ;

(3) p l a c e o f growing u p / s t a t e ;

(2) p l a c e o f

(4) p l a c e o f growing u p / r u r a l

o r u r b a n ; (5) e t h n i c o r i g i n ; and (6) s e x .

T herefore, the following

r e s e a r c h n u l l h y p o t h e s e s were n o t r e j e c t e d :
Null h y p o t h e s i s 1 :
T he re i s no d i f f e r e n c e between t h e d e g r e e ( s ) e a r n e d
by l o c a l OIC Board members and t h e p e rf o rm a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .

88

Null H y p o t h e s i s 3 :
Th ere i s no d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p l a c e s o f b i r t h o f OIC
Board members and t h e p e rf o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board
functions.
Null H y p o t h e s i s 4 :
The re i s no d i f f e r e n c e in t h e p l a c e s where l o c a l OIC
Board members grew up ( s t a t e ) and t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f
designated functions.
Null H y p o t h e s i s 5 :
The re i s no d i f f e r e n c e in t h e p l a c e s where l o c a l OIC
Board members grew up ( r u r a l o r u r b a n ) and t h e p e r ­
formance o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .
Null H y p o t h e s i s 6 :
The re i s no d i f f e r e n c e between t h e e t h n i c o r i g i n o f
l o c a l OIC Board members and t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .
Null H y p o t h e s i s 7 :
The re i s no d i f f e r e n c e between t h e sex o f l o c a l OIC
Board members and t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board
functions.
There was a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p found between p e r f o r m a n c e
o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e o c c u p a t i o n s o f l o c a l OIC Board
members, t h u s t h e r e s e a r c h Null H y p o t h e s i s 2 " The re i s no d i f f e r e n c e
between t h e o c c u p a t i o n s o f l o c a l OIC Board members and t h e p e r f o r m a n c e
o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s " was r e j e c t e d .

Question 8 :
Can t h e f o l l o w i n g i n t e r v a l s c a l e s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r ­
a c t e r i s t i c s be used a s p r e d i c t o r s o f p e r f o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s :
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
i.

A t t e n d a n c e a t board m e e t i n g s ,
A t t e n d a n c e a t com mi tte e m e e t i n g s ,
Number o f c o m m it te e s where s e r v i c e i s r e n d e r e d ,
Number o f y e a r s in p r i n c i p a l o c c u p a t i o n ,
Number o f y e a r s in formal e d u c a t i o n ,
Number o f p o s i t i o n s h e l d i n community o r g a n i z a t i o n s ,
Number o f y e a r s a s community r e s i d e n t , and
Number o f y e a r s a s OIC Board member?

89

A nswer:

By u s i n g t h e M u l t i p l e R e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n , t h e

f o l l o w i n g i n t e r v a l s c a l e s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were i d e n t i f i e d
a s u n a c c e p t a b l e p r e d i c t o r s o f p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s :
(1) a t t e n d a n c e a t Board m e e t i n g s ; (2) number o f co m m it te e s where s e r v i c e
i s r e n d e r e d ; (3) a g e ; (4 ) number o f p o s i t i o n s h e l d i n community o r g a n i ­
z a t i o n s ; and (5) number o f y e a r s a s community r e s i d e n t .

However, t h e

f o l l o w i n g i n t e r v a l s c a l e s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were i d e n t i f i e d
a s a c c e p t a b l e p r e d i c t o r s o f p e rf o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s :
(1) a t t e n d a n c e a t com mi tte e m e e t i n g s ; (2) number o f y e a r s in p r i n c i p a l
o c c u p a t i o n ; (3) number o f y e a r s o f formal e d u c a t i o n ; and (4) number o f
y e a r s a s OIC Board member.

D iscussion of Findings
Four o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were i d e n t i f i e d as
b e i n g t h e most i m p o r t a n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t Board members s h o u l d
possess.

Thes e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e " d e p e n d a b i l i t y "

(can be c o u n t e d

on t o do what h e / s h e a g r e e d t o d o ) , " e m o ti o n a l m a t u r i t y "

(h a s s e l f

c o n t r o l and i s f r e e from c h i l d i s h b e h a v i o r ) , " p e r s e v e r a n c e "
g i v e up when t h i n g s a r e n o t goin g r i g h t ) , and " d e d i c a t i o n "
t o t h e g o a l s o f OIC).

(does n o t
(com mitted

Board members' p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s ­

t i c s a r e i m p o r t a n t t o t h e s u r v i v a l o f most o r g a n i z a t i o n s — p a r t i c u l a r l y
new o r g a n i z a t i o n s such a s OIC which i s l e s s t h a n t w e n t y y e a r s o l d , and
still

r e l a t i v e l y young f o r a n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n .

The o b s e r v a b l e

p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t were i d e n t i f i e d as b e i n g t h e most
i m p o r t a n t a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e ne ed s o f a young o r g a n i z a t i o n .

90

The f o u r most i m p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members
a r e expected to perform a r e :
agencies";

(1) " p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s / g o v e r n m e n t a l

(2) "fu nd r a i s i n g / s e c u r i n g f u n d s " ; (3) " p o l i c y / m a k i n g " ;

and (4) " p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s / b u s i n e s s and i n d u s t r y . "

In a d d i t i o n t o

p e r f o r m i n g t h e more t r a d i t i o n a l Board f u n c t i o n s o f p o l i c y making and
fu n d r a i s i n g , l o c a l OIC o r g a n i z a t i o n s need Board members who have good
r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h g o ve rn m e nta l a g e n c i e s and b u s i n e s s - i n d u s t r y .

Local

OIC o r g a n i z a t i o n s depend t r e m e n d o u s l y on o p e r a t i n g f u n d s from g o v e r n ­
mental a g e n c i e s and b u s i n e s s - i n d u s t r y hold t h e keys t h a t u n l o c k t h e
d o o r s t o many j o b o p p o r t u n i t i e s .

Because o f t h e s e f a c t o r s , one can

e a s i l y s e e why t h e a b o v e - s t a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s were i d e n t i f i e d a s t h e
most i m p o r t a n t .

A l s o , t h e e m p h as is on fund r a i s i n g and f u n d i n g as

f u n c t i o n s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u ld p e r f o r m i s c o n s i s t e n t
w i t h t h e f i n d i n g s o f H a r t u g s and Weger ( 1 967) .
Cou nts (1927) d e s c r i b e d Board members o f p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n and
Zald (1967) d e s c r i b e d Board members o f YMCA's in te rm s o f t h e i r s o c i o ­
economic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

Local OIC Board members d i f f e r from Board

members o f t h e Counts and Za ld s t u d i e s i n t e r m s o f e t h n i c o r i g i n and
sex.

Local OIC Board members a r e p r e d o m i n a n t l y Black w h i l e Board

members o f t h e Counts and Zald s t u d i e s were p r e d o m i n a n t l y White; and
f e m a l e s r e p r e s e n t 3 1 . 3 p e r c e n t o f l o c a l OIC Board members w h i l e in t h e
C o u n t s ' s t u d y , f e m a l e s r e p r e s e n t e d 1 4 . 3 p e r c e n t o f t h e Board members.
In te r m s o f o c c u p a t i o n s , formal e d u c a t i o n , a g e , m a r i t a l s t a t u s , and
r e s i d e n c y in t h e community, l o c a l OIC Board members a r e s i m i l a r t o
t h e Board members d e s c r i b e d by Counts and Z a l d .

91

The d a t a r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f l o c a l OIC Board members
were a t o r above t h e mean r a t i n g f o r p o s s e s s i o n o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .

However,

some Board members who were a t o r above t h e mean f o r t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f
o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were below t h e mean f o r t h e p e r f o r ­
mance o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .

F u r t h e r m o r e , some Board members

who were a t o r above t h e mean f o r p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board
f u n c t i o n s were below t h e mean f o r p o s s e s s i o n o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l
ch aracteristics.

