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University
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International
3 0 0 N Z E E B RD. . A N N A R B O R . Ml 4 8 1 0 G

8212473

Whitfield, Gary Hugh

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL POPULATION ANALYSIS OF THE ONION
MAGGOT (HYLEMYA ANTIQUA (MEIGEN)), IN MICHIGAN

Michigan Stale University

University
Microfilms
International

Ph.D. 1981

300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor. MI 48106

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University
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SPATIAL AND TEM PORAL POPULATION ANALYSIS
OF THE ONION MAGGOT (H ylem ya an tiq u e
(M eigen)), IN MICHIGAN

by
G ary Hugh W hitfield

A THESIS

S u b m itted to
M ichigan S ta te U n iv ersity
in p a rtia l fu lfillm e n t o f th e re q u ire m e n ts
fo r th e d eg ree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

D e p a rtm e n t of Entom ology
1981

ABSTRACT

SPATIAL AND TEM PORAL POPULATION ANALYSIS
OF THE ONION MAGGOT (H ylem ya a n tiq u a
(M eigen)), IN MICHIGAN
by
G ary Hugh W hitfield

T he onion m aggot, H ylem ya a n tiq u a (M eigen), is th e m ajo r p e st o f onions in
M ichigan. This study in v e stig a te d th e sp a tia l and te m p o ra l c h a r a c te ris tic s of th e
various

life -s ta g e s

of

th e

onion

m aggot

and

th e ir

im p a c t on

th e

crop.

E m erg en ce, flig h t behavior, phenology and m o rta lity o f im m a tu re sta g e s, onion
p la n t d am ag e,
in v e stig a te d .

and

th e see d -c o rn

A population

m aggot,

H ylem ya

p la tu ra

(Rond.)

w ere

m odel fo r th e onion m aggot is p re se n te d and

sim u latio n runs a re co m p ared to field d a ta .
E m ergence re s u lts su g g ested th a t m ore in fo rm atio n th an ju st soil o r a ir
d e g re e days is needed fo r p re d ic tin g a d u lt e m e rg e n c e .

A dult flig h t cu rv es w ere

o b ta in e d by using a te m p e ra tu re a d ju stm e n t tech n iq u e which a cc o u n te d fo r
w ithin day te m p e ra tu re changes and n a tu ra l d iurnal rh y th m .

F o lia r p e stic id e s

applied to co n tro l ad u lt populatio n s w ere shown to be in e ffe c tiv e .
O nly tw o g e n e ra tio n s of la rv a l a c tiv ity w ere found to n o rm ally o c c u r on
th e onion crop. The th ird la rv a l g e n e ra tio n o c c u rre d in cull onions or onions not
h a rv e ste d u n til la te in th e y e a r. High pupal m o rta lity due to su p e rp a ra sitism by
A leo ch ara b ilin e a ta (Gyll.) was ev id en t w here onion field s had not re c e iv e d a
g ra n u la r in se c tic id e ap p lic atio n .

O v e rw in te rin g m o rta lity w as found to be

c o n sta n t fo r all te s t conditions, and freq u e n cy o f diapause was low during th e
f ir s t and second g e n eratio n o f pupae.
O nion p la n t dam age w as found to o ccu r in a random p a tte rn e a rly in th e
season and in a co n tag io u s p a tte rn la te r in th e season.

P re se n c e o f v o lu n te e r

onions in th e spring a ffe c te d p ro b ab ility o f onion p lan t d am age. F irs t and second
g e n e ra tio n d am ag e w as not re d u c ed by fo lia r in se c tic id e sp ray s applied to
c o n tro l a d u lt populations.

W ithin- and b e tw e e n -fie ld p la n t dam age surveys

provided in fo rm atio n on am o u n t o f onion p la n t dam age by th e onion m aggot
th ro u g h o u t th e season in M ichigan.
S eed-corn m aggots m ay be p rim ary in v ad ers o f onions e arly in th e spring.
A dult populations w ere found to be highly c o rre la te d w ith a d u lt onion m aggot
de n sities.
A population m odel a c c u ra te ly tra c k e d onion m aggot ad u lt em erg en ce
a f te r in c o rp o ra tio n o f ad u lt m o rta lity by E n to m o p h th o ra m uscae (Cohn).

A dult

flig h t cu rv es and phenology o f im m a tu re s ta g e s w ere co m p ared to field resu lts;
g e n e ra l a g re e m e n t was ev id en t.

DEDICATION

To my w ife T e rri, whose c o n sta n t su p p o rt and e n co u rag e m e n t helped m ake
it all possible, and to my p a re n ts, who p laced th e ir ch ild ren 's e d u catio n b e fo re all
personal goals.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

F or his w illingness to ta k e m e on as one o f his s tu d e n ts and for his c o n sta n t
help, e n co u rag e m e n t and ad v ice during th is study, I th an k D r. D ean L. H aynes,
my m ajor advisor. I also th an k th e m em b ers o f my c o m m itte e , D r. S tu a rt G age,
D r. Edw ard G rafius, Dr. G ary Sim m ons and D r. Lai Turn m ala, fo r th e ir guidance
and review o f my w ork. D r. Ja m e s B ath is a p p re c ia te d as a c o m m itte e m em ber
and as a d e p a rtm e n t chairm an , for providing an e x c e lle n t a tm o sp h ere fo r
s c ie n tific p ursuit and perso n al expression. I th an k Mr. Tom Ellis fo r all his help
during th is study and fo r his fle x ib ility and im m e a su rab le p a tie n c e w ith new ,
stru g g lin g g ra d u a te stu d en ts.
D uring th is study, I was fo rtu n a te

to

have

m any e x c e lle n t stu d en t

em ployees, who added considerably to th e in te g rity and scope o f th is stu d y .
Most notably I th an k Ms. Lisa Johnson, Mr. M ark Sillim an, Mr. Jo h n P u tn am , Ms.
L o re tta B renner, Ms. Jo an n e D avidhizer, Mr. Vince F r itz , Mr. J a c k S h irer and
Ms. K ellie Dorin.
I th an k my fellow g ra d u a te stu d e n ts fo r th e ir in te re s t, help and friendship
during th e p a st y e ars.

I p a rtic u la rly valued my a sso c iatio n w ith D r. R ay

C a rru th e rs , D r. E m m ett L am p ert, D r. W illiam R avlin, Mr. M ichael M ispagel, and
Mr. F ran k D rum m ond.
A p p re ciatio n is also e x ten d e d to Ms. M arie P an e and Ms. C ath y S te w a rt
who p re p a red th e typed copy, and Ms. Susan B a tte n fie ld who e d ite d th e o rig in al
d ra ft.

•

*

*

111

I also g ra te fu lly acknow ledge th e fin a n c ial a ssista n c e I re c eiv e d from th e
D e p a rtm e n t o f Entom ology, M ichigan S ta te U niversity, and from th e N atio n al
R e se a rc h C ouncil o f C anada.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

L ist o f T a b l e s ........................................................................................................................ v i i
L ist o f F i g u r e s ........................................................................................................................ x iv
I.

In tro d u ctio n

.....................................................................................................

1

II.

B a c k g r o u n d ...............................................................................................................

7

Onion M a g g o t ..................................................................................................

7

A.

III.

1.

A d u l t s .......................................................................................................

8

2.

Im m atu re S tag es

.................................................................................

9

3.

N a tu ra l E n e m ie s .....................................................................................

14

B.

Seed C orn M a g g o t .........................................................................................

16

C.

S p a tia l D istrib u tio n and S a m p l i n g ........................................................

18

E cosystem S tru c tu re , Id e n tific a tio n and C o n cep tu al M odel

. . . .

22

A.

C o n ce p tu a liz ed M o d e l ................................................................................

26

B.

C o n c l u s i o n .......................................................................................................

46

IV.

Study A r e a ..........................................................................

46

V.

M ate ria ls and M e t h o d s ..........................................................................................

51

A.

51

P o p u latio n S a m p lin g ....................................................................................
1.

A d u l t s .......................................................................................................

51

2.

L a r v a e .......................................................................................................

57

3.

P u p a e .......................................................................................................

58

B.

W ithin-F ield P la n t D am age S t u d i e s ....................................................

61

C.

B etw een -F ield P la n t D am ag e S u r v e y s ...............................................

63

D.

A biotic M o n i t o r i n g ....................................................................................

66

v

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS, continued

VI.

VII.

R esu lts and D is c u s sio n ........................................................................................

67

A.

A dult E m e r g e n c e .......................................................................................

67

B.

A dult A c tiv ity and R e la tiv e A b u n d a n c e .........................................

83

1.

H eight D istrib u tio n o f A dult F l i g h t ...........................................

83

2.

S p a tia l A s p e c ts .....................................................................................

87

3.

W ithin-D ay F lig h t A c t i v i t y ..............................................................

91

4.

W eath er E f f e c t s ................................................................................

93

5.

A dult F light C u r v e s ...............................................

102

C.

Onion M aggot L arval and Pupal P o p u latio n T r e n d s ............................ H 6

D.

Survivorship and P a r a s i t i s m ..................................................................... 120

E.

D iapause and O v erw in terin g M o r ta lity ................................................... 1 3 5

F.

D istrib u tio n o f O nion P la n t D a m a g e ........................................................141

G.

E f fe c t o f V olunteer O nions on the
S p a tia l D istrib u tio n o f O nion P la n t D a m a g e ...................................... 1 5 6

H.

OM P la n t D am age S u r v e y s .......................................................................... 181
1.

R egional S u r v e y s ...................................................................................... 181

2.

S ta te S u r v e y s ..................................................................................... .......

I.

Seed C orn M aggot C o m p o n e n t ................................................................. 201

J.

V alidation o f th e OM Subm odel

.............................................................213

Sum m ary and C o n c lu s io n s .................................................................................... 219

L ite r a tu r e C i t e d ................................................................................................................ 226
A p p e n d i x ............................................................................................

239

LIST OF TABLES

T able I.

T rapping d ev ices,
num ber, p la c e m e n t and
purpose fo r m o n ito rin g OM a d u lt populations
in G ran t, M ichigan, fo r 1977-80........................................................... 52

T able 2.

R egression equ atio n s fo r e stim a tio n o f soil
d e g re e day a cc u m u la tio n fo r 1979 and 1980
from a ir d e g re e day accu m u la tio n in G ra n t,
M ichigan, fo r 3 soil d ep th s (-3, -8 and 15 cm )................................... 69

Table 3.

P ro b it re g re ssio n
e q u atio n s fo r a d u lt OM
e m e rg e n c e and d e g re e day perio d fo r 50
p e rc e n t
em erg en c e
(.5
Ep).
DD°
is
a cc u m u la te d d e g re e days above 4.4° C .................................................75

T able 4.

P ro b it reg ressio n
e q u atio n s fo r a d u lt OM
e m e rg e n c e and d eg ree day p erio d fo r 50
p e rc e n t
em erg en c e
(.5
Ep).
DD°
is
a c c u m u la te d d eg ree days above 4.4° C fo r th e
8 cm soil d ep th a f te r one day o f 1 cm of
p re c ip ita tio n in th e sp rin g .........................................................................81

T able 5.

A ir and soil d e g re e day e s tim a te s fo r d iffe re n t
p e rc e n ta g e s o f em erg en c e o f OM a d u lts fo r
1978-80 in G ra n t, M ichigan...................................................................... 82

Table 6.

O ne-w ay analysis o f v a ria n ce and D uncan's
m u ltip le ran g e te s t o f m ean c a tc h o f OM
ad u lts p er 50 sw eeps fo r d iffe re n t fo liag e
during night hours......................................................................................... 92

T able 7.

O ne-w ay analysis o f v a ria n ce and D uncan's
m u ltip le ran g e te s t fo r d iffe re n t tim e s o f
p e rc e n t c a tc h o f to ta l OM ad u lts.
All
p e rc e n ta g e s w ere tra n sfo rm e d by a rc sin
sq u are ro o t b e fo re an aly sis....................................................................... 95

T able 8.

T o tal p ro d u ctio n o f OM a d u lts fo r stu d y field s
in G ra n t, M ichigan, in 1979-80........................................................

v ii

113

v iii

LIST OF TABLES, continued
T able 9.

P ro b it
reg ressio n
eq u atio n s fo r p e rc e n t
o c c u rre n c e o f im m a tu re s ta g e s o f th e OM and
d e g re e day period fo r 50 p e rc e n t o c c u rre n c e
(.5P). DD° is a c c u m u la te d a ir d e g re e days
above 4 .4 ° C .................................................................................................... 121

T able 10.

T o tal p ro duction (TP) and survival (S.) of
various life s ta g e s o f th e OM from sam ples o f
60 cm o f onion row in th e re s e a rc h fie ld during
1978-79.......................................................................................................... 123

T able 11.

P ro p o rtio n a l m o rta lity o f OM pupae from
sam ples o f 60 cm o f onion row in 1978............................................ 124

T able 12.

P ro p o rtio n a l m o rta lity o f OM pupae from
sam ples o f 60 cm o f onion ow in 1979...............................................

126

P ro p o rtio n OM pupal m o rta lity and p ro p o rtio n
of OM pupae w ith e n tra n c e holes m ad e by A.
b ilin e a ta from sam p les o f 30 cm of onion row
in c o m m e rcial stu d y field s o f G ran t, M ichigan,
in 1979...........................................................................................................

131

T able 13.

T able 14.

O ne-w ay analysis o f v a ria n c e and D uncan's
m ultiple ran g e te s t fo r th re e o b serv atio n s on
OM pupae c o lle c te d fro m stu d y field s in 1979.
All p e rc e n ta g e s w ere tra n sfo rm e d by arcsin
sq u are ro o t b e fo re an aly sis....................................................................... 133

T able 15.

P e rc e n t of v iable OM pupae re trie v e d from
u n d e rn e a th e m erg en c e tra p s and bu ried OM
la rv a e
follow ing e ig h t
w eeks o f a d u lt
e m e rg e n c e ....................................................................................................... 138

T ab le 16.

O v erw in terin g su rv iv al o f OM pupae p laced a t
d iffe re n t soil d ep th s and in various lo c atio n s in
1978-79.......................................................................................................... 140

T able 17.

S p a tia l d istrib u tio n o f OM p la n t dam age
d e te rm in e d from use o f v a ria n c e m ean ra tio (I)
and M orisita's index (Is) fo r various q u a d ra n t
dim ensions, sam p le sizes and d a te s in 1978-79..............................

T ab le 18.

149

P earso n 's
c o rre la tio n
c o e ffic ie n t
of
B a tc h e le r's ra tio (B1) and C lark and Evans
s ta tis tic (R) w ith d en sity fo r d iffe re n t sam p le
siz e s................................................................................................................... 152

ix

LIST OF TABLES, continued
T able 19.

S p atial d istrib u tio n o f OM p la n t dam age
d e te rm in e d from use o f B a tc h e le r's ra tio (B')
and C lark and Evans S ta tis tic (R) fo r various
sam ple size s and d a te s in 1978-79...................................................... 154

T able 20.

Independence te s t s ta tis tic s o f d ista n ce
m e asu re m e n ts A and D fo r tw o d e n sities of
v o lu n te e r onions in a D y fo n a te -tre a te d field
and fo r one d en sity o f v o lu n te e r onions in a
non-D yfonate fie ld .......................................................................................162

Table 21.

K olm ogorov-Sm irnoff
te s t
s ta tis tic
and
d istrib u tio n of d ista n ce m e asu re m e n ts A and D
and th e te s t s ta tis tic P fo r th re e v o lu n teer
onion conditions............................................................................................ 165

T able 22.

Sum m ary o f P valu es fo r 20, 60 and 100
sam ples o f th e N th n e a re s t onion in p lo ts o f
single and a g g re g a te s of v o lu n teer onions.......................................... 167

T able 23.

Tw o-w ay analysis o f v a ria n ce fo r values o f P
fo r plots o f d iffe re n t d e n sities o f v o lu n teer
onions and d iffe re n t N th onion s e le c te d ..............................................170

T able 24A.

O ne-w ay analysis o f v a ria n ce and D uncan's
m ultiple range te s t fo r values o f P fo r th e N th
n e a re s t onion in p lo ts co n tain in g one single
v o lu n teer onion............................................................................................. 171

T able 24B.

O ne-w ay analysis o f v a ria n ce and D uncan's
m ultiple ran g e te s t fo r valu es o f P fo r th e N th
n e a re s t onion in p lo ts co n tain in g tw o single
v o lu n te e r onions............................................................................................172

T able 24C. O ne-w ay analysis o f v a ria n ce and D uncan's
m ultiple ran g e te s t fo r values o f P fo r th e N th
n e a re s t onion
in
p lo ts
co n tain in g one
a g g re g a te of th re e v o lu n te e r onions..................................................... 173
T able 24D.

O ne-w ay analysis o f v a ria n ce and D uncan's
m ultiple ran g e te s t fo r values o f P fo r th e N th
n e a re s t onion
in
p lo ts
co n tain in g
tw o
a g g re g a te s of th re e v o lu n teer onions................................................... 174

T able 25.

O ne-w ay analysis o f v a ria n ce and D uncan's
m u ltip le ran g e te s t fo r values o f P fo r th e
10th n e a re s t s e le c te d in p lo ts o f d iffe re n t
d e n sities o f v o lu n te e r onions................................................................... 175

X

LIST OF TABLES, continued
T able 26.

T able 27.

T able 28.

T able 29.

Table 30.

T able 31.

T able 32.

T able 33.

T able 34.

O ne-w ay analysis o f v a ria n ce and D uncan's
m u ltip le ran g e te s t fo r values o f P fo r th e
2 0th n e a re s t onion s e le c te d in p lo ts of
d iffe re n t d e n sities o f v o lu n te e r onions.................

177

T o tal firs t g e n eratio n OM d am ag e and num ber
of fo liar sprays applied fo r stu d y field s in
G ra n t, M ichigan, 1979-1980.......................................

183

T o tal second g e n eratio n OM d am ag e fo r field s
13 and 14 d e te rm in e d by su m m atio n o f w eekly
dam age
e s tim a te s
and
fin al
h a rv e st
asse ssm e n t........................................................................

187

O ne-w ay analysis o f v a ria n c e and D uncan's
m ultiple range te s t fo r p e rc e n t to ta l OM p la n t
d am age during th e second g e n e ra tio n fo r study
fields in G ra n t, M ichigan, in 1979.
All
p e rc e n ta g e s w ere tra n sfo rm e d by sq u are root
b e fo re a n aly sis................................................................

188

O ne-w ay analysis of v a ria n c e and D uncan's
m ultiple ran g e te s t fo r p e rc e n t to ta l OM p la n t
d am age during th e second g e n eratio n fo r study
field s in G ran t, M ichigan, in 1980.
All
p e rc e n ta g e s w ere tra n sfo rm e d by sq u are ro o t
b e fo re analysis................................................................

189

P earso n 's c o rre la tio n c o e ffic ie n t b e tw ee n f ir s t
and second g e n e ra tio n OM onion p lan t dam age
in 1979 and 1980.............................................................

190

P earso n 's c o rre la tio n c o rre la tio n fo r various
com parisons o f to ta l ad u lt p ro d u ctio n and OM
p la n t dam age in stu d y field s o f G ran t,
M ichigan, during 1979-1980.......................................

192

R egional e s tim a te s o f f ir s t and second
g e n e ra tio n OM p la n t d am ag e fo r th e m ajo r
onion grow ing a re a s o f M ichigan from 19771980.....................................................................................

194

T w o-w ay analysis o f v a ria n ce fo r p ro p o rtio n of
to ta l f ir s t g e n e ra tio n d am ag e fo r d a te and
fie ld
in
1979.
All p ro p o rtio n s w ere
tra n s fo rm e d by sq u are ro o t b e fo re analysis. . .

197

xi

LIST OF TABLES, continued
T able 35.

Tw o-w ay analysis o f v a ria n ce fo r p ro p o rtio n of
to ta l f ir s t g e n e ra tio n d am ag e fo r d a te and
field
in
1980.
All p ro p o rtio n s w ere
tra n sfo rm e d by sq u are ro o t b e fo re an aly sis...................................... 197

T able 36.

Tw o-w ay analysis o f v a ria n ce fo r p ro p o rtio n of
to ta l f ir s t g e n e ra tio n dam age fo r d a te and
fie ld in 1979 a f te r om ission o f field 1. All
p ro p o rtio n s w e re tra n s fo rm e d by sq u are ro o t
b e fo re a n a l y s i s . ........................................................................................... 199

T able 37.

T w o-w ay analysis o f v a ria n ce fo r p ro p o rtio n of
to ta l firs t g e n e ra tio n dam age fo r d a te and
field in 1980 a f te r om ission o f field 10. All
p ro p o rtio n s w ere tra n sfo rm e d by sq u are ro o t
b e fo re an aly sis............................................................................................... 199

T able 38.

P re d ic te d to ta l p e rc e n t f ir s t g e n e ra tio n
d am ag e fo r field s in G ra n t, M ichigan, by use
o f point e s tim a te s o f d am ag e and th e
c u m u la tiv e p ro p o rtio n al d am ag e cu rv e fo r
1980................................................................................................................. 202

T able 39.

P earso n 's c o rre la tio n c o e ffic ie n t fo r to ta l OM
and SCM a d u lt seaso n al p ro d u ctio n fo r stu d y
field s in G ra n t, M ichigan, in 1979-1980............................................. 211

T able A l.

Species of th e genus H ylem ya:
R eco rd of
d istrib u tio n in M ichigan.............................................................................. 241

T able C l.

A ir te m p e ra tu re s and d e g re e -d a y acc u m u la ­
tion in F° (base 4.4° C) fo r G ran t, M ichigan, in
1978-1980...................................................................................................... 251

T able C 2-3. Soil
tion
and
and
T ab le C4.

te m p e ra tu re s and d e g re e -d a y acc u m u la ­
in F° (base 4 .4 ° C) fo r th re e d ep th s (3, 8,
15 cm ) fo r G ra n t, M ichigan, in 1979 (C2)
1980 (C3).................................................................................................. 255

D aily p re c ip ita tio n and a c c u m u la te d p re c ip ita ­
tion fo r G ra n t, M ichigan, in 1978-1980.............................................. 261

T ables D l-3 . Sum m ary o f fir s t, second and th ird g e n e ra ­
tion e m e rg e n c e in 1978-1980............................................................... 265
T ab le E l.

A dult m ale and fe m a le c a tc h o f SC and OM by
stic k y board tra p s in 1978....................................................................... 271

x ii
LIST OF TABLES, continued

T able E2.

A dult m ale and fe m a le c a tc h o f SC and OM by
stic k y board tra p s in 1979......................................................................

296

T able E3.

A dult m ale and fe m a le c a tc h o f SC and OM by
a c tiv ity tra p s in 1978............................................................................... 308

T ab le E4.

A dult m ale and fe m a le c a tc h o f SC and OM by
a c tiv ity tra p s in 1979...............................................................................

315

T ab le E5.

A dult m ale and fe m a le c a tc h o f SC and OM by
flig h t in te rc e p tio n tra p s fo r all field s in 1979
and 1980......................................................................................................... 320

T able F.

R eco rd ed num ber o f onions dam aged by OM
fo r e ac h sam p le, d a te and stu d y field in 1979
and 1980........................................................................................................

339

T able G l.

C o m p u ter program fo r ad ju stin g a d u lt tra p
c a tc h a cco rd in g to hourly te m p e ra tu re s and
w ithin-day a c tiv ity ....................................................................................... 353

T able G2.

C o m p u ter
program
fo r
c a lc u la tio n
of
B a tc h e le r's B ra tio from p lo ts o f dam ag ed
onions (L am p ert, 1980)............................................................................

355

Table G3.

C o m p u ter program fo r c a lc u la tio n o f C lark
and Evans’ dispersion s ta t is tic from p lo ts of
dam aged onions..............................................................................................357

T able G4.

C o m p u ter program for c a lc u la tio n of d ista n ce
m e asu re m e n ts A and B and th e te s t s ta t is tic P
from p lots o f dam ag ed onions w ith d iffe re n t
v o lu n te e r onion d e n sitie s............................................................................358

T able G5.

C o m p u ter
program
listin g
of
th e OM
population dynam ics subm odel................................................................. 360

T able H I.

M ean e s tim a te s o f OM second in sta r d en sity
fo r sam ples o f 60 cm o f onion row in 1978...................................... 369

T able H2.

M ean e s tim a te s o f OM th ird in s ta r d en sity fo r
sam p les o f 60 cm o f onion row in 1978............................................ 370

T able H3.

M ean e s tm a te s o f OM pupal d en sity fo r
sam ples o f 60 cm o f onion row in 1978............................................ 371

x iii
LIST OF TABLES, continued
T able H4.

M ean e s tim a te s o f SC th ird in s ta r d en sity fo r
sam ples of 60 cm o f onion row in 1 9 7 8 . .......................................... 372

T able H5.

M ean e s tim a te s o f SC pupal d en sity fo r
sam ples of 60 cm o f onion row in 1978.............................................. 373

T able H6.

M ean e s tim a te s o f OM second in s ta r d en sity
fo r sam ples o f 60 cm o f onion row in 1979....................................... 374

T able H7.

M ean e s tim a te s o f OM th ird in s ta r d en sity fo r
sam ples o f 60 cm o f onion row in 1979.............................................. 375

T able H8.

Mean e s tim a te s o f OM pupal d en sity fo r
sam ples o f 60 cm o f onion row in 1979.............................................. 376

T able H9.

M ean e s tim a te s of OM pupae p a ra sitiz e d by A.
b ilin e a ta from sam p les o f 60 cm o f onion row
in 1979............................................................................................................ 377

T able H10.

M ean e s tim a te s o f SC th ird in s ta r d en sity fo r
sam ples o f 60 cm o f onion row in 1979.............................................. 378

T able HI 1. Mean e s tim a te s of SC pupal d en sity fo r
sam ples o f 60 cm o f onion row in 1979.............................................. 379

LIST OF FIGURES
F ig u re 1.

C o n c e p tu a liz a tio n o f th e onion ag ro eco sy stem
show ing levels o f in te ra c tio n w ithin th e o b je c t
o f c o n tro l and th e m o n ito red en v iro n m en t......................................... 23

F ig u re 2.

C o n c e p tu a liz a tio n o f th e o b je c t o f co n tro l for
th e onion agro eco sy stem w ith th e onion
m aggot, H ylem ya a n tiq u a , as th e re fe re n c e
p o in t.................................................................................................................. 25

F ig u re 3.

F u n ctio n al diagram o f th e life sy stem o f the
OM (S = spacing o f onions, D = dead onion
p la n ts, P = m o rta lity due to p e sticid e s, E =
eggs, A = p a ra sitism , N = n a tu ra l m o rta lity ).
A, subm odel o f th e
onion, p e sticid e , and
econom ics com ponents; B, subm odel o f th e
dynam ics of th e OM population; C, subm odel
of th e dynam ics o f th e p a ra sito id p o p u latio n.....................................29

F ig u re 4.

S im ulation
w ith an
in itia l o v erw in terin g
population o f 1000 OM pupae p er a c re .
A,
num ber of ad u lts in p reo v ip o sitio n ary classes;
B, p e rc e n t of onions no t dam aged by m aggots
over tim e .........................................................................................................40

F ig u re 5.

Sim ulation
w ith an
in itia l o v e rw in te rin g
population of 1500 pupae o f w hich 500 a re
p a ra sitiz e d . A, n u m b er of a d u lt p a rasito id s; B,
num ber o f OM a d u lts in p re o v ip o sitio n ary
c la sse s.............................................................................................................. 42

F ig u re 6 .

S im ulation
w ith an
in itia l o v erw in terin g
population o f 12,000 OM pupae o f w hich 2000
w ere p a ra sitiz e d . A fo liar spray o f m alath io n
w as applied a t day 140, and e v ery 40 days
th e r e a f te r (T = sp ray d a te). A, num ber of OM
a d u lts in p re o v ip o sitio n ary classes; B, num ber
of a d u lt p a ra sito id s.................................................

F igure 7.

43

S im ulation w ith an
in itia l o v e rw in te rin g
population o f 12,000 OM pupae o f w hich 2000
w ere p a ra sitiz e d . A fo liar sp ray o f m alath io n
was applied a t d ay 170, and e v ery 40 days
th e r e a f te r (▼ - sp ray d a te ). A, nu m b er of
a d u lt OMs in preo v ip o sitio n ary classes; B, th e
num ber of a d u lt p a ra sito id s..................................................................... 45

x iv

XV

LIST OF FIGURES, continued
F ig u re 8 .

P lo t design o f th e re s e a rc h field in G ran t,
M ichigan, fo r 1978-1979.........................................................................

48

F ig u re 9.

A erial photograph o f th e G ra n t onion grow ing
a re a o f N ew aygo C ounty in M ichigan.
L o catio n o f stu d y field s 1-14 and th e field
la b o ra to ry s ta tio n (*) a re in d ic a te d .......................................................50

F ig u re 10.

S c h em atic o f e m erg en ce tra p used to c a tc h
a d u lt m ale and fe m a le OM during th e firs t,
second, and th ird g e n e ra tio n e m erg en ce in
1978-1980..................................................................................................... 54

F ig u re 11.

D im ensions o f flig h t in te rc e p tio n tra p used to
tra p ad u lt m ale and fe m a le OM and SCM
a d u lts in study field s during 1979-1980............................................. 56

F igure 12.

R elatio n sh ip b etw ee n soil d e g re e-d a y s (4.4° C
base a t 8 cm depth) and a ir d eg ree-d ay s (4.4° C
base) in G ran t, M ichigan, fo r 1979 and 1980................................... 68

F igure 13.

C u m u lativ e p ro p o rtio n e m erg en ce o f th re e
g e n e ra tio n s o f OM a d u lts co m p ared to Ju lia n
d a te in 1978 (A), 1979 (B), and 1980 (C)...............................................

F ig u re 14.

C um ulative p ro p o rtio n em erg en c e o f th re e
g e n e ra tio n s o f OM a d u lts co m p ared to a ir
d e g ree-d ay a cc u m u la tio n (4.4° C base) in 1978
(A), 1979 (B), and 1980 (C)........................................................................72

F ig u re 15.

C u m u lativ e p ro p o rtio n em erg en c e o f th re e
g e n eratio n s o f OM a d u lts co m p ared to soil
d e g re e-d a y accu m u la tio n (4.4° C b ase a t 8 cm
depth) in 1979 (A) and 1980 (B)............................................................... 7 3

F ig u re 16.

A verage c u m u lativ e p ro p o rtio n e m erg en c e and
r a te o f em erg en c e o f th re e g e n e ra tio n s o f OM
a d u lts from 1978-1980 co m p ared to : A) soil
d e g re e-d a y s (4,4° C base a t 8 cm d ep th ), B) a ir
d e g re e-d a y s (4.4° C base), and C) Ju lia n d a te ................................ ....

F ig u re 17.

C om parison o f p e rc e n t c a tc h o f OM ad u lts for
d iffe re n t tra p h eig h ts in tw o h a b ita ts: a)
w ithin th e onion fie ld and b) grass b o rd er a re a
(.95 Cl in d ic a ted )......................................................................................... 84

F ig u re 18A. P e rc e n t o f to ta l OM ad u lt c a tc h a t th e 100 cm
n e t h e ig h t in 1978.................................................................................... 8 6

xv i

LIST OF FIGURES, continued
F ig u re 18B. Onion le a f le n g th during th e onion grow ing
season in 1978.............................................................................................

86

F ig u re 19A. M ean c a tc h of OM ad u lts during th e second
and th ird g e n e ra tio n
flig h t
by
flig h t
in te rc e p tio n tra p s p laced w ithin th e onion
re s e a rc h field in 1979...............................................................................

89

F ig u re 19B. M ean c a tc h o f OM a d u lts during th e second
and th ird g e n e ra tio n
flig h t
by
flig h t
in te rc e p tio n tra p s p la ce d along th e bo rd ers of
th e onion re s e a rc h field in 1979...........................................................

89

F ig u re 19C. P ro p o rtio n o f to ta l a d u lt OM c a tc h du rin g th e
second and th ird g e n e ra tio n flig h t by flig h t
in te rc e p tio n tra p s p laced w ithin and along th e
borders o f th e onion re s e a rc h field in 1979.......................................

89

F igure 20.

F igure 21.

M ean p e rc e n t c a tc h o f to ta l OM a d u lts fo r th e
hours o f 4:30 to 22:30, s e v e ra l d a te s d u ring th e
season in 1979.............................................................................................

94

R elatio n sh ip
b etw ee n
p ro b it o f p e rc e n t
re la tiv e a c tiv ity (RA) o f OM a d u lts and daily
te m p e ra tu re (°C).
S ta n d a rd day (100%
re la tiv e a c tiv ity ) equals 20° C (d a ta o f Loosjes
1976)...............................................................................................................

97

F ig u re 22.

G rap h ical re p re s e n ta tio n o f te m p e ra tu re a d ju sted tech n iq u e, w here a d u lt tra p c a tc h is
a d ju sted acc o rd in g to th e a c tiv ity le v el
o bserved for th e te m p e ra tu re and hour during
th e day.................................................................................................................99

F ig u re 23.

M ean hourly tra p c a tc h o f OM a d u lts w ith
stic k y boards b e fo re and a f te r a p erio d o f
p re c ip ita tio n (a fte r C a rru th e rs 1977)................................................ 101

F ig u re 24.

P ro p o rtio n o f to ta l OM a d u lt c a tc h b e fo re (AB) and a f te r (C -F) te m p e ra tu re a d ju stm e n t fo r
flig h t in te rc e p tio n tra p s in 1979 and 1980.
M ean tra p c a tc h fo r field 7 (G) and fie ld 13
(H).......................................................................................................................104

F ig u re 25.

F lig h t curves o f m ale and fe m a le a d u lt OM
from flig h t in te rc e p tio n tra p s in c o m m e rcial
stu d y field s in 1979................................................................................... 106

x v ii
LIST OF FIGURES, continued
F ig u re 26.

F lig h t curves o f m ale and fe m a le a d u lt OM
from flig h t in te rc e p tio n tra p s in co m m e rcial
stu d y fields in 1980..................................................................................... 107

F ig u re 27A. M ean tra p c a tc h o f a d u lt OM by flig h t
in te rc e p tio n tra p s in field 7 in 1979 (no fo lia r
in se c tic id e sprays applied)........................................................................ 1 1 0
F ig u re 27B-D. M ean tra p c a tc h o f a d u lt OM by flig h t
in te rc e p tio n tra p s in fie ld 2 (B), fie ld 5 (C),
and fie ld 6 (D) in 1979.
P erio d s o f fo lia r
in se c tic id e a p p lic a tio n a re in d ic a te d (P p a ra th io n , S-Sevin, D -diazinon)...............................................................110
F ig u re 28A. M ean tra p c a tc h o f a d u lt OM by flig h t
in te rc e p tio n tra p s in fie ld 13 in 1980 (no fo lia r
in s e c tic id e sprays applied)........................................................................ I l l
F igure 28B.

M ean tra p c a tc h o f a d u lt OM by flig h t
in te rc e p tio n tra p s in field 14 in 1980. P erio d s
o f fo lia r in se c tic id e ap p lic atio n are in d ic a te d
(P -p a rath io n , S-Sevin)................................................................................. I l l

F igure 29.

P ro p o rtio n o f to ta l OM ad u lt c a tc h b e fo re (AB) and a f te r (C-D) te m p e ra tu re a d ju stm e n t fo r
stic k y board tra p s in 1978 and 1979. Mean
tra p c a tc h fo r th e re s e a rc h fie ld in 1978 (E)
and 1979 (F).................................................................................................... 114

F igure 30.

P ro p o rtio n of to ta l OM a d u lt c a tc h b e fo re (AB) and a f te r (C-D) te m p e ra tu re a d ju stm e n t fo r
a c tiv ity tra p s in 1978 and 1979. M ean tra p
c a tc h for th e re s e a rc h fie ld in 1978 (E) and
1979 (F).............................................................................................................115

F ig u re 31.

C u m u la tiv e p ro p o rtio n o f second and th ird
in s ta r OM la rv a e (L) and OM pupae (P) fo r tw o
g e n e ra tio n s from sam p les of 60 cm o f onion
row in 1978 (A) and 1979 (B).....................................................................118

F ig u re 32.

C om parison of to ta l OM pupae and nu m b er of
pupae p a ra sitiz e d by A. b ilin e a ta from sam p les
o f 60 cm o f onion row in 1978 and 1979......................................

. 127

F ig u re 33 A. P h o to g rap h o f an OM pupa show ing th e
e n tra n c e hold m ade by A. b ilin e a ta , only a few
hours a f te r th e c u tic le was p e n e tr a te d ................................................130

x v iii
LIST OF FIGURES, continued
F ig u re 33B. P h o to g rap h of e n tra n c e hole of A. b ilin e a ta in
OM pupa, show ing th e c o n te n ts o f th e pupa
p ro tru d in g from th e hole............................................................................ 130
F ig u re 33C. P h o to g rap h of th e e n tra n c e hole o f A.
b ilin e a ta p a rtly se a le d o v e r.......................................................................130
F ig u re 33D. P h o to g rap h o f th e sea le d e n tra n c e hole o f A.
b ilin e a ta on an OM p u p a.............................................................................130
F ig u re 34.

R elatio n sh ip b e tw ee n p e rc e n t o f OM pupae
w ith e n tra n c e holes
o f A. b ilin e a ta and
p e rc e n t OM pupal m o rta lity fo r study field s in
1979................................................................................................................. 136

F ig u re 35.

Onion m aggot p la n t
dam age p er day as a
p e rc e n t o f to ta l d am ag e during th e 1978
grow ing se a so n ............................................................................................... 142

F igure 36.

R elatio n sh ip b etw een d eg ree day o f in itia l OM
dam age and th e d e g re e day p erio d th a t a
dam aged onon re m a in s visible in th e fie ld ......................................... 144

F ig u re 37A. U se o f th e Sam ple program fo r s e le c tio n of
q u a d ra ts o f OM p la n t d am ag e in onion m apping
p lo ts................................................................................................................... 148
F ig u re 37B. G rap h ical re p re se n ta tio n o f m ethod used to
o b ta in n e a re s t neighbor m e asu re m e n ts NORP
and NN fo r c a lc u la tio n o f B a tc h e le r’s R a tio B................................ 148
F igure 37C. G rap h ical re p re se n ta tio n o f m eth o d used to
o b ta in n e a re s t neighbor m e asu re m e n ts r A fo r
c a lc u la tio n of C lark and Evans' dispersion
s ta t is tic ............................................................................................................ 148
F ig u re 38A. M orisita's index o f d ispersion fo r q u a d ra t
sam ples o f OM p la n t dam age in a D y fo n a te tr e a te d and n o n -tre a te d p lo t during th e 1979
grow ing se a so n .............................................................................................. 1 5 5
F igure 38B. B a tc h e le r's ra tio o f dispersion fo r n e a re s t
neighbor sam pling o f OM p la n t dam age in a
D y fo n a te -tre a te d
and
n o n -D y fo n ate
p lo t
during th e 1979 grow ing seaso n .............................................................. 155

x ix

LIST OF FIGURES, continued
F ig u re 39.

G rap h ical re p re se n ta tio n o f pro g ressio n o f Om
p la n t dam age in p lo t 3 in 1979. L o catio n of
individual d am ag ed onions (+) and v o lu n te e r
onion p la n ts (*) a re p r e s e n t e d ................................................................ 159

F igure 40. C u m u lativ e
d en sity
of
th e
d ista n c e
m e asu re m e n ts A and D and te s t s ta t is tic P fo r
60 sam ples in a D y fo n a te -tre a te d a re a ................................................ 164
F ig u re 41.

G rap h ical re p re se n ta tio n o f th e value o f P
o b tain ed fo r d iffe re n t d e n sities o f v o lu n te e r
onions and th e N th n e a re s t onion s e le c te d ..........................................178

F ig u re 42.

V alues of P fo r th e N th n e a re s t onion s e le c te d
in p lo ts co n tain in g single and a g g re g a te s of
v o lu n teer onions............................................................................................ 180

F ig u re 43.

P e rc e n t OM p la n t d am ag e during th e f ir s t
g e n e ra tio n in field s 13 and 14 (1980).................................................. 185

F ig u re 44.

R elatio n sh ip betw een p o in t e s tim a te s of
p e rc e n t OM dam ag e and to ta l firs t g e n e ra tio n
dam age fo r th e stu d y field s in 1979 and 1980................................ 196

F ig u re 45.

C u m u lativ e
p ro p o rtio n
cu rv e
of
f ir s t
g e n e ra tio n OM p la n t d am ag e in 1979 (A) and
1980 (B) ov er d e g re e days (4 .4 °C b a se )................................................ 200

F ig u re 46. P ro p o rtio n o f to ta l SC a d u lt c a tc h b e fo re (AB) and a f te r (C -F) te m p e ra tu re a d ju stm e n t fo r
flig h t in te rc e p tio n tra p s in 1979 and 1980.
M ean tra p c a tc h fo r fie ld 7 (G) and fie ld 13
(H)...................................................................................................................... 204
F ig u re 47.

F lig h t cu rv es o f m ale and fe m a le a d u lt SC
from flig h t in te rc e p tio n tra p s in c o m m e rc ia l
stu d y field s in 1979................................................................................... 206

F ig u re 48.

F lig h t cu rv es o f m ale and fe m a le a d u lt SC
from flig h t in te rc e p tio n tra p s in c o m m e rc ia l
stu d y field s in 1980................................................................................... 207

F ig u re 49.

P ro p o rtio n o f to ta l SC a d u lt c a tc h b e fo re (AB) and a f te r (C-D) te m p e ra tu re a d ju stm e n t fo r
stic k y board tra p s in 1978 and 1979. M ean
tra p e a tc h fo r th e re s e a rc h field in 1978 (E)
and 1979 (F).................................................................................................... 208

XX

LIST OF FIGURES, continued
F ig u re 50.

M ean d en sity o f th ird in sta r la rv a e and pupae
of th e SC from sam p les o f 60 cm o f onion row
in 1978 and 1979......................................................................................... 209

F igure 51.

C om parison of th e p e rc e n ta g e ra tio s of SC and
OM th ird in sta r la rv a e , from sam ples of 60 cm
of onion row in 1978 and 1979............................................................... 212

F ig u re 52A. C u m u lativ e p ro p o rtio n OM e m erg en ce fo r
m odel (ex p ected ) and fie ld (observed) d a ta fo r
G ran t, 1980 (E. m uscae not included).................................................... 215
F ig u re 52B. C u m u lativ e p ro p o rtio n OM e m erg en c e fo r
m odel (expected) and field (observed) d a ta fo r
G ra n t, 1980, a f te r inclusion o f E. m u s c a e ......................................... 215
F ig u re 52C. P ro p o rtio n of to ta l OM ad u lts fo r m odel and
field d a ta in G ra n t, 1979......................................................................... 215
F igure 52D. P roportion of to ta l OM a d u lts fo r m odel and
field d a ta in G ra n t, 1980......................................................................... 215
F igure 53.

C om parison
proportions
during th e
M ichigan, in
in star; B,
proportion o f

o f fie ld and m odel re s u lts fo r
o f im m a tu re s ta g e s o f th e OM
onion grow ing seaso n in G ran t,
1979. A, p ro p o rtio n o f second
p ro p o rtio n o f th ird in sta r; C,
pupae.......................................................................................217

F ig u re A l.

C o u n ties and s ta n d a rd co u n ty codes fo r th e
s ta te o f M ichigan fo r use w ith T able A l .............................................. 240

I.

INTRODUCTION
For the p a st tw o decad es, th e re has been a lo t of c o n tro v e rsy surrounding

th e use, and sole re lia n c e on, p e sticid e s to c o n tro l in s e c t populations in
a g ric u ltu re .

Shortly a f te r World War II, problem s a sso c iate d w ith th e ex cessiv e

use of ch em ical p e sticid e s, such as re s ista n c e , re su rg en ce, b io m ag n ificatio n , and
e n v iro n m en tal c o n tam in atio n , o ccu rred , and th e g en eral public as well as th e
sc ie n tific com m unity began questioning th e w holesale use of p e stic id e s.

In th e

1960's, th e questions b ecam e th e c a ta ly s t fo r a new philosophy of " in te g ra te d
c o n tro l1’—" in te g ra te d p e st m an ag em en t."
In te g ra te d pest m an ag em en t (IPM) w as, and still is, widely recognized as a
n e ce ssa ry a lte rn a tiv e to th e p e stic id e dilem m a (P im e n tel e t al. 1965, Rabb and
G u th rie

1970, G e ier 1966, Tum m ala and

H aynes 1977).

This approach for

suppression of in s e c t populations m ak es use of th e m any re c e n t ad v an ces in
various tech n iq u es of in s e c t c o n tro l. O ver th e p ast tw e n ty y e ars, th e re has been
an in c re ase in re s e a rc h , d ev elo p m en t and use of biological co n tro l m eth o d s,
g e n e tic c o n tro l tech n iq u es, c u ltu ra l c o n tro l m eth o d s, use of a ttr a c t a n ts and host
plant re s ista n c e .

P rogress and su ccess in th e se a re a s of in se c t c o n tro l allow ed

for d ev elopm ent of a lte rn a tiv e in s e c t co n tro l pro g ram s and Jed to m ore judicious
use of chem ical in se c tic id e s.
Many previous co n tro l pro g ram s involving w idespread use of n o n -se lec tiv e
ch em ical in se c tic id e s have been re p la ce d

by in te g ra te d c o n tro l

pro g ram s.

Success of som e of th e se pro g ram s, how ever, has been lim ite d due to a v a rie ty of
reasons: 1) th ey focused only on using th e p e stic id e less, 2) m ore o fte n th an n o t,
no biological in fo rm atio n on th e in sects a ffe c te d by th e p e stic id e w as c o lle c te d
or used in im plem enting th e pro g ram s, 3) a sin g le m ethod o f c o n tro l was used

1

2

in ste a d of se le c tio n and in te g ra tio n of sev e ra l c o n tro l tech n iq u es, and 4) th ey
failed to use a m u lti-d isc ip lin ary approach th a t would exam ine and co n sid er all
b io tic and a b io tic p a ra m e te rs when designing th e c o n tro l p ro g ram s.

In som e

case s, c o n tro l program s w e re designed by re s e a rc h e rs from se v e ra l disciplines
who w orked on th e sam e crop or s e t of problem s.

E ach ta c tic , how ever, was

re se a rc h e d as if it was th e only answ er to th e pro b lem .

The re su lt was o fte n a

m ultid iscip lin ary approach w ith no provision for in te g ra tin g th e many c o n tro l
te ch n iq u es (see H aynes e t al. 1980).
R ec e n tly , a tra n sd isc ip lin a ry ap p ro ach to in se c t co n tro l has been suggested
w hich en ab les re s e a rc h e rs to in te g ra te d iffe re n t in se c t suppression m eth o d s
w hen developing a co n tro l pro g ram . A "w id e-area " view of th e whole eco sy stem
and analysis o f how th e d iffe re n t m ethods o f c o n tro l a f f e c t th e dynam ics of p e st
p opulations a re used to d e te rm in e which c o n tro ls a re b est su ite d and how th ey
should be in te g ra te d or sequenced fo r u se.

This ap p ro ach channels th e various

co n tro l te ch n iq u es in to m ore co m p reh en siv e s tra te g ie s based on th e eco lo g ical
c h a r a c te ris tic s of th e to ta l e c o sy ste m . This view , e co sy stem analysis, has been
p u t fo rth by sev e ra l a u th o rs over th e p ast d ecad e and is now rep lacin g m ost
c o n v en tio n al p e st-c ro p stu d ies (Rabb 1978, P ric e 1975, H aynes e t al. 1980, Dantsch
1970, R abb e t al.).
E co sy stem analysis in a g ric u ltu ra l sy stem s en co m p asses th e sam e basic
eco lo g ica l principles used for any e c o sy ste m . The m ajor d iffe re n c e is th e g re a t
im p a c t th a t m an him self can e x e rt.

To produce m axim um cro p yield, m an

usually a lte rs th e ag ro eco sy stem w ith trem en d o u s en erg y inputs of fe rtiliz e rs ,
irrig a tio n , re s is ta n t p la n t v a rie tie s, p e sticid e s, e tc . O fte n th e se inputs a re used
to d ire c t e co lo g ica l p ro cesses so a d esired re s u lt o ccu rs (R abb e t al. 1974).

3

H aynes e t al. (1980) d escrib ed inputs o f p e stic id e s or fe rtiliz e rs as d ire c t
c o n tro ls and th o se o f p a ra sitism

and p re d a tio n as in d ire c t c o n tro ls.

They

su g g este d th a t d ire c t c o n tro ls can cau se m ajo r disru p tio n s in th e eco sy stem ;
w hereas, in d ire c t c o n tro ls, w hile being v ery se n sitiv e to e co lo g ical p ro cesses,
usually do not.

The changes caused by and th e e f f e c ts o f such d ire c t co n tro ls,

th e re fo re , need to be d e te rm in e d and ex am in ed in ad d itio n to th e n a tu ra l
p ro cesses o c cu rrin g in th e eco sy stem .
The onion a g ro eco sy stem is an exam ple o f w here d ire c t c o n tro ls have been
used fo r th e p a st 50 y e ars.

H aynes e t al. (1980) ch ro n icled th e ev o lu tio n o f

p e stic id e s used as c o n tro ls on th is cro p in th e U n ited S ta te s .

In th e onion

a g ro e co sy stem , in se c ts and w eeds a re th e tw o m ajor organism s fo r d ire c t
c o n tro ls.

C rop loss due to p e stile n c e is e s tim a te d to ran g e from 10 to 40%. The

onion m aggot, H ylem ya a n tiq u a (M eig.), h e re in re fe rre d to as OM, has been
d escrib ed as th e m ajor p e st in th e p ro d u ctio n o f onions in m any a re a s o f N orth
A m erica (H arris and Svec 1976, E ckenrode e t al. 1975, G uyer and Wells 1954,
E llington 1963, C a rru th e rs
p rim ary d ire c t co n tro l.

1979).

C h em ical in se c tic id e s w ere and a re th e

The OM developed re s is ta n c e to c h em ica l in sec tic id e s

which led to in c re ase d a p p licatio n s, hig h er dosages and new com pounds.
In se c tic id e re s is ta n c e by th e OM has been d o cu m en ted by s e v e ra l a u th o rs
o v e r th e la s t te n years. Brow n (1971) lis te d e ig h t sp ec ie s of soil in sec ts th a t had
developed re s is ta n c e to DDT, including th e OM. G uyer and Wells (1959) re p o rte d
poor c o n tro l of OM in M ichigan by DDT and re s is ta n c e to DDT by OM was
d o cu m en ted by H arris and Svec (1976).

C yclodienne in se c tic id e re s is ta n c e by

OM also developed. H o w itt (1958) f ir s t re p o rte d cyclodienne re s is ta n c e in OM in
W ashington S ta te , and c ro s s -re s is ta n c e o v er th e whole cyclodienne group o f

4

in se c tic id e s has now o ccu rred , including re s ista n c e to d ieldrin, ald rin , h e p ta chlor, ch lo rd an e, endrin, and lindane.

H arris and Svec (1976) n o ted th a t field

s tu d ie s co n d u cted in all onion grow ing a re a s o f th e U n ited S ta te s re v e a le d poor
onion m aggot c o n tro l by cyclodienne com pounds b etw een 1954-1960. R e la te d
s p e c ie s of ro o t m aggots also w ere shown to be re s is ta n t to th e cyclodienne's,
including th e cab b ag e m aggot (H ylem ya b ra ssic a e (Bouche')), tu rn ip m aggot
(H ylem ya flo ra lis (Fallen)), and se e d -c o rn m aggot (H ylem ya p la tu ra (Rond.))
(H arris 1977).
In th e 1960's, th e c h lo rin a te d hydrocarbons and cy clo d ien n e in se c tic id e s
w ere re p la c e d by o rganopho sp h ates and c a rb a m a te s.
and p a ra th io n w ere th e f ir s t to be used.

E thion, diazinon, p h o ra te ,

H arris (1977) re p o rte d re s ista n c e to

organophosphate com pounds in th re e soil in se c ts, including th e OM. He re p o rte d
th a t

s e le c tio n

for

OM

re s ista n c e

to

th e

org an o p h o sp h ate

and

c a rb a m a te

com pounds o c c u rre d b ecause th e in se c t is co n fin ed to a single host, has s e v e ra l
g e n e ra tio n s p e r y ear, and e ac h g e n e ra tio n is c o n sta n tly su b je c te d to in ten se
in s e c tic id e p ressu re.
H arris and Svec (1976) re p o rte d in c re a se d re s ista n c e by th e OM to b o th th e
o rg anophosphate and c a rb a m a te in se c tic id e s.

The th io p h o sp h ate, D yfonate®

(fonophos) is p re se n tly being used (1977-81) in m o st onion p ro d u ctio n a re a s for
c h e m ic a l c o n tro l of th e onion m aggot (M ichigan, New Y ork, O ntario), and
although a d e q u a te co n tro l is s till d e m o n stra te d by use o f th is com pound, it m ay
follow

th e

course

of

th e

prev io u s

reco m m en d ed

m a te ria l,

Dasanit®

(fensulfothion), w hich, th ro u g h re p e a te d use and re s u lta n t re s ista n c e , becam e
in e ffe c tiv e .
In additio n to in se c tic id e re s ista n c e , o th e r b io tic com ponents o f th e onion

5

ag ro e co sy stem , including w eeds, d iseases, and n em ato d es, a re ex h ib itin g sim ila r
c o n tro l problem s (H aynes e t al. 1980).

H erbicides and fungicides a re applied a t

th re e to sev en day in te rv a ls from p la n tin g d a te to h a rv e st and o fte n n e m aticid e s
a re used to fu m ig ate th e soil follow ing onion h a rv e st in p re p a ra tio n o f ro ta tio n
w ith c a rro ts (tw o to fo u r y e ar ro ta tio n w ith onions).

Weed re s ista n c e to 2,4-D

has b een re p o rte d (Hopen 1972) and re s ista n c e to D ithan M -45, used to co n tro l
onion le a f blig h t (B o try tis sq u am o sa) has also been n o ted (L orbeer, 1977, pers.
com m ., D ept, of P la n t P a th ., C o rn ell Univ.).

P a s t and p re se n t onion crop

production has been and is d ep en d en t on high en erg y inputs of fe rtiliz e rs ,
re s is ta n t v a rie tie s, p e sticid e s, and high lev el m e ch a n iz atio n .

T hese pro d u ctio n

p ra c tic e s d ire c tly depend on dw indling fossil fu el en erg y and new chem ical
com pounds.

The econom ics o f developing new p e stic id e s,

com bined w ith

re s ista n c e to e x istin g c h em icals and an aw aren ess of th e d e trim e n ta l e f f e c ts on
th e en v iro n m en t, a re forcing re s e a rc h e rs to re -e x am in e c u rre n t co n tro l sy stem s
in c o m m ercial onion c u ltu re.
The fu tu re o f p e st co n tro l in th e onion a g ro eco sy stem lies p rim arily in how
co n tro ls a re used.

Single s tra te g y p e st c o n tro l e x e rts trem en d o u s s e le c tio n

p ressu re fo r a d a p ta tio n to th e exposed organism and provides litt l e to no
fle x ib ility to a cc o u n t fo r sto c h a s tic and reg io n al v a ria tio n in w e a th e r and field
conditions (T um m ala e t al. 1975). O fte n , littl e to no in fo rm atio n is c o lle c te d on
p e st den sity , d istrib u tio n (sp a tia l and te m p o ral), r a te , tim in g and sp re ad of
dam ag e to th e crop, and how th is a f f e c ts th e su ccess of th e c o n tro l m easu res.
One o f th e re q u ire m e n ts fo r developing sound p e st m an ag em en t p ro g ram s is
having a c c u ra te e s tim a te s o f p e sts or n a tu ra l enem y p o p u latio n d en sities, as well
a s re lia b le asse ssm e n ts o f p la n t d am ag e and re s u lta n t e f f e c ts

o f co n tro l

6

program s.
la rg e -s c a le

B iological m onitoring, d escrib ed as one o f th e w e ak e st e lem en ts in
re s e a rc h

program s,

is

e sse n tia l

fo r

su cc e ssfu l

o n -lin e

p e st

m an ag em en t fo r on-line re s e a rc h in populations and co m m u n ities (R abb 1978).
In 1976, a p ro je c t was in itia te d a t M ichigan S ta te U n iv ersity to stu d y th e
onion ag ro e co sy stem .

The o v erall o b jectiv e was to co n d u ct an ecosystem

analysis to d efin e and in v e stig a te th e b io tic and a b io tic com p o n en ts of th e onion
sy stem . This included a study o f th e eco lo g ical p ro cesses occu rrin g , and fa c to rs
d e term in in g o r a ffe c tin g th e p ro cesses and th e ir o u tco m es. S everal in v e stig a to rs
w ere involved in th e study, and each in v e stig a to r was responsible fo r a sp e c ific
a re a , but in fo rm atio n flow and c o o p eratio n b etw een in v e stig a to rs was m anda­
tory.
This th e sis

p rim arily

ad d resses

th e

population

dynam ics o f th e OM,

p a rtic u la rly th e s p a tia l and te m p o ra l dynam ics o f th e OM population in M ichigan.
The m ajor o b je c tiv e s o f this stu d y w ere: 1) to in v e stig a te and explore th e w ithin
and b etw een g e n e ra tio n dynam ics o f OM life s ta g e s (firs t tw o g en eratio n s), 2) to
d e te rm in e fa c to rs a ffe c tin g survival, 3) to ex am in e th e s p a tia l and te m p o ra l
d istrib u tio n s o f th e OM and re s u lta n t onion p la n t dam age and, 4) to d o cu m en t th e
m any b io tic and a b io tic fa c to rs and th e ir in te ra c tio n s th a t a re involved in th e
onion a g ro eco sy stem .

In te ra c tio n s o f th e stu d y organism (OM) w ith th e host

p la n t and o th e r crops and sp ecies w ere in v e stig a te d w henever possible.
In a d d itio n to th e se o b je ctiv es, a biological m o n ito rin g program on a
reg io n al sca le was conducted. This e ffo rt provided in fo rm atio n on onion m aggot
d e n sitie s bo th w ithin and b etw een field s and also provided in fo rm atio n on th e
e x te n t and d istrib u tio n o f OM p la n t d am ag e in M ichigan.
It w as f e lt th a t stu d ie s on th e p o p u latio n d ynam ics o f th e OM and a

7

reg io n al biological m onitorin g program would provide som e answ ers to th e m any
questio n s

re g a rd in g OM

population

m an ag em en t.

A c c u ra te

e s tim a te s

of

popu lation den sity and th e te m p o ra l d istrib u tio n o f th e various ag e classes a re
n e ce ssa ry in all in se c t pop u latio n stu d ies.

An u n d erstan d in g o f th e s p a tia l

d istrib u tio n o f host p la n t d am ag e and fa c to rs d e term in in g or a ffe c tin g th is
d istrib u tio n a re also needed .

The d istrib u tio n o r disposition o f an organism in

sp ace can a f f e c t sam pling program s, m eth o d s of d a ta analysis and c an be used as
m easu res o f population size and co n d itio n of th e p o p u latio n (Southwood 1978). In
th e p a st, littl e work has b een done on q u a n tify in g th e te m p o ra l d istrib u tio n of
th e b io tic com ponents o f th e onion sy stem .

In fo rm atio n on th e d istrib u tio n o f

th e life -s ta g e s in tim e and sp ace is n eeded fo r fo rm u latio n o f m an ag em en t
program s.
The onion a g ro eco sy stem p ro je c t encom passed s e v e ra l d e p a rtm e n ts and
re s e a rc h e rs in th e u n iv e rsity who w orked to g e th e r to u n d erstan d e co sy stem
in te ra c tio n s.

In fo rm atio n from this stu d y has gone into a com m on pool of

in fo rm atio n from which new m an ag em en t ta c tic s m ay be developed.

A sy ste m s

point of view has been em ployed to in te g ra te th e various co n tro l tech n iq u es in to
a co m p reh en siv e understan d in g based on th e e co lo g ica l c h a r a c te ris tic s of th e
e co sy stem and dynam ics th a t e x ist b etw een th e p e st and th e ir en v iro n m en t. This
th e sis also provides som e of th e biological p a ra m e te rs n e c e ssa ry fo r inclusion in
this m an ag em en t program .

II.

BACKGROUND

A.

O nion M aggot
The biology of th e OM and co n tro l m e a su re s used in th e p a st hav e been

w ell rev iew ed by m any a u th o rs, n o tab ly Loosjes (1976), D oane (1953), T ozloski

8

(1954), P erron and L a F ran c e (1961), P e rro n (1972) and Ellington (1963), and S c o tt
(1969) published an e x ten siv e bibliography fo r H ylem ya a n tiq u a (M eig.)
A lthough H ennig (1974) p la ce d th e OM in th e genus D e lia , re c e n t lite r a tu r e
su g g ests th a t it is s till consid ered to be in th e H ylem ya genus.

A t le a s t fo r ty -

nine sp ecies o f this genus have been re c o rd ed in M ichigan (Appendix A) o f which
s e v e ra l a re co nsidered to be im p o rta n t p ests on a g ric u ltu ra l crops.

A d e ta ile d

d e sc rip tio n and key to th e genus is given by H u c k e tt (1971).
1. A dults
The OM o v e rw in te rs as a diapaused pupae and e m erg es in th e spring. The
firs t e m e rg e n c e is re fe rre d to as th e f ir s t g e n e ra tio n flig h t in this re p o rt.

The

eggs and re s u lta n t la rv a e from th is g e n e ra tio n have been d escrib ed as th e f ir s t
la rv a l brood (E ckenrode e t al. 1975).
nam ed accordingly.

F u rth e r flig h ts and la rv a l g e n e ra tio n s a re

T here a re ty p ic a lly th re e g e n e ra tio n s o f flig h t and th re e

la rv a l broods e ac h y e a r in M ichigan.
Very littl e q u a n tita tiv e w ork has been done on th e behavior o f OM a d u lts in
th e field.

The m ost e x ten siv e re s e a rc h was co n d u cted by Loosjes (1976), who

p re s e n te d re s u lts of d ispersal e x p erim en ts using m a rk -re c a p tu re techniques. He
re p o rte d th a t disp ersal r a te was te m p e ra tu re -d e p e n d e n t, bu t in d ep en d en t o f wind
d ire c tio n . T h irty -sev e n p e rc e n t o f th e fe m a le s and 50% o f th e m ales w ere found
to e m ig ra te a f te r e m erg en c e .
and m ating.

F e m a le m ig ratio n d e c re a se d during oviposition

Loosjes (1976) also re p o rte d th a t a d u lt d isp ersal was 2.5 tim e s

g r e a te r o u tsid e onion field s th a n w ithin th e field . In any one onion field th e
o
a v e ra g e diffusion c o e ffic ie n t w as 2000 m /d ay ; how ever, in an a re a
encom passing m o re th a n one fie ld and w ith an a v e ra g e onion fly d en sity , th e
9
diffusion c o e ffic ie n t was 3600 m /d a y (Loosjes 1976).

9

S ev eral a u th o rs have o bserved th a t OM ad u lts fe e d a c tiv e ly on flo w ers or
w eed pollen follow ing in itia l e m e rg e n c e (B aker 1928, M aan 1945, R ygg 1960,
C a rru th e rs 1979).

F em ale OM have been d e sc rib e d as being an anato g en o u s,

req u irin g a p ro te in so u rce b e fo re egg laying can o ccu r (M issonnier and S ten g el
1966, M issonnier 1967).

M aan (1945) re p o rte d th a t ad u lt OM in th e fie ld live

from th re e to four w eeks. Loosjes (1976) p re se n te d survivorship curves for a d u lt
OM and re p o rte d th a t 5096 o f th e a d u lts o f th e firs t g e n eratio n died in ten days
and 5096 o f th e a d u lts o f th e second g e n e ra tio n died in seven days. He su g g ested
th a t th e g re a te r m o ra lity in th e second g e n e ra tio n was due to higher in fe c tio n by
E ntom ophthora m uscae (Cohn). He also s ta te d th a t th e field survivorship re su lts
a g re e d reaso n ab ly w ell w ith th o se o f la b o ra to ry e x p erim en ts and th e lite r a tu r e
on r e la te d sp ec ie s (R ockstein and M iquel 1973).
2. Im m a tu re S tages
Eggs o f th e OM a re laid in th e soil around th e b ase o f th e onion p lan t or on
th e leav es o f th e p la n t its e lf.

Eggs a re n o rm ally la id in groups o f th re e to six,

and oviposition o ccu rs re p e a te d ly during th e life o f th e fe m a le fly (K arum a e t al.
1972). R equired d e g re e-d a y accu m u la tio n fo r eclosion was re p o rte d by C a rru th ­
ers (1979) to be 50 d e g ree-d ay s w ith base te m p e ra tu re of 3.88° C. O viposition on
previously dam aged onions was o fte n o b serv ed (W orkm an 1958, A rm stro n g 1924,
Loosjes 1976, C a rru th e rs 1979).

P e rro n (1972) re p o rte d th a t h ealth y , m a tu re

onions are usually n o t a tta c k e d by la rv a e d u ring th e seco n d g e n eratio n , and G ray
(1924) re p o rte d th a t OM o fte n oviposit on fla c c id onion le a v e s or w here dense
onion fo liag e o ccu rs. P e rro n (1972) also re p o rte d th a t g r e a te r d e n sitie s o f eggs
w ere found on onions p la n te d a t higher d e n sitie s, bu t n o ted th a t th e n um ber of
eggs p e r p la n t re m a in ed th e sam e re g a rd le ss o f p la n tin g d en sity . S e v e ra l a u th o rs

10

have sugg ested th a t onion v o la tile s a t t r a c t a d u lt fe m ale OM fo r feed in g or
oviposition (M atsum oto 1970, D indonis and M iller 1980).
Ellis e t al. (1979) in v e stig a te d th e in fluence o f onion c u ltiv a rs and th e ir
m icrobial c o lo n izers on re s ista n c e to th e OM. They re p o rte d th a t p la n t d en sity ,
age,

and d eg ree o f m icrobial a c tiv ity re g u la te d OM oviposition, and th ey

suggested th a t OM populations m ay be m anaged in th e fu tu re by m an ip u latin g
th e m icro-organism s responsible fo r th e in te ra c tio n s th a t a f f e c t oviposition.
Survival fo r th e im m a tu re sta g e s has been in v e stig a te d in th e la b o ra to ry
and under field conditions.

H um idity and soil m o istu re can a f f e c t egg develop­

m ent or su rv iv al (Eyer 1922, B aker and S te w a rt 1927, E llington 1963, W orkman
1958).

W orkman (1958) re p o rte d th a t 10% soil m o istu re in muck soil was

req u ired fo r optim um eclosion. He also re p o rte d , how ever, th a t although low soil
m o istu re d elay ed eclosion, when soil m o istu re was in c re ase d a f te r a period of
dryness, eclosion o c cu rred w ithin 20 to 30 m in u tes.

M aan (1945) q u estio n ed

w h eth er a dew in th e m orning could provide th e req u ired m o istu re fo r eclosion to
o ccu r.

E llington (1963) p re se n te d re su lts o f egg d ev elo p m en t under d iffe re n t

te m p e ra tu re s and re p o rte d

th a t a t a z ero vapor p ressu re d e fic it, eclosion

in c re ase d w ith a d e c re a se in te m p e ra tu re from 90° to 50° F.
The survival r a te o f OM la rv a e also a p p ea rs to depend on soil m o istu re and
te m p e ra tu re .

W orkman (1958) re p o rte d th a t 23% soil m o istu re in m uck soil was

needed fo r survival o f one day-old f ir s t in s ta r OM la rv a e and th a t when soil
m o istu re w as below th is m inim um , la rv a e w ere only ab le to tra v e l a sh o rt
d ista n c e befo re d e ssic atio n led to d e ath .
OM la rv a e feed d ire c tly on th e tissu e o f th e onion bulb. D epending on th e
la rv a l s ta g e o f dev elo p m en t, th e y m ay m ig ra te to o th e r onions esp e c ially w hen

11

onion bulb volum e is sm all.

D eg ree-d ay re q u ire m e n ts fo r co m p letio n o f th e

th re e la rv a l in s ta rs w ere re p o rte d by C a rru th e rs (1976) to be 37, 89 and 161
d e g ree-d ay s (4.4° C).
T hird in s ta r la rv a e pu p ate in th e soil a t a d ep th o f five to fifte e n cm.
D iapause in th e pupal sta g e has been re p o rte d to be induced by low te m p e ra tu re s
and sh o rt day le n g th (M acLeod 1965).

V arious o b serv atio n s on th e freq u en cy of

d iapause or a e s tiv a tio n w ithin th e onion grow ing season have been re p o rte d
(M iles

1955, R ygg

1960).

P erro n

and L a F ran c e (1961) re p o rte d diapause

p e rc e n ta g e s o f 0-19, 43.5-91 and 99-100 fo r th e th re e g e n e ra tio n s of th e OM in
Q uebec.

Loosjes (1976) re p o rte d diapause p e rc e n ta g e s o f 21.9 and 84.6 fo r th e

tw o g e n e ra tio n s o f OM in th e N eth erlan d s; how ever, his re s u lts w ere highly
v a ria b le, and he su g g ested fu rth e r ex p erim en ts w ere n e ce ssa ry b e fo re any
d e fin ite conclusions could be m ade.

D eg ree-d ay re q u ire m e n ts fo r pupal sta g e

c om pletion w ere re p o rte d by C a rru th e rs (1979) to be 306 d eg ree-d ay s a t a base
te m p e ra tu re o f 3 .8 8 °C (39° F). These re s u lts a g re ed w ith E ckenrode e t al. (1975)
who re p o rte d a base te m p e ra tu re of 4.4° C (40° F) fo r OM pupae.
A biotic fa c to rs also have been shown to a f f e c t OM pupal e m erg en c e , a d u lt
su rviv al and a c tiv ity .

A ccording to E llington (1963), m axim um survival o f pupae

(50% o r m ore) o c c u rre d betw een 60-90° F.

He also re p o rte d th a t no ad u lts

em erg ed a t 9 0 °F under all m o istu re cond itio n s, bu t th a t th e survival r a te
d e c re a se d under low te m p e ra tu re s and higher m o istu re s tre sse s.

B aker and

S te w a rt (1927) re p o rte d th a t m axim um em erg en ce from OM pupae o c cu rred a t 41696 soil m o istu re.

L ittle to no em erg en c e o c c u rre d in soil th a t had been oven

d ried . W orkman (1958) found th a t la b o ra to ry -re a re d , a d u lt flie s lived b etw ee n 77
and 101 days for m ales and fe m a les, re sp e c tiv e ly .

Miles (1955) concluded th a t

12

70° F was n ecessary fo r oviposition to o ccu r, and M aan (1945) o b serv ed th a t cold
te m p e ra tu re s d e c re a se fly a c tiv ity and oviposition b e tw ee n 50-70° F .

E llington

(1963) re p o rte d th a t m ales te n d ed to e m erg e ap p ro x im ately one day b efo re
fe m a les, but m ale lon g ev ity was less th an fem ales.

A dult lon g ev ity ran g ed from

one day a t 9 0 °F to 84 days a t 6 0 °F. He also s ta te d th a t th e m axim um num ber of
eggs w ere oviposited a t 70° F and 10 mm vapor p ressu re d e fic it.

A low er vapor

p ressu re d e fic it (5 mm) re su lte d in th e m ost eggs being la id a t 6 0 -7 0 °F.
Ellington (1963) also found th a t th e p reo v ip o sitio n al p erio d d e c re a se d from 22
days a t 50° F to 2 days a t 90°F .
P e rro n and L aF ran ce (1961) ex am in ed th e su rv iv al o f th e OM im m a tu re
s ta g e s in th e field under caged conditions. T hey developed life -ta b le in fo rm atio n
on population in crease, lon g ev ity and d e n sitie s of a g e -sp e c ific stag e s.

T h ree

g e n e ra tio n s p e r y e a r w ere re p o rte d as o c cu rrin g in Q uebec; th e highest popula­
tio n

in c re a se o c cu rred

o c c u rre d during th e th ird .

during th e second

g e n eratio n ,

w h ereas th e lo w est

They su g g ested th e second g e n e ra tio n w as th e m ost

im p o rta n t in te rm s of sp ec ie s su rv iv al sin ce it had th e h ig h est population
in c re a se and c o n trib u te d th e g re a te s t num ber o f o v e rw in te rin g pupae.

Loosjes

(1976) f e lt such re su lts could n o t be r e la te d d ire c tly to field situ a tio n s and
fu rth e r q u estio n ed P erro n 's su b seq u en t fie ld -o rie n te d s tu d ie s by saying th e y
la ck e d a p re c ise sam pling m ethod and c o n tain ed c o n flic tin g ev id en ce.

P erro n

(1972) re p o rte d fie ld m o rta litie s o f 45-78% fo r th e egg s ta g e , 74-96% fo r th e
la rv a l s ta g e s and 56-84% fo r th e pupae s ta g e ,
Loosjes (1976) d escrib ed tw o fu ll la rv a l g e n e ra tio n s and a p a rtia l th ird fo r
th e onion m aggot in th e N eth erlan d s. He c o n d u cte d p re lim in a ry ex p erim en ts on
la rv a l population d en sity and m o rta lity , b u t his re s u lts o f 89.4% m o rta lity in th e

13

la rv a l s ta g e s w ere q u estio n ab le due to th e e x p e rim e n ta l p ro ced u res used and th e
la c k o f a s u ffic ie n t sam ple size.

His su rv iv al r a te s fo r la rv a e w e re also

c o m p lic ate d by poor handling and tra n s p o rt of eggs and u n ex p ected sp ray in g of
in se c tic id e s during th e course o f th e e x p erim en t.
E llington (1963) co n d u cted field and cag e stu d ie s in New Y ork on popula­
tio n phenology and dorm ancy o f OM pupae.

He co ncluded th a t th e re w ere only

tw o g e n e ra tio n s o f ad u lts p er y e a r and th a t th e second g e n e ra tio n fa ile d to
develop to any a p p re cia b le d e g re e.

R ep o rtin g an

11% d o rm ancy o f firs t

g e n e ra tio n pupae and le ss than 19% o f th e second g e n e ra tio n , he su g g ested th a t
diapaused pupae from th e f ir s t g e n eratio n a c c o u n te d fo r th e o v e rw in te rin g
population.
probably

It a p p ea rs th a t he fa ile d to observe a th ird g e n eratio n , which

o c c u rre d

la te

in

th e

fa ll

and

w hich

c o n trib u te d

m ost

of

th e

o v e rw in te rin g pupae.
M cEwen e t al. (1973) c o n d u cte d lif e -ta b le stu d ie s o f th e OM in O n ta rio on
u n tre a te d p lo ts o f onions. Egg, la rv a l and pupal s ta g e s w ere sam p led th ro ug h o u t
th e season from which p e rc e n ta g e OM su rv iv al was d e term in e d . T hey re p o rte d a
high p e rc e n ta g e o f eggs led to a d u lt fly e m e rg e n c e w ith 14% (firs t g en eratio n ) to
79% (th ird g e n eratio n ) m o rta lity o ccu rrin g b etw een th e egg and th e f ir s t la rv a l
in s ta r.

L ittle in fo rm atio n on sam pling m eth o d s was given, how ever, and th e

e x p e rim e n ta l p ro ced u res w ere in a d eq u a te w here survivorship w as c a lc u la te d by
re tu rn in g all life -s ta g e s to th e la b o ra to ry fo r a d v an ce to th e n e x t stad iu m .

The

to ta l num ber o f life -s ta g e s sam p led p er 180 f e e t o f row w ere p re se n te d fo r th re e
g e n e ra tio n s, b u t l i t t l e in fo rm atio n and no sig n ific a n c e was a tta c h e d .
A biotic
m o rta lity .

fa c to rs

a p p ea r to

have littl e

e f f e c t on o v e rw in te rin g pupal

E llington (1963) re p o rte d an o v e rw in te rin g m o rta lity o f only 0-4%

14

from field cag e stu d ie s in New Y ork. Loosjes (1976) observ ed th a t pu p ae pu t in
th e fie ld in D e ce m b e r had a p e rc e n ta g e e m erg en c e in th e sp rin g sim ila r to th a t
in th e la b o ra to ry (85-95% ).
been fully q u a n tifie d .
or a b io tic fa c to rs .

The o v erw in terin g m o rta lity of OM pu p ae has not

M o rtality can o ccu r due to th e a c tio n o f n a tu ra l e n em ies
P e rro n (1972), c o n d u ctin g stu d ie s in Q uebec on u n tre a te d

onion p lo ts, found th a t up to 20% o f o v e rw in te rin g pupae had been p a ra sitiz e d by
th e S taphylinid p a ra sito id , A leo ch ara b ilin e a ta (Gyll.), and as m uch as 12%
p a ra sitism could o ccu r by th e b raco n id p a ra sito id , A p h a e re ta pallipes (Say).
Loosjes (1976) re p o rte d an a v e ra g e o f only 5% p a ra sitism o f OM pupae from
sam ples c o lle c te d on c o m m e rcial field s in th e N eth erlan d s.
3. N a tu ra l E nem ies
S ev eral p a ra sito id s and p re d a to rs of th e OM have been re p o rte d in th e
lite r a tu r e (W ishart and M on teith 1954, Saikeld 1959, R ead 1962, P e rro n 1972,
Loosjes 1976).

O f th e se , only tw o ap p ear to o ccu r re p e a te d ly in m ost stu d ies:

A leo ch ara b ilin e a ta (Gyll.) and A p h a e re ta pallipes (Say).
P e rro n (1972) re p o rte d th a t th e S taphylinid p a ra sito id , A. b ilin e a ta , was th e
m ost im p o rta n t n a tu ra l enem y o f th e OM, a c tin g as a p re d a to r in th e a d u lt s ta g e
and as a p a ra sito id in th e la rv a l s ta g e .

A. b ilin e a ta has b een re p o rte d as being a

very im p o rta n t n a tu ra l enem y o f m any sp ec ie s o f ro o t m aggots, m ost n o tab ly th e
cab b ag e m aggot (W ishart 1957, C alhoun 1953, M oore and L egner 1971, N air and
M cEwen 1975, F inlayson and C am pbell 1976).

A num ber o f a rtic le s have b een

published on its biology in g en eral (W adsw orth 1915, W ishart e t al. 1956, R ead
1962), b u t littl e in fo rm atio n is a v a ila b le in re la tio n to i t as a n a tu ra l enem y o f
th e OM. A. b ilin e a ta norm ally has tw o g e n eratio n s a y ear, b u t a th ird g en eratio n
m ay also o ccu r.

A dults e m e rg e from ro o t m aggot pupal cases in th e spring.

15

Eggs are laid in th e soil, w ith each fe m a le lay in g an a v erag e o f 700 eggs
(Brom and 1980).

F ir s t in s ta r la rv a e a re p a ra s itic and a c tiv e ly s e a rc h o u t ro o t

m ag g o t pupae in which to c o m p le te th e ir d ev elo p m en t (W adsw orth 1915). L arv ae
e n te r th e pupal c ell by e a tin g a hole in th e puparium ; th ey then consum e th e
c o n te n ts o f the puparium and p u p ate w ithin th e ro o t m aggot pupal case.
Loosjes (1976) re p o rte d 3-10% p a ra sitism o f OM pupae by A. b ilin e a ta , b u t
w arned th a t th e p e rc e n t p a ra sitism

re c o rd ed could have been low due to

e x ten siv e in se c tic id e sp ray s applied fo r ro o t m aggot co n tro l.

C a rru th e rs (1977,

pers. com m ., D ept, o f E ntom ology, C ornell Univ.) and R itc e y (1976, pers. com m .,
D ept, of E ntom ology, Univ. o f G uelph) o b serv ed th a t p e rc e n t p a ra sitism on OM
pupae

w as

e x tre m e ly

low

in

M ichigan

and

O n ta rio ,

re sp e c tiv e ly .

B oth

re s e a rc h e rs , how ever, m ade th e se o b serv atio n s from pupae c o lle c te d w ithin
in s e c tic id e -tre a te d a re as.
S tudies on th e c ab b ag e m aggot have re v e a le d th a t when ch em ical c o n tro ls
are used, p a ra sitism by A. b ilin e a ta c an d e c re a se rapidly (C oaker 1966). K irknel
(1978) re p o rte d on re la tiv e to x ic itie s o f fo u r soil in se c tic id e s to A. b ilin e a ta . He
found th a t soil type, exposure tim e in th e field , and th e d e p th a t w hich th e
in s e c tic id e was p laced all a f f e c t th e to x ic ity o f th e in se c tic id e to A. b ilin e a ta .
Finlayson e t al. (1980) c o n d u cte d bioassays in th e la b o ra to ry w ith A.
b ilin e a ta and fo u r g ran u lar soil in se c tic id e s (20 ppm ). C hlorfenvinphos was found
to be th e le a s t to x ic w ith no m o rta lity o c cu rrin g a f te r a sev en -d ay exposure.
One hundred p e rc e n t m o rta lity o c c u rre d w ith te rb u fo s a f t e r a fiv e-d ay period,
and

60%

and

85%

m o rta lity

o c cu rred

w ith

re sp e c tiv e ly , a f t e r seven days o f ex p o su re.

c a rb o fu ra n

and

isofenphos,

F ield e x p erim en ts w ere also

c o n d u cte d to d e te rm in e th e e f f e c t o f th e se in se c tic id e s on fie ld pop u latio n s o f

16

A. b ilin e a ta and th e cabbage m ag g o t, H ylem ya b ra ssic a e (W eidem an). P a rasitism
o f H. b ra ssic a e pupae by A. b ilin e a ta in c re a se d from 17.7% to 39.8% w ithin a
y e a r and from

17.7% to 76.3% in a th re e -y e a r period on u n tre a te d plots.

P a ra sitism in tr e a te d p lo ts was sig n ific a n tly less (0-33.3% ).
P erro n (1972) re p o rte d th a t th e m ost im p o rta n t hym enopterous p a ra sito id
and th e second m ost im p o rta n t n a tu ra l enem y o f th e OM was th e braconid, A.
p allipes (Say), th a t was cap ab le o f p a ra sitiz in g up to 12% o f o v erw in terin g pupae
for any y e a r. S aikeld (1959) re p o rte d 29% p a ra sitism o f OM pupae by A. p allip es.
This braconid has also been re p o rte d as p a ra sitiz in g th e cabbage m aggot (W ishart
1957). S tudies by C a rru th e rs (1981) have shown th e a d u lt to be highly su scep tib le
to p e sticid e s, including m ost o f th e h erb icid es used on onions.

B.

Seed C orn M aggot
T he onion p la n t can be in fe ste d by s e v e ra l o th e r sp ec ie s o f D ip te ra , one of

w hich is th e s e e d -c o rn m aggo t, H ylem ya p la tu ra (Rond.), h erein re fe rre d to a s
SCM.

The SCM is co nsidered to be a m ajor p e st o f s e v e ra l fie ld cro p s and a

m inor p e st on v e g e ta b le s.

H. p la tu ra h as b een re c o rd e d on onions by s e v e ra l

a u th o rs who d escrib ed it as an im p o rta n t d ip te ro u s p e st o f th e onion bulb
(M athew m an e t al. 1950, R itisc h and S ch w ard t 1949, Hudon and P e rro n 1954,
M iller and M cC lanahan 1960). In M ichigan, M errill and H utson (1953) found th a t
n e arly one fifth o f th e ro o t m aggots a tta c k in g onions in May and Ju n e w ere SCM.
T hey su g g este d applying c o n tro l tr e a tm e n ts soon a f te r p lan tin g , b ecau se dam age
to onions was m ainly o bserv ed in th e spring, w hen g e rm in a tin g onions w ere
a tta c k e d b e fo re in itia l p la n t e m erg en ce.

M iller and M cC lanahan (1960) n o te d

th a t a d u lts w ere a ttr a c t e d to m o ist soils and, fo r m any cro p s, a n in fe s ta tio n o f

17

m aggots may be p re se n t b e fo re planting.
In fo rm atio n on th e num ber and phenology o f g e n eratio n s o f th e SCM is
c o n flic tin g . D ustan (1948) re p o rte d only one g e n e ra tio n a y e a r w hile m ost o th e r
a u th o rs re p o rte d b etw een th re e and fiv e g e n eratio n s in N o rth A m erica (R itisch
1950, C a e sa r 1931, S trong and A pple

1958, M iller and M cC lanahan

1960).

R e p o rts o f d am age to c u ltiv a te d crops a re lim ite d to th e f ir s t or second
g e n eratio n ; th e siz e o f o th e r g e n e ra tio n s d escrib ed a re so sm all th a t in m o st
case s th ey are not even d e te c te d in th e field (M iller and M cC lanahan 1960). The
flies e m erg e v ery e a rly in th e sp rin g ap p ro x im a te ly tw o to th re e w eeks b e fo re
th e OM.

A dults oviposit on cole crops, rad ish es and onions; th e second, and

la rg e s t, g e n e ra tio n usually is observed on field beans.
L ittle q u a n tita tiv e in fo rm atio n is a v ailab le on SCM d am ag e to onions.
Hudon and P erro n (1954) re p o rte d on ro o t m aggot sp ec ie s and d e n sitie s in seeded
onions in Q uebec over a f if te e n w eek period.

Published re s u lts, how ever, w ere

red u ced to m onthly to ta ls , w here 19% o f all la rv a e c o lle c te d in Ju n e w ere
d e te rm in e d to be SCM.

M athew m an e t al. (1950) also re c o rd ed ro o t m aggot

sp ecies and d e n sitie s from sam p les o f d am ag ed onions c o lle c te d from e arly Ju n e
to Ju ly in O n ta rio . T hey re p o rte d th a t 97% o f th e ro o t m aggots w ere II. a n tiq u e
and only 1.3% w ere H, p la tu ra , th e m a jo rity o f th e l a t t e r being found in th e f ir s t
tw o w eeks o f July.

Loosjes (1976) re p o rte d th a t during th e f ir s t flig h t o f th e OM

in th e N eth erlan d s, onions w ith only SCM la rv a e w ere found on s e v e ra l occasions.
He su g g ested , how ever, th a t th e SCM should be co n sid ered only a seco n d ary p e st
of onions b ecau se th e y could only build up in d e n sity w hen a high d en sity o f OM
w as p re se n t as w ell.

His conclusions w ere based on o b serv atio n s o f low

populations of th e SCM when OM pop u latio n s w ere also low in num ber.

18

Brooks (1951) re p o rte d th a t in a sam p le of d ip tero u s la rv a e , sp ec ie s and
th e ir n u m erical p roportions w ere lik ely to vary b o th seaso n ally and g eo g rap h ical­
ly and th a t as m any as 14 sp ecies of D ip te ra had been found in onion p la n ts. As a
re s u lt, M athew m an e t al. (1950) f e lt th a t th e value o f o b serv atio n s m ade on ro o t
m aggot stu d ies w ere in doubt unless a c a re fu l id e n tific a tio n and analysis of field
populations o f m aggots was m ade.

C.

S p atial D istrib u tio n and Sam pling
Many d iffe re n t ty p es o f tra p s have b een d escrib ed and used fo r trap p in g

ad u lt ro o t-m a g g o t flies to d e te rm in e phenology, re la tiv e e s tim a te s o f ad u lt
abundance, and a c tiv ity (Southwood 1978, E ckenrode e t al. 1975, M cEwen e t al.
1973, Ellington 1963, C a rru th e rs 1979, Loosjes 1976).
A c tiv ity tra p s , stic k y tra p s and flig h t in te rc e p tio n tra p s have been used in
m ore re c e n t stu d ie s in to OM flig h t a c tiv ity (E ckenrode e t al. 1975, M cEwen e t
al. 1973, L oosjes 1976).

B aited tra p s have also been used, w ith b a its ranging

from blood and bone m eal (E ckenrode, 1979, Ag. Exp. Stn., G eneva, NY, pers.
com m .) to fe rm e n te d y e a st m ix tu res (P ete rso n 1924) and onion v o la tile m ix tu res
(E ckenrode e t al. 1975, Loosjes 1976).
R esu lts o f ad u lt trap p in g have b een used in New Y ork and M ichigan to
d escrib e th e phenology of th e a d u lt OM and to id e n tify tim e s o f peak flig h t
a c tiv ity (E ckenrode e t al. 1975, C a rru th e rs 1979).

E ckenrode e t al. (1975)

su g g ested th is in fo rm atio n could be used to help tim e a d u lt c o n tro l a c tiv itie s
during th e season and to provide in fo rm atio n on su ccess o f th e c o n tro ls used.
D e g ree -d a y re q u ire m e n ts fo r p eak a d u lt flig h t a c tiv ity d e te rm in e d from
a d u lt tra p p in g w ere found to be v ery sim ila r in New York and M ichigan

19

(C a rru th e rs 1979).

C a rru th e rs (1979) su g g ested cau tio n , how ever, if d eg ree-d ay

re q u ire m e n ts w ere used fo r p red ictio n purposes. He s ta te d th a t la rg e d ev iatio n s
can o c cu r in p re d ic tin g second and th ird g e n eratio n flig h t a c tiv ity due to
u n acco u n ted fo r en v iro n m en tal m o rta lity o f th e la rv a e .

His re s u lts, how ever,

w ere based on ad u lt tra p p in g fo r only one y ear.
L oosjes (1976) used flig h t in te rc e p tio n tra p s to m o n ito r ad u lt a c tiv ity and
re la tiv e abundance in th e N eth erlan d s.

T rapping re s u lts tra c k e d population

d e c re a se s from su ccessiv e s te r ile m ale re le a se s and th e e f f e c t o f d iffe re n t
applied c h em ica l c o n tro ls.

He also used re le a s e -re c a p tu re ex p erim en ts to

e s tim a te OM a d u lt d ensity.

A to ta l o f 8,550 m arked flies w ere re le a se d over

th re e field s during th e f ir s t g e n eratio n flig h t.

P o p u latio n le v els o f 1.7-3.6 flies

p er sq u are m e te r w ere c a lc u la te d fo r field s w here onion p la n t dam age was high.
M ost of th e in fo rm atio n on sam pling fo r ro o t m aggot la rv a e is co n d u cted
on a sm all plo t p e rs p e c tiv e w here a s e t num ber o f p la n ts, s e le c te d random ly, a re
exam ined for various in se c t life -s ta g e s . Loosjes (1976) su g g ested th a t s tr a tif ie d random sam pling would be m ore a p p ro p ria te fo r sam pling th e OM sin ce a la rg e
v a ria n c e was o fte n a sso c ia te d w ith sam ple re s u lts when sim ple random sam pling
was used.

S tra tifie d sam pling is reco m m en d ed w here obvious d iffe re n c e s a re

n o ta b le in population p a ra m e te rs fo r d iffe re n t classes, s tr a ta or h a b ita t of th e
sam ple sp a c e (Jessen 1978),

This ty p e o f sam p lin g was shown by C a rru th e rs

(1979) to in c re ase sam pling p recisio n and to re d u c e th e num ber o f sam p les
re q u ire d when sam pling OM im m a tu re sta g e s .

He id e n tifie d tw o c la sse s o f

onions (visually h e alth y and visually dam aged) w hich he divided in to fiv e sub­
s tr a ta .

He show ed th a t sam p lin g visually h e alth y onions a cc o u n te d fo r m ost o f

th e v a ria n c e in sam ple re s u lts and su g g ested th a t to ta l im m a tu re d en sity

20

e s tim a te s could be m ade by using th e sam p le re s u lts of th e o th e r s t r a ta o f
onions. C a rru th e rs (1979) a n aly z e d all im m a tu re life -s ta g e s , including th e pupal
s ta g e . In an a c tu a l biological m o n ito rin g program , how ever, d e te rm in a tio n of all
th e life -s ta g e s is im p ra c tic a l. Loosjes (1976) n o ted th a t up to 50% o f th e eggs o f
th e OM m ay be overlooked in sam pling and th a t sam p lin g fo r firs t in s ta r la rv a e
re q u ire s e x tre m e ly c a re fu l d isse c tio n o f all p la n t m a te ria l, ru lin g o u t th e use o f
a s e a rc h -ty p e program .
Southw ood (1978) provides an e x c e lle n t rev iew o f dispersion and p o in ts ou t
th e im p o rta n c e o f know ing th e p a tte r n o f d istrib u tio n o r disposition o f an im als in
sp ac e .

T he OM population has been d escrib ed as being d istrib u te d in an

a g g re g a te d p a tte r n w ithin and b e tw ee n field s (P erro n e t al. 1955, W orkman 1958,
R aw lins e t al.

1960, C a rru th e rs 1979). C a rru th e rs (1979) f i t observed freq u en cy

d istrib u tio n s of onion m aggot la rv a e p e r onion to a n e g a tiv e binom ial freq u en cy
d istrib u tio n and re p o rte d th a t a com m on "K," o r f a c to r of a g g re g atio n , ex isted
for th e d iffe re n t sam pling periods.

He also ex am in ed th e s p a tia l d istrib u tio n o f

OM pupae around an onion so u rc e and show ed th a t 90% o f th e pupae w ere
lo c a te d w ithin a six inch radius from an onion and th a t all pupae lie above six
in ch es in th e soil. Loosjes (1976) re p o rte d th a t th e o c c u rre n c e of pupae in a fie ld
co n fo rm ed to th e n e g ativ e binom ial d istrib u tio n w ith K d ep en d en t on th e m ean.
L ittle in fo rm atio n has been published on sam p lin g m eth o d s used to assess
OM p la n t d am ag e in th e field . M ost re p o rts o f onion loss have b een q u a lita tiv e ,
describ in g huge losses during c e rta in y ears fo r la rg e onion grow ing a re a s , but no
in fo rm a tio n is given on how th e e s tim a te s w e re m ad e (P erro n e t al.
M athew m an e t al. 1950, Hudon and P e rro n 1954).

1958,

To e s tim a te dam age loss,

Loosjes (1976) su g g ested th a t random sam p les o f .5 m e te r to 1 m e te r o f onion

21

row be exam ined (depending on d am ag e in te n sity ). The num ber o f such sam ples
is c a lc u la te d by analyzing th e m ean and v a ria n c e o f a p rio r sam p le e s tim a te .
C a rru th e rs (1979) also re p o rte d on a design fo r sam pling m ean p lan t d am ag e a t
b oth a fie ld lev el and a reg io n al level.
d e te rm in a tio n

His tech n iq u e provides optim um

o f a sam ple u n it, size , and num ber fo r d iffe re n t le v els of

p recision.
The d istrib u tio n o f onion m aggot p la n t d am ag e has been d escrib ed as
contagious (P erro n e t al. 1955, W orkm an 1958, R aw lins e t al. 1960).

Through a

q u a n tita tiv e study, Loosjes (1976) re p o rte d a n e g a tiv e binom ial d istrib u tio n of
onion p la n t d am ag e w ith "K" d e p en d e n t on th e m ean.

C a rru th e rs (1979) also

re p o rte d a n e g a tiv e binom ial d istrib u tio n o f OM p lan t d am ag e b o th w ithin and
b e tw ee n onion fields.

S everal reaso n s fo r th e a g g re g a te d p a tte r n o f dam age

w ere given by Loosjes (1976) and C a rru th e rs (1979).

A lthough no com m on

a g g re g atio n c o e ffic ie n t w as found, a co m b in atio n o f in te ra c tin g fa c to rs was
su sp e c ted .

T hese

included:

1) c lu ste re d

egg depo sitio n , 2) o vipositional

p re fe re n c e fo r c e r ta in sizes o r d e n sitie s o f onions, 3) s tro n g o v ip o sitio n al
p re fe re n c e fo r previously dam aged onions, 4) possible d en sity d ep en d en t survival,
and 5) e f f e c t o f th e s p a tia l d istrib u tio n o f th e g ran u lar in s e c tic id e p laced in th e
row a t tim e o f plan tin g .

C a rru th e rs (1979) b eliev ed th a t in itia l p la n t dam age

f itte d a random d istrib u tio n and a c te d as a c e n te r fo r f u r th e r d am ag e.

He

su g g este d th a t su cc e ssfu l in itia l d am ag e was in p a rt due to oviposition on
u n p ro te c te d a re a s o f onions w here th e soil in s e c tic id e was no t p re se n t. A nalysis
o f d am ag e sam ples from a lim ite d num ber o f D y fo n a te -tre a te d field s su p p o rted
th is hypothesis.

22

HI.

ECOSYSTEM STRUCTU RE, IDENTIFICATION
AND CO NCEPTU A L MODEL.
The onion a g ro eco sy stem is an e x c e lle n t sy stem to stu d y in a w id e-area

ap p ro ach fo r e co sy stem analysis.

Onions in M ichigan a re p re se n tly grow n on

m uck soil which o ccu rs in d is c re te p o ck ets in various a re a s of th e s ta te .

As a

re s u lt, its boundaries a re w ell d efin ed , and system e n v iro n m en t dichotom y is
easily

p e rfo rm ed .

This dichotom y

is a f ir s t s te p

eco sy stem ap p ro ach (H aynes e t al. 1980).

to w ard s developing an

F o r m any crops, th e firs t s te p o f a

c o n c e p tu a l s e p a ra tio n is d iffic u lt due to th e m any a g ric u ltu ra l and n a tu ra l
e co lo g ica l sy ste m s w ithin th e sp ace o f stu d y .

T h ese sy ste m s com pound th e

in te ra c tio n s and can le a d to a g re a te r lis t o f c o n tro lla b le and u n co n tro llab le
fa c to rs th a t becom e d iffic u lt to a s c e rta in in m u ltip le sy ste m -e n v iro n m en t
in te ra c tio n s.

This im plies th a t a sy stem w ith a m ore d efined g eo g rap h ical region

(object o f concern) may lend its e lf b e tte r to th e c o n c e p tu a l fram e w o rk of system
en v iro n m en t dichotom y.
The s tru c tu ra l fe a tu re s o f in te ra c tio n le v els w ithin th e onion ag ro eco sy s­
te m and th e id e n tific a tio n of th e m o n ito red e n v iro n m e n t and o b je c t o f c o n tro l
a re d e sc rib e d by H aynes e t al (1980) (F igure 1).

T hese fe a tu re s of th e onion

ag ro eeo sy stem design can be re o rg a n iz ed so th a t w hen stu d y in g th e population
dynam ics o f th e OM, th e OM b eco m es th e re fe re n c e point (F igure 2).
sy ste m -e n v iro n m en t

dichotom y,

and

su b seq u en t

re -o rg a n iz a tio n ,

This

provide

a

fram ew o rk fo r a q u a n tita tiv e analysis o f th e sy stem and th e ir in te ra c tio n s.
Id e n tific a tio n of th e co n tro lle d and u n co n tro lled b io tic and a b io tic fa c to rs in th e
m o n ito red en v iro n m en t a re n e c e ssa ry to insure th a t m an ag em en t or p ro d u ctio n
options a re d e te rm in e d and th a t o th e r p a ra m e te rs a re a t le a s t id e n tifie d and
m onitored.

23

Figure 1.

Conceptualization of the onion agroecosystem showing
levels of interaction within the object of control
and the monitored environment.
Numbers refer to
footnotes in Appendix B (after Haynes et al., 1980).

MONITORED

OBJECT

ENVIRONMENT
REFERENCE
P O IN T

ORDER H

ORDER I

OF CONTROL
ORDER m

ORDER 3E

ORDER 1 2

UNCONTROLLED ABQTlC FACTORS
rwl Rpdd^i
Rcw loll
W ird

TefwtiihTt 1A# aid St»<)

Rrisinr* H uT »& 'r

L«1

WokT TcMf

5"t>* Com#
tS2S5E?
UNCONTROLLED

b o t ic

fa c to r s

Se K f f C B*QtC CfiflJDfiS
O n e r S « v t - L k S r t ’j> « » ! a c ,4<>

C>»*C

Btilb NtmeWcM- [Wl'TS'VS
MrtCriTtJO-(i>**“nM.M'i*
Rjtf- fcjWT1? PO-MqCQC***
' Ce«*AL ELCWA-fALNA CCUGTCN 5URv£T
C#Cp Pu^Oypnv

iu d

com

luccor

H R ijp t i n

HMC1

Qpw#«3J iRtrCfl
^pcwm Vtfirtftfp fttdoori
fienotffit Pc«ii
0ffY*<Ot NrfrdlOiMl

omc*

J frftfpirtw

““I| kcrsfcstfl

#rtf«

_ o w aa aa a_

VlCMd
CONTROLLED

noi^rc
QaM'tlKfrT* tO

R fK

k^ianis

ABIOTIC FA C TO R S

Fetri|ifa*tc*

WllWf I

irr.jjoiR jn

J C’«>«

te'iy
|
■ m l

jhcrtnq

Cu^ivatton

1

‘ *C.

aeitw
twL

W icitel

arscu*cc «a,

D*0(1U

• M u m , M M V I, L

f^TT^«•**!<,IIt]"
W 1'W
ig trv-H
lih t tn

m A isiT E

ta . *•#«*»«■

|

L

W lS iV T f

^ tftn t
VnrttJjT

J

25

OBJECT OF CONTROL
R e f e r e n c e Point

O+j i O N

Order 1

Order

II

OMON TH PFS

M ACGOl

OUtO**PLANT

Order

III

O r d e r IV

pntOAtoR
Adill*

0<S C A S l

vo^oio^m*

rttC O V > (C K S
d fttl Cu***pAn«^f>

L C A F B L IG H T

DolifN* w<*4>*”tut*

Du ^ t (H’flrUjni
P A IH O G C N
L

SCCD C O R N

AteoCtVor* Mn*Al*

MAGGOT
Hftrr^yA OlAllrfJ

EARTMWOfTM

'elm

Figure 2.

Conceptualization of the object of control for the onion
agroecosystem with the onion m a g g o t , Hvlemya antiqua, as
the reference point.

26
A co n ce p tu a l subm odel o f the onion sy stem was developed e a rly during th e
onion ag ro -e co sy stem p ro je c t (W hitfield e t al. 1981).

The in itia l m odel co n cep ­

tu a liz a tio n and s tru c tu re re su lte d fro m a te a m e ffo rt by Mr. F ran k D rum m ond,
Mr. J. V alenti and th is a u th o r.

The m odel co n siste d o f s e v e ra l subm odels

including th e OM, th e onion p la n t, and a b raco n id p a ra sito id .

A biotic v ariab les

o f th e m odel w ere soil and fo lia r p e sticid e s, w e a th e r and tim e .

T hese v a ria b les

w ere used to c o n s tru c t a m odel th a t would show th e d istrib u tio n o f m a tu rity fo r
th e organism s a t any point in tim e . This m odel was p rim arily a re s e a rc h tool fo r
id e n tify in g a re a s w here m ore in fo rm atio n was needed.

It also serv ed as a

co m prehensive review of th e lite r a tu r e and as a c a ta ly s t w hich fo rc e d us to
e x am in e th e ty p es and e f f e c ts of a v a rie ty o f c o n tro l s tra te g ie s . D esigning th e
m odel and id en tify in g th e vario u s p a rts o f th e sy stem involved a p ro cess of
breakdow n, re ite ra tio n , and te s tin g th a t en ab led us to view and work w ith the
com plex onion sy stem . V alidation o f m odel runs w ere n o t m ade during th is p h ase
o f th e m odeling p ro je c t since l ittl e to no q u a n tita tiv e in fo rm atio n w as av ailab le
a t th e tim e ab o u t field d e n sities of th e life -s ta g e s o f th e OM, its p a ra sito id , and
re s u lts o f applying ch em ica l c o n tro ls. S im ulation runs fo r th is c o n c e p tu a l m odel
w ere c o m p ared only to a v ailab le in fo rm atio n from th e lite r a tu r e .
A.

C o n ce p tu a liz ed M odel
T he c o n c e p tu a liz e d m odel (Fig. 3) had c o n tro lla b le inputs: w e a th e r (th re e

d iffe re n t w e a th e r s e ts from Lansing, L udington, and H oughton, MI), p a ra sitism
(A p h a e re ta p allipes Say), p la n tin g d en sity , ty p e o f p e stic id e , freq u en cy of
p e stic id e use, in itia l d a te o f a p p lic a tio n o f p e stic id e , and sp rin g d en sity o f onion
m aggot pupae. T he o u tp u ts o f th e m odel a re y ield (am ount p e r a cre), n e t p ro fit,
and th e num ber o f individuals in e ac h age class (for e a c h organism ).

The m odel

27
was judged

a su ccess if

th e re

was good c o rre la tio n b e tw ee n o u tp u t and

in fo rm atio n in th e lite ra tu re .
In fo rm u latin g th e m odel, a o n e -a c re fie ld o f onions was co nsidered. It was
th o u g h t th a t th e size o f th e field would have no b earin g on th e dynam ic
in te ra c tio n s th a t w ere ta k e n in to a c c o u n t by th e m odel.

W ith m inor m o d ifica­

tio n , any size field could be im p le m e n te d in to th e m odel s tru c tu re .

This

assum ption was based on tw o re s tra in ts th a t w ere b u ilt in to th e m odel. F irs t, no
im m ig ratio n o r e m ig ra tio n would ta k e p la ce w ith th e OM or th e p a ra sito id
com ponent (closed system ).

Second, onion bulb g ro w th would be based on a

s ta tic reg ressio n m odel th a t would re su lt in uniform g ro w th fo r all onions. T hese
re s tra in ts enabled th e m odel to e lu c id a te th e in te ra c tio n s in d ep en d en t of th e
siz e of fields. The econom ic se c tio n o f th e m odel was a s ta tic subm odel in th a t
th e c o st o f lab o r and m a te ria ls, as well as m a rk e ta b ility o f th e crop, rem ain ed
c o n sta n t through tim e .

This was no t d e trim e n ta l to th e w orkings o f th e m odel

sin c e it provided a s ta n d a rd m easu re w here com parisons b e tw ee n sim u latio n runs
could be m ade quickly.
The c o n stru c tio n o f a m odel d e ta ilin g th e re la tio n sh ip s b e tw ee n a b io tic
p a ra m e te rs and p e stic id e e ffe c tiv e n e s s and breakdow n was n o t u n d e rta k en due to
th e co m p lex ity of such a sy stem . In ste ad , it was assum ed th a t d a ta on av erag e,
h a lf-life te n d e n c ie s o f c e rta in p e stic id e s a p p ro x im a te d m o st p e stic id e behavior
over a wide range of w e a th e r co n d itio n s (F. M atsum ura, 1978,

and A. Wells,

1977, p ers. com m ., D ept, o f E ntom ology, Mich. S t. Univ.).

A n u m b er of

re s tric tio n s or assum ptions

w ere in c o rp o ra te d in to

th e

m odel com ponents

co n cern in g th e population dynam ics o f th e OM and p a ra sito id . A ssum ptions th a t
applied to all th e organism s w ere: (a) m o rta lity was no t a g e -sp e c ific in each age

28

Figure 3.

Functional diagram of the life system of the onion
maggot (S=spacing of onions, D=dead onion plants,
P=mortality due to pesticides, E=eggs, A=parasitism,
N=natural mortality). A, submodel of the onion,
pesticide, and economics components; B, submodel of
the dynamics of the onion maggot population; C, sub­
model of the dynamics of the parasitoid population.

29

S© !

£ £

© i
B £

i

I

!©I

i©

I©!

i© I

30

class, b u t was d istrib u te d uniform ly; (b) th e re a c tio n of a ll life s ta g e s to
te m p e ra tu re was in sta n tan e o u s; and (c) d ev elo p m en t was te m p e ra tu re d ep en d en t.
No a g e -sp e c ific m o rta lity was assum ed because no p e rtin e n t in fo rm atio n on this
to p ic was found in th e lite r a tu r e . It was fe lt th a t th e b e st ap p ro ach was to t r e a t
m o rta lity uniform ly across th e life s ta g e s until re s e a rc h d ic ta te d o th erw ise.
P re se n tly , assum ptions b and c form th e basis fo r m ost in s e c t p opulation
d ynam ics m odels (R. R abinge, 1978, pers. com m ., A gric. In st., W ageningen,
N etherlands) (F ulton 1978).

More sp ec ific a lly , th e d a ta o f E llington (1963) and

S alkeld (1959) ten d to suggest th a t th e se te m p e ra tu re relatio n sh ip s hold tru e fo r
th e OM and A. p aliip es.
T e m p e ra tu re had th e m ost w idely d is trib u te d e f f e c ts in th is m odel. It was
input to a num ber o f fu n ctio n s th a t a ffe c te d a d u lt e m e rg e n c e , oviposition,
surv iv al and le n g th of s ta y in a life s ta g e . T e m p e ra tu re d a ta from th e N atio n al
W eather S ervice w as supplied in th e form o f daily m axim um s and m inim um s.
T he tim e sequence of th e m odel was in te n th s of days, e ac h te n th or 2.4 hours
re p re se n tin g a DT (i.e .,A t).

In o rd e r to c a lc u la te an a v e ra g e te m p e ra tu re fo r

e ac h DT, te m p e ra tu re changes w ithin a day w ere assum ed to be sinusoidal w ith
th e m axim um and m inim um tw elv e hours a p a rt (F ulton 1978).
A verage air te m p e ra tu re = Min + [(Max-Min)/2] + [(Max-Min)/2] * [eos(2.4 DT)]
T hese c a lc u la te d te m p e ra tu re values, when used to d e te rm in e d eg ree-d ay
a cc u m u la tio n s, produced e rro rs th a t w ere in sig n ific a n t w hen looked a t o v er an
e n tire season (B askerville and Em in 1969). H e a t units or d e g ree-d ay s w ere used
to syn ch ro n ize e m e rg e n c e , to p la ce g rav id OM fe m a le s in th e c o rre c t fe c u n d ity
c lass, to re g u la te th e num bers of OM pupae going in to diapause, and to e v a lu a te
th e

m odel's

p e rfo rm a n c e

(by

co m p arin g

observ ed

sim u latio n

re s u lts

w ith

31

in fo rm atio n from th e lite ra tu re ).
D egree days = F(t) = Max[0,T(t)-T{)l * DT
w here

T(t) = te m p e ra tu re a t tim e t
To = th resh o ld te m p e ra tu re

and h e a t accu m u la tio n in d eg ree-d ay s req u ired fo r m ean d evelopm ent o f a life
s ta g e , TDD, is
TDD = J x F(t) dt
0
w here x re p re se n ts th e m ean num ber of c a le n d a r days req u ired to c o m p lete
d ev elo p m en t in a life sta g e .
R egression analysis b e tw ee n d e g re e -d a y a cc u m u la tio n s for a ir and soil have
2

been shown to give c o e ffic ie n ts o f d e te rm in a tio n , r , from .86 to .96 in m in eral
soils (L am p e rt 1976).

B ath (1975) d ev elo p ed a s o il-a ir te m p e ra tu re m odel fo r

m uck soil o f uniform p a rtic le siz e , w ith a slo p e o f less th a n 2% and fo r a d ep th
of fo u r inches.
ST = 16.41966 + .750848 * a v e ra g e a ir te m p e ra tu re
(r2 = .69)
This reg ressio n eq u atio n was used to p re d ic t soil te m p e ra tu re s (ST) from a ir
te m p e ra tu re s when needed fo r egg, la rv a l, and pupal d ev elo p m en t.
The m ain s tru c tu re o f th e m odel could be view ed as a union o f th re e m ain
biological com ponents.

T hese re p re se n te d th e subm odel o f th e onion, p e sticid e ,

and econom ics com ponents (Fig. 3 A), th e subm odel o f th e dynam ics o f th e onion
m aggot population (Fig. 3B), and th e subm odel o f th e dynam ics of th e p a ra sito id
population (Fig. 3C).

Using co m p o n en ts w as f e lt to be th e ideal m ethod fo r

c o n stru c tin g a m odel o f a sm aller subsystem so th a t th e m odel could be expanded
by in te rfa c in g co m p o n en ts w ithout d ra s tic m odel re s tru c tu rin g .

T ab le look-up

32
fu n ctio n s

(L lew ellyn

1965) w ere

used in all th re e

com ponents fo r lin e a r

in te rp o la tio n s b etw ee n d a ta p o in ts in e ac h e n try and lin e a r e x tra p o la tio n below
and above th e m inim um and m axim um values fo r each d a ta se t.
T he d en sity o f onions p er a c re av ailab le fo r consum ption by th e OM w as a
fu n c tio n o f w ithin-row spacing, sp ec ifie d by th e user.
NO = 22366 * 12/SPC
w here

NO = num ber o f onions p er a cre,
SPC = sp acin g o f onions (in inches) w ithin a double row bed.
Onion consum ption by each la rv a l s ta g e was d e term in e d a t th e end o f ev ery

te n DT's (one day).

C onsum ption ra te s w ere based on d a ta by W orkman (1958)

and sca le d acc o rd in g to th e la rv a l in sta rs involved.

Given th e size o f th e onion

bulb a t th a t tim e , consum ption by all in s ta rs was th e n sum m ed and s u b tra c te d
from th e num ber o f onions l e f t in th e field.
The re la tio n sh ip b etw ee n la rv a l consum ption (volum e o f onion consum ed)
and bulb d ia m e te r is as follow s:
F irs t in s ta r consum ption = .196 e- *®^ *
Second in s ta r consum ption = .4 e“-®5 *
T hird in s ta r consum ption = 6.75 e“ ** *
w here

BD = bulb d ia m e te r (G. Bird, 1976, unpublished d ata).
It was assum ed th a t all av ailab le onions in th e fie ld w ere th e sam e siz e a t

any one point in tim e and bulb volum e w as o b tain ed from using th e ta b le look-up
fu n ctio n fo r an y sp e c ific d a te .
bulb volum e = .002 e<-09 * d ays a f te r seeding)
The num ber o f onions consum ed (NK) was d e term in e d by s u b tra c tin g th e
to ta l volum e o f onion consum ed by all in sta rs from av ailab le onion volum e (bulb

33
volum e * num ber o f onions p e r acre). From th is, th e num ber o f dam aged onions
was d e te rm in e d (Loosjes 1976):
ND = 1.9 x NK
w here

ND = num ber o f dam ag ed onions p e r day,
NK = num ber o f killed onions p e r day.
D am aged onions w ere assigned a p e rc e n t d am ag e a cco rd in g to a n eg ativ e

e x p o n en tial eq u atio n w here 50% o f th e dam ag ed onions (ND) w ere assum ed to be
90% consum ed.
NO = NO + (ND x .5) x CX
w here CX was equal to .1, .2, .3, .4, .5, .6, .7, .8, o r .9.
This gave a dam age d istrib u tio n o f nine c lasses fo r th e p a rtia l consum ption
o f onions.

T he re m a in in g onion volum e w ith in th e se classes was av ailab le fo r

consum ption th e n e x t day. The p e rc e n t o f volum e no t consum ed w as c o n v e rte d
back to h e alth y onions, based on th e assu m p tio n th a t th e OM la rv a usually
m ig ra te s only when th e onion has been consum ed. C a lc u la tio n o f th e num ber of
dam aged onions was n e ce ssa ry as an input fo r th e econom ic s u b c o m p o n e n t.
Furrow and fo lia r in se c tic id e a p p lic a tio n s w ere av ailab le m an ag em en t
options. An in -fu rro w a p p lic atio n th a t in flic ts 98% m o rta lity on all la rv a l sta g e s
(A. Wells, 1977, p ers. com m ., D e p t, o f E ntom ology, M ich. S t. Univ.) can be m ade
a t p la n tin g tim e .

A fo lia r sp ra y d ire c te d a t th e a d u lt OM m ay also be applied a t

various tim e s durin g th e season.

D epending on th e p a rtic u la r sp ra y chosen, th e

m o rta lity f a c to r o f a d u lt OMs and A. p allip es follow s an e x p o n en tial d e ca y cu rv e
w ith a h a lf-life o f one, tw o o r four days (F. M atsu m u ra, 1978, p ers. com m ., D ep t,
o f E ntom ology, Mich. S t. Univ.).
PM ORT = 1.0 - .96 * EXP ((-CPDAY) * (.69314/FR E Q ))

34
w here

PM ORT = m o rta lity due to in se c tic id e spray,
CPDAY = num ber o f days b e tw ee n sprays,
FREQ = resid u al e ffe c tiv e n e ss o f sp ray applied
(M alathion - 1 day, P a ra th io n - 2 days, D iazinon - 3 days).
A t h a rv e st th e to ta l num ber o f onions rem ain in g in th e fie ld (NO) w as con­

v e rte d to 100 pound q u a n titie s (440 onions p er cw t) and m u ltip lied by th e m a rk e t
p ric e ($6.00) to give a gross p ro fit fo r th e end o f th e grow ing season.

The n e t

p ro fit was o b tain ed by d eductin g th e c o sts o f any p e stic id e s used and th e fixed
c o sts of production, e s tim a te d to be $1200.00 (C. C ooper, 1976, pers. com m .,
Coop. Ext. Ser., M ich. St. Univ.), from th e gross p ro fit.
NETP = ((NO/440) * 6.0) - (CF + CS)) - 1200.
w here

NETP = n e t p ro fit,
NO = num ber of h e alth y onions rem ain in g in field,
CF = c o st o f a furrow in sec tic id e ,
CS = c o st o f fo liar in sec tic id e .
It was found th a t th e d ev elo p m en tal perio d o f a population o f organism s

was d istrib u te d ov er tim e .

T h a t is, fo r th e a g g re g a te flow s, individuals have

d iffe re n t lag tim es; th e re fo re , while individuals m ay e n te r th e process a t th e
sam e point in tim e, th e o u tp u t flow w ill be d istrib u te d

o v er tim e .

This was

usually due to g e n etic d iffe re n c e s am ong individuals and v ariab le conditions in
th e m ic ro c lim a te .

A m ethod o f m odeling th is ty p e o f a g g re g a tiv e b eh av io r c an

be p e rfo rm ed by using tim e-v ary in g , d is trib u te d delay s (M anetsch and P ark
1977).
The basic assum ption in using tim e -v a ry in g , d is trib u te d delays to sim u la te
in se c t d ev elopm ent was th a t th e tim e re q u ire d fo r d ev elo p m en t o f a sp e c ific
s ta g e had an a sso c iate d m ean and v a ria n ce fo r a te m p e ra tu re reg im e. D epending

35
on th e shape o f th e p ro b ab ility d en sity fu n ctio n o f th e p a rtic u la r process, th e
p a ra m e te rs D and K w ere chosen, such th a t D was th e m ean lag tim e , D = D(t),
and K d escrib ed th e shape of th e d istrib u te d v a ria b le.
When m odeling a continuous p ro cess as opposed to a d is c re te one, th e
assum ption is

m ade

th a t

m o rta litie s ,

d ep en d en t on te m p e ra tu re , o p e ra te d

continuously. This im plies th a t:
P(t) = P(o) e a t
w here

t = tim e ,
a = in sta n tan e o u s survival
P(o) = in itia l population,
P(t) = population a t tim e t.

F ulton (1978) developed th e idea o f in sta n tan e o u s su rv iv al being an ex p o n en tial
re la tio n sh ip w ith te m p e ra tu re . This id ea enabled m o rta litie s to be im p lem en ted
in th e delay technique.
In try in g to apply a survival fu n c tio n over th e e n tire life s ta g e , a
co m p licatio n aro se sin ce th e tim e sp e n t w ithin th e s ta g e was also a fu n ctio n o f
te m p e ra tu re . The in te ra c tio n was e lim in a te d by using th e in sta n tan e o u s survival
ra te as th e p ro p o rtio n al loss ra te :
P(t) + DT = P(t) e PLR
w here

PL E = a + b * te m p e ra tu re

The in sta n ta n e o u s survival r a te was used to co m p u te h a lf-liv es o f th e
o+
individuals under th e e x istin g te m p e ra tu re reg im e. By s e ttin g P (t)/P (o) = e
=
1/2, th e h a lf-life b ecam e t = -(ln 2 /a). This h a lf-life re p re se n ts a m edian survival
tim e.
The follow ing rela tio n sh ip s b etw een in sta n tan e o u s su rv iv al and te m p e ra ­

36
tu re w ere used in th e m odel:
egg su rvival = .16 - .03 te m p e ra tu re
f ir s t in s ta r surv iv al = 1. - .02 te m p e ra tu re
second in sta r survival = .5 - .01 te m p e ra tu re
th ird in s ta r surv iv al = .11 - .002 te m p e ra tu re
The OM com ponent was resp o n sib le (a) fo r sim u latin g th e passage of
individuals through th e various ag e classes, (b) fo r sim u la tin g th e e ffe c ts of
d iffe re n t m o rta lity fa c to rs , and (c) fo r supplying th e o th e r com p o n en ts w ith
num bers o f OMs in various a g e classes. Two im p o rta n t assum ptions w ere m ade:
(a) d e n sity -d ep e n d e n t re la tio n sh ip s did n o t o p e ra te in th e OM sy stem ; and (b) all
fe m a le a d u lts w ere m a te d and fe rtiliz e d . T hese assum ptions w ere m ade because
o f la c k o f d a ta to sp e c ify o th erw ise.
The tim e -v a ry in g , d is trib u te d d elay s, fo r a g g re g a te s m oving through th e
ag e classes, w ere d e p en d e n t on th e m ean d e v elo p m en tal tim es.

The onion

m aggot com ponent fo r th e m ost p a rt w as e x e c u te d on a p er DT basis.

The

m o rta lity a c tin g w ithin th e d e v elo p m en tal s ta g e s was a p ro d u ct of th e "n atu ral"
te m p e ra tu re d e p en d e n t m o rta lity and th e m o rta lity due to p e sticid e s.

These

w e re assum ed to be in d ep en d en t e v en ts. The pupal m o rta lity depended solely on
soil te m p e ra tu re .
diapause.

T he o v e rw in te rin g delay re p re se n te d th e num ber th a t e n te re d

The su b ro u tin e "diapause" c o n v e rte d pupae to diapausing pupae,

depending on d e g re e -d a y accu m u la tio n s. The th re e g e n e ra tio n s w ere tra c k e d by
a cc u m u la tin g d e g re e-d a y s. Ten, 67 and 100% o f th e pupae w ere p u t in to diapause
from e ac h g e n e ra tio n , re s p e c tiv e ly (P erro n 1972).
D eg ree-d ay s w ere also used to p la ce m a tu re fe m a le s in to fe c u n d ity classes.
The num ber of eggs o v iposited by a g rav id fe m a le was tie d to th e te m p e ra tu re

37

re g im e th a t th e individual was exposed to during preoviposition (Loosjes 1976).
The a p p ro x im a te le n g th o f th e p reo v ip o sitio n al perio d fo r OM is 120 d e g ree-d ay s.
This was c a lc u la te d by:
TOTAL = TOTAL + [2.0 * MAXTEMP (I) + MINTEMP (1)] + [MINTEMP (1+1)1/4 .0
w here

TOTAL = sum o f a v e ra g e daily te m p e ra tu re s o f p reo v ip o sitio n al period
(120 d egree-days)
F ive fe c u n d ity delays w ere used a t 50°, 60°, 70°, 80° and 9 0 °F . If a group

of fe m a les u n d erw en t preo v ip o sitio n al d e v elo p m en t b etw een 45° and 55° F, th ey
w ere put in to delay 50° F. S im ilarly, if an a g g re g a te of fe m a les w ere exposed to
an a v e ra g e te m p e ra tu re o f 7 4 °F during p reo v ip o sitio n al d ev elo p m en t, th e y w ere
p u t into delay 7 0 °F, e tc .
BIN = (.5 + TOTAL/S/10.0) - 4
w here

BIN ~ d ev elo p m en tal class (1,2,3,4 o r 5, co rresp o n d in g to classes of
50°, 60°, 70°, 80° and 90° d ev elo p m en tal delays)

S = num ber o f days fo r p reo v ip o sitio n al period.
Each day th e to ta l num ber o f fe m a le s re m a in in g in e a c h d elay would
ovip o sit an a v e ra g e num ber o f eggs for th e ir fe c u n d ity class.
5
NUMEGG =.2j NROLEF(I) * NT
w here

I = d ev elo p m en tal class 1 through 5,
NT = .75, 2.5, 4.0, .5 o r 0, co rresp o n d in g to d ev elo p m en ta l class,
NROLEF(I) = num ber of ov ip o sitin g OM fe m a les in each d ev elo p m en tal
class (I),
NUMEGG = to ta l n um ber o f eggs o v ip o sited p er day.

M any fa c to rs will a f f e c t th e p la c e m e n t and s p a tia l d istrib u tio n o f th e eggs.

A

s ta t ic d istrib u tio n (P erro n 1972), w here 65% o f th e eggs a re o v ip o sited in th e soil

38

and 35% a re oviposited on th e onion p lan t, w as used b ecau se m ore com prehensive
d a ta w ere u navailable.

This did n o t d e tr a c t from th e m odel sin ce no m ig ratio n

tim e was assum ed.
The p a ra sito id com ponent involved a s tru c tu re (use of delay s fo r th e
various life stag es) sim ilar to th e OM co m ponent. The p a ra site a tta c k m odel was
a m odified version o f G riffith and R olling (1969).
ANHA = ANO * [[l-(l+ A *T A G *P )]/(A N O * AK)] - AK
w here

ANHA = to ta l num ber o f hosts a tta c k e d during DT,
ANO = prey density,
A = num ber o f a tta c k s p e r unit tim e ,
TAG = to ta l tim e a v ailab le fo r g e n e ra tin g a tta c k s ,
P = p a ra sito id den sity ,
AK = dispersion c o e ffic ie n t, "k" o f n e g a tiv e binom ial (p arasite).

T he m odel used th e num ber o f av ailab le hosts, along w ith th e num ber o f ad u lt
p a ra sito id s, to g e n e ra te a p e rc e n t p a ra sitism .
PATT = A N H A /(A N O *2.0/SPC ) * .1
w here

PATT = p e rc e n t a tta c k by p a ra site s,
SPC = onion p la n t spacing,

IPPO = 7.1 * PP
w here

PP = num ber o f p a ra sitiz e d pupae,
IPPO = num ber o f fe m a le p a ra sito id s em erg in g from p a ra sitiz e d pupae.
In th e m odel, provisions w ere m ade fo r d isco v erin g individuals th a t w ere

previously p a ra sitiz e d .

T he d a ta o f Salkeld (1959) su g g est th a t A. p allip es can

d isc rim in a te b e tw ee n p a ra sitiz e d and n o n p a ra sitiz e d hosts.

This w as sim u la te d

in th e OM m odel by rem ovin g th e p a ra s itiz e d la rv a e from th e n orm al flow

39

through th e la rv a l delays.

The p a ra sitiz e d la rv a e (each DT) w ere p laced in to a

p a ra lle l delay. To g e n e ra te p a ra sitiz e d la rv a e , th e a tta c k m odel used la rv a e only
from th e u n p a ra sitize d , OM com ponent. Thus, la rv a e a re n ev er p a ra sitiz e d m ore
th a n once. The a tta c k r a te s w ere applied to th e in te rm e d ia te r a te s o f th e la rv a l
delays.

This a c te d as an a ttr itio n to th e d elay and added to th e p a ra sitiz e d

la rv a l in te rm e d ia te ra te s .

T he p a ra sitiz e d la rv a l flow p ro ceed ed a t a r a te 20%

fa s te r (Salkeld 1959).
R esu lts and D iscussion
No independent s e t o f d a ta was av ailab le fo r v alid atio n o f th e m odel; how­
e v er, th e m odel m e t known fe a tu re s o f OM biology. T hese fe a tu re s included:
1)

The OM has th re e overlapping g e n eratio n s p e r season in M ichigan.

2)

The d ev elo p m en t of th e life sta g e s a re te m p e ra tu re co n tro lle d and
peaks o f a d u lt e m e rg e n c e m ay be p re d ic te d

through d e g re e-d a y

a ccu m u latio n s.
3)

The m axim um dam age to onions usually o ccu rs e a rly in th e season
when bulbs are sm all.

F igure (4A) shows how th e m odel a d e q u a te ly sim u la te d th e f ir s t tw o of
th e se conditions. G iven an in itia l p o p u latio n o f 1000 pupae p er a c re , th re e , non­
overlapping, g e n e ra tio n s w ere sim u la ted due to th e re la tiv e ly sh o rt tim e sp e n t in
preoviposition. The peaks o f th e se cu rv es re p re s e n t m axim um a d u lt e m e rg e n c e
and o ccu r a t d e g re e-d a y a cc u m u la tio n s o f 280, 1200 and 1950 (4 .4 °C) fo r E ast
Lansing, M ichigan, w e a th e r d a ta o f 1977.

T h ese valu es a g re e w ith th o se o f

E ckenrode e t al. (1975) who re p o rte d a th e rm a l u n it a cc u m u la tio n fo r th e fir s t,
second and th ird broods, re sp e c tiv e ly .
The th ird co ndition was also sim u la ted , as illu s tra te d by p lo ttin g th e

40
0 -1

o o
<

2“

190

240

290

90

140

90
APRIL

290
240
140
190
MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT.
JULIAN DATE

o

Figure

Simulation with an initial overwintering population of
1000 OM pupae per acre.
A, number of adults in preovipositionary classes; B, percent of onions not damaged
by maggots over time.

41
p e rc e n t o f onions l e f t in th e fie ld versus th e nu m b er o f days in th e grow ing
seaso n (Fig. 4B).
in c re ase d .

E arly in th e seaso n , d am ag e in c re a se d as to ta l la rv a e

D am age th e n te n d ed to le v e l o ff ev en though th e la rv a l p o pu latio n

co n tin u ed to in c re a se . The resp o n se w as due to la rg e r bulbs, w hich had a g r e a te r
to le ra n c e to la rv a l feeding.
G iven

th a t

th e

m odel

sim u la te d

OM

d ev elo p m en t

and

consum ption

c o rre c tly , th re e sim u latio n s w ere m ade to a n aly ze:
1)

th e e f f e c t o f a p a ra sito id on OM d e n sitie s and onion yield

2)

th e e f f e c t of fo lia r sprays on OM, p a ra sito id d e n sities and onion yield,
and

3)

th e im p o rta n c e o f th e tim in g of th e f ir s t fo lia r spray.

F or th e f ir s t ru n , an in itia l p o p u latio n o f 1000 pu p ae and 500 p a ra sitiz e d
pupae per a c re w ere used.
p a ra s ite

populations

(Fig.

T h ere w ere th re e d is tin c t p eak s o f rep ro d u cin g
5A)

th a t

w ere

clo sely

sy n ch ro n ized

w ith

th e

preo v ip o sitio n peaks o f th e previous run (Fig. 4).
The p a ra sito id population d e c re a se d th e seco n d and th ird g e n e ra tio n o f
p reoviposition OMs, from peaks of 515 to 220 and from 610 to 200 o v er th e
previous ru n (Fig. 5B). The f ir s t g e n e ra tio n was n o t a ffe c te d .

As a re s u lt o f th e

d e c re a se in th e OM p o p u latio n la te r in th e seaso n , la te d am ag e to onions was
less. This sim u la tio n re s u lte d in a n e t p ro fit o f $298.00 p e r a c re , a s opposed to
$9.00 w ith o u t p a ra sito id s.
In th e second analysis, a sp ray o f m a la th io n w as applied on day 50, and
e v e ry 40 days th e r e a f te r , to an in itia l p o p u latio n o f 10,000 pupae and 2000
p a ra s itiz e d pupae p e r a c re .

D ay 50 was p ick ed fo r th e f ir s t sp ray d a te to

coincide w ith th e end o f th e f ir s t p reo v ip o sitio n p eak o f th e OM, so th a t th e

42

o
o

On

90

140

190

240

290

o

3

O

o o< <N

290
90
1 40
190
240
APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT
JULIAN DATE
Figure 5.

Simulation with an initial overwintering population of
1500 pupae of which 500 are parasitized.
A, number of
adult parasitoids; B, number of 0M adults in preovipositionary classes.

43

o
CD“

<

o .

90

140

190

240

290

o
o
o-i
OJ

o_

290
90
240
140
190
APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT.
JULIAN DATE
Figure 6,

Simulation with an initial overwintering population
of 12,000 0M pupae of which 2000 were parasitized.
A foliar spray of malathion was applied at day 140,
and every 40 days thereafter (T=spray d a t e ) . A,
number of 0M adults in preovipositionary classes;
B, number of adult parasitoids.

44
a d u lt population, now a t its rep ro d u cin g peak, would be sp ra y ed a t an optim um
tim e .

By sp raying ev ery 40 days th e r e a f te r , e ac h su ccessiv e g e n e ra tio n o f

rep ro d u cin g a d u lts would also be sp ray ed a t an optim um tim e .
d e c re a se d

considerably

(Fig.

6 A).

The

f ir s t

g e n e ra tio n

OM d e n sities
of

rep ro d u cin g

p a ra sito id s, how ever, had a lre ad y re a c h e d a peak a t day 50 and th e m alath io n
sp ray had littl e e f f e c t on th e f ir s t g e n e ra tio n a d u lts (Fig. 6B).

The second

g e n eratio n of p a ra sito id s was red u ced a littl e by th e re sid u al e f f e c t o f th e day 50
spray, b u t again w as not g re a tly re d u c ed by th e n e x t sp ray a t day 90, sin ce th e
population had alread y peaked.
feed in g e a rly in th e season.

The $172.18 n e t p ro fit was low due to la rv a l
T he n um ber o f p a ra sitiz e d , diapausing pupae,

how ever, was high a t th e end o f th e season co m p ared to OM d e n sitie s and could
be e x p e c te d to have an im p o rta n t e f f e c t th e follow ing y ear.
The th ird analysis in v e stig a te d w h eth er th e tim in g o f th e f ir s t sp ray was
c ritic a l to OM and p a ra sito id populations.

A sp ray o f m alath io n was ap p lied on

day 80, and e v ery 40 days th e r e a f te r , to an in itia l p o p u latio n o f 10,000 OM pupae
and 2000 p a ra sitiz e d pupae per a c re . The firs t sp ray was ap p lied a f te r th e build­
up o f rep ro d u cin g OMs.

As a re s u lt, th e second g e n e ra tio n o f OMs w as not

d e c re a se d as m uch as i t was in th e prev io u s run, and OM d e n sitie s re m a in ed
higher la te in th e season (Fig. 7A).
The rep ro d u cin g population o f p a ra sito id s, how ever, was no t re d u c ed by th e
f ir s t sp ray u n til halfw ay th ro u g h th e ir second g e n e ra tio n (Fig. 7B).

The

p opulation rem ain ed high to th e end o f th e seaso n . A lthough th is high population
w ould red u ce num bers o f OMs th e n e x t y e a r, th e o u tco m e fo r th e c u rre n t y e a r
w as a n e t loss of $1100.00 p e r a c re .

45
co"
co .
CO
a

<
o
0

01'

s

•

2 o ‘
-r o .
z
CM
o

z
o

90

14 0

190

240

290

o
On
n

•

o .
ev ■

o .
cd-

90

Figure 7.

290
240
140
190
APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT.
JULIAN DATE

Simulation with an initial overwintering population
of 12,000 0M pupae of which 2000 were parasitized.
A foliar spray of malathion was applied at day 170,
and every 40 days thereafter (T=spray d a t e ) . A,
number of adults in preovipositionary classes; B,
number of adult parasitoids.

46
B.

C onclusion
T he m odel a d e q u a te ly sim u la te d th e d ev elo p m en t o f th e life sta g e s o f th e

OM and was se n sitiv e to changes in b io tic and a b io tic p a ra m e te rs .

I t re v e a le d

in te re s tin g in fo rm atio n and relatio n sh ip s ab o u t th e population dynam ics o f th e
OM, th e e f f e c ts o f c a re fu lly -tim e d ,

in se c tic id e sp ray s to avoid p a ra sito id

m o rta lity , and th e e f f e c ts o f onion size on dam age e s tim a te s e arly in th e seaso n .
A t th e sam e tim e , it p re se n te d a re a s w here m ore in fo rm atio n is need ed , such as
m ig ratio n ,

d am age

d istrib u tio n s,

d e n sity -d ep e n d e n t

e f f e c ts

and

p e stic id e

e ffic ie n c y .
The dam age d istrib u tio n assum ed in th e m odel w as random , although som e
d a ta p o in ted to a clum ped d istrib u tio n , e sp e c ially la te r in th e seaso n .

D am age

d istrib u tio n was found to a f f e c t consum ption ra te s , survivorship and p a ra sitism .
As a re s u lt, a d a m a g e -d istrib u tio n co m p o n en t is e ss e n tia l to p e rfe c tin g th e
m odel.
It w as assum ed th a t

th e re

w ere

no d e n sity -d ep e n d e n t e ffe c ts .

in fo rm atio n is av ailab le on d e n sity -d ep e n d e n t fe a tu re s .

No

H ow ever, such e ffe c ts ,

if p re se n t, would undoubtedly in flu en c e all a re a s o f th e m odel.

IV.

STUDY AREA
The stu d y a re a w as co n sid ered to be th e o n io n -p ro d u ctio n a re a in th e

v ic in ity o f G ra n t, N ew aygo C ounty, M ichigan. T his a re a w as s e le c te d b ecau se it
c o n sists o f an iso la te d p o c k et o f a p p ro x im a te ly 16 sq mi o f o rg an ic m uck soil
w here m ainly onions and c a rro ts a re grow n.

T he fie ld s a re usually 10-40

h e c ta re s in size , and a tw o to fo u r y e a r c ro p ro ta tio n (onions, c a rro ts , c e le ry and
m int) is p ra c tic e d .

The a re a is fa rm e d by a p p ro x im a te ly 20 g row ers and has a

47

h isto ry o f OM problem s d a tin g back to th e 1940s. O nions a re th e p rim ary crop o f
th e region, and d e sp ite m u ltip le in se c tic id e in p u ts, th e OM re m a in s an an n u al
problem .
In 1978 and 1979 a field o f 1.5 h e c ta re s was av ailab le to th e onion
a g ro e co sy stem p ro je c t. This a re a , h e re a fte r re fe rre d to as th e re s e a rc h field , o r
fie ld 7, w as to be m ain ta in ed under c o m m e rcial conditions w ith th e e x ce p tio n
th a t c o n tro l of th e OM by ch em ica l m eans was an op tio n .

Due to th e n a tu re o f

th is a rra n g e m e n t, th e population dynam ics of th e OM could be in v e stig a te d under
c o m m e rc ia l co n ditions and d iffe rin g c h em ica l tr e a tm e n ts w ithin an a re a w here
th e d en sity o f th e OM was high.

In 1978 th e fie ld was tr e a te d w ith a g ran u lar

in se c tic id e (D y fo n ate—1 lb AI p e r a c re ) a t plan tin g ; only th e n o rth h alf re c eiv e d
th e sam e g ra n u la r tre a tm e n t in 1979 (F ig u re 8).

D uring b o th y ears, no fo liar

in s e c tic id e sprays w ere applied.
In 1979 and 1980 up to sev en co m m e rcial onion field s w ere s e le c te d fo r
reg io n al analysis o f population d en sity and onion p la n t d am age.

All th e se field s

had been tr e a te d w ith D yfon ate a t p lan tin g . In ad d itio n , all bu t one o f th e field s
w as sp ray ed a t various d a te s w ith fo lia r sprays of p a ra th io n , diazinon, o r Sevin®.
In 1980, one c o m m e rcial fie ld (field 13), a p p ro x im a te ly 10 h e c ta re s in size, was
n o t sprayed, so th a t it could be c o m p ared to an a d ja c e n t a re a (field 14) which
re c e iv e d w eekly sp ray s o f p a ra th io n from p lan tin g d a te to h a rv e st.

F ig u re 9 is

an a e ria l m ap of th e region show ing th e lo c atio n and n um bering sy stem fo r th e
s p e c ific c o m m e rc ia l stu d y fields.

CARROTS-78 I
ONIONS-79 !
■

ONIONS-78
CARROTS-79

irrigation canal
g r a ss border

MINT

RESEARCH FIELD

NON-TREATED AREA-79

CARROTS

Figure 8.

Plot design of the research field in Grant, Michigan, for 1978-1979.

N

49

Figure 9.

Aerial photograph of the Grant onion growing area
of Newaygo County in Michigan.
Location of study
fields 1-14 and the field laboratory station (*)
are indicated.

51

V.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A.

P o p ulation Sam pling
Various sam pling p ro c e d u res fo r d iffe re n t life s ta g e s of th e OM w ere used

to d e te rm in e OM population d en sity and phenology.

M any o f th e p ro ced u res

w ere e x tre m e ly tim e-eo n su m in g and as a re s u lt sam ple in te rv a l, re p lic a tio n , or
sam ple p recision had to be c o n tin u ally w eig h ted a g a in st av ailab le reso u rces.
M ethods fo r a d u lt, la rv a l, and pupal p o p u latio n stu d ie s a re discussed s e p a ra te ly
below.
1. A dults
S everal d iffe re n t ty p es o f tra p s w ere em ployed to stu d y th e a d u lt onion
m aggot population.

The ty p e, num ber, p la c e m e n t, and purpose o f th e tra p s a re

p re se n te d in T able 1.

All flies c o lle c te d w ere re tu rn e d to th e la b o ra to ry fo r

id e n tific a tio n , sex d e te rm in a tio n , and reco rd in g purposes. E x cep t fo r e m erg en ce
tra p s and ro ta ry flig h t tra p s, all a d u lt tra p s w ere m o n ito red b etw een 8 a.m . and
10 a.m . a t th re e to four day in te rv a ls.

E m erg en ce tra p s w ere m o n ito red daily

when possible, so fly m o rta lity would no t o ccu r.

R o ta ry flig h t tra p s w ere

m on ito red hourly during th e day.
The possibility o f p re d ic tin g em erg en c e o f OM a d u lts from soil a n d /o r a ir
te m p e ra tu re w as in v e stig a te d through th e e m e rg e n c e tra p s .

To m easu re a d u lt

OM e m erg en c e fo r each g e n eratio n , em erg en c e tra p s w ere s e t o u t over a re a s of
dam aged onions w ithin th e re s e a rc h field .

T hese tra p s w ere o rig in ally designed

to m easu re em erg en c e ra te s o f c e re a l le a f b e e tle a d u lts, O ulem a m elanopus (L.)
(G age 1974). The tra p s c o n sisted o f a Lum ite® s c re e n su p p o rted by an alum inum
trip o d s tru c tu re such th a t e m erg in g a d u lt flie s would e n te r a c o lle ctio n d e v ice a t
th e top. A ru b b e riz e d canvas m a te ria l w as sew n to th e b o tto m o f th e s c re e n and

Table 1.

Trapping devices, number, placement and purpose for monitoring OM adult populations in
Grant, Michigan, for 1977-1980.