Thu s, t h e r e was s h i f t i n g o f Board members from a t

o r above t h e mean i n one a r e a t o below t h e mean in t h e o t h e r a r e a .
Because o f t h i s s h i f t i n g f a c t o r , o n l y 3 7 .5 p e r c e n t o f t h e Board members
were a t o r above t h e mean f o r b o th t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s ; and
a m i l d ( . 2 3 ) p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p was found t o e x i s t between t h e
p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f
observable personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
In a d d i t i o n t o 3 7 . 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e Board members b e in g a t o r
above t h e mean o f b oth t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c ­
t e r i s t i c s and t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s , t h e d a t a
a l s o r e v e a l e d t h a t 25 p e r c e n t o f t h e Board members were below t h e mean
f o r b oth t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and t h e
p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .

T hu s , 5 2 . 5 p e r c e n t o f a l l

Board members were e i t h e r a t o r above t h e mean f o r b o th o b s e r v a b l e
personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and.performance of fu n c tio n s (37.5 p e rc e n t)
o r below t h e mean f o r b o th o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and

p e r f o r m a n c e and f u n c t i o n s (25 p e r c e n t ) .
f o r t h e r e c r u i t m e n t o f Board members.

T h i s f a c t o r has i m p l i c a t i o n s
In r e c r u i t i n g l o c a l OIC Board

members, l o c a l OIC E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s can a s s e s s t h e p o t e n t i a l Board
members' p o s s e s s i o n o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and us e t h i s
a s an a i d in f o r e c a s t i n g w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e p o t e n t i a l Board members w i l l
a d e q u a t e l y p e r f o r m t h e d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .
R a t i n g t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s o f l o c a l
OIC Board members a l s o s e r v e d as a means o f a s s e s s i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s
o f Board members i n t e r m s o f s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n s made t o l o c a l OIC
o rganizations.

T h i s f a c t o r has i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r m a i n t a i n i n g e f f e c t i v e

l o c a l OIC Board members.

The m a t t e r o f e v a l u a t i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f

Board members i s s e n s i t i v e .

However, f o r t h o s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s t h a t would

l i k e t o a s s e s s t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e i r Board members, t h i s s t u d y
d e v e l o p e d an i n s t r u m e n t t h a t can a i d i n i d e n t i f y i n g e f f e c t i v e Board
members.
A s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p was fo und t o e x i s t between t h e
p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e f o l l o w i n g o c c u p a t i o n s :
c l e r g y , b u s i n e s s - i n d u s t r y , and e d u c a t i o n .

Because OIC has i t s r o o t s in

t h e Black c h u r c h , i t i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t many o f t h e l o c a l OIC Board
members a r e c le r gy m en and t h a t a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t s between
t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f f u n c t i o n s and t h i s o c c u p a t i o n .

A t t e n d a n c e a t commit­

t e e m e e t i n g s , t h e number o f y e a r s in p r i n c i p a l o c c u p a t i o n , t h e number o f
y e a r s o f for mal e d u c a t i o n , and t h e number o f y e a r s a s an OIC Board
member were i d e n t i f i e d a s a c c e p t a b l e p r e d i c t o r s o f p e r f o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .

A t t e n d a n c e a t c om m it te e m e e t i n g s ( a s

93

opposed t o a t t e n d a n c e a t Board m e e t i n g s ) was n o t a n t i c i p a t e d by t h e
r e s e a r c h e r a s an a c c e p t a b l e p r e d i c t o r .

Pe rh a ps t h e i n c r e a s e d r e s p o n ­

s i b i l i t i e s and i n t e r a c t i o n o f c o m m it te e m e e t i n g s ( i n c o m p a r is o n w i t h
Board m e e t i n g s ) a c c o u n t f o r t h i s f i n d i n g .
The s o c i o e c o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t were i d e n t i f i e d i n t h i s
s t u d y a s e i t h e r h a v in g a s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e p e r f o r ­
mance o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s o r b e in g a c c e p t a b l e p r e d i c t o r s o f
p e r f o r m a n c e o f d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s a r e s i m i l a r t o some o f t h e
s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

( e d u c a t i o n and o c c u p a t i o n ) t h a t t h e

Freeman (1968) s t u d y i d e n t i f i e d a s b e in g i m p o r t a n t .

F in a lly , the

l o c a l OIC E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s can use t h e s e s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c ­
t e r i s t i c s t o a i d i n a s s e s s i n g w h e t h e r a p o t e n t i a l Board member w i l l
a d e q u a t e l y p e r f o r m t h e d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .

Cone!usions
Based upon t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h i s s t u d y , t h e f o l l o w i n g
c o n c l u s i o n s c an be drawn:
1.

Board members who have good r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h go ve rnm en tal
a g e n c i e s and b u s i n e s s - i n d u s t r y a r e e x t r e m e l y v a l u a b l e t o
l o c a l OIC o r g a n i z a t i o n s .

2.

Local OIC o r g a n i z a t i o n s s h o u l d c o n t i n u e t o r e c r u i t e m o t i o n a l l y m a t u r e Board members who a r e d e p e n d a b l e , who do n o t g i v e up
e a s i l y in d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n s , and who a r e commi tte d t o t h e
g o a l s o f OIC.

94

3.

The s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l OIC Board
members a r e s i m i l a r t o Board members who were s t u d i e d
i n p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n d u r i n g 1927 and in YMCA's i n 1967.

4.

The i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f a p o t e n t i a l Board member's o b s e r v a b l e
p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s can a i d in f o r e c a s t i n g how t h e
p e r s o n w i l l p e r f o r m t h e d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s .

5.

The m a j o r i t y o f l o c a l OIC Board members a r e e f f e c t i v e Board
members.

6.

T he re a r e s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t can a i d i n
f o r e c a s t i n g how a p o t e n t i a l Board member w i l l p e r f o r m t h e
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s a s l o c a l OIC Board member.

Recommendations f o r F u t u r e R es e ar ch
T h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t has i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r s e v e r a l a r e a s
of fu tu re research.

F i r s t , t h e r e a r e i m p l i c a t i o n s in t h e a r e a

o f r e c r u i t m e n t o f Board members.

Even thoug h a g e n e r a l p o s i t i v e

r e l a t i o n s h i p was i d e n t i f i e d a s e x i s t i n g between t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s and t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , f u t u r e r e s e a r c h may be a b l e t o i d e n t i f y and i s o l a t e
s p e c ific c h a r a c te r is tic s or a c lu s t e r of c h a r a c te r is tic s th a t are
c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d with th e performance o f f u n c t i o n s .

Sec ond , t h e r e

a r e i m p l i c a t i o n s in t h e a r e a o f t h e s t u d y o f b o a r d s as u n i t s .

This

r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s t u d i e d i n d i v i d u a l Board members and n o t b o a r d s as
a unit.

C e r t a i n l y a d d i t i o n a l r e s e a r c h i s needed in t h e s t u d y o f b o a rd s

a s u n i t s ; i . e . , t h e i r s t r u c t u r e and o p e r a t i n g p r o c e d u r e s a s r e l a t e d t o
organizational e ffe ctiv en e ss.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A
DELPHI INSTRUMENTS

APPENDIX A
DELPHI INSTRUMENTS

2535 West Boston Bou le vard
D e t r o i t , Michigan 48206
O c to b e r 5 , 1979

I am a d o c t o r a l c a n d i d a t e a t Michigan S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , and I
am s e e k i n g y o u r a s s i s t a n c e i n my d i s s e r t a t i o n p r o j e c t . T h i s p r o j e c t
w i l l s t u d y t h e OIC Board members w i t h i n t h e S t a t e o f M ic hi ga n. The
t e n t a t i v e t i t l e o f t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n i s "Board Members' P e rf o rm a n c e :
An A n a l y s i s o f t h e P e r s o n a l and Socioeconomic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s T h a t
May Be A s s o c i a t e d With P e rf o rm a n c e o f OIC Board Members W ith in t h e
S t a t e o f M i c h i g a n . " The o b j e c t i v e s o f t h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t a r e :
1.