Trap Type

Year

No. of Traps

Placement

Monitoring Purpose

Stlckyboards

1977-79

50

onion field and bor­
ders (grid pattern)

to determine relative
abundance, activity,
phenology and height
distribution

Activity traps

1978-79

25

onion field (random)

to determine relative
abundance, activity and
phenology

Rotary flight traps

1977-78

onion field (random)

to determine within day
activity and height dis­
tribution over time

onion field, carrots
and borders (random)

to determine spatial dis­
tribution within a day

Sweep net

1978

3-Hi

5 of 50
sweeps

Emergence traps

1978-80

90

onion field (over areas
of damaged onions)

to determine emergence and
rate of emergence

Flight interception traps

1979-80

50

onion field and bor­
ders (equally spaced)

to determine relative abun­
dance, activity, phenology,
within day activity and
spatial distribution

53
2

th e tra p co v ered an a re a o f 1 sq yd (.84 m ).

T he can v as was bu ried to insure

th a t no e m erg in g a d u lts would escap e e n tra p m e n t.

T he c o lle c tio n d ev ice w as

m odified so th a t a d u lt flie s could be tra p p e d aliv e—a n ecessary re q u ire m e n t fo r
a n o th e r stu d y in th e p ro je c t (see C a rru th e rs 1981).

Two, 2 -litre

p la stic

c o n ta in e rs w ere used fo r th is purpose. T he c o n ta in e r was f itte d w ith a se c tio n of
c h e e se c lo th on to p and a funnel in th e b o tto m .

This c o n ta in e r re s te d inside th e

second w hich was c o n n ec te d d ire c tly to th e tra p by a 10 cm radius e n tra n c e hole
(F igure 10). The top c o n ta in e r could be easily rem o v ed and re p la ce d .
The tim e of e m e rg e n c e -tra p p la c e m e n t w as d e term in e d from re su lts of
re g u la r la rv a l sam pling.

T raps w ere p la ce d o v er a re a s o f d am ag ed onions only

when m ost OM w ere in th e pupal sta g e . This m ethod co v ered th e onions fo r th e
le a s t am ount o f tim e so e ffe c ts to th e onions by th e tra p s would be m inim ized.
To exam ine a d u lt a c tiv ity , re la tiv e abundance, and phenology, sev e ra l
ty p e s o f a c tiv ity tra p s w ere used. S tick y b o ard s w ere s e t up in a grid p a tte rn (1
tra p p er 232 sq m) w ithin th e re s e a rc h fie ld and along th e borders (w eeds and
c a rro ts ).

The boards w ere 1.22 m by 15 cm c o n stru c te d o f s h e e ts o f pegboard

b o lted to each side of a s ta k e and p a in te d " c re s c e n t yellow ."

All boards w ere

c o a te d w ith a th in la y e r of Tanglefoot® on b o th su rfa c e s.
"A ctiv ity " tra p s w ere used to m o n ito r a d u lt ab u n d an ce and a c tiv ity . T hese
tra p s a re sim ilar to th e cone tra p s used by E ckenrode e t al. (1975) to m o n ito r OM
populations in New Y ork and c ab b ag e m ag g o t p o p u latio n s in W isconsin (E cken­
ro d e and C hapm an 1971).

The tra p s a re c o n stru c te d o f a nylon sc re e n and a re

su p p o rted by alum inum trip o d poles.

The sides o f th e sc re e n a re pulled up and

tie d so flies m ay e n te r from u n d ern eath . The c o lle c tio n d evice was c o n stru c te d
from

a

p la stic

co v ered

je llo

m old

in to

w hich

g ly cero l

was

ad d ed

to

54

IV -'

Figure 10.

Schematic of emergence trap used to catch adult male and
female OM during the first, second and third generation
emergence in 1978-1980.

55

p re se rv e th e tra p p e d in sec ts. T hese tra p s w ere p laced random ly over sec tio n s of
onion row s to tra p ovipositing and feeding a d u lts.

The tra p co v ered an a re a of

a p p ro x im a te ly .84 sq. m.
B ecause th e m ain ten an ce and m onitoring o f stick y boards was e x tre m e ly
tim e-co n su m in g , flig h t-in te rc e p tio n tra p s w ere b u ilt to m o n ito r ad u lt a c tiv ity .
This tra p resem b les a m alaise tra p , co n sistin g o f a m e ta l fra m e and nylon n e t of
w hich th e ro o f slopes upw ards to th e in n erm o st c o rn e rs a t w hich c o lle c tin g
d ev ices a re a tta c h e d (Loosjes 1976) (F igure 11). The c o lle c tin g d ev ices co n sisted
o f a co v ered 2 -litre p la stic b u ck et c o n tain in g tw o s h e e ts o f p la stic tr e a te d w ith
T a n g lefo o t. T hese s h e e ts (20 cm by 12 cm ) could be easily rem oved and re tu rn e d
to th e la b o ra to ry fo r fly id e n tific a tio n and reco rd in g .

Tw elve o f th e se tra p s

w ere s e t up along th e borders of th e re s e a rc h field in 1979 and w ere a lte rn a te d
b etw een fa c in g into and out o f th e field.

In 1979 and 1980, four to eig h t tra p s

w ere placed along th e n o rth -so u th b o rder o f th e c o m m e rcial stu d y field s, all
facin g in to th e field.
To exam ine ad u lt a c tiv ity in re la tio n to a b io tic fa c to rs and also to study
diurnal flig h t rh y th m s, and flig h t h eig h t d istrib u tio n , a d d itio n a l trap p in g was
co n d u cted . In 1978, ro ta ry -flig h t tra p s (H elgesen and H aynes 1972) w ere used to
sam p le a d u lts a t tw o d iffe re n t h eig h ts.

T hese tra p s co n siste d o f tw o sw e e p n ets

a tta c h e d to a crossbeam th a t ro ta te d a t a p p ro x im a te ly 16 k m /h r.
g e n e ra to r was re q u ire d to provide pow er to th e e le c tric m o to rs.

A p o rta b le
Up to th re e

tra p s could be run a t any one tim e. N et h eig h t was s e t to 30 cm and 100 cm so
th e h eig h t o f a d u lt flig h t could also be d e te rm in e d . T raps w ere m o n ito red hourly
fro m 5 a.m . to 10 p.m . s e v e ra l days during th e grow ing season.

In 1979, te n

ad d itio n a l flig h t-in te rc e p tio n tra p s w ere s e t up in th e re s e a rc h fie ld b e tw ee n th e

152.4cm

162.6cm
10.2cm

71.1cm

71.1cm
60.9cm

162.4cm
60.9cm
Ln

On

40.6cm

30.6cm
40.6cm

*0.6cm

Figure 11.

Dimensions of flight interception trap used to trap adult male and female 0M and SC
in study fields during 1979-1980.

57

D y fo n a te -tre a te d and n o n -tre a te d a re a s fo r sim ila r purposes.
In 1978, sw e e p n e t sam p les in onions, w eeds, and c a r ro ts w ere ta k e n to
in v e s tig a te th e s p a tia l d istrib u tio n o f a d u lts during th e n ig h t hours. F iv e s e ts of
50 sw eeps o f fo liag e w ith a s ta n d a rd 38 cm sw e e p n e t w ere ta k e n b e tw ee n th e
hours of 11 p.m . and 1 a .m . s e v e ra l n ights during th e seaso n . Individual sw e e p n et
sam ples w e re p la ce d in glass can n in g ja rs c o n tain in g 50 m l o f 70% ETOH.

All

sam ples w ere p ro cessed th e follow ing day.
2. L arvae
In th e fie ld i t is very d iffic u lt to follow a u n ifo rm ly -sized c o h o rt through
tim e . Even if a single input o f eggs was in itia te d , age classes would soon o v e rla p
due to n a tu ra l v a ria b ility .

As y e t, te ch n iq u es fo r rem o v al, tra n s p o rta tio n and

su c c e ssfu l p la c e m e n t o f OM eggs have n o t been dev elo p ed .

A n a ly tic al te c h ­

niques do e x ist, how ever, fo r exam ining sam p lin g re s u lts o f o v erlap p in g age
classes re c o rd e d under n o rm al fie ld co n d itio n s (D e m p ster 1961, K iritan i and
N akasuji 1967, R ic h ard s and W aloff 1954, R ich ard s e t al. I960, M anly 1975,
B irley 1977, Southw ood 1978).
R o o t m aggot la rv a l populations w ere sam p led to ex am in e th e phenology of
la rv a l feed in g on th e onion cro p under d iffe rin g c h e m ic a l reg im es.

In 1978, te n

se c tio n s of 60 cm o f onion row w ere sam pled tw ic e a w eek fro m May to
S ep tem b er. In 1979, fiv e se c tio n s o f 60 cm o f onion row w ere sam p led tw ic e a
w eek on th e non -D y fo n ate side o f th e re s e a rc h field .

T hese se c tio n s w ere

random ly s e le c te d w ithin a re a s o f onions w here ro o t m aggot d am ag e was
e v id en t.

The s p a tia l lo c a tio n (x,y c o o rd in ate) o f e ac h individual onion and th e

to ta l num ber o f dam aged onions p re s e n t was re c o rd ed .

E ach onion w as th e n

rem o v ed and d isse c te d in th e fie ld when possible, so all ro o t m aggot la rv a e could

58

be c o lle c te d and re tu rn e d to th e la b o ra to ry . L a te r in th e seaso n , when onions
w ere la rg e and d isse c tio n in th e fie ld b e c a m e d iffic u lt, onions w ere p laced in
p la s tic bags, tie d , la b elled , and re tu rn e d to th e la b o ra to ry fo r d issectio n . O nce
a n onion had been rem oved and th e la rv a e w ere re trie v e d , th e soil b e n e a th th e
row up to a 20 cm d ep th was s ifte d to c o lle c t any ro o t m aggot la rv a e in th e soil.
All la rv a e i w ere re tu rn e d to th e la b o ra to ry fo r id e n tific a tio n and reco rd in g .
3. P upae
F o u r stu d ie s w ere co n d u cted o f ro o t m aggot pupal populations.

T hese

included: a) re la tiv e population e s tim a te s , b) m o rta lity w ithin th e grow ing seaso n
(including p a ra sitism ), c) in cid en ce o f pupal d iap au se, and d) o v e rw in te rin g
m o rta lity .
R e la tiv e population e s tim a te s fo r ro o t m aggot pupae w ere o b tain ed during
th e re g u la r la rv a l sam pling p erio d s. All soil b e n e a th th e 60 cm se c tio n s of onion
row w as rem oved (60 cm x 20 cm x 20 cm ) and s ifte d fo r p re sen c e of ro o t
m aggot pupae.

T he pupae w ere re tu rn e d to th e la b o ra to ry to be id e n tifie d and

re c o rd ed .
In o rd er to e s tim a te w ith in and b e tw e e n -g e n e ra tio n m o rta lity during th e
grow ing season, all pupae w ere p la ce d in 250 m l sty ro fo a m c o n ta in e rs co n tain in g
a 1:1 ra tio of m oist sand and v e rm ic u lite .
ov er th e c o n ta in e r.

A co v ered la n te rn globe was placed

Pupae w ere m o n ito red a t one to tw o day in te rv a ls fo r a d u lt

ro o t m aggot and p a ra sito id em erg en c e . In 1979 all pupae w ere closely exam ined
w ith a d isse c tin g m icroscope b e fo re being p la ce d
c o n ta in e rs.

in th e

sa n d -v e rm ic u lite

This was done to d e te rm in e if p a ra sitism was ev id en t and to o b tain

re c o rd s o f pupal ab n o rm a litie s (p a ra sito id e n tra n c e holes).
In 1979, ad d itio n al pupal sam pling was c o n d u cted sp e c ific a lly to o b tain

59

p e rc e n t p a ra sitism .

P upae w ere sam p led from b o th th e D y fo n ate and non­

tr e a te d a re a s of th e re s e a rc h fie ld during peak perio d s o f pupal o c c u rre n c e . Soil
w as s ifte d from sam ples o f 30 cm se c tio n s o f onion row se v e ra l tim e s during th e
season.

T he six c o m m e rc ia l stu d y field s w ere sam p led by tak in g an a v erag e o f

100 pupae p er fie ld p e r sam ple period. All pupae w ere s e t up in sa n d -v e rm ic u lite
c o n ta in e rs and w ere m o n ito red daily fo r ro o t m aggot and p a ra sito id e m erg en ce.
A reas w here e m erg en c e tra p s w ere used fo r firs t and second g e n e ra tio n of
ro o t m aggot ad u lts, o ffe re d an o p p o rtu n ity to in v e stig a te th e in cid en ce o f pupal
diapause.

Since th e se tra p s e ffe c tiv e ly c o lle c te d all em erg ed ad u lts, and a t th e

sam e tim e p re v e n te d fu rth e r in fe s ta tio n by ro o t m aggot la rv a e , a ll rem ain in g
pupae in th e soil had to be p re se n t fo r an e x ten d e d period of tim e.

Even if all

ro o t m aggot la rv a e p re sen t during th e tim e o f in itia l p la c e m e n t o f th e tra p w ere
in th e th ird in sta r la rv a l or pupal s ta g e , a d u lt em erg en c e would have been
e x p e c te d follow ing six w eeks o f trap p in g .

All soil (80 cm x 80 cm x 20 cm)

b e n e a th fiv e e m erg en ce tra p s fo r second and th ird g e n e ra tio n em erg en ce in 1978
and fir s t, second and th ird g e n e ra tio n e m e rg e n c e in 1979 was s ifte d for ro o t
m aggot pupae.

All re c o v ere d pupae w ere re tu rn e d to th e la b o ra to ry and p laced

in sa n d -v e rm ic u lite c o n tain ers.
In 1979, th re e re p lic a te s o f a p p ro x im a te ly 500 second and th ird in s ta r OM
la rv a e

w ere c o lle c te d from

th e field and p laced on O M -dam aged onions.

E m ergence tra p s w ere placed o v er th e se a re a s during th e firs t g e n e ra tio n la rv a l
brood.

A dult OM e m erg en c e was re c o rd ed , and, a f te r eig h t w eeks o f ro o t

m aggot e m erg en ce, th e soil b e n e a th th e tra p s was s ifte d fo r p re sen c e o f pupae in
diapause.
O v erw in terin g

m o rta lity

of

OM

pupal

pop u latio n s

w as

in v e stig ate d

60

a t th e U n iv ersity M uck F arm , E aton C ounty, in 1978. OM pupae c o lle c te d from
th e field in N ovem ber w ere bu ried a t various d ep th s ran g in g from 3 to 36 cm in a
fie ld previously p la n te d to onions.

Seven re p lic a te s a t four d ep th s (3 cm , 8 cm ,

13 cm , 18 cm ) and th re e re p lic a te s a t th re e d ep th s (23 cm , 28 cm , 36 cm ), e ac h of
te n OM pupae w ere s e t out. P upae buried a t th e 18 cm d ep th or less w ere buried
in 20 cm x 15 cm p la stic b u c k ets filled w ith m uck soil and p e rfo ra te d w ith 1 cm
holes to f a c ilita te w a te r drain ag e.

The b u ck ets allow ed fo r easy lo c a tio n and

rem o v al o f pupae during th e w in te r m onths. D a ta from W orkman (1958) in d ic a ted
t h a t th e num ber o f a d u lt OM e m erg in g fro m diapaused pupae in c re ase d w ith an
in c re asin g period o f cold te m p e ra tu re s up to th e six th w eek.

To insure th a t a

su ffic ie n tly cold period had lap sed , th e f ir s t re p lic a te was no t rem oved until
J a n u a ry 10.

A re p lic a te was rem o v ed F e b ru a ry 6, M arch 1, and A pril 4.

They

w ere re tu rn e d to th e la b o ra to ry , and pupae w ere held a t 20°C to o b ta in ad u lt
e m e rg e n c e reco rd s. P upae buried a t a d e p th o f g r e a te r th a n 18 cm w ere pu t in 6
x 8 cm

envelopes m ade o f nylon m esh screen in g .

T hese envelopes w ere

re c o v e re d in la te May of 1979 and pupae w ere held a t 20°C to o b ta in a d u lt
e m erg en c e reco rd s.

T h ree rem ain in g re p lic a te s o f pupae in b u ck ets w ere

allow ed to em erg e under n a tu ra l fie ld conditions.
In N ovem ber 1979, th e b u c k et ex p erim en t was re p e a te d a t th e U n iv ersity
Muck Farm as previously d escrib ed .

No b u c k ets w ere rem o v ed during th e w in te r

m onths, b u t a ll pupae w ere re c o v e re d in la te A pril 1980 and th en held a t 20°C to
d e te rm in e e m erg en c e . P upae w ere also b u ried in four field s in G ran t, MI (study
fie ld s 1, 5, 6, and non-D yfonate a re a of th e re s e a rc h field). F iv e re p lic a te s of 20
OM pupae w ere buried a t a 13-15 cm d ep th b o th w ith in th e field and along th e
fie ld b o rd er. To f a c ilita te lo c a tio n and rem o v al, a ll pupae w ere p la ce d in a 6 cm

61

d ia m e te r p e tri p la te b e fo re being buried. P upae w ere re c o v e re d and re tu rn e d to
th e la b o ra to ry in A pril 1980, along w ith a sam p le o f 30 pupae c o lle c te d from th e
soil s u rfa c e in field 5. The pupae w ere ex am in ed fo r p re sen c e o f p a ra sitism and
w ere held for a d u lt e m e rg e n c e a t 20°C .

B.

W ithin-F ield P la n t D am age S tudies
P revious stu d ies o f th e s p a tia l d istrib u tio n o f d am ag e to onions by th e OM

have b een d iffic u lt to assess due to th e f a c t th a t th e onions had been tr e a te d
w ith in se c tic id e s a t various points in tim e .

D escrip tio n s o f th e d istrib u tio n of

onion p la n t dam age w ere also p rim arily lim ite d to sp e c ific sam p le periods.

In

o rd e r to e v a lu a te th e d istrib u tio n , r a te , tim in g , and e x te n t o f d am ag e on
in s e c tic id e -tre a te d and n o n -tre a te d p lo ts o f onions, e x p erim en ts w ere p e rfo rm ed
to

assess d am age

over tim e so

d istrib u tio n could be d escrib ed .

th a t

th e

dynam ic

c h a r a c te ris tic s

o f th e

A s p a tia l and te m p o ra l re c o rd o f individual

onions and th e ir condition over tim e en ab led th e use o f a num ber o f a n a ly tic a l
tech n iq u es to assess th e d istrib u tio n s.
In 1978, fo u r p lots of onions, e ac h p lo t 5 row s wide and 3.65 m long, w ere
e sta b lish e d a t th e re s e a rc h field w hich had re c e iv e d a tr e a tm e n t o f g ra n u la r
in se c tic id e (D yfonate) a t plan tin g .

In 1979, tw o plots of th e sam e siz e used in

1978 w ere e sta b lish e d on bo th th e tr e a te d (D yfonate) and n o n -tre a te d a re a s of
th e field .

F or b oth years, th e e x a c t x and y c o o rd in a te o f e ac h individual onion

w ithin th e p lo ts w ere re c o rd ed .

F o r w ithin-row lo c a tio n (y -co o rd in ate), th is

req u ired placing a ta p e m easu re along th e row and reco rd in g , to th e n e a re s t
c e n tim e te r, e ac h onion's lo c atio n . F o r b e tw ee n -ro w lo c a tio n (x -co o rd in ate), th e
row sp acin g was m ultiplied by th e row d ista n ce being m easu red (86 cm row

62

spacing). A t th e sam e tim e , th e con d itio n o f each onion was reco rd ed : 1) visibly
h e alth y onions, 2) onions show ing sy m p to m s o f OM d am ag e, 3) d ead o r d ried up
onion p la n ts, 4) m issing onion p lan ts.

This "m apping" o f individual onions was

c a rrie d o u t a t w eekly in te rv a ls during th e sp rin g w hen onions w ere in th e
seed lin g s ta g e and every o th e r w eek when onions began to m a tu re .
O ne of th e m ain a d v a n ta g e s o f th is p ro ced u re was th e p e rm a n e n t re c o rd of
each individual onion from e m erg en ce; th e re fo re , m issing onions (fo u rth class)
could easily be d e term in e d by co m p arin g p rev io u s re c o rd re su lts.
In 1979, field o b serv atio n s led to th e hypothesis th a t p resen ce or absence of
v o lu n te e r onions in th e spring a f f e c ts th e o v ip o sitio n al p re fe re n c e o f th e OM and
th e sp a tia l d istrib u tio n of dam ag e.

V o lu n teer onions a re onion bulbs le f t in th e

field from th e previous y e a r and th a t sp ro u t and grow th e n ex t spring.

T hese

onions usually rem ain u ndisturb ed in c o m m e rcial field s u n til onion seedlings can
to le r a te c u ltiv a tio n —a t o r a b o u t th e end o f th e firs t g e n e ra tio n a tta c k by th e
OM.
A se rie s o f ex p erim en ts was s e t up to ex am in e th e e f f e c t o f v o lu n te e r ■
onions on OM oviposition and onion p la n t d am ag e.

In 1979, th e "m apping" p lo ts

w ere estab lish ed over a re a s of d iffe re n t d e n sitie s o f v o lu n te e r onions.

The

d en sity o f v o lu n te e rs ran g ed from 0-30 on b o th th e D y fo n a te -tre a te d a re a and
n o n -tre a te d a re a . The e x a c t lo c a tio n (x,y c o o rd in ate) o f each v o lu n teer in th e se
p lots was reco rd ed .

T he lo c a tio n o f v o lu n te e r onions and th e ir e f f e c t on OM

dam age during th e f ir s t g e n eratio n o f ro o t m aggot a tta c k could th e re fo re be
e v alu a te d .
In 1980, 15 plots of onions (.9 m o f onion row x 3 rows) w ere s e t up in a
c o m m e rcial field in G ran t to stu d y th e

e f f e c ts

o f d iffe re n t

d e n sities of

63

v o lu n teers on onion p la n t dam ag e.

W ithin th e se p lo ts, d e n sitie s of single and

a g g re g a te v o lu n teers w ere esta b lish e d .

The x ,y c o o rd in a te o f e ac h onion and

v o lu n te e r a n d /o r group of v o lu n teers w ere re c o rd ed follow ing onion p lan t em er­
g en ce in th e spring using th e m apping p ro ced u re previously d escrib ed .

Onion

p la n t dam age w ithin e ac h plot was re c o rd ed a t th e end of June.
N e are st-n e ig h b o r sam pling tech n iq u es w ere used to exam ine th e lo c atio n of
v o lu n te e r onions in a field and th e p ro b ab ility of p lan t dam age o c cu rrin g in th e ir
vicin ity .

In 1979, th e sam pling began by tossing a b all re p e a te d ly in to th e

re s e a rc h field .

From th is th e follow ing fiv e m e asu re m e n ts w ere re c o rd ed : 1)

d ista n c e from random point (position o f ball) to n e a re s t v o lu n te e r onion, 2)
d ista n c e from th e v o lu n teer onion to n e a re s t dam aged onion seedling, 3) d ista n ce
from dam aged seed lin g in (2) to random p o in t, 4) d ista n ce from random point to
any n e a re s t dam aged onion seedling, and 5) d ista n c e from v o lu n teer onion in (1)
to dam aged p la n t in (4).

One hundred and tw e n ty s e ts o f th e se m easu rem en ts

w ere m ade on th e n o n -tre a te d side of th e re s e a rc h field (sixty s e ts fo r e a c h of
tw o d e n sities o f v o lu n te e r onions) and six ty s e ts of m e asu re m e n ts w ere ta k en on
th e D yfonate side w here only one d en sity o f v o lu n te e rs was evident.

C.

B etw een -F ield P la n t D am age Surveys
To o b ta in in fo rm atio n on th e e x te n t and d istrib u tio n of onion p lan t dam age

on a reg io n al basis, c o m m e rcial stu d y field s in G ran t w ere su rv ey ed for onion
p la n t dam age.

F irst g e n eratio n onion p la n t dam age is easily reco g n ized in the

field . The onion le av e s becom e fla c cid th en th e tip s yellow .

C o m p lete fo liag e

dehy d ratio n and ro t usually occurs.
C a rru th e rs (1979) exam ined th e w ithin and b e tw e e n -fie ld sam pling fo r

64
p la n t dam age.

He p re s e n te d w ithin and b e tw e e n -fie ld sam pling program s fo r

ro o t m aggot dam age by w hich p la n t d am ag e d e n sity could be d e term in e d w ith
a c c e p ta b le p recisio n and c o st.

A 30 m sam p le u n it o f 10 to 20 sam ples gave

m axim um e ffic ie n c y over th e la rg e s t ran g e o f d e n sities and lev els o f p recisio n
and was th e p re fe rre d sam ple u n it fo r e stim a tin g reg io n al OM p la n t dam age.
The stu d y fields and re s e a rc h fie ld w ere su rv ey ed w eekly from th e f ir s t o f May
to th e f ir s t w eek o f A ugust in 1979 and 1980. T w enty sec tio n s o f 30 m o f onion
row w ere random ly s e le c te d in e a c h field by tossing a 30 cm g ard en sta k e in to
th e fie ld and s e le c tin g th e s e c tio n from th e n e a re s t row w here i t landed. A fte r
visually exam ining e ac h onion p la n t, th e to ta l num ber o f onions ex h ib itin g
dam age sym ptom s w ere re c o rd ed .
Second g e n eratio n OM p la n t d am ag e can be m ore d iffic u lt to assess la te in
th e season due to in c re ase d onion bulb siz e and n a tu ra l p lan t sin esc en c e . W ith a
la rg e r bulb th e onion p la n t can w ith stan d m ore physical dam age b e fo re showing
c h a r a c te ris tic dam age sym ptom s.

N a tu ra l p la n t sen escen ce cau ses th e onion

le a v e s to fall over; th e re fo re , it becom es d iffic u lt la te in th e season to assess
d am age only by visual ex am in atio n w hile w alking along th e onion row .

To

o v erco m e this problem , tw o c o m m e rcial stu d y field s (13 and 14) w ere surveyed
in ten siv ely on a w eekly basis from m id -Ju ly to th e end o f A ugust.

T w enty

sec tio n s o f 1.54 m o f row w ere random ly s e le c te d by throw ing a 30 cm g arden
sta k e in to th e field and m oving 1 m dow n-row from th is point. E ach onion w ithin
th e se c tio n was th e n rem oved, and bulbs w ere exam ined fo r signs of ro o t m aggot
dam age.

B oth dam aged and h e alth y onion p la n ts w ere reco rd ed .

D am aged

onions w ere also classifie d a cco rd in g to tw o conditions:

1) re c e n tly dam aged

(la rv a e

ev id en t)

p re se n t

and

in itia l

d am ag e

sym ptom s

and

2)

65

old dam age (no ro o t m aggot la rv a e p re se n t b u t ev id en ce o f feed in g injury,
ad v an ced bulb ro t, o r dehydration).
A t th e end o f th e season, ju s t b e fo re onion h a rv e st, each co m m ercial study
fie ld was surveyed to o b ta in a fin a l e s tim a te o f ro o t m aggot d am age.

B etw een

10 and 15, 30 m se c tio n s of onion row in each field w ere s e le c te d by tossing a 30
cm g ard en s ta k e in to th e field .

All onions w ithin e a c h s e c tio n w ere rem oved,

exam ined, and re c o rd e d a cco rd in g to tw o classes: 1) dam aged onions (larv ae, bulb
ro t, deh y d ratio n , o r feed in g injury easily id e n tifia b le ), and 2) non-dam aged onions
(no la rv a e or feed in g injury easily visible).
In 1977, C a rru th e rs (1979) in itia te d an onion p lan t dam age survey o f th e
m ajor onion p ro duction regions in M ichigan.

P e s t m an ag em en t field a ss is ta n ts

(PMFAs), em ployed by county ex ten sio n o ffic e s, su rv ey ed all onion field s in th e ir
re s p e c tiv e a re a s tw ic e during th e grow ing season.

T h ese sam ple

periods

coincided w ith d eg re e-d a y e s tim a te s o f peak la rv a l dam age o f th e f ir s t and
second OM g e n e ra tio n s (C a rru th e rs 1979).

PMFAs w ere a le rte d as to when a

dam age survey should be in itia te d in th e ir a re a by PMEX (P est M anagem ent
E x e c u tiv e System ) (C ro ft e t al. 1976).

To d e te rm in e th e e x te n t o f onion p la n t

dam age in onion production a re a s of th e s ta te , and to provide a long te rm d a ta
b ase o f e s tim a te s of OM dam age and onion production p ra c tic e s in M ichigan, th is
survey was continued from 1978-1980.
Onion p la n t d am age surveys w ere co n d u cted by PM FAs in four m ajo r onion
grow ing a re a s o f M ichigan: 1) G ran t (N ew aygo C ounty), 2) Bravo (A llegan
C ounty), 3) Jac k so n C ounty, and 4) L ap eer C ounty.
a re a s

w ere

d efin ed

a cco rd in g

co o p e ra to rs w ere responsible.

to

th e

a re a

fo r

T he boundaries o f th e se
w hich

p e st

m an ag em en t

Ten (1978) or tw e n ty (1979-80) re p lic a te s of a 30

66

m s e c tio n o f onion row w ithin each fie ld w ere s e le c te d random ly.
s e c tio n

th e

to ta l num ber o f d am ag ed onions was re c o rd ed .

F o r each

A re c o rd of

p ro d u ctio n p ra c tic e s , post h a rv e st a c tiv itie s , h isto ry o f e a c h field , d e sc rip tio n of
field , and w here sam ples w ere ta k e n was o b tain ed a t e a c h sam pling period.
T h ere w ere tw o sam pling periods fo r e a c h seaso n a t ap p ro x im ate d e g re eday a cc u m u la tio n s of 1) 600 and 2) 1270 (base 4.4°C ).

T h ese valu es had been

show n to coincide w ith th e tim e o f m axim um n o tic e a b le dam age fo r e ac h of th e
f ir s t and second g e n e ra tio n s (C a rru th e rs 1979). E x act d a te s of th e surveys w ere
d e te rm in e d from re s u lts of la rv a l sam pling a t th e re s e a rc h field in G ran t.

The

PMEX sy stem was used to in itia te e ac h d am ag e su rv ey and to give any ad d itio n a l
in stru c tio n s, d a ta form s, and d e sc rip tio n o f OM d am ag e. A v isit was also m ade
to e ac h PMFA involved to answ er any q u estio n s ab o u t th e su rv ey and to
d e m o n stra te how th e sam pling should be p erfo rm ed .

D.

A biotic M onitoring
In fo rm a tio n on p ro d u ctio n p ra c tic e s including: use, ap p lic atio n m ethod and

ty p e o f p e stic id e s used; p lan tin g and h a rv e st d a te s; irrig a tio n ; and w eeding
p ra c tic e s w ere o b tain ed on a continuous basis from g row er sp ray re c o rd s and
p ro d u ctio n re p o rts .

The G ra n t w e a th e r s ta tio n provided reco rd s o f daily

m axim um and m inim um a ir te m p e ra tu re s and daily p re c ip ita tio n . In ad d itio n , a
w e a th e r s ta tio n was s e t up a t th e re s e a rc h field fro m A pril to O c to b e r e a c h
y e a r. In stru m e n ts used a t this s ta tio n included: 1) a h y g ro th erm o g rap h to reco rd
te m p e ra tu re and re la tiv e hum idity, 2) a th re e p o in t soil th erm o g rap h to m o n ito r
soil te m p e ra tu re a t th re e d ep th s (3, 8 and 15 cm ), and 3) a p y rh e lio m e te r to
o
re c o rd so lar ra d ia tio n (g m -cal/cm ). T hese in stru m e n ts took continuous read in g s

67

through th e use o f a m oving s trip c h a rt. C h a rts w ere changed once a w eek and
w eekly values w ere e n te re d onto c o m p u te r files fo r 1/2-1 hour in te rv a ls through
use of th e Tektronix® te m p la te optio n (A ppendix C).

VI.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A.

A dult E m ergence
D aily e m e rg e n c e of OM ad u lts was m o n ito red to p re d ic t e m erg en c e from

soil o r a ir d e g re e -d a y a cc u m u latio n .

E m erg en ce re s u lts w ere also used to

ex am in e th e phenology of th e a d u lts and to d e te rm in e ad u lt survivorship (see
C a rru th e rs 1981).
C a rru th e rs (1979) had d e te rm in e d th a t OM pupae w ere d istrib u te d in th e
soil a t a d e p th o f 2 to 15 cm and th a t 50% of th e population was found b etw een 5
and 8 cm .

He also re p o rte d a d ev elo p m en tal te m p e ra tu re o f 4 .4 ° C fo r OM

pupae.
Since th e

OM p u p a tes in th e soil,

it was f e lt th a t soil d eg re e-d a y

a c c u m u la tio n would be th e m ost a c c u ra te p re d ic tio n p a ra m e te r.

In 1979 and

1980, a le a s t-s q u a re s reg ressio n analysis of a ir d e g ree-d ay s (4.4° C base) versus
soil d e g re e -d a y s (4 .4 °C base) was p e rfo rm ed for soil te m p e ra tu re s a t th e 8 cm
d ep th (F igure 12),

No sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e was found b etw een th e slopes or

in te rc e p ts fo r th e tw o y e ars. The d a ta w ere also ex am in ed on a m onth to m onth
com parison fo r th e 3, 8 and 15 cm soil d ep th (Table 2). T he reg ressio n s in d ic a ted
th a t a lag perio d e x ists betw een d e g re e-d a y accu m u la tio n fo r soil when com ­
p ared to a ir e a rly in th e season, bu t th is la g perio d is re d u c ed due to g re a te r
w arm ing o f th e soil as th e seaso n p ro g resses.

More y e ars o f soil te m p e ra tu re

d a ta , how ever, a re needed b e fo re draw ing any sp e c ific conclusions ab o u t th e

68

o

o
O -1
CM

1979
1980
o
LU

CO -

CO

cr
00
CJ

CO
CE
CD

LU
CD

£O

° O

CO

O

400
AIR

Figure 12.

800

DEGREE

DAYS

1200
(4-4C

1600

2000

BASE)

Relationship between soil degree days (4.4°C base at 8 cm
depth) and air degree days (4.4°C base) in Grant, Michigan,
for 1979 and 1980.

Table 2 , Regression equations for estimation of soil degree day accumulation for 1979 and 1980 from
air degree day accumulation in Grant, Michigan, for 3 soil depths (-3, -8, and -15 cm).
a) 1979
-3

Month
April
May
June
July
August
September
Year

ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST

— - 6.83
= - 23.83
- - 23.30
- 84.50
- -228.40
— -268.20
= - 49.10

_

r2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

.699*DQO
.949*DD°
1.011*DD°
1.111*DD°
1.216*DD°
1.233*DD°
1.091*DDO

.93
.97

.99
.99
.99
.99
.99

ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST

—
—

=
=
=

- 5.03
- 39.81
- 50.36
-189.00
-410.20
-481.40
- 80.08

8
+
+
+
+
+
+

+

r2
.514*DDO
.850*DDO
.899*DDo
1.110*DDo
1.274*DDo
1.307*DDo
1.040*DDO

.93
.96
.99

.99
.99
.99
.99

15
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST

— - 3.99
= - 37.21
= -100.30
= -195.80
= -421.00
= -569.30
- 90.46

i

+

.396*DDO
.708*DDO
.877*DDo
+ 1.039*DDo
1.205*DDO
1.282*DDO
+
•969*DD°
+
+

r2
.91
.96

.99
.99
.99
.99
.99

b) 1980
Month

April
May
June
July
August
September
Year

r2

-3
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST

=
=
=
=
=
=

- 11.52
- 64.30
-104.60
- 32.58
- 29.73
- 75.32
- 58.72

+
+
+
+
+
+
+

.599*DDo
1.064*DD°
1.181*DDO
1.106*DDO
1.107*DD°
1.129*DD°
1.123*DDo

.90
.99
.99
.99
.99
.99
.99

-8
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST

=
=
=
=
=

- 10.81
- 42.47
- 91.78
- 46.78
-106.80
-200.80
- 65.43

+
,493*DD°
+
.864*DDa
.101*DDo
+
+
.960*DD°
+ 1.008*DDO
+ 1.056*DDO
+ ,980*DDO

r2
.86
.99
.99
.99
.99
.99
.99

-15
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST

=
=
=
=
=

- 5.69
- 56.41
-121.11
-197.00
-103.00
-298.80
- 79.98

•252*DD°
+
,784*DDO
+
.973*DDo
+
+ 1.033*DD°
.959*DDO
+
+ 1.085*DDO
.9522*DD°
+

r2

.77
.99
.99
.99
.99
.99
.99

70

re la tio n sh ip o f a ir to soil d e g re e-d a y accu m u latio n , although it may be su g g ested
th a t m uck soil a cc u m u la te s d e g ree-d ay s e ac h y e a r a t th e sam e r a te , a cco rd in g to
d eg re e-d a y a ir accu m u latio n .

This m ay be due to onion p ro d u ctio n p ra c tic e s ,

w hereby th e soil is usually k e p t b a re o f ground c o v er b e fo re p la n tin g and a f te r
h a rv e st.

Muck soil is also very hom ogenous in s tru c tu re and com position. As a

re su lt, d eg ree-d ay e s tim a te s from a ir te m p e ra tu re re c o rd s and use o f a ir-so il
d e g re e-d a y reg ressio n equation s may be s a tis fa c to ry fo r p re d ic tin g soil d e g re e day accu m u latio n .
E m ergence d a ta fo r each g e n eratio n and y e a r w ere an aly zed acco rd in g to
th e follow ing d escrip tio n :
1)

E m ergence counts (Y) w ere a cc u m u la te d over th e X axis (w here X is

tim e o r d eg ree-d ay s (4.4°C base)).
2)

All cu m u la tiv e

counts

w ere

tra n sfo rm e d to o b ta in a c u m u lativ e

proportion of to ta l e m erg en ce.
3)

P ro p o rtio n a l c u m u lativ e counts w ere tra n sfo rm e d by use o f th e pro b it

(Finney, 1971) in o rd er to lin e a riz e th e d a ta .
4)

L e a st-sq u a re s regressio n analysis was p e rfo rm ed to o b ta in th e p ro b it

reg ressio n eq u atio n (Ep=a+bx; w here

is th e p re d ic te d em erg en ce in

probits, a is th e in te rc e p t, and b is th e slope).
5)

E m ergence d a ta w ere f i t to a n orm al cu rv e and th e m ean and v arian ce

o b ta in e d

fo r

use

in

d e te rm in in g

cu rv ilin e a r

cu m u la tiv e

p ro p o rtio n

e m erg en ce lines according to th e n orm al d istrib u tio n .
6)

C u m u lativ e e m erg en ce d a ta w ere co m p ared to c u rv ilin e a r c u m u lativ e

p ro portion em erg en c e lines.
T h ree p a ra m e te rs w ere ex am in ed fo r possible use in p re d ic tin g OM a d u lt

71

CUMULATIVE

PROPORTION

EMERGENCE

o

CJ

o

a>

o

w

100

120

MO

160

ISO

200

220

240

260

200

JULIAN DATE

Figure 13.

Cumulative proportion emergence of three generations of
OM adults compared to Julian date in 1978 (A), 1979 (B),
and 1980 (C).

72

EM ERGENCE

is

CUMULATIVE

PROPORTION

10

o
ID

O
O
o

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

2250

2500

D EG R EE O A Y S AIR < 4 ,4 *C B A S E )

Figure 14.

Cumulative proportion emergence of three generations of
0M adults compared to air degree day accumulation (4.4°C
base) in 1970 (A), 1979 (B), and 1930 (C).

73

C3

CUMULATIVE

PROPORTION

EMERGENCE

o

500

750

1000

1250

1500

2250

2500

DEGREE DAYS SOIL ( 4 .4 ’ C B A SE )

Figure 15,

Cumulative proportion emergence of three generations of
OM adults compared to soil degree-day accumulation (4.4°C
base at 8 era depth) in 1979 (A) and 1980 (B).

CUMULATIVE PROPORTION EMERGENCE

74

©
<

oc
ao

500

750

250&

1500

EMERGENCE

DEGREE DAYS S O L (1 ,4 'C BASE!

CUMULATIVE PROPORTION

a
s
£o
CG
s

o,

1000

250

1250

1500

1750

2000

CUMULATIVE PROPORTION EMERGENCE

DECWEE DAYS Atfl (4 V C BASE)

<

K
1U
11
10z11
cr
UJ
3
in

o
too

160

220

260

300

JULIAN DATE

Figure 16.

Average cumulative proportion emergence and rate o£ emer­
gence of three generations of OM adults from 1979-80 com­
pared to: A) soil degree-days (4.4°C base at 8 cm depth),
B) air degree-days (4.4°C base), and C) julian date.

Table 3 . Probit regression equations for adult OM emergence and degree day period for 50 percent
emergence (,5Ep). DD is accumulated degree days above 4.4°C.
a) Julian date
Year

Generation

1979
1980
Avg
1978
1979
1980
Avg
1978
1979
1980
Avg

first
first
first
second
second
second
second
third
third
third
third

Regression Equation

Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep

=
=
=
=
*•
=
=
=
=
=
=

-19.22
-19.53
-15.74
—18.87
—21.84
-19.56
-15.34
-42.34
-27.42
-39.24
-33.83

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

.162
.168
.137
.114
.134
.126
.099
.191
.130
.180
.157

*Day
*Day
*Day
*Day
*Day
*Day
*Day
*Day
*Day
*Day
*Day

r2

.94
.92
.91
.85
.90
.94
.96
.90
.87
.96
.94

.5 Ep
154
145
150
208
200
195
203
248
249
245
247

Variance
38.10
38.10
52.89
76.54
55.69
63.39
100.16
27.53
59.08
30.72
40.46

b) Degree day air (4.4C° base)
Year

Generation

1979
1980
Avg
1978
1979
1980
Avg
1978
1979
1980
Avg

first
first
first
second
second
second
second
third
third
third
third

Regression Equation
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

- 1.11 +
- .38 +
.46 +
- 3.98 +
- 3.10 +
- 2.35 +
- 2.18 +
-18.33 +
-14.70 +
-18.12 +
-14.27 +

.0136*DDO
.016 *DDo
.011 *DD°
.007 *DDo
.007 *DDo
.007 *DDo
.006 *DDO
.013 *DDO
.011 *DDo
.012 *DDO
.010 *DDo

r2

.5 Ep

Variance

.94
.93
.88
.89
.97
.94
.96
.88
.82
.95
.97

448
342
399
1,226
1,085
1,033
1,142
1,826
1,760
1,843
1,840

5,375
4,036
7,776
18,673
17,949
19,731
25,299
6,132
7,986
6,359
4,628

Table

3,

(continued)

c) Degree day soil-8cm (4.4°C base)
Year

Generation

1979
1980
Avg
1979
1980
Avg
1979
1980
Avg

first
first
first
second
second
second
third
third
third

Regression Equation
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

-

.16
.82
1.06
- 2.61
- 1.94
- 1.95
-14.93
-16.59
-15.67

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

Variance - variance of data about a normal curve.
.5 Ep - 50% emergence of OM adults (degree days)

.015*DD°
.016*DD°
.012*DD°
,007*DD°
.007*DD°
.007*DD°
.011*DD°
.012*DD°
.012*DD°

r2

.5 Ep

Variance

.95
.92
.89
.91
.94
.96
.81
.95
.93

348
260
313
1,009
946
990
1,790
1,752
1,769

4,553
3,872
6,339
17,613
18,607
20,315
8,072
6,588
7,330

77

e m erg en ce: Ju lia n d a te , a ir d e g ree-d ay s (4.4°C base), and soil d eg ree-d ay s
(4.4°C base). The c u m u lativ e em erg en c e d a ta and fitte d c u rv ilin e a r c u m u lativ e
p ro p o rtio n lin es fo r each g e n e ra tio n w ere p lo tte d a g ain st th e se p a ra m e te rs fo r
e ac h y e a r (F igures 13-15). F or e a c h p a ra m e te r and g e n e ra tio n , d a ta w ere pooled
and c u m u lativ e p ro p o rtio n e m e rg e n c e and r a te o f e m erg en c e fo r th e pooled d a ta
w ere d e te rm in e d (F igure 16). T ab le 3 gives th e p ro b it re g re ssio n eq u atio n s fo r
e ac h g e n eratio n , y e a r, and p a ra m e te r of p re d ic tio n .
The slopes o f th e reg ressio n eq u atio n s w ere found to b e n o t sig n ific a n tly
d iffe re n t b e tw ee n y ears in each g e n e ra tio n when soil or a ir d eg ree-d ay s w here
used to p re d ic t em erg en c e .

S ig n ifican t d iffe re n c e s in th e slopes b etw een y ears

fo r e ac h g e n e ra tio n w ere o b ta in e d w here th e Ju lia n d a te w as used in th e
p re d ic tio n eq uation.

F o r all th re e p a ra m e te rs (a ir soil d e g re e-d a y s and Ju lia n

d ate), th e re w ere sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s (com parisons o f .95 Cl) b etw een th e
in te rc e p ts for e a c h y e a r and g e n eratio n .
The la c k o f sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s in th e slope o f th e reg ressio n eq u atio n
o fte n in d ic a te s th a t d ev elo p m en t is responding equally to an e n v iro n m e n ta l
p a ra m e te r such as te m p e ra tu re .

The f a c t th a t sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s o ccu rred

when Ju lia n d a te w as used m ay be e x p e c te d , sin ce te m p e ra tu re a cc u m u la tio n
b e tw ee n days can vary consid erab ly .

L arg e d iffe re n c e s in th e in te rc e p ts

b etw ee n y e ars, how ever, would n o t be e x p e c te d fo r a ir o r soil d e g re e-d a y s if
pupae w ere responding only to te m p e ra tu re .

M aximum d iffe re n c e s of 106, 193,

and 183 a ir d e g re e-d a y s b etw een y e a rs fo r th e f ir s t, second, and th ird g e n eratio n ,
w ere o b ta in e d fo r 50 p e rc e n t e m e rg e n c e .

S im ilarly , m axim um soil d e g re e-d a y

d iffe re n c e s b e tw ee n y e a rs o f 88, 63, and 38 w e re o b ta in e d a t 50 p e rc e n t
em erg en c e fo r th e fir s t, second, and th ird g e n e ra tio n .

78

V ariab ility in d eg re e-d a y a cc u m u la tio n fo r em erg en c e can cau sed by
d iffe re n c e s b etw een y e ars in 1) pupal d istrib u tio n in tb e soil, 2) ra d ia n t energy,
3) soil m oisture, 4) su rfa c e re fle c tio n o f ra d ia n t energy, 5) ground co v er, 6) fall
pro duction p ra c tic e s , 7) snow co v er, and 8) ra in fa ll.

E ckenrode e t al. (1975)

re p o rte d d eg re e-d a y d iffe re n c e s of up to 165 d e g ree-d ay s (298 d e g ree-d ay s °F )
b etw een y e a rs fo r 50% em erg en c e o f th e firs t g e n e ra tio n o f OM in New York
S ta te .

He also re p o rte d m axim um d iffe re n c e s o f 121 and 244 d eg ree-d ay s

b etw een y e ars fo r 50 p e rc e n t em erg en c e of th e second and th ird g e n e ra tio n .
Loosjes (1976) re p o rte d co n siderab le d iffe re n c e s when using a cc u m u la te d d e g re edays to p re d ic t OM em erg en c e in th e N eth erlan d s.

An ex am in atio n o f his d a ta

re v e a le d d iffe re n c e s o f up to 100 d e g ree-d ay s b e tw ee n y ears fo r 50 p e rc e n t
em erg en c e in th e f ir s t g e n e ra tio n .
Sim ple p re d ic tio n o f OM e m erg en c e m ay n o t be possible through d e g re e day a cc u m u la tio n alone.

T ich e le r e t al. (1975) found th a t a slig h t te m p e ra tu re

shock to OM pupae in diapause cau sed a c o m p lic ate d re a c tio n p a tte rn such th a t
p re d ic tin g d ev elo p m en t was no t possible.

M ukerji and G age (1978) found th a t

soil ty p e and soil m o istu re a ffe c te d g rassh o p p er egg d ev elo p m en t and th a t
h a tc h in g would not o c cu r unless m o istu re s tre s s was re lie v ed (> 13.5%).
To in v e stig a te if a b io tic fa c to rs in a d d itio n to te m p e ra tu re a ffe c te d OM
pupal d ev elo p m en t in th e spring, th e p ro b it re g re ssio n eq u atio n s of em erg en ce
fo r soil d e g re e -d a y s w ere exam ined.

The p ro b it re g re ssio n eq u atio n can be

re a rra n g e d to include a c o n sta n t such th a t th e c u m u la tiv e d e g re e-d a y d iffe re n c e
fo r e m e rg e n c e b etw een tw o y e a rs would b e a t a m inim um .
c o n sta n t in to th e eq u atio n , we o b tain :
EP = a + b(x-c)

By in tro d u cin g a

79

w here:
EP = p re d ic te d em erg en ce in p ro b its
a = in te rc e p t (desired)
b = slope
x = c u m u lativ e soil d eg ree-d ay value
c = unknown c o n sta n t
or:

a„ = a , + cb,
s
1
1

such th a t fo r a given EP, we s e le c t a g as a sta n d a rd in te rc e p t and a^, b j as the
slope and in te rc e p t th a t is a d ju sted to m inim ize th e c u m u la tiv e d e g re e-d a y
d iffe re n c e w here:

S u b stitu tin g in th e values fo r th e f ir s t g e n e ra tio n e m erg en c e from T able 3 w here
1980 is co n sid ered as a stan d a rd y ear:
_ -.1614 - .8206
c = -------------------.01607
=66.2 d eg ree-d ay s soil (4.4° C base)
This c o n sta n t im plies th a t d e g re e-d a y accu m u la tio n by OM pupae in 1979
did not s t a r t u ntil 66 d e g ree-d ay s a f te r it should have when com p ared to 1980.
All possible fa c to rs th a t would delay an accu m u la tio n o f d e g re e-d a y s in 1979 can
now be exam ined in re la tio n to th e le n g th of th e re q u ire d delay.
one possible f a c to r may be soil m o istu re o r ra in fa ll.

For exam ple,

In 1979 th e re w ere 69

a c c u m u la te d d eg ree-d ay s a t th e 8 cm soil d ep th on A pril 24. An e x am in atio n of
a c c u m u la te d ra in fa ll (A ppendix C) re v e a le d th a t in 1979 ra in fa ll a cc u m u la tio n
w as a ty p ic a l in A pril when co m p ared over a fo u r-y e a r period: 1977-1980.

An

80

a cc u m u la tio n o f only 1.24 inches of rain had o c cu rred by A pril 24, 1979, as
c o m p ared to 4.59, 3.13 and 3.73 inches in 1977, 1978 and 1980, re sp e c tiv e ly .
A lso th e re had been no su b sta n tia l rain (> 1 cm /d ay ) up to this d a te in 1979.
D uring th e o th e r years, a su b sta n tia l rain o f a t le a s t 3 cm /d ay had o c cu rred e arly
in A pril b e fo re any soil d e g re e-d a y a cc u m u la tio n a t th e 8 cm depth.

By

rem oving 69 soil d e g ree-d ay s from th e a c c u m u la te d d eg re e-d a y to ta ls , new
p ro b it reg ressio n

e q u atio n s fo r em erg en ce

w ere d e te rm in e d

for th e

th re e

g e n e ra tio n s in 1979 (T able 4). This a d ju stm en t im proved th e use o f soil d e g re e days for p re d ic tin g e m erg en c e for th e tw o y ears and all th re e g en eratio n s.
M aximum d iffe re n c e s betw een y e ars o f only 19, 5, and 31 d e g ree-d ay s o ccu rred
fo r 50 p e rc e n t em erg en ce.
N ot enough in fo rm atio n was av ailab le to confirm w h eth er in f a c t la ck of
ra in fa ll or in su ffic ie n t soil m o istu re d elay ed th e

1979 e m erg en ce.

It w as

observed, how ever, th a t soil m o istu re in G ran t fo r th e spring of th a t y e a r was
m uch low er th an o th e r y e ars, and little snow c o v er had o ccu rred during th e
previous w in ter m onths.

Also, a spring rain can w arm soil su rfa c e la y e rs and

in c re a se soil m o istu re w hich im proves h e a t conduction th ro u g h th e soil by
re p la cin g th e poorer co n d u cto r, a ir.
Sum m ary ta b le s for OM e m erg en ce fo r 1978-80 are p re se n te d in Appendix
D.

T h ere was no sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e b etw een tim e o f e m e rg e n c e fo r m ales

and fe m a les, although m ales ten d ed to em erg e one to tw o days e a rlie r.

Air

d e g re e-d a y s and soil d e g re e-d a y s a re th e m ost useful fo r e m erg en c e p re d ic tio n ,
since th is in fo rm atio n can be used fo r o th e r onion grow ing a re a s.

(D eg ree-d ay

values (4 .4 °C base) fo r a ir and soil fo r fiv e p e rc e n ta g e s o f c u m u la tiv e e m erg en c e
fo r e ac h y ear and g e n eratio n a re p re sen te d , along w ith y e arly a v erag e s in T able

Table

4.
Probit regression equations for adult OM emergence and degree day period for 50 percent
emergence (.5 Ep). DD is accumulated degree days above 4.4 C for the 8 cm soil depth after
one day of 1 cm of precipitation in the Spring.

Year

Generation

1979
1980
1979
1980
1979
1980

first
first
second
second
third
third

Regression Equation
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep
Ep

=
=
=
=
=
=

.861
.821
- 2.090
- 1.940
-14.160
-16.590

Variance - variance of data about a normal curve.
.5 Ep - 50% emergence of OM adults (degree days).

+ .015*DD
+ .016*DD
+ .008*DD
+ .007*DD
+..011*DD
+ .012*DD

r2

.5 Ep

Variance

.94
.93
.97
.94
.82
.95

279
260
941
946
1,721
1,752

5,375
4,036
17,949
19,731
8,072
6,588

Table 5.

Percent
Emergence

Air and soil degree day estimates for different percentages of emergence of OM
adults for 1978-1980 in Grant, Michigan.

Degree Day AIR (4.4C

base)

1978

1980

1979

Degree Day SOIL (4.4C

Average

1979

1980

base)

Average

FIRST GENERATION
5
25
50
75
95

—
—
—
—

328
398
448
497
568

238
299
342
384
446

255
340
399
458
544

238
303
348
393
458

158
218
260
301
362

183
260
313
367
444

791
920
1,009
1,098
1,227

722
854
946
1,037
1,170

724
894
990
1,085
1,223

1,643
1,730
1,790
1,850
1,938

1,619
1,698
1,752
1,806
1,885

1,629
1,712
1,769
1,827
1,910

SECOND GENERATION
5
25
50
75
95

1,002
1,135
1,226
1,318
1,450

865
996
1,085
1,175
1,305

802
939
1,033
1,127
1,263

8811102
1,035+100
1,142199
1,248+99
1,402198

THIRD GENERATION
5
25
50
75
95

1,698
1,774
1,826
1,879
1,955

1,614
1,700
1,760
1,820
1,907

1,713
1,790
1,843
1,897
1,974

1,683±53
1,776±48
1,840±44
1,882±40
1,957±35

83

5.

In te rm e d ia te values can be o b ta in e d through th e p ro b it reg ressio n eq u atio n s

and a p p ro p ria te p ro b it tra n sfo rm a tio n s (F isch er and Y ates 1963).)

E ckenrode e t

al. (1975) re p o rte d a v e ra g e cu m u la tiv e d e g re e-d a y valu es (4.4° C base) for 50
p e rc e n t em erg en c e of th e th re e g e n eratio n s o f OM as 395, 1054, and 1752, w hich
a g re e s closely w ith a ir d eg re e-d a y values of 399, 1142 and 1840 re p o rte d here.

B.

A dult A c tiv ity and R e la tiv e A bundance
B efore a d u lt tra p p in g re s u lts could be an aly zed , it was n e ce ssa ry

exam ine th e flig h t behavior o f th e a d u lt OM.

to

S ev eral s e ts of d a ta from ad u lt

trap p in g w ere used for th is purpose, in ad d itio n to d a ta on ad u lt flig h t b eh av io r
given in th e lite ra tu re .
1. H eight D istrib u tio n o f A dult F lig h t
The d istrib u tio n o f flig h t h eig h t was in v e stig a te d in o rd e r to assu re th a t
th e h eights o f th e various tra p s used w ere a d e q u a te fo r th e passive tra p p in g
m ethods em ployed. C a rru th e rs (1977, unpublished) s e t o u t stic k y tra p s a t various
heig h ts in an onion field and w ithin a g rass b o rd er o f th e onion field to m easu re
th e heig h t a t which OM a d u lts fly. R esu lts in d ic a te th a t ad u lts fly a t a g re a te r
heig h t in th e border a re a s th an w ithin th e onion cro p its e lf (F igure 17). For tra p s
p la ce d b etw een onion row s, no ad u lts w ere tra p p e d a t a h eig h t g re a te r th a n 120
cm . Up to 27% o f th e a d u lts w ere tra p p e d a t a h e ig h t g re a te r th a n 120 cm in th e
g rass b o rd er a d ja c e n t to th e onions. The re v e rse was tru e a t th e lo w est h eig h t of
0 to 20 cm .

Up to 21% of th e to ta l flies tra p p e d w ere cau g h t a t th is h eig h t in

th e onion crop, as opposed to none in th e g rass b o rd er.

No sig n ific a n t

d iffe re n c e s o f m ale to fe m a le ra tio w ere found b etw een th e v ario u s tra p h eig h ts
fo r e ith e r lo c a tio n .

All trap p in g was c o n d u cte d e a rly in th e season when onion

2

O N K W FIELD

00

-

PERCENT

CATCH

OF

TOTAL

< 2 BORDER

0 -2 0

20-40

40-60

60-80

80-100

100-120

120-140

140-160

Trap Hei ght ( c m )

Figure 17.

Comparison of percent catch of OM adults for different trap heights in two habitats
a) within the onion field; and b) grass border area (.95 Cl indicated).

85

p la n ts w ere sm all (Ju n e 7).
Loosjes (1976) re p o rte d th a t a d u lt OM w ere seldom o bserved flying m uch
above lo c a l v e g e ta tio n , w ith an a v e ra g e flig h t h eig h t o f 10 to 30 cm along d itc h
banks, to a m axim um o f 50 cm depending upon m ow ing in te n sity and b o rd er
heig h t.

In th e G ran t a re a e a rly in th e spring, m ost fo liag e b o rd erin g th e onion

fie ld s is ta lle r than th e onion crop. A lthough g rass borders a re norm ally mowed
or sp ray ed w ith h erb icid es, th e se a re a s c an a tta in h eig h ts o f up to 120 cm
b etw ee n m ow ing or spray in te rv a ls. The ra tio of fo liag e h eig h t of th e borders to
onion cro p heig h t, how ever, is no t s ta tic .

The onion p lan t norm ally re a c h e s a

heig h t of 60-70 cm a t m a tu rity .
In o rd er to in v e stig a te w h eth er onion crop h e ig h t can in flu en ce OM flig h t
behavior, trap p in g was c o n d u cted w ithin th e onion field a t s e v e ra l d a te s during
th e grow ing season.

R o ta ry flig h t tra p d a ta from n e ts s e t a t tw o d iffe re n t

heig h ts (30 and 100 cm ) re v e a le d th a t th e h eig h t a t w hich ad u lts fly v aries during
th e season.

E arly in th e season th e 30 cm n e t c au g h t b etw een 90-100% o f th e

to ta l a d u lts tra p p e d a t b oth h eig h ts.

As th e seaso n p ro g ressed , how ever, a

g re a te r p e rc e n ta g e o f flies w ere tra p p e d by th e n e t s e t a t 100 cm (F igure 18A).
L a m p e rt (1978, unpublished) m easu red onion le a f le n g th a t various d a te s during
th e 1978 season in th e G ra n t re s e a rc h field .

L e a st-sq u a re s reg ressio n analysis

was p e rfo rm ed on th is d a ta and th e slope o f th e reg ressio n o f d a te versus le a f
le n g th of th e onion p la n t was not sig n ific a n tly d iff e r e n t from th e slope o f th e
re g re ssio n eq u atio n for d a te versus p ro p o rtio n o f OM cau g h t a t th e tra p h eig h t of
100 cm (F igure 18B). T hese re su lts su g g est th a t OM a d u lts may fly a t or above th e
h e ig h t o f th e cro p and th a t flig h t h eig h t in c re ase s o v er tim e due to onion cro p
grow th.

A tra p h eig h t o f up to 100 cm should be a d e q u a te fo r tra p p in g OM

86

o

PERCENT

OF

CATCH

( 100

CM)

to

y = —14 5.1+.7 6 92 (x)
R ^ .6 4 8
■ *

o -

160

190

200

220

230

240

250

260

o

(CM)

ID

y = —9 5 , 5 2 + . 7676(x)
Ra= . 8 7 7

o-

ONION

LEAF

LENGTH

U>

150
Figure 18A.
Figure 18B,

160

170

180
190
200
J U L I A N DATE

210

2 20

230

Percent of total OM adult catch at the 100 cm net height
in 1978.
Onion leaf length during the onion growing season in 1978.

87
ad ults th roughout th e onion grow ing season.

T raps o f a g re a te r h eig h t may

provide higher re la tiv e e s tim a te s o f ad u lt abundance b u t lo g istic a l problem s
involving co n stru ctio n and co lle ctio n o f tra p p e d ad u lts may occur.

2. S p a tia l A spects
The

in flu en ce o f

tra p lo c a tio n on trap p in g re s u lts was in v e stig ate d .

B ecause trap p in g equipm ent can in te rfe re w ith n orm al production p ra c tic e s , it
was n ecessary to d e te rm in e if tra p s could be- p laced along th e edges of th e onion
field to obtain re p re se n ta tiv e d a ta on flig h t a c tiv ity .
F lig h t-in te rc e p tio n tra p s w ere p laced both w ithin th e field and along th e
field edges in 1979.

A dult flig h t curves fo r th e second and th ird g e n e ra tio n

re v e a le d d iffe re n c e s in th e d en sity of ad u lts tra p p e d b etw een th e tw o lo c atio n s
(F igure 19A-B).

Up to tw ic e th e d en sity of m ales and fe m a les w ere c au g h t by

tra p s p laced along th e border co m p ared to th e tra p s in th e c e n te r of th e onion
field.

In o rd er to exam ine trap p in g re s u lts in d ep en d en t o f d en sity d iffe re n c e s,

tra p counts o f a d u lts w ere tra n sfo rm e d to p ro p o rtio n al counts fo r each lo catio n .
The re s u lta n t curves o f a d u lt a c tiv ity w ere observed to b e q u ite sim ilar fo r th e
tw o trap p in g lo c a tio n s th ro u g h o u t th e tw o g e n e ra tio n s exam ined (F igure 19C).
Since th e re w ere no d iffe re n c e s in th e phenology o f a c tiv ity b etw een trap p in g
a re a s and sin ce higher re la tiv e d en sity e s tim a te s a re d esirab le fo r an aly sis of
trap p in g re s u lts (o ften n e c e ssa ry fo r use in p a ra m e tric s ta tis tic s ), in te rc e p tio n
tra p s may be placed along fie ld borders fo r m on ito rin g ad u lt fly a c tiv ity . T hese
re s u lts a g re ed w ith th o se o f Loosjes (1976) who found th a t flig h t in te rc e p tio n
tra p s w orked b e st along field borders.
B ecause flig h t in te rc e p tio n tra p s fa c e one d ire c tio n , it w as n ecessary to
d e te rm in e if th e d ire c tio n and tra p p la c e m e n t would in flu en ce tra p p in g re su lts.

88

Figure 19A.

Mean catch of OM adults during the second and
third generation flight by flight interception
traps placed within the onion research field in
1979.

Figure 19B.

Mean catch of OM adults during the second and
third generation flight by flight interception
traps placed along the borders of the onion re­
search field in 1979.

Figure 19C.

Proportion of total adult OM catch during the
second and third generation flight by flight
interception traps placed within and along the
borders of the onion research field in 1979.

89
U
?J
CN
MA L E O M
F EMALE OM
UJ
(XL

O un
UJ r □ •

UJ

C o
o
12D0

MOO

1600

18 00

2000

2200

- - M A L E OM
F E M A L E OM

>-

<_)

cc

1200

1400

2000

1600

2200

O N I O N F I ELD
BORDER

( 7)

<X

o

(0

O
ct o
Q.
o,

1200

1400

2000

1600
DECREE

DAY S

( 4 . 4TC B A S E J

2400

90

In 1979, flig h t-in te rc e p tio n tra p s w ere p laced along all fo u r b orders o f th e
re s e a rc h field and w ere a lte rn a te d b e tw ee n facin g in to o r o u t of th e field . T rap s
fa c in g in to th e fie ld w ere e x p e c te d to tra p flie s re tu rn in g to th e borders while
tra p s fa c in g th e b o rd ers w ere e x p e c te d to tra p flie s m ig ratin g to th e onion field.
Tw o-w ay analysis of v a ria n c e fo r sam ple d a te and tra p lo c a tio n re v e a le d no
sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s in tra p p in g re s u lts fo r th e tw o d ire c tio n s fo r all sam p le
d a te s exam ined.

T here w ere also no sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s in th e r a tio o f m ale

to fe m a le c a tc h b etw een th e tw o d ire c tio n s (A ppendix E).
To exam ine tra p p la c e m e n t, a p a ire d T - te s t was used.

T rapping re su lts

from p aired tra p s (one fa c in g in and one facin g o u t o f th e field) along th e fo u r
fie ld borders w ere an aly zed to d e te rm in e if d iffe re n t b o rd er h a b ita ts gave
d iffe re n t re su lts. T h e re w ere no s ig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s in tra p re s u lts b etw een
th e se h a b ita ts (c a rro ts, g rass b o rd e rs, and m int) fo r all tra p p in g d a te s exam ined.
T hese re s u lts a g re e w ith Loosjes (1976) who found no c o rre la tio n o f tra p lo c atio n
on c a tc h size w ith re s p e c t to d ire c tio n o f a d u lt d isp ersal.

He concluded th a t

flig h t d ire c tio n had a low c o rre la tio n w ith d isp ersal d ire c tio n due to predom i­
n a n tly random flig h t behavior in th e field and along th e b o rd ers.

W ithin-day

d iffe re n c e s in tra p c a tc h could no t be d e te rm in e d sin ce tra p s w ere only
m onitored daily.

D iffe re n c e s in tra p p in g re s u lts during th e day, how ever, m ay

have been e x p e c te d ,

sin ce th e

m ic ro -h a b ita ts o f th e

b o rder

a re a s d iffe r

considerably.
It was h y p o th esized th a t d iffe re n t m ic ro -h a b ita ts b e tw ee n b o rd e r and onion
fo liag e during n ig h t hours m ight in flu en c e a d u lt OM behavior.

T h e re fo re ,

sw e e p n e t sam pling was c o n d u cte d b e tw e e n 11 p.m . and 1 a.m . to ex am in e th e
s p a tia l d istrib u tio n o f re s tin g a d u lts in c a r r o t and g rass b o rd ers and th e onion
crop.

91
Since th e sw e e p n et a ctu a lly m ade c o n ta c t w ith th e fo liag e, any ad u lts
re c o v e re d w ere co nsidered to be re s tin g on th e sam p led fo liag e.
v a ria n ce

and subsequent

m ean com parison

te s t

A nalysis o f

(D uncan's M ultiple R ange)

re v e a le d sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s in th e num bers o f ad u lts c o lle c te d from th e
th re e h a b ita ts fo r all sam ple d a te s during th e season (Table 6).

The g re a te s t

num ber o f a d u lts (29.3 p e r 50 sw eeps) w ere found re s tin g in c a r ro t crop borders.
R esu lts from onion fo liag e w ere very low—only 3.7 ad u lts cau g h t p e r 50 sw eeps.
C a rru th e rs (1981) sam pled OM a d u lts w ithin th e onion field and along c a rro t
bo rd ers during d ay light hours and re p o rte d sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s b etw een th e se
tw o h a b ita ts th roughout th e seaso n . He su g g ested th a t a g g re g atio n in th e c a r ro t
borders occurs due to in creased s h e lte r from e ffe c ts o f solar ra d ia tio n and high
te m p e ra tu re s .

A lthough th e se co n d itio n s would n o t be p re se n t a t night, o th e r

m ic ro -c lim a tic d iffe re n c e s m ay in flu en ce th e sp a tia l d istrib u tio n during th e
n ig h t hours.

C a rru th e rs (1981) fo r exam ple, has shown th a t re la tiv e hum idity is

co n siderably higher in grass and c a rro t b o rd er a re a s th an in th e onion field a t
night.

3. W ithin-D ay F lig h t A c tiv ity
W ithin-day flig h t a c tiv ity ,
exam ined.

o r th e

d aily rhythm

o f a d u lt flig h t, w as

This in fo rm atio n was n e c e ssa ry to e v a lu a te th e ab io tic e ffe c ts on

flig h t a c tiv ity and to e sta b lish w hen tra p s should be e m p tie d fo r daily eounts.
R o ta ry flig h t tra p s w ere run continuously from 4:30 a.m . to 10:30 p.m . fo r
se v e ra l days during th e grow ing seaso n in 1978.

The tra p s w ere p laced b etw een

onion row s in th e re s e a rc h fie ld and w ere e m p tie d hourly.

N e ts w ere s e t to 30

and 100 cm heights and th e n e ts sw ep t only th e a ir above th e onion crop, so

92

Table 6.

One-way analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range
test of mean catch of OM adults per 50 sweeps for dif­
ferent foliage during night hours.

Variable

Foliage Type
Residuals
Total

DF

Sum of Squares

2
207
209

27,678.5
15,888.7
43,567.1

F

Mean Square

13,839.2
76.8

180.3***

***(p<.001)

Group

1
2
3

Foliage Type

Onions
Grass Border
Carrot Border

Mean Catch/50 Sweeps*

3.7a
26.5b
29.3c

*means foiled by same letter are not significantly different (“ =.05)

93

re c o rd s o f a d u lt a c tiv ity could be obtained.
R esu lts in d ic a te th a t ad u lt a c tiv ity v a rie s w ith tim e o f day (F igure 20).
The tim e s o f g re a te s t a c tiv ity o ccu r b etw een th e hours o f 5:30-9:30 a.m . and
5:30-8:30 p.m .

An analysis of v a ria n ce re v e ale d sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s b etw een

hours o f th e day fo r p e rc e n t o f to ta l c a tc h (Table 7).

The hour o f g re a te s t

a c tiv ity was from 6:30-7:30 p.m . and no flig h t o c cu rred a f te r 9:30 p.m .

This

in fo rm atio n p a rtia lly a g re es w ith Loosjes (1976) who re p o rte d th a t m o st flig h t
a c tiv ity occurs a t dusk. His re su lts, how ever, did not in d ic a te a second period of
in creased a c tiv ity during th e e a rly m orning hours.
To d e term in e when tra p s should be ch eck ed , o b serv atio n s w ere m ade on the
b eh av io r o f OM a d u lts cau g h t by th e flig h t in te rc e p tio n tra p s .

One to th re e

hours norm ally elap sed b e tw ee n th e tim e a fly e n te re d an in te rc e p tio n tra p until
it w orked its way up and in to th e c o lle ctio n d ev ice on to p .

As a re s u lt, tra p s

w ere checked ev ery m orning b etw een 7 and 8 a.m . and only th e flies w ithin th e
co lle ctio n d ev ice w ere rem oved.

C o lle c te d flies w ere re c o rd ed as having been

tra p p e d during th e previous day such th a t any flies rem ain in g in th e n e t b u t not
in th e co lle ctio n d ev ice w ere re c o rd ed th e follow ing day a f te r e n tra p m e n t.

4. W eather E ffe c ts
All o f th e tra p s used to m o n ito r a d u lt a c tiv ity during th e season w ere
re la tiv e tra p p in g designs, w ith th e ex cep tio n o f ro ta ry flig h t tra p s w hich sam p le
a c o n sta n t volum e of a ir.

To biologically in te rp re t th e re su lts, changes in

a c tiv ity due to changing e n v iro n m e n ta l conditions m ust be exam ined.

The

n a tu ra l diurnal c y cle o f th e ad u lt OM has a lre a d y been discussed, b u t th e e f f e c t
o f prev ailin g c lim a tic conditions during tim e s o f flig h t also need to be a cc o u n te d
for.

cr
OJO
Li_

cr

o

cr

Ll J

c j 07
oc
UJ

Q_

O

5

6

7

8

9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Hour of Day
Figure 20.

Mean percent catch of total OM adults for the hours of 4:30 to 22:30, several dates during
the season in 1 9 7 9 .

95

Table

7 . One-way analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range
test for different times of percent catch of total OM adults.
All
percentages were transformed by arcsin square root before analy­
sis.

Variable
Time of Day
Residuals
Total

DF
16

100
116

Sum of Squares
280.6
627.1
907.7

Mean Square

F

17.5
6.3

2 .8 **

**(p<. 0 1 )

Group

Time of Day

1
2

5:30- 6:30
6:30- 7:30
7:30- 8:30
8:30- 9:30
9:30-10:30
10:30-11:30
11:30-12:30
12:30-13:30
13:30-14:30
14:30-15:30
15:30-16:30
16:30-17:30
17:30-18:30
18:30-19:30
19:30-20:30
20:30-21:30
21:30-22:30

3
4

5
6
7

8
9

10
11
12
13
14

15
16
17

Percent Catch of Total**

8 .7abc
1 0 .2 abc
6.7d
5. 2d
2, 9d
2 .8 d
1 .8 d
3.6d
1. 9d
3.4d
3.9d
8 .4abc
1 2 .3ab
14.3a
13.2ab
0 .8 d
O.Oe

**means followed by the same letter are not significantly different
(*=.05)

96

Loosjes (1976) re p o rte d th a t daily c a tc h o f OM a d u lts by flig h t-in te rc e p tio n
tra p s was stro n g ly c o rre la te d w ith m axim um te m p e ra tu re .

He d e te rm in e d daily

d iffe re n c e s in tra p c a tc h given in c re m e n ta l d iffe re n c e s in m axim um

daily

te m p e ra tu re . This tech n iq u e re q u ire s a se rie s o f daily c a tc h e s, such th a t c a tc h e s
in co n se c u tiv e days m ay be co m p ared to co rresp o n d in g m axim um te m p e ra tu re s ,
and th e den sity o f th e a d u lts b etw een any tw o days c an be assum ed to be a
c o n sta n t.

Any d iffe re n c e s in m easu red a c tiv ity can be a ttrib u te d to d iffe re n c e s

in th e m axim um daily te m p e ra tu re .

This tech n iq u e has b een used by o th e r

a u th o rs fo r exam ining te m p e ra tu re in flu en ce on in se c t a c tiv ity (W illiam s 1961,
Johnson 1969).
The d a ta from Loosjes (1976) was exam ined fo r use in ad ju stin g a c tiv ity tra p d a ta fo r te m p e ra tu re changes through th e seaso n .

C u m u la tiv e c a tc h size

was tra n sfo rm e d by use of th e p ro b it so a lin e a r re la tio n sh ip b etw een c a tc h size
and te m p e ra tu re was o b ta in e d (Finney 1971).

L e a st-sq u a re s re g re ssio n an aly sis

was th en p e rfo rm ed to o b ta in th e p re d ic tio n e q u atio n fo r re la tiv e c a tc h size
given m axim um te m p e ra tu re valu es (F igure 21).

B efore th e tra p c a tc h could be

ad ju sted , it was n e ce ssa ry to d e te rm in e a " stan d a rd day" or te m p e ra tu re w ith
which all o th e r te m p e ra tu re s would be co m p ared .

B ased on la b o ra to ry o b serv a­

tio n s, Loosjes (1976) d escrib ed a s ta n d a rd day o f a c tiv ity as o ccu rrin g a t 20°C .
A t th is te m p e ra tu re , 100% re la tiv e c a tc h siz e would be assum ed. Any d ev iatio n s
from this te m p e ra tu re req u ired a p p ro p ria te a d ju stm e n t w hereby c a tc h reco rd s
from days w ith low er te m p e ra tu re s would be in c re a se d and th o se from days of
higher te m p e ra tu re s would be d e c re a se d a cco rd in g to th e te m p e ra tu re fa c to r
d e term in e d .
Loosjes (1976) a d ju sted th e to ta l tra p co u n t fo r a day based on th e

to

CJ

cr
LJ

>

cr

co

UJ

RAr=2.134+.07057(x)
R*=.957

Qd

o
*— t

CO

00

to
Csj,

28

30

32

TEMPERATURE

Figure 21.

Relationship between probit of percent relative activity (RA) of OM adults and daily
temperature (°C). Standard day (100% relative activity) equals 20°C (data of Loosjes,
1976).

98

m axim um te m p e ra tu re fo r th a t day. The p ro ced u re, how ever, fa ile d to a cco u n t
fo r th e w ithin-day a c tiv ity o r n a tu ra l daily rhythm o f th e a d u lt.

G iven th a t

te m p e ra tu re can in flu en ce flig h t a c tiv ity , it is also n ecessary to d e te rm in e if
flig h t norm ally ta k e s p la ce a t th e tim e th e te m p e ra tu re o ccu rs. Any a d ju stm e n t
fo r te m p e ra tu re m ust be th e p ro d u ct of th e se tw o fa c to rs .

The in te ra c tio n of

te m p e ra tu re and th e tim e o f day during w hich a c tiv ity ta k e s p la ce is a th re e dim ensional re la tio n sh ip when re la tiv e c a tc h siz e is to be p re d ic te d (Figure 22).
One would e x p ec t th a t se v e ra l o th e r w e a th e r p a ra m e te rs , such as so lar
ra d ia tio n , re la tiv e hum idity, wind and ra in fa ll, could a f f e c t a c tiv ity and resu l­
ta n t tr a p -c a tc h .

An a tte m p t was m ade to an aly z e th e se a f f e c ts by com paring

daily tra p c a tc h e s to m easured a b io tic conditions.

F lig h t-in te rc e p tio n tra p s in

th e re s e a rc h field in 1979 w ere ch eck ed a t hourly in te rv a ls fo r s e v e ra l sam p le
d a te s throughout th e season.

M u ltiv ariab le-reg ressio n te ch n iq u es w ere used to

e v a lu a te th e e f f e c t of re la tiv e hum idity, te m p e ra tu re , and s o la r ra d ia tio n on
tra p c a tc h . A lthough th e analysis fa ile d to show any sig n ific a n t relatio n sh ip s, it
should not be in te rp re te d as in d icatin g th a t th e se p a ra m e te rs have no in fluence
on tra p c a tc h . The assum ptions o f this ty p e o f analysis re q u ire th a t com pounding
in te ra c tio n s be id e n tifie d and m easu red . O v erall dep en d en ce o f one v a ria b le on
a n o th e r or th e re la tio n sh ip b etw een any p a rtic u la r p a ir o f v a ria b les can th e n be
d e term in e d .

T he n a tu ra l w ith in -d ay a c tiv ity o f th e a d u lt OM m ay be th e m ost

do m in an t fa c to r fo r d eterm in in g a d u lt a c tiv ity .

B ecause only a lim ite d num ber

o f days under n a tu ra l varying co n d itio n s w ere assessed , i t was fe lt th a t m ore
tra p p in g in fo rm atio n , bo th w ithin a day and b etw een days o f v arying conditions,
was n e ce ssa ry b e fo re a c o m p le te s tru c tu ra l m odel could be fo rm u la te d to explain
a d u lt a c tiv ity .

VO
vO

Figure 22.

Graphical representation of temperature adjusted technique, where adult trap catch is
adjusted according to the activity level observed for the temperature and hour during
the day.

100

H eavy rain and s tro n g winds a re c o rre la te d w ith lo w er te m p e ra tu re s and
dim inished tra p c a te h (Loosjes 1976). T h e re fo re te m p e ra tu re a d ju stm e n t m ay be
a d e q u a te fo r th e se situ a tio n s.

A lig h t ra in , how ever, m ay re v e rse th e situ a tio n .

D uring a period o f light ra in o r follow ing m ajo r p re c ip ita tio n , OM a d u lts w ere
o fte n a c tiv e in th e field .

C a rru th e rs (1977, unpublished) m o n ito red a d u lt OM

a c tiv ity in th e field w ith stic k y b o ard s b e fo re and follow ing a lig h t rain .

His

d a ta re v e ale d an in c re a se in flig h t a c tiv ity im m e d ia te ly follow ing p re c ip ita tio n
(F igure 23), but b ecause only one d a ta s e t was a v ailab le fo r ex am in atio n , no
a tte m p t was m ade to c o rre c t tra p c a tc h fo r periods of ra in fa ll.

R eco rd s of

in te n sity o f p re c ip ita tio n , as w ell as a c c u m u la te d am o u n t, may be n e ce ssa ry
b e fo re ad ju stm en ts a re to be m ade.
Solar ra d ia tio n or lig h t in te n sity has been shown to in flu en ce th e flig h t
b ehavior o f cab b ag e m aggot a d u lts in th e la b o ra to ry .
w alking a c tiv ity

of

th e

cab b ag e

m aggot under

H aw kes (1969), m easu rin g
d iffe re n t

lig h t in te n sitie s,

re p o rte d th a t cab b ag e m aggot a d u lts responded to d e crea sin g lig h t in te n sity and
th a t w ithin-day a c tiv ity depended on e n v iro n m en tal cond itio n s.

T h e re fo re ,

c o rre c tio n o f tra p d a ta fo r w ith in -d ay a c tiv ity m ay c o m p en sa te fo r ra d ia tio n
e f f e c ts during th e day.
It has a lre ad y been show n th a t OM ad u lts fly a t o r ab o u t th e h eig h t o f th e
surrounding v e g e ta tio n .
e x p e c te d

to

influence

A t h eig h ts o f 30-120 cm ,
ad u lt

flig h t a c tiv ity .

wind d ire c tio n m ay be

L oosjes (1976) ex am ined th e

in flu en c e o f wind d ire c tio n on a d u lt flig h t a c tiv ity by co m p arin g tra p c a tc h e s
b etw een tra p s fa c in g in d iffe re n t d ire c tio n s. He re p o rte d th a t tra p s p laced along
th e borders o f a fie ld w ere le a s t a ffe c te d by d iffe re n c e s in wind d ire c tio n when
c o m p ared to tra p s p laced w ithin th e onion field . M ore flie s w ere c au g h t in tra p s

O -

101

MEAN

TRAP

CATCH

O -|
<NJ

10

* - - rain — *
o

Hour of Day

Figure 23.

Mean hourly trap catch of OM adults with sticky boards before and after a period of
precipitation (after Carruthers, 1977).

102

fa c in g downwind,

b u t lo c a l d iffe re n c e s

in v e g e ta tio n b etw een

tra p s w ere

re p o rte d to obscure possible in flu en ce by wind d ire c tio n , and d e fin ite conclusions
could not be reach ed .

5. A dult F lig h t C urves
A te m p e ra tu re -a d ju s tm e n t c o m p u te r program was w ritte n to ad ju st th e
tra p c a tc h o f flig h t-in te rc e p tio n tra p s, a c tiv ity tra p s , and stic k y boards (Appen­
dix E).

The program was designed to ad ju st hourly tra p c a tc h fo r e ffe c ts of

w e a th e r and w ithin-day flig h t a c tiv ity .

D aily c a tc h re c o rd s w e re o b tain ed by

lin e a r in te rp o la tio n o f co u n ts from th re e -d a y sam p le periods.

M aximum and

m inim um te m p e ra tu re reco rd s from th e G ra n t w e a th e r s ta tio n w ere f itte d w ith a
sin e cu rv e to o b ta in hourly te m p e ra tu re values fo r each day (F ulton 1978). D aily
tra p c o u n ts w ere d istrib u te d hourly (hours 05-22) a cco rd in g to th e w ithin-day
d istrib u tio n o f a c tiv ity alre ad y d e term in e d .

R e la tiv e c a tc h siz e was th en

a d ju sted hourly by th e r e la tiv e -c a tc h p re d ic tio n eq u atio n acc o rd in g to th e
te m p e ra tu re a t th a t hour.

H ourly counts w ere sum m ed fo r one day and th re e -

day counts w ere a g g re g a te d to o b tain an e s tim a te fo r th e d a te th e tra p was
checked.
This p ro ced u re elim in a te d th e la rg e in flu en ce o f daily w e a th e r fa c to rs . In
1979, rain, s tro n g winds, and low te m p e ra tu re s o c cu rred in th e G ra n t a re a
b e tw ee n May 12-16 (A ppendix C). T he e f f e c t o f th e se ad v erse w e ath e r conditions
w as d ire c tly re fle c te d in tra p c o u n ts by flig h t-in te rc e p tio n tra p s (F igure 24A).
A dult a c tiv ity dropped considerably during th is p erio d .

A t th e sam e tim e,

e m erg en c e o f th e firs t ad u lt g e n e ra tio n was o ccu rrin g ; th e re fo re , a sh arp drop in
p opulation density would not have been e x p e c te d .
program ,

how ever,

ad ju sted

th e

tra p

The te m p e ra tu re ad ju stm en t

c a tc h

acco rd in g ly

and

th e

103

Figure 24.

Proportion of total OM adult catch before (A-B)
and after (C-F) temperature adjustment for flight
interception traps in 1979 and 1980.
Mean trap
catch for field 7 (G) and field 13 (H).

MEAN
00

1-0

P R O P O R T IO N

TRAP CATCH PER OD
2 .0

3 0

4 0

o

00

0 *03

0 -0 6

CATCH PE R DO
0 .0 9

0 .0 0

0 .1

0 .0 3

Q-OS

0*03

0*12

0*16

*.

1979

r SAVtf. 3 3 X 0 3 0

o
o

M

<3S¥B

O.r

oo

o
o

o

PROPORTION CATCH PER DO

MEAN TRAP CATCH PE R 0 0

u.j

0*01

O.os

O.jj

0-10

J ‘ l5

0 .0 0

0 .0 3

0 .0 6

0*09

0*12

O .lS

105

re s u lta n t curve re v e a le d an in c re a se in tra p c a tc h during this period (Figure
24C). (F light curves have f ir s t been p re se n te d as a p ro p o rtio n o f to ta l c a tc h so
th e e f f e c t o f th e te m p e ra tu re a d ju stm en t may be com p ared to th e original d a ta
(re s e a rc h field in 1979 and fie ld 13 in 1980).)

For e a c h y e a r, d a ta from th e

rem ain in g stu d y fields (1-5, 8-12, and 14) was pooled; th e p roportion o f to ta l c a tc h
o ver d e g re e-d a y s a f te r te m p e ra tu re a d ju stm e n t is p re se n te d in F ig u re 24E -F. By
p lo ttin g th e p ro p o rtio n o f to ta l tra p c a tc h o v er d eg ree-d ay s th e phenology of
ad u lt a c tiv ity can be exam ined and c o m p ared in d ep en d en t o f d en sity .
see n th a t th re e g e n eratio n s o f flig h t took p la ce during th e season.

It can be
T he flig h t

cu rv es fo r all field s d escrib ed a sim ila r phenology o f ad u lt flig h t fo r e ac h y e ar.
The ad ju sted flig h t in te rc e p tio n tra p d a ta may now b e a c c e p te d as re la tiv e
e s tim a te s o f abundance, w hereby m ajo r e n v iro n m e n ta l fa c to rs a ffe c tin g a c tiv ity
have been ad ju sted .
The re la tiv e abundance o f OM a d u lts p lo tte d ag ain st d eg ree-d ay s for th e
re s e a rc h field in 1979 and for field 13 in 1980 re v e a le d co n sid erab le d iffe re n c e s in
den sity (F igure 24G-H).

A djusted a d u lt flig h t cu rv es fo r all stu d y field s w here

flig h t in te rc e p tio n tra p s w ere used a re p re se n te d in F ig u res 25-26.

D iffere n c es

in d en sity b etw een fields m ay be p a rtly a ttrib u te d to d iffe re n c e s in c o n tro l
m easu res, soil type, fie ld lo c atio n , and p ro d u ctio n p ra c tic e s .

C a rru th e rs (1979)

re p o rte d lo w er onion p la n t dam age by OM in a re a s w here th e m arl c o n te n t o f th e
soil was high. F o r exam ple, F ield 1 (1979) and 8 (1980) had th e low est fly d en sity
fo r b o th y ears; it also had a very high m arl c o n te n t in com parison to th e o th e r
stu d y fields. P rese n ce or ab sen ce o f g rass bo rd ers or s h e lte r could also in flu en ce
a d u lt den sity and sp a tia l d istrib u tio n . P la n tin g and h a rv e st d a te s fo r onions w ere
norm ally c o n sista n t b etw een fields; how ever, som e d iffe re n c e s o c cu rred , and this

106

rt

n

r»

r*

MEAN

TRAP

CATCH

PER

00

o

o

o

II
0

O 4.

T
400

BOO

1300

D E G R E E D A Y S < 4 .4 'C B A S E )

Figure 25,

zooo

V
BOO

T
1200

1000

D E G R E E D A Y S { 4 .4 * C B A S E )

Flight curves of male adult OM from flight interception
traps in commercial study fields in 1979.

107

4 .5

O

n

m

ft

WEAK

TRAP

CATCH

PER

00

94

a

w
n

□

400

ftOO

DEG REE DAYS U . 4 %

Figure 26,

O0

1200
SA SE)

2400
D E G R E E D A Y S < 4 .4

K BASE)

Flight curves of male and female adult 0 M from flight
interception traps in commercial study fields in 1980.

108

could also have in flu en ced ad u lt density.
All th e c o m m e rcial stu d y field s in 1979 (1-6) and 1980 (7-12 and 14) w ere
sp ray ed w ith fo liar in se c tic id e s (p a ra th io n (.227 kg AI p e r h e c ta re ), diazinon
(.227 kg AI p e r h e c ta re ), and Sevin® (.227 kg AI p er h e cta re )) to co n tro l OM
ad u lts. Sprays w ere n o rm ally ap p lied w eekly from th e f ir s t w eek in Ju n e to th e
fir s t w eek in S e p te m b e r.

In o rd e r to ex am in e w hat e f f e c t fo liar in sec tic id e

sprays had on OM a d u lt abundance, sp ray re c o rd s o f s e v e ra l g ro w ers w ere
co m p ared to a d u lt tra p c a tc h through th e seaso n fo r th e re sp e c tiv e field s. The
re s e a rc h field of 1979 and F ield 13 in 1980 w ere used fo r c o m p a ra tiv e purposes,
sin c e no fo lia r in se c tic id e sprays w ere applied to th e se field s.

F ig u res 27-28

show th a t th e re w ere no m ajor d iscern ab le a f f e c ts on OM a d u lt d en sity follow ing
a spray.

F or both y e ars, th e no n -sp ray ed fie ld s re fle c te d sim ila r flig h t cu rv es

and changes in d en sity levels fo r th e d a te s th a t sp ray in g took p lace on o th e r
field s.

M ajor changes in d en sity th ro u g h tim e re su lte d from n a tu ra l changes in

th e phenology o f th e a J u lts —n o t to la rg e "kills" by th e in se c tic id e s.

In som e

in sta n c e s, a f te r a sp ray was applied, a sm all change in ad u lt d en sity was
re fle c te d in th e

flig h t curve, b u t th e p o p u latio n re tu rn e d

to

its

original

tra je c to ry a few days la te r.
To d e te rm in e if th e non -sp ray ed a re a s during 1979 and 1980 had sign ifi­
ca n tly g re a te r fly populations b ecau se sp ray in g did no t ta k e p la ce , a d u lt to ta ls
fo r all field s w ere c a lc u la te d .

The m ethod o f o b tain in g th e to ta l seaso n al

pro duction (TSP) of a life -s ta g e has been p re se n te d by s e v e ra l a u th o rs (Southwood 1978, H elgesen and H aynes 1972, K iritan i and N akasuji 1967, M anly 1976,
L am p o rt 1980). A c o m p u te r program by L a m p e rt (1980) w as used fo r th is purpose
by which:

10 9

Figure 27A.

Figure 27B-D.

Mean trap catch of adult OM by flight interception
traps in field 7 in 1979 (no foliar insecticide
sprays applied),
Mean trap catch of adult OM by flight intercep­
tion traps in field 2 (B), field 5 (C), and
field 6 (D) in 1979.
Periods of foliar insecti­
cide application are indicated (F-parathion,
S -S e v i n , D-diazinon).

021

B

001
p
00

s
*

09
P PP s

02

110

0
021
001

MEAN TRAP CATCH PER 0 AY

Of

IP p p p

oto

o -

o -

120

JULIAN DATE

ISO

- r~
180

I

T

210

JULIAN DATE

I

240

I
270

300

111

CM "

CO _

MEAN

TRAP

CATCH

PER

DAY

00 -

CM

P

PP

s ss
CM

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

J ULI AN DATE
Figure 28A.

Figure 28B,

Mean trap catch of adult OM by flight interception
traps in field 13 in 1980 (no foliar insecticide sprays
applied).
Mean trap catch of adult OM by flight interception traps
in field 14 in 1980.
Periods of foliar insecticide ap­
plication are indicated (P-parathion; S-Sevin).

where TI = total incidence
iL

DDj = a c c u m u la te d d e g re e-d a y s on j
D y = d en sity o f th e i

s ta g e on th e j

d a te
sam p le d a te .

To c o rre c t fo r red u n d an t o b serv atio n s, th e to ta l in cid en ce was th e n divided by
th e d ev elo p m en ta l tim e o f th e OM a d u lt (167 d eg ree-d ay s; 4 .4 °C base) to o b ta in
th e TSP.
F o r 1979, TSP was c a lc u la te d only fo r th e second and th ird g e n e ra tio n
flig h ts sin c e tra p re c o rd s w ere no t a v a ila b le fo r th e f ir s t g e n e ra tio n .

For 1980

TSP fo r all th re e flig h ts was c a lc u la te d (T able 8). This in fo rm atio n was used to
d e te rm in e if th e TSP o f th e n o n -sp ray ed field in e ac h y e a r d iffe re d sig n ific a n tly
from th e m ean of th e TSPs o f th e o th e r field s. The null hypothesis (Ho:

= Ug)

was a c c e p te d fo r b oth y e ars a t th e 9596 c o n fid en ce in te rv a l, in d ic a tin g th a t th e
TSP o f th e non-sprayed field s was no t sig n ific a n tly d iffe re n t from th e o th e r
fields fo r e ac h y e ar.
T rap d a ta from stic k y board and a c tiv ity tra p s p la ce d in th e re s e a rc h field
in 1978 and 1979 w ere also ad ju sted using th e te m p e ra tu re a d ju stm e n t p rogram .
F igures 29-30 p re se n t p ro p o rtio n al tra p d a ta fo r th e original co u n ts o f b o th tra p s
along w ith p ro p o rtio n al te m p e ra tu re a d ju stm e n t cu rv es and m ean c a tc h p e r
d eg ree-d ay .

T e m p e ra tu re a d ju stm en t of tra p d a ta had l i t t l e e f f e c t on th e

phenology o f ad u lt a c tiv ity .
T he stic k y boards describ ed th re e flig h ts o f OM a d u lts during 1978. In 1979,
how ever, only a p a rtia l th ird g e n e ra tio n flig h t was re c o rd e d b ecau se tra p s had to
b e rem oved from

th e field a t h a rv e st (flig h t in te rc e p tio n tra p s along th e

Table

8 .

Total production of OM adults for study fields in Grant, Michigan, in 1979-1980.

a) 1979
FIELD:
«nd

2—

gen.
_rd
3— gen.

7*

1

2

3

4

5

6

441.7

61.9

213.4

308.1

396.9

148.4

683.7

787.9

237.9

534.8

712.9

315.2

343.6

699.2

13*

8

9

315.0

944.3

960.8

321.9

1,634.7

1,276.6

522.2

77.1

65.1

233.2

402.9

371.4

372.1

221.3

, 34.6

1.9

31.9

1 2 0 .8

302.5

58.6

38.9

b) 1980
FIELD:
,st

1—

gen.
0nd
2— gen.
-rd
3— gen.

*not sprayed

10

11

12

14

114

e

1879

PER 0 0

a

fit

PROPORTION

CATCH

E
X
u
K
<
o

s
o

o

z

Vi

♦s

O
o
2

a

w
o
c

o
D

o

0

boo

0

1200

400

BO D

1200

D E G R E E D A Y S H **C B A S E )

MEAN

CATCH

PEN

DD

D E G R E E D A Y S <4.4*C B A S E )

400

2000
DEG REE D AY S <4.4*C B A S E )

Figure 29.

2400

0

400

BOO

20 0 0

2400

0 E Q R E E D A Y S ( 4 .4 * 0 B A S E )

Proportion of total 0M adult catch before (A-B) and after
(C-D) temperature adjustment for stickvboard traps in
1978 and 1979.
Mean trap catch for the research field
in 197S (E) and 1979 (F).

115

D

o

1979

1978

o

O

o

PROPORTION

CATCH

PEP

PER 0 0

a
n

n
O

a

a

a
o

D

0

o

0
PJ
o

a
a

a

<0
o

<o
o

a

ean

pi

o

a

o
o

o
0

0

o

0

0

PER DD

600
DEG REE P A Y S ( 4 4 'C B A S E )

DECREE D AY S (4 4 'C B A S E )

CATCH

!

UHN

a

in
fv
0

/ '.A
A
800

1TC0

1600

DEGREE C A Y S (4 4*C B A S E )

Figure 30.

o
C3
o

0

600

1600

DEC R EE P A Y S (4 4*C B A S E )

Proportion of total OM adult catch before (A-B) and after
(C-D) temperature adjustment for activity traps in 1978
and 1979.
Mean trap catch for the research field in 1978
(E) and 1979 (F).

116

borders o f th e fie ld re m a in ed and re v e a le d a fu ll th ird g e n e ra tio n flig h t).

The

p ro p o rtio n al flig h t cu rv es o f 1979 d escrib ed a sim ilar phenology o f OM flig h t
w hen co m p ared to th e d a ta of th e flig h t in te rc e p tio n tra p s used in th e sam e year
and a re a .

The re la tiv e d en sity o f second g e n e ra tio n a d u lts in 1979 was

co n sid erab ly low er th an 1978.

The second g e n e ra tio n counts in 1979 w ere also

low in com parison to th e f ir s t g e n e ra tio n o f th a t y ear.

This d a ta w ere

u n ex p ected since in 1979, only h alf th e fie ld was tr e a te d w ith D y fo n ate and
c o n sid erab le onion p la n t dam ag e by OM o ccu rred .

The re la tio n sh ip b etw ee n

onion p lan t d am age and re la tiv e fly d en sity will be discussed in a la te r sec tio n .
The a c tiv ity tra p s o f 1978 also d escrib ed th re e flig h ts of OM ad u lts;
how ever, b ecau se a c tiv ity tra p s had to be rem oved a t h a rv e st in 1979, only tw o
flig h ts w ere observed. The p ro p o rtio n al cu rv es fo r both y e ars d escrib ed a sim ilar
g e n e ra tio n phenology of OM flig h t when co m p ared to stick y b o ard s (1978-79) and
flig h t-in te rc e p tio n tra p s (1979).

M ajor d iffe re n c e s b etw een m ale and fe m a le

c a tc h w ere originally e x p ec te d sin ce a c tiv ity tra p s w ere p laced over onion p lan ts
to tra p ovipositing fe m a les.

No d iffe re n c e s in th e m ale to fe m a le ra tio w ere

re a d ily a p p a re n t; th e re fo re , it was assum ed th a t m ale OM v isite d onion plan ts as
o fte n as fe m a les fo r m atin g or feeding.

C.

Onion M aggot L arv al and Pupal P o p u latio n T rends
The study o f population tre n d s and d e n sitie s is useful in d e term in in g

population synchrony w ith d e g re e-d a y valu es and in exam ining th e in flu en ce of
in se c tic id e use on im m a tu re s ta g e s.

OM la rv a e and pupae w ere sam pled

co n tin u ally during 1978 and 1979 to d e te rm in e th e synchrony of th e population
tre n d s for e a c h g e n eratio n .

Sam pling was c o n d u cted in th e D y fo n a te -tre a te d

117

re s e a rc h fie ld in 1978. In 1979 sam p lin g was c o n d u cte d on th e n o n -tre a te d a re a
of th e re s e a rc h fie ld (no D y fo n ate p resen t).
OM im m a tu re s ta g e s ty p ic a lly o c cu r in an a g g re g a te d p a tte rn w ithin th e
field (Loosjes 1976). In th e p a st, th e re has been v ery li ttl e a tte m p t to q u a n tify
OM la rv a l populations b ecau se o f th e n e c e ssa ry la rg e sam ple size.

Even a f te r a

sam ple size has b een d ecid ed on, rem o v in g la rv a e from th e onions and s iftin g th e
soil fo r OM pupae re q u ire s a g re a t am o u n t of tim e and e ffo rt. T h e re fo re , m ost
population stu d ie s in th e p a st have b een lim ite d to assessin g OM a d u lt d e n sitie s
and re s u lta n t onion p lan t dam ag e (Loosjes 1976, E ckenrode e t al. 1975, P e rro n e t
al. 1958, E llington 1963).
C a rru th e rs (1979) re p o rte d th a t s tr a tif ic a tio n was advisable when sam pling
im m a tu re OM s ta g e s.

He f ir s t divided th e h a b ita t into v isib ly -h ealth y and

v isibly-dam aged onions.

He fu r th e r subdivided this into tw o s tr a ta o f h ealth y

onions and th re e s t r a t a of d am ag ed onions.
s tr a tif ie d

C o m p a ra tiv e an aly sis o f th e

sam pling p ro ced u re and sim ple random sam p lin g re v e ale d th a t a

co n sid erab ly d e crea se d sam ple size was a d e q u a te when using s tr a tific a tio n .
F or th is stu d y only tw o s t r a t a w ere id e n tifie d : visible d am ag e and no
a p p a re n t dam age.

F u rth e r s tra tific a tio n was n o t n e ce ssa ry and would have

re q u ire d m ore tim e th an was feasib le w ith th re e -d a y sam ple e stim a te s .
The d a ta from

la rv a l and pupal sam pling w ere su m m a riz ed

and a re

p re se n te d , along w ith th e re s p e c tiv e v a ria n ce and sta n d a rd e rro r, in A ppendix H.
An a v erag e sta n d a rd e rro r o f 30% of th e m ean was o b ta in e d fo r e ac h y e a r for 5
to 10 biw eekly sam ples of 60 cm of dam ag ed onion row .

It was ev id en t th e re

w ere only tw o g e n eratio n s of la rv a l a c tiv ity during th e onion grow ing season.
Sam pling fo r im m a tu re s was co n tin u ed in 1979 a f t e r th e d a te when onions w ere

a:
tr

to •

z o
OQ

400

600

200

400

600

aoo

1000

1200

1400

1600

118

200

tX to

1400

1600

DECREE DRYS H.fC BASE)

Figure 31.

Cumulative proportion of second and third instar OM larvae (L) and OM pupae (P) for two
generations from samples of 60 cm of onion row in 1978 (A) and 1979 (B).

119

m a tu re and re a d y fo r h a rv e st (Ju lian d a te 233).

A th ird g e n e ra tio n of larv al

a c tiv ity o c c u rre d a f te r th is tim e , as ev id en ced from a buildup o f second in sta r
d e n sity a f te r Ju lia n day 237 (A ugust 25) (A ppendix H).
physically rem oved from

th e soil (lifted ) on Ju lia n

In 1978 onions w ere

day 240 (A ugust 29).

Im m atu re s ta g e sam pling was co n tin u ed u n til Ju lia n day 249 (S ep tem b er 7), but
no th ird la rv a l g e n e ra tio n o c c u rre d on th e se onions.

The physical a c t of

rem oving th e onions from th e soil probably d e te rre d oviposition and in c re ase d
th e m o rta lity of th e th ird g e n e ra tio n o f f ir s t in s ta r la rv a e .

O b serv atio n s

follow ing onion h a rv e st re v e a le d a th ird la rv a e g e n e ra tio n on cull onions (onions
and se c tio n s o f onions l e f t in th e field follow ing h arv est).

D rum m ond (1979,

unpublished) re p o rte d th a t th e th ird g e n e ra tio n of OM la rv a e p rin cip ally o ccu rs
on cu ll and m a tu re onions a w aitin g h a rv e st in th e fall.

In th e G ra n t a re a , sin ce

m ost onion a c re a g e is h a rv e ste d one to tw o w eeks b e fo re and follow ing day 244,
a th ird g e n e ra tio n o f OM la rv a e does n o t o rd in arily o c cu r on onions unless
h a rv e st d a te is delayed.
Second and

th ird

in sta r la rv a e

fo r

each

y e ar

w ere pooled and th e

cu m u la tiv e p ro p ortion d en sity fo r th e f ir s t and second g e n e ra tio n w ere p lo tte d
w ith cu m u la tiv e pupal d en sity a g a in st d e g re e-d a y s (F igure 31).

C u rv ilin ear

cu m u la tiv e p ro p o rtio n lines w ere o b tain ed by p ro b it tra n s fo rm a tio n o f th e d a ta
and le a s t-s q u a re s re g re ssio n analysis (Finney 1971).

It was ev id en t from th e se

graphs th a t th e phenology o f th e f ir s t g e n e ra tio n im m a tu re s ta g e s a g re ed
b e tw ee n years.

For th e second g e n eratio n , how ever, th e re was a la rg e d eg ree

day d iffe re n c e b e tw ee n th e tw o y e ars fo r b o th la rv a e and pupae o c cu rre n c e .
P ro b it reg ressio n e q u atio n s and valu es fo r 50% c u m u lativ e d en sity rev ealed
d e g re e-d a y d iffe re n c e s b etw ee n th e tw o y ears o f 232, 147 and 65 d e g ree-d ay s fo r

120

th e second and th ird in s ta r and pupae re s p e c tiv e ly (Table 9).
T he phenology o f th e OM im m a tu re s ta g e s p rim arily depends on tim e o f
a d u lt

em erg en c e

and

su bseq u en t

oviposition.

Any sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s

b e tw ee n y e a rs in tim e o f a d u lt em erg en c e should be re fle c te d
d iffe re n c e s in th e subsequent im m a tu re g e n e ra tio n .
g e n e ra tio n e m e rg e n c e w ere a v ailab le .

by sim ilar

In 1978 no reco rd s o f firs t

E x am in atio n o f a d u lt flig h t d a ta , how­

e v e r, re v e a le d th a t peak f ir s t g e n e ra tio n ad u lt flig h t o c cu rred a t ap p ro x im ately
th e sam e d e g re e-d a y in te rv a l in 1978 and 1979. S im ilar d e g re e-d a y e s tim a te s fo r
50% c u m u la tiv e la rv a l density, th e re fo re , would be e x p e c te d fo r th e first
g e n e ra tio n fo r b oth y e ars.

C om parison of second g e n e ra tio n em erg en c e d a ta

re v e a le d a d iffe re n c e o f 141 d e g ree-d ay s b e tw ee n th e tw o y e ars fo r 50% a d u lt
e m e rg e n c e .

This d isp arity was also e v id en t in th e la rv a l populations.

A

v a ria tio n o f 154 d e g re e-d a y s fo r 50% c u m u la tiv e la rv a l d en sity re su lte d b etw een
1978 and 1979.

Any g e n e ra l p re d ic tio n fo r im m a tu re s ta g e s of th e OM is

th e re fo re c o n tig e n t on a v ailab ility of a c c u ra te ad u lt e m erg en ce reco rd s.

D.

Survivorship and P a ra sitism
In o rd er to q u a n tify population d en sities of la rv a e and pupae, to ta l seaso n al

pro d u ctio n of th e se life sta g e s was d e term in e d .

T he m ethod used was id e n tic a l

to th a t a lre ad y given fo r c a lc u la tin g to ta l a d u lt in cid en ce.

The to ta l seasonal

incidence fo r th e im m a tu re sta g e s was divided by th e a p p ro p ria te d ev elo p m en tal
tim e o f th e life s ta g e to o b ta in an e s tim a te o f to ta l seaso n al p ro d u ctio n (TSP).
T o ta l seaso n al production fo r e ac h g e n e ra tio n o f OM a d u lts was o b tain ed d ire c tly
from em erg en c e tra p re su lts.
em erg in g from 100 cm o f row .

The e m erg en c e tra p s e ffe c tiv e ly tra p p e d ad u lts
The d a ta was c o n v e rte d to e s tim a te s o f ad u lt

Table 9.

Y ear

1978

Probit regression equations for percent occurrence of immature stages of the OM and degree day
period for 50 percent occurrence (,5P). DD° is accumulated air degree days above 4.4°C.

G e n e ra tio n

1

2

1979

1

2

L ife -s ta g e

R e g re s s io n

2—

la rv a e

P =

1 . 1 6 + . 008 * D D °

3 ^

la rv a e

P = -

0 .1 8 +

Pupae
_nd
, _ rd
2— a n d 3^—
2—
3—

r2

E q u a tio n

.5 P

V a ria n c e

.9 1

501

1 7 ,0 0 7

. 008*D D °

.9 0

599

1 3 .3 9 2

P = -

1 . 8 2 + , 007 * D D °

.9 3

925

1 8 ,4 2 0

P =

0 .8 4 +

,007*DD°

.9 1

566

1 8 ,5 9 1

la rv a e

P = -

5 . 5 6 + ,0 0 8 * D D °

.9 7

1 ,3 4 8

1 6 ,2 9 0

la rv a e

P = -

5 .4 6 +

. 008*D D °

.9 0

1 ,3 9 8

1 7 ,8 6 3

Pupae

P = -

9 . 8 2 + .0 0 9 * D D °

.8 1

1 ,5 4 1

1 0 ,8 2 8

&

P = -

5 .4 2 +

. 008 * D D °

.9 5

1 ,3 6 0

1 7 ,0 5 1

2— l a r v a e
- ,r d
3— l a r v a e

P = -

0 .6 7 +

. 011*D D °

.8 7

518

8 ,3 5 5

P = -

1 . 7 4 + . 010 * D D °

.8 6

655

9 ,4 6 2

Pupae
„nd
, _ rd
2— a n d 3=—

P = - 1 . 4 7 + . 007*D D °

.9 3

930

2 0 ,6 9 0

P = - 0 . 1 9 + . 008*D D °

.8 5

611

1 3 ,8 6 3

2—

P * - 0 . 5 8 + . 005 * D D °

.8 9

1 ,1 1 7

4 0 ,0 9 6

3^— l a r v a e

P = - 3 . 2 9 + . 007*D D °

.88

1 ,2 5 1

2 2 ,8 1 8

Pupae

P = - 1 4 . 1 0 + . 013*D D °

.8 1

1 ,4 7 6

5 ,9 7 2

2— and 3 ^

P = - 2 . 1 0 + . 006*D D °

.87

1 ,2 0 6

2 8 ,8 3 4

and

la rv a e

_rd ,

Variance - variance of data about a normal curve.
.5 Ep - 50% occurrence of OM immature stages (degree days)

,

122

e m erg en c e from 60 cm o f row so com parisons o f TSP could be m ade b etw een
la rv a e , pupae, and ad u lts.

Survival from one life s ta g e to th e n ex t was

c a lc u la te d by dividing th e TSP o f th e previous life s ta g e by th a t of th e p re se n t
life s ta g e (K iritan i and N akasuji 1967, H elgesen 1969).
In 1978, to ta l la rv a l m o rta lity o f 52% and 43% o c c u rre d fo r th e f ir s t and
second g e n eratio n s, re sp e c tiv e ly (Table 10); m o rta lity was ev en ly d istrib u te d
b etw een th e second and th ird in s ta r sta g e s. In 1979 sim ilar valu es of to ta l la rv a l
m o rta lity o ccu rred ; how ever, m o st m o rta lity o c c u rre d during th e second in s ta r
s ta g e .

The p re sen c e of D yfo n ate in 1978 m ay have led to g re a te r th ird in sta r

m o rta lity during both g e n eratio n s.
A m ajor d isp arity was ev id en t b etw een th e tw o y e ars when pupal m o rta lity
was exam ined. In 1978, m o rta lity o f less th an z e ro was o b ta in e d fo r pupae o f th e
f ir s t and second g e n e ra tio n (second and th ird g e n e ra tio n pupae).

(F or c ases

w here th e m o rta lity is less th a n zero , e rro r is o fte n a ttrib u te d to sam ple e rro r
and in a c c u ra te c a lc u la tio n o f d ev elo p m en tal tim e s (H elgesen and H aynes 1972).
Such values o fte n in d ic a te th a t m o rta lity o f th e previous class was o v e re sti­
m a te d and th a t n a tu ra l m o rta lity is a t som e minumum value above zero .)

In

1979, 35 and 71% pupal m o rta lity o c c u rre d fo r th e f ir s t and second g e n e ra tio n s
re sp ec tiv e ly .

This high pupal m o rta lity was u n ex p ected , sin ce o b serv atio n s of

OM pupae under la b o ra to ry conditions in d ic a te d a high survivorship.
All pupae c o lle c te d during re g u la r field sam pling fo r im m a tu re s ta g e s w ere
re tu rn e d

to th e la b o ra to ry fo r purposes o f o b tain in g p a ra sito id

e m erg en ce

reco rd s.

A stap h y lin id b e e tle ,

and ad u lt

A leo ch ara b ilin e a ta (Gyll.) was

observed in 1978 as having p a ra sitiz e d OM pupae la te in th e season (Table 11).
Maximum p arasitism observed fo r any one sam ple period was 2.9% (F igure 32A).

123

Table 10 . Total production (TP) and survival (S^) of various lifestages of the OM from samples of 60 cm of onion row in the re­
search field during 1978-1979.

First Generation
Year

TP/60cm
1978

1979

Second Generation

Stage

Second
Third
Pupae
Adult

44
27

Second
Third
Pupae
Adult

35

21
22

20
20
13

Si

.61
.78
1.04

.57

1.00
.65

TP/60cra
39
31

22
28
57
25
24
7

Si

.79
.70
1.27

.43
.96
.29

Table 11.

DATE

Proportional mortality of OM pupae from samples of 60 cm of onion row in 1978.

NUMBER
PUPAE

EMERG.
PLIES

EMERG.
PARAS.

14
27

12

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2

171
173
177
180
184
191
194
199

69
139
109
125
229

201

86

207
209
213

84
46
18
59
188
95
139
117
259
98
151
72

220
222
226
229
236
238
241
243
249

86

24
77
58
123

101
114
108
78
76
43
14
47
153
82
126
105
214
81
126
62

4

1
4

1
4

1

TOTAL
MORT

.1420

.1111
.1047
.1594
.1151
.0734
.0880
.0917
.0930
.1071
.1304

.2222
.2033
.1862
.1368
.0935
.1025
.1583
.1735
.1655
.1250

VAR

.0087
.0037

.0011
.0019
.0007
.0006
.0006
.0004

.0010
.0011
.0025
.0096
.0027
.0008

.0012
.0006
.0008
.0005
.0015
.0009
.0015

PARASITE
MORT

0 .0 0 0 0
0 .0 0 0 0
0 .0 0 0 0
0 .0 0 0 0
0 .0 0 0 0
0 .000 0
0 .000 0
0 .00 00
0 .00 00
0 .00 00
0 .00 00
0 .0 0 0 0
0 .00 00
0 .0 0 0 0
.0211
.0287
.0085
.0154

.0102
.0264
.0139

VAR

.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0002
.0002
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0002
.0002

UNKNOWN
MORT

.1420

.1111
.1074
.1594
.1151
.0734
.0880
.0917
.0930
.1071
.1304

.2222
.2033
.1862
.1158
.0648
.0940
.1429
.1633
.1391

.1111

VAR

.0087
.0037

.0011
.0019
.0007
.0006
.0006
.0004

.0010
.0011
.0025
.0096
.0027
.0008

.0011
.0004
.0007
.0005
.0014
.0008
.0014

125

T o ta l pupal m o rta lity ranged from 7.3 to 22.2% during th e season w ith an
a v e ra g e m o rta lity of 11% fo r th e second g e n e ra tio n pupae and 15.4% fo r th e th ird .
In 1979, higher OM pupal p a ra sitism by A. b ilin e a ta was re c o rd e d (T able 12). Up
to 20.8% o f th e OM pupae w ere p a ra sitiz e d fo r any one sam ple d a te , and
p a ra sitism was observed during m ost o f th e second and th ird pupal g e n eratio n
(F igure 32B).

T o ta l pupal m o rta lity ran g ed from 7.7% to 54.1% during th e

season, w ith an a v e ra g e m o rta lity o f 29.8% fo r second g e n e ra tio n pupae and
42.1% fo r th e th ird . H igher pupal p a ra sitism in 1979, how ever, did no t co m p le tely
a cc o u n t fo r th e la rg e d iffe re n c e in to ta l pupal m o rta lity b etw een th e tw o y ears.
Unknown m o rta lity o f 25 and 28% o c cu rred in 1979 fo r th e second and th ird
g e n e ra tio n pupal populations.

Only 11 and 14% unknown m o rta lity o ccu rred in

1978.
C alhoun (1953) re p o rte d th a t 12-36 hours w ere n e ce ssa ry fo r th e firs t in sta r
A. b ilin e a ta la rv a e to m ake an e n tra n c e hole in th e ro o t m aggot pupal c ase .

He

re p o rte d th a t th e c u tic le of th e host pupae is alw ays p u n ctu red during this
process, and th e hem olym ph flow s o u t, c o ag u la te s, and seals th e e n tra n c e hole.
W adsw orth (1915) d e sc rib e d e n tra n c e holes as .08 to .13 mm in d ia m e te r and
c irc u la r in o u tlin e. T he sea le d hole in itia lly a p p ea rs opaque w hite and la te r tu rn s
d ark brow n in color.

Brom and (1980) ex am in ed cabbage m aggot pupae and

re p o rte d su p erp ara sitism by A. b ilin e a ta was com m on w here 46 to 53% o f th e
pupae co n tain ed m ore than one A. b ilin e a ta la rv a e .

He co u n ted th e num ber of

e n tra n c e holes p re se n t on th e pupae and re p o rte d th a t as th e num ber o f holes p er
pupae in c re ase d from 1 to 5, p e rc e n t e m erg en ce o f A. b ilin e a ta d e crea se d from
57.3% to 4.5% . No in fo rm atio n was given a b o u t e n tra n c e hole d en sity and host
pupae survivorship. W adsw orth (1915) re p o rte d th a t th e e n tra n c e holes can allow

Table 12.

DATE

164
171
173
179
181
184
186
191
194
199

201
206
208
213
215
219
223
227
229
235
237
241
243

Proportional mortality of OM pupae from samples of 60 cm of onion row in 1979.

NUMBER
PUPAE

EMERG.
FLIES

EMERG.
PARAS.

26
18

24
15
5
45

0
0
0
0
1
2

6
57
32
70
93
141
184
167
71

21
47
49
69

111
114
49

122

88

70
48
24
83
72
75
52

40
28
13
51
33
40
34
45
62
27
15

86
105
40
24

3
5
7

11
11
12
12
8
5

8
9
4
4

11
16
7
4

TOTAL
MORT

.0769
.1667
.1667
.2105
.3438
.3286
.4731
.5106
.3967
.3174
.3099
.2705
.4286
.4167
.4583
.3855
.5417
.4667
.3462
.4767
.4095
.3250
.3750

VAR

.0027
.0077
.0232
.0029
.0071
.0032
.0027
.0018
.0013
.0013
.0030
.0016
.0035
.0051
.0103
.0029
.0034
.0033
.0044
.0029
.0023
.0055
.0098

PARASITE
MORT

VAR

0 .0 0 0 0
0 .0 0 0 0
0 .0 0 0 0
0 .0 0 0 0

.0 0 0 0
.0 0 0 0
.0000
.0 0 0 0

.0313
.0286
.0323
.0355
.0380
.0659
.1549
.0984
.1714
.1667
.2083
.0964
.1250
.0533
.0769
.1279
.1524
.1750
.1667

.0009
.0004
.0003

.0002
.0002
.0004
.0018
.0007

.0020
.0029
.0069

.0010
.0015
.0007
.0014
.0013

.0012
.0036
.0058

UNKNOWN
MORT

VAR

.0769
.1667
.1667
.2105
.3125
.3000
.4408
.4751
.3587
.2515
.1550
.1721
.2572
.2500
.2500
.2891
.4167
.4134
.2693
.3488
.3571
.1500
.2083

.0027
.0077
.0232
.0029
.0067
.0030
.0027
.0018
.0013

.0011
.0018

.0012
.0027
.0039
.0078
.0025
.0034
.0032
.0038
.0026
.0018
.0032
.0069

127

1978

total pupae
parasitized pupae
o

to

-

o -

•

CM

n
ii
i^
i \

•
i
n
it
it
11
ii
ii
t
t 1
S'

o -

\

PUPRL

DENSITY.PER

60CM

ROW

0-1

—T*400

•4 '— m

■

r«

—1—

— i

1600

1200

800

D E G R E E DAYS

2000

(4 -4C B A S E )

1979

t\

to ta l p u p a e
p a ra s itiz e d p u p a e

o CO

PER

60CH

ROW

O-i

o -

PUPAL

DENSI TY

o CM

o.

400l

600

D E GR E E DAYS

Figure 32,

1600

1200

(4.4C

2000

BASE)

Comparison of total OH pupae and number of pupae para­
sitized by A. bilineata from samples of 60 cm of onion
row in 1973 and 1979.

128

n em ato d es or fungi to e n te r th e pupae; th e re fo re , host m o rta lity can re su lt.
All pupae c o lle c te d in 1979 from th e c o m m e rcial stu d y field s and D y fo n a te tr e a te d and n o n -tre a te d a re a of th e re s e a rc h fie ld , w ere exam ined fo r p resen ce
o f e n tra n c e holes m ade by A. b ilin e a ta .

Some pupae w ere found w ith un sealed

e n tra n c e holes; o th e rs w ere found w ith e n tra n c e holes in various sta g e s of th e
sealin g process (F igure 33). Most pupae w ere su p e rp a ra s itiz e d (m ultiple e n tra n c e
holes p re sen t). S u p erp arasitism in th e n o n -tre a te d a re a o f th e re se a rc h field was
p a rtic u la rly e v id en t and up to 20 e n tra n c e holes w ere o b serv ed fo r a single OM
pupae. Pupal m o rta lity and p e rc e n t p arasitism in this field w ere sim ilar to w hat
had been re p o rte d during th e re g u la r im m a tu re s ta g e sam p lin g (T able 13).
A verage pupal m o rta lity over all d a te s in th e D y fo n a te -tre a te d a re a o f th e
re s e a rc h field w as 20.9% .

Pupal m o rta lity in c o m m e rcial stu d y field s w here

D yfonate and fo lia r sprays had been applied ran g ed from 12.8% to 13.9%.
A nalysis o f v a ria n c e and D uncan's m u ltip le ran g e te s t w ere p e rfo rm ed on
th e pooled d a ta for all field s e x c e p t fie ld 3 (only tw o sam p le d a te s w ere
a v ailab le fo r field 3).

B etw een -field d iffe re n c e s w ere ex am in ed fo r p e rc e n t

p a ra sitism by A. b ilin e a ta , p e rc e n t o f pupae w ith e n tra n c e holes, and p e rc e n t
to ta l pupal m o rta lity .

A lthough sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s in p e rc e n t p a ra sitism

b e tw ee n tw o groups o f fields was ev id en t, no s p e c ific b iological ex p lan atio n
could a c c o u n t fo r th e groupings (Table 14a).

When num bers o f pupae w ith

e n tra n c e holes w ere exam ined, m ore sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s w ere found (Table
14b).

P upae from th e tr e a te d and n o n -tre a te d a re a s o f th e re s e a rc h fie ld had

sig n ific a n tly

m ore e n tra n c e

holes th an pupae from

th e c o m m e rcial fields.

P e rc e n t to ta l m o rta lity o f pupae was sig n ific a n tly hig h er in th e n o n -tre a te d a re a
o f th e re s e a rc h field when co m p ared to all o th e r field s ex am in ed (T able 14c).

129

Figure 33A.

Photograph of an OM pupa showing the entrance hole
made by A. bilineata, only a few hours after the
cuticle was penetrated.

Figure 33B.

Photograph of entrance hole of A. bilineata in OM
pupa, showing the contents of the pupa protruding
from the hole.

Figure 33C.

Photograph of the entrance hole of A. bilineata
partly sealed over.

Figure 33D.

Photograph of the sealed entrance hole of A, bi­
lineata on an OM pupa.

130

Table 13.

DATE

186
186
186
186
191
191
191
191
191
191

200
200
200
200
200
206
206

222
222
222

Proportion OM pupal mortality and proportion of OM pupae with entrance holes made
by A. bilineata from samples of 30 cm of onion row in commercial study fields of
Grant, Michigan, in 1979.

PROP.
PARAS.

FIELD

N

5

106
81
396
303
73
55
56

0 .0 0 0 0
.002 0

122

.0060

.0000
.0000
.000 0
.0001
.0001
.000 0
.000 0
.0000

46
235
41
80
24
60
169
39
168
65

.021 0

.0004

.0520

.0002
.000 0
.0000

6
7
7D

1
2
3
4
7
7D

1
2
6
7
7D
7
7D

1
2
4

100
113

0 .0 0 0 0
0 .0 0 0 0
.0152
.0412
.0060

0 .0 0 0 0
.0040
.0080
.0310
.1090
.0480
.1160

0 .0 0 0 0
.0010
0 .0 0 0 0

VAR

.0003
.0005
.0006

.0012
.0006

.0000
.0000
.0000

PROP.
ENT.
HOLES

.0909
.1320
.2800
.6700
.1180
.0820
.1310
.1630
.3180
.4820
.0900
.0880
.1140
.1489
.3880
.0890
.1600
.0910
.0760
.0410

VAR

PROP.
TOTAL
MORT

.0008
.0014
.0005
.0007
.0014
.0014

.1724
.1618
.3150
.4900
.1918
.1623

.0020
.0011

.2 000

.0042

.2540
.2390
.5021
.1463
.1250
.1820

.0021

.120 0

.0014

.4000
.1438
.2619
.0923

.0047

.0011
.0 020
.0 010

.0021
.0008
.0013
.0007
.0003

.1200
.2000

VAR

.0013
.0017
.0005
.0008

PROP.
UNKNOWN
MORT

VAR

.0025
.0029
.0016
.0040

.0815
.0298
.0350
.1800
.0738
.0803
.0690
.0910
.0790

.0011

.0201

.0002
.0001

.0030
.0014
.0062
.0018
.0014
.0032

.0563
.0370
.0680
.0289

.0013
.0004
.0026
.0004

.0120

.0001

.0548
.1019
.0013
.0440
.1590

.0013
.0005

.0021

.0012
.0013

.0011
.0014

.0007
.0004

.0001
.0004
.0009
.0013

.0011
.0007

.0000
.0004

.0012

Table 13.

DATE

222
222
222
222
229
229
229
229
229
229
229
229

(continued)

FIELD

5

6
7
7D

1
2
3
4
5

6
7
7D

PROP.
PARAS.

N

54
84

221

.0040

.0010
.0220

VAR

.0001
.000 0
.0001

170

.0890

.0005

100

0 .0 0 0 0

97
118

.0060
.0080

66

0 .0 0 0 0

135
92
108
181

.0060
.0080
.0360
.1420

.0000
.000 1
.000 1
.0000
.000 0
.0001
.0003
.0007

PROP.
ENT
HOLES

.0910
.0390
.0820
.2730
.0460
.0710
.0730
.0420
.0690
.0640
.1630
.4260

VAR

.0015
.0004
.0003

.0012
.0004
.0007
.0006
.0006
.0005
.0007
.0013
.0014

PROP.
TOTAL
MORT

.1290
.0714
.1409
.3200
.0870
.1180
.1410
.0700
.1320
.0980

.2100
.4760

VAR

.0 021
.0008
.0005
.0013
.0008

.0011
.0010
.0010
.0008

.0 010
.0015
.0014

PROP.
UNKNOWN
MORT

.0380
.0324
.0589
.0470
.0410
.0470
.0680
,0280
.0621
.0340
.0470
.0500

VAR

.0007
.0004
.0003
.0003
.0004
.0005
.0005
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0004
.0003

133
Table 14.

a)

One-way analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range
test for three observations on OM pupae collected from
study fields in 1979.
All percentages were transformed
by arcsin square root before analysis.

Comparison of percent of OM pupae parasitized by A. bilineata.
Variable

DF

Percent parasitism
Residuals
Total

23
29

Sum of Squares

6

F

Mean Square

22,563.4
25,955.6
48,518.9

3,760.5
1,128.5

3.3*

*(p<.05)

Group

Field

1
2

7N
7

3
4
5

1
2

6

4
5

7

6

b)

% Parasitism^
9.15a

2 .8 ab
,2 b
.3ab
.2 b
.3ab
.4ab

Comparison of percent of OM pupae with entrance holes of
A, bilineata.
DF

Variable
Percent with Entrance Holes
Residuals
Total

6
23
29

Sum of Squares

Mean Square

F

18.5
12.4
30.9

3.10
.54

5.74***

***(p<. 0 0 1 )

Group

Field

1
2

7N
7

3
4
5

1
2

6

4
5

7

6

% with Entrance Holes
39.9a
18.Oab
8 .6 bc
7. 9bc
8 .2 bc
8.4bc
1 1 .7c

A

means followed by the same letter are not significantly different
(“=.05)

134

Table 14 .
c)

(continued)

Comparison of total percent pupal mortality.

Variable
% Total mortality
Residuals
Total

DF

Sum of Squares

Mean Square

6

6 .2

1.1

23
29

5.1
11.4

.2

F
4.7**

**(p<. 0 1 )

Group

Field

1
2

7N
7

3
4
5

1
2

6

4
5

7

6

% Total Mortality^
49. 0 a
20.9b
13.1b
13.1b
17.5b
14.4b
1 2 .8 b

means followed by the same letter are not significantly different
(*=.05)

135

To d e te rm in e if p a ra sitism

or p e rc e n t of pupae w ith e n tra n c e holes

explained th e v a ria b ility in to ta l pupal m o rta lity o v er th e se d a te s , le a s t-s q u a re s
re g re ssio n analysis was p e rfo rm ed . A nalysis of p e rc e n t pupal p a ra sitism versus
o
p e rc e n t to ta l m o rta lity gave an r o f .48. R eg ressio n o f th e num ber o f pupae
w ith e n tra n c e holes versus to ta l pupal m o rta lity fo r all field s gave an r
(F igure 34).

From th e se re su lts s e v e ra l conclusions w ere m ade.

of .87

A lthough

su cc e ssfu l p a ra sitism by A. b ilin e a ta was low, c o n sid erab le OM pupal m o rta lity
s till o c cu rred .
p re v a le n t
den sity .

S up erp arasitism o fte n o c c u rre d and w as e x p e c te d to be m ore

when host d e n sities w ere low co m p ared to p a ra sito id population
The im p a c t o f A. b ilin e a ta on OM pupal p o p u latio n s n eeded to be

exam ined in te rm s of e ffe c tiv e pupal m o rta lity ra th e r th a n being lim ite d to
su ccessfu l p a ra sito id em erg en c e . A g ra n u la r a p p lic atio n o f D y fo n ate in se c tic id e
sig n ific a n tly d e crea se d p o te n tia l OM pupal m o rta lity by red u cin g p a ra sitism by
A. b ilin e a ta .

F o liar a p p licatio n s o f in se c tic id e s could also have red u ced to ta l

pupal m o rta lity by d ecrea sin g p a ra sito id d en sities.

E.

D iapause and O v erw in terin g M o rtality
To e s tim a te th e in cid en ce of d iap au se, th e soil b e n e a th em erg en c e tra p s

was rem oved and s ifte d follow ing a six w eek p erio d from tim e of tra p p la c e m e n t.
All re c o v e re d

pupae w ere re tu rn e d to th e la b o ra to ry fo r o b serv atio n .

d isse c tin g m icroscope was used to ex am in e pupal eases.

A

A lig h t beam d ire c te d

from u n d e rn e a th allow ed fo r easy ex am in atio n o f th e c o n te n ts o f each pupae.
M ost dead pupae w ere found to c o n ta in dried re m n a n ts o f tissu e w hich had
te n d ed to a g g re g a te in one a re a o f th e pupal case.

F o r som e pupae no dried

re m n a n ts w ere visible, b u t v iable pupae could e asily be id e n tifie d due to th e

»- o in
cc

cn

o-

o
2Z

136

0ID
Q_
I- ° "
2 W
UJ
CJ

£H O UJ
Q_

20

40

50

60

80

P E R C E N T P U P R E W ITH ENTRY HOLES
Figure 34.

Relationship between percent of 0M pupae with entrance holes of A. bilineata and percent
OM pupal mortality for study fields in 1979.

137

p resen ce of a p a rtly -fo rm e d ad u lt OM.

The num ber o f viable pupae re c o v ere d

w ere divided by th e num ber o f e m erg ed ad u lts to o b ta in a p e rc e n t o f viable
pupae

th a t

did not em erg e

(Table 15).

Follow ing f ir s t

g e n e ra tio n a d u lt

em erg en c e , no viable pupae w ere observed to rem ain in th e soil in 1979.

An

a v e ra g e o f 3% viable pupae rem ain ed follow ing second and th ird g e n e ra tio n ad u lt
em erg en c e in both 1978 and 1979.

All pupae re c o v e re d w ere k ep t in th e

la b o ra to ry a t 20°C under conditions of 100% re la tiv e hum idity fo r re c o rd s of
e m erg en c e . No e m erg en c e during th e sum m er o c cu rred . By la te N ovem ber 1979,
only tw o ad u lt OM had em erg ed from pupae o riginally d escrib ed as viable.
T he viable pupae

re c o v ere d

from

u n d ern eath

e m erg en ce

assum ed to have been in diapause or in q u iescen ce.

tra p s

w ere

A high p e rc e n ta g e of

e m erg en c e from diapausing pupae would n o t have been e x p e c te d la te r in th e y e a r
sin ce a period of low te m p e ra tu re s is n ecessary fo r optim um em erg en c e to o ccu r
(W orkman 1958).

Pupae in a s ta t e o f q u iescen ce, how ever, would have been

e x p e c te d to e m erg e a f te r a d elay ed perio d o f tim e . D iapause in th e OM can be
describ ed as a fa c u lta tiv e pro cess w hereby a rre s te d d ev elo p m en t is due to
e n v iro n m e n ta l conditions (E llington 1963).

Many a u th o rs have re p o rte d diapause

freq u e n cies fo r th e OM in d iffe re n t a re a s o f th e world.

An e x c e lle n t review of

th e se d a ta was given by Ellington (1963) and Loosjes (1976). D iapause freq u e n cies
re p o rte d fo r th e OM in onion grow ing a re a s o f New Y ork S ta te m ay be th e b e st
s e t o f d a ta to com pare M ichigan re c o rd s to , sin ce c lim a tic conditions a re
sim ilar. Ellington (1963) re p o rte d diapause fre q u e n c ie s o f 0-4% , and 11% fo r New
York S ta te follow ing f ir s t and second g e n e ra tio n OM e m erg en c e re sp ec tiv e ly .
The d a ta fo r M ichigan and New York c o n tra s t co n sid erab ly w ith th a t o f Q uebec
(C anada).

P e rro n

and

L a F ran c e

(1961) re p o rte d

diapause

freq u e n cies

of

Table 15.

Year

Percent of viable OM pupae retrieved from underneath emergence traps and buried OM
larvae following eight weeks of adult.

Emergence
Period

Collection
Site

Emerged
Adults

Total
Pupae

Viable Pupae
Remaining

Second

Emergence Traps

166

180

6

3.6 ± 1.4

Third

Emergence Traps

151

162

3

1.9 ± 1.1

First

Emergence Traps

108

114

0

0

Second

Emergence Traps

69

76

4

5.8 ± 2.8

421

443

9

2 .1 ± 0 .6

68

74

3

4.4 ± 2.4

% Viable Pupae
Remaining
138

1978

1979

Buried Larvae
Third

Emergence Traps

139

8, 67, and 99%, re sp e c tiv e ly , fo r th e f ir s t, second and th ird g e n e ra tio n fo r th e
so u th ern a re a o f th e province.
R esu lts o f stu d ie s on survival o f o v e rw in te rin g pupae re v e ale d an a v erag e
survival o f 87.8% fo r ail c o lle c tio n d a te s , d ep th s, field lo catio n s and y ears.
A nalysis o f v a ria n c e

re v e a le d no sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s in pupal su rv iv al

b etw een any o f th e conditions th a t w ere te s te d for.

All d a ta fo r th e d iffe re n t

c o lle c tio n d a te s in 1978 w ere pooled fo r each d ep th , and th e d a ta fo r 1978 and
1979 w ere su m m arized to o b ta in an a v e ra g e o v erw in terin g su rv iv al e s tim a te
(T able 16). This in fo rm atio n a g re e s w ith Loosjes (1976) who re p o rte d th a t pupae
buried in th e field in D ecem b er had a p e rc e n ta g e e m e rg e n c e sim ilar to th a t in
th e la b o ra to ry .

A biotic p a ra m e te rs during th e w in ter a p p e a r to have little

e f f e c t on pupal survival.
In 1978, a braconid p a ra sito id , A p h a e re ta pallipes (Say), e m erg ed from an
a v e ra g e o f 10% o f th e o v e rw in te rin g pupae.

B etw een 4 and 12 a d u lt m ale and

fe m a le p a ra sito id s e m e rg e d from e ac h p a ra sitiz e d pupal c a se . All p upae fo r the
1978 o v e rw in te rin g study w ere o b tain ed from field sam p les o f th ird in sta r la rv a e
and pupae.
field .

Sam ples co n sisted o f la rv a l in fe ste d cull onions from th e re s e a rc h

The num ber o f o v e rw in te rin g pupae p a ra s itiz e d w as probably u n d e re sti­

m ated , because field sam ples w ere co n d u cted in O c to b er, and a d d itio n a l p a ra sit­
ism m ay have o c c u rre d a f te r th is d a te .

R e c e n t stu d ie s by G roden (1980,

unpublished) re v e a le d a high p e rc e n ta g e p a ra sitism o f OM la rv a l populations in
th e fa ll by A. p allip es in a re a s w h ere in se c tic id e s had n o t been applied.
P a ra sitism o f OM la rv a e by A. p allip es, how ever, have only been re p o rte d as
o c cu rrin g during th e la s t la rv a l g e n e ra tio n (Salkeld 1959, P e rro n 1972, Loosjes
1976).

140

Table 16.
Overwintering survival of OM pupae placed at different soil
depths and in various locations in 1978-1979.

Depth/location

Overwintering Pupal Survival
1978

1979

Depth
Soil Surface
3 cm
8 cm
13 era
18 cm
23 cm
28 cm
33 cm

—

89.1
93.6
91.7
90.9
82.2
84.3
89.6

+
+
+
+
+
+
+

A.5
3.2
3.7
4.0
7.2

93.5 + 5.4
85.7 + 5.8
86.5 + 5.6
8 6 . 1 + 5.7
92.1 + 4.4
—

6 .6

—

5.7

—

Location
Commercial fields
Research Field-Treated
Research Field-Non-treated
Border Areas

—
—
—
—

Avg:

89.2 + 1.8

Overall Avg:

87.8 + .98

87.8
88.0
89.3
85.1

+
+
+
+

2.1
3.4
3.4
2.9

8 6 . 8 + 1 .2 :

141
In 1980, all pupae used in th e o v e rw in te rin g stu d y w ere o b ta in e d from a
la b o ra to ry c u ltu re .

No re c o rd s o f pupal p a ra sitism o r p re d a tio n w ere observ ed

fo r any o f th e conditions exam ined.

S ig n ifican t p re d a tio n o r p a ra sitism o f field

populations m ay have o c c u rre d e a rly in th e fa ll, how ever, b e fo re stu d y pupae
w ere

buried.

P e rro n (1972) re p o rte d an a v e ra g e of 16.4% p a ra sitism

of

o v e rw in te rin g OM pupae by A. p allip es and A. b ilin e a ta during 1966-1970 in
so u th e rn Q uebec. R e c e n t la b o ra to ry stu d ie s by C a rru th e rs (1981), how ever, have
shown th a t c u rre n t p e stic id e s cau se high m o rta lity o f n a tu ra l en em ies o f th e OM.
R itc e y (1976, pers. com m ., Univ. o f Guelph) s ta te d th a t le ss th a n 10 p a ra sitiz e d
pupae w e re o bserved from th e thousands o f fie ld c o lle c te d pupae re c o v e re d in
c o m m e rcial fields o f O n tario .

P a ra sitism and p re d a tio n o f o v e rw in te rin g pupae

m ay th e re fo re be se v e re ly lim ite d by p re s e n t onion p ro d u ctio n p ra c tic e s .

F.

D istrib u tio n o f Onion P la n t D am age
O nion plots th a t w ere "m apped" on a re g u la r basis fo r onion p lan t dam age

w ere a n aly z e d fo r 1) d istrib u tio n o f d am ag e th ro u g h tim e and 2) th e a v erag e
tim e th a t a dam aged onion rem ain ed in th e field.
From th e a c c u ra te re c o rd in g o f th e f a te o f e ac h onion th ro u g h th e seaso n ,
it was possible to c a lc u la te th e d istrib u tio n o f d am ag e o v e r tim e .

R eco rd s of

onion d am age fo r 1978 w ere sum m ed fo r e ac h d a te and e a c h p lo t to o b ta in th e
r a te o f p e rc e n t onion p la n t d am ag e fo r all d a m ag e th a t o c cu rred during th e
seaso n (F igure 35). Two d is tin c t periods o f d am ag e w ere found.

T hese d am ag e

periods w ere found to coin cid e w ith th e f ir s t and second g e n e ra tio n la rv a l
broods.

Som e th ird g e n e ra tio n d am ag e w as also e v id en t a f te r day 240.

U p to

65% o f th e to ta l d am ag e th a t o c c u rre d du rin g th e season w as cau sed by th e firs t

TOTAL
OF
PERCENT

142

DAMAGE/DRY

CO

o

140

160
June

180

200
July

220
A ugust

240

260
S e p te m b e r

JULIAN DATE
Figure 35.

Onion maggot plant damage per day as a percent of total damage during the 1978 growing
season.

143

g e n e ra tio n brood. This in fo rm atio n a g re es w ith Loosjes (1976) who re p o rte d th a t
m ost dam age to onion p lants o ccu rred during f ir s t g e n e ra tio n la rv a l a tta c k . High
f ir s t g e n e ra tio n d am age is probably a re s u lt of fre q u e n t m ig ratio n by OM la rv a e
in th e sprin g when onion p la n t volum e is less.