To i d e n t i f y t h e o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t
l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d p o s s e s s , a s j u d g e d by l o c a l
OIC E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s .

2.

To i d e n t i f y t h e f u n c t i o n s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members a r e
e x p e c t e d t o p e r f o r m , a s ju d g e d by l o c a l OIC E x e c u t i v e
D irectors.

3.

To i d e n t i f y t h e s o c io e c o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l o c a l OIC
Board members, a s r e p o r t e d by t h e Board members t h e m s e l v e s .

4.

To i d e n t i f y t h e d e g r e e t o which l o c a l Board members p o s s e s s
th e Executive D i r e c t o r s ' d e sig n a te d o b serv ab le personal
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , a s j u d g e d by f e l l o w Board members a t
ea c h l o c a l OIC.

5.

To i d e n t i f y t h e d e g r e e t o which l o c a l Board members have made
c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o OIC by p e r f o r m i n g t h e E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s '
d e s i g n a t e d Board f u n c t i o n s , as ju d g e d by f e l l o w Board members
a t ea c h l o c a l OIC.

You w i l l r e c e i v e a s e r i e s o f q u e s t i o n n a i r e s i n which you w i l l
be a s k e d t o :
1.

I d e n tif y th e observable personal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t local
OIC Board members s h o u l d p o s s e s s .

2.

I d e n t i f y t h e f u n c t i o n s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u ld
perform.

95

96

In o r d e r t o a c h i e v e t h e a b o v e - s t a t e d o b j e c t i v e s , t h e Delphi
Te c h n iq u e w i l l be u s e d . An e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h i s t e c h n i q u e i s e n c l o s e d
along w ith th e f i r s t - r o u n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e .
I have worked c l o s e l y w i t h Mr. James Brewer i n d e v e l o p i n g t h i s
research p ro je c t.
T h i s p r o j e c t has been e n d o r s e d by Dr. Leon S u l l i v a n ,
Mrs. Mannie Ham, and t h e Reverend Roy A. A l l e n . Thank you i n ad van ce
f o r y o u r c o o p e r a t i o n and a s s i s t a n c e i n t h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t .
R espectfully,

Rev. Troy L. A l l e n

97

EXPLANATION:

DELPHI TECHNIQUE

The Delphi T e c h n iq u e i s a method o f o b t a i n i n g group o p i n i o n
on m a t t e r s w i t h o u t b r i n g i n g members o f t h e group t o g e t h e r i n any kind
of face-to -face confrontation.

The t e c h n i q u e i s b a s i c a l l y a method o f

c o l l e c t i n g and o r g a n i z i n g d a t a c om pri s ed o f e x p e r t o p i n i o n .

An e f f o r t

t o p ro du c e a c o n v e r g e n c e o f group c o n s e n s u s w i l l be a c c o m p li s h e d
through a s e r i e s o f t h r e e q u e s tio n n a ir e s :
1.

In Round I , you a r e a sk e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o ul d p o s s e s s
and i d e n t i f y t h e f u n c t i o n s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members
should perform .

2.

In Round I I , you w i l l be a s k e d t o p r i o r i t i z e t h e p e r s o n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and f u n c t i o n s which were g e n e r a t e d by
Q u e s t i o n n a i r e I.

3.

In Round I I I , you w i l l r e c e i v e f e e d b a c k o f t h e c o n s e n s u s
o f t h e group and y o u r i n d i v i d u a l r e s p o n s e s g e n e r a t e d in
Q u e s t i o n n a i r e I I ; you w i l l be g i v e n an o p p o r t u n i t y t o change
y o u r r e s p o n s e s t o a g r e e w i t h t h e c o n s e n s u s o f t h e group o r
t o r e f r a i n from c h a n g i n g y o u r r e s p o n s e s .

P l e a s e r e t u r n Q u e s t i o n n a i r e I t o me w i t h i n two weeks a f t e r
you r e c e i v e i t .

QUESTIONNAIRE/PANEL OF EXPERTS
ROUND I

P a r t A:

Observable Personal C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

L i s t e d a r e some o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t a r e
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l e a d e r s h i p ; a d e f i n i t i o n f o l l o w s ea c h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c .
Your t a s k i s t o i d e n t i f y t h e p r i n c i p a l o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r ­
i s t i c s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d p o s s e s s .
For each
o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , p l e a s e p l a c e an "X" n e x t t o "Yes"
i f you b e l i e v e t h a t t h e o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s h o u l d be
p o s s e s s e d by l o c a l OIC Board members; o r p l a c e an "X" n e x t t o "No"
i f you b e l i e v e t h a t t h e o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s h o u l d n o t
be p o s s e s s e d by l o c a l OIC Board members.
1.

A g g r e s s i v e : A " s e l f - s t a r t e r " who has d r i v i n g , f o r c e f u l e n e r g y
t o g e t t h i n g s done.
Yes o r
No

2.

Self-confidence:
B e l i e f i n s e l f and h i s / h e r a b i l i t y t o g e t
t h i n g s done .
Yes o r
No

3.

E gotistical:
in terest.
Yes o r

I d e n t i f i e s o r g a n i z a t i o n a l w e l f a r e with- s e l f
No

4.

A m b i t i o u s : Has t h e d e s i r e t o a c h i e v e g o a l s and r e c e i v e t h e
r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t accomp an ies a c h i e v e m e n t ( s ) .
Yes o r
No

5.

D e p e n d a b i l i t y : Can be c o u n t e d on t o do what h e / s h e has
a g r e e d t o do.
Yes o r
No

6.

Emotional m a t u r i t y :
c h ild is h behavior.
Yes o r
No

7.

D e c i s i v e : Makes d e c i s i o n s and s t a n d s b e h i n d t h e d e c i s i o n s
t h a t a r e made.
Yes o r
No

8.

Dominance:
Yes o r

Has s e l f c o n t r o l and i s f r e e from

Shows p e r s i s t e n c e in making h i s / h e r p o i n t .
No

99

9.

Persuasive:
Yes o r

In flu e n c e s o th e rs to th in k as he/she i s th in k in g .
No

10.

Perceptive:
I d e n t i f i e s t h e c e n t r a l a s opposed t o p e r i p h e r a l
p r o b l e m s ; has i n s i g h t i n t o c l o u d e d i s s u e s .
Yes o r
No

11.

Integrity:
Yes o r

12.

Co urag e: Faces d i f f i c u l t i s s u e s w i t h c o n f i d e n c e .
Yes o r
No

13.

Perseverance:
Yes o r

14.

R e a li s m : Has good common s e n s e ; a b a s i c u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f "what
l i f e i s " and "what l i f e i s n o t . "
Yes o r
No

15.

Innovative:
Yes o r

16.

F lex ib ility :
Considers a l t e r n a t i v e s o lu tio n s f o r d i f f i c u l t
i s s u e s ; does n o t f o r e c l o s e o p t i o n s .
Yes o r
No

17.

S o c i a b i l i t y : F i t s i n w e ll w i t h g r o u p ; has e a s e o f e s t a b l i s h i n g
social contact.
Yes o r
No

18.

S ta m in a : E x h i b i t s r e s i s t a n c e t o f a t i g u e and i l l n e s s .
Yes o r
No

I s h o n e s t and a d h e r e s t o a code o f moral v a l u e s .
No

Does n o t g i v e up when t h i n g s a r e n o t go in g r i g h t .
No

I n t r o d u c e new i d e a s .
No

P l e a s e us e t h e s p a c e below t o l i s t a d d i t i o n a l o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t you b e l i e v e s h o u l d be p o s s e s s e d by l o c a l OIC
Board members; p l e a s e d e f i n e e a c h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c t h a t you l i s t .