L a te r in th e season, when onion

bulb volum e is g re a te r, OM la rv a l m ig ratio n is less freq u e n t and as a re su lt less
onion plant dam age occurs.
T hirty onions from each p lo t du rin g b o th y ears w ere random ly s e le c te d fo r
th e purpose o f d eterm in in g th e a v e ra g e le n g th o f tim e an onion rem ain ed in th e
field follow ing in itia l dam age. Since th e co ndition o f e ac h onion was reco rd ed a t
e ac h m o n ito rin g d a te , and b ecau se m issing onions could be d e term in e d , th e
a v e ra g e resid en cy tim e o f a dam aged onion could be c a lc u la te d by com paring
subsequent re c o rd in g periods. F o r m ost onions th a t w ere a tta c k e d , th e condition
changed from h e alth y to dam aged to dead and, fin ally , to m issing. E arly in th e
season, onions re c o rd e d as h e a lth y one w eek w ere found to be m issing th e n e x t,
th is in d ic a te d th a t th e resid en cy tim e o f th e dam aged onion was less th a n or
equal to a w eek. L e a st-sq u a re s re g re ssio n analysis of th e lo g a rith m (base 10) o f
d eg ree-d ay period of in itia l d am ag e versus th e le n g th o f tim e a d am ag ed onion
was s till p re sen t re v e ale d a lin e a r re la tio n sh ip (F igure 36) .O n io n s d am ag ed la te r
in th e season rem ain ed in th e fie ld as dam aged onions m uch lo n g er th an seedling
onions dam aged e a rly in th e seaso n . This would be e x p ec te d , sin ce th e volum e o f
a seedling onion is less and d eh y d ratio n and s o ft ro t would be e x p e c te d to d estro y
th e onion quickly. An onion dam ag ed d u ring th e seco n d g e n e ra tio n (g re a te r th an
900 d egree-days) would th e re fo re be e x p e c te d to rem ain in th e fie ld lo n g er th an
300 d e g re e-d a y s o r tw o w eeks. In m o st c ase s, onions d am ag ed during th e second
g e n e ra tio n would rem ain in th e fie ld up to h a rv e st.

UJ
&
CL
2T

ID
<NJ

Li.

i—i
QC
UJ

Y=— 961,2+391.8*L0G(X)
*
Ra=.865

° - g >• CL
O
UJ o UJ ID
O'
C!)
UJ
o

300

500

700

900

1100 1300

DEG REE DAY O F INITIAL DAMAGE
Figure 36.

Relationship between degree day of initial OM damage and the degree day period that a
damaged onion remains visible in the field.

145

To in v e stig a te th e sp a tia l d istrib u tio n of d am ag e to onions by th e OM, th e
p lo ts o f onions th a t w ere m apped in 1978 and 1979 w ere an aly zed .

A c o m p u te r

program was used to an aly ze th e d istrib u tio n o f re s p e c tiv e c lasses of onions
using q u a d ra t sam pling tech n iq u es.
1979)

The ''sam p le" c o m p u te r program (D im off

allow s th e user to s e le c t any num ber or siz e o f q u a d ra ts. Sam ple density

and d e sc rip tiv e s ta tis tic s a re provided fo r sam p les ta k en from an x, y c o o rd in a te
file o f th e study organism .

S ta tis tic s provided by th e program include th e

v a ria n ce to m ean ra tio and M orisita's index. T hese indices w ere s e le c te d for use
in sp a tia l p a tte rn analysis b ecau se th e y a re w ell known and com m only used by
biologists. V ariance to m ean r a t i o ^ is equal to :

E (x .

1 = Lrk .
x
(a fte r E llio tt 1977).

- x )2

2

______

4

(n -1 )

x

This index o f d ispersion can be te s te d fo r sig n ific a n t
2

d e p a rtu re s from unity by re fe re n c e to a ta b le o f X (chi-squared) values w here:

9

if th e X

value is less th an e x p ec te d , a re g u la r d istrib u tio n is su sp ected ; if

g r e a te r th an e x p e c te d , a contag io u s d istrib u tio n is su sp e c ted .

M orisita's index

(M orisita 1959) was c a lc u la te d by:
n
2
t

-

6

_
( x .)

-

i=l

n
( E
i=l

n
E
i=l

_
x •) 1

n
E
i=l

x.
1

x.
1

D e p a rtu re s from random ness are judged sig n ific a n t (P < .05) when:
n
= I A( E x . - l )
a ' n" 1
6 i= i
a-

x2

+ n -

n
E x.
i= i
1

146
o
a re ou tsid e 5% sig n ific a n ce le v els fo r X (E llio tt 1977).
E ach p lo t o f x,y onion p la n t c o o rd in a te s was sam p led by fixing th e x sam ple
c o o rd in a te fo r a p a rtic u la r row and random ly s e le c tin g th e y c o o rd in a te . In this
w ay, sam pling was c o n d u cted random ly down e a c h onion row (Figure 37A).
C o o rd in a te s o f d iffe re n t s tr a ta o f d am ag ed onions fo r sam pling purposes w ere
s e le c te d by sp ecify in g th e onion co n d itio n d esired .

T he w idth o f th e q u a d ra t

s e le c te d was fix e d a t 8 inches (20 cm ) and q u a d ra t len g th s o f 6, 12, 24, and 48
inches (15, 30.5, 61 and 122 cm ) w ere s e le c te d fo r e a c h sam p le run. F ive, te n and
fif te e n q u a d ra ts o f e ac h s iz e w ere sam pled fro m e ac h plot fo r both y ears.
A sum m ary of th e s p a tia l p a tte rn an aly sis is p re s e n te d fo r plot 1 in 1978 and
1979 (Table 17).

F or bo th p lo ts sig n ific a n t d e p a rtu re from random ness (tending

to w ard s contagious) was re v e a le d by I and lg (M o risita’s index) fo r d a te s l a te r in
th e season.

E arly in th e 1978 season (June 15), only th e 24" (61 cm ) and 18" (122

cm) sam p le size could be e v alu a te d ; a random s p a tia l d istrib u tio n fo r p la n t
dam ag e fo r this d a te was in d ic a ted .

In 1979, p lo t 1 w as no t tr e a te d w ith a

g ra n u la r in se c tic id e and dam ag e o c c u rre d m uch e a r lie r in th is plot o v er th e
previous y e a r.

A random d istrib u tio n o f p lan t d am ag e w as re v e ale d fo r m ost

q u a d ra t sizes fo r th e f ir s t tw o d a te s d u ring th is y e ar.
v a ria n c e

to

m ean

r a tio

and

M o risita’s

index

in d ic a te d

d istrib u tio n fo r all p lo ts, d a te s, and sam p le sizes,
d iffe re n c e s

b e tw ee n

q u a d ra t

s iz e

In m ost in sta n ce s, th e
th e

sam e

sp a tia l

T h e re w ere little to no

and n um ber fo r d e te rm in in g sig n ific a n t

d e p a rtu re from a random s p a tia l d istrib u tio n o f d am ag ed p la n ts.

In so m e c ase s,

a q u a d ra t le n g th o f 6" (15 cm ) fa ile d to sam p le any individuals, and in d ices could
n o t be c a lc u la te d .
S everal

a u th o rs

have

d iscussed

th e

p roblem s

of

using q u a d ra ts

fo r

147

Figure 37A.

Use of the Sample program for selection of quad­
rats of OM plant damage in onion mapping plots.

Figure 37B.

Graphical representation of method used to obtain
nearest neighbor measurements NORP and NN for
calculation of Batcheler's Ratio B.

Figure 37C.

Graphical representation of method used to obtain
nearest neighbor measurements r^ for calculation
of Clark and Evans' dispersion statistic.

r ONIONCOORDINATE (ml
T O X 10* C 0 0 * 0 #«A T£ I n )

0

i

*

46

BO

135

1BO

3J S

2 TO

3 19

3«0

C

/

u

t
C
a
o
2>

/

rO
>

a

l

148

I ONION
COORDINATE

tm>

* O n i o n COORDINATE t " >

0

*

0 -+ -

/

/
Q

Table 17. Spatial distribution of OM plant damage determined from use of variance mean ratio (I) and
Horisita's index (Ifi) for various quadrant dimensions, sample size and dates in 1978-1979.

I
Plot
1-Dyfonate

1-no Dyfonate

r-random
c-contagious

Date

No. of
Onions

06/15/78
06/22/78
06/29/78
07/05/78
07/11/78
07/17/78

4
181
218
260
301
403

05/30/79
06/06/79
06/13/79
06/20/79
07/04/79
07/17/79

34
83
235
516
722
767

I

s

■

8x 12

8x24

8x48

c
c
c
r
c

c
r
c
c
r

c
c
c
c
c
c

r
c
c
c
c
c

_

r
r
c
c
c
r

r
r
c
c
c
c

r
c
c
c
c
c

8x 6

c
c
c
c
r

8x 6

8x 12

8x24

8x48

c
c
c
r
c

c
r
c
c
c

c
c
c
c
c
c

r
c
c
c
c
c

_

r
c
c
c
c
r

r
r
c
c
c
r

r
c
c
c
c
c

__

c
c
c
c
c

150

e v alu a tio n of s p a tia l p a tte rn s o f organism s (E llio tt 1977, Pielou 1977, L am p ert
1980), If th e q u a d ra t s iz e is to o la rg e or to o sm all in re la tio n to th e siz e o f th e
clum ps o f individuals, th e sp a tia l p a tte r n m ay be in c o rre c tly d e term in e d .

As

q u a d ra t s iz e in c re a se s, th e m ean and v a ria n c e will also usually in c re ase , and
indices o f dispersion a re , to som e e x te n t, alw ays a ffe c te d .

To ov erco m e th e se

problem s, n e a re st-n e ig h b o r te ch n iq u es have been developed to te s t fo r d e p a rtu re
from random ness for sp a tia l p a tte rn s o f s ta tio n a ry organism s. These tech n iq u es
have been used e x ten siv e ly for m easu rin g th e s p a tia l d istrib u tio n o f p la n ts
(G reig-S m ith, 1957).
Two c o m p u ter program s w ere used to ta k e n e a re st-n e ig h b o r m easu rem en ts
of onion p la n t dam age in individual rows o f e ac h m apping p lo t (A ppendix G). One
m ethod (C lark and Evans 1954) finds th e n e a re st neighbor (onion plant) to a point
previously se le c te d .

The d ista n ce from a n e a re s t neighbor to th e organism is

th en m easured such th a t:
R = r A/ r E
w here: r ^ = m ean d ista n ce of th e n e a re s t neighbor
to a random ly s e le c te d individual, and
r ^ = onion d ista n ce from random individuals to th e ir n e a re s t neighbor
if th e population w ere d istrib u te d a t random
[1 /(2 /p ), p=population density].
This index is judged sig n ific a n tly d iffe re n t from random when:
C = ^r A " r E^ ^ SI*E
is g re a te r than 1.96 (P < .05)
w here:
N = num ber of d ista n ce s m easured

151

sr^, = s ta n d a rd e rro r o f r ^ c a lc u la te d by ,26136/[Np
(p = population density)
The second m ethod involved th e use o f B atch e lo r's B index {B atchelor 1971)
as m odified by L a m p e rt (1980). This m ethod also f ir s t re q u ire s a random point to
be s e le c te d ; th e d ista n c e from
re c o rd e d .

this random p o in t to a n e a re st-n e ig h b o r is

This value is sq u ared and divided by th e sq u are d ista n ce from a

random individual to th e n e a re s t individual such th a t:
n _ NORP
_ _ nn“

b

w here: NORP = th e m ean sq u ared n e a re st-n e ig h b o r d ista n c e
to a random p o int, and
NN - th e m ean squared n e a re s t neighbor d ista n c e to a random individual.
S ignificant d e p a rtu re from random ness is in d ic a te d when B' is g re a te r th an
F w ith 2

and 2
NORP

d e g re es of freed o m (M oore 1954).
NN

Individual row s w ithin each p lo t w ere sam p led by th e se tw o m ethods r a th e r
th an a com posite plot of five row s (F igure 37B-C). This p ro ced u re insured th a t
row e f f e c ts w ere m inim ized. D am aged onions w ithin th e row w ere s e le c te d fo r
sam p le runs by f ir s t sp ecify in g th e onion condition d esired . T h irty , fifty , and one
hundred m e asu re m e n ts w ere ta k e n for s e le c te d row s.
P earson's b iv a ria te c o rre la tio n analysis (SPSS-Nie e t al. 1975) was used to
te s t fo r sig n ific a n t c o rre la tio n b etw ee n onion p la n t d en sity and th e index being
m easured.

No sig n ific a n t c o rre la tio n s w ere in d ic a te d fo r e ith e r index (T able 18).

L ack o f c o rre la tio n b e tw ee n population d en sity and index o f dispersion fo r all
sam p le size s is d esirab le since an index o f d isp ersio n should no t be in flu en ced by
v a ria tio n in sam ple size , num ber o f sam ples, sam p le m ean, and to ta l num bers in

152

Table 18.
Pearson's correlation coefficient of Batcheler's ratio (B1)
and Clark and Evans statistic (R) with density for different sam­
ple sizes.

R

B'
sample size
coefficient r
OS

100

50

30
.009
.487

.264
. 1 1 1

30
.257
.115

100

50

.1 1 2
.312

.310
.194

.213
.185

153

th e sam p le (E llio tt 1977).

A su m m ary o f th e sp a tia l p a tte rn d escrib ed by th e se

indices is given fo r tw o re p re s e n ta tiv e row s in 1978 and 1979 in T ab le 19. In 1978,
no onion p la n t dam age had o ccu rred w ithin th e row by th e f ir s t sam ple d a te and
th e s p a tia l p a tte rn could not be d escrib ed .

In 1979, how ever, no sig n ific a n t

d e p a rtu re from a random d istrib u tio n was in d ic a te d e a rly in th e seaso n by both
indices.

F o r both y e ars,

sig n ific a n t d e p a rtu re

from

random ness (tow ards

contagious) was in d ic a te d la te r in th e season.
C a rru th e rs (1979) re p o rte d th a t v a ria b ility in his re s u lts on s p a tia l p a tte rn s
of onion p la n t dam age may have been due to p esticid e -in d u c e d m o rta lity .

He

su g g ested th a t in itia l oviposition and re s u lta n t d am ag e quickly evolved from a
random d istrib u tio n to an a g g re g a te d d istrib u tio n in p e s tic id e -tre a te d field s
becau se o f higher surv iv al ra te s in a re a s w here th e p e stic id e was in e ffe c tiv e . To
te s t this hypothesis, q u a d ra t and n e a re st-n e ig h b o r sam p les w ere ta k en on onion
row s in a D y fo n a te - and n o n -D y fo n a te -tre a te d p lo t in 1979.

M o risita's index of

dispersion was c a lc u la te d fo r sam p les of dam ag ed p lan ts by ta k in g te n q u a d ra ts
of 8" (20 cm) by 24" (61 cm ) fo r e ac h d a te . B atch e lo r's ra tio , B \ wfas c a lc u la te d
fo r d ista n ce m e asu re m e n ts o f d am ag ed onion p lan ts by ta k in g 100 sam p les from
eac h row of e ac h plot.

Index values fo r e a c h sam p le m ethod w ere p lo tte d

ag ain st sam ple d a te fo r bo th a re a s (F igure 38).

F o r b o th indices, a value of

g r e a te r th an one in d ic a te d sig n ific a n t d e p a rtu re from random ness.

The s p a tia l

p a tte r n of dam aged onion p lan ts in th e D y fo n a te -tre a te d a re a s ten d ed to w ard s a
co n tag io u s d istrib u tio n a w eek e a rlie r th a n dam aged p la n ts in th e n o n -D y fo n ate
a re a .

F or b oth a re a s, indices d e c re a se d la te r in th e seaso n , ap p ro ach in g a

random d istrib u tio n .
C hanges in th e density o f a p o p u latio n o fte n lead to changes in th e sp a tia l

154

Table 19.
Spatial distribution of OM plant damage determined from use
of Batcheler’s ratio (B1) and Clark and Evans Statistic (R) for
various sample sizes and dates in 1978-1979.

Row

Plot 1-Row 2

Plot 1-Row 2

r-random.
c-contagious

Date

No. of
Onions

B*

R

30

50

100

. 30

50

100

c
c
c
c
c

c
c
c
c
c

c
c
c
c
c

c
c
c
c
c

c
c
c
c
c

r
r
c
c
c
c

r
r
c
c
c
c

r
r
c
c
c
c

r
c
c
c
c
c

r
r
c
c
c
c

0

06/15/78
06/22/78
06/29/78
07/05/78
07/11/78
07/17/78

101
120

c
c
c
c
c

05/30/79
06/06/79
06/13/79
06/20/79
07/04/79
07/17/79

5
9
41
114
155
166

r
r
c
c
c
c

39
76
95

MORISITA'S

INDEX

155

oo

CM

140

ISO

160

170

190

200

210

220

150

160

190
170
180
J ULI AN DATE

200

210

220

180

CM -

BATCHELOR'S

RATIO

CD - i

*

140
Figure

38A. Morisita’s index of dispersion for quadrat samples of OM
plant damage in a Dyfonate and no-Dyfonate plot during
the 1979 growing season (*--- distribution is contagious
above this line).

Figure

38B. Batchelor*s ratio of dispersion for nearest neighbor samp­
ling of 0M plant damage in a Dyfonate and no-Dyfonate plot
during the 1979 growing season {*
distribution is con­
tagious above this line).

156

d istrib u tio n .

When a population is sp arse , th e d istrib u tio n o fte n fits a random

p a tte rn , sin ce few individuals o c c u r in a sam p le unit (Southw ood 1978).

The

s p a tia l d istrib u tio n o f populations o f o rg an ism s have o fte n been re p o rte d to
in itia lly a p p ea r random w hen low d e n sitie s a re p re s e n t and la te r to d e p a rt from
random ness as th e den sity in c re a se s (Finney 1941, D avis and W adley 1949, Iwao
1956, H a rc o u rt 1961). This situ a tio n m ay also be tru e fo r onion p lan t d am ag e.

A

random d istrib u tio n was d escrib ed e arly in th e season w hen in itia l p la n t dam age
was low; th e s p a tia l p a tte rn sig n ific a n tly d e p a rte d from random la te r in th e
season as dam age in creased .
C a rru th e rs (1979) re p o rte d sim ila r re s u lts when co m p arin g th e s p a tia l
d istrib u tio n o f in itia l c e n te rs o f onion p la n t d am ag e to th e s p a tia l d istrib u tio n of
dam aged onion p lan ts la te r in th e season. He re p o rte d th a t in itia l p la n t dam age
fit a random

d istrib u tio n , b u t as tim e

p ro g ressed

m ore

h ig h ly -ag g reg ated

p a tte rn s o f dam age b e ca m e a p p a re n t. The highly a g g re g a te d p a tte rn la te r in th e
season is due to a d u lts p re fe rrin g to oviposit on p rev io u sly -d am ag ed onions, such
th a t c e n te rs of d am ag e gradually in c re a se w ith tim e . As th e d en sity of dam aged
p lan ts in c re a se s, th e d istrib u tio n may ten d to w ard Poisson ag ain .

This m ay be

due to clum ps o f dam age in c re asin g la te in th e season such th a t th e a re a s of
th e se clum ps begin to approach e a c h o th e r.

G.

E f fe c t of V olunteer Onions on th e S p atial D istrib u tio n
of Onion P la n t D am age
Since tw o o f th e "m apping" p lo ts of onions w ere s itu a te d o v er a re a s of

v o lu n te e r onions, th e e f f e c t of th e se v o lu n te e r onions on th e s p a tia l d istrib u tio n
o f onion p la n t dam age could be e v alu a te d . The x,y c o o rd in a te o f e ac h v o lu n teer

157

onion was p lo tte d along w ith th e c o o rd in a te s of each dam aged onion in th e plot.
This p ro c e d u re was p e rfo rm ed fo r e a c h sam p le d a te and p lo t in 1979.

A

re p re s e n ta tiv e p lo t (plot 3) is an ex am p le o f w here th e lo c a tio n o f e ac h v o lu n teer
onion and a il d am aged or m issing onions a re p lo tte d fo r e a c h m o n ito rin g d a te
(F igure 39).

It is obvious from visual e x am in atio n th a t onion p la n t dam age

o c cu rred m ore o fte n w here v o lu n te e r onions w ere p re se n t.

This was also th e

c a se fo r plots 1 and 2 w hich w ere lo c a te d in th e n o n -D y fo n a te -tre a te d a re a of
th e re s e a rc h field . In itial p la n t d am ag e p rim arily o c c u rre d in th e v icin ity of th e
v o lu n te e r onions, and continued m o n ito rin g in d ic a te d th a t th e se a re a s of dam age
in c re ase d in size thro u g h th e seaso n .

P lo t 4 on th e D y fo n a te -tre a te d side o f th e

re s e a rc h fie ld had no v o lu n teers p re s e n t. Up to 2596 less OM dam age o c cu rred in
th is plo t when c o m p ared to th e d am ag e on th e sam e side o f th e fie ld in p lo t 3.
In 1979, by random ly s e le c tin g po in ts in th e field and m easu rin g the
d ista n ce s from th e se points to v o lu n te e r or dam ag ed onions, s e v e ra l s e ts o f
d ista n c e m e asu re m e n ts w ere ta k en in th e re s e a rc h field. All m e asu re m e n ts w ere
an aly zed fo r possible use in d e te rm in in g a te s t s ta tis tic for q u an tify in g th e
re la tio n sh ip o f th e p resen ce o f v o lu n te e r onions and OM p la n t dam age (D im off
1980, unpublished). A te s t s ta tis tic , "P" was a rriv e d a t w here:
P-D-A
D+A
w here D = d ista n c e from a random point to th e n e a re s t dam aged onion, and
A = d ista n ce from n e a re s t v o lu n te e r (to th e random point)
to n e a re s t dam aged onion.
The value of P m ust lie b etw een -1 and 1, w here:
P < 0 in d ic a te s th a t th e A d ista n c e is g re a te r th an th a t of th e D d ista n ce ,

158

Figure 39.

Graphical representation of progression of OM plant
damage in plot 3 in 1979.
Location of individual
damaged onions (+) and volunteer onion plants (•)
are presented.
(A-June 6 , B-June 13, G-June 20,
D-July 17, E-August 1, F-August 16).

159

I
E

I
Ih

9
r

I
i*

i

e

1

I

■

160

3

i

! ••

*

-

} 9

1 .*
3 si

*: i
•t ♦

*

I

,

li:
*

i

*i

»

41

M

111

Ilt

111

I *it

I**

111

«M

161

and th e re is less p ro b ab ility o f onions close to v o lu n teers being dam aged.
P = 0 A D istance is equal to D d ista n ce and no e f f e c t by v o lu n teers may be
assum ed.
P > 0 A d ista n ce is less th an D d ista n ce , and th e re is a g re a te r p ro b ab ility
o f an onion close to a v o lu n te e r being dam aged.
T rad itio n al m ethods o f handling d ista n c e m e asu re m e n ts re q u ire th a t th e
d istrib u tio n o f th e v a ria te s be d e term in e d (Pielou 1977).

Any c o rre la tio n o r

in te rd e p en d e n c e betw een th e v a ria te s also m ust be m easu red and a c c o u n te d fo r
if sta n d a rd p a ra m e tric s ta tis tic s a re to be used.
To te s t fo r independence b e tw ee n d ista n ce s A and D, s e v e ra l te s ts a re
a v ailab le . E ach te s t has d iffe re n t assum ptions and tech n iq u es for d e te rm in a tio n
o f independence.

P earson's p ro d u ct-rn o m en t c o rre la tio n te s t (S teele and T o rrie

1960), K endall's ra n k -o rd e r c o rre la tio n te s t (H ollander and Wolfe 1973), and
Spearm an's ra n k -o rd e r c o rre la tio n te s t (H ajek 1S69) w ere used to d e te rm in e
c o rre la tio n c o e ffic ie n ts for th e th re e s e ts o f m e asu re m e n ts ta k en in th e re s e a rc h
field in 1979 (Table 20). A and D w ere shown to be in d ep en d en t d ista n ce v a ria te s
by all th re e independence te sts.
Both A and D d ista n ce s fo r th re e s e ts of m e asu re m e n ts w ere p lo tte d as a
cu m u lativ e density and resem b led a n e g a tiv e binom ial d istrib u tio n , w hereas th e
P s ta tis tic was found to be close to a norm al d istrib u tio n (F igure 40).

A

K olm ogorov-Sm irnov te s t re v e a le d no sig n ific a n t d e p a rtu re from th e n e g ativ e
binom ial d istrib u tio n fo r b oth A and D v a ria te s or from th e norm al d istrib u tio n
fo r th e P s ta tis tic (Table 21).
The usefulness of P, fo r te s tin g ag ain st som e p re d e te rm in e d value o f P or
for te stin g betw een plots of d iffe re n t d e n sities o f v o lu n teer onions, req u ires th a t

162

Table 20.
Independence test statistics of distance measurements A and
D for two densities of volunteer onions in a Dyfonate-treated
field and for one density of volunteer onions in a non-dyfonate
field.
Plot
(No. Volunteers)

Pearson1s Corr.
Coefficient

Kendall1s
Tau

Dyfonate
(low density)

-.117
<*=.327

.076
<*=.179

Non-dyfonate
(low density)

-.155
<*=.193

-.0 0 1

Non-dyfonate
(high density)

-.079
<*=.548

-.058
<*=.35

Spearman’s
Rho
.119

-.048

<*=.983
-.062

163

Figure 40.

Cumulative density of the distance measurements
A and D and test statistic P for 60 samples in a
Dyfonate-treated area.

CUMJLflTlVE DE N S I T Y
0 .0

0 -2

0.4

0.6

0.6

! .0

_P

o - t --------------------------- 1----------------------------1--------------------------- 1----------------------------1----------------------------■

0.2

■

0.2

1.0

o.e

o

sz

MEASUREMENT

164

DI STANCE

o

—*

A I ml

o
1
tiw

165

Table 21 . Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test statistic and distribution of dis­
tance measurements A and D and the test statistic P for three vol­
unteer onion conditions.

Kolmogorov-Smirnoff Statistic

Varlate

N

Dyfonate
(low)

No Dyfonate
(low)

No Dyfonate
(high)

Distribution

A1

60

.115

.054

.034

Negative binomial

D1

60

.128

.086

.064

Negative binomial

P2

60

.104

.145

.107

Normal

*Ho: fits negative binomial

2Ho: fits normal

166

ro b u stn ess, a c c u ra c y , and p recisio n be d e te rm in e d and e v alu a te d .

C onfidence

lim its and sig n ifican ce te s ts fo r th is s ta tis tic a re p re sen tly being developed
(D im off 1980, unpublished).
In 1980, a c o m p u te r program was developed fo r d e te rm in in g values of P fo r
onion p lots th a t co n tain ed d iffe re n t num bers o f v o lu n teers (A ppendix G).

The

program s e le c ts a random p o in t w ithin an onion row and m easu res th e d ista n ce A
and D (previously described) to d e te rm in e a value o f P fo r th e sam p le.

Any

num ber o f sam ples may be chosen, and a m ean value o f P is re tu rn e d , along w ith
th e num ber o f onions p re se n t and v o lu n te e r onion d ensity.
Sam ple runs w ere m ade fo r th re e d iffe re n t sam ple size s (20, 60, and 100
d ista n c e m easu rem en ts).

V alues o f P w ere d e term in e d

for five v o lu n te e r

conditions which included d iffe rin g num bers o f single v o lu n teers (2,5) and
a g g re g a te s o f v o lu n teers (1 o f 3 and 2 o f 3) p e r p lo t.

C heck p lo ts w ere sam pled

by random ly d e te rm in in g a v o lu n teer lo c a tio n fo r th e d ista n ce m e asu re m e n t A.
V alues o f P and th e v a ria n ce (th re e re p lic a tio n s) a sso c ia te d w ith it a re p resen ted
(T able 22).
A value of P close to z ero was re tu rn e d fo r all check plots exam ined. This
would be e x p ec te d , w here th e v o lu n teer onion lo c a tio n is picked a t random and
e sse n tially a c ts as a n o th er random point.

Values o f P close to z e ro w ere also

re tu rn e d fo r all plo t conditions and sam ple size s when th e clo sest (first) dam aged
onion to th e random point and v o lu n teers w ere s e le c te d . On firs t ex am in atio n , a
value o f P close to zero for th e n e a re s t s e le c te d dam aged onion may no t have
been e x p ec te d , if p resen ce o f v o lu n te e r onions was assum ed to a f f e c t th e sp a tia l
d istrib u tio n o f OM dam age.

Onion p la n t d am ag e in th e se p lo ts, how ever, was

m onitored la te during th e firs t g e n e ra tio n o f OM la rv a l a tta c k and co nsiderable

Table 22.
Summary of P values for 20, 60 and 100 samples of the Nth nearest onion in plots of single
and aggregates of volunteer onions.
(1st line = value of P; 2nd line = Cl (.95))

Number o f Sam ples
20

60

Nth Onion
No. V o lu n te e rs

1

5

100

Ncli Onion

10

20

25

35

50

.01

.0 2

.0 1

.0 4

.01

.0 2

- .0 3

.026

.0 2

.0 2

.0 2

.0 2

.0 2

.0 2

.04

.14

.4 0

.34

.1 9

.14

.0 2

.0 8

.04

.08

.0 6

-.1 1 7

.1 8

.2 9

.1 6

.02

.0 6

.0 2

.02

.37

.0 2

10

20

- .0 1

.0 1

.0 9

.0 2

. .0 2

.0 2

.0 2

.0 2

.0 5

- .0 6

.2 9

.4 1

.3 1

.1 0

.0 2

.02

.0 2

.0 2

.1 2

.0 6

.0 9

- .1 4

.2 1

.04

.04

.02

.0 2

.0 2

.4 9

.57

.5 2

.37

.1 2

.0 8

.1 0

.1 0

.1 0

.12

- .0 9

.3 0

.4 3

.42

.2 9

.0 2

.02

.04

.02

.0 6

- .1 1

1

1

Nth Onion
25

35

50

1

5

10

20

25

.0 1

- .2 7

- .1 4

.02

.10

.05

- .0 5

.04

.0 2

.0 2

.0B

.0 8

.02

.04

.02

.0 2

.02

.2 0

.13

.0 3

- .0 8

.3 0

.4 0

.31

.18

.1 2

.03

.08

.1 0

.1 2

.0 2

.02

.0 2

.02

.0 8

.06

.0 2

.02

.27

.2 0

.1 0

.05

.0 3

- .1 2

.2 0

.29

.18

.11

.05

.04

.0 2

.0 2

.1 0

.0 2

.02

.0 2

.0 2

.02

.02

.0 2

.02

.02

.0 2

- .0 9

.3 6

.5 0

.5 3

.4 5

.36

.1 2

- .0 3

.3 1

.49

.54

.46

.36

.1 2

.0 2

.02

.0 6

.0 8

.1 0

.1 2

.08

.0 2

.0 2

.02

.06

.OB

.10

.08

.0 2

.14

.0 5

- .0 5 9

.3 2

.4 2

.39

.3 0

.1 6

.0 5

- .0 7

.32

.42

.4 0

.31

.15

.05

.02

.0 2

.0 2

.02

.04

.02

.04

.04

.0 2

.0 2

,0 2

.02

.0 2

.02

.02

.02

- .0 4 - .0 2

35

50

Check

5 -S in g le

1-A ggregate

2 -A g g reg ate

167

2 -S ln g le

168

dam ag e had o c c u rre d in all p lo ts.

A g g reg ates o f onion p la n t dam age around

a re a s o f v o lu n te e r onions w ere found to be p re se n t, b u t d am ag e was also ev id en t
in a re a s w here v o lu n teers w ere no t p re se n t.

By s e le c tin g only th e c lo sest

dam aged onion to a random point o r v o lu n te e r, it is now u n d e rstan d a b le th a t th e
tw o d ista n ce s would be sim ilar due to th e high d en sity of d am ag ed onions p re se n t
th ro ughout th e p lo t. To o v erco m e th is problem , a value o f P was d e te rm in e d fo r
11.

m e asu re m e n ts o f th e n

n e a re s t onion w here:

D + A
n
n
1 L

fo r th e n

n e a re st neighbor.

The c o m p u te r program was ad ju sted to allow th e

XL

user to s e le c t th e n

n e a re s t onion fo r all sam ple runs.

Values o f Pn w ere

d e te rm in e d fo r n being equal to 5, 10, 20, 25, 35, and 50 (Table 22).

By

in c re asin g th e value of th e n ^ dam ag ed onion s e le c te d , we e ffe c tiv e ly s e le c te d
XL

for only a g g re g a te s o f dam age. The higher value o f P o b tain ed as th e n

onion

was in c re ase d from 1 to 20 (single v o lu n teers) or from 1 to 25 (a g g reg ates)
co n firm s th a t a g g re g a te s of OM p la n t d am ag e o c c u rre d in th e v icin ity of
v o lu n teer onion p la n ts.
The value of P in creased and th en d e crea se d as th e n e a re s t onion d ista n ce
was in c re ase d fo r all sam ple runs and plots.

F o r p lo ts o f single v o lu n teers th e
i. L .

value of P re a c h e d a m axim um when th e 20

n e a re s t onion d ista n ce was

s e le c te d . For a g g re g a te plots, m axim um value o f P was re a c h e d a t th e 20

th

or

XL

25

n e a re s t onion d ista n c e . A higher m axim um v alu e o f P was o b tain ed fo r th e

a g g re g a te p lots, and th e value d e c re a se d slig h tly as th e num ber o f a g g re g a te s
w as in c re a se d from one to tw o p er p lo t.

Sim ilarly, th e m axim um value o f P

d e c re a se d as single v o lu n te e rs w ere in c re ase d from tw o to five v o lu n teers per

169

plot.
To te s t fo r sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s b e tw ee n p lo t co n d itio n s and th e n**1
n e a re s t onion s e le c te d , a tw o way analysis o f v a ria n c e was p e rfo rm ed .

F o r all

p lo t co n d itio n s, sam ple s iz e had l i ttl e e f f e c t on th e v alu e o f P, so all sam ple
siz e s w ere pooled b e fo re analysis. A nalysis o f v a ria n c e re s u lts w ere ex am in ed as
a tw o way analysis o f m ultip le o b serv atio n s p e r plot to a c c o u n t fo r m u ltip le
sam p les from e ac h plot exam ined (S tee l and T o rrie 1960).

H ypothesis te stin g

re v e a le d sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s am ong p lo ts and th e n ^ n e a re s t onion s e le c te d
(T able 23).
v a ria n ce
condition,

To te s t fo r w here d iffe re n c e s o ccu rred , a one-w ay an aly sis of

w as p e rfo rm ed for th e nth n e a re s t onion s e le c tio n fo r each plot
D uncan's m ultiple ran g e te s t re s u lts re v e a le d no sig n ific a n t d iffe r­

en ces betw een n tfl n e a re s t onion s e le c tio n fo r ch eck p lo ts o f no v o lu n teers, but
sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s w ere d e te rm in e d fo r all o th e r plots ex am ined (Table 24).
i j .

A sig n ific a n t m axim um value o f P was o b ta in e d fo r th e 10
onion s e le c te d fo r a ll p lo ts exam ined.

or 20

n e a re s t

From th is in fo rm atio n , it a p p ea rs th a t
it.

d is ta n c e m e asu re m e n ts of th e 10

to 20

onion m ay be b e st for d e te rm in in g a

m axim um P value fo r p lo ts o f d iffe re n t v o lu n te e r d e n sities.
1 L

The 10

i l .

and 20

n e a re s t onion d ista n c e s w ere s e le c te d to d e te rm in e

sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s b etw ee n p lo ts fo r valu es o f P.

O ne-w ay analysis of
1 L

v a ria n c e and su bsequent m u ltip le ran g e te s tin g fo r th e 10

n e a re s t onion

re v e a le d th a t plots o f a single a g g re g a te o f v o lu n te e r onions had a sig n ific a n tly
g re a te r m axim um P value ov er all o th e r p lo ts (Table 25). The m axim um P value
fo r tw o sin g le -v o lu n te ers was th e n ex t h ig h est and was equal to th a t o f th e tw o
a g g re g a te -v o lu n te e r plots.

A sig n ific a n t group w as re v e a le d fo r th e fiv e sin g le­

v o lu n te e r p lo ts w hich was less th a n th e tw o single v o lu n te e r p lo ts.

P lo ts o f no

170

Table 23 . Two-way analysis of variance for values of P for plots of
different densities of volunteer onions and different Nth onion
selected.

Source of Variation

DF

Sura of Squares

Main effect

10

3.48

0.35

175***

Plot

4

2 .0 0

0.50

250***

Nth Onion

6

1.48

0.25

125***

2-way Interaction

24

0.95

0.04

20 ***

Explained

34

4.43

0.13

65***

Residual

280

0.76

0 .0 0 2

To tal

314

5.19

0 .0 2

***(p<. 001 )

Mean Square

F

171

Table 24a,
One-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range
test for values of P for the Nth nearest onion in plots containing
one single volunteer onion.

Variable

DF

Nth Onion
Residual
Total

56
62

6

Sum of Squares

Mean Square

F

1.43
0.48
1.91

.24
.008

27.6***

***(p<. 0 0 1 )

Group

Nth Onion

p*

1
2

1

3
4
5

10
20

-.05a
.28cd
.41e
.3 2d
.20 bc
.14b
,02 a

6
7

5

25
35
50

*means followed by the same letter are not significantly different
(«=.05)

172

Table 24b, One-way analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range
test for values of P for the Nth nearest onion in plots containing
two single volunteer onions.

Variable

DF

Nth Onion
Residual
Total

56
62

6

Sum of Squares

Mean Square
.16

.99
.09
1.08

F
104.9***

.0 0 2

***(p<. 00 1 )

Group

Nth Onion

1
2

1

3
4
5

10
20

6
7

5

25
35
50

p*

-.13a
.19d
.28e
,18d
.12 c
.05b
,03b

*means followed by the same letter are not significantly different
(“=.05)

173

Table 24c.
One-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range
test for values of P for the Nth nearest onion in plots containing
one aggregate of three volunteer onions.

Variable

DF

Nth Onion
Residual
Total

56
62

6

Sura of Squares
2.73
0.71
3.44

F

Mean Square

35,9***

***(p<. 0 0 1 )

Group

Nth Onion

p*

1
2

1

3
4
5

10
20

-. 02 a
.35c
.50d
.57d
.50d
,36c
.12 b

6
7

5

25
35
50

*means followed by the same letter are not significantly different
(*=.05)

174

Table 24 d.
One-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range
test for values of P for the Nth nearest onion in plots containing
two aggregates of three volunteer onions.

Variable

DF

Nth Onion
Residual
Total

56
62

6

Sum of Squares

Mean Square

1.95
0.15

.33
.003

F
118.3***

2 .1 1

***(p<. 0 0 1 )

Group

Nth Onion

1
2

5

3
4
5

6
7

1
10
20
25
35
50

P*

-,07a
,31d
.42e
.40e
j31d
.15c
,05b

*means followed by the same letter are not significantly different
(«=.05)

175

Table 25. One-way analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range
test for values of P for the 10th nearest onion selected in plots
of different densities of volunteer onions.

Variable

DF

Sum of Squares

Mean Square

F

Plots
Residual
Total

4
40
44

2.49
0.36
2.85

.62
.009

69.4***

***(p<. 0 0 1 )

Group

Plot

1
2

0
2 -single

3
4
5

5-single
1 -aggregate
2 -aggregate

P*
.02 a
.40c
.28b
.50d
.42c

*means followed by the same letter are not significantly different
(«=.05)

176

v o lu n teers had a sig n ific a n tly low er P th an all o th e r p lo ts exam ined. A nalysis of
v a ria n ce and m ultiple range te s tin g fo r th e 2G**1 onion s e le c te d re v e a le d sim ila r
re s u lts, e x c e p t fo r id e n tific a tio n o f a s e p a ra te group fo r tw o sin g le-v o lu n teers
and tw o a g g re g a te -v o lu n te e r p lo ts (Table 26).

From th is in fo rm atio n it ap p ears

th a t a single a g g re g a te of v o lu n te e rs can le a d to th e g re a te s t num ber of onions
being dam aged by OM in th e vicin ity o f th e v o lu n te e rs, when co m p ared to p lo ts
o f single v o lu n teer onions.

F u rth e r com parisons re v e a l th e follow ing o rd er of

m ag nitude for num ber o f dam ag ed onions o c c u rrin g in th e v icin ity o f a v o lu n teer
source: 1 a g g re g a te > 2 a g g re g a te s > 2 sin g le v o lu n teers > 5 sin g le v o lu n teers
(F igure 41).
A d e c re a se in th e value of P as th e num ber o f a g g re g a te or num ber of
single v o lu n teers p e r plot is in c re ase d m ay be due to th e lim ite d size o f th e p lo t.
The OM a d u lt m ay be using bo th visual and o lfa c to ry cu es when responding to th e
p resen ce o f a v o lu n te e r onion.

The e ffe c tiv e ground a re a or a ir sp ace around

e ac h v o lu n teer or a g g re g a te o f v o lu n teers th a t th e OM responds to is not known.
It is h y pothesized th a t as th e d en sity or lo c a tio n o f v o lu n te e rs for a fixed a re a
in c re ase s, d isru p tio n of th e se signals or confusion by th e OM a d u lts ta k e s p lace,
and oviposition does n o t o ccu r only in th e im m e d ia te v icin ity o f v o lu n teer onions.
A sim ilar s itu a tio n has been observed and re p o rte d in in se c t pherom one re se a rc h
w here, in a re a s w here high c o n c e n tra tio n s o f a sex pherom one w ere re le ase d ,
m atin g d isruption o ccu rred .
For all plots w here v o lu n teers w ere p re se n t, th e value o f P d e c re a se d from
1 u

a m axim um value as th e n

n e a re s t onion s e le c te d was fu r th e r in creased .

For

m ost p lo ts, th e value o f P d e c re a se d to a value close to z e ro when th e 35
n e a re s t onion d ista n ce w as s e le c te d .

th

This in fo rm atio n m ay be u seful fo r

177

Table 26. One-way analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range
test for values of P for the 20th nearest onion selected in plots
of different densities of volunteer onions.

Variable

DF

Sum of Squares

Mean Square

Plots
Residual
Total

4
40
44

2.34
0.47
2.81

.0 1 1

.58

F

4 9 ,9***

***(p<. 0 01 )

Group

Plot

1
2

0
2 -single

3
4
5

1 -aggregate
2-aggregate

5-single

P*
.04a
.32b
.18c
.55d
,39e

*means followed by the same letter are not significantly different
(°==. 05)

.54

.13-

178

-.27.

Figure 41.

Graphical representation of the value of P obtained for different densities of volunteer
onions and the Nth nearest onion selected.

179

d e te rm in in g th e size o f th e a g g re g a te s o f OM p la n t d am ag e around v o lu n teer
onion p la n ts. The siz e o f th e se a g g re g a te s m ay in tu rn provide in fo rm atio n ab o u t
th e e ffe c tiv e a re a o f in flu en ce by v o lu n te e r onions.
F o r th is purpose, tw o v o lu n te e r conditions (a g g re g ate v o lu n teers and single
v o lu n teers) w ere s e le c te d fo r fu rth e r sam pling to o b ta in values of P.

The n^*1

n e a re s t onion was in c re m e n ta lly in c re ase d by one fo r a single sam ple size of 60.
P lo ts o f th e value o f P and n ^ n e a re s t onion s e le c te d fo r m e asu re m e n t, re v e ale d
tw o sig n ific a n t values o f P for th e tw o v o lu n te e r co n d itio n s (F igure 42).

It m ay

be assum ed th a t e a c h o f th e se peaks a re due to th e o c c u rre n c e o f an a g g re g a te
o f dam aged p la n ts as we m ove ou t from th e lo c a tio n o f th e v o lu n teer onion.
th is is tru e , th e n

If

n e a re s t onion value fo r th e f ir s t peak would d escrib e th e

m ean clum p siz e fo r an a g g re g a te o f OM dam ag ed p la n ts around th e v o lu n teer
onion.

F u rth e r peaks would d escrib e th e m ean clum p siz e fo r o th e r a g g re g a te s

of O M -dam aged plan ts and th e ir d ista n c e from th e s ite o f th e v o lu n teer onion.
From th e se re s u lts, it a p p ea rs th a t d am ag ed onion p lan ts co n sist o f a g g re g a te
a re a s (w hich a g re e s w ith th e in fo rm atio n alre ad y p re se n te d on th e sp a tia l
d istrib u tio n o f OM p la n t dam age).

M ean clum p siz e fo r th e firs t a g g re g a te

around a single v o lu n te e r onion is ap p ro x im a te ly 34 onions, o r a radius of 32 cm
(15 plan ts p er 30 cm ). T he m ean clum p siz e fo r th e firs t a g g re g a te of OM p lan t
dam age around an a g g re g a te o f v o lu n te e rs is a p p ro x im a te ly 37 onions, o r a radius
o f 35 cm .

From th is in fo rm atio n , it ap p ears th a t th e a re a o f d am ag e around an

a g g re g a te o f v o lu n teers is only slig h tly g r e a te r th an th e a re a around a single
v o lu n teer.
The a re a th a t a v o lu n teer onion a ffe c ts , in te rm s o f OM p la n t d am ag e, m ay
be g re a te r th an th is in fo rm atio n rev eals.

As we m ove aw ay from th e s ite o f th e

o

— Single Volunteer
— A ggregate Volunteer

o

CO

a. o
CM

o
o

20

30

N* N EAREST ONION
Figure 42.

Values of P for the Nth nearest onion selected in plots containing single and
aggregates of volunteer onions.

181

v o lu n te e r onion, th e d ista n c e b etw een a g g re g a te s o f dam age m ay in crease;
th e re fo re , th e population o f O M -dam aged p la n ts n e a r s ite s o f v o lu n teer onions
may co n sist of s e v e ra l a g g re g a te s, w here a la rg e a g g re g atio n of th e se a g g re g ate s
o ccu r in th e vicin ity o f v o lu n teer onion p lan ts.
F u rth e r e v a lu a tio n and in te rp re ta tio n o f th is tech n iq u e is needed b e fo re its
use can be fully ju s tifie d in s p a tia l p a tte r n analysis.

S im ilar tech n iq u es have

been developed fo r analysis of s p a tia l p a tte rn s in p la n t ecology through q u a d ra t
sam pling (G reig-S m ith 1957). M o risita (1959) d eveloped a tech n iq u e fo r m easu r­
ing clum p size by using d iffe re n t q u a d ra t size s and his index o f dispersion (I ).
The index is d e te rm in e d fo r a num ber of q u a d ra ts w here th e q u a d ra t size is
doubled e ac h tim e .

The ra tio o f I fo r one q u a d ra t siz e and I for a q u a d ra t
b
b

tw ic e th a t size is p lo tte d a g a in st q u a d ra t siz e and, w here peaks o ccu r, m ean
clum p size is assum ed.

H.

0?*I P la n t D am ag e Surveys
1. R egional Surveys
F irs t g e n eratio n OM p la n t dam age was m easu red w eekly in th e study fields

and re s e a rc h fie ld in 1979 and 1980 (A ppendix F). P e rc e n t dam age in e ac h field
for each sam ple d ate during th e firs t g e n e ra tio n OM a tta c k was d e term in e d by
dividing th e m ean num ber o f dam aged p la n ts p er 30 m sam p le of onion row by
onion p la n t density (1500 p la n ts p e r 30 m).
Onion p lan ts a re
decom pose

rapidly a f te r

o fte n

in fe c te d

by s o ft

ro t b a c te ria and th e re fo re

being dam aged by CM la rv a e .

A fte r

co m p le te

decom position, th e p la n t is o fte n no lo n g er visible and w ill n o t be reco rd ed
during reg u lar OM p la n t dam ag e sam pling.

To insure th a t all OM d am ag e is

182

re c o rd ed , it is n ecessary to sam p le dam age a t tim e in c re m e n ts no t m ore th an
th a t re q u ire d fo r onion decom position.

Sam ple in te rv a ls g r e a te r th a n th is tim e

m ay u n d e re stim a te th e to ta l p lan t d am ag e th a t has o ccu rred .
The d e g re e -d a y period fo r onion p la n t d eco m p o sitio n has been shown to
depend upon th e d e g re e -d a y perio d o f in itia l a tta c k . The a v e ra g e le n g th of tim e
fo r to ta l onion decom position in th e sp rin g was found to be 155 d eg ree-d ay s.
T h e re fo re , sam ple in te rv a ls of a p p ro x im a te ly one w eek (av erag e o f 20 d e g re e days per day) during th e Spring w ere a d e q u a te fo r re c o rd in g OM p la n t d am age.
To o b tain th e am ount of to ta l d am ag e th a t o c cu rred fo r th e f ir s t g e n e ra tio n of
OM a tta c k , w eekly e s tim a te s o f p la n t dam age w ere sim ply a cc u m u la te d .
T o tal OM p la n t dam age during th e firs t g e n e ra tio n was d e te rm in e d fo r th e
c o m m e rcial stu d y fields and re s e a rc h field fo r 1979 and 1980 (Table 27).

The

e x te n t of dam age d iffe re d considerably b etw een field s fo r each y ear. P ro d u ctio n
p ra c tic e s , soil type, and field lo c atio n w ere probably m ore im p o rta n t th a n fly
d e n sity in d eterm in in g th e am ount of dam age e ac h fie ld receiv ed . All fields had
been tr e a te d w ith a g ran u lar in se c tic id e (D yfonate) a t p lan tin g , and fo liar
in se c tic id e sprays w ere applied a t various tim e s to som e field s during th e firs t
g e n eratio n a tta c k by th e OM.
Up to 85% dam age o c cu rred in th e a re a o f th e re s e a rc h field in 1979 w here
no g ra n u la r in sec tic id e w as applied.

In co m m e rcial field s co n sid erab le dam age

was so m etim es observed a t th e ends of onion row s or along a whole field len g th .
It was le arn ed th a t in th e se cases, th e g ran u lar in se c tic id e had no t b een p laced in
th e row due to m achinery lim ita tio n s or m alfu n ctio n .
F o r s e v e ra l field s in 1979 and 1980, fo liar sp ray s o f in se c tic id e s w ere
applied to co n tro l first g e n e ra tio n a d u lts. It has alre ad y been shown th a t w here

18 3

Table 27 . Total first generation OM damage and number of foliar sprays
applied for study fields in Grant, Michigan, 1979-1980.

1979

Field

Number of
Foliar Sprays

1
2

4

3
4
5

6

5
4
4
5

7

0

6

N

20
20
20
20
20
20
20

% Damage
.33

1 .6 8
1.80
1.55
1.69
3.95
2.73

VAR

SE

.25
.71
1.28
.53
1.06
2.83
1.91

.18
.25
.16
.23
.38
.31

VAR

SE

.1 1

Cl (.95)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

.2 2
.37
.50
.32
.46
.75
.62

1980

Field

8

Number of
Foliar Sprays

10
11
12

4
4
3
4
4

13
14

7

9

0

N

% Damage

20
20
20
20
20
20
20

1.73
2.91

1 1 .1 0
5.48
3.75
6.99
7.33

1.17
1.62
11.43
2.09
5.50

8 .2 1
9.77

.24
.28
.75
.32
.52
.64
.69

Cl (.95)
+ .48
+ .57
+1.51
+ .64
+1.04
+1.28
+1.39

184

sprays w ere applied, a d u lt popu latio n s did n o t d e c re a se sig n ific a n tly .

To

d e te rm in e if fo liar sp ray s applied in th e sp rin g sig n ific a n tly d e crea se d OM p lan t
d am ag e, p e rc e n t to ta l dam age fo r sp ray ed and n o n -sp ray ed field s w ere com pared
a t th e end o f th e f ir s t g e n e ra tio n .

S tu d e n ts T - te s t was used to co m p are th e

m eans of field 7 (non-sprayed) and fie ld s 1-6 (sprayed) in 1979. F o r 1980, field 13
(non-sprayed) was co m p ared to field s 8-12 and 14 (sprayed).

F o r both y ears,

p e rc e n t to ta l dam age in non-sprayed field s w ere found to be n o t sig n ific a n tly
d iffe re n t from sprayed field s ( a = .05).
F ield 13 and 14 in 1980 w ere s e le c te d sp e c ific a lly to d e te rm in e if OM plan t
dam age was d e c re a se d by using fo liar sp ray s. T hese field s w ere a d ja c e n t to each
o th e r and only field 14 was sp ray ed w ith fo liar in se c tic id e s o f e ith e r Sevin or
p a ra th io n during th e firs t g e n e ra tio n o f OM a c tiv ity .

P e rc e n t OM p la n t dam age

fo r each fie ld was com pared ov er th e season by p lo ttin g bi-w eekly sam p le re su lts
(F igure 43). Very few d iffe re n c e s in p e rc e n t dam age o c cu rred .
Second g e n eratio n OM p la n t d am ag e was d e term in e d by reco rd in g all
d am age (re c e n t and old) a t h a rv e st. Since dam aged onions re m a in ed in th e field
g r e a te r than 270 d eg ree-d ay s or tw o to th re e w eeks, it was e x p e c te d th a t to ta l
OM dam age o ccu rrin g la te in th e season could be d e te rm in e d by re c o rd in g all
d am age p re se n t a t th e end o f second g e n e ra tio n OM a tta c k . To d e te rm in e if this
pro ced u re was a d e q u a te , second g e n e ra tio n d am ag e was re c o rd ed e ac h w eek in
field s 13 and 14.

Since only re c e n tly dam aged onions w ere re c o rd ed during

sam pling, th e sum of th e se e s tim a te s should be eq u al to th e p e rc e n t to ta l
dam age (re c e n t and old) re c o rd ed a t h a rv e st.

C om parison o f th e tw o sam pling

procedures re v e a le d th a t p e rc e n t to ta l dam age re c o rd ed a t h a rv e st was not
s ig n ific a n tly

d iffe re n t

from

c u m u lativ e

e s tim a te s

of d am ag e o b tain ed

by

Df l MRDE

CO

185

P E R CE NT

FIELD
FIELD

M

130

140

MRY
Figure 43.

1 50

16 0

1 70

JUNE

1 BO

2 00

19 0

JULY

Percent OH plant damage during the first generation in fields 13 and 14 (1980).

186

re c o rd in g new dam age each w eek (Table 28). Based on th e se re su lts, onion plant
d am ag e re c o rd e d a t h a rv e st was f e lt to be a p p ro p ria te fo r d eterm in in g to ta l
second g e n e ra tio n dam age.
O ne-w ay analysis of v a ria n c e and a D uncan's m u ltip le ran g e te s t re v e ale d
sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s in to ta l second g e n e ra tio n dam age b etw een field s fo r
e a c h y e ar (T ables 29-30). F o r b o th y ears, no n -sp ray ed field s w ere shown to have
no m ore sig n ific a n t d am ag e th an se v e ra l sp ra y ed field s.

F ield 1 (1979) and 8

(1980) (sam e field) had th e lo w e st p e rc e n t onion p lan t dam age for both th e f ir s t
and second g e n e ra tio n ; w h ereas, field 5 (1979) and field 10 (1980) had th e
h ig h e st.

E ach of th e se field s w as sprayed w ith fo lia r in se c tic id e s th re e to fiv e

tim e s during th e second g e n eratio n .
P earso n 's B iv a ria te C o rre la tio n te s t was used to d e te rm in e if p e rc e n t
dam age during th e f ir s t g e n e ra tio n was c o rre la te d to p e rc e n t dam age during th e
seco n d g e n e ra tio n . For 1979 no sig n ific a n t c o rre la tio n was e v id en t, bu t fo r 1980
c o rre la tio n b etw een firs t and second g e n eratio n d am ag e was sig n ific a n t (Table
31).
To d e te rm in e if p e rc e n t OM d am ag e was c o rre la te d w ith OM p opulation
den sity , to ta l a d u lt in cid en ce and to ta l seaso n al p ro d u ctio n was d e te rm in e d fo r
e a c h field and y e ar by in te g ra tin g th e a re a under a d u lt flig h t cu rv es and dividing
by a d u lt d ev elo p m en ta l tim e.

P e a rso n 's b iv a ria te c o rre la tio n analysis was used

to te s t fo r sig n ific a n t c o rre la tio n fo r th e follow ing p airs of values: a) first
g e n e ra tio n a d u lts /firs t g e n e ra tio n dam ag e, b) second g e n eratio n a d u lts/se c o n d
g e n e ra tio n dam age, c) firs t g e n e ra tio n d a m ag e /sec o n d g e n e ra tio n ad u lts, d)
second

g e n e ra tio n

d a m a g e /th ird

g e n e ra tio n

a d u lts,

e)

second

g e n e ra tio n

187

Table 28 . Total second generation OM plant damage for fields 13 and 14
determined by summation of weekly damage estimates and final har­
vest assessment.

% Damage

% Damage
Field
13

14

Date

(per week)

Cl (.95)

I

211

1.28

+ .66

1.28

216

2.61

±!. 56

3.89

225

1.69

+ .93

5.58

232

,30

+ .2 0

5.88

238

0 .0 0

+ 0 .0 0

5.88

211

1.95

+ .96

1.95

216

3.61

+2.60

5.56

225

1.48

+ .50

7.04

232

1.40

+ .42

8.44

238

0 .0 0

+ 0 .0 0

8.44

(harvest)

Cl (.95)

5.00

+ 2 .0 i

6.57

+ 2 .6 8

188

Table 29. One-way analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range
test for percent total OM plant damage during the second genera­
tion for study fields in Grant Michigan, in 1979.
All percentages
were transformed by square root before analysis.
Variable

DF

Field
Residuals
Total

83
89

Sum of Squares

6

Mean Square

23.80
28.06
51.86

F
11.7***

3.97
.34

***(P<.001)

Field

N

1
2

6

5
15
15
15
15
15

7

10

3
4
5

Number of
Foliar Sprays

X OM*
Damage

SE

3
5
4
5
5

.62a
2.73cd
1.13ab
3.26cd
6.26e
4.33de
2 .Olbc

.39
.36
.17
.39
1.16
.54
.57

2
0

Cl (.95)
+1 .1 1
+ .73
+ .35
+ .84
+2.49
+1.16
+ .73

*Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different.
(a:=.05)

189

Table 30. One-way analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range
test for percent total OM plant damage during the second genera­
tion for study fields in Grant, Michigan, in 1980.
All percent­
ages were transformed by square root before analysis.

Variable

DF

Field
Residuals
Total

83
89

Sum of Squares

6

57.03
37.98
95.02

Mean Square

F

9.50
.46

20.7***

***(P<.001)

Field

8
9

10
11
12
13
14

N

10
10
10
10
10
20
20

Number of
Foliar Sprays
3
4
4
3

2
0
3

% OM*
Damage
1 .11 a
5.49c
17.53d
4.89bc
2 .86 b
5.00c
6.57c

SE
.24
.87
1.06
.76
.56

.8 8
1.17

Cl (.95)
+ .55
+1.99
+2.43
+1.74
+1.28
+ 2 .0 1
+ 2 .6 8

*Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different.
(-=.05).

X90

Table 31.

Pearson's correlation coefficient between first and second
generation OM onion plant damage in 1979 and 1980.

cc

1979

7

.39

.191

1980

7

.004

CO

N

00*

Pearson's
Coefficient

Year

191

d a m a g e /th ird g e n e ra tio n ad u lts up to h a rv e st, f) f ir s t and second g e n e ra tio n
d a m a g e /firs t and second g e n e ra tio n a d u lts, and g) f ir s t and second g e n e ra tio n
d a m ag e /sec o n d and th ird g e n e ra tio n a d u lts.

For b o th y e ars, th e re was sig n ifi­

c a n t c o rre la tio n b e tw ee n f ir s t g e n e ra tio n d a m ag e and seco n d g e n e ra tio n a d u lts
(T able 32). No o th e r sig n ific a n t c o rre la tio n s w ere re v e a le d (a > .05).
The la c k o f sig n ific a n t c o rre la tio n b e tw ee n a d u lt fly p o p u latio n s and
d am ag e fo r th e sa m e g e n e ra tio n m ay be due to e m ig ra tio n of flies follow ing
in itia l e m e rg e n c e o r p reovipositio n .

Loosjes (1976) re p o rte d th a t up to 50% of

OM a d u lts m ig ra te to o th e r field s follow ing e m e rg e n c e .

C o rre la tio n o f firs t

g e n e ra tio n d am ag e and th e follow ing g e n e ra tio n of a d u lts m ay be e x p e c te d ,
how ever, if p re se n c e of d am ag e in d ic a te s su c c e ssfu l la rv a l a tta c k and develop­
m ent.

T he la c k o f c o rre la tio n b e tw ee n second g e n e ra tio n dam age and th ird

g e n e ra tio n a d u lts m ay have been due to fie ld p ro d u ctio n p ra c tic e s .

D uring th ird

g e n e ra tio n a d u lt a c tiv ity , onion field s a re h a rv e ste d and, in so m e cases, a c o v er
c ro p is p la n te d . T hese p ra c tic e s could cau se co n sid erab le m ig ratio n or im m ig ra­
tion depending on individual field conditions.

Onion fie ld s w here la rg e num bers

of cull onions a re l e f t behind a f te r h a rv e st m ay also, fo r exam ple, be m uch m ore
a ttr a c tiv e to ovipositing a d u lts th an field s w ith low num bers o f cu ll onions.
F ields p la n te d to

cover crops (rye grass), have also b een shown to have

sig n ific a n tly fe w e r OM in fe ste d cull onions follow ing h a rv e st (D rum m ond 1979,
unpublished).
2. S ta te Surveys
T he sam pling sch e m e o f C a rru th e rs (1979) was used to e s tim a te regional
and fie ld le v e l onion p lan t dam ag e in th e m ajo r onion grow ing a re a s of th e s ta te .
B oth sam pling com ponents (field and reg io n al level) w ere designed so e a c h could

192

Table 32. Pearson's correlation coefficient for various comparisons of
total adult production and OM plant damage in study fields of
Grant, Michigan, during 1979-1980.

A with B

N

Pearson* s
Coefficient

OC

1979

2—

adult s- 2—

damage

7

.26

.28

1”

damage- 2^ - adults

7

.92

.0 01 ***

2—

damage-3—

7

-.24

.30

7

-.06

.45

7

.34

.23

adults

2— —■ damage—3“ — adults (H)

1—

and 2—

damage- 2—

and 3 ^

adults

1980

1—

adults- 1—

damage

7

-.09

.42

2—

adults- 2—

damage

7

.32

.31

1—

damage- 2—

adults

7

.74

.03*

2—

damage-3—

adults

7

.24

.31

2—

damage-3^- adults (H)

7

-.27

.27

1—

and 2—

damage- 1—

and 2—

flies

7

.11

,41

1—

and 2—

damage- 2—

and 3 ^

flies

7

.47

.14

***(P<.001)
*(P<.05)
H-up to harvest
a - alpha level

193

be used in d ep en d en t o f one a n o th e r o r in con ju n ctio n if d esired . S im ilar m ethods
of d a ta c o lle c tio n , im p le m e n ta tio n , and an aly sis fo r fie ld and reg io n al e s tim a te s
allow fo r tw o sam pling le v e ls th a t m ay be lin k ed fo r an o v e ra ll m o n ito rin g
sy stem .

The d am ag e e s tim a te s provide a h isto ric a l re c o rd fo r d iffe re n t fields,

regions, and y e ars. This in fo rm atio n can be used to e v a lu a te e ffe c ts o f changing
m an ag em en t decisions, sp e c ific g ro w er p ro d u ctio n p ra c tic e s , or ch em ical c o n tro l
m ethods. I t also provides in fo rm a tio n fo r crop loss a sse ssm e n t.
Sam pling p ro ced u res fo r d e te rm in in g d am ag e e s tim a te s a re usually c r iti­
c ize d as e ith e r being to o g e n eral fo r a d e q u a te d ecisio n -m ak in g o r to o in tensiv e
fo r econom ic c o n stra in ts. In ten siv e fie ld -lev e l sam pling o f all onion field s in an
a re a m ay be p ro h ib itiv e. H ow ever, m ore sp e c ific in fo rm atio n m ay be n ecessary
fo r som e fields w here m an ag em en t decisio n s a re to be m ade.

In ten sified

regional sam pling can be used in itia lly to id e n tify field s above or below a
sp ec ifie d d am ag e level.

By using a less co m p reh en siv e sam pling m ethod firs t,

th e to ta l a re a can be divided in to p o rtio n s of v a ria b le in te re s t: a re a s needing
im m e d ia te a c tio n (e x tre m e ly high dam age), a re a s w here m ore in ten siv e field
lev el sam pling is needed, or a re a s req u irin g no fu r th e r a c tio n (e x tre m e ly low
dam age). The reg io n al program was c o n d u cted su ccessfu lly in m o st m ajor onion
grow ing a re a s o f M ichigan from 1977-1980 (Table 33). In som e cases, it was no t
possible to o b ta in c o m p le te d a ta s e ts (all fields) fo r an a re a , b u t th e sam p le
program was ro b u st enough to to le r a te a sig n ific a n t am ount of m issing d a ta .
P e st m an ag em en t personnel and co u n ty a g e n ts found th e program to be w orkable
and useful.

R ecords o f p ro d u ctio n p ra c tic e s , c o lle c te d a t th e sam e tim e , have

been used to help explain som e an o m alies o r tren d s in th e re su lts.
P e rc e n t dam age e s tim a te s provide a re la tiv e e s tim a te o f d am ag e a t one
point in tim e .

To d e te rm in e how this e s tim a te was r e la te d to to ta l dam ag e,

194

Table 33. Regional estimates of first and second generation OM plant
damage for the major onion growing areas of Michigan from 19771980.

FIRST GENERATION
ONION MAGGOT DAMAGE
Region
and Year

2

NF

n

21
20

6
6
10

Regional
Mean

Standard
Error

3.30
1.48
2.60
.45

1.34
.91
.60
.23

.04
17.70
2.23
7,56

.02

12

2.48
.38
.98

19773
Bravo
Grant
Jackson
Lapeer

23
15

19783
Bravo
Grant
Jackson
Lapeer

20

12

23
24
7

16
19
7

4
1979
Bravo
Grant
Jackson
Lapeer

20
21
20
8

13
9
7

5.70
3.47
.32
4.02

4.18
.67
.17
.47

20

8

1 1 .2 0

24

24
4

20.44
30.10
7.15

19804
Bravo
Grant
Jackson
Lapeer

20
8

13

2

8

SECOND GENERATION
ONION MAGGOT DAMAGE
Regional
Mean

n

3.51
.36
3.14
.07

2.48
.23
.44
.03

16
19
7

3.90
5.16
2.24
.36

.78
.58
.42
.07

—

----------

—

4
7

10
15

10

Twenty samples taken per field.

.13
—

7

.46

.09

2.83

8

1 . 01

24

16.40
5.40

5.18
.24

14.01
.31

Number of fields sampled per region (n).
Ten samples taken per field.

.51
-----------

—

----------

—

8

^Approximate number of fields per region (NF).
3

Standard
Error

.30

—

.055

195

p oint e s tim a te s of d am ag e from c o m m e rcial stu d y field s w ere com p ared to th e
c a lc u la te d to ta l, firs t-g e n e ra tio n d am ag e fo r 1979 and 1980.
w ere ta k en on o r about Ju ly 1 fo r b o th y ears.

P o in t e s tim a te s

A sec o n d -o rd e r polynom ial curve

was found to give a good fit to th e d a ta (F igure 44).

The re lia b ility o f th is

eq u atio n can n o t be d e term in e d w ith o u t fu rth e r field e x p erim en tatio n ; how ever,
this re la tio n sh ip m ay be e x p e c te d to change from y e a r to y ear.
D am age e s tim a te s from w eekly sam p les o f c o m m e rcial stu d y field s and
th e re s e a rc h field in 1979 and 1980 w ere tra n sfo rm e d to p ro p o rtio n al e s tim a te s by
dividing each sam ple count o f dam aged onions by th e to ta l d am ag e th a t o ccu rred
in e ac h field .

A lthough e ac h field had a d iffe re n t d en sity o f dam aged onions

p re se n t a t each sam ple d a te , p ro p o rtio n al e s tim a te s fo r each d a te allow ed
com parison o f dam age b etw een field s in d ep en d en t o f d en sity .

The c u m u la tiv e

p ro p o rtio n al e s tim a te s d escrib e th e r a te o f change o f OM d am ag e during th e
firs t g e n e ra tio n o f OM la rv a l a c tiv ity .

For th e G ra n t a re a , th is r a te o f d am ag e

during th e f ir s t g e n e ra tio n ap p eared to be th e sam e fo r all fields in a y e ar,
re g a rd le ss o f th e am o u n t o f dam age.
Tw o-w ay analysis o f v arian ce was p e rfo rm ed fo r each y ear to te s t fo r
sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e in p ro p o rtio n d am ag e e s tim a te s
(T ables 34-35).

fo r d a te s and field s

D iffe re n c e s b e tw ee n d a te s w ere e x p e c te d b u t d iffe re n c e s

b e tw ee n field s in d ic a te th a t although th e r a te o f dam age a p p ea re d sim ilar fo r all
field s, sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s w ere p resen t.
To d e te rm in e which field s w ere c o n trib u tin g th e m ost v a ria n ce , tw o-w ay
analysis of v a ria n ce was p e rfo rm ed on six field s w here fo r e ac h analysis a
d iffe re n t field was d e le te d .

No sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s b etw een th e six fields

w ere observed when field 1 in 1979 and field 10 in 1980 w ere d e le te d from th e

I . w-l
<x
jr

cr o o

^

o
I— CO

Z
LU

U_
—I
CL

O
O

E S T I M A T E OF P E R C E N T DAMAGE
Figure 44,

Relationship between point estimates of percent OM damage and total first generation
damage for the study fields in 1979 and 1980.

196

Y«=5.31 + 3 .9 1 *L0G.(X )+.88*(L0G /X ))

C!)

197

T a b le 34 .
T w o-w ay a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e f o r p r o p o r t i o n o f t o t a l f i r s t
g e n e r a t i o n dam age f o r d a t e and f i e l d i n 1979.
A ll p ro p o rtio n s
w ere tra n sfo rm e d by s q u a re r o o t b e f o r e a n a ly s is .

S o u rce

of V a ria tio n

M ain e f f e c t s
D a te
F ie ld
2 -w ay i n t e r a c t i o n s
E x p la in e d
R e sid u a l
T o ta l

Sum o f

S quares

DF

M ean S q u a re

2 .0 1

18

.1 1 2

1 .9 7
.0 4
.7 2
2 .7 4
2 .3 9
5 .1 6

12

,1 6 4
.0 0 7

6

67
85
1632
1717

F

.0 1 1

7 6 ,7 * * *
1 1 2 .7 * * *
4 .9 * * *
7 , 4 ***

.0 3 2

2 2 . 1 ***

.0 0 1

.0 0 3

* * * (P < .0 0 1 )

T a b le 3 5 .
T w o-w ay a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e f o r p r o p o r t i o n o f t o t a l f i r s t
g e n e r a t i o n dam age f o r d a te and f i e l d i n 19 8 0 .
A ll p ro p o rtio n s
w ere tra n s fo rm e d by s q u a re r o o t b e f o r e a n a l y s i s .

S o urce o f V a ria tio n
M a in e f f e c t s
D a te
F ie ld
2-w ay i n t e r a c t i o n s
E x p la in e d
R e sid u a l
T o ta l

* * * (F < .0 0 1 )
* * (P < .0 1 )

Sum o f

S quares

1 .6 2
1 .5 7
.0 2
.3 0
1 .9 2
1 .9 7
3 .8 9

DF

M ean S q u a r e

F

15
9

.1 0 8
.1 7 5
.0 0 4
.0 0 6
.0 2 8

7 1 .8 * * *
1 1 6 .5 * * *
2 .7 * *
3 .8 * * *
1 8 .8 * * *

6

53
68

1309
1377

.0 0 2

.0 0 3

198

analysis (T ables 36-37). F ie ld 1 bad th e lo w e st OM p la n t d am ag e and field 10 had
th e h ighest c o m p ared to th e 12 o th e r field s exam ined.