100

P a rt B:

Functions

L i s t e d below a r e some f u n c t i o n s t h a t a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l o c a l
OIC Board members. Your t a s k i s t o i d e n t i f y t h e p r i n c i p a l f u n c t i o n s
t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u l d p e r f o r m .
Fo r each f u n c t i o n , p l e a s e
p l a c e an "X" n e x t t o "Yes" i f you b e l i e v e t h a t t h e f u n c t i o n s h o u ld be
pe r f o r m e d by t h e l o c a l OIC Board members; o r p l a c e an "X" n e x t t o "No"
i f you b e l i e v e t h a t t h e f u n c t i o n s h o u l d n o t be pe rfo rm ed by l o c a l OIC
Board members.
A.

B.

C.

D.

P o l i c y Making
1.

F u n c t i o n s i n t h e a r e a o f o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p o l i c y making.
Yes o r
No

2.

F u n c t i o n s in t h e a r e a o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f p o l i c y
statem ents.
Yes o r
No

Personal A f f a i r s
3.

F u n c t i o n s in t h e a r e a o f s a l a r y n e g o t i a t i o n s .
Yes o r
No

4.

F u n c t i o n s in t h e a r e a o f s t a f f e v a l u a t i o n .
Yes o r
No

5.

Functions in the area o f s t a f f s e l e c t i o n .
Yes o r
No

Budget
6.

Functions in th e a re a o f budget p r e p a r a t io n .
Yes o r
No

7.

F u n c t i o n s i n t h e a r e a o f b u d g e t r e v i e w and a p p r o v a l .
Yes o r
No

Fund R a i s i n g
8.

Functions in the area o f securing funds.
Yes o r
No

9.

Functions in th e a re a o f g iv in g personal f i n a n c i a l support.
Yes o r
No

101

E.

F.

G.

H.

Program
10.

F u n c t i o n s i n t h e a r e a o f v o c a t i o n a l / t e c h n i c a l program
d e v e lo p m e n t.
Yes o r
No

11.

Functions in th e area of general b a sic educatio n
d e v e lo p m e n t.
Yes o r
No

12.

F u n c t i o n s i n t h e a r e a o f o v e r a l l program d e v e lo p m e n t.
Yes o r
No

Planning
13.

Functions in the area o f s h o rt-r a n g e planning.
Yes o r
No

14.

Functions in the area o f long-range planning.
Yes o r
No

Trainee A ffairs
15.

Functions in th e area o f t r a i n e e re c ru itm e n t.
Yes o r
No

16.

F u n c t i o n s in t h e a r e a o f j o b p l a c e m e n t o f g r a d u a t e s .
Yes o r
No

Public R elations
17.

Improves t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between OIC and t h e r e l i g i o u s
community.
Yes o r
No

18.

Improves t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between OIC and o r g a n i z e d
labor.
Yes o r
No

19.

Improves t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between OIC and e d u c a t i o n a l
in stitutions.
Yes o r
No

20.

Improves t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between OIC and o t h e r communityba se d o r g a n i z a t i o n s .
Yes o r
No

21.

Improves t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between OIC and g o ve rn m e nt al
agencies.
Yes o r
No

102

22.

I.

Improves t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between OIC and b u s i n e s s and
industry.
Yes o r
No

Attendance
23.

A t t e n d s Board m e e t i n g s on a r e g u l a r b a s i s .
Yes o r
No

24.

A t t e n d s c o m m it te e m e e t i n g s on a r e g u l a r b a s i s .
Yes o r
No

P l e a s e us e t h e s p a c e below t o l i s t a d d i t i o n a l f u n c t i o n s t h a t you
b e l i e v e s h o u l d be p e r f o r m e d by l o c a l OIC Board members.

103

2535 West B o s t o n ' B o u l e v a r d
D e t r o i t , Michigan 48206
J a n u a r y 19, 1980

Thank you f o r c o m p l e t i n g and r e t u r n i n g t h e f i r s t - r o u n d o f
t h e OIC Board q u e s t i o n n a i r e . As you w i l l n o t i c e on t h e e n c l o s e d
s e c o n d - r o u n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e , t h e r e have been a few ch an ge s i n t h e
wording o f some s t a t e m e n t s and some s t a t e m e n t s have been e l i m i n a t e d .
These c h a n g e s a r e t h e r e s u l t s o f comments made by r e s p o n d e n t s i n t h e
f ir s t- r o u n d of the q u e stio n n aire.
In c a s e s where t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t s f e l t t h a t
e i t h e r an o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s h o u ld n o t be p o s s e s s e d
o r a f u n c t i o n s h o u l d n o t be p e rfo rm ed by t h e l o c a l OIC Board member,
t h e s t a t e m e n t was e l i m i n a t e d . A l s o , t h e r e were a few o b s e r v a b l e
p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and f u n c t i o n s ( n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e o r i g i n a l
l i s t i n g ) t h a t were s u g g e s t e d by r e s p o n d e n t s . These s u g g e s t i o n s have
been i n c l u d e d in t h e s e c o n d - r o u n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e .
I f p o s s i b l e , p l e a s e c om p le te and r e t u r n t h e s e c o n d - r o u n d
q u e s t i o n n a i r e t o me w i t h i n two weeks. Many th a n k s f o r y o u r
assistance.
R espectfully,

Rev. Troy L. A l l e n

104

QUESTIONNAIRE/PANEL OF EXPERTS
ROUND I I

P a r t A:

Observable Personal C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

L i s t e d a r e some o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t a r e
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l o c a l OIC Board l e a d e r s h i p which were i d e n t i f i e d in
Round I ; a d e f i n i t i o n f o l l o w s ea c h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c .
Your t a s k in
Round I I i s t o p r i o r i t i z e t h e o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u ld p o s s e s s .
P l e a s e r a t e each
o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c as f o l l o w s :
5
4
3
2
1

A bsolutely E ssential
Strongly D esirable
D esirable
S li g h tly Desirable
Undesirable.

1.

A g g r e s s i v e : A " s e l f - s t a r t e r " who has d r i v i n g f o r c e f u l e n e r g y
t o g e t t h i n g s done.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

2.

Self-confidence:
t h i n g s done.
5;
4;

B e l i e f in s e l f and h i s / h e r a b i l i t y t o g e t
3;

2;

1

3.

A m b i t i o u s : Has t h e d e s i r e t o a c h i e v e g o a l s and r e c e i v e t h e
r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t a cc om pa ni es a c h i e v e m e n t ( s ).
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

4.

D ependability:
t o do.
5;
4;

Can be c o u n t e d on t o do what h e / s h e has a g r e e d
3;

2;

1

5.

Emotional m a t u r i t y :
Has s e l f c o n t r o l and i s f r e e from c h i l d i s h
behavior.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

6.

D ecisive:
a r e made.
5;

7.

Makes d e c i s i o n s and s t a n d s b e h in d t h e d e c i s i o n s t h a t
4;

3;

2;

1

Persuasive:
In f lu e n c e s o th e rs to th in k as he/she is th in k in g .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

105

5
4
3
2
1

Absolutely E ssential
Strongly D esirable
D esirable
S lig h tly D esirable
U ndesirable

8.

Perceptive:
I d e n t i f i e s t h e c e n t r a l as opposed t o p e r i p h e r a l
p r o b l e m s ; has i n s i g h t i n t o c l o u d e d i s s u e s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

9.

Integrity:
5;

I s h o n e s t and a d h e r e s t o a code o f moral v a l u e s .
4;
3;
2;
1

10.

C ou rag e:
5;

Faces d i f f i c u l t i s s u e s w i t h c o n f i d e n c e .
4;
3;
< 2;
1

11.

Perseverance:
5;
4;

12.

R e a li s m : Has good common s e n s e ; a b a s i c u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f "what
l i f e i s " and "what l i f e i s n o t . "
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

13.

Innovative:
I n t r o d u c e s new i d e a s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

14.

F lex ib ility :
Considers a l t e r n a t i v e s o lu tio n s f o r d i f f i c u l t
i s s u e s ; does n o t f o r e c l o s e o p t i o n s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

15.

S ociability:
F i t s i n w e ll w i t h g r o u p ; has e a s e o f e s t a b l i s h i n g
social contact.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

16.

S ta m in a :
5;

17.

Dedication:
I s comm itt ed t o t h e g o a l s o f OIC.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

18.

G e n e r o s i t y : G iv e s w i l l i n g l y o f h i s / h e r t i m e , t a l e n t s , and
money t o a c h i e v e OIC g o a l s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

Does n o t g i v e up when t h i n g s a r e n o t goin g r i g h t .
3;
2;
1

E x h i b i t s r e s i s t a n c e t o f a t i g u e and i l l n e s s .
4;
3;
2;
1

106

P a rt B:

Functions

L i s t e d below a r e some f u n c t i o n s i d e n t i f i e d i n Round I t h a t
a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l o c a l OIC Board members. Your t a s k i n Round I I
i s t o p r i o r i t i z e t h e f u n c t i o n s t h a t l o c a l OIC Board members s h o u ld
perform.
P le a se r a t e each f u n c t i o n as fo llo w s :
5
4
3
2
1

A.

B.

P o l i c y Making
1.

F u n c t i o n s in t h e a r e a o f o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p o l i c y making.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

2.

F u n c t i o n s in t h e a r e a o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f p o l i c y s t a t e m e n t s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

P r o f e s s i o n a l ism
3.

C.

When n e e d e d , makes p r o f e s s i o n a l s e r v i c e a v a i l a b l e t o
OIC on a f r e e o r modest b a s i s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

Budget
4.

D.

F u n c t i o n s i n t h e a r e a o f bu d g e t r e v i e w and a p p r o v a l .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

Fund R a i s i n g
5.

F u n c t i o n s i n t h e a r e a o f s e c u r i n g fu n d s from o u t s i d e
sources.

5;
6.

E.

Absolutely E ssential
Strongly D esirable
Desirable
S lig h tly D esirable
Undesirable

4;

3;

2;

1

Functions in the area o f g iv in g personal f i n a n c i a l
support.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

Program Development
7.

F u n c t i o n s in t h e a r e a o f o v e r a l l program d e v e l o p m e n t .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

107

F.

G.

H.

I.

Planning
8.

F u n c t i o n s i n t h e a r e a o f p l a n n i n g f o r s h o r t - r a n g e OIC g o a l s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

9.

F u n c t i o n s i n t h e a r e a o f p l a n n i n g f o r l o n g - r a n g e OIC g o a l s .
5 ; ____ 4 ;
3;
2;
1

Trainee A ffa irs
10.

Functions in th e area o f t r a i n e e re c r u itm e n t.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

11.

F u n c t i o n s in t h e a r e a o f j o b p l a c e m e n t s o f g r a d u a t e s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

Public R elatio n s
12.

Improves t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between OIC and t h e r e l i g i o u s
community.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

13.

Improves t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between OIC and o r g a n i z e d l a b o r .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

14.

Improves t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between OIC and e d u c a t i o n a l
institutions.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

15.

Improves t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between OIC and o t h e r communityba se d o r g a n i z a t i o n s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

16.

Improves t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between OIC and go ve rn m e nt al
agencies; provides access in to the p o l i t i c a l process.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

17.

Improves t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between OIC and b u s i n e s s and
industry.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

Attendance
18.

A t t e n d s Board m e e t i n g s on a r e g u l a r b a s i s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

19.

A t t e n d s c o m m it te e m e e t i n g s on a r e g u l a r b a s i s .
5;
4;
3;
. 2;
1

108

OIC EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS OF MICHIGAN
SURVEY SUMMARY— ROUND I I

P a r t A:

Observable Personal C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
R es p o n d e n ts

il

#3

#4

4

4

3

2

3

3

3

2

4

Item No.

#1

1

Total

Mean
Rating

11

#6

il

3

4

4

3

25

3 .5 7

5

3

4

5

4

27

3. 85

4

1

2

4

5

4

22

3. 1 4

5

5

5

5

4

5

5

34

4.85

5

5

5

5

5

4

4

4

32

4. 5 7

6

5

3

4

4

4

4

5

29

4.14

7

2

3

5

5

4

5

2

26

3.71

8

4

4

4

3

4

4

28

4.00

9

5

3

5

4

4

5
c;
w'

5

31

4.42

10

4

4

4

4

4

5

2

27

3. 8 5

11

5

5

5

4

4

5

4

32

4 .5 7

12

5

4

4

4

4

5

3

29

4 .1 4

13

4

3

3

3

4

2

3

22

3. 14

14

4

4

5

4

4

5

3

29

4.14

15

3

4

3

3

4

5

2

24

3. 4 2

16

3

2

5

3

4

3

4

24

3 .4 2

17

5

5

5

5

4

3

5

32

4. 5 7

18

5

5

5

3

4

5

4

31

4.42

78

70

76

67

72

80

77

504

4.00

Total
Mean
rating

4.33

3.88

4.22

3 .7 2

'

4.00

4.44

3 .6 6

4.00

109

OIC EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS OF MICHIGAN
SURVEY SUMMARY— ROUND I I

P a r t B:

Functions
R esp onde nts

Item No.

Mean
Rating

£L

#2

#3

#4

#5

#6

11

1

5

5

5

3

4

5

5

32

4.57

2

2

5

5

4

4

1

4

25

3 .5 7

3

5

4

3

4

4

5

4

29

4.14

4

5

5

4

4

4

5

3

30

4.28

5

5

5

5

5

4

5

4

33

4.71

6

5

3

3

. 4

4

3

3

25

3.5 7

7

3

3

1

4

4

3

3

21

3.00

8

4

5

5

4

4

3

4

29

4.14

9

5

5

5

4

4

3

5

31

4.42

10

3

2

3

3

4

2

3

20

2.85

11

3

3

1

2

4

2

2

17

2.42

12

5

4

4

4

4

5

4

30

4.28

13

5

5

4

4

4

5

4

31

4.42

14

5

4

4

3

4

5

4

29

4.14

15

5

4

3

4

4

5

4

29

4.14

16

5

5

5

5

4

5

5

34

.4.85

17

5

5

4

4

4

5

5

32

4.57

18

4

4

5

4

4

5

5

31

4.42

19

_4

_4

_5

_4

_4

_5

_4

30

4.28

Total

83

80

74

73

76

77

75

538

3.89

Mean
rating

4.36

4.21

3.89

3 .8 4

4.00

4.05

3 .9 4

Total

3.89

110

2534 West Boston Bo ule va rd
D e t r o i t , Michigan 48206
May 13, 1980

Thank you f o r c o m p l e t i n g and r e t u r n i n g t h e s e c o n d - r o u n d o f
t h e OIC Board q u e s t i o n n a i r e . The r e s u l t s o f t h e s e c o n d - r o u n d a r e
e n c l o s e d a l o n g w i t h q u e s t i o n n a i r e from t h e second r o u n d . These
i t e m s may be r e t a i n e d f o r y o u r u s e .
Als o e n c l o s e d i s t h e t h i r d - r o u n d q u e s t i o n n a i r e .
The p u r p o s e
o f t h e t h i r d and f i n a l round i s t o p ro d u c e a c o n v e r g e n c e o f group
consensus.
I f p o s s i b l e , p l e a s e c o m p l e t e and r e t u r n t h e t h i r d - r o u n d
q u e s t i o n n a i r e t o me w i t h i n two weeks. A g a in , many t h a n k s f o r y o u r
assistance.
Respectfully,