T hese re s u lts in d ic a te

th a t th e r a te o f OM d am ag e in a reg io n m ay be th e sam e fo r all field s only over
a lim ite d ran g e o f d iffe re n t d am ag e d e n sitie s. D am age in som e field s m ay o ccu r
a t a d iffe re n t r a te , depending upon d am ag e in te n sity . F ields w ith high am ounts
o f dam age, fo r ex am p le, m ay be m o re a ttr a c t iv e to ovipositing a d u lts th a n field s
w here l ittl e dam age has o ccu rred . P lacin g field s in to d iffe re n t s t r a t a o f dam age
d e n sity m ay be advisable to o b tain a re g io n a l r a te o f OM dam age fo r th e seaso n .
P ro p o rtio n a l d am ag e e s tim a te s o f field s 2-7 (1979) and field s 8-9 and 11-14
(1980) w ere a c c u m u la te d and p lo tte d a g a in st d e g re e-d a y s (4.4C ° base) (F igure
45).

F o r b o th y e ars, th e d istrib u tio n o f th e se e s tim a te s was found to n o t d e p a rt

sig n ific a n tly from th a t of a n e g a tiv e binom ial (K olm ogorov-Sm irnoff te s t).

A

c u rv lin e a r line o f th e n e g ativ e binom ial d istrib u tio n was fit to th e d a ta based on
th e m ean and k value fo r e ac h y e a r (mu = 698 d eg ree-d ay s, k = 22 fo r 1979; mu =
741 d e g re e-d a y s, k = 20 fo r 1980). B ecause a tw o-w ay K olm ogorov-Sm irnoff te s t
re v e a le d sig n ific a n t d iffe re n c e s b etw een th e m ean and k values fo r each y e ar,
re s u lts w ere not pooled. C u rv ilin e a r lin es or th e n e g ativ e binom ial expression:
P(x) = (1 + £)

(a fte r E llio tt 1977)

can be used to d e te rm in e th e p ro p o rtio n o f d am ag e (P) th a t has o c cu rred a t any
d e g re e -d a y in te rv a l (X). The use o f th is re la tio n sh ip was lim ite d to fields w here
.5 to 8 p e rc e n t to ta l firs t g e n eratio n d am ag e o c cu rred .

Its use m ust also be

lim ite d to th e onion grow ing a re a o f G ra n t u n til su b seq u en t stu d ie s re v e a l a
g e n eral a g re e m e n t betw een regions.
To d e m o n stra te th e use o f a cu m u la tiv e p ro p o rtio n d am ag e cu rv e, point
e s tim a te s o f OM dam age fo r 19 field s in 1980 w ere exam ined.

The reg io n al

199

T a b le

36.
T w o-w ay a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e f o r p r o p o r t i o n o f t o t a l f i r s t
g e n e r a t i o n dam age f o r d a t e and f i e l d i n 1979 a f t e r o m is s io n o f
fie ld 1.
A ll p ro p o r tio n s w ere tra n sfo rm e d by s q u a re r o o t b e fo re
a n a ly sis.

S o urce o f V a r ia tio n

M a in e f f e c t s
D a te
F ie ld
2 -w ay i n t e r a c t i o n s
E x p la in e d
R e sid u a l
T o ta l

Sum o f

S quares

2 .0 8
2 .0 7
.0 0 6
.4 2
2 .4 9
1 .6 9
4 .1 8

DF

M ean S q u a r e

F

17

.1 2 2

9 9 19 ***

12

.1 7 2

5
55
72
1385
1457

.001

1 4 1 .0 * * *
1 .0 ns
6 . 2***
2 8 .3 * * *

.0 0 8
.0 3 5
.0 0 1

.0 0 3

* * * (P < .0 0 1 )

T a b le

37.
T w o-w ay a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e f o r p r o p o r t i o n o f t o t a l f i r s t
g e n e r a t i o n dam age f o r d a t e and f i e l d i n 1980 a f t e r o m is s io n o f
f ie ld 10.
A ll p r o p o r tio n s w ere tra n s fo rm e d by s q u a re r o o t b e fo re
a n a ly sis.

S ource o f V a r ia tio n

M ain e f f e c t s
D a te
F ie ld
2-w ay i n t e r a c t i o n s
E x p la in e d
R e sid u a l
To t a l

* * * (P < .0 0 1 )

Sum o f S q u a r e s

1 .3 0
1 .2 9
.0 2

.2 9
1 .5 9
1 .8 2
3 .4 1

DF

14
9
5
44
58
1119
1117

M ean S q u a r e
.0 9 3
.1 4 3
.0 0 4
.0 0 7
.0 2 7
.0 0 2

.0 0 3

F
5 7 .1 * * *
8 8 . 1 ***
2 . 2 ns
4 .1 * * *
1 6 .9 * * *

200
o

GO

1979
(D

C U MU L A T I V E

PROPORTION

DAMAGE

O

O
o,

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

o

o

1980

CD

□

a
o
200

F ig u re

45.

400

600

0EGREE

DAYS

1000
( 4 . 4 C J 8ASEJ
800

1200

1400

C u m u l a t i v e p r o p o r t i o n c u r v e o f f i r s t g e n e r a t i o n OM p l a n t
d a m a g e i n 1 9 7 9 (A ) a n d 1 9 3 0 ( B ) o v e r d e g r e e - d a y s ( 4 . 4 °
b ase).

201

sam pling program

o f C a rru th e rs (1979) was used to o b ta in individual field

e s tim a te s . All field e s tim a te s o f OM d am ag e w ere c o n v e rte d to p e rc e n t dam age
w here e ac h e s tim a te was a m easu re o f th e am ount o f d am ag e th a t o ccu rred th e
w eek p re c ed in g th e sam p le d a te . To o b ta in th e p ro p o rtio n o f to ta l d am ag e (WY),
m easu red by th e d am ag e e s tim a te , th e cu m u la tiv e p ro p o rtio n cu rv e can be used,
w here X is equal to th e d e g re e -d a y in te rv a l (1 week) th a t th e sam ple re p re se n te d .
T o ta l dam age is o b tain ed by m ultip ly in g th e p e rc e n t dam age e s tim a te by one
ov er th e p ro p o rtio n m easu red (1/W Y) (T able 38).
O nly 4 (23%) o f th e 19 field s had e s tim a te s o f to ta l dam age g re a te r th a n
th a t allow ed fo r use of th e cu m u la tiv e p ro p o rtio n cu rv e (.5-8% ).

O ne or tw o

field s in th e a re a , sam pled w eekly, m ay th e re fo re be a d e q u a te fo r d e term in in g
th e r a te of OM dam age which can be used w ith p e rc e n t e s tim a te s o f d am ag e fo r
to ta l dam age e stim a tio n .

I.

Seed C orn M aggot C om ponent
Seed corn m aggot (SCM) populations w ere m o n ito red in G ra n t to ex am in e

th e phenology o f th e life s ta g e s and th e ir im p a c t on onion p ro d u ctio n . The flig h t
b ehavior o f th e a d u lts was exam ined during OM flig h t stu d ie s and was found to
be very sim ilar to th e OM.

The te m p e ra tu re a d ju stm e n t p ro ced u re was used to

a d ju st tra p d a ta fo r ab io tic e ffe c ts on flig h t a c tiv ity .

T rap counts fo r th e

re se a rc h field and F ield 13 a re p re se n te d b e fo re te m p e ra tu re a d ju stm e n t as a
p ro portion o f to ta l flies tra p p e d in flig h t-in te rc e p tio n tra p s (F igure 46).

A fte r

te m p e ra tu re a d ju stm en t, th e co u n ts w ere again tra n sfo rm e d to p ro p o rtio n of
to ta l c a tc h to show th e e f f e c t of th e te m p e ra tu re ad ju stm en t.

The pooled,

te m p e ra tu re -a d ju ste d , tra p co u n ts o f th e o th e r six c o m m e rcial stu d y field s fo r

202

Table 38. Predicted total percent first generation damage for fields
in Grant, Michigan, by use of point estimates of damage and the
cumulative proportional damage curve for 1980.

Field Number

1*
2
3
4
5

6*
7*
3
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19*

Point Estimate
of % Damage

SE

1.84
1.07
.49
.92
.69

.29
.34

6 .6 8

.8 8

4.43
1.18
.17
.26
.61
1.09
.59
1.43
.24
.65
1.63
.74
2.79

.82
.28
.06
.09

*% damage estimate outside equation bounds.

.27
.35

.1 0

.1 0
.23
.14
.37
.08
.14
.32
.25
.47

Predicted
Total % Damage
8.62
7.42
2.18
4.09
3.07
29.69
19.69
5.25
.76
1.16
2.71
4.84
2.62
6.36
1.07
2.89
7.24
3.29
12.40

203

Figure 46.

Proportion o£ total SC adult catch before (A-B) and
after (C-F) temperature adjustment for flight inter­
ception traps in 1979 and 1980. Mean trap catch
for field 7 (G) and field 13 (H).

UEAN TRAP CATCH P E R 0 0

0

1

2

3

PROPORTION CATCH PER OD

0.00

4

o .o s

o.oo

a

0 .1 5

0.20

DECREE

0 .1 5

0 .20

0 .1 8

0.20

a

s

OAYS

»«

(4,4*0

o

o

BASE)

a

o

o

204

o
LIE AN TR AP CATCH PE R 0 0

0
o

I

2

3

PRO PO R TIO N CATCH PE R 0 0

4

0 .1 S
o

*

o

o
DECREE
DAYS
< 4 ,4 *C BASE}

oom

ao
o

M
O
o

H

*0

oC3
D

u
O

ou

o
»

o

0 .2 0

0.1$

0.00

OJ

0.0 5

0 .1 0

205

e a c h y e ar a re p re se n te d as p ro p o rtio n o f to ta l c a tc h fo r com parison. T em p era­
tu re -a d ju s te d tra p d a ta from flig h t-in te rc e p tio n tra p s fo r a ll field s and both
y ears a re p re se n te d in F igures 47-48,

Id e n tic a l p ro ced u res and p re se n ta tio n s

w ere done fo r stic k y b o ard tra p co u n ts in 1978-79 fo r th e re s e a rc h fie ld (Figure
49).
For all tra p s , field s, and y e ars few d iffe re n c e s w ere o b serv ed b etw een
m ale and fe m a le c a tc h .

Due to th e num ber o f o v erlap p in g g e n e ra tio n s, sp e c ific

tim e s o f g e n e ra tio n a c tiv ity w ere d iffic u lt to d e te rm in e .

A ll th re e y ears

re v e a le d high d e n sitie s o f a d u lts e a rly in th e sp rin g a t 100 to 200 d e g ree-d ay s.
This was follow ed by a n o th e r peak o f a c tiv ity a t d e g re e -d a y periods o f 750 to
850. A th ird peak, usually lo w er th a n th e p re c ed in g p eaks, o c c u rre d a t d e g re e day periods o f 1150 to 1250. In m ost cases, a la rg e fo u rth p eak was reco rd ed fo r
d e g re e -d a y in te rv a ls o f 1900 to 2000. T hese tim e s o f peak d e n sity e s tim a te s m ay
only r e f le c t th e num ber g e n e ra tio n s o f a c tiv ity on onions and no t th e to ta l
num ber o f g e n e ra tio n s o f th e SCM.

Seed corn m aggots a re known to feed on

ov er 100 p la n t sp ecies, and it m ay be e x p e c te d th a t a t c e rta in tim e s during th e
season, crops o th e r th a n onions m ay su p p o rt o th e r g e n e ra tio n s no t re c o rd ed on
th e onion crop.
When OM la rv a e and pupae w ere la b o ra to ry -id e n tifie d , th ird in s ta r SCM
la rv a e and pupae w ere re c o rd ed when p re s e n t (A ppendix H).

P lo ts of th e se

im m a tu re s ta g e s d escrib ed th re e g e n e ra tio n s o f la rv a l a c tiv ity on onions during
1978 and 1979 (F igure 50).

The phenology o f th e se s ta g e s was found to closely

resem b le th e a d u lt SCM flig h t cu rv es fo r th e s re s e a rc h field w here second to
fo u rth g e n e ra tio n a d u lts lagged th e f ir s t to th ird la rv a l broods.

An ex am in atio n

of a d u lt flig h t curves for th e re s e a rc h fie ld and c o m m e rcial stu d y field s re v ealed

206

MEAN

TRAP

CATCH

P£H

PD

6 .5

r»

o

400

1200
DEG REE 0 A Y 3 (4 .* * C B A S E )*

Figure 47.

2400

400

600

1200

1600

2000

0 E G R E E DAYS (4 4*C B A S E )

Flight curves of male and female adult SC from flight
interception traps in commercial study fields in 1979.

2 400

207

©

□

PER

DD

o
<r
w
o
<
o

CATCH

X

TRAP

O.
a*

MEAN

x<

Ui

O

m

fJ

a0

400

1200
D EG REE 0 A Y S (4 .4 G B A S E )

Figure 48,

2000

o

400

Aoo
D E Q R E E D AY S ( 4 .4 C B A S E )

Flight curves of male and female adult SC from flight
interception traps in commercial study fields in 1980.

2400

208

1979

1076

a
g
<

o

D ■*«

krt
D

o

o

b

o

o

M
O

o

a
a
(3

a

C3

0

1600

d e g r e e

o a v s

(4

**c

2000

34Q Q

0

400

DEGREE o a v s

b a s e i

< 4 .4 * C B A S E )

a

n

o

o

N

©

D

a

n

0

a
1600
D E G R E E O A V S (4 4 * 6 B A b t*

Figure 49.

2000

2400

0

2400

600
O E G tiE E O A V S U

4*C B A S E )

Proportion of total SC adult catch before (A-B) and after
(C-D) temperature adjustment for sticky board traps in
1978 and 1979.
Mean trap catch for the research field in
1978 (E) and 1979 (F).

209
oo

1978
—

Instar
Pupae

MEAN

DENSITY

PER 60CM

ROW

CD

CM

a .

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

oo

1 75 0

2000

1979

y4

inetar
Pupae

CD

CM

O ,

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1 5 00

1750

2000

D E G R E E DRYS £ 4 - 4C BASE)
Figure 50.

Mean density of third instar larvae and pupae of the SC
from samples of 60 cm of onion row in 1978 and 1979.

210

th a t th e th ird g e n e ra tio n o f ad u lts was v ery low. This fa c to r was n o t re fle c te d
by th e la rv a l o r pupal den sity o f th e second g e n e ra tio n brood in th e re se a rc h
field; th e re fo re , high m o rta lity o f a d u lts during this g e n e ra tio n or m ig ratio n of
a d u lts to o th e r crops m ay have o c c u rre d .
Loosjes (1976) observed th a t SCM p o p u latio n d e n sities w ere highly depend­
e n t on OM population density.

He su g g ested th a t SCM populations do n o t re a c h

high d e n sities w here OM den sity is low. To ex am in e this re latio n sh ip , th e to ta l
sea so n al p ro d u ctio n of OM a d u lts d e te rm in e d from a d u lt flig h t cu rv es w ere
co m p ared to th e to ta l season al p ro d u ctio n o f SCM a d u lts fo r th e co m m ercial
stu d y fields in 1979 and 1980.

P earso n 's R ank C o rre la tio n an aly sis was used to

te s t fo r sig n ific a n t c o rre la tio n s fo r each y e ar and th e pooled d a ta fo r b o th y ears.
S ig n ifican t c o rre la tio n b etw een to ta l seaso n al p ro d u ctio n o f OM and SCM a d u lts
fo r each y e a r was ev id en t (Table 39).

F o r each field , to ta l seaso n al ad u lt

p ro d u ctio n o f th e tw o sp ec ie s w ere sim ilar.
Seed corn m aggot populations m ay depend on OM d en sity o r th e re m ay be
com m on fa c to rs a ffe c tin g b o th sp e c ie s1 su rv iv al, d ev elo p m en t, and h a b ita t
p re fe re n c e .

Seed corn m aggots in th e p a st have b een p rim arily d e sc rib e d as

seco n d ary p e sts o f onions and as only feed in g on onion p la n ts previously in h ab ited
by th e OM. To d e te rm in e if p re sen c e o f SCM la rv a e was d ep en d en t on OM la rv a l
populations, th e ra tio o f th ird in s ta r la rv a e fo r th e tw o sp ec ie s was co m p ared for
each sam ple d a te (F igure 51).

For b o th y e ars, f ir s t sam p les ta k e n early in th e

season re v e a le d th a t SCM la rv a e w ere th e p rim ary sp ec ie s p re se n t on dam aged
onions.

In 1979 d am age to onions was w idespread and SCM la rv a e w ere th e

p rim ary invaders up to day 150 (M ay 30).

OM la rv a e w ere o b serv ed to be th e

p rim a ry in h a b ita n ts o f dam aged onions from Ju n e 1 through th e re s t o f th e onion

211

Table 39.
Pearson's Correlation Coefficient for total OM and SC adult
seasonal production for study fields in Grant, Michigan, in 19791980,

Year

N

Pearson's
Coefficient

<x

7

CO
*

r*.

.006

1980

7

.97

.0 0 1

00*

.001

1979 and 1980

14

r-

1979

212
□
O -i

o00

OM

o

CO

PERCENT OF TOTAL THIRD

INSTARS

1978

o SC

o.

120

uo

160

180

200

220

240

260

o
O -I

0M

o 00

(0

1979

o -

o (M

O ,

120

Figure 51.

SC

140

160

200
J ULI RN DATE
180

220

240

Comparison of the percentage ratios of SC and OM third
instar larvae, from samples of 60 cm onion row in 1978
and 1979.

260

21 3

grow ing season.

The ra tio o f SCM to OM la rv a e was higher for this period in

1979 th a n in 1978.

It ap p ears th a t e a rly in th e spring, SCM la rv a e can be

co n sid ered p rim ary p e sts o f onions and th a t in itia l onion dam age m ay be th e
re su lt o f SCM a c tiv ity r a th e r th a n th e OM. Loosjes (1976) re p o rte d th a t dam aged
onions co n tain in g only SCM la rv a e w ere o fte n found e sp e c ially during th e f ir s t
g e n e ra tio n of dam age in th e N eth erlan d s.
Seed corn

m aggot la rv a e

m ay be v e ry su sc e p tib le to th e g ra n u la r

in se c tic id e D yfonate; th e re fo re , th is c h e m ic a l could c o n tro l SCM la rv a l popula­
tions early in th e spring.

When a g ran u lar tre a tm e n t is not applied, su ccessfu l

SCM la rv a l a tta c k m ay a e c u r. B ecause th e OM p re fe rs to o v ip o sit on previously
dam aged onions, th e in itia l a re a s o f d am ag e cau sed by th e SCM m ay a c t as
c e n te rs of OM a ttra c tio n .

This re la tio n sh ip would explain th e p re sen c e o f

dam age observed e a rlie r in th e n o n -D y fo n ate tr e a te d a re a o f th e re s e a rc h field
in 1979. All la rv a l sam pling in 1979 was c o n d u cte d in th e n o n -D y fo n ate s e c tio n of
th e re s e a rc h field ; w hereas, in 1978 onions w ere sam p led in a D y fo n a te -tre a te d
a re a .

In 1978, SCM d en sity p e r 60 cm sam p le o f onion row was very low and

in itia l onion dam age in th e fie ld was v ery sp arse .

In 1979, in itia l d am ag e was

w idespread and SCM la rv a l d e n sities p e r sam ple w ere high in com parison to 1978.

J.

V alidation of th e OM Subm odel
M odel p e rfo rm an c e fo r th e c o n c e p tu a l m odel was re g a rd ed as a c c e p ta b le

fo r th e a b io tic in fo rm atio n th a t was used (see S ectio n III). A fte r th is f ir s t phase
o f m odel c o n c e p tu a liz a tio n and s tru c tu re , v alid atio n te s tin g o f re s u lts w ere
possible. V alidation o f a m odel usually re q u ire s an in d ep en d en t s e t o f d a ta th a t
has not been used in m odel fo rm u latio n . The a g ro -e co sy stem p ro je c t provided a

214

s e t o f fie ld d a ta th a t could be used to v a lid a te th e subm odel o f th e p opulation
dynam ics o f th e OM.

B ecause th e m odel was m ade up o f s e v e ra l fre e body

m odels, th e subm odel o f th e OM could be run in d ep en d en tly o f th e o th e r
subm odels so re s u lts could be c o m p ared to field d a ta .
The subm odel o f th e OM provided e s tim a te s o f th e various life s ta g e s of
th e OM through th e season.

A c o m p u te r su b ro u tin e was ad d ed so soil and a ir

te m p e ra tu re d a ta fo r th e onion grow ing a re a o f G ra n t, M ichigan, could be used in
th e d e v elo p m en ta l delays.

O viposition was s e t to z ero when th e cu m u la ted

d e g re e -d a y value in th e m odel was eq u al to th e re q u ire d d e g re e-d a y e s tim a te fo r
onion p la n t m a tu rity in th e fie ld (1550, b ase 4.4 °C ).

This p ro c e d u re allow ed

oviposition and OM la rv a l d ev elo p m en t only during th e re g u la r onion grow ing
season. O viposition o r la rv a l d ev elo p m en t on cu ll onions a f t e r onion h a rv e st was
not a c c o u n te d fo r.

L istin g and d o c u m e n ta tio n o f th e m odel a re provided

(A ppendix G).
C u m u lativ e OM e m e rg e n c e fo r th e 1980 sim u latio n run was co m p ared to
field e m e rg e n c e r a te s for th a t y e a r (F igure 52).

T he p re d ic te d firs t g e n e ra tio n

e m erg en c e o f OM a d u lts by th e m odel a c c u ra te ly tra c k e d fie ld e stim a te s .
Second and th ird g e n e ra tio n e m e rg e n c e re s u lts re v e a le d a lag perio d o f se v e ra l
days b etw een fie ld re s u lts and m odel p re d ic tio n .
fo r th e

D ev iatio n o f m odel p re d ic tio n

th ird g e n e ra tio n e m erg en c e was g re a te r th an

g e n e ra tio n .

th a t o f th e seco n d

C a rru th e rs (1981) d escrib ed sim ila r re s u lts w hen he co m p ared th e

sam e fie ld e m e rg e n c e d a ta to th a t o f p re d ic te d e m e rg e n c e from c o m p u te r
sim u latio n .
A fte r adding a subm odel of E. m uscae in fe c tio n , he found th a t m odel
re s u lts a c c u ra te ly tra c k e d th e second and th ird g e n e ra tio n OM e m erg en c e .

He

215

1979

MODELFIELD-

Q-

Oo
100

< ? ..

£ <

iso

o

150

200

300

350

(X

(_>

100

Figure 52A.

Figure 52B,

Figure 52C,
Figure 520.

150

200

JULIAN

GATE

250

300

ISO

250
200
J U L I A N DAT E

Cumulative proportion OM emergence for model (expected)
and field (observed) data for Grant, 1980.
(_E, museae
not included.)
Cumulative proportion OM emergence for model (expected)
and field (observed) data for Grant, 1980, after inclu­
sion of E. tnuscae.
Proportion of total OM adults for model and field data
in Grant, MI, 1979.
Proportion of total OM adults for model and field data
in Grant, MI, 1980.

350

216

su g g ested th a t a s h ift of th e p re d ic te d second and th ird g e n e ra tio n em erg en ce by
th e m odel o ccu rred due to ad d itio n al a d u lt m o rta lity c au sed by E. m u scae.
A dult m o rta lity was ad ju sted in th e m odel acc o rd in g to field d a ta on
in fe c tio n levels o f E. m uscae (C a rru th e rs 1981). Model p re d ic tio n o f second and
th ird g e n eratio n e m erg en c e of OM a d u lts fo r 1980 was found to tra c k th e field
e m e rg e n c e re su lts a c c u ra te ly (F igure 52).

Based on th e se re s u lts, a d u lt OM

m o rta lity by E. m uscae was included in all p ro ceed in g m odel runs.
T e m p e ra tu re -a d ju ste d tra p c a tc h o f flig h t-in te rc e p tio n tra p s fo r 1979 and
1980 (field 7, 13) w ere co m p ared to m odel re s u lts fo r th e sam e y ears.

C ounts

w ere tra n sfo rm e d to a p ro p o rtio n of to ta l c a tc h so re s u lts could be exam ined
independent of d e n sity (F igure 52).
for b oth y e ars.

M odel re s u lts w ere sim ilar to field re su lts

In 1979 th e m odel p re d ic te d a higher peak p ro p o rtio n o f a d u lts

fo r th e second g e n e ra tio n when com p ared to th e field d a ta.

T he to ta l a d u lt

incidence for th e second g e n eratio n , how ever, was th e sam e fo r th e m odel and
th e field .

F or b o th years, m odel and field re su lts d escrib ed a sim ilar phenology

of a d u lt a c tiv ity .
Model runs w ere m ade fo r 1979 to exam ine th e phenology of th e im m atu re
sta g e s of th e OM (Figure 53).

F ield sam p lin g re s u lts and m odel p re d ic tio n s a re

p re sen te d as a p ro p ortion o f the to ta l so com parisons can be m ade independent
of density.

Only tw o g e n eratio n s o f la rv a l a c tiv ity on im m a tu re onions w ere

re v ealed . T hese re su lts a g re e w ith in fo rm atio n p re se n te d e a rlie r from im m a tu re
sta g e sam pling in th e field. The phenology o f im m a tu re s ta g e s p re d ic te d by th e
m odel, do not a g re e co m p letely w ith p o p u latio n e s tim a te s from field sam pling.
Such d ev iatio n s in th e phenology m ay be p a rtly due to th e use o f only one
d ev elo p m en tal base te m p e ra tu re (4.4° C) in th e m odel. D iffe re n t base te m p e ra -

P R O P O R T I O N DF T OT AL
0 .0 2
0.0k

PUP AE

P R O P O R T I O N O F T OT AL
0 .0 2

3

tNSTpR

P R O P O R T I O N O F T OT AL 2
0 .0 2

INSTRH

0 .0 3

c.
9
X

a
9

a

igure 53,

Comparison of field and model results for proportions of immature stages of the OM during
the onion growing season in Grant, Michigan, in 1979* A) Proportion of second instar,
B) Proportion of third instar, and C) Proportion of pupae*

218

tu re s fo r th e various life -s ta g e s m ay ex ist, w hich, if in c o rp o ra te d in to th e model,
would a f f e c t p re d ic te d phenology co n sid erab ly .

D ev iatio n s b etw een th e m odel

and fie ld re s u lts for p ro p o rtio n al size o f th e second and th ird g e n e ra tio n a re also
e v id e n t.

This is probably due to sam p le lo c a tio n and p ro ced u res used fo r

o b ta in in g e s tim a te s o f im m a tu re s ta g e s in th e field . F ield sam ples co n sisted of
d am aged a re a s o f 60 cm of onion row .

To m o re a c c u ra te ly co m p are field and

m odel re su lts, th e num ber o f dam aged a re a s in th e fie ld fo r e a c h g en eratio n
would need to be included. From th e previous s e c tio n on OM p la n t d am ag e, it is
ev id en t th a t m ore dam age o ccu rs early in th e season and th u s higher d e n sities or
a higher p ro p ortion of f ir s t g e n e ra tio n la rv a e would be e x p e c te d .
Model v a lid a tio n w ith fie ld d a ta w ill be g re a tly en hanced when an onion
p la n t com ponent is a v ailab le . This co m p o n en t is p re se n tly being in v e stig a te d fo r
inclusion in an OM-E. m uscae p opulation m odel (P et 1982, M ichigan S ta te
U niv ersity , p ro je c te d d a te o f MS th e sis com pletion).

Inclusion o f a dynam ic

p la n t m odel will provide an o p p o rtu n ity to exam ine im m a tu re and ad u lt survival,
e f f e c ts o f a lim ite d food re so u rce on su rv iv al and e f f e c ts o f onion p la n t s p a tia l
d istrib u tio n on b o th th e a d u lt and im m a tu re stag e s.

219

V. Sum m ary and C onclusions
This re s e a rc h has sought to provide in fo rm atio n on th e s p a tia l and
te m p o ra l d istrib u tio n o f th e OM in M ichigan and th e d istrib u tio n and e x te n t of
OM p la n t dam age.

The phenology o f th e SCM w as also in v e stig a te d and its

im p o rta n c e as a p e st o f onions is e v a lu a te d .

A subm odel o f th e OM p opulation

dynam ics is provided and m odel o u tp u t was co m p ared to fie ld re s e a rc h re su lts on
a d u lt and la rv a l phenology. A c o n c e p tu a l m odel o f th e onion a g ro eco sy stem was
designed to illu s tra te th e in te ra c tio n s of th e OM in th e sy stem and to show how
th e various subcom ponents a re linked and in te g ra te d .
R esu lts of a d u lt e m erg en c e stu d ies in d ic a te th a t OM em erg en c e each y e ar
may be p re d ic te d by accu m u la tio n o f e ith e r soil o r air d e g re e-d a y s. D eg ree day
values o f em erg en c e u p d ated fo r G ra n t, MI, m ay be used in p re d ic tio n of OM
e m e rg e n c e fo r d iffe re n t a re a s o f th e s ta te .

T h ese values have been shown to

closely a g re e w ith d e g re e-d a y values re p o rte d fo r OM e m erg en c e in New Y ork.
B iotic and a b io tic p a ra m e te rs o th e r th a n te m p e ra tu re can also in flu en ce OM
e m e rg e n c e . If g re a te r a c c u ra c y in p re d ic tio n of OM e m e rg e n c e is needed, m ore
stu d y is n e ce ssa ry to id e n tify th e se o th e r e ffe c ts and how th e y m ay be m o n ito red
and used fo r p re d ic tiv e purposes.

In this re p o rt, th e e f f e c t o f soil m o istu re on

OM e m e rg e n c e was in v e stig a te d by co m p ariso n o f e m e rg e n c e and p re c ip ita tio n
re c o rd s.

A lthough no d e fin ite conclusions can be m ade, it ap p ears th a t soil

m o istu re can a f f e c t a d u lt OM e m e rg e n c e in th e spring.
S ev eral a sp e c ts o f OM flig h t b eh av io r w ere in v e stig a te d .

A dults w ere

observed to fly a t or a b o u t th e h eig h t o f th e onion crop. H eight o f tra p s used fo r
m onitoring a d u lt a c tiv ity and abundance should th e re fo re be ad ju sted during th e
season. A 100 cm tra p heig h t, how ever, should be a d e q u a te if one h eig h t o f tra p

22 0

is d esired fo r tra p p in g ad u lt ro o t m ag g o ts during th e whole of th e season. It was
also found th a t re la tiv e tra p p in g d ev ices w orked b e st when p la ce d along field
b o rd ers, and th a t th e d ire c tio n o f th e tra p or th e fo liag e ty p e o f th e b o rd er had
l ittl e in flu en ce on re la tiv e c a tc h size.
D uring n ig h t hours, th e m a jo rity o f OM a d u lts w ere observed to re s t in
b o rd e r h a b ita ts o f g rass or c a rro ts .

High m o istu re co n d itio n s and p ro te c tio n in

th e se a re a s m ay a c c o u n t fo r th is s p a tia l d istrib u tio n a t night.

A dult ro o t

m aggots in fe c te d by E. m uscae o fte n a tta c h to fo liag e in th e se b o rd er a re a s a t
n ig h t in o rd e r to sp o ru la te (C a rru th e rs 1981). A g g re g ates o f a d u lts in th e se a re as
a t n ig h t is th e re fo re d e sira b le fo r sp o re a tta c h m e n t and in fe c tio n by E. m u scae.
Studies w ere c o n d u cted w ith flig h t in te rc e p tio n tra p s to ex am in e th e
w ithin-day a c tiv ity o f OM a d u lts.
a.m . and 5:30-8:30 p.m .

G re a te s t a c tiv ity o ccu rred b etw ee n 5:30-9:30

In fo rm a tio n from th e lite r a tu r e on how a b io tic fa c to rs

in flu en ce OM fig h t w ere e v a lu a te d , and a te m p e ra tu re -a d ju s tm e n t program was
w ritte n to a d ju st tra p d a ta fo r a b io tic e f f e c ts on OM flig h t a c tiv ity and n a tu ra l
diu rn al rh y th m .

T he program a p p ro p ria te ly a d ju ste d tra p d a ta fo r e ffe c ts of

m ajor w e ath e r d istu rb a n ce s on a d u lt a c tiv ity .

A sim ila r tech n iq u e was used to

ad ju st a c tiv ity tra p d a ta of ro o t m aggot a d u lts in th e N eth erlan d s (Loosjes 1976).
Inclusion of w ithin-day a c tiv ity in tra p c a tc h a d ju stm e n t enhanced th e tech n iq u e
by providing a re a lis tic tra n s fo rm a tio n o f a c tiv ity d a ta su ch th a t n e g a tiv e valu es
w ere avoided.
A dult flig h t cu rv es o f te m p e ra tu re -a d ju s te d d a ta w ere p re se n te d fo r
se v e ra l stu d y field s e ac h y ear.

T h ree g e n e ra tio n s o f a d u lt OM flig h t w ere

observed, w ith th e th ird flig h t o c cu rrin g v ery la te in th e seaso n , o fte n a f te r
onion h a rv e st.

A dult flig h t cu rv es o f all field s in th e region re v e a le d a sim ilar

221

phenology o f a d u lt flig h t during th e season.

B e tw e e n -fie ld d iffe re n c e s in ad u lt

d en sity w ere a p p a re n t, how ever, and th is was a ttr ib u te d to s e v e ra l fa c to rs
influding d iffe re n t soil ty p e s and p re sen c e or ab sen ce o f p ro te c tiv e b o rd er areas.
A pplications o f fo lia r in se c tic id e sp ray s had litt l e e f f e c t on a d u lt d e n sitie s and
fa ile d to sig n ific a n tly re d u c e pop u latio n s o f a d u lt ro o t m aggots in field s w here
th e y w e re used. F o liar ap p lic atio n s of th e in se c tic id e s m alath io n , p a ra th io n and
diazinon are th e re fo re n o t reco m m en d ed as a co n tro l fo r OM ad u lts.
Phenology and o c c u rre n c e o f OM im m a tu re sta g e s w ere in v e stig ate d .
O nly tw o g e n e ra tio n s o f la rv a l a c tiv ity w ere observ ed during th e onion grow ing
season. The th ird la rv a l brood o c c u rre d p rim arily on m a tu re onions a t h a rv e st or
cull onions le f t in th e fie ld follow ing h a rv e st. M atu re onions n o t h a rv e ste d until
la te in th e fa ll w ere o bserved to be d am ag ed by th e th ird la rv a l brood.

Onions

read y fo r h a rv e st th a t had been "lifte d " and physically d istu rb ed w ere not
dam aged by th e th ird la rv a l g e n eratio n . T he m ajo r p ro p o rtio n o f th e th ird la rv a l
brood occurs on cull onions which are m issed during h a rv e st or dum ped back into
th e field follow ing processing.

Phenology o f th e im m a tu re s ta g e s was found to

depend on tim e o f OM a d u lt e m erg en c e and a c tiv ity .

T o tal second and third

in s ta r la rv a l m o rta litie s o f 52% fo r th e firs t and 43% and fo r th e second
g e n e ra tio n s w ere observed.

Pupal m o rta lity d iffe re d sig n ific a n tly am ong a re as

w ith d iffe re n t c o n tro l program s.

S u p erp arasitism

by A.

b ilin e a ta

in c re a se d pupal m o rta lity during th e second and th ird g e n eratio n .

caused
B ecause

p a ra sitism by A. b ilin e a ta was low w here a g ra n u la r o r fo liar in se c tic id e was
applied, it follow s th a t p e rc e n t p a ra sitism and OM pupal m o rta lity was probably
low er in c o m m e rcial fields during th e onion grow ing season due to w idespread
use of th e in se c tic id e D y fo n ate and w eekly a p p licatio n s of fo liar in sec tic id e s.

222

T hese com pounds d e c re a se d p o te n tia l OM pupal m o rta lity by red u cin g f ir s t in s ta r
p a ra sitism by A. b ilin e a ta .

R e c e n t stu d ie s have shown t h a t som e g ran u lar

in se c tic id e s used fo r ro o t m aggot c o n tro l a re less to x ic to A. b ilin e a ta th a n th e
com pounds (F inlayson e t al. 1980).

C om pounds such as chlorfenvinphos m ay

provide a d e q u a te OM co n tro l and be le ss to x ic to n a tu ra l enem y populations.
F o liar ap p lic atio n s o f in se c tic id e s m ay also re d u c e to ta l pupal m o rta lity and
p a ra sitism by d ecrea sin g p a ra sito id populations.

R educed use o f th e se sprays in

th e fu tu re would allow n a tu ra l enem y populations to in c re ase .
O nly 3% o f OM pupae during th e second g e n e ra tio n w ere observed to be in
diapause.

This value is m uch low er th a n p e rc e n ta g e s re p o rte d fo r Q uebec and

New Y ork. O v e rw in te rin g m o rta lity o f OM pupae was in v e stig a te d , and d ifferin g
a b io tic conditions w ere found to have lit tl e e f f e c t.

O v erall m o rta lity of

o v e rw in te rin g OM pupae was found to be 12.2% fo r b o th y ears o f th e study.
P a ra sitism by A. b ilin e a ta and A. p allip es was o b serv ed in o v e rw in te rin g OM
pupae.

A c tu al p e rc e n t p a ra sitism

was not d e term in e d , b u t re c e n t stu d ies

in d ic a te th a t sig n ific a n t p a ra sitism o f OM pupae by th e se sp ec ie s has been low
due to p re sen t onion p ro ductio n p ra c tic e s .

S tudies by C a rru th e rs (1981) have

shown th a t many of th e c u rre n t reco m m en d ed m a te ria ls including som e herbi­
cid es can cause high m o rta lity of OM n a tu ra l en em ies.
The e x te n t and d istrib u tio n o f onion p la n t dam age by th e OM was
in v e stig a te d by "m apping" th e con d itio n and lo c a tio n o f individual onion plan ts
th ro u g h o u t th e season.

S ix ty -fiv e p e rc e n t o f th e to ta l seaso n al d am ag e was

found to occur during th e firs t g e n eratio n brood. A t this tim e , onion p lan ts are
sm all and fre q u e n t m ig ratio n o f OM la rv a e to n earb y onion p lan ts o ccu rs.
Onion plan ts dam aged e a rly in th e season w ere observed to rem ain in the
fie ld an a v erag e o f 155 d eg ree-d ay s.

P la n ts d am ag ed la te r in th e season

22 3

re m a in ed visible in th e field over a g re a te r le n g th o f tim e, sin ce th e siz e o f th e
onion p la n t is g r e a te r and d eh y d ratio n and s o ft ro t do no t lead to bulb
d ecom position as quickly.

A sam ple in te rv a l o f one w eek or less was n ecessary

fo r d e te rm in a tio n o f OM p la n t d am ag e in th e spring to en su re th a t m ost dam aged
onions w ere av ailab le fo r re c o rd in g b e fo re to ta l deco m p o sitio n o ccu rred . T o tal
second g e n e ra tio n dam age can b e st be assessed a t h a rv e st, sin ce d am ag ed onins
re m a in visible in th e field lo n g er th a n tw o w eeks.
O nion plant dam age in th e spring was found to be d istrib u te d in itia lly in a
random p a tte rn .

S ig n ifican t d e p a rtu re from random ness to w ard contagious was

re v e ale d la te r in th e spring as dam age p rogressed.

The d istrib u tio n o f dam aged

onions in p lots tr e a te d w ith D y fo n ate in se c tic id e te n d ed to w ard a contagious
p a tte rn a w eek e a rlie r th an th a t o b serv ed fo r d am ag ed p la n ts in n o n -tre a te d
plots. F o r bo th p lo t conditions, th e d istrib u tio n of dam ag ed p lan ts approached a
random p a tte rn la te in th e season as th e d en sity of dam ag ed p lan ts in creased .
V olunteer onions w ere shown to a f f e c t th e s p a tia l d istrib u tio n o f OM plant
dam age.

A te s t s ta tis tic was developed fo r co m p arin g onion p la n t dam age in

a re a s o f d iffe re n t v o lu n teer onion d en sity .

It was also used fo r e stim a tio n of

a v erag e clum p siz e o f dam aged p la n ts around v o lu n teer onions.

A g g reg ates of

v o lu n teer onions a ffe c te d OM p la n t d am ag e m ore th an single v o lu n teer onion
plan ts. The a re a o f onion p la n ts d ire c tly a ffe c te d by v o lu n teer onions was found
to be a p p ro x im ately 35-37 cm (radius).

Onions close to v o lu n teer onion plants

had a higher p ro b ab ility o f being dam ag ed by th e OM in th e spring.

This

in fo rm atio n m ay be useful for d e te c tio n -ty p e sam p lin g of OM p la n t dam age early
in th e season, by s e le c tin g field s w here v o lu n te e r onions a re p re se n t fo r in itia l
dam age surveys.

When onion seed lin g d am ag e is f ir s t observed in th e se a re a s

224

clo se to v o lu n teer p lan ts, d am ag e su rv ey s can be in itia te d in all field s o f th e
region.
P la n t dam age during th e f ir s t g e n e ra tio n o f th e OM was d e term in e d by
a c c u m u la tin g w eekly d am age e s tim a te s in th e spring.

F o liar in se c tic id e sprays

did not sig n ific a n tly re d u c e OM la rv a l d am ag e during th e f ir s t or second
g e n e ra tio n . F irs t g e n e ra tio n OM p la n t dam age was sig n ific a n tly c o rre la te d w ith
second g e n eratio n ad u lt populations.

P o s t-h a rv e s t p ro d u ctio n p ra c tic e s m ight

a f f e c t th e s p a tia l d istrib u tio n o f th e th ird g e n e ra tio n o f ad u lts, sin ce no
c o rre la tio n b etw een second g e n e ra tio n d am ag e and th ird g e n e ra tio n a d u lts was
evident.
R egional surveys o f OM p la n t d am ag e w ere co n d u cted in M ichigan fo r
both th e firs t and second g e n eratio n over a fo u r-y e a r perio d . M ost field s in four
m ajor onion-grow ing a re a s w ere surveyed, and reg io n al e s tim a te s o f dam age
w ere d e term in e d . T hese surveys provided in fo rm atio n on e x te n t o f OM d am ag e
in th e s ta t e and use and success o f c o n tro l program s.
Onion p la n t d am age in all stu d y field s in G ran t was o bserved to p rogress
a t th e sam e r a te ov er a lim ite d ran g e o f onion dam age d en sity .
d am age curves w ere d e te rm in e d fo r th e G ra n t reg io n fo r tw o y ears.

P ro p o rtio n al
T o tal firs t

g e n eratio n Om p la n t dam age was d e term in e d fo r 19 field s in 1980 by use of a
propo rtio n al dam age curve. The r a te o f d am ag e m ay be d e te rm in e d each y e a r by
sam pling a lim ite d num ber o f field s in th e a re a .

D am age e s tim a te s from

regional surveys (point e stim a te s ) can th en be used to e s tim a te to ta l p e rc e n t OM
plant dam age a t th e end o f th e firs t g e n eratio n o f d am ag e.
A dult flig h t cu rv es o f th e SCM w ere p re s e n te d fo r s e v e ra l field s in th e
G ra n t a re a .

F our g e n eratio n s o f a d u lt flig h t w ere observ ed and th e se d a ta

225

a g re e d w ith re s u lts o f im m a tu re sta g e sam pling. T h ere was sig n ific a n t c o rre la ­
tio n b e tw ee n SCM and OM a d u lt populations for a ll field s and y e a rs exam ined.
SCM in th e p a st has been d e sc rib e d a s e ith e r a sec o n d a ry p e st o f onions o r
as being p re se n t only w hen OM la rv a l populations w ere also p re s e n t. SCM la rv a e
w ere o b serv ed to be th e p rim ary in h a b ita n ts o f dam ag ed onions e arly in th e
season, e sp ecially when no g ra n u la r in se c tic id e was used.

A reas o f SCM onion

p la n t d am age m ay, th e re fo re , a c t as c e n te rs o f a ttr a c tio n fo r OM oviposition
la te r in th e spring.
A c o n c e p tu a l m odel o f th e su rv iv al and d ev elo p m en t o f th e OM was
p re s e n te d .

B ehavior o f th e c o n c e p tu a l m odel was found to be a c c e p ta b le fo r

know n fe a tu re s o f OM biology.

V alid atio n o f th e OM p o p u latio n dynam ics

subm odel w as possible by com parison o f m odel o u tp u t and fie ld re s e a rc h re su lts.
S im ulation o f a d u lt e m erg en c e re v e a le d a la g perio d o f s e v e ra l days b etw een
field re s u lts and m odel p re d ic tio n o f second and th ird g e n e ra tio n e m erg en ce.
In c o rp o ra tio n of a d u lt m o rta lity by E. m uscae g re a tly im proved m odel re su lts.
T he m odel a c c u ra te ly tra c k e d seco n d and th ird in s ta r and pupal phenology w hen
re s u lts w ere co m p ared to field d a ta.

S im ulation re s u lts also p re d ic te d only tw o

g e n e ra tio n s o f la rv a l a c tiv ity on onions b e fo re h a rv e st.

A th ird a d u lt e m erg en c e

was p re d ic te d to o c cu r follow ing onion h a v est in e a rly S ep tem b er.

S ev eral

assum ptions and lim ita tio n s o f th e m odel w ere p re s e n te d , including th e n eed for
an onion plant subcom ponent.

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A sim u latio n m odel

fo r th e survival and d ev elo p m en t of th e onion m aggot.

P ro c. Entom ol.

Soc. o f O nt. V1U:39—
55.
W illiams, C .D .

1961.

S tudies on th e e f f e c t o f w e a th e r conditions on th e

a c tiv ity and abundance o f in s e c t populations.
B244:331-78.

Phil. T rans. R. Soc.

238

W ishart,

G.

1957.

Surveys

of

p a ra s ite s

of

H ylem ya

A nthom yiidae) th a t a tta c k c ru c ife ro u s crops in C an ad a.

spp.

(D ip tera:

C an. Entom ol.

89:450-54.
W ishart, G ., J .F . Doane and G.E. M aybee. 1956. N o tes on b e e tle s vs. p re d a to rs
of eggs o f H ylem ya b ra ssic a e (Bouche') (D ip te ra :

A nthom yiidae).

C an.

Entom ol. 88:634-39.
W ishart,

G.

and

(H ym enoptera:

E.

M onteith.
C ynipidae),

1954.
a

p a ra s ite

T ry b lio g rap h a
of

H ylem ya

ra p a e

(W estw.)

spp.

(D ip tera:

A nthom yiidae). C an. Entom ol. 86:145-54.
W orkman, R .H ., J r.

1958.

The biology o f th e onion m aggot, H ylem ya an tiq u a

(M eigen), under field and g reen h o u se conditions.

PhD th esis, O regon St.

C oll. 82 pp.
Wyman, D.

1972.

Y ork. 1222 pp.

W yman's G ardening E ncyclopedia.

M acM illan C ol., New

APPENDIX A

239

Appendix A.

Figure Al.

Table Al.

Distribution of Hylemya spp.

in Michigan

Counties and standard county codes for the state of
Michigan for use with table Al.

Distribution of Hylemya spp. in Michigan (codes refer
to county codes in figure Al.),

2 40

"7 08,

131
053

013

103
003

071
H IM

043

153

*041
1 09
141
031
etuco

A lf ltM

137

007

112.

039

0 79
wiuutti

M IH M '

1 13

12 9

HUQH

extou

1 05

133

> '- s

niwut iIU

■UtON

in

0 63

0 17

OCUM i

12 7

073

111

123
117

139

0 81

067

151

145

037

155 .
w c iu m

0 65

| iM K im

093

1 25

CUH0W

02 5

163

161

H ta O i

023

11!

Figure Al . Counties and standard county codes for the state of
Michigan (from U.S. General Services Administration).

b9

TABLE A l .
Species of the
Genus Hylemya

fugan
hinei
inconspicua
inormata
laevis
lasciva
latifrontalis
lineariventris
longipalpis
muscaria

55,
17,
33
7,
9,
45,
113
51,
111
35,
65,
97,
5,
17,
1,
51,
1,

65
19,

65, 79,

81, 85', 87,111, 159

9, 13, 41, 53, 61, 63, 83, 97, 103, 111, 113, 127, 131
17, 33, 41, 53, 61, 71, 87, 97, 111, 133, 153
65, 159
73, 111, 145
111
73, 77, 87,
101, 111
111, 123
11, 17-21, 31, 37, 45, 51, 59, 63-7, 73, 83, 87,
47, 123, 157
17, 103, 153
57, 81, 111
17, 19, 31, 81, 87, 93, 111, 125, 127

93,

97, 111, 123, 127, 143, 145.

53
9, 19, 21, 27, 33, 47, 51, 69, 83, 111, 113, 133, 143, 159, 165
3, 11, 21, 31, 35, 45, 51, 63, 65, 75-9, 83, 93, 101, 107, 111, 113, 117, 121, 123,
141, 153-7
65, 67, 73, 77, 81, 107, 111,133, 143, 155
35, 51, 97, 111, 143
51
131, 133
11, 21, 59, 79, 111, 121, 139
29, 31, 45, 47, 51, 53, 61,65, 79, 83, 93, 109, 111, 131, 153
103
33, 41, 69, 103
37, 137
111, 143, 145

149

133,

241

abitibiennsis
aemena
aestiva
alaba
alcathoe
antiqua
arnolitra
atomaris
betarum
bicaudata
brassicae
bucculenta
cinerella
cinerosa
coensiaeformis
curipes
depressa
discreta
filicis
flavipennis
florilega

Record of distribution in Michigan (codes refer to counties in figure Al).

_
„ .
Species of the
Genus Hylemya
(continued)

octoguttata
parvaeformis
pilifemus
platura

Record of distribution in Michigan (codes refer to counties in figure A l ),

79
113, 123
21, 51, 73, 91, 111
1, 3, 7-13, 17-21, 25-43, 51-63, 67, 71-85, 89, 91, 95, 9
137-45, 149, 153, 155, 159, 165
3, 13, 33, 37, 39, 41, 51, 53, 67, 81, 101, 103, 111, 113
49
5, 51, 81, 83, 95
69, 77, 111
45, 65, 111, 115, 133, 149
35, 43, 61, 143, 153
41, 53, 153
35
27, 81, 125
3, 29, 33, 41, 71, 73, 97, 111, 131, 153
111, 153
35, 69
85, 131
25, 31, 37, 69, 81, 111, 113, 127, 149, 159
15, 25, 35, 37, 41, 45, 49, 59, 65, 69, 71, 77, 111, 143

242

pluvialis
probpscidalis
profuga
pullula
radicum
replicata
restorata
salicola
setigera
setitarsata
spinosossima
stratifrons
trilinesta
trivitata
variata

Table Al. (continued)
--------

Appendix B
{footnotes for Figure 1)

243

Footnote 1:
Nye, P. H. e t al.
grow th

1975. The possibility of predicting solute uptake and plant

response

from

independently

m easured

soil

and

plant

c h a ra c te ris itc s. Plant and Soil 42:161-70.
Robinson, J. C. 1973. Studies on th e p erform an ce and growth of various shortday onion v arieties (Allium cepa L.) in th e Rhodesian low veld in relation
to d a te of sowing. Rhod. 3. Agric. Res. 11:51-69.
Footnote 2:
Hancock, J. G. and J. W. Lorbeer.

1963.

Pathogenesis of Botrytis c in erea , B.

squamosa and B. allii on onion leaves. Phytopathology. 53:669-73.
Footnote 3:
Ellington, 3. J.

1963.

Field and laboratory observations on the life history of

th e onion maggot, Hylemya a n tiq u a (Meigen).

Ph.D. thesis, Cornell

U niversity. 124 pp.
Kendall, E. W.

1932.

Notes on the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meigen),

Entomol. Soc. O ntario Rep. 62:82-84.
Foo tno te 4:
Lewis, T.

1973. Thrips, their biology, ecology and economic im portance. New

York: A cadem ic, 366 pp.
Foo tno te 5:
Martin, G. C.

1958. Root-knot nem atodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in the federation

of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. N em atologica 4:122-25.
USDA.

1960.

Index of Plant Diseases in th e United S tates, Agriculture

Handbook, No. 165.
USDA. p. 365.

Crops R esearch Division, Ag. R esearch Service,

244

Footnote 6:
5prague, R . 1950. Diseases of C ereals and G rasses of North A m erica.

Ronald

Press, New York.
F ootnote 7;
Perron, 3. P.

1972.

E ffe cts of some ecological fa c to rs on populations of the

onion m aggot, Hylemya a n tiq u a , ufield conditions in southw estern Quebec.
Ann. Soc. Entomol. Que. 17{i}:29-47.
Foo tno te 8:
Perron, 3. P.

1972.

E ffe cts of some ecological facto rs on populations of the

onion m aggot, Hylemya an tiq u a , under field conditions in southw estern
Quebec. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Que. 17{1 >:29-47.
F o o tno te 9:
Stoffolono, 3. G.

1969.

N em atode parasites of the face fly and the onion

maggot in France and Denmark. 3. Econ. Entomol. 62:792-95.
Footnote 10:
Perron, 3. P. and R. C re te .
Empusa m uscae Cohn.

1960. Prem ieres observationes sur le champignon,
(Phycomycetes:

Entom ophthora)

p a ra sita n t

la

mouche de l'oignon, Hylemya an tiq ua (Meig.) (Dipteres: Anthomyiidae)
dons le Quebec. Ann. Entomol, Soc. Q uebec 5:52-56.
F ootn ote 11:
Perron, 3. P.

1972.

E ffects of some ecological fa c to rs on populations of the

onion maggot, Hylemya a n tiq u a , under field conditions in southw estern
Quebec. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Que. 17(l):29-^7.

245

Footnote 12:
Russell, H. M.

1912.

An internal p a ra site of Thysanoptera.

Tech, Ser. Bur.

Ent. U.S. 23:25-52.
F oo tn o te 13:
C harles, V. K.

1941.

A prelim inary check list of th e entom ogenous fungi of

North A m erica. Tech. Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. 21:707-85.
F ootn ote 14:
Cobb. N. A.

1917. The Mononchs, a genus of free-living predatory nem atodes.

Soil Science 3:431-86.
F ootn ote 15:
Mankau, R. e t al.

1975.

The life cycle of an endoparasite in some tylenchid

n e m ato d es. N em atologica 21:89-94.
F ootn ote 16:
C onnard, M. H. and P. W. Zimmerman.

1931. Origin of adventitious roots in

cutting s of P ortulaca o le ra c e a . C ontrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. Plant Res.
3:331-46.
Zim m erm an, C. A.

1969.

The causes and c h a ra c te ris tic s of weediness in

P o rtu laca o le ra ce a L, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Michigan. 248 pp.
Footnote 17:
Shorthouse, 3. D. and A. K. Watson.

Plant galls and the biological control of

w eeds. Insect World Digest pp. 8-11.
F o otn o te 18:
Sawyer, A. J .

1976. The e f f e c t on the cereal leaf b eetle on planting oats with

a companion crop. M.S. Thesis, Michigan S ta te U niversity. 145 pp.

246

Footnote 19:
Perron, 3. P.

1972.

E ffe cts of some ecological fa c to rs on populations of the

onion m aggot, Hylemya a n tiq u a , under field conditions in southw estern
Quebec. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Que. 17{l):29-47.
F ootnote 20:
Webster, 3. M.

1972.

N em atodes and biological control, pp. 469-96.

In:

W ebster (Ed.) Economic Nem atology. A cadem ic Press, N.Y.
F o otn ote 21;
Gorske,

S. F. 1973.

The bionomics of the purslane

sawfly, Schizocerella

pilicornis. M.S. Thesis, University of Illinois. I OS pp.
F oo tno te 22:
USD A.

1960.

Index

of plant diseases in the

United S tates.

A griculture

Handbook No. 165. Crops Res, Div., Agric. Res. Ser. 531 pp.
Foo tno te 23:
USD A.

1960. Index of plant diseases in th e United States.

Ag. Handbook No,

165. Crops Res. Div,, Ag. Res. Ser. 531 pp.
Foo tno te 24:
USDA.

I960.

Index

of plant diseases in th e

United States.

A griculture

Handbook No. 165. Crops Res. Div., Agric. Res. Ser. 531 pp.
Footnote 25;
Goeden, R. D.

e t al.

1974.

P rese n t s ta te s of projects on th e biological

c o ntro l of weeds with insects and plant pathogens in the United States and
C anada. Weed Science 22:490-95.

247

Footnote 26:
Breeland, S. G.

1958.

Biological studies on the arm yw orm , Pseudaletia

unip un cta (Haworth) in Tennessee. 3. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 33:263-347.
F o o tn o te 27:
H elgesen, R. G. and D. L. Haynes.

1972.

Population dynamics of the cereal

leaf b e etle, Oulem a melanopus (C oleoptera: Chrysomelidae): a model for
ag e specific m o rtality . C an. Entomol.
T um m aia, R. L. e t al.

104:797-814.

A d isc re te com ponent approach to th e m an ag em ent of

th e cereal leaf b e etle ecosystem . Environ. Entomol. 4:175-86.
F ootnote 28:
Perron, 3. P.

1972.

E ffects of some ecological fa c to rs on populations of the

onion m aggot, Hylemya a n tiq u a , under field conditions in southw estern
Q uebec. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Que. 17(0:29-47.
F o o tn o te 29:
W ebster, F. M. and C. W. Mally.

1900.

The purslane sawfly—Schizocerus

z ab resk el. Can. Entomol. 32:51-55.
F o o tn o te 30:
Gorske, S. F.

1973.

The bionomics of the purslane sawfly, Schizorella

pilicornia (Meig.). M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Illinois. 108 pp.
F ootnote 31:
Mankau, R., 3. L. Imbiani.

1975.

The life cycle of an endoparasite in some

tylenchid nem atodes. N em atologica 21:89-94.
F o otn ote 32:
W ebster, 3. M.

1972.

N em atodes and biological control, pp. 469-496 In: 3.M.

Webster (ed.) Economic Nematology. A cademic Press, N.Y.

248

Footnote 33:
Cobb, N. A.

1913.

N otes on mononchus and tylenchulus.

Washington Acad.

Sci. 3:287-88.
Cobb, N. A.

1917. The mononchs, a genus of free-living pred atory nematodes.

Soil Science 3:431-486.
F o o tn o te 34:
Ravlin, F. W.

1975. A revision of the genus 3uennicke (D iptera: Tachindae) for

A m erica north of LMexico. M.S. Thesis. Michigan S ta te U niversity. 80 pp.
F o o tn o te 35:
Danks, H. V.

1975.

F a c to rs determ ining levels of parasitism by Winthemia

ru fo p icta (Diptera: Tachinidae), with p a rtic u la r re fe re n c e to Heliothis
spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as hosts. Can. Entomol. 107:555-684.
Danks, H.V. 1975. Seasonal cycle and biology of W inthemia rufo picta (Diptera:
Tachinidae) as a parasite of Heliothis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on
to bacco in North Carolina. Can. Entomol. 107:639-54.
F oo tno te 36:
G age, S. H. and D. L. Haynes. 1975. E m ergence under natu ra l and manipulated
conditions of T etrastichus julis, an introduced larval p arasite of the cereal
leaf beetle, with re fe re n ce to regional population m anagem ent. Environ.
Entomol. 4(3):425-34.
F o otn ote 37:
Maltby, H. I., F. W. Stehr, R. C. Anderson, G. E. Moorehead, L. C. Barton and 3.
D. Paschke.

1971.

Establishm ent in the United S ta te s of Anaphes

flavipes (Foerster), an egg parasite of the cereal leaf b eetle, Qulema
melanopus (L.) 3. Econ. Entomol. 64:693-97.

249

Footnote 38:
P erron, 3. P.
onion

1972.

m aggot,

E ffects of some ecological fa c to rs on populations of the
Hylemya

an tiqu a

(Meig.),

under

field

conditions

in

southw estern Quebec. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Que, 17(l):29-47.
F o o tn o te 39;
Thompson, W. R.

1943.

A c ata lo g u e of the parasites and predators of insect

pests. Sect. I, Pt. 2. Belleville, O ntario, C anada.

The Imperial P a ra site

Service. 99 pp.
F o o tn o te 40:
U5DA.

1960.

Index of plant diseases in th e United S tates.

Agriculture

Handbook No. 175. Crops Res. Div., Agric. Res. Ser., p. 280.
F o o tno te 41:
Gorlenko, M.V., I. V. Voronkevich and T. S. Maksimova.

1956. M u t u a l r e l a t i o n s

betw een the onion fly and onion syrphid and the b a c te ria th a t cause damp
rots in plants, (in Russian) Zool. Zh. 35 pt. 1 pp. 16-20, 6 refs. Moscow,
1956. (with a summary in English, Suppl. p. 4).
F oo tn o te 42:
Newhall, A. G. and B. G. Chitwood.

1940. Onion eelworm or bloat caused by

th e stem or bulb n e m atod e, Ditylenchus dipsact. Phytopathology 30:390400.
F o otn o te 43:
U5DA.

1960.

Index of plant diseases in the United S tates.

Handbook No. 165. Crops Res. Div., Agric. Res. Ser. p. 365.

A griculture

APPENDIX C

250

Appendix C.
Table C l .

Air te m p e r a tu r e s and D egree Day A ccu m ulatio n in F ° (base
4.4 C) for G ra n t, Michigan, in 1978-1980.

Table C2-3.

Soil te m p e r a tu r e s and D eg ree Day A ccum ulation in F ° (base
4.4°C ) for th re e d epths (3, 8, and 15 cm) for G ra n t, Michigan, in
1979 (C2) and 1980 (C3).

Table C4.

Daily p re c ip ita tio n and a c c u m u la te d p re c ip ita tio n for G rant,
Michigan, in 1978-1980.