Rev. Troy L. A l l e n

Ill

QUESTIONNAIRE/PANEL OF EXPERTS
ROUND I I I

P a r t A:

Observable Personal C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

L i s t e d a r e some o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t a r e
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l o c a l OIC Board l e a d e r s h i p which were i d e n t i f i e d in
Round I and p r i o r i t i z e d i n Round I I ; a d e f i n i t i o n f o l l o w s e ach c h a r ­
acteristic.
The t a s k i n Round I I I i s t o p ro du c e a c o n v e r g e n c e o f
group c o n s e n s u s .
On i t e m s where y o u r r a t i n g i s d i f f e r e n t from t h e
gro up c o n s e n s u s ( t h i s i s t h e m e a n / a v e r a g e group r a t i n g f o r ea c h it e m )
by one o r more p o i n t s , you a r e a s k e d t o e i t h e r j o i n t h e group
consensus o r defend your d i s s e n t w ith in d iv id u a l s ta te m e n ts .
Only t h o s e i t e m s where you d i s a g r e e d by one o r more p o i n t s
w i t h t h e group c o n s e n s u s a r e l i s t e d f o r y o u r r e a c t i o n s . A l s o , a
summary s t a t e m e n t o f e a c h r e s p o n d e n t r e s p o n s e s i n Round I I and t h e
Round I I Q u e s t i o n n a i r e a r e e n c l o s e d f o r y o u r p e r u s a l .

112

Observable Personal C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
n o t j o i n t h e grou p c o n s e n s u s .

Comments by p a nel members who d i d

A m b i t i o u s : Has t h e d e s i r e t o a c h i e v e g o a l s and r e c e i v e t h e
r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t accompany a c h i e v e m e n t ( s ) .

There rs d e f i n i t e c o n f l i c t w ith any
OIC Board member who i s seeking re co g n itio n . Too many Board
members j o i n to g e t re co g n itio n ra th e r than render a s e r v ic e .
Ambitiousness i s not a d e s ir a b le t r a i t .

• Panel Member Comments:

• Panel Member Comments: Board members are v o lu n tee rs and should
d e s ir e to achieve goals in the i n t e r e s t o f the org an iza tio n and
not f o r personal recog n itio n .
Persuasive:

In flu en c e s o th e rs to th in k as he/she i s th in k in g .

I think th a t t h i s i s an e x c e lle n t
t r a i t because i t means the Board member w i l l f i g h t f o r th a t
which she or he th in k s i s e s s e n t i a l. I f he or she has the
program as primary co n sid era tio n then a p e rsu a sive member
i s extrem ely b e n e f ic ia l.

• Panel Member Comments:

• Panel Member Comments: This may be an ac ce p ta b le a t t r i b u t e
fo r those Board members in lead ersh ip3 but f o r those who may
lack f u l l knowledge o f program a c t i v i t i e s s t h i s i s not an
acceptable a t t r i b u t e .
I f persu asiven ess i s personal and
not in the b e s t i n t e r e s t o f program, then th ere i s a se rio u s
problem f o r the program and the Executive D irector.

• Panel Member Comments:

G e n e r o s i t y : Gives w i l l i n g l y o f h i s / h e r t i m e , t a l e n t s , and money
t o a c h i e v e OIC g o a l s .

Generosity should not mean w illin g n e s s
to g iv e m a te ria l things one does not have. I f unable to g i v e 3
a member should be able to g e t or r a i s e the funds.

• Panel Member Comments:

D edication:

I s com mitted t o t h e g o a l s o f OIC.

I t has been found th a t in some cases
persons servin g on OIC Boards bring in t h e i r own agenda which
may or may not be d e d ic a te d to the goal o f OIC.

• Panel Member Comments:

113

P a r t B:

Functions

L i s t e d a r e some f u n c t i o n s i d e n t i f i e d by Round I and p r i o r i t i z e d
i n Round I I t h a t a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h OIC Board members. The t a s k in
Round I I I i s t o p r o d u c e a c o n v e r g e n c e o f group c o n s e n s u s . On it e m s
where y o u r r a t i n g i s d i f f e r e n t from t h e gr oup c o n s e n s u s ( t h i s i s t h e
m e a n / a v e r a g e group r a t i n g f o r e a c h i t e m ) by one o r more p o i n t s , you
a r e a sk e d t o e i t h e r j o i n , t h e group c o n s e n s u s o r d e f e n d y o u r d i s s e n t
with in d ividual statem e n ts.
Only t h o s e i t e m s where you d i s a g r e e d by one o r more p o i n t s
w i t h t h e g rou p c o n s e n s u s a r e l i s t e d f o r y o u r r e a c t i o n s .

114

Functions:
consensus.

Comments by panel members who d i d n o t j o i n t h e group

P o l i c y Making: F u n c t i o n s in t h e a r e a o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f p o l i c y
statem ents.

The Board e x i s t s 'primarily to e s t a b l i s h
p o l i c i e s .; i t i s the Board's r o l e to s t a t e p o l ic y and i n t e r p r e t
i t f o r i t s D irecto r who c a r r i e s out th a t p o l ic y .

• Panel Member Comments:

• Panel Member Comments: Boards have tended to s tr a y away from
p o l ic y in t e r p r e ta t i o n 3 leavin g i t up to the a d m in istra tio n to
make th ese d e c isio n s .
The Executive D irecto r i s r e sp o n sib le
f o r in t e r p r e ta t i o n and implementation o f Board p o lic y .

• Panel Member Comments:

Program D e vel op m e nt :
d e v e lo p m e n t.

F u n c t i o n s in t h e a r e a o f o v e r a l l program

Program development i s an o pera tio n a l
fu n ctio n th a t r e s t s with the s t a f f . I f the Board members
engage in Program Development they are in frin g in g upon the
s t a f f ' s function.

• Panel Member Comments:

Trainee A f f a i r s :
graduates.

Functions in th e a re a o f jo b placement of

The Board should not engage in a c tu a l
gob placement but ra th e r help to open up gob o p p o r tu n itie s
through i t s c o n ta cts. I f you mean a ctu a l placement3 d e f i n i t e l y
no; however3 i f you mean a s s i s t thru c o n ta c ts 3 then yes.

• Panel Member Comments:

Budget:

F u n c t i o n s i n t h e a r e a o f bu d g e t r e v i e w and a p p r o v a l .

Usually Board members are not informed
as to the t o t a l needs o f program although I f e e l th a t review
and approval are appropriate.

• Panel Member Comments:

Fund R a i s i n g :
support.

F u n c t i o n s in t h e a r e a o f g i v i n g p e r s o n a l f i n a n c i a l

The Board must s e t the example by
in d iv id u a l g ivin g ; We Help O urselves!!!

• Panel Member Comments:

APPENDIX B

DELPHI PARTICIPANTS

APPENDIX B

DELPHI PARTICIPANTS

1.

Benton Harbor OIC
Mrs. Hazel Cochran

2.

D e t r o i t OIC
Mr. James Brewer

3.

F l i n t OIC
Rev. Harry L. Redds

4.

Grand Rapids OIC
Dr. David Mabunda

5.

Muskegon OIC
Mr. Dan Oglesby

6.

P o n t i a c OIC
Mr. Da niel M i t c h e l l

7.