All d a ta files are lo c a te d on UP2017 and UP2018 dump ta p e s a t th e Michigan
S ta te U niversity C o m p u te r C e n te r.
CDDA78GRANTTEMPMAXMIN
CDDA79GRANTTEMPM AXMIN
CDDA80GRANTTEMPMAXMIN
CDDA79CUMDDAY79SOIL
CDDA8QCUMDDAY80SOIL
CDDA7879GRANTPRECIP
CDDA80GRANTTEM PPRECIP

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6I / t / t
6i / t f t
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Bi/OC/OT
Bi / EI / OT
BI /BI / OT
ei/ti/DT
B i / S I /07
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Si/II/OT
Bi / TI / OT
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BL/ 6T / 0T
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BI/TT/OT
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E i / i t /6
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BI/TI/t
B I / O I /6
Bi / E T /6
Bi/BT/t
B I / 17/6
B i / 9T/fi
B i / E T /6
B I / t l /6
BI / ET /6
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BI / T T /6
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253

TABLECl - CONTINUED

———---------- . ————----------------------- ■
OAT!
7/15/79
7/16/79
* '17/79
13/79
7/19/79
7/20/79
7/21/79
7/22/79
7/23/79
7/23/79
7/23/79
7/23/79
7/27/-»9
7/28/79
7/29/79
7/30/79
7/31/79
9/ 1/79
9/ J/79
9 / 3/79
8 / 4/79
3 / S/79
8 / 3/79
9/ 7/79
3/ 9/79
9/ 9/79
8/10/79
3/11/79
3/13/79
9/13/79
3/14/79
3/15/79
9/16/79
3/17/79
a/ia/79
8/19/79
a/20/79
3/21/79
9/22/79
3/23/79
3/24/79
3/25/79
3/26/79
3/27/79
9/28/79
9/29/79
3/30/79
3/31/79
9 / 1/79
9/ 2/79
9/ 3/79
3/ 4/79
9/ 5/79
9/ 6/79
3,- 7 / 7 9
3/ 3/79
9/ 9/79
9/10/79
9/11/79
9/12/79
3/13/79
9/14/79
9/15/79
9/16/79
9/17/79
9/16/79
9/19/79
9/20/79
3/21/79
9/22/79
3/23/79
9/24/79
3/25/79
3/26/79
9/27/79
9/26/79
3/29/79
3/30/79
10/ 1/79
10/ 2/79

ACC.
OECTAT
1830.0
1857.5
1881.5
1901.5
1924.0
1948.5
1976.5
2007.0
2039.5
2071.0
2104.0
2132.0
2161.0
2193.0
2220.3
2249.5
2281,5
2309.0
2337.5
2366.5
2397.0
2426.0
2452.0
2486.5
2516.5
2543.0
2573.5
2591.0
2606.3
2628.8
2644.3
2660.3
2674.6
2691.1
2716.6
2742.1
2768.1
2794.6
2821.6
2853.1
2879.1
2902.1
2923.1
2941.6
2969.6
2999.5
3030.1
3060.6
3090.6
3123.6
3149.6
3176.5
3204.1
3232.1
3247.6
3257.5
3272.1
3297.6
3320.1
3350.1
3377.6
3394.1
1405.5
3423.1
3442.6
1467.6
1477.0
3493.7
3513.7
3524.1
3534.9
3550.1
3566.6
3584.3
3604.4
3624.9
3652.4
1676.9
3691.2
3710.2

------------------ - - - - - - —
“ aj :
TEMP
88
82
76
80
84
86

3S
as

99
79
76
79
97
83
35
82
80
74
81
81
82
82
79
88
78
80
76
71
73
70
63
70
73
63
76
77
72
79
76
79
69
72
78
65
74
78
31
83
80
79
78
7a
83
82
59
64
70
73
75
84
71
64
66
77
77
76
65
75
68
57
57
72
73
79
81
80
33
77
74
64

Mrt
TEMP
64
53
52
40
41
43
50
55
56
64
70
57
51
61
50
56
64
61
56
57
59
56
S3
61
62
53
65
44
38
54
4B
43
11
50
55
54
60
54
58
64
63
54
44
52
62
62
58
58
60
57
54
56
52
54
52
33
19

53
50
56
64
49
35
38
42
54
27
18
52
28
30
33
40
15
19
41
52
52
31
54

OATS
ACC.
DECDAY
———- ——————------10/ 3/79
1 0/ 4/79
10/ 5/79
10/ 6/79
10/ 7/79
10/ 9/79
10/ 9/79
10/10/79
10/11/79
10/12/79
10/13/79
10/14/-9
10/15/79
10/16/79
10/17/79
10/18/79
10/19/79
10/20/79
10/21/79
10/22/79
10/23/79
10/24/79
10/25/79
10/26/79
10/27/79
10/28/79
10/29/79
10/30/79
10/31/79
4 / 1/80
4 / 2/80
4 / 3/90
4 / 4/80
4 / 5/80
4 / 6/90
4 / 7/80
4 / 9/90
4/ 9/90
4/10/80
4/11/30
4/12/80
4/13/90
4/14/80
4/15/80
4/16/90
4/17/80
4/18/80
4/19/80
4/20/80
4/21/BO
4/22/80
4/23/80
4/24/80
4/25/90
4/26/90
4/27/80
4/28/80
4/29/80
4/30/80
5 / 1/80
5 / 2/80
5 / 3/30
5 / 4/80
5 / 5/80
5 / 5/80
5/ 7/90
9 / 3/80
5/ 9/80
5/10/80
5/11/80
5/12/80
5/13/80
5/14/80

s/is/ao

5/16/80
5/17/90
5/18/80
5/19/80
5/20/80
5/21/60

3723.2
3731.2
3738.3
3747.3
3752,8
3758.1
3763.4
3766.4
3767.4
3770.3
3772.0
1774.4
3734.4
3790.5
1805.5
1818.0
3839.5
3860.5
1890.0
1920.5
3924.0
3925.7
3925.7
3926.7
3929.3
3935.3
3940.7
3947.5
1964.3
2.1
10.9
11.0
12.4
18.7
28.9
41.4
54.4
55.0
55.0
56. 2
56.7
57.}
57. J
58.3
60.0
63.5
63.5
75.4
90.3
196.9
133.3
141.5
141.6
145.4
151.4
159.4
167,4
175.4
1B6.9
203 .9
220.0
240.5
262.5
285,5
298.1
302.1
306.0
312.7
326.4
344.4
360.4
376.4
ie4.o
391.2
404.8
419.3
437.3
458.3
478.3
498.0

MAX
TEMP
————————
■52
60
59
55
51
54
51
49
44
47
45
49
64
55
60
60
66
70
73
75
45
45
38
44
50
51
55
57
72
4S
61
41
45
57
64
59
59
42
38
44
42
45
37
42
47
52
37
66
74
72
94
56
41
52
54
55
55
53
5a
68
73
32
34
33
68
51
52
57
69
67
70
63
99
52
68
01
64
75
75
63

MIN
TEMP
44
33
30
43
40
33
36
32
32
38
36
25
33
35
50
4S
55
54
56
56
42
36
32
22
29
41
26
24
42
26
34
23
32
11
24
46
47
36
32
35
16
29
20
12
24
24
16
27

2j
40

£0
39
26
*Am
1
37
41
41
41
45
46
39
29
40
43
26

n
Z9
31
19
49
42
49
11
34
32
46
54
47
45
15

254

TABLE cl
DATE

5/22/90
5/23/80
5 /2 4 /8 0
5/25/BO
9/36/BO
5/37/BO
5/31/90
5/29/80
5/30/30
5/31/SO
6 /
1/60
6 / 3/BO
6 / 1/30
4 / 4/30
6 / 3/BO
4 / 5/BO
4 / 7/BO
5/ 3/80
5 / 3/BO
5 /1 0 /3 0
5 /1 1 /3 0
4 /1 3 /8 0
4/13/BO
6/14/80
4 /1 5 /9 0
6/14/80
6/17/90
6/18/80
5 /1 9 /9 0
6/3 0 /8 0
6/2 1 /3 0
6/3 2 /6 0
6/23/30
6/34/90
6/39/30
6/26/80
5/27/30
6/38/30
4/29/80
6/30/30
7 / 1/80
7 / 2/80
7 / 3/80
7/ 4/30
7 / 5/30
' /
6/80
7 / 7/80
7 / 3/30
7 / 3/80
7/1 0 /8 0
7/11/BO
7/1 2 /9 0
7/13/80
7/14/30
7/13/80
7/14/80
7/17/BO
7/1B/80
7/19/30
7 /2 0 /3 0
7 /2 1 /8 0
7/22/80
7 /2 3 /8 0
7/34/80
7/29/80
7/36/80
7/37/80
7/28/80
*729/90
7/3 0 /8 0
7/31/80
8/ 1/80
9/ 2/80
1 / 3/BO
8 / 4/80
8 / 9/30
3 / 6/30
3 / 7/80
8 / 3/80
8/ 9/80
9/10/80

CCKTISUED
ACC.
OEGDAY

MAX
TEMP

HIS
TEMP

DATE

ACC.
OEODAY

MAX
TEMP

HIS
TEMP

521.0
546.0
980.0
608.0
629.0
649.0
670.0
699.9
723.5
747.5
760.0
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2724.7
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t h> p. fp s r* p i ^ ^(t p* v i ui m h 3] 1 } in m h> if ^ ^ n in r* j i/t N B p* p* i f f i j p i r t ' f p i n p *
j n n « f i r ( c * M W H P i N M n « r * r i N n M n n n i l n n n n " i N r ( M M ' T i r * > n p i ' ,' p i

35.6

I
I

I
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s

i^r hM» nr ' ^r *i nr <i fr «i ph -«ahJ>^hDi r^«n3 n) it ifj(}ri taiaO' 9r (' 0®9f' fa vi ]Qj ' r( tr ri 9i nt d^ itoni -Ca tfj 'v' BA ^d 3' ^' po rf ii iPi ii 'f#>J&i ' oJ iS3 fQ' (D0 Q7 i

4

230

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260

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l
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261

TABLE C 4 •

DATE

UAILX
PRECI P

ACCUUULATIDH

4/ i m
4/ 2/7d
4 / 3/78
4/ 4/7B
4/ 5/73
4/ 6/?d
4 / 7/7U
4 / 8/78
4/ 9/78
4/10/78
4/11/78
4/12/72
4 /1 J/7d
4/14/73
4/15/73
4/16/78
4/17/73
4/13/73
4/19/78
4/20/73
4/21/73
4/22/78
4/22/78
4/24/73
4/25/78
4/26/73
4/27/78
4/23/73
4/29/73
4 / 30/7d
5 / 1/78
5 / 2/78
3/ 3/76
5 / 4/78
5 / 5/78
5/ 6/76
5/ 7/73
5 / a / 78
5/ 9/78
5/10/73
5/11/70
5/12/78
5/13/78
5/14/70
5/13/76
5/16/70
5/17/78
5/10/70
S/19/73
S/20/7B
5/23/78
5/22/76
S/23/76
S/24/76
5/25/73
5/26/78
5/21/78
5/28/76
5/29/78
5/30/78
5/31/78
6/ 1/78
6/ 2/78
6/ 3/78
6/ 4/70
6 / 5/70
6 / 6/76
6 / 7/70
6 / 3/70
6 / 9/70
6/10/76
6 / U /7a
6/12/78
6/13/73
6/14/70
6/15/76
6/16/73
6/17/78
6/19/70
6/19/78

e.oo
*86
1.60
0.30
.j.*
.59
0,60
0.60
.37
.44
.32
.02
0.00
0,00
0.00
0.80
0.80
.12
.83
.03
O.00
0.00
.15
3.00
0.00
0.00
0.80
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.30
0,00
0.80
.06
0.00
0.80
.1 1
,07
. 01
0.30
.40
• 6S
.55
.05
0.00
0.06
8 .00
0 .80
0.30
. 13
0.00
0.00
O.JO
8.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0. 110
0.00
0.06
.11
0.00
0.06
.30
3 . on
3.00
6.00
.49
0.06
6.00
0 .80
.11
.40
1 ,4**
0.00
8.00

0.00
*86
1 .06
1 .06
I . jfc
1.95
1 .95
1 .45
2.32
2.76
2.78
2.30
2 . JO
2 * 83
2 .80
2*30
2.80
2.92
2.95
2.98
2.98
2.93
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.13
3.22
3.22
3.22
3.33
J.40
3.41
3.41
3 .dl
4.46
5.01
5,06
5 .86
5.36
5.06
5*36
5.06
5.19
5.19
5 .19
3 .14
5 .19
5.19
5.19
5.19
5.19
3.19
5.19
S . 19
5.19
5*19
5.19
5 .30
5.30
5.30
5 .60
5 .60
5.60
5.60
6.89
6.09
6.09
6.09
6.20
6.60
8.04
d.D4
U.04

DATE
6/20/79
6/21/79
6/22/78
6/23/78
6/24/78
6/25/79
6/26/78
6/27/78
6/29/78
6/29/78
6/30/79
7 / 1/7B
7/ 2/78
7/ 3/79
7/ 4/78
7/ 5/78
7/ 6/78
7/ 7/70
7/ d / 7 0
7/ 9/70
7/10/70
7/11/70
7/12/78
7/13/78
7/14/70
7/15/70
7/16/78
7/17/78
7/18/78
7/19/78
7/20/78
7/21/70
7/22/78
7/23/78
7/24/78
7/25/78
7/26/75
7/27/79
7/20/70
7/29/7b
7/30/70
7/31/78
0/ 1/78
9/ 2/78
0/ 3/78
0/ 4/70
a/ 5/7d
8 / 0/70
0 / 7/78
d/ 9/70
d/ 9/70
d/10/70
d /1 1/78
8/12/78
a / 1 3/70
d/14/70
d / 15/78
d/16/70
d/17/78
d/IB/70
3/19/78
9/20/70
d/21/78
9/22/78
0/23/79
8/24/78
0/25/78
d/26/79
3/27/73
3/20/73
8/29/78
0/30/78
0/31/73
9/ 1/70
9 / 2/78
4 / 3/79
9/ 4/70
4/ 5/7B
9/ 6/78
9/ 7/78

DAI LX
P AECI P
0.OB
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.80
d.00
0 .00
0.00
0.00
4.00
.50
SJ.D0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.21
0.00
0.00
.01
.01
0*d0
O.Ort
O. 0 O
0.08
O . H0
0.00
.20
.09
.05
4. 0C,
0 .00
0.00
.1 3
0 .00
.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.04
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.03
.22
0,00
0.00
0.00
O. 0 U
0.00
0*00
.97
.03
0.00
4 . dO
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
.70
.03
0.00
n.au
0.00
3*30
0.00
(1.00
a.on
0.00
0.00
3.00

ACCUMULATION
0*34
9.04
9 .34
3.04
9.04
9.84
9.84
9.84
9.84
9.84
9.84
10.24
10. 3*4
10.34
10.34
10.34
10*34
10*34
10.34
10.55
10.55
10.55
17.55
1«* 5 7
10.37
10.57
10.57
10.57
1.7,57
10.57
1 Ti . 7 7
1 0 . uC
10,91
10.91
10.91
10.91
11 . 0 4
11 . 0 4
11 . 0 8
11 . 0 6
11 . 0 8
11 . 0 8
11 . 0 8
11,12
11.12
11.12
11.12
11.12
11 . 1 2
11 . 3 4
11 . 5 4
11 . 3 4
11 . 3 4
11 . 3 4
13 . 3 4
11 . 3 4
12.23
12.24
12.24
16.84
16.84
16.34
16.84
16.64
16.93
16.93
16.93
16.93
17.63
17.66
17*66
17.66
17.66
17.66
1 7.66
1 7.66
17,66
17.66
17.66
17.66

LATE

OAJLK
PREC1F

9/ 8/78
9/ 9/78
9/18/73
9/11/78
9/12/78
9 / 1 3/7d
9/14/78
9/15/73
9/16/73
4/17/78
9/13/78
4/19/78
9/20/76
9/21/73
4/22/73
9/2J/73
9/24/76
9/25/78
9/26/78
9/27/73
9/26/78
9/29/78
9/30/79
10/ 1/73
10/ 2/70
10/ 3/70
10/ 4/78
10/ 5/78
10/ 6/76
1*1/ 7 / 7 B
10/ 3/73
10/ 9/76
10/10/76
10/11/78
10/12/78
10/13/78
10/14/78
10/15/76
10/16/78
!0/17/76
10/16/78
10/I9/78
10/20/78
10/21/78
10/22/78
10/23/78
10/24/79
10/25/76
10/26/76
10/27/78
10/26/78
10/29/76
10/30/78
10/31/76
4 / 1/79
4/ 2/79
4/ 3/79
4/ 4/79
4/ 5/79
4/ 6/79
4/ 7/79
4/ 8/79
4 / 9/79
4/16/79
4/11/79
4/12/79
4/13/79
4/14/79
4/15/79
4/16/79
4/17/79
4/18/79
4/19/79
4/20/79
4/21/79
4/22/79
4/23/79
4/24/79
4/25/79
4/26/79

0.00
0.00
0.00
1 *00
.46
.67
.67
0.00
0.00
.70
.02
0,0 0
.15
0.00
0.00
t>.0k)
0.00
■3. 00
0.00
.28
.03
0 . 0 0

.01
0*00
.24
.40
.13
.80
0.00
0.00
0.00
.10
0.00
a.n»
0.00
0.00
9.00
.52
0.00
*01
.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
.04
0.00
O.00
.46
.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.29
0.Q0
0.00
.03
.23
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0 . 0 0

.27
.17
0.00
0*00
0.00
6.00

ACCUUULATIOU
17.66
17.66
17.66
18.66
19.12
19.79
20.46
20.46
20.46
21 . 1 6
21 *18
21 . l a
21 . 3 3
21 . 3 3
21 . 3 3
21 . 3 3
21 . 3 3
21 *33
21 . 3 3
21 . 6 1
21 . 6 4
21 . 6 4
21 . 6 5
21 . 6 5
21 . 8 9
22.29
22.42
23.22
23.22
23.22
23*22
23.32
23 . 3 2
23 . 3 2
23 . 3 2
23 . 3 2
23 , 3 2
23.a4
23 . 8 4
23 . a S
23.87
23.87
23 , d 7
23 . 8 7
23 , 9 1
23 , 9 1
23*91
24.37
24*41
24,41
24.42
24.41
24.41
24.41
,29
.29
.29
.32
.55
.55
.55
.55
.55
.55
.82
.99
.99
♦ 99
.99
.94

0 . 0 0

0.00
0 . 0 0

0.00
0.00
0.90
0.00
.25
.76
.60

.99
♦4 9
.99
.99
,99
1 .2**
2.0i‘
2 .60

262

TAfiLC C4 *

CATE
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
S
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
i

5
5
5
5
S

s

5
5
*
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6

C
6
6
a
6
tj
6
6
6

q
6
6
6
6
6
6

4
6
6
6
6
6
6

6

6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

27/79
28/79
29/79
20/79
1/79
2/79
2/79
4/79
5/79
6/79
7/79
0/79
9/79
10/79
11/79
12/79
13/79
14/79
15/79
16/79
17/79
J3/79
19/79
20/79
21/79
22/79
23/79
24/79
25/79
26/79
27/79
23/79
29/79
30/79
31/79
1/79
2/79
3/79
4/79
5/79
6/79
7/79
0/79
9/79
10/79
11/79
12/79
13/79
14/79
15/79
16/79
17/79
10/79
19/79
20/79
21/79
2 2 / 7y
23/79
24/79
25/79
26/79
27/79
30/79
29/79
30/79
1/79
2/79
3/79
4/79
5/79
6/79
7/79
0/79
9/79
10/79
11/79
12/79
13/79
14/79
15/79

CQMT1UU&D
U M1 . *

PREC2P
0.00
0.00
.33
□ .00
.02
.94
0.00
0.00
.05
0.00
U.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
O.00
0.00
.38
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.00
.13
0.00
0.00
.01
3.00
0.00
0.00
3.00
3.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.46
0.00
0*00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

ACCUfllfLATlUU

8.00

2*68
2.60
3.43
3.43
3.45
4* 29
4.39
4.39
4.44
4.44
4.44
4.44
4.44
4.44
4.44
4.44
4.J2
4.82
4.82
4.62
4.82
4.82
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.81
5.01
5.81
5.01
5.01
S.dl
5.01
5.01
5.01
5.47
5.47
5.47
5 .**7
5.47
5.47
5 .*7
5.91
6.91
5.91
6.53
6.53
6.53
6.53
6.53
6.53
6.53
6*53
6.53
6*62
10.34
10.64
10.64
10.64
10.6*
10.64
10.64
1 8 *6 4
10.93
10.93
11 . 6 3
11 . d 3

0.00
.41
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.42
.01
a . 0U
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

12.24
12.24
12.2 4
12.2 4
12.24
12.24
12.66
12.67
12.67
12.67
12*67
12*67
12*67

.44

0.0 0
0.00
.62
0.00
0.00
0.00
O. O0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.09
4.02
4.00
3.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.29
0.00
.90

n .83

DATE
7/16/79
7/17/79
7/18/79
7/19/79
7/20/79
7/21/79
7/22/79
7/23/79
7/24/79
7/23/79
7/26/79
7/27/79
7/28/79
7/29/79
7/30/79
7/31/79
8 / 1/79
3/ 2/79
8/ 3/79
8/ 4/79
8 / 5/79
3/ 6/79
8/ 7/79
3/ 0/79
8/ 9/79
a / 10/79
8/11/79
6/12/79
6/13/79
8/14/79
6/13/79
6/16/79
8/17/79
d/19/79
d/19/79
d/20/79
a/ 2 1 /7 9
8/22/79
3/23/79
8/24/79
8/25/79
d/26/79
d/27/79
d/26/79
6/29/79
»/30/79
a / 31/79
9/ 1/79
9/ 2/79
9/ 3/79
9/ 4/79
9/ 5/79
9/ 6/79
9/ 7/79
9/ 8/79
9/ 9/79
8/10/79
9/11/79
9/12/79
9/13/79
9/14/79
9/15/79
9/10/79
9/17/79
9/18/79
9/19/79
9/20/79
9/21/79
9/22/79
9/23/79
9/24/79
9/25/79
9/26/78
9/27/79
9/26/79
9/29/79
9/30/79
10/ 1/79
10/ 2/79
10/ 3/79

DAILY

PREC1P
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.40
0.00
0.00
.97
0.00
0*00
*20
0.00
0.00
0*00
0.00
*5 0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0*00
1 .07
0.00
0.00
.02
.02
0.80
0.00
.36
.30
0.20
.29
.39
0.00
1 .35
*25
0.00
Q * 00
0.0b
.27
.27

0*00

0.00
0*00
.09
0.00
0.8D
0*00
.02
0.00
0.00
8.00
9.00
0*08
0*00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0*00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.06
0,00
0.00
0.00
0*00
0.00
0.00
.03
0.30
.12

ACCUHULATK/H

DATE

DAILY
PAECZP

12.67
12*67
12.67
12.67
12*67
12*67
12.67
12.67
13.07
13.07
13.07
14*04
14.04
14*04
14.24
14.24
14.24
14.24
14*24
14*74
14.74
24.74
14*74
14*74
I S *81
15.81
15 . 81
15.83
15.85
15* d5
25.85
16.21
16.51
16.51
16*80
17*19
17.19
13.54
18.7 9
18.79
18*79
16.79
19.06
19*33
19.33
19.33
19.33
19.42
19*42
19.42
19*42
19.44
19.44
19.44
19.44
19*44
19*44
19.44
19.44
19.44
19*44
19.44
19.44
19.44
19.44
19 . 4 4
19.44
19.44
19.44
19.44
19*50
19.50
19.50
19.50
19.50
19.50
19*50
19.53
19.53
19*65

10/ 4/79
10/ 5/79
20 / 6 / 7 9
10/ 7/79
10/ 6/79
10/ 9/79
10/10/79
10/11/79
10/12/79
10/13/79
10/14/79
10/15/79
10/16/79
10/17/79
10/19/79
10/19/79
10/20/79
10/21/79
10/22/79
10/23/79
10/24/79
10/25/79
10/26/79
10/27/79
10/28/79
10/29/79
10/30/79
10/31/79
4 / 1/60
4 / 2/80
4 / 2/60
4/ 4 /80
4/ 5/80
4 / 6/ 8*3
4/ 7/60
4 / 8/ri0
4/ 9/ao
4/1 d /8 0
4/11/80
4/12/60
4/13/89
4/14/80
4/15/89
4/16/80
4/17/80
4/18/80
4/19/60
4/20/60
4/21/60
4/22/00
4/23/09
4/24/90
4/25/80
4/26/80
4/27/39
4/28/BO
4/29/09
4/30/9O
5 / 1/dO
5/ 2/30
5/ 3/80
5/ 4/80
3/ 5/30
5/ 6/60
5/ 7/30
5/ d/80
5/ 9/b0
5/10/60
5/11/30
S/12/30
5/13/80
5/14/90
5/13/bO
5/16/30
5/17/00
5/18/00
5/19/80
5/20/80
3/21/00
5/22/CO

0.00
*8 6
.16
0.00
*3 0
.02
.04
.39
.44
0*00
0.00
0.00
.07
0.00
.37
*2 3
8.00
0.00
*35
.35
*35
0.00
O. O0
0.00
.1 3
G.0O
0.00
.29
*02
0*00
.dO
0.00
0.00
.04
.32
1 .07

.10

0.80
.31
0.00
.31
.49

0.00

0.00
.01
9.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
*2 4

.02

a.do
0.00
.09
.26
.19
4.00

B.aa

.06
0*00
0.00

0.00

0.00
0.00

o.ue

0 .00
0.00
.09
.39
*03
. Ob
0.00
0.00
.88
0.00
.03
0.4O

0.00
0.00

ACCUrtULATlOU
19.65
19*71
1 9 .d?
19.87
20.1 7
20.19
20.23
20.62
21.06
21.06
21 . 0 6
21 . 0 6
2i *13
21 . 1 3
21 . £ 0
21 . 7 3
21 . 7 3
21.7 3
22 . 0 8
22.43
22.76
2 2 * 76
22.78
22*78
22.91
22.91
22.91
23 . 2 0
.02
.02
.82
.d2
.82
■dt)
1 .16
2.25
2.35
2*35
2.66
2.66
2.97
3.46
3*46
3.46
3.47
3.47
3.47
3*47
3-47
3.47
3 .71
3 ,73
1.71
3.73
3.82
4.08
4-27
4.27
4.27
4-33
4.33
4.3 J
4.33
4.33
4.33
4.33
4.33
4.JJ
4.42
4.71
4.74
4 ,80
4 , dt)
4.80
5 .66
5*66
5.71
3.71
5,71
5.71

263

t'A8L£ C4 *
DATE
5/23/dO
5/24/00
5/25/39
5/26/00
5/27/80
5/29/00
5/29/60
5/30/60
5/31/80
6/ 1/8 0
6 / 2/86
6/ 3/90
6 / 4/80
8 / 5/80
6/ 6/80
6 / 7/00
6/ 8/80
6 / 9/80
6/18/80
6/11/0B
6/12/60
6/12/80
6/14/80
6/15/80
6/16/80
6/17/80
6/18/80
6/19/60
6/20/60
6 / 2 1 /60
6/22/60
6/23/e0
6/24/6U
6/25/60
6/26/80
6/27/63
6/26/80
6/29/dk)
6/30/80
7/ 1/90
7 / 2/BB
7/ 3/6 0
7/ 4 /8 0
7/ 5/60
7/ 6/90
7/ 7/90
7/ 8/90
7/ 9/80
7/1 0/80
7/1 1/00
7/1 2/60
7/1 3/80
7/1 4/80
7/1 3/80
7/16/90
7/17/81)
7/18/90
7/19/90
7/20/90
7/21/90
7/22/90
7/23/90
7/24/90
7/25/90
7/26/90
7/27/80
7/28/90
7/29/60
7/30/90
7/31/80
9/ 1/90
8/ 2/60
8/ 3/80
6 / 4/60
0/ 5/80
d/ 6/60
6/ 7/69
9/ 6/60
8/ 9/80
8/1 0/60

CONTINUED
DAILY
PKEClP

ACCUMULATION

>03
0.00
0.00
0.00
0 .00
0.00
.02
. 51
0.00
. 11
.45
0.00
0*90
0.00
0.00
1 .00
0*00
0.00
0.00
O.00
0.00
.63
0.00
.02
0.00
O. O0
*r)0
.35

5.74
5*74
5.74
5*74
5.74
5*74
5*76
6.27
6.27
6.38
6 .83
6*d3
6.83
6.83
6.83
7 ,83
7.83
7.63
7.63
7.63
7.63
3.46
3.46
3.48
9.46
6.48
3.48
S . 63
9.62
6*83
d . 83
3 >j 1
6 .63
a . <*3
9.63
4.05
9.05
9 .05
9.05
9.95
9.05
9.66
9.66
9.66
9.66
9.66
9 *66
9.66

0
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.60
3.60
0 .617
.22
0.00
0.00
0.80
0 .00
0*00
. 61
0.00
0 .00

0.00
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.03
0*00
.04

.01
0.00

0*00
0.00
0.00
1 . 02
*11
0.00
0.00

0.00

0.00
.72

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
. 11
0.00
0.00
.03
.03
1 *55

.50

0.00

0*00

^*66

9.66
9.69
9.69
9.73
9*74
9.74
9.74
9.74
9.74
J0.76
10.87
10.87
10.87
10.87
If}, a ?

n .59

11 . 5 9
11 , 5 9
11 . 5 9
11 . 5 9
11 . 5 9
11 . 5 9
11 . 7 0
11 . 7 0
11 ,7{5
11.73
11 . 7 6
13*21
13.81
13*81
13.81

DATE
3/11/80
3/12/60
8/13/80
3/14/80
8/15/80
8/16/80
8/17/60
8/16/60
3/19/80
8/20/80
8/21/30
8/22/80
8/23/60
d/24/80
8/25/80
8/26/60
a / 27/00
0/28/30
8/29/80
3/30/80
B/31/BC
9 / 1 / Q0
9/ 2/ae
9/ 3/80
9/ 4/00
9/ 5/80
9/ 6/60
9/ 7/00
9 / 0/BO
9 / 9/ BO
9/1 0/80
9/1 1/80
9/1 2/60
9/13/80
9/14/80
9/1 3/00
9/1 6/80
9/17/80
9/18/80
9/19/80
9/20/80
9/21/60
9/22/00
9/2 3/80
9/2 4/80
9/25/80
9/26/80
9/27/60
9/23/80
9/29/80
9/3 0/80
10/ 1/60
10/ 2/60
10/ 3 / 8 0
10/ 4/60
1 0 / 5/B0
10/ 6/ 80
10/ 7/ 80
10/ a/aa
10/ 9/ 80
lu/ia/aa
10/11/00
10/12/80
10/13/80
10/14/80
10/15/80
10/16/80
10/17/60
10/16/U0
10/19/60
1O / 2 0 / U 0
10/21/BB
10/22/80
10/23/80
18/24/60
10/25/60
10/26/60
10/27/60
10/23/60
10/29/80

CMLY
PR£Clf>
,79
0.00
0.00
0 « HO
0.00
.02
0.00
0.00
3 .99
*26
0.00
0*00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0,00
0.00
0 .00
0.00
.19
.45
1 .70
0.00
0.00
0*00
p . on
0 .00
.33
0.00
0.30
.05
1 .04
*04
.02
a . jo
1 . 61
0.80
J.00
.39
.09
.70
*72
0.00
.00
.34
0.00
0.00
0*00
0.00
0.00
*07
.24
• 02
0.00
0.00
0.80
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0*00
.03
.37
.75
.27
. 11
.02
0*00
.15
0.08
0.00
0*00
.52
0.00
0.00
0*00
0.00
0.00

0

ACUUHULA1

DATE

DAILY

ACCUMULATION

P RECI P

14.60
14 . 6 0
14.60
14 *60
14.60
14 *62
14.62
14.62
18.61
18.87
18.87
l b . 87
18.87
18.87
16*87
18.87
16.67
18 * 8 7
18*07
13.67
19.06
19.51
21 .21
21 .21
21.21
21 . 21
21 *21
21 .21
21 . 3 4
21.54
21.34
21.59
22.63
22.67
22.69
22.69
24.30
24.30
24.30
24.69
24 *7u
25.48
26.28
26.20
26 *20
26.54
26.54
26 *54
26.54
26.54
26.54
26.61
26.85
26.37
26.87
26.87
26*67
26.87
26*37
26.37
26.67
26.67
26*67
26.90
27.27
26 *02
28.29
23.40
26.42
26.42
2B. S7
28.57
26.57
26.57
29.09
29.09
29*09
29.09
29.09
29*09

10/30/80
10/31/80

0.00
0.00

29.09
29.09

APPENDIX D

264

Appendix D.
Tables D l-3 .

Sum m ary of firs t, second and third g e n eratio n e m e rg e n c e in
1978-1980.

R aw d a ta of m ale and fem ale ad ult c a tc h for OM and SC by tr a p and d a te are on
dump ta p e s UP2017 and UP2018 a t th e Michigan S ta te U niversity C o m p u te r
C e n te r.
CDDA78EMGRANT2
CDDA78EMGRANT3
CDDA79EMGRANT1
CDDA79EMGRANT2
CDDA79EMGRANT3
CDDA80EMGR ANT 1
CDDA80EMGRANT2
CDDA80EMGRANT3

265

TABLE Dl. Surrmary
DATE
198
200
202
206
209
212
214
216
218
221
223
227
235
237
232
235
237
240
243
248
251
254
257
26 1
264
268

o f f i r s t and sec o n d g e n e r a t i o n emergence i n 1978.

TOTAL
MALE OM
25
32
62
75
45
45
17
4
21
7
4
8
4
13
0
30
30
39
56
93
66
70
58
57
14
2

TOTAL
FEMALE OM
16
31
36
52
24
39
38
8
18
12
12
24
13
9
0
12
22
40
63
135
90
68
57
63
11
3

TOTAL
MALE SC
0
0
5
1
1
2
0
0
5
2
2
10
0
1
0
0
0
1
47
50
54
36
52
31
8
5

TOTAL
FEMALE S<
5
2
9
3
3
1
1
0
14
9
14
9
5
3
0
1
2
5
42
55
88
25
70
29
8
4

266

Sumnary o f f i r s t , sec on d and t h i r d g e n e r a t i o n emergence
in 1979.

DATE
130
132
139
144
151
154
158
160
164
167
173
178
185
1 86
187
188
194
195
198
199
200
201
202
205
206
207
208
209
212
213
214
215
217
219
220
221
229
230
233
234

TOTAL
MALE OM
0
1
8
12
34
22
66
23
27
5
7
0
16
2
0
14
7
13
29
10
15
8
7
29
3
9
12
9
19
9
1
4
3
5
0
0
0
0
7
3

TOTAL
FEMALE OM
0
0
13
17
21
26
43
29
38
9
10
2
6
2
2
8
12
17
31
1
10
14
7
21
6
9
7
16
25
11
3
7
1
4
1
1
0
3
11
5

TOTAL
MALE SC
0
6
7
4
3
2
11
7
16
11
20
0
7
0
2
6
2
1
2
2
3
9
3
11
6
5
2
4
6
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
2

TOTAL
FEMALE SC
0
4
7
4
4
3
14
8
7
4
10
2
8
0
0
6
1
3
7
4
9
5
1
13
1
3
3
4
8
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
2
2
0

26 7

TABLE D 2 •
DATE
235
236
237
240
241
242
243
244
248
249
250
251
254
255
256
257
258
2 62
271
276

CONTINUED
TOTAL
MALE OM
5
2
5
4
4
0
0
1
21
13
8
2
11
5
17
18
1
12
10
0

TOTAL
FEMALE OM
4
3
3
6
4
4
0
8
8
15
11
3
15
7
14
15
1
21
13
0

TOTAL
MALE SC
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
16
17
23
10
7
6
0
0

TOTAL
FEMALE Si
0
1
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
2
0
0
4
12
15
18
5
10
0
0

268

e D3.

DATE
130
134
135
136
137
140
141
142
143
144
148
149
150
151
154
155
156
157
158
161
162
163
164
165
168
169
170
171
172
174
182
183
184
185
190
191
192
193
196
197

Surrmary o f f i r s t , seco n d and t h ir d g e n e r a tio n em ergence
i n 1979.
TOTAL
MALE OM
0
14
13
0
10
16
40
35
41
9
120
10
13
6
5
2
2
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
6
4
7
8
83
11
3
11
34
24

TOTAL
FEMALE OM
0
6
7
0
10
31
35
37
40
23
103
31
15
9
10
4
2
3
0
2
7
0
2
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
4
3
2
8
48
9
6
10
15
9

TOTAL
MALE SC

3
0
0
2
5
0
0
4
8
1

TOTAL
FEMALE SC

1
0
0
0
3
1
1
1
2
1

269

TABLE D 3 .
DATE
198
199
204
205
206
207
210
211
213
217
218
221
223
224
225
231
232
233
234
235
238
239
240
241
242
246
249
253
254
255
256
262
265
268

CONTINUED

TOTAL
MALE OM
9
12
55
0
2
2
4
0
3
0
2
1
1
0
0
28
22
60
42
33
313
175
200
301
310
362
301
420
39
39
69
143
15
3

TOTAL
FEMALE OM
7
18
45
6
4
6
9
3
4
1
1
2
2
0
0
14
20
43
42
26
220
139
143
229
233
355
291
346
49
38
74
118
15
1

TOTAL
MALE SC
0
8
7
0
3
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
9
56
23
18
16
12
55
21
26
4
6
10
5
13
1

TOTAL
FEMALE S«
2
2
8
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
12
11
72
24
22
30
21
55
26
27
12
2
10
12
9
3

APPENDIX E

270

Appendix E.
Table E l .

Adult male and f e m a le c a t c h of SC and OM by stickyboard t ra p s in
1978.

Table E2.

Adult ma le and f e m a le c a t c h of SC and OM by stickyboard tr a ps in
1979.

Table E3.

Adult ma le and fema le c a t c h of SC and OM by a c ti vi ty tr a ps in
1978.

Table E4.

Adult male and fema le c a t c h of SC and OM by a c ti v it y tr a ps in
1979.

Table E5.

Adult male and fe m a le c a t c h of SC and OM by flight int er cep ti o n
t ra p s for all fields in 1979 and 1980.

All d a t a files are loc at ed on UP2017 and UP2018 dump t a p e s a t the Michigan
S t a t e University C o m p u te r C e n t e r .
CDDA78STICKYBOARD
CDDA79STICKYBOARD
CDDA78 ACTIVITY
CDDA79ACTIVITY
CDDA79INTERCFIELDR
CDDA79INTERCFIELD1
CDDA79INTERCFIELD2
CDDA79INTERCFIELD3
CDDA79INTERCFIELD4
CDDA79INTERCFIELD5
CDDA79INTERCFIELD6
CDDA80INTERCFIELD8
CDDA80INTERCFIELD9
CDDA80INTERCFIELD10
CDDA80INTERCFIELD11
CDDA80INTERCFIELD12
CDDA80INTERCFIELD13
CDDA8 OINTERCFIELD1k

271

TRAP

139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
1 39
139
139
1 39
1 39
1 39
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
1 39
1 39
1 39
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
129
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139

I
2
3
4
9
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
24
23
26
27
26
29
10
11
22
33
34
35
16
17
18
19
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
S3
54
S5
56
57
59
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
66
69
70
71

72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
60

ON
F E H A lS

4
L2
0
2
3
I
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
L
a
a
l
4
1
4
0
0
4
7
0
0
4
2
0
2
7
1
2
I
1
0
0
0
1
4
I
1
0

2

0
0
0
0
0
2
1
2
0

2
2
0
1
0
0

1

0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
1

Q

1

ON
HALS

1
5
0
1
0
1
1
1
I
1
a
a
a
a
1
0
1
2
a
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
1
8
0
0
0
:
1
0
1
0
2
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
1
Q

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Q
0
2

2
2
1

0
0

FENALI

4
1
1
2
4
10
4
17
0
12
7
iz
4
is
4
21
4
13
o
7
0
4
5
10
0
I
7
7
15
9
10
li
3
12
2
6
4
4
3
2
5
2
4
16
3
4
1
1
1
15
z
4
1
25
1
2
3
10
4
2
1
10

2

6
7

2

12

1
1
0
Q
2
a
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1

3
8

2

14
4

a
7
2
I

0
I
12
5

7

SC
HA

OATS

1
1
1
Z
1*
t*
7
»
Z
14
<3
16
3
16
6
13
1
9
0
1
0
1
0
0
2
3
<
6
6
6
6
7
12
6
12
10
1
3
0
0
i
]
!

2
I
I
5
3
}
.
.
f
J
!
i
S
I
;

2
2
L?
1
}
:

»
*
7

k
I
?
;2
2
2
*

S
!
*
3

139
139
1J9
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
143
U3
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
162
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143

143

143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143

TRAP

61
83
03
84
85
86
97
86
89
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
56
S9
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70

ON
TZH ALZ

ON
NALC

0
0
0
0
0
a
a
0
0
0
0
2
3
0
4
a
l
i
2
2
0
6
2
0
5
I
I
1
1
Q
4
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
I
1
I
0
0
0
3
2

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
6
2
10
I
5
1
1
0
0
3
14
3
3
6
3
0
0
0
4
2
4
3

Q

2

3
9
0
4
1
3
0
3
0

2

0
0

2

0
a

2
2

0

1
0
1
1
1
0
0

0
0
0
2
2
4
0
1
0
0
0
4
1

2

4
1
3
0

2

2
7

1

2
2

1
1
0
0
7

2
5
4
0
t
1

2

0

a
a
a
a
a
a
o
a
a

i
o
o
9

a

*l

1
Q
3

0
0
0
1
3

a

l
o
a
l

a
o

2
2

0
0
0
2
4

0
I
0
I
I
0
3
0
5
1
0
1
2
1
0
o
4

0
2
1
0
D
0

Q

9
a

0
1

4
1
0
0
0
3

0
0

0
*

0
1
0
3
0
0

1

3

9

2»

2

27 2

TRAP

OH
8 CHAU

OH
HALE

SC
rc H A U

sc

DATE

TRAP

146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
151
153
153
153
153
151
153
153
153
153
151
151
151
111
1 51
153
151
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
111
153
153
1 51
153
153
1 51
15 1
153
153
153
151
1 53
15 3
153
1 51
15 3
153
151
151
151
151
151
153
15]
151

61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
32
83
84
85
86
a?
88
39
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
10
11
32
33
34
15
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
42

1
1
3
0
0
0
6
a
l
0
1
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
4
2
0
0
3
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2

44
45

a

l

a

0
a
0
0
a

0
0
0

0

9

a

HALE

ON
rSHALE
I

DMt

COST INUCD

1K *
1
1

TABLE E l

141
143
141
143
141
143
143
143
143
143
143
14 1
143
143
14 3
143
143
143
143
141
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
14 6
14 6
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146

71
71
73
74
75
76
77
78
79

1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0

0
2
5
1
8
2
1
1

l
l
0
0
0
0
0
0

a

aa

1

3
1
0
0
0
3
1
1
1
1
1
0

4

0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0

0
0
3
0

81
61

S3
84
85
86
87

as
89
90
1
1
3
4
5
6
7
6

9
10
11
11
13
14

IS
16
17
19
19
10
11
11
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

30
31
11
33
34
35
36
37
38
19
40
41
41
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
51
5}
54
55
56
57
58
59

60

1
1
1

1
0
1
1

0
0
2
1

2
8
0
1
2
2

1
1

0
3
a
2

a

0

0

5

0

1

a

3
7

0

1
3

1
a
0

a

3

l
l

1

a
0
i
0
0

0
3
2
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0

1

1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

0
0
0
0
0
0

1

a
0
l
i
6

0

a

l
l

0
a

0
1
0
a
0
0
1
0
0
0
a

0
0

a
0
0
0
0
a
2
a

1
1
a

a
i
0
a

0

0
a
i
0

5

18

0
1
0

1
0
0
1

1

3

0
0
a
1

0
1
1

2
1
1
6
2
1

0

l
t

0
1
0
0
0

0
1
0
a
0
2

0

i

l
a
4
2
0
1

a

2
0
2
5

1
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0

0
0
0
a

0
i
l
a

i
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
a
a
0
0

0
0
1

0
0
0
a
0
i
l
i
3

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
2
3

a

3

a
3

a

0

0

0

i

7
3

2

6

0
0

0

1
2
a
7

I
7

0
1

1

4

0

5

1
0

0
1

a

3
2

2
3
0

46
47
48

a

0
0
a
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
a

0
0
0
0
1

a
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
a
0
0
0

I
I
3
I
2

sc
fCKAL£
2
1
1
t
2
5

X
2
2
J
I
3
0
1
2
2
1
S
1
1
X
7
3
S
0
9
9
S
9
0
0
0
0
j
0
I
3
9
9
0
1
9
I

0
2
9
1
0
2

a
0
0
9
i

2
9

a
0
a
j

0
2

a
0

49

0
0

0
0
0

50

0

a

3
2
a
0
c
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
1
9
0
0
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
G
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
a
a
0
0
9
9
9
0
0

0
0
c

0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
a

sc
i
0
0
a
0
l
9
0
I
0
i
1
2
0
1
2
0
0
1
0
7
0
0
1
9
a
L
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
a
X
0
a
0
9
0
0
' 0
0
G
0
0
a
l
a
L

0
0
a
0
a
2
G

0
0
a
0
Q

a
0

0
0

0
0

9
a
0

D
9
9

273

T A IL *

DATE
13 3
13 3
133
133
133
133
133
133
133
153
133
133
133
133
153
133
153
153
133
153
133
133
153
133
133
133
153
153
153
153
153
133
133
133
133
133
153
153
133
133
137
137
137
137
1 37
1 57
1 37
157
137
137
137
137
137
1 37
157
137
137
1 37
137
137
137
157
137
137
137
157
137
1 37
137
137
137
137
1 37
157
1 37
137
137
137
137
157

E l*

C O N TIN U ED

TRAP
31
SI
33

54
33

56
37
30
59
60
61
61
61
64
63
66
67
60
69
70
71
71
73
74
73
76
77
70
79
00
01
02
93
04
95
06
07
09
09

90
1
2
3
4
3
6

7
9

9
10
11
12
11
14
13
16
17

IS
19
20
21
22
21
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
31
34
35
16
37
30
39
40

OH
FEMALE
0
0
0
1
1
a
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
a
0
a
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
2
1
1
0
a
0
a
i
i
0
0
L
1
1
9
0
L
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0

0
4
2
2

1
0
2
0
0
9
0
0

0
0
0
9
0
1
0
L
1

on

MACE
0
0
2
1
3
0
I
0
D
0
9
0
2
0
0
0
2
1
J
Q
3
0
0
2

a
i

a
0
a
2
0
0
2
0
1
1
2
4

sc
FEMALE
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
a
0
G
0
0

a
G
0
0
0
9
a
0

a
Q
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
1

a

a

3
1
0
0
1
1
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
9
9
2
9
0
0
9
9
0

0
u
a

2
1
0

0
0
0
a

a
Q
a
0
0

a

0
0
0

1
0
0

a
l
l
0
9
2
0
9
9
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
1
1

a
0
9
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
9
0
9
0
0
i
0

sc
MALI
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
9
0
0
0
9
0
a
0
G
a
0
0
9
9
0
0

a
0
Q
0
9
9
0
0
G
0
1
G
0
0
0
1
0
0
I
2
1
0
0

a
G

a
0
0
0
l
0

a
0
0
0
0

9
0

9
0
0
0
0
0

a
a
0
0

a
0
a
0
0
0
a

DATE

TRAP

ON
FERALX

1ST
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
LS7
157
157
137
L57
137
137
137
137
137
157
157
137
157
157
137
157
157
137
157
157
157
137
157
157
157
137
157
157
159
158
158
158
158
13B

138
135
138
138
158
158
158
158
138
159
158
159
159
159
158
158
158
158
158
158
138
158
158
158

41
42
43
45
48
47
49
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
58
57
59
59
40
81
42
83
44
45
46
67
48
69
70
71
72
73
74
73
76
77
78
79
80
31
32
83
34
85
96
97
98
89
90
434
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9
10

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

on
MALE

0
2
2
0
0
I
0
0
0
9
1
1
9
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
1
0
0
9
0
0
0
a
Q
0
l
0
1
1
G
0
1
2

0
0
0
0
0
1
0
a
0
l
G
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
a
l
l
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
1
0
Q
0
0
0
3
3
0
0

0
0
0
1
0
0
1

I
I

1
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
1
0
a
7
0

0
0
2

2
0
0
0
0
0
0
t
2
0
Q
5
1
9
a
2
0
0
0
2
1

5C

sc

FEMALE

HALE

0
0
2
a
a
0
Q
0
a
a
0
Q
0
Q
a
0
G
0
0
1
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
a
0
G
0
0
0
0
9

0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
a
a
0
0
0
0
1

0
G
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
1
0

a
a
a
0
0
a
a
a
a
0
a
0
a
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
9
9
0
9

0
9
9
9

0
9

0
a
a
a
l
0
a
0
0
0
a
9

Q
0
0
0
0
a
a

0
a
9
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
9
9
0
0
1
0
i
0
a

9
i
l
0
I
a
0
0
3
a

274

T M U

GATE

is a
is a
L58
is a
is a
is a
138
158
158
LS8
158
158
158
158
158
is a
1 58
158
1 50
150
1 58
158
150
158
158
138
158
158
158
158
15B
158
150
158
158
158
156
158
158

158
150
1 58
LS8
150
158
150
158
130
158
130
158
158
150
ISO
158
150
158
156
156
158
160
ISO
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
1 60
1 60
1 60
L60
160

El •

C O N TIN U ED

TRAP

31
31
33
34
' 35
36
37
30
30
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

OH
rEHALE

31
32
33
54
35
56
57
50
59

2
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
4
0
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

60

0

SO

61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70

71
72
73
74
75
76
77

78
79
80

81
82
83
84
05
86

37
98
89
90
1

2
3
4
5
6
7

0
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
IB
19
20

OH

HALS
5
3
1
0
0
2
a
3
2
4
0
0
2
0
1
1
0
5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1

1
3

0

0

2
0

3
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0

5
1

3
0
2
0

5

0

2

0
0
0

0
10
0

0

2

0

0
0

1
1
L

1
2

0
0
2

0
0
0
3
0
0
0
4
1
0

3
0
0
a

3
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0

0

0

a
i
i

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L

3
2

0

2

0

0
0
0
0
1

4

0

2
0
0
0
0

2
0
Q

SC
FEMALE

sc
HALE

1
1
0
0
0
0
Q
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L
0

0
1
g
a
0
0
0
0
1
0
a
0
0
i
i
0
0
0
0
a
0
l
0
0
1
1
0
0

0
0

0
0

0

0

0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0

a

0

0

0

1

2
0
0
0
<3

0
0
0
0

a

1

0

0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0

i

0
0
0
1
I
0

1
Q
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

2
0
a
0
0
0
0
a
a

0

2
1
I

0

I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
1
0
1

0

0
0
0
1
0
0

DATS

TRAP

16Q
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163

21
22

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
30
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79

00
01
02

03
04
as

86

87
08
09

90
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
a
9

10

OK
FEMALE

0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
I

0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

OH
MALE
4
5

0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
z
1
1
1
I
2
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
7
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
2
1
1
I

1

4
L

1

sc
FEMALE

1
1
0
0
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

9
9
a
a
0
3
a

0

0
0
0
9
0
J
0
0
3
0
9
0
3
0
0
a
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
i
0
9
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

0
0
Q
0
0
a
0
0

1
a
0
a
0
0

0
0
a
0
0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
9
9

Q
0

a
0

SC
HALS
a

2
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
a
0
a
0
a
0
0
a
0
3
3

0
1
1
1
9
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
9
0
0
1
1
3
0
1
0
I
0
;
0
0
0
0
Q
0
a
0
0
0
a
0
0
0

275

TA B U E l .
DATE

COMTIHUED
TRAP

ON
FEMALE

162
161
163
L63
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163

»

U
12
13
14
16
16
17
18
19

0
0

20
21

0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0

22
23
24
25
26
27
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45

0
0
1
0
0
0

I

sa

59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66

67
68

69
70
71
72
73
74

75
76
77
78

79
00

61
92
93
94
95
96
97
38
99
90

0

1
0

Q
0
0
0
0

SO

sc

FEMALE

HALE

0
0
0
0
0
0

0

9

0
0
0

0

3
7
0

3
1
1
0

0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

37

1

0

49
49
SO

54

2
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
I
0
9
0
9
0
0
0
0

0
0

55
56

OH
HALE

0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

46
47

51
52
53

'

9
2

9
1
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
a
2
0
0
0
0
1

a
0

a
Q
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0

9
a
a
0

a
a
a
a
a
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0

0

0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
2
a
0
0
0
0

0
0
1

0

0

0
0
0
3
0
a
I
1
0
0
a

a
a

0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
a
0
1

0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

a

9
0
0
0
0
0
2
a
9

0
1
0
1
0
0
0
3
3

L
1
0
4
5

0

0

0

4

p
4
a
l

1

9
0
0
9
1
0
1
0
1
0

0
0
0

1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0

9
0
0
0
0

2
0

DATE

165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
163
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
163
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
163
165
165
165
165
163
165
165
165
165
163
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
165
163
165
165
165

TRAP

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
9
10
U
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
14
35
36
37
36
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
59
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
71
74
75
76
77
76
79
60

OH
FEMALE

3
3
0
1
a
3
0
0
2
1
1
1
3
2
a
i
3
1
7
0
1
2
2
0
0
0
0
4
0
3
0
I
0
1
0
3
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
3
4

1
2
6
0
2
12
1
3
2
0
0

2
0
I

5
1

OH

sc

sc

HALE

FEMALE

HALE

14
5
2
3
*
2
0
1
3
1
1
1
2
8
2
1
1
1
4
Q
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
I
1
2
Q
0
0
3
2
1
2
3
a
0
i
0
1
2
I
9
0
3
0
0
1
2
2
5
10
5
1

1
2
i
1
I
0
0
0
a
a
l
2
3
2
0
L
0
1
3
i
1
1
1
0
2
2
0
7
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
a
i
0
0
Q
0
*1
0
7
0
0
0
1
L

4

2
1
2
0

3
2

Q
0
0

0
0

0

0
0

0
0
0

i

0
0

0
0
0

1
0
0
1

l
l

0

I
1

1
;

l
L
3
L
0
1
0
0
2
1
1

1

2
L

i
4
1

a

0
0
0
0

0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3
3
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
1
3
0
0
5
2
1
0
1
1
1
1
2
0
L
0
2
0
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
a
0
0
i
l

0

1
0
0
0
0
0

3
0

3
2
1
1
2
L
1
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0

1
1
0
0
0
0

0
Q
*

276

TAB L I E l .

TRAP

OM
MALE

SC
FEMALE

sc
MALE

DATE

TRAP

OM
FEMALE

81
82
83
84
85
36
37
38
39
90
1
2
3
4
3
6
7
3
9
10
11
U
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
22
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
41

0
7
0
2
0
1
0‘
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
1
0
I
*
i
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
a
0
a
0

44

1
1
2
1

45
46
47
48
49

50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70

l

L
1
1
1

0
4
2
a
l
2
1
1
1
I
1
0
1
0
2
0
a
0
l

2
2
1
4
4
3
2
0
2
6
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0

a
1
0
0
0
1
Q
1
Q
0
a
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
a
l

0
0
0
0
0
1

0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0

0

0

0
0

1

a

a

2

l

a

0
0
0

1
0
1

l
0
0

a

1

0

1

0

0
0

0

0

0
0
0

0

2
1
1
2
1
6
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0

Q
1
a
2
0

1
0

1
3
2
0

1
2
1
1
1
9
1
1
4

3
6
2
3
0
0
1
0

2
0
2
1

0

Q
1

1

0
0
0
0
0
0

0

1

1

1
2
1

0

1
1
1
a
i
0
l
0
0

2

I
1
1
1
1

3

0
0
0

1
0
0
0

a
i
i
0
0

0
0
0
L
0

167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
1 67
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
17 a
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170

71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
86
89
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
26
17
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55

56
57
58
59
60

1
2
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
0
0
2
2
1
7
0
0
2
2
2
1
2
4
1
1
2
0
0
1
3
5
0
4
8
4

3
0
0
0
4
2
0
9
2
9
3
13
3

0

0

2
1
5
5
a
3
1
1

1
2

2
3
1
1
0
1
1
I
0
0
0
5
4
1
6
1
0
3
5
0

2
3

9

SC
FEMALE

SC

MALE

1

J

163
16!
165
163
165
163
165
165
165
165
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167 •
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167
167

< 1
X
1
1

OM
FEMALE

o

OATS

C O N TIN U ED

0
2
2
0
1
1
1
0
a
2
0
2
2
0
0
a
i
0
2
2
0

0
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
2
5
1
2

1
2
0
0
1
1
1
0
t
1
0
4
2
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
0
0

0
3

2
0

3

1
0
2
3
1
0
0
1
0
4
2
2
7

0
1
1

1
1
1

1

3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
a
0
0
0
i
a
i
9
0
5
2
1

0

0
2

0

5

t
0

0
4
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
5
0
2
1
0
2
0
0
1
0
22
1
7
0
t
0
9
0
20

3
2
19
2
7
4
3
0
1
0
4
1
1
0
a
l
7
3
2
0
a
i
0
0
t
0
20
2
9
5
2
4
7
0
19

0
0
0
0
0
4
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
LO
1
0
2
0
0
1
1
6

4
1
i;

6
2
7
0
1
IS

IS
4
9
Q
0
9

a
l
0
0
1
3

i
2
4
0
0
2

1
1

0
1
a

0

277

TABU El .

DATS

COM TINUCD

TRAP

on
r

170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172

61
62
63
64
65
66
67
66
69
70
71
72
73
74
73
76
77
76
79
80
81
82
63
84
65
86
67
66
89
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
13
16
17
IB
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
36
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
46
49
50

d ia l s

0
4
3
4
4
0
0
2
0
0
0
4
1
3
0
1
0
7
0
3
0
8
3
3
4
2
0
3
2
6
1
1
0
4
0
1
0
1
3
6
0
3
5
1
1
1
2
4
1
0
2
0
1
t
4
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
1 ‘
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
Q
2
1

091
MALE
1
12
7
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
1
4
0
0
0
17
7
3
5
2
0
3
2
6
6
1
0
3
2
0
3
0
5
3
2
4
2
7
1
0
1
L2
3
2
0
5
0
0
2
I
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
1
1
2
2
2
3
1

3C
7 SHALE
0
2
1
2
0
0
o
l
0
0
0
c
0
2
Q
0
0
2
0
0
0
6
4
5
3
0
0
1
1
2
3
2
1
2
0
0
0
2
2
L
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
3
L
1
1

:
i
i
0
l
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0

a
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

SC
MALE
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
3
1
10
3
4
5
1
0
3
1
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0

a
l
0
0
0
0
1
1
t
0
0
0
0

E

TRAP

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
68
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
66
69
70
71
72
73
74

75
76
77
78
79
30
31
32
33
34
35
86
97
98
B9
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
9
10
lA
12
L3
14

15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

29
30
31
32
33
34

35
36
37
36
39
40

OM
FEMALE

0
2
0
7
2
0
0
0
0
a
0
5
4
1
0
0
a
l
l
0
2
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
2
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 t
1 1
1
0
a
0
0
i
i
2
0
1
0
5
0
a
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
i
l
0
1
0
9
0
9

OM
. MALE

1
7
L
2
2
2
1
2
3
4
10
1
1
1
1
1
7
1
1
0
2
3
1
5
2
1
3
3
4

0
1
9
9
0
0
0
1
0
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
9
2
9
L
0
4

0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
a
6
l
0
0
0

SC
FEMALE

0
1
0
0
2
0
I
L
0
1
1
a
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
1
0
9
9
0
9
9
a
a
0
l
0
0
9
0
0
3
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
9
0
9
L
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
;

0
0
0
3
1
0
a
a
a
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
a
0
0

SC
MALE

0
0
0
1
0
3
0
i
0
0
0
1
1
9
9
9
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
9
0
0
a
a
0
0
0
9
1
0
0
0
2
9
2
0
1
0
0
9
a
0
l
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
9
9
9
L
0
0
1
9
1
0
9
0
9
9
9
L
a

L
0
9
2
:

0
9

9

278

TABU

El .

C O N TIN U ED

OATS

TRAP

174
174
174
174
1 74
L74
1 74
174
174
174
174
174
1 74
1 74
174
1 74
174
174
174
1 74
174
174
174
174
174
174
1 74
1 74
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
1 74
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
179
179
179
179
1 79
1 79
1 79
1 79
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
1 79
179
1 79
179
1 79
179
179
179
1 79
179

41
42
43
44
43
4«
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
90
91
82
93
84
8$
86
97
38
69
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
10
L9
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
37
28
29

JO

OM
rC H A U
0
0
a
1
0
3
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
a
i
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
I
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
L
1
3
1
1
2
4
2

2

OH
KAU
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
J
3
0
3
1
4
0
Q
1
0
1
0
0
I
1
a
i
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
a
0
L
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
I
2
2
2
3
2
0
2
a
0
0
i
0
3
2
1
Q
3
0
9
1
5
1
2
2

3
5
5
3

5

3

a

I

0
0

4
1

s
2

2
I

SC
fEMALC

0
0
0
0
0
1
O
Q
0
a
0
l
a
0
0
a
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
a
0
a
0
0
0
9
O

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 1
0
2
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
Q
0
0
2
1
1
0
2
1
1
I
0
1
3
2
9
0
0
1
0
1
1

SC
KALE

0
0
0
a
a
0
l
l
0
a
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

0
1
0
I
0
0
0
2
1
0
1
1
9
u
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
I
0
0
2
0

0
1
A
a
0
0
0
0
11
1
1
2
0
0
0
2
2
D
1
2
9
1
0
0
L
0
9
Q

DATE

TM P

179
179
179
179
179
179
L79
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
L79
179
179
179
179
179
179
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
101
ISL
101
101
181

31
32
13
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
91
82
83
84
65
66
87
88
89
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

OH
FEMALE

OH
MALE

1

SC
FEMALE

1

S
I

SC
HALE

1

1

o

o

1
1

a

o

O
0

0
3

0
S

0
1

i
I
0
1

l
0

l
0

0

0

1
0
0
1
0
0
1

0

0
0
0
1
0
4

1

1

0

S
0
0
0
0
)
0

1

1

1

0

o
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0

0
1

0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
o
0
0

1
0
1
0
4
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
5
5
o
0
o

1

0

0
0

1
0

0
0

0

a

o

a

0
1
0
t
1
1

0

0
I

I

0

0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0

3

0
0
0
0
0

0
1
0
1
0
o
0
o

1

0
0
0
0
o
0
o

0
i

0
0

0

6

0

o
o
0

a
l
o

o
o
o

1

0

0
1

S

3

0

0
0

0
o

0

0

1
1
3

1

0

0

o

1

0

0

4

0

0
0

a
o

i
6
0

0

a

o

o

a
4
a
1
0
1
1
1
0
1

o
1
o
l

i
0
i

o

0
o
1
a
0

1
3
o

0

a

o

0
0
3
1
0
0

3
o
2
0
a
1

3
t
0
a
2
0

2

2

0

0

1
0
0
o
i
a
a
1
1
o
o

o
0
0

o
1
0
1

2
1
2
0
1

0

1
0

o

0
1
0
0
o
o
o
o
3

4

4

1
0

0

0

1
0
0
1

S

o

0
3
0
2
o

0
0
0
0
1

0
4
1
0
3

279

TABU E l ,

COVTIHUED

DATS

TRAP

191
161
ill
111
111
111
in
161
181
161
181
181
181
181
181
U l
181
181
181
181
191
181
181
161
181
181
111
181
131
181
181
181
181
161
131
161
181
111
181
181
181
181
191
181
181
161
161
161
181
181
161
161
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
181
131
134
184
194
194
184
194
194
164
164
164

21
22
29
24
2S
26
27
28
29
3Q
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
S3
54
55
56
57
56
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
33
84
85
86
67
88
89
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
9

10

OH
r SHALE
1
3
0
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
3
4
1
I
2
1
1
3
1
7
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
,i
3
4
I
3
1
0
2
3
1
G
1
3
3
1
1
0
5
0
2
1
1
1
6
0
0
0
7
2
0
3
4
2
0
0

a
0

OH
HALE
0
4
2
i
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
3
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
G
0
Q
0
0
1
0
4
0
a
0
0
0
1
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
I
1
3
3
1
1
1
2
I
1
2
2
1
2
5
1
2
3
2
6
2
2
10
2
2
4
I
3

€
2

SC
P EHAL I
0
1
0
1
3
0
2
0
0
0
Q
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Q
1
2
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
*
0
1
1
0
1
L
a
a
0
0
0
2
2
G
0
0
4
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
3
a
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
7
0
0
2
3
2
2

1
0

SC
HALS
0
2
2
a
i
0
i
0
0
1
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
3
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
l
a
0
i
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
Q
2
4
9
4
1
2
0
1

2
3

DATS

TRAP

194
184
194
184
184
184
164
164
164
164
184
184
194
194
194
194
194
184
194
194
184
184
184
184
184
184
194
184
184
194
164
184
184
184
184
164
194
194
184
194
194
184
184
184
184
184
184
194
194
194
194
184
194
164
184
164
164
184
184
194
184
194
194
164
164
164
104
184
184
164
194
164
184
184
104
184
194
194
194
194

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
13
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
36
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
S3
54
55
56
57
56
59
60
51
62
63
64
65
66
67
61
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
70
79
00
91
82
93
84
85
86
87
98
99

90

OH
F SHALE
0
0
3
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
2
5
2
4
0
0
1
a
i
0
4
2
3
0
0
0
2
3
0
1
1
4
1
0
1
0
3
0
3
2
a
a
0
l
7
0
1
0
0
0
0
Q
2
4
2
4
2
1
2
3
5
5
1
5
1
3
4
5
4
2
12
Q

1
1

CH
HALS
3
0
4
0
0
0
0
2
0
3
1
0
2
3
0
0
3
2
1
1
6
1
4
0
0
a
4
0
0
0
s
1
a
0
4
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
a
0
0
0
i
0
0
1
2
4
G
I
0
1
1
0
3
2
1
2
1
5
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
1
0
3
0

0
0

sc
F SHALE
0
0
2
0
1
1
0
3
2
0
2
3
3
2
0
0
1
0
0
a
6
1
3
0
0
2
1
2
0
2
5
4
3
0
0
3
9
0
a
i
a
0
0
l
0
i
i
4
G
G
0
0
1
4
4
2
4
1
4
1
3
2
1
3
2
3
4
3
4
1
0

0
0

sc
HALE
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
4
1
2
1
0
0
1
2
0
3
11
2
2
a
2
2
3
0
0
3
2
1
G
G
0
0
1
0
T
*
Q
0
3
0
1
2
0
4
2
3
0
a
a
2
2
1
0
1
0
L
G
I
Q
1
0
3
0
2
2
1
4
4
0
3
2
2
3

4
D
0

280

TM LE El .

□a t e

la c
ia e
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
IBS
186
186
186
186
166
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
146
186
186
186
136
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
16 6
18 6
18 6
186
186
186
136
136
186
186
186
136
186
186
1 86
1 36
1 86
136
136
186
1B6
186
186
1 86
1 36
1 86
1 86
1 86
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
136
1 86
1 36

C O N TIN U ED

TRAP
1

OH
PEHALE

1

3
4
3
6
7
3
3
10
11
11
13
14
IS
IS
17
18
19
10
11

0
1
0
0
0
1

11
13
14
IS
16
17
18
29
30
31
31
33
34
35
36
37
36
39
40
41
41
43
44
45
46
47
46
49
50
SI
SI
S3
54
SS
56
57
58
59
60
61
61
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
71
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

0
0
2
0
0
0
0
I
I
0

1

1

ON
MALE

I
1
0
0

9

0
1
0
1
0
5
3
1
6
1
1
4
0

1
0
3
5
5
4
0

1
0
0
i
3
a
9
1
1
1
0
2
1
2
9
1
S
1
0
0
1
0
a
l
a
0
l
2
0
0
1
Q
X
4

2
I
0
a

I
0
3
1
2
2
L
0

3C
PEHALE
1
0
2
0
0
L
2
0
3
4

I

9

0
L
X
3
9
0
a
i
i
3
5
3
2
0
0
1
2
1
6
5
L
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
9
1
L
a
a
2
1
a
0
i
9
0
0
0
X
0
2
9
0
1
9
0
2
0
I
1
2
I
9
2
1
0

0
1
3
3
1
0
0
3
2
1
X
1
2
1
0
0
4
1
3
9
1
2
2
2
0
3
Q
9
Q
7
0
2
X
X
1
0
0
Q
2
0
9
9
Q
4
3
I
3
3
1
I
1
2
I
4
I
X
X
3
3
2
I
0
0
X
a
0

sc
HALS
1
1
1
0
Q
a
X
2
2
1
0
a
0
3

I
3
4
2
0
I
L
4
I
S
4
0

0
2
2
2
IS
3
5
a
2
0
9
2
1
9
5
0
X
0
X
9
9
0
X
X
0
Q
a
a
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
a
3
0
2
0
0
a
x
0
2
a
X
3
1
X
X
9

SATE

TRAP

186
196
19*
19 6
196
186
186
186
186
186
188
188
188
188
188
188
188
188
168
18 8
186
18 8
IBB
188
188
18 8
188
10 8
188
188
198
188
10 8
188
188
188
188
189
108
108
168
188
108
10B
108
106
IBS
188
188
198
198
198
198
188
X98
188
10 8
108
108
109
138
186
189
196
196
198
X96
188
186
188
X0 6
108
188
188
188
189
196
186
196
188

01
92
93
94
90
96
97
98
99
90
X
2
3
4

8

6
7
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
20
26
27
29
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
49
49
SO
sx
52
S3
54
SS
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
60
69
70

ON
fENALX
3
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
3

0
0
0

0

a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
X
X
1

0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
a
0
0
X
0
0
0
9
0
1
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
1
0
0

ON
HALE
4
1
0
0
0
L
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
X
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
2

0
0

2
0
0
X
0
0
X
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
0
9
X
X
0
9
0
9
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
X

sc
PEMALE
0
0
2
0
1
1
1
0
1

0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
a
a
X
0
a
0

SC
MALE
0
1
0
1
0
0
X
X
X
2
0
0
X
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
1
X
9
0
9
0
X
0
1
9

»

0

a
0
9
0
0
0
0
2
0
a
0
a
l
0
a
9
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
a
l
3
0
0

0
L

1
0
9
0
9
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
X
0
5

0
0
X
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

0

0
9
9
9

28 1

T A B LE E l .

C O N TIN U ED

DATE

TRAP

laa
iaa
188
188
188
188
108
IBB
168
IBS '
168
IBS
188
188
188
188
188
188
168
188
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191

71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
88
86
67
88
69
90
1
2
3
4
3
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
36
39
40

OH
FEMALE
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
I
1
0
0

0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
a
0
0
0

1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0

0

0
0

0
0
0
0

1
0
0

0
0
0
0
1

2
3
0
0
0
0

0
0
a
0
Q
0
Q
a
a
a
0
0
a
0
l
0
l
0
3
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
*

0
0

2
0
0

1
0
1
0
0

sc
HALE

0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
9
0
1
0
2
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

5
1
0
2
0

0

3

0

1

1
1
2

0

0

0

2
1

0
I
2
0
0
2
1
1
1
0
2

42
43

0
0
0
0
0
4

60

0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
a
0
1
a
0
0
0
Q
Q
0
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
1
0

1

45
46
47
48
49
50
91
52
53
54
55
56
57
56
59

sc
FEMALE

1
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
a
0
I
l
l
l
l
0
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
0

41

44

OH
HALE

1
0
0
0

Q
1
1
1

2
0

0

0
0

a
l
i
i
0

a
G
a
a
2
i

0

a

1

0

0
0
0

i
l
t

0

a
l
0
0

0
a
Q
0
Q

1
0
0
0

2
0

-2
0
0

2
2
0
0
0
0

1
0
0

1
1

0

0

1

1
1

0

*

DATE

TRAP

191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193

01
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
73
76
77
78
79
80
81
62
83
64
65
86
87
98
09
90
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44

45
46
47
48
49
50

OH
FEMALE

OH
HALE

sc
FEMALE

sc
HALE

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0

1
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
2

1
1
2
0
0
0
2
2
0
I
9
0
2

0
0

0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
l
i
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
a
0
0
0
l
0
2
2
1
1
1
0
0
a

1
0
1
0
0
2
0
2
2
1
0
2
1
1
I
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
q
0
1
0
a
0
a
a
l

I
0

1
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
a
0
0
a
i
i

0
0
I
2
0
1
0
0
0
I
0
1
0
0
0

1

L
2
2
1
0
1
0
0
3
1
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
a
l
2
0
0
0
0
0

0
0

a

1
0
1
9
0

2
2
2
2
0

0
0
0

0
0
0
0

1
1

3
1

0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1

0

2
0

a
0
0

2
Q

0

0
0

1

2

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

a
a

2

0
0

0
0

a

0

a
*
2
1

0

2
3
3
0
0
0

0
0
0

2
2
1

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

2
3
1

2
0

0

0
0

3
0

2
0

0

0

0
a
q
2

q

0
0
0

0

0
0
0
0
0

282

TA V Lf E l -

DATS
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
19 3
19 3
19 3
193
19 3
19 3
193
19 3
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
L93
19 3
193
L93
193
193
L95
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
19J
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
19 5
195
195
195
195
195
195
195

C O N TIN U ED

TRAP
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
66
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
ao
81
82
33
84
65
36
87
86
39
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

OK
FEMALE
0
0
0
0
1
1
Q
I
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
2
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
2
1

OH
KALE
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
q
l
l
0
0
0
1
1
2
4
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
2
2
0
0
0
3
0
2
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
L
1
0
0
0
1
2
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0

a
a
0

0
0

sc
FEMALE
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Q
0
0
0
1
0
0
a
l
i

0
a
0
0
a

2
1
I
0
0
2
0
3
0
2
1
1
1
2
0
0
0
a
i
0
l
0
0
0
I
1
a
0
a
0
0
q
q
a
0
0
2
2
2
0
3
0
0
a
0
0
0
1
l
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
1
0

sc
HALE

0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
a
0
a
a
0
0
Q
0
0
0
o
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
2
2
O
1
a
0
0
a
0
0
0
2
0
a
0
0
0
l
0
i
0

.

DATE

TRAP

195
195
195
195
195
195
19 5
195
19 5
19 5
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
19 5
19 5
19 5
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
19 6
19 5
19 5
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
19 0
19 0
19 0
190
190
190
19 8
190
190
196
198
196
190
196
190
191
191
19 1
196
19 8
19 8
19 0
190
196
190
19 0
190
190
190
198

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
40
49
50
SI
32
S3
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
60
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
00
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
80
09
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
21
25
26
27
28
29
30

OH
FEMALE
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
Q
0
9
a
0
0
9
9
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
a
0
0
a
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
1
I
1
1
1
0
1
1
2
1
1
I
1
1
1
0

CH
HALE
3
0
0
0
0
3
1
4
0
3
0
0
0
0
4
1
1
a
l
0
0
0
0
4
a
1
0
l
9
0
a
a
0
a
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
4
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
a
9
2
1
0
2
a
2
0
3
0
0
l

a

a
0
2
3
1

SC
FEMALE
2
a
0
0
a
3
0
0
1
2
0
0
q
a
4
1
0
1
9
0
3
a
a
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
9
t
0
0
0
2
a
0
a
a
3
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
a
i
0
9
0
1
1
0
9
0
9
9
0
0
a
0
q
a
0
l
0
l
l
0
0
1
q
0
2
2
9

SC
HA LI
0
9
0
0
a
5
5
a
i
2
0
q
0
0
3
1
a
a
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
9
2
0
0
0
9
0
1
1
0
2
a
0
a
a
a
a
2
7
0
0
0
0
0
i
q
0
0
1
q
a
q
a
0
i
0
0
1
I
0
0
q
1
q
q
1
1
q
0
a
0
0
0
4

283

T A lL t E l .

C O N TIN U ED

DATE

TRAP

19ft
199
L99
199
199
199
199
L99
199
199
19B
198
198
198
199
198
199
199
199
198
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
198
198
198
198
198
1 96
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
199
199
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
206
300
300
300
200
300
300
200
200
300
200
200
200
200
200
300
300
200
300
2 00

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
36
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
40
49
SO
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
66
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
31
92
83
84
35
96
37
as
89
90
1
2
3
4
5
€
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
19
20

OM
FEMALE
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Q
0
0
0
a
1
Q
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L
0
1
0
0
0
a
2
1
Q
a
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0

OH
HALE
8
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
3
1
0
a
a
0
l
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
2
3
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
<3
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
3
1

SC
FEMALE
a
0
0
0
0
0
l
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
<3
0
0
0
Q
4
0
2
0
2
0
0
a
0
2
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

sc
MALE
0
1
0
a
0
0
2
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
3
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
4
0
3
0
1
a
Q
0
a
3
2
2
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
L
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
1
0

DATE

TRAP

200
20 0
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
20 0
20 0
200
20 0
20 0
2Q0
200
2QO
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
2QO
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
2QQ
200
200
200
200
200
200
202
202
202
202
202
20 2
20 2
20 2
2Q2
20 2

21
22
23
24
23
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
39
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
51
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
61
82
83
94
35
36
87
88
99
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

OM
FEMALE

OM
HALE

SC
FEMALE

SC
MALE

2
2
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
3
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
3
0
0
Q
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
2
0
1
9
0
0
a
l
a
a
2
0
9
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
<3
0
0
3
0
2
I
L
0
0
2
5
0
4
4
8
3
15
9
9

6
2
1
0
0
0
0
I
I
1
3
0
0
a
a
0
3
1
1
0
1
0
9
0
a
6
0
5
1
1
0
0
0
9
2
1
3
0
5
0
0
0
a
0
a
a
2
a
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
I
3
1
0
0
0
3
4
4
9
6
12
17
1
14
6

0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
l

0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
9
0
a
0
0
0
i
9
9
9
0
a
a
0
0
0
0
2
9
0
9
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
a
0
0
0
a
0
9
1
0
1
9
0
0
0
9
9
3
0
0
9
0
1
L
0

*

i

0
0
9
9
0
9
0
a
a
9
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
9
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
9

284

TA BLE E l .

C O K TIH U EO

DATE

TRAP

102
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
20 2
20 2
20 2
20 2
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202

11
12
13
14
19
16
IT
IB
19
20
21
22
23
24
29
26
27
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
33
36
17
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
43
46
47
48
49
30
31
32
S3
34
33
36
37
38
39
60
61
62
63
64
63
66
67
69
70
71
72
73
74
73
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
S3
86
87
88
89
90

OM
FEMALE

OM
HALE

SC
FEMALE

6
2
2
6
1
1

7
10

7
0
0
0
1
3
1
0
1
0
1
1
2
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
2
L
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
3
Q
0
0
1
0
0
4
0
1
0
0
0
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
l
l
2
1
2
2
0
1

6
7
1
3
3
3
4
3
2
2
2
3
3
4
1
3
7
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
6
1
3
2
1
7
4
2
1
1
3
6
2
7
1
1
3
1
3
3
4
4
3
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
3
3
3
4
7
4
2
5

17
7
4
7
22
10
1
4
10
4
10
4
1
3
2
4
20
3
14
6
10
"s
5
3
3
2
3
3
12
2
2
4
5
I
4
9
10
12
2
4
2
6
6
11
17
1
10
4
1
11
S
13
13
2
3
3
7
5
3
9
$
3
3
3
3
6
B
10
4
6

SC
MALE
2
0
0
0
I
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
a
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
s
0
0
1
0
0
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
0
Q
0
1
0
0
0
1
4
0
1
1
I
2
I
0
0
I

DATE

TRAP

207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
20?
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
20 7
20 7
207
207
20 7
207

t
2
3
4
S
6
7
S
9
10
11
12
13
14
13
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
36
29
30
11
32
32
34
35
36
17
36
39
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
46
49
$0
SI
S2
S3
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80

OM
FEMALE
0
5
0
3
1
5
17
4
11
4
4
1
1
3
6
9
1
7
9
10
14
5
5
11 *
5
5
;
i

7
19
10
9
5
7
2
2
3
4
11
7
6
7
10
15
S
1
4
5
5
7
5
5
2
17
7
9
3
2
3
3
9
10
3
4
7
4
3
7
0
2

on
HALE
4
10
1
9
9
9
25
15
12
7
14
9
5
15
12
13
9
16
25
21
17
3
5
5
7
9
0
0
10
19
13
10
6
11
7
4
5
6
12
IQ
9
13
3
12
20
9
12
7
13
S
12
10
9
14
9
10
9
11
19
18
17
14
9
7
6
14
4
S
12
8
5
6
8
5
2
4
7
3
7

SC
FEMALE
2
0
0
0
0
2
6
0
2
0
1
2
0
0
1
*
0
0
9
3
1
1
1
2
3
1
2
4
3
7
1
0
0
9
9
1
1
2
0
1
0
0
1
12
3
9
1
0
1
0
2
1
0
3
L
2
0
3
3
0
1
1
0
0
1
L
1
3
a
i
l
2
1
0
Q
0
1
3

SC
MALE
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
a
i
3
0
1
0
0
3
3
2
1
1
3
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
a
a
0
i

l
i

0
2
3
1
1
1
0
0
t
2
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
a
a
0
3
1
0
1

285

T A B U Cl
OATS

2 07
207
2 07
207
2 07
207
207
2 07
20?
207
209
209
209
209
2Q9
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
2Q9
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
2Q9
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209

CO N TIN U ED

TRAP
91
92
93

94
99
96
97
96
99

90
i
2
3
4
5
6

7
3
9
10
11

12
13
14
15

16
17
19
19
20
21

22
23

24
25

26
27
29
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
36
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
46
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
sa

59
60
61
62
63
64
65

66
57
66
69
70

OH
fEHALC
2
4
6
9
6
4

0
4
2
2
0
1
1
1

0
2
5

2
2
3
0
3
2
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
6
1
0
Q
2

Off
KALE
U
15
18

2
1
2

7

3

0

1

2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

I

I
0

1

2
2
1

0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
1
1
0
Q
0
0
1
0
0
0

1

2
2
5

2
1
1

2
2
4

1
4
1
1
4
3
7
2
1
2
1

7
2
1
1

0

1
1
1

3
2

3
2
2
0

0
7
3
2

1
1

1

0

0
2
1
0
0
I
1
0
4
0
5
1
5
3
3
1
6
0
4
6
7
0

1

2

0

5

2

3

sc
HALE

0
0
0

I

2
2
2
1

SC
t CHAU

I
1
1
1
5
4
3
1
2
10
L
12
1
3
3
4
1
4
4
6
4
3
2
2
4
L
4
4
L

3
3
2
2
3

G

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0

0
0
0
0
0
0

1
1
Q
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

2
0
0
0

1
0
0
0

0
0
0

Q

L

DATE
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
2 09
209
209
209
2Q9
209
209
2Q9
209
209
209
209

TRAP
71
72
73

74
76
77
78
79
60
61
62
63
64
85

2 12
212
212
212
212
212

11
12

2 12
212
212
212
212

212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
2 12
2 12
2 12
2 12
2 12
2 12
2 12
2 12
212
2 12
212
2 12
2 12
2 12
2 12
2 12
2 12
2 12
212
212
21 2
212
212
212
212
212
21 2
21 2
212
212
212
212
212

0
2
4
2

75

66
67
98
69
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

212

OH
FEMALE

OH
MALE
3

2
4
6
3

2

2

1
2
2

8

2
2
1
3
2
3
1

T
2
2
S

4
2
5
4
3
1

2
1
2
3

13

14
15
16
1?
16
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
3B
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47

1
1
5
4
2
0
0

50

51
52
53
54
55
56

57
58
59
60

0

0
0

2
0
0
0

0
1

4

0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

2
7
1

5
2
5
5
7
4
6
4
4
6
9
3
,6
i'

1

2
5
2
2
4
2
2
4

0
0
1

0
2
0
0
0

i

48

49

0
Q
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1

21
2
2
1
14
3
6
2

5
3
5
3
2
7

0
0

9
6

1
2

5
2
3
1
2
2
3
2
1
0
7

3
0

0

Q

4
2
3
2

sc

HALE

5

9
10

SC
FEMALE

11
4
5
3
7
2
0
6
3
1
16
10
6
10
15
5
4
7
4
5
2
6

3

3

0
a
1
a
l

2
0
a
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0

3
I

4

4
0

a
l
a
0
a
0
0

3

5

0

2
4

5

1

0
0
0
1
a
2
a
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0

2
0

a
l
0
0
0
a
0
i
l
Q
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
1
9
9
0
0
0
9
0

0
1
0

3
0
0
0
0
0

286

TABU El .