Saginaw OIC
Mr. F r e d e r i c k D. Ford

115

APPENDIX C

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

APPENDIX C
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

2535 West Boston Bou le vard
D e t r o i t , Michi gan 48206
J u l y 1 , 1980

I am a d o c t o r a l c a n d i d a t e a t Michigan S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , and I am
s e e k i n g y o u r a s s i s t a n c e i n my d o c t o r a l r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t .
In a d d i ­
t i o n t o t h e Board Chairman and Vice Chairman a t y o u r l o c a l OIC, you
have been randomly s e l e c t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t .
As a randomly s e l e c t e d p a r t i c i p a n t , y o u r t a s k s a r e t o c o m p l e t e t h e
e n c l o s e d t w o - p a r t q u e s t i o n n a i r e and r e t u r n t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e t o me.
P a r t A of the q u e s ti o n n a ir e i s designed to g a th e r data concerning
y o u r s o c io e c o n o m ic s t a t u s .
In P a r t B, you a r e a sk e d t o r a t e each
Board member a t y o u r l o c a l OIC who has been randomly s e l e c t e d f o r
t h i s p r o j e c t ; you w i l l r a t e f e l l o w Board members i n t h e a r e a o f
_______________________ . All r e p o r t e d i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l be t r e a t e d
i n a v e r y c o n f i d e n t i a l and p r o f e s s i o n a l manner.
The t i t l e o f my d i s s e r t a t i o n i s "Board Members' P e r f o r m a n c e : An
A n a l y s i s o f t h e P e r s o n a l and Socioeconomic C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s T h a t
May be A s s o c i a t e d With Pe rf o rm a n c e o f OIC Board Members W it h in t h e
S t a t e o f Michigan."
I have worked c l o s e l y w i t h t h e Michi gan OIC
Executive D ire c to rs in developing t h i s re s e a rc h p r o j e c t .
T his
p r o j e c t has been e n d o r s e d by Dr. Leon S u l l i v a n , Mrs. Mannie Ham,
and t h e Rev. Roy A. A l l e n .
A s e l f - a d d r e s s e d , stamped e n v e l o p e i s e n c l o s e d .
I f p o s s ib le , please
r e t u r n t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e i n t h e e n c l o s e d e n v e l o p e w i t h i n t h e n e x t two
weeks.
Many t h a n k s i n a dva nc e f o r y o u r a s s i s t a n c e .
R espectfully yours,

Rev. Troy L. A l l e n

116

117

QUESTIONNAIRE/OIC BOARD MEMBERS
P a r t A/Socio eco no mic Data
D i r e c t i o n s : This s e c t i o n o f th e q u e s t i o n n a ir e i s designed to
g a t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g y o u r s o c io e c o n o m ic s t a t u s .
Please
answer e ach q u e s t i o n w i t h a p r e c i s e answer o r c he c k mark when
appropriate.
1.

2.

3.

Formal E d u c a t i o n
a.

How many y e a r s o f formal e d u c a t i o n have you a t t a i n e d ?

b.

P l e a s e l i s t any d e g r e e s t h a t you have e a r n e d . ________

Occupation
a.

What i s y o u r p r i n c i p a l o c c u p a t i o n ? _________________________________

b.

How many y e a r s have you worked in y o u r p r i n c i p a l o c c u p a t i o n ? ___

c.

What i s y o u r p o s i t i o n o r t i t l e ? _____________________________________

What was y o u r a v e r a g e income d u r i n g t h e p a s t f i v e y e a r s ?
ch eck one :

Please

( ) Less t h a n $1 0, 000
( ) $10,000-$14,999
( ) $ 1 5 ,0 0 0 - $ 1 9 , 9 9 9
( ) $20,000-$24,999
( ) $25,000-$29,999
( ) $30,000-$39,999
( ) $40,000-$49,999
( ) $ 5 0 ,0 0 0 o r more
4.

OIC P a r t i c i p a t i o n
a.

How lon g have you been an OIC member? ______________________________

b.

How o f t e n does y o u r Board meet? _____________________________________

c.

How many Board m e e t i n g s have you a t t e n d e d d u r i n g
th e p a s t twelve
months? _________________________________________________________________

d.

How many c o m m it te e s a r e you on? _____________________________________

e.

How many c o m m itt e e m e e t i n g s have you a t t e n d e d d u r i n g
t w e l v e months?

the p ast

118

5.

I n c l u d i n g OIC, l i s t a l l community o r g a n i z a t i o n s t h a t you have been
a f f i l i a t e d w i t h d u r i n g t h e p a s t f i v e y e a r s and l i s t a p p o i n t e d o r
e l e c t e d p o s i t i o n ( s ) t h a t you p r e v i o u s l y h e l d o r c u r r e n t l y h o l d .

a.
b.

Name o f O r g a n i z a t i o n

Years With
O rganization

P osition

_________________________________

______________

____________________

_________ _______________________ ________________

____________________

c.

_________________________________

______________

____________________

d.

_________________________________

______________

____________________

e.

_________________________________

______________

____________________

f.

_________________________________

______________

____________________

g.

_________________________________ ________________

_________ ___________

h.

B irth Place
a.

In what s t a t e were you born? _______________________

b.

In what s t a t e d i d you spend y o u r c h i l d h o o d / y o u t h ?

c.

Did you grow up iri a r u r a l o r urb a n a r e a ? ________

7.

How long have you l i v e d i n t h e community ( c i t y , t o w n s h i p , o r v i l l a g e )
where you a r e p r e s e n t l y r e s i d i n g ? _______________________________________

8.

What i s y o u r p r e s e n t age? ________________________________________________

9.

What i s y o u r m a r i t a l

status?

P l e a s e c he c k one :

( ) Single (never m arried)
( ) M a r r ie d
( ) S e p a r a t e d o r D iv o rc e d
( ) Widow o r Widower
10.

What i s y o u r r a c e ( e t h n i c o r i g i n ) ? ______________

11.

What i s y o u r s ex ? __________________________________

119

P a r t B/Observable Personal C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
D i r e c t i o n s : L i s t e d below a r e some o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
t h a t OIC E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s w i t h i n t h e S t a t e o f Michigan have
i d e n t i f i e d a s b e in g d e s i r a b l e f o r l o c a l OIC Board members t o p o s s e s s .
P l e a s e use t h i s o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s h e e t t o r a t e t h e
d e g r e e t o which t h e Board member whose name i s l i s t e d below p o s s e s s e s
eac h o f t h e o b s e r v a b l e p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
Please r a t e the
degree of possession as follow s:
5
4
3
2
1

Exceptional degree
High d e g r e e
Average d e g r e e
Small d e g r e e
Not p o s s e s s e d

Name o f Board Member

1.

A g r e s s i v e : A " s e l f - s t a r t e r " who has d r i v i n g f o r c e f u l e n e r g y t o g e t
t h i n g s done.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

2.

S e l f - C o n f i d e n c e : B e l i e f in s e l f and h i s / h e r a b i l i t y t o g e t t h i n g s
don e.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

3.

A m b i t i o u s : Has t h e d e s i r e t o a c h i e v e g o a l s and r e c e i v e t h e
r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t accompany a c h i e v e m e n t ( s ) .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

4.

D e p e n d a b i l i t y : Can be c o u n t e d on t o do what h e / s h e has a g r e e d t o do.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

5.

Emotional M a t u r i t y :
behavior.
5;
4;

Has s e l f c o n t r o l and i s f r e e from c h i l d i s h
3;

2;

1

6.

D e c i s i v e : Makes d e c i s i o n s and s t a n d s be h in d t h e d e c i s i o n t h a t a r e
made.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

7.

Persuasive:
5;

8.

Perceptive:
I d e n t i f i e s t h e c e n t r a l a s opposed t o p e r i p h e r a l
p r o b l e m s ; has i n s i g h t i n t o c l o u d e d i s s u e s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

I n f l u e n c e s o t h e r s t o t h i n k as h e / s h e i s t h i n k i n g .
4;
3;
2;
1

120

5
4
3
2
1
9.

10.

Exceptional degree
High d e g r e e
Average d e g r e e
Small d e g r e e
Not p o s s e s s e d

Integrity:
I s h o n e s t and a d h e r e s t o a code o f moral v a l u e s .
5; _ 4 ;
3;
2;
1
Courage:
5;

Faces d i f f i c u l t i s s u e s w i t h c o n f i d e n c e .
4;
3;
2;
1

11.

Perseverance:
5;

Does n o t g i v e up when t h i n g s a r e n o t goin g r i g h t .
4;
3;
2;
1

12.

R ea li s m : Has good common s e n s e ; a b a s i c u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f "what
l i f e i s " and "what l i f e i s n o t . "
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

13.

Innovative:
5;

I n t r o d u c e new i d e a s .
4;
3;
2;

1

14.

F lexibility:
Considers a l t e r n a t i v e s o lu tio n s f o r d i f f i c u l t
i s s u e s ; does n o t f o r e c l o s e o p t i o n s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

15.

S ociability:
F i t s i n w e ll w i t h g r o u p ; has e a s e o f e s t a b l i s h i n g
social contact.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

16.

S ta m in a :
5;

E x h i b i t s r e s i s t a n c e t o f a t i g u e and i l l n e s s .
4;
3;
2;
1

17.

Dedication:
5;

I s committed t o t h e g o a l s o f OIC.
4;
3;
2;
1

18.

G e n e r o s i t y : Gives w i l l i n g l y o f h i s / h e r t i m e , t a l e n t s , and money
t o a c h i e v e OIC g o a l s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

121

P a rt BB/Performance o f F u nction s
D i r e c t i o n s : Local OIC Board members' p e r f o r m a n c e i s d e f i n e d
a s c o n t r i b u t i o n s t h a t a r e made t o OIC by i t s Board members in
p e r f o r m i n g l o c a l OIC Board f u n c t i o n s .
L i s t e d below a r e some
f u n c t i o n s o f l o c a l OIC Board members t h a t have been i d e n t i f i e d
by OIC E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r s w i t h i n t h e S t a t e o f M ic hi gan .
Please
use t h i s performance o f f u n c tio n s s h e e t to r a t e th e le v e l of
p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e l o c a l OIC Board member whose name i s l i s t e d
be low; l e v e l o f p e r f o r m a n c e s h o u l d be based on c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o
OIC d u r i n g t h e p a s t t w e l v e months in p e r f o r m i n g t h e f u n c t i o n s
l i s t e d below.
P le a s e r a t e th e le v e l o f performance as fo llo w s :
5
4
3
2
1

E x c e p t i o n a l High Level
High Level
A verage Level
Small Level
No P e r f o r m a n c e Level

Name o f Board Member:

A.

B.

P o l i c y Making
1.

F u n c t i o n s in t h e a r e a o f o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p o l i c y making.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

2.

F u n c t i o n s in t h e a r e a o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f p o l i c y s t a t e m e n t s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

Professionalism
3.

C.

Budget
4.

D.

E.

When n e e d e d , makes p r o f e s s i o n a l s e r v i c e a v a i l a b l e t o OIC on a
f r e e t o modest b a s i s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

F u n c t i o n s in t h e a r e a o f bu d g e t r e v ie w and a p p r o v a l .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

Fund R a i s i n g
5.

F u n c t i o n s in t h e a r e a o f s e c u r i n g fu n d s from o u t s i d e s o u r c e s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

6.

Functions in the a re a of giving personal f i n a n c i a l su p p o rt.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

Program Development
7.

F u n c t i o n s i n t h e a r e a o f o v e r a l l program d e v e lo p m e n t.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

12?

5
4
3
2
1
F.

6.

H.

I.

E x c e p t i o n a l High Level
High Level
Average Level
Small Level
No Pe rf o rm a n c e Level

Planning
8.

F u n c t i o n s i n t h e a r e a o f p l a n n i n g f o r s h o r t - r a n g e OIC g o a l s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

9.

F u n c t i o n s in t h e a r e a o f p l a n n i n g f o r l o n g - r a n g e OIC g o a l s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

Trainee A ffa irs
10.

Functions in th e area of t r a i n e e re c ru itm e n t.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

11.

F u n c t i o n s in t h e a r e a o f j o b p l a c e m e n t s o f g r a d u a t e s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

Public R elations
12.

Improves t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between OIC and t h e r e l i g i o u s
community.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

13.

Improves t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between OIC and o r g a n i z e d l a b o r .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

14.

Improves t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between OIC and e d u c a t i o n a l
in stitu tio n s.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

15.

Improves t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between OIC and o t h e r communityba se d o r g a n i z a t i o n s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

16.

Improves t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between OIC and gov e rn m e nt al
a g en c ie s; provides access in to the p o l i t i c a l p rocess.
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

17.

Improves t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between OIC and b u s i n e s s and i n d u s t r y .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

Attendance
18.

A t t e n d s Board m e e t i n g s on a r e g u l a r b a s i s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

19.

A t t e n d s c o m m itt e e m e e t i n g s on a r e g u l a r b a s i s .
5;
4;
3;
2;
1

123

2535 West Boston Bo ul ev ard
D e t r o i t , Michigan 48206
August 20, 1980

S e v e r a l weeks a g o , you s h o u l d have r e c e i v e d an OIC Board
members' q u e s t i o n n a i r e from me. Pe rh a ps y o u r busy s c h e d u l e has n o t
p e r m i t t e d you t o c o m p l e t e and r e t u r n t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e .
Comp letin g t h i s d o c t o r a l program has been a l ong and sometimes
d i f f i c u l t road to t r a v e l .
Since t h i s re s e a rc h p r o j e c t i s th e l a s t
m a j o r h u r d l e i n c o m p l e t i n g my Ph.D. r e q u i r e m e n t s , I would be e x t r e m e l y
g r a t e f u l i f you would t a k e 15 t o 20 m i n u t e s o f y o u r t i m e t o c o m p l e t e
t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e and r e t u r n i t t o me.
As I s t a t e d in my i n i t i a l c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w i t h y o u , t h e
i n f o r m a t i o n r e c e i v e d from t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e w i l l be t r e a t e d i n a
v e r y c o n f i d e n t i a l and p r o f e s s i o n a l manner.
Please feel f r e e to c a ll
me ( n o n - r e s i d e n t s o f D e t r o i t may c a l l c o l l e c t ) a t 869-76 85 i f you have
q u e stio n s reg a rd in g the q u e s tio n n a ir e .
A g a in , th a n k you f o r y o u r c o o p e r a t i o n .
R espectfully yours,

Rev. Troy L. A l l e n

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Decade o f Community-Based Manpower S e r v i c e . P h i l a d e l p h i a :
U n i v e r s i t y o f P e n n s y l v a n i a , 1976.

A

A u s t i n , David M. The B lack C i v i c V o l u n t e e r L e a d e r : A New Era in
V o l u n t a r i s m . Wa'itham, M a s s .: B r a n d e i s U n i v e r s i t y , 1970.
B u r n s , G e r a l d P. T r u s t e e s i n H ig he r E d u c a t i o n .
Funds o f A m e ri c a , I n c . , 1966.

Independent College

C o u n t s , George S.
"The S o c i a l Co mp osi tio n o f Boards o f E d u c a t i o n . "
New York: Arno P r e s s and t h e New York Tim es, 1 9 6 9 - - S u p p l e m e n t a r y
E d u c a t i o n Monographs p u b l i s h e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h The School
Review and The E l e m e n t a r y School J o u r n a l . Number 33. C hi c ag o:
The U n i v e r s i t y o f Chicago P r e s s , J u l y 1927.
E t z i o n i , A m i t a i . Modern O r g a n i z a t i o n s .
P r e n t i c e - H a l l , I n c . , 1964.

Englewood C l i f f s , N . J . :

Freeman, L i n t o n C. P a t t e r n s o f Local Community L e a d e r s h i p .
The B o b b s - M e r r i l l Company, I n c . , 1968.
G i n z b e r g , E l i , and Solow, R o b e r t M., e d s . The G r e a t S o c i e t y .
B a s ic Books, I n c . , P u b l i s h e r s , 1974.

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