C O N TIN U ED

DATE

TRAP

112
212
112
112
212
31Z
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214

61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
75
77
73
79
00
81
82
83
84
95
86
97
68
89
90
1
2
3
4
5
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
39
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
39
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
49
46
47
49
49
50

CM
FEMALE

OM
MALE

2
2
2
1
2

4
5
9
4
1
Z
12
2
7
7
4
3
2
1
7
3
4
5
5
1
4
3
7
3
5
5
9
a
2
6
2
0
2
0
2
1
3
0
1
3
3
3
0
2
1
0
0
5
9
0
1
2

3
4
4
4
2
2
2
3
4
3
4
3
2
2
5
3
2
7
7
1
4
2
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
5
0
10
0
4
3
4
4
3
3
3
1

0

sc
FEMALE
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
2
0
0
2
1
1
Q
Q
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
a
l

0
0
0
a
0

1
3
3
3
2
3
7
1

3
9
4
7
6
3
3
3
0
4
2
1
1
2
4
3
2
1
3
S
2
6
9
2
6
3

0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0

4

7

0

2
2
5
44
1
1
4
2
1

a
0
0
0
0

SC
* MALE
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
&
0
1
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
O'
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

DATE

TRAP

214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
2 14
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
214
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
90
81
92
93
94
05
96
87
88
09
90
1
2
3
4
5
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
19
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
33
39
40

OM
FEMALE

OM
MALE

SC
FEMALE

sc
MALE
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0

S
4
4
Q
2
6
1
2
2
4
2
3
7
S
4
6
5
4
5
2
3
1
8
3
4
3
0
6
1
0
2
7
1
6
1
4
3
1
’
4
3
5
2
5
0
0
1
1
0
2
1
4

1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
4
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
a
l
a

l
a

l
l
0
0

6
1
1
2
7
5
4
0
1
I
2
1
1
0
4
3
1
0
1
2
0
1
3
0
0
L

a
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
a
0
0
0
a
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0

1

3

1

3

5
6
1
4
1
1
5
2
3
3
1
4
3
4
3
2
4
2
3
2
4
3
4
3
3
3
2
4
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
4
2
3
1
3
3
1
1
1
4
1
2
1
2
2
3
2
2
1
1
2
i

0

0
0
a
0
0
0
0

\
0
Cl
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0

a
0
0
0

287

TA SLC E l .

DATS
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
216
214
216
216
216
216
216
216
214
216
214
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
214
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216

221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
2 21
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221

COHTXKUEO

TRAP
41
42
42
44
44
46
47
48
49
90
*51
52
53

54

55
56
57

SB

59
60
61
62

63
64
65
66
67
66

69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
79
79
80

81

82
83
84
63
66
67
88

69
90
L
2

3

4

5
6

7
8
9
10
U
12

13

OH
rCNALS

OH
HAH

0
5
2
0
2
L
1
3
0
3

3
16
1
2
3
6
4
6
1
6

5

2
3
3

1

2
3

0
0
0

2
2
0
I
2

0
3
0
2

1
1
2

I
2
0
0
3
1
1
2
3

1

3
3
3
3
4
3
I
3
0
1
2

1
0

0

3
0
1
1

0

2

6
6

1
3
3
I
2

0
0
2
4

1
2
6
0
3
10

a

2

1
0

9
1
0
4

1
2

3

0
2

3

0

4
1

4

5

0

4

30

3

1
1

0

0

1

1
1

2

0

1
0

3

4

5
4
1
6
5
4
7
6
1
2

0

2

0

9

3
0
3

3
3
1
6

1
4

3
3

2

0
0
3

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

9
0
3
0
9
0

2

2

sc

0
1
1
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0

3

0
0
0
0
0

0

0

0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0

0

TRAP

HALS

0
0
0
0
0

1
3

4

3

14
15
16
17
IB
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29

0
0
0
0
0
Q
1
0
0

0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0

1
0
0

0

SC
TSHAL*

1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0

0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
9
0

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
46
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
99
60
61
62
63
64
65
66

OH

OH

sc

FIHALX

HALS

fSMALS

sc
HALS

0
2
0
I
0
4
4
0
1
I
5
1
4
0
0
10
6
9
2
7
11
1
3
14
a
6
5
6
2

0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
q
0
0
0

a
a
0
0
0
a
l
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
9
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
1
0
0
a
a

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
2
1
5
2
3
2
1
2

5
2
3
3
2
4

1
1
5
7

5
4
3
3
4
3
5

70
71

72
73
74
75
76
77
78

79
80
41
82

83
34
85
66
87
88
69
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

a
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

1
2

9
1
1

4
4
3

2

2
5
4

67

68
69

4

2
3
S

7

7
2

!

3

4

4
3

0
1

3

3
15
9
5
10
2
1
3
12

q
I
0
0
0
1
0
0
0

0
0
3

7

I

3
a
3
11
3
1

1
0

2

6

1
4
2
1
9
J
6
1
1
5
4
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0

a
0

1
I
0
0
1

7

2
2
0
0
1
9

i
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
1
0
0
0

2
0

a
a

0
2
0
0
0
I

0
0
3

0
0
0
0
0
0

2
0
1
9
0
0
a
i
0
0
0
0
0
a
a

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a

0
0
0

0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0

0
a
0
0
0

a

288

T A tL C E l .

CO N TIN U ED

OATB

TRAP

223
223
223
233
223
223
223
223
22 3
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227

21
22
23
24
23
26
27
20
29
3Q
31
32
33
34
33
36
37
30
39
4G
41
42
43
44
43
46
47
40
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
50
59
60
61
62
63
64
63
66
67
60
69
70
71
72
73
74
73
76
77
79

79
30
01
32
93
34
35
86
97
88
09
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
B

9
10

OH
FEMALE

OH
HALE

3C
FEMALE

sc
MALE

DATE

TAA

0
1
0
1
0
0
0
L
t
1
0
0
0
1
0
t
0
0
I
1
0
0
I
0
0
2
0
1
0
1
I
4
0
3
0
0
0
0
a

1
1
1
0
2
0
0
4
0
L
0
t
2
2
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
3
1
0
2
0
2
0
2
2
L
1
3
0
2
9
a
l
a
0
0
l
0
2
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
a
0
i
i
i
2
3
9
9
1
0
2
1
9
0
1
1
3
4
3
3
3

9
0
9
I
9
0
0
9
1
0
0
0
9
0
9
1
0
1
I
L
0
0
1
0
0
0
a
0
i
9
0
2
0
9
0
9
0
0
0
a
9
9
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
0
9
9

0
0
0
0
Q
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
a
0
3
1
1
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
a
0
a
0
9
0
a
a
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
a
a
a
9
0
9
9
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

227
227
227
227
2 27
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
327
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
127
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
2 27
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
237
227
227
227
227
227
237
227
227
227
227
227
227

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
10
19
29
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
20
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
46
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
60
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
70
79
00
01
82
93
84
95
86
07
88
09
90

i

i
9
0
9
1
9
a
i
l
a
a
1
3
a
2
0
a
1
0
0
0
1
9
2
0
1
0
0
1
L

1
9
9

0
*8
2
10
8

14
i

7

2
10
a
Q
2

9
9
9

G
G

0
0

0
a

0
0
0

a

0

0

0
9

Q
0

a
a

OH
FEMALE

CM
HALE

3C
KHALI

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

1
1

0

0
0

0
0
0

2
L
2
0
9

0

0
0
0

3

0
0
0
0

3

0
0

9
0
Q
I
0
0
0
0
0

I

0

a
0

9
0

9
0
0
0

1
L

0
0
0

1

0
0
0

Q

0
0
0
0

0

a
o
o

0
0
0

a

a

sc
HALE

0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
1
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
2
0
9
0
Q
a
o
a
0
0
9

a

g
a
a

a
9
9
a

a

a
0
0
9
Q
Q

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2

9
9

0
0
Q
0
a
o
o
o
0
0
0
G
0
a
o

289

C O B flN U E D

TRAP

230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230

230
230
230
2 30
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
2 30
230
230

230
230
230

230
230

230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
23Q

230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
23Q
230
230
230
230
230
230
330
230

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
to
11
12
13
U
15
16
17
ia
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
33
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
46
49
SO
61
52
53
54
55
96
57
56
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
57
66
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
76
79
90

OH
FEMALE

1
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
X
3
2
1
2
4
0
1
0
2
2
3
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
3
1
0
0
2
0
0
1
s
1
2
0
1
X
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
1
4

0
0
0
0
L
0
0
2
0
1

OH
HALS

0
1
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
X
0
0
2
1
0
1
0
4
1
1
0
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
2
1
0
1
1
4
0
1
0
1
1
6
0
6
1
3
0
7
X
0
X
0
0
1
1
a
2
0
0
1
0
0
I
2
1
2
0
0

30
rC H A U
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0

1

0
0
0

1

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

a
0
0
0

(
a

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

2
0
0
0
0
0

0

0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0

1
0
X
0
0
0

30
HALE
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
Q
Q
0
A 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

a
0
0
0

1

0

0
0
0

L

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

9
0
0
0
0
0

DAT!

trap

oh

FEMALE
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
23 3
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
23 3
233
233
233
233
233
23 3
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
23 3
23 3
233
233
23 3
233
233
233
233
23 3
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
23 3

61
62
d3
64
65
46
67
66
69
90
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
20
21
22
23
24
23
26
27
29
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
36
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
46
49
30
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
39
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70

0
0
2
1
X
2
2
X
1
0
0
1
0
L
X
1
a
l
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
1
9
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
z
2
1
0
0
0
1
Q
X
0
0
2
S
2
2
0
0
1
2
0
2
0
1
X
0
0
9
1
1
2
1

an
MALE

0
1
5
:
2
0
0
2
9
1
0
0
X
0
a
0
0
0
0
a
i
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
a
4
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
2
1
I
0
0
1
0
1
6
0
0
1
0
3
2
0
3
0
2
1
2
2
X
0
2
9
0
1
1
0
2

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
o
0
0
0
0
0
a
o
o
a
o
a
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
01
*
0
a
0
0
I
0
0
0
a

a
a
a

o
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
a
0
0

290

7MU EJ*

COHTJHUED

TRAP
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
7a
79
ao
ai
82
93
84
85
96
07

98
89
90
1
2
3
4

5
7
9
IQ
11

12
13
14
15
16
17
lfl
19
2D
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

OK
FEMALE

OK
KALE

sc
FEMALE
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
L
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
Q
0
0
0
0

2
0
0
1
0
a
'0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1

Q
Q
a
2
1
0
0
2
0
I
0
0
0
1
0
3
3
0

L

0
s
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
9
I
0
a
l
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
a
0
3
0
0
0
0
1

0
0
0
0
Q
0
Q
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0

0
a

0

0

0

0

0
Q

0
0
2
L

0
0

0
0

L
0
0
0
0

0

6
2
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
1
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
1

0
a
0
0

1

0

a

0
i

0

0

D
0
0
9

SC
KALE
a
0
Q
0
a
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
a
0
0
0
0

0
0

BATE
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
23 7
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
23 i
237
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
2 40
240
240
240
240
240
24Q
240
240
240
24Q
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
2 40
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
24Q
240
240
240
2 40
240
240

TRAP
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77

78
79
BO

81
82
83
84
85
56
87
88
89
90

I
2
3
4

5
6
7

8
9
U
12

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
28
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
<6
47
48
49
50

OM
TCHALE
I
0
0
0
1
0
a
Q
0
a
a
0
3
3
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
i
i
0
1
2
0
0
0
a
9
20
4
16
3
11
5
27
10
13
13
9
4
28
12
2
13
15
16
6
10
L
1
3
17
3
12
2
5
3
2
4
1
6
6
3
2
5

1
a

OM
KALE
0
0
0
2
0
0
Q
0
0
9
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0

SC
fem ale

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
0

9

9

20
16
22
13
29
10
28
20
65
16
25
33
30
37
16
25
45
6
13
a
42
11

1
0
I

7

12
11
20
1
11
10
27
29
16
7
10
6
1
5
12
5
10
4

5
5
29
6
U
IS
3
11

L

0
0
0
9

1
0
L
0
1
0
a

0
i
9

I
0
0
0
0
0
1

SC
KALE
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Q
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
I

0
0
0
a
0
9

0
0
0
9
7
0
1
0
0
1
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
9

0
0
0
3
0
0
1

0
0
a
0
0
3
1
0
1
1
1

0
0
0
0

0

0

2
3

0

0

1
1
1
0
1
c
i

L
0

0

0
0
9

0
13
1
0
0

I
3
0

291

CO N TIN U ED

TBAP

OH
fC K A L I

240
240
240
240

240
240
240
240

240
240
240
240
240
24Q
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
210
240
240
240
240
240
242
242
24 2
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242

242
24 2

242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242

SI
52
53
54
S5
56
57
SB
59
60
51
<2
43
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
73
73
74
75
76
77
70
79
ao
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
SB
69
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
19
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
J5
36
37
38
39
40

5
1
1
5
2
1
1
3
28
3
3
3
3
2
1
6
1
7
1
2
4
11
3
3
6
5
4
5
2
2
7
7
2
12
13
9
3
13
5
7
7
6
14
9
2
1
11
7
4
4
24
1
I
2
9
1
9
6
13
2
I
4
11
16
5
3
2
1
1
1
2

OH
HACJC
5
2
12
16
6
0
0
6
9
0
10
1
12
4
12
I ’
10
6
9
11
2
6
L3
23
19
7
6.
12
32
LO
14
4
12
0
26
LO
16
12
13
11
4
24
26
IS
15
3
7
7
26
12
S
0
6
19
12
13
11
46
3
10
2
26
S
14

9
21
3
5
0
6
14
13
4
11
3
14
3
IQ

1
10

SC
PtKALZ

L
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
I
0
a
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
2
1
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
5
a
4
1
2
1
3
1
0
0
2
1
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
1
3
2
0
1
0
0
0
0

sc
HALS
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0

a
i
0
0
a
3
2
0
1
a
0
12
4
2
0
1
6
0
0
0
4
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
Q

0
9
1
0
a
l
a
l
9
0

DATE

TRAP

OM
FEMALE

* 1 4
42
43
44
43
46
47
49
30
31
51
53
54
35

36

SC
FEMALE

6
4
0
11
2
4
1
4
1
7
S
7
1
11
1

48

OM
MALE

S
0
4
5
5

0

13
6
14
3
3
6
13
6
20
3
9
3
20
3

0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0

4
7
5
14
a
9
12
3
2
9
4
io
7
11
4
20
9
6
7
10
6

0
1
3
0
o
4
1
0
2
0
0
o
0
0
2
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1

12

1

57
30
59
50
si
62
S3
64
S3
66
67
se
69
70
71
72
73
74
73
76
77
79
79
ao

2
5
3
1
5
1
3
2
3
1
10
2
2
4
3
3
26
3
13

82
83
84
83
85
87
88
89
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
9

3
4
12
4
8
2
10
10
20
0
3
0
1
1
0
1
2
0

11
12
13
14
15
' 1 6
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

0
3
1
1
0
1
0
4
1
o
1
0
1
0

4
a
1
11
3
3
0
3
3
0

0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0

26
27

I
3

3
3

0
0

29
30

2
1

2
1

0
1

4

81

2

10

23
28

5

.

0
1

42

13
36

10

5
17
33
7
19
16
41
13
29
4
II

4
4
a
2
2
2
11

10
3
2
1
4

0
0

SC
MALE

0
0
0
1
0
0

0
0

0
0

0

0

0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0
1
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

0

0
2
3
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
1
0

0
1
0
0
0

0

0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
0

0

0

1
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0

0

3
0
0

0

1
0

0

292

TABU

El .

C O H TIH U ED

DATE

TRAP

144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
244
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147

11
11
11
14
19
IS
37
11
39
40
41
41
41
44
49
46
47
48
49
SO
SI
91
SI
94
99
96
97
SB
99
60
61
61
63
64
65
66
67
6B
69
70

71
71
73
74

75
76
77
78

79
30
31
91
33
34
39

OH
FEMALE
1
1
1
a
l
a
i
1
i
1
i
a
8
0
1
4

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

87
89
90
1
1
1
4
5
6
7

8
9
10
U

11
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
10

3
6
1
0
1
6
a
l
a
a
1
l
l
3
9
1
0
1
0
3
1
3
3
1
3
5
1
6
1
4
5
S
4
3
1
0
3
1
1
5
I

1
9
1
1
1
1
9
11
1
1
1

36
38

ON
HALE

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4

14
1
I

4
1
3

3
1
9
11
9
1
6
3
8
7
6
6
1
3
3
8
4
1
1
1
11
18
13
8

9
7
IS
41
9
1
11
16
14
18

3
1

11
9
18
3

1

4

SC
rtNALC
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
a
a
a
0
a
a
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
3
a
0
0
l
l
a
a
l
a
a
0
a
0
a
0
a
0
1
1

a

0
0
0
l
i
0
0
I
I

1
a
0
l
i

0
0
0
0

a
0

sc
HALE
0
a
a
0
a
0
0
t
0
0
0
a
0
a
0
l
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
a
a
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
a
a
a

0
0
0
0
0

0
0

a
a
0
0
0
0
0
0

a
a
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
i
0
1
0
i

0
1
a
0
0
0
0
0

OATS

TRAP

147
147
1 47
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
1 47
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
147
ISO
150
150
150
250
150
150
150
150
150

11
12
13
14
25
26
27
28
19
10
11
12
11
14
15
16
37
18
19
40
41
42
41
44
45
46
47
48
49
90
51'
52
53
54
55
56
57
SB
39
60
61
62
43
64
45
66
47
68
69
70
71
71

73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
81

OH
FEMALE

ON
MALE

2
4
1
1
7

9
20
6
18
6
11
9
4
1
2
14
19
8
10
7
16
S
9
8
7
7
4
14
23
9
11

1
I
1
6
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
2
1
2
6
1
4
1

4

I
2
I
2
1
L
2
2

1
3
1
5
1
4
0

5
5
5
1
4
1
0

1
3
2
3
5

84

35
86
87
88
89
90
1
1
1
4

5
6

5
1
4

10
2
5
1
0
2
0
0

8

0
0
0

9
10

L
1

7

*

6
a
is
10
4
3
11
5
10
4
11
8
11
10
6
12
6
1
3
5
19
10
17
3
15
13
7
4
2
1
30
9
17

11
2
22
8
14

9
20
40
19
1
2
3
3
5
0
3
1
15
8

SC
TZHMZ
1
9
2
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
2
1
1
0
1
Q
0
a
l
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
i
i
i
i
i
0

3C
KAU
1
0
a
a
Q
3
0
a
0
0
4
0
0
1
1
L
a
0
3
0
T
2
1
1
0
0
0
a
0
i

0
i

a
2
a
0
i
0
i
l
l
a

a
2

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0

0

2
1
3
a

O

i

1
0
0

0
l
0

I
0
0

a
Q

a

3

i

0
0

a

(3
1
0
3
0
1
0
1
0
o
3
D
0
0

0
i
l
i
0
a
a
i
0
a
a
0
0

2
3

i

a
i
2
0

0
0

0

0

0

293

TA SLI El ,

DATE

250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
:s o

C O N TIN U ED

TRAP

11
12
13
14.
15
16
17
ie
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
23
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
43
49
51
52
53
34
35
56
57
53
39
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71

72
73
74
' 75
76
77

78
79
80
81
82
83
84
35
86
87
88
99
90

OH
FEMALE

0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
2
1
2
1
2
2
0
2
0
0
0
4
1
2
2
1
3
1
1
3
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
2
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
3
0
2
0
2
2
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
1
1
0
0
I
0
1
3
1
1
1
3
3
3

0H
HALE
T
7
3
5
2
5
5
3
6

1
17
1
5
1
6
4
0
9
6
5
3
1
12
4

1
6
2
3
2
3
14
12
7
6
7
3
8
3
4
2
3
7
4
9
7
4
1
1
10
1
2
1
4
2
3
I
4
1
2
6
3
2
3
9

4
3
4

12
1
1
3

SC
FEMALE

0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
3
1
2
0
G
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
2
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
3
1
1
1
9

SC
MALE

0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
1
Q
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
1
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
2

0
0
0
3
0
0
1
3

SATE

254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254

TRAP

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
75

79
30

OH
FEMALE

0
6
2
1
2
3
4
3
2
1
4
1
2
3
5
4
2
4
5
7
1
2
3
1
11
1
2
1
5
3
1
3
2
i

1
1
2
4
5
1
5
3
5
3
5
1
1
2
3
3
2
5
2
5

3
1
3
1
1
2
2
5

2
2
1

OH
HALE

2
32
29
10
6
3
9
10
14
22
12
11
9
8
13
5
3
6
22
3
14
15
38
9
29
9
28
10
26
12
37
10
24
4
12
19
12
5
23
4
15
7
10
9
i'a
16
34
9
28
15
26
12
17
IS

18
27
17
22
19
22
28
20
100
9
47
2
30
11
39
11
18
21
8
19
12
7
27
18
17
12

SC

5C

FEMALE

HALE

2
3
I
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
0
2
0
1
2
0
1
2
1
0
3
13

2
4
1
1
1
1
0
2
2
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
3
13
3
5
2
1

2

5
1
2
3
2

4

2

2
22
2
3
2
1
1
1
0
2
2

3
22
2
3
3
1
1
2
1
2
3

5
2
4
5
15
5
2

6
1
4
5
15
5
I

2
2
9
2
0
2
G
4
3
2
3
7
8
5
2
2
5
4
3
10

3
3
10
2
1
3
1
5
4
3
3
a
a
6
2
3
6

6

7
4

4

4
10

3
2
2
12
16
2
6
2
7

1
2
13
17
3
7
2
8

4

4

294

TA BLE C l .

DATE

C O N TIN U ED

TRAP

ON
fem a le

234
234
234
254
234
234
234
234
254
234
237
257
2 37
237
237
237
257
237
137
157
237
237
257
137
237
237
137
237
157
257
157
237
237
237
157
237
157
257
137
237
237
237
237
257
237
137
237
237
257
237
257
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
2 37
237
237
257
157
237
237
237
237
237
237
1ST
1ST
257
237
157
237
157
237
257
257
157

81
82
81
84
83
88
87
83
89
90
t
2
1
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
u
12
11
14
13
IS
17
18
19
20
21
22
21
24
23
28
17
28
19
30
11
12
33
34
35
38
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
81
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70

4
0
12
0
3
0
4
4
10
0
1
2
2
0
0
1
8
1
4
2
I
4
1
2
2
0
0
3
4
0
2
0
1
4
7
3
4
3
0
0
2
0
0
0
l
l
13
2
4
2
3
1
6
7
1
11
1
2
1
0
9
2
11
3
12
4
0
3
1
5
2
7
6
2
6
7
5
2
6
7

OH
HALE

SC
rE H A U

16
18
21
10
25
14
10
23
43
14
9
6
6

7
10
12
7
18
5
16
5
3
4
5
1
3
0
4
3
I
1
2
0
0
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
11
0
2
4
1
1
4
3
3
0
3
0
18
1
2
0
1
1
15
7
6
8
6
3
a
8
3
15
10
7
13
8
11
6
11
10
44
14
6
18
12
13
17
23
11
19
19
18
12
T
13
38

4
2
5
3
13
4
3
4
2
1
12
11
1
2
1
1
11
I
2
4
2
3
2
1
3
3
14
5
3
7
7
4
3
3
6
3
19
10
5
11
5
14
9
5
7
4
3
4
3
13
12
11
5
11
6
19

SC
HAM
10
13
7
18
4
17
3
4
5
5
2
4
4
4
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
11
2
4
2
2
4
4
4
I
1
1
19
1
3
1
1
15
7
7
8
6
6
a
a
3
IS
10
7
15
9
11
6
11
10
43
15
6
28
12
i:
18
22
12
20
19
19
13
7

13
38

DATE
257
257
2 37
2 57
257
257
257
237
257
257
237
237
2ST
257
257
257
237
257
237
257
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
26 1
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261

TRAP
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
BO
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
13
16
17
18
19
20
21
21
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
33
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
51
54
55
56
57
58
39
60

OH
FEMALE

OH
HALE

SC
FEMALE

SC
HALE

3
3
3
0
0
1
2
3
2
1
2
a
4
0
2
1
0
2
14
1
0
3
1
0

8
14
16
1
1
2
4
4
8
I
3
2
7
1
5
2
4
8
11
7
29
10
8
a
3
6
2
12
27
7
1
7
6
7
3
5
4
2
36
0
5
4
2
7
8
2
11
25
2
4
6
9
4
13
4
6
41
13
3
1
4
11
9
22
13
7
9
1
6
4
8
14
9
17
30
10
1
12
1
13

12

12
9
14
I
4
2
3
4
5
2
3
3
20
5
20
8
6
4
8
2
5
1
0
0
1
2
0
1
1
4
a
0
1
1
0
l
l

4
0
8
1
4
1
1
0
0
0
2
1
4
3
1
4
3
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
2
5
1
5
4
1
2
10
2
7
1
1
4
3
10
4
7
7
1
1
12

14
1
5
1
4
3
3
1
3
2
21
4
19
7
3
4
2
5
1
0
0
0
2
0
1
1
4
0
0
0
2
3
2
1
7
4
2
2
1
5
2
1
4
18
*1
3
21
2
7
2
2
2
16
1
1
3
1
2
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
I
4
2

7
4
1
2
1
5
3
1
4
0
1
4
21
2
7
1
2
1
IS
1
1
3
3
2
1
4
2
4
2
1
t
3
3
4
3
7
3
1
2
4
2

295

C O N T tN U Z D

7 RAF
251
2 61
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261

61
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
69
70
71
72
73
74
73
75
77
73
79
30
31
32
33
94
35
36
37
98
89
90

on
PCfULZ

on
MALE

3
10
2
3
2
1
0
a
l
9
2
7
2
5
0
10
0
s
2
41
1
5
1
2
1
6
1

16
13
8
45
16
4
2
25
14
34
0
10
47

4
4

•

12

4
19
13
26
17
8
14
34
25
3
14
7
10
27
36
19

SC
fENALZ
a
4
2
3
6
3
L
3

sc
MALZ
4
4
6
4
1
4

5
5
2
10
s
1
4
5
5
7

5
5
2
10
s

6
7
10
1
4

7
7
10
2
5
7
6
9
10
5

7
9
6

2

4
6
7

296

TABLE E ?

Tt

TRAP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
18
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
20
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
SI
52
S3
54
35
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
00

1

OH
FEHALE
L
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
i
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
Q
Q
0
0
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
3
3
1
3
9
1
0
I
0
0

OH
HALE
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
Q
0
a
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
3
5
9
0
0
0
9
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
a
0
0
2
1
0
1
1
0
1
a
0

9C
FEMALE

SC
HALE

12
12
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
I
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
3
0
a
0
0
0
Q
0
I
0
0
0
1
a
l
l
l
3
7
6
0
2
I
4
a
5
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
3
1
4
1
4
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
2
1
1
0
3
9
4
11
6
1
0
I
0
2

6
12
5
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
I
0
0
a
0
0
2
0
0
a
0
0
9
9
0
1
0
0
3
1
0
L
1
1
1
4
6
3
0
0
0
Q
1
0
0
2
1
0
L
1
a
0
2
0
1
9
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
L
0
0
3
0
0
3
i
2
2
1
0
1
0
9

DATE

TftAP

132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
13 8
138
138
130
138
138
13 8
138
138
138
138
13 8
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
13 8
138
138
130
138
13 0
138
130
138
138
130
138
136
136
13 d
138
130
138
138
130
130
138
138
130
138
138
136
136
138
138
1JB
130
138
136
136
136
136
136
13 6
138
138
138
138
138
138
136
136
138
138
130

81
82
63
64
85
86
97
88
89
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
20
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
40
49
50
SI
52
S3
54
55
56
57
56
59
60
61
62
$3
64
65
66
67
66
69
70

QH
FEMALE

OH
HALE

0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
I

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2

1

I
0
1
2
1*
*i
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
I
1
1
1
I
0
1
0
0
1
Q
k
1
a
l
i
0

2
3
L
2
1
1
2
1
1
I
1
2
1
1
2
1
I
I
I
1
L
1
I
1
2
5
1
1
:
3
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
2
i
1
1
0
1

i

i
l
0
1
3
1
9
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
I
1
I
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1

SC
FEMALE

SC
HALE

0
0
0
0
a
10
0
2
0
4
1
6
0
2
1
3
3
1
S
3
2
1
1
9
2
1
0
1
L
1
3
2
3
4
2
5
I
4
2
8
1
4
2
1
2
1
9
30
5
2
2
18
14
30
4
3
2
3
2
2
1
7
1
5
6
9
2
9
1
2
3
4
2
5
1
3
5
3
3
7

1
0
0
0
j
3
1
0
1
1
4
4
1
7
4
I
5
J
4
3
2
3
0
2
1
2
2
1
4
1
1
4
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
4
1
2
9
3
4
S
3
9
11
0
2
2
1
4
3
2
1
L
2
2
1
3
1
1
2
1
I
0
1
1
2
Z
2
i
1

297

T A B U E2 .

DATS
na
u s
L38
13a
us
138
138
13B
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
135
153
135
155
155
155
155
153
155
155
133
155
133
133
155
153
153
155
155
15$
155
135
155
135
135
153
135
155
135
153
153
133
155
155

C O N TIN U ED

TRAS
71
72
73
78
75
78
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85

86
87
88

89
90

1
2
3
4
5

6
7
a
9

10
11
12

13
14
15
16
17
18
19

20
21
22

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
13
34
35
16
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
48
47
48
49
50
31
52
53
34
35
56
37
38
39
SO

ON
rCMLX

1
1
1
1
1
3
1
4
1
1
1
1
0
0
4
0
1
2
1
1
7

4

4
18

2
5
a

2

7
4
4

11
1
7
7
16

1

5
9
18
25

22
11
20
10
19
16
9

11
26
4
13
4

2
2
1
7
7
4

12
3
12
14
19
9
13

2
11
3
11
3
1
5
27
14
16

6
10
11
12

ON
KALI

1
2
1
1

3
a

2
3
0
0
a
0
l
0
3
0
1
0
1
1
0
2
3
1
0
4
2
5
5

1
2
2
11
3
8
8
10
8
14
20
4

19
3
18

2
10
6
7
1.
9
2
9
1
a

i

i

6
0
2
1
2
6
2
7
1

13
3
3
3

10
1
2
1
6
12
6
2
5
1
3

SC
r m u
3
14
5

21
5
10
3
16
I

male

2
1
1
3
3

4

1

4

4

4
7
3
7

2
1

5

4

10
1
4
3

1
2

3

2
1
1
1
1

1
7
6
1
1
I
6
2
2
2
1
3
2
1
1
1
3

2
1

3

0
0

1
2
1

t
4

4

2
0

3
5

3

1
2

2
4
3

2
L
1
2
1
12
2
4

2
2
2
1
1
0
a

0
l

3

0
3
0
4
2
t

2
1
2
1
1
2
L

3

2
I

1

I
L

12
L

2
1
2
I
2
1
2
1
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
2

DATE

TRAP

153
155
135
155
135
135
155
135
155
153
155
155
135
155
155
155
L55
133
133
133
155
135
135
155
155
155
135
153
153
133
166
1S6
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
146
166
166
166
L66
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
164
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
L66
166
166
166
166
166
166
166

61
62
63
64
65

66

67
60
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
76
79
30
31
92
93
34
35
96
37
30
39
90
I

2

3
4
5

6

7
3
9
to

11
12

13
14
15
16
17
19
19

20
21
22

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
33
36
3?
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48

49
50

OH
FEMALE
3
9
4

10
11
15
10

IT
5
23
3
16
4
9
4
23
9

11

3
13
S
33

12
10
5
9
5

10
9
11
5
3
3

3
2
<J

0

1
1
20
1
0
3
0
4
0
0
0
0
4
3

2
0
0
3
3
4

0
2
4

7

1
0
3
1
6
3
1
1
1
0
1
3
0
Q
1
0
1

OH
HALE

2
6

3
9
I
7
• 2

10
a
7

1
3
1

3
I
a
7
6
Q

i
2

11
2
6
3
9

1
6
s
4

0
0
0
0
0

X
I

3
0
a

0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
3

1
0
0
1
1
5
a

1
2
12
2
2
0
3
0
2
1
0
1
0
a
2
1
0
0
1
3
2

SC
FEMALE
I

0
1

3

0
3

2
12
0
9
2
4
1
2
3
9
3

11
1
0
4
a

3
5

2
2
2
3
2
3

2
4

1
0
0
1
0
0
1
&
Q

Q

1
0
2
Q
0
0
0
1
4
1
0
Q
1
1
6
0
1
2
6
1
7
3

2
6

,

3C
MALI

1
2
0
0
0
1
0
3
0
1
1
0
2
0
1
a
0
2
0
0
0
4
1
2
1
1
L
1
1
2
0
0
0

3

0
0

a
3
3

i

0
0
0
0
*
0
0
0

a
z

0
1
a
0
z
1
1
a
z

i
i
z

0
a
z

i

0
0

0

2
1
2
2

1

3

3
9

0
0
0

i
i
0
i

I

I
I
I

0
0

298

T JU L t E l .

DATE
166
166
16 6
166
16 6
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
1 66

166
166
166
166
166

166
1 66

166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166
166

166

C O N TIN U ED

TRAP
St
52
SI

1

0

88

7

5

1
0
9

89

0
2

3

I

I
0
2
0
0

1
1
5

6

56

57
58
69
68
61

62
62
64
65
66
67
66

69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
90
91
92
63
94
95
96
87

166

90

m
171

2

177
177
177
177

4
a
6

177

7

177

9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

177
1 77
1 77

177
177
177

177
1 77

177
177

1

19

177

20

177
177
177
177
177
177

21

177
1 77

177
1 77

177
177
177
177

177
1 77

177
177
177
177

22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

1
0
4
3
I
0
0
1
4
1
4
0
1

2
4
3
3
a
5
2
1
0
1
0
3
0
3
2

1
0
5
0

1

0
0
0
3
3
D
0
2
I
0
0
1

4
0
0
4
3
6
1

Q

1
0
L
2
3
0
a
2
4
1
I
1
2
3
2
0
1
1
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0

3
1
0
0
4
0
0
0
I
3
0
0
4
3
3
2

3
0
3
2
0
0
7
5
0
a
l
6
0
0
2
3
5

0
0
8
1
0
0
12

2
0
0

1
0
0

4

0
0
7
7
0
a
s
0
2

I
0
1
0
0
1
I
L
0

SC

1

0
I
I
4
0
3
a
1
0
i

2
2
3
3
0
1
0
10
a
7
1
7
1
2
0

0
0
3
9
0
a
a

5
a
a
4
4
0

1

2
0
0
4
13
0
0
4
IS
0
0
3

14
0

9

a
8

13

12

6
5

3
0
0
19
15
0
0
1
8
0
0
4
4
Z
12

4
13
0
0
7
5
0
9
16
13
9
0
6
11
0
0
4
6
3
15

0
0

0
0

Q

0
0
4

DATE

TBAP

MALE

2

55

Q

3
2
a
2
0
2
2
2

SC
rEHAEX

0

54

3
3

OH
MALC

2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
I
0
0
2
0
0
2
1
0
I
0
I
L
0
1
0
I
1
0
1
0
0
a
0
a
0
0
l
0

166
166
1 66

177

OH
rtM A LE

177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
1 79
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
46
49
SO
31
52
33
54
55
56
57
36
39
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
59
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79

1!

62
33
94
35
86
87
98
39
90
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

OH
FEMALE

OH
HALE

sc
FEMALE

sc

1
3
0
0
0
6
0
0
2
5
0
a
2
2
13
1
0
a
5
2
0
0
3
3
0
0
4
2
0
0
4
1
3
0
0
0
0
3
0
ft
2
9
0
0
1
9

1
3
0
0
I
2
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
S
12
6
0
0
5
1
0
a
2
3
a
9
2
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
1
6
0
n
2
2
0
0
2
9

4
6
0
0
2
4
0
a
4
5
0
0
4
12
10
10
0
a
7
4
3
0
3
4
0
0
1
4
a
a
3
6
0
9
0
0
2
7
3

I
6
a
9
i
7
o
o
1
s
o
Q
4
18
9
13
a
a
ti
7
0
0
2
10
0
a
o
5
a
o
i
14
0
9
0
a
a
18
0

0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
c
0
0
a
a
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
l
0
0

1
3
0
0
1
0

0
3

a
0
2

7
1
I

0
0

3

13
0
0

0

13
3
a
3
11

0
0
0
9
1
1

0
1
0
0

0

L
L

0
9
0

0

a
0
I
0
0
0

o
a
i

0
a
2
9
0
1
1
a

0

0
1

a
l
0
9
1
a

i
a
9
0
a
0
9
L
1
0
a

3
s
0

0
3
20
a

a
a

17
a

0
0
2
0
0
0
0
I
0
9

0
3
Q
3
a
3
9
Q

0
1
0
0
3
3
1
3
3

299

COUTIHUCD

TR A P

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
39
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
49
49
SO
51
52
S3
54
53
56
57
59
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
69

OH

on

SC

SC

rU IA L S

H A LS

PEH ALE

NA Lfi

0
0
0

0
0

0

0
0
0

Q

0

a

0
0

0
0
0
a
0
1
a
a
2
0
0
0
0
1
a
0
i
2
L
1
0
9
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0

0
0
0

71
72
73
74
75
76
77
79
79

?
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0

90

0
0

91
92
93
84
85
87
99
99
90
1
2
3

0
0
a
0
0
0
Q
0
1
1
0
a

4

0

96

5
5

7
a

0
1
1
0
0
0
9
9
9
9
0
0
9
9
1
I
0
9
0
1
9
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
a
0
1
a
a

0

3
0
0
0

«

0
0
0
2
0
0
0
3
9
0
9
4
0
a
a
i
l
0

0
0

i
5
0

0

a

0
2

2
0

i
0
4
0
Q
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
0
a
i
4
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
3
a
0

0
0
0
0

9
7
0
0
2
1
0
0
2
4
0
9
1
I
6
11

Q
0
a
15
0
0
12
24
0
0
14
14

i
0
0

2

5

0
3

1

u

5

13

20

1

4

2
2

0
0

0
a
0
3
4
Q
0

0
0
1
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
i

9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
19
19

0

0
0
0
0

a

0
0
a

5

2
0
2
0
0

0
1

0
a

a

o
9
3
3
0
0
2
1
0
0
1
4
0
0
2

a
4

9
0
0
7
10
0
0
9
20
0
0
15
12
0
a
10
7

10
7

TRAP

oh

FEMALE

0
0
0
0
1
1
t
I
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0

0

l

OATS

'

183
183
183
L83
183
183
183
183
163
183
183
183
183
183
183
163
183
193
183
193
183
193
163
193
183
163
183
193
183
183
193
la s
193
183
193
183
183
133
183
183
193
163
183
193
193
193
183
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
183
193
193
193
183
193
193
193
193
113
183
193
183
183
193
193
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
29
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
49
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
39
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76

a
0

6
1
0

0
7
7
0
0
I
2
0
a
3
1
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
2
1
0
9
2
2
3

014
MALE
0
0
*5
I
0
0
7
7
0
0

5
2
a
0
2
1
a
a
a
0
2
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
5
0

0

0

4
2
6
2

2
4
6
3

0
0

0

s
&

0
0
1
4
0
0

2
i
0

0
2

a
2

I
0
7
1
a
0

4
1
0
0

3

0

6

3
2

4
I

0
0

0

77

1

79
79
80
61
92

0
0
0

0
0

4

1

83

0
0

0
0

2
2
0
0
0

1
3
0
0
0

0
0

0
0

2

0
0

94
65
96
87
69
99
90

1
2
3
4
5

6

7
9
9
10

0

0
0
I

3
0
0
5
1

0
0
0
0

nAL

0
9
4

4

Q
Q

45
27
Q

0
13
17

0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
7
10
0
0
9
u0
Q
11
a

o
o
3

7
29
11

0
0

19
5

0
0
21
t
0
0
9
7

0
0
3
17
14
23

0
0

9
17

0
0

7
13

9
0
9
21
0
0
0
9
2

0
0
a

4
0
0
2
3

0

a

a

o
7
1

0

300

TABLE C l ,

C O N TIN U ED

DATS

TRAP

190
190
190
190
190
190
1 90
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
19Q
1 90
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
1 90
190
1 90
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
1 90
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
1 90
1 90
190

11
12
13
14
15
16
1?
16
19
20
21
22
23
24
23
26
27
23
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
33
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
49
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
59
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
30
ai
32
33
94
95
96
97
93
99
90

OH
reK A U
0
0
1
0
0
Q
5
1
i
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
3
0
0
0
1
1
I
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
a
a
0
l
i

a
0
a
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
3
2
5
1
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
0
9
0
1
0
0
2
0

OK
HALE
0
0
1
1
3
2
1
2
1
6
1
2
3
7
2
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
i
a
2
0
0
0
0
9
L
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L
0
0
0
3
7
S
0
0
1
3
0
0
1
2
0
0
3
1
0
0
1
1

sc
FEMALE

3C
HALS

a
0
3
6
0
0
10
1
4
0
0
0
4
4
0
0
29
12
0
Q
9
7
0
0
6
2
6
9
0
0
I
0
Q
a
j
2
0
0
3

0
0
3
5
0
0
7
1
2
0
0
0
9
1
0
0
15
4
0
0
3
2
0
0
5
2
7
6
0
0
2
4
9
0
3
1
a
0
:

4
a
5
4
0
0
0
0

i
0
6
3
0
0
0
0
s

4
4

0
0
6
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
4
9
22
9
0
0
5
3
0
0
5
9
0
0
7
10
Q
0
2
1

4

0
0
2
1
0
a
0
4
0
0
3
0

5
7
0
0
I
0
a
0
l
3
a
9
3
7
0
a
2
2

DATE

TRAP

194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
19 4
19 4
19 4
19 4
19 4
194
194
194
19 4
19 4
19 4
19 4
19 4
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
19 4
19 4
194
194
194
194

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
29
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
3B
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
50
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
40
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77

78
79
30

ON
FEMALE
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
Q
0
0
2
0
0
1
1
i
L
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
6
0
0
2
6
0
0
2
5
2
4
0
0
t
2
0
0
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
1
4
0
0

OM
KALE
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
9
1
I
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
a
1
l
0
0
4
1
0
0
a
3
0
1
9
0
0
I
Q
a
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

sc
FEMALE
0
0
0
0
0
I
a
Q
l
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
a
l
0
0
a
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
3
0
0
0
0
9
0
2
2
0
0
1
3
4
2
0
0
1
4
0
0
I
2
a
Q
a
0
0
0
2
i
2
0
0
0
3
4
0
0

SC
HALE
0
0
a
Q
a
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
2
a
0
l
2
0
1
0
9
9
1
9
9
1
2
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
1
1
2
0
0
2
3
a
a
4
1
0
9
9
3
0
0
1
1
1
3
0
0
2
2
0
0

301

TABU

E3,

C O N T IN U E S

DATE

TRAP

194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
194
199
198
198
198
198
198
194
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
191
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
196
198
198
198
190
198
198
198
198
198
198
198

91
82
82
34
as
86
87
38
99
90
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
9
9
10
u
12
13
14
IS
18
17
18
19
20
21
22
29
24
25
26
27
za
29
10
21

32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44

45
46
47
48
49

50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67

QH
FEMALE
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
4
1
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
I
0
0
1
1
4
5
0
2
0
7
0
0
I
4
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
I
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
3
0
J
}
4

69

6
0
0
2
5
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0

70

0

68

OH
KALE
0
3
Q
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
3
4

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0

sc
FEMALE
0
4
0
0
3
3
0
0
4
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
:

0
a
5
2
12
7
0
1
3
S
3
0
2
0
0
3

0
1
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
3
0
a

sc
MAH
3
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
0
3
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
3
10
6
0
L
0
1
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
l

0
a
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
q

4

0
1
0
0
Q
0
1
0
0
2

1
7
5
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
i
0
0
0
0
0
0

7
1
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
1
a
0
0
0
0
0

l

a
0
0
t
i

0
0

t

DATE

TRAP

198
190
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
198
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201

71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
90
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
90
89
90
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

OH
FEMALE
0
2
0
I
0
0
2
3
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
4
0
0
1
a
0
l
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
a
0
l
0
a
a
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
1
0
0
5
0
3
1
0
3
2
4

OH
KALE
0
0
0
a
0
0
i
2
0
0
a
i
0
0
i
3
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
a
0
a
0
0
0
0
2
4
0
0
2
I
0
0
2
1
0
0
I
I
0
0
a
a
0
1
0
0
0
1
a
a

a
l
0
0
1
2
0
0
3
1
2
2
a
a
a
i

sc
FEMALE
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
4
a
0
5
3
1
0
9
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
9
0
0
3
0
0
6
9
5
3
0
0
4
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
9
1
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
2
4
2
3
0
2
1

SC
MALE
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
4
0
a
4
2
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
a
2
1
0
Q
2
3
3
0
5
7
6
4
3
a
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
i
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
Q
1
3
0
0
0
0
0

302

T A IL ! I I

.

C O N TIN U ED

SATE

TRAP

201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
20 L
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
201
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
20 4
20 4
20 4
20 4
20 4
20 4
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
20 4
204
204

61
62
63
64
66
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
7B
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
83
39
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
26
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
36
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
SO

OK
FEMALE
0
0
0
a
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
2
4
0
0
0
a
Q
0
0
0
1
0
0
9
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
4
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
L
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0

an
MALE
0
0
0
0
0
a
a
i
0
0
0
2
1
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
4
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L
t
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2

SC
PENALE
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
1
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
l
a
a
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
I
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
t
I
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
1
0
0
1
A

sc
MALE
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
L
I
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
Q
0
2
1
1
1
a
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
a
a
0
a
0
i
1
0
0
t•
2

DATE

TRAP

204
204
204
204
20 4
20 4
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
2Q4
204
204
204
20 4
20 4
20 4
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
20 4
20 4
20 4
204
204
188
188
188
188
188
188
188
188
188
188
188
168
188
138
186
138
188
186
188
198
188
18 8
168
188
18 8
188
188
13 8
188
18 8
18 8
IBS
18 8
188
189
188
189
199
188
138

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
76
79
80
81
B2
83
34
85
96
87
88
39
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
29
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

on
FEMALE

OM
MALE

SC
FEMALE

sc
MALE

0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
a
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
<3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
a
i
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
a
l
4
0
0
2
5
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
6
5
0
0
0
9
3
0
4
1
6
8
3
5
a
3
0
0

0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
a
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
3
0
3
2
7
3
2
0
2
2
0
0
Q

0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
2
0
Q
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
Q
0
1
0
1
0
0
L
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
Q
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
1
4
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
2
10
0
0
D
2
0
0
0

0
0
1
0
1
2
0
0
1
1
0
Q
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
L
a
0
l
2
I
1
0
0
3
3
0
0
3
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
I
1
0
L
1
0
0
Q

303

TA B LE Cl .

C O N T IN U E D

DATE

TRAP

189
188
188
189
18B
199
189
ia a
199
189
189
iaa
189
188
LflB
189
188
189
188
180
188
188
188
188
100
180
188
188
IBS
188
180
18B
100
198
188
188
186
190
199
189
199
106
189
183
188
168
190
196
188
109
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211

41

42
42
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
$2
63
64
65
66
67
69
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
91
B2
93
34
85
96
87
09
69
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
20
29
30

OH
FEMALE
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
9
4

1
7
11
1
0
7
9
6
5
0
0
0
0
0
a
4
7

6
4
0
0
4
9
0
0
4
3
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
G
2
2
0
0
2
1
0
0
2
3
0
0
0
0
5
B
0
0
4

2
a

0
l
4

0
0

CM
HALE
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
2
a
0
s
3
0
0
0
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
1
0
0
0
3
5
0
0
3
4
0
0
1

2
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0

2

0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
3
3
1
3
0
0
1
2
0
0
0

2
0
0

sc
FEHALE
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
3
2
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
a
0
2
1
0
0
0
1

0

0
0
1
0
0

a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
3
0
0

0
0
1
0
0

sc
MALE
0
a
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
2
I
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
a
0
1
2
0
0
1
0
0
a
0
2
0
a
0
0
2
3
0
0
2
1
Q
0

1
3
0

0

TRAP

SATE
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211

211
211

211
211

211

211
211
211

211

214

•

31
32
33
34
35
36
17
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
40
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
60
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
01
92
83
84
85
96
07
98

99
90
1
2
3
4
5
6

7
214

214
214
214
214

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17

19
19
20

OH
FEMALE
4
0
.0
5
3
3
2
0
0
2
3
0
0
4
5
0
0
5
9
0
0
6
6
3
7
0
0
1
3
0
0
1
3
0
0
3
3
0
0
3
5
4
7
0
0
1
2
0

OH
HALE

SC
FEMALE

sc
MALE

0
1
0
0
5
4
2
a
0
Q
0
0
0
a
l
3
0
0
i

1
2
0
0
0
0
1
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
5
0
0

0
0
0
a
i
L
1
1
0
0
0
0
a
0
a
4
0
0
3
5
0
0
0
2
2
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
2

2
0
0
3
2
3
7
a
a
3
3
0
a
l
0

0
0
0
2
0
3
3
5
3
2
0
0
0
1
0

0

0

1
L
0
3
0
5
0
0
5
5
0
4
1
0
3
2
0
0
1
3
0
0
2
5
0
0

2
3
0
0
0
s
0
0
2
4
a
0
0
0
1
I
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
I

2
6
7
7

2
2
4
0
0
0
2
0
a
2
I
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
l
3
0
0
0
1
4
0
0
1
I
0
Q
0
2
0
0
4
1
0
3
0
0
a
l
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
*
0

3
0
2
0
0
I
2
0
3
a
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
3

1

2

i
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
I
2
0
0
0

1

0
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0

304

TA BLE E 2 .

C O N TIN U ED

OATS

TRAP

214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
216
218
219
216
216
213
216
216
218
213

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
20
29
30
31
32
33
34
33
36
37
36
39
40
41
42
43
44
43
46
4?
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
53
56
57
50
59
60
61
62
63
64
63
66
67
60
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
70
79
SO
61
62
93
94
95
06
07
80
69
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

a
9
10

OH
r D IA L S

ON
KALE

SC
FEM ALE

0
0
1
5
0
0
0
9
0
0
9
2
0
0
2
10
4
10
0
0
4
2
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
4
3
6
14
9
3
0
4
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
2
3
6
IQ
0
0
3
6
0
a
3
5
0
0
1
4
0
0
3
9
Q
2
0
0
0
3
0
0
1

0
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
0
3
1
1
0
0
0

0
0
t
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
a
0
9
0
0
Q
a
0
9

3

2

2
a
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
3
2
4
1
1
1
i
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
l
4
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
a
0
0
l
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2

’

SC
M A LE
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
1
9
0
1
2
0
0
Q
0
0
2
0
0
9
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
2
1
L
2
1
1
a
0
1
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
4
a
a
2
4
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
a
2
7
1
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

OATS

TRAP

218
218
219
210
216
218
216
216
210
216
216
210
2 1 a
210
218
218
218
210
210
216
218
219
219
216
216
218
216
210
216
210
218
218
219
219
210
218
210
216
216
216
219
210
210
218
210
213
210
216
216
218
213
210
210
218
213
216
216
211
216
218
216
218
210
210
218
216
213
216
216
216
218
213
218
219
218
218
216
210
210
210

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
25
29
30
31
32
33
34
15
36
37
38
39
4Q
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
49
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
36
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
89
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
70
79
ao
61
62
03
84
35
36
37
08
09
90

ON
FEM ALE
0
0
2
0
0
0
4
3
2
2
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
3
1
0
0
6
2
1
6
0
0
1
4
0
0
4
9
0
0
2
6
0
0
5
8
3
1
Q
0
2
2
0
0
2
6
0
0
2
4
0
0
3
3
I
4
0
0
3
4
0
0
I
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4

ON
MAU
0
9
2
1
0
0
t
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
2
3
0
0
I
3
Q
0
0
4
0
9
2
2
9
0
1
0
6
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
2
L
3
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1

sc
FEM ALE
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
0
0
9
1
2
0
0

0
Q

0
0
0
1
1
4
0
0
1

a
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

I
0

0
I

0
1
I

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0

1
0
0
1
1

sc
M ALE
0
0
1
1
0
9
I
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
3
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
;
0
a
0
i
l

0
3
a
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
I
0
1
2
0
9
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
9
2

305

T A IL ! E l .

CO N TIN U ED

DATE

TRAP

221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
2 21
2 21
2 21
2 21
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
13
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
23
26
27
29
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
39
39
40
41
42
43
44
43
46
47
48
49

221
221
221
221
221
221

SO

51
52
53
54
S3
56
57
59
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
89
70
71
72
73
74
75
76

77
78
79
80

OH
FEMALE
0
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
4
0
0
3
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
4
0
0
2
2
0
0
1
0
1
1
Q
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
1

0
0
2
3
1

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
1

Q
0
0

3
7
2
0

0
2
5

0
0

OH
HALE
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L
0
a
i
0
0
a
l
0
0
1
a
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
I
1
0
0
a
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0

0
0
0
0
2
Q

sc
FEMALE
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
1
1
0
0
0
1
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
a
0
0
a
l
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
0
0
Q
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
2
0
a
0
a
0
0
i
0
0
1
0
0
0
(3
0
9
9
0
9
0
0
0
0
9
9
0
1
0
0

0
0

0
0

1

1
0
0
0
0

0
0
1

0

0

a

1
1
0
Q
3
0
a
a
i
0
0
0
2
2
1
1

0

0
0
0
2
0
0

sc
HALE

3

1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0

a
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
9
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
a

a
0

E

TRAP
91
82
33
94
85
86
97
99
99
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
13
19
30
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
29
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
39
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
37
59
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
69
70

ON
FEMALE

OH
MALE

sc
FEMALE

sc
HALE

1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
9
I
0
0
1
2
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
a
l
0
0
5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
l
l
2
0
a

1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
9
0
0
I
1
0
0
0
2
Q
0
9
1
0
0
1
a
l
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
a
a
l
0
0
a
i
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0

0

0
0

l

1

0

0
a

0
0

0
0

:

1
9

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0
3
4
4
1
0
a
l
2
0

0
0
0
2
1
1
0
0
1
0
*
0
1

3
1

1

1

a

0
0
0
0
0
0

a
a

a
a
0
0

0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Q

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
I
1
0
0

Q
0
0

a
a
0
0
0
a
0
a
a

0

a
1
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
a
0
0
0
a
a
a
a
0
0

0
a
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0

3
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0

0

306

TABLS £ 2 .
OATS
22 9
229
22S
229
229
229
22S
229
225
225
223 •
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
229
229
228
228
228
228
228
228
228
228
229
229
229
229
22a
229
228
223
223
229
229
229
228
228
223
229
229
229
229
229
229
229
229
228
229
229
228
228
228
229
229
229
223
229
229
229
229
228
229
229
229
229
228
229
228
229
228
229
229
229

CDUTlHUtQ
TRAP
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
79
79
80
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
99
99
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
10
31
32
33
34
35
16
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
49
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
59
57
58
59
60

art
rEMALS
1
0
0
0
0
0
D
3
0
0
4
9
0
0
2
0
3
0
1
0
1
2
0
Q
0
2
Q
a
a
0
0
0
i
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
a
0
2
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
2
1
0
a
l
0
2

3
a
a
0
0
0
a
l
0
3
0
0
a
a
a
i
3
0
1
a
a
2
0

sc
PCNALS

ON
HALS
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
5
0
3
I
2
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
a
a
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
• Q
0
0
1
1
3
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
1
1
0

a
L
0
0
9
0
9
0
3
0
1
1
3
0
0
0
3
9
1
2
3
0
0
a
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
i

.

0
9
9
0
0
0
9
0
0
I
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
9
0
0
3
a
0
0
1
0
0
0
q
3
a
0
a
0
0
a
9
0
9
1
0
1
a
l
0
0
0

SC

S

HALS
0
Q
0
0
0
a
0
9
9
0
I
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
1
9
0
0
1
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
3
9
0
0
Q
1
0
0
1
%

a
a
o .
0
0
0
1
9
9
0
0
0
0
L
9
9
0
0
3
9
9
I
9
0
0
0
0
a
2
2
0
0
0
0
2
9

2
2
2
2

2
2
2

2
2

2
2
2*

2

TRAP
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
90
91
92
93
84
95
96
97
88
89
90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
23
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
39
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
SO

ON
PEMALS
a
Q
3
0
0
4
0
0
9
0
2
2
0
2
0
0
5
4
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
1
o
0
0
3
2
I
0
0
2
a
0
0
0

8

0
0
1
1
0
0
I
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
4
1
2
1
9
0
9
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
3

on
HA L I

0
0
0
0
a

o
a

o
a

o

0
0
0
1
a
a
i

l
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
o

4
4

0
1
9
0
a
0
Cl
0
0
2

a
a
a
4

0
a
1
o

2
3

0
a

o
a

o
a

o
o

0
Q
1
0
0
0
0
5
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
3

SC
PEKALS
a
o

o
a
o
a
a

a
a
o
0
0

0
0
0
0

1

0
0
a
o

0
0
0
0
0
0

a
a
2
a
o
o
a
o

a

3

a
a
a
a
o
a

L
Q
a
o
a
o
a
o
o
o
0

0
0
0
0

0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
a
o
o
0

1

0
a
o
o

sc
HALS

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
o
a
3
a

0
L
Q

0
0
2
1
0
0
0
1
0
a
4
12
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
00
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
0
4
0
9
0
0
0
0
a
i
o
o
o
a
o
a

0
a
1
1
3
0
0
0
3
a

2
2
0
a
a
o

307

TA BU e a .

C O N TIN U ED

SATE

TRAP

233
23 3
233
233
233
233
333
233
233
233
333
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
23 6
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
226
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
2 36
236
236
236
236
236
236
236

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
5a
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
66
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
7fl
79
ao
61
62
83
84
95
86
87
88
99
90
1
1
3
4
5
6
7
9
9
IQ
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
26
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

OH
FEMALE

OH
K A Lt

sc
FEMALE

SC
MALE

O K IE

TRA»

a
0
0
7
1
5
0
0
1
Q
0
0
Q
2
0
1
2
0
0
0
2
2
2
3
0
0
5
3
0
0
s
5
a
0
2
0
0
0
3
2
0
2
0
0
* 0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
1
3
Q
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
2
0
0
0
3
2
2
5
0
0

0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
i
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
I
2
0
0
3
1
Q
0
1
Q
0
0
1
a
0
0
1
3
0
3
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
Q
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Q
0
0
0
9
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
Q
0
9
9
0
0
Q

0
0
1
5
to
7
0
0
1
0
0
0
Q
2
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
9
Q
0
0
0
0
1
a
0
0
4
0
9
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
a

236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236

41
42
43
44
43
46
47
46
49
ID
II
12
13
14
IS
IS
57
18
19
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
71
74
75
76
77
78
79

m

1!

236
211
226
236
236
23 6
236
236
236

82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90

QM
FEMALE
1
3
0
0
1
1
0
a
0
l
0
0
1
2
1
1
0
0
2
1
3
0
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
3
0
0
1
8
0
0
0
9
0
0
I
3
0
0
2
1

on
MALE
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
Q
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
a
Q
a
a
0
0
3
0
j
0
1
3
0
0
0
2
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

sc
FEMALE
a
0
0
0
0
l
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
9
9
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0

sc
MALE

•

1
1
0
0
a
l
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
t
2
9
0
4
0
a
0
a
l
0
i
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
2
0.
0
0
0
9
0
0
2
0
a
0
0
0
0
9
0

308

TA BLE E 3

DATE
139
139
139
139
139
L39
139
L39
139
139
139
13 9
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143
14 3
143
143
143
14 3
143
143
143
143
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
146
149
149
149
149
149
149
149
149
149
149
149
149
149
149
149
149
149

TRAP
SO
SI
S2
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
42
63
64
65
66
67
66
69
70
50
SI
52
S3
S4
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
SO
51
52
S3
54
SS
56
57
S8
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
69
70
SO
51
52
S3
54
S3
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66

OH
FEMALE

OH
HALE

sc
FEMALE

a
0
2
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
I
0
a
a
Q
0
2
1
1

a
7
S
12

4

0
2
2
6
0
L
0
0
0
1
2
0
4
0
0
a
0
2
1
3
0
2
1
0
3
L
0
0
4
0
3
1

4

4

8

4

4
3
3
9
1
7

3

1
2
1
4

2
1

2
4
4

2
1
4
4

4
1
0
3
13
5
3
2
S
15
2
3
6
10
13
4
5
1
7
4
3
3
4
7
10
4
3
21
2
5
9
15

0
3
1
5
5
J
2
0
2
2
6
1
1
4
7
9
2
2
0
6
10
2
0
6
14
13
3
1
0
13
4
3
S
0
3
4

17
0
3
0
11
15
0
2
3
16
14

5
2
7
I
1
I
4
4

SC
HALE
T
2
2
6
1
1
13
1
1
9
5

4

9
4
7
7
3
3
3
3
4

2
2
9
2
1

9
S
3
1
1
4
2
2
2

2
8
L
2
5
3
2
5
2
5
2
2
4

3
1
7

10
4
L
3
9
1
2
2
3
2
1
1

2
1g

8

4
1
5
7
I
3

1
2
6
15
3
2

12

9
1

1
2
2
3
3
3
1
2
1
7
2
2
12

1

1
2
2
2
2
16
5
1
3
14
7

DATE

TRAP

149
149
149
149
151
151
151
151
15 1
151
151
151
151
151
151
151
151
151
151
151
LSI
15 1
15 1
15 1
151
153
15 3
15 3
153
153
1S3
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
156
1S 6
136
13 6
15 6
15 6
15 6
1S6
15 6
156
1S6
156
156
156
156
1S6
156
156
156
15 6
156
137
157
157
157
157
137
157
157
15 7
157
15 7
157
15 7

67
68
69
70
50
51
52
53
54
35
56
57
S3
39
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
50
51
52
33
54
55
56
37
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
63
66
67
68
69
70
SO
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
50
51
52
53
S4
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62

OH
FCKAL1

CM
HALE

SC
FEMALE

SC
HALE

a

6
5
3
9
5
0
3
7
5
2
10
4
0
0

7

I
19
1
1
1
0
1
a
i
3
a

1

4

12
0
2
3
14
S
4
2
1
9
9
5
1
25
5
0
14
4
4

1
8
2
a
l
3
5
7
3
4
9
11
6
3

2
2

0
1
2
3
4

0
2
a
3
1
1
1
4
1
a
2
3
1
a
i
0
a
1
1
7
0
2
0
2
2

0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
<3
1
6
0
1
1
6
3
3
5
0
0
0
L
0
1
a
o

0
1
0
0
1
T
*

0
1
9
I
7
0
L
0
0
0

L

9

4

(3

a

8
4
6
8
2
5
2
3
1
6
3
0
I
7
3
2

5

4

0
3
5
6
10
2
2
9
4
7

0
1
3
1
4
0
0
3
L

0
3
5
2
0
2
2
0
1
9
0
3
0
I
4
3
3

2

0

4

5

5
11

0
a
a

1
9
0
a
1
a
o
a

0
4
9
9
2

1
t1

a
a

1
0
2

1
1
3
1

9

2

309

TABLE >3 .

COMTINUED

DATE

TRAP

157
137
157
157
157
157
157
137
155
155
155
155
158
138
158
138
135
155
135
158
158
135
138
158
138
138
138
158
158
180
180
160
140
140
160
160
160
160
140
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
163
161
161
163
161
141
161
161
163
161
161
161
161
163
163
161
161
161
161
161
161
165
165
165
163
165
163
165
165
163

63
64
65
66
67
68
68
70
50
51
52
51
54
53
36
37
58
58
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
30
51
52
53
54
35
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
SO
31
32
53
34
35
36
37
58
39
60
61
62
61
64
63
66
67
68
69
TO
30
51
52
31
54
35
56
57
38

OH
TEMALE
2
0
7
6
1
1
10
16
6
3
5
11
5
6
11
3
6
2
8
2
6
2
1
S
11
0
2
0
a
8
6
11
19
6
1
6
9
10
0
3
1
8
4

2
3
4

1
3
2
4

IS
0
0
0
3
12
26
0
10
3
11
0
0

OH
HALE
2
1
7
4
1
1
18
4
1
1
2
2
I
7
3
3
1
3
2
4
13
1
2
1
3
3
1
4
5
4
1
1
5
10
1

0
2
0
2
1
0
0
1
2
0
1
0
0
2
1
0
3
0
8
0
I
a
0
0
a
a
0
i
3
a
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
a
i
3
2
0
2
3
1
a
l
2
2
9
0
0
0
2
5
5
a
5
2

4
2
4
2
3
1
I
}
1
t
1
2
1
5
2
12
13
5
2
a

2
2
2
5

1
5
4

1
1

1
2
10

1

7

0
0
0
1
2
7

4

1
9

7

4

a

13

14

LI

a

3
0
17
27
0
0
0
6
1
0
1
1
0

a
a
a
2

1
1
12
7
2
1
4
4
1
1
2

2

4

7

30
HALE

11
4
1

0
0
6

a
12
20
1
2
2
9

SC
FEMALE

3
5
2
4
21
11
2
6
17
3
2
2
2
3
2
1

7

0
a
0
l
10
10
4

0
6
14
1
1
2
1
0
0
0
1
0

DATE
165
165
163
165
165
163
165
165
163
168
163
165
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
172
17 4
174
174
174
174
17 4
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
17 4
17 4
174
177
17 7
177
177
177

TRAP
59
60
61
62
63
64
63
66
67
68
69
70
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
38
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
30
51
52
53
34
55
56
57
38
59
60
61
62
' 63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
30
31
52
53
54
55
56
57
sa
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
50
51
52
53
54

OM
FEMALE
2
4
1

ON
MALE

SC
FEMALE

SC
MALE

a

1
12
1
3
1
2
9
3
3
2
2
0
6
0
0
0
17
6
12
0
9
1
IS
3
0
14

0
0
i
a
i
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
3
0
0
a
7
5
12
0
5
1
13
1
0
6
6
29
20
S
G
8
26
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
I
2
0
1
2
0

i

4

l
4
1
a
2
3
2
3
0
4
6
0
a
a
2
2
13
0
0
3
11
5
0
2
6
37
13
15
0
I
39
2
1
5
9
a
3
6
4
10
0
8
6
0
a
5
12
4

2
6
15

6
3
23

1
4
6
5
3
7
9
13
0
0
a
u
2
23
4

10
16
7

4
7
35
13
15
3
47
3
3
2
12
4
1
7
4

3
1
2
2
5

9

2
6
2
1
3

4
I
2
1
i

i
3
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
2

2
3
1
1
4

3
1
2
7

2
2
5
6
7

1
1
2
1

16
63
19
14
a
19
46
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
5
4

0
0
2
0
2
1
3
5
1
0
T
7

0
2
2
2
0
1
0
0
3
1
1
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
0
3
2
3
10
13
6
5

a
3
1
1
0
4
3
0
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
1
0
0

a
0
0
a
l
l
a
0
a
1
2
3
4

5

310

TABU E l .

DATE
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
ia i
la i
191
181
101
191
191
191
ia i
191
191
191
191
191
101
191
ia i
191
191
101
101
104
194
184
194
104
104
104
104
184
104
134
104
104
104
104
194
134
134

184
134
134
196

C O M T IH U ID

TRAP
55
56
57
59
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
60
69
70
SO
51
52
S3
54
55
56
57
sa
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
60
69
70
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
59
59
40
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
6S
69
70
50
51
52
S3
54
55
56
57
59
59
40
51
62
63
64
65
66
67
6B
69
70
SO

OH
FEMALE

OH
HALE

3
15
4
0
2
3
6
5
10
4
12
9
a

1
0
7
0
2
I
3
4
6
1
U
4
a
2
0
14
4
1
1
4
1
3
5
1
2
2
4
0
3
1
4
7
7
0
1
13
26
0
1
2
4
2
6
1
5
4
0
2
5
0
5
2
0
1
0
1
0
20
2
0
0
4

2

0
13
20
U
5
11
3
5
14
2
5
3
6
3
IS
2

6
9
11
1
5
12
26
2
3
0
3
1
3
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
1
3
2

4
0
2
0
10
3
5
3
9

7
4
4
L
2

2
3
6
3
1
1
0
0
1
2
1

a
2
1
1
0
1
3
L
2
2
0
2
2
2
1
1

5

7

2

0

SC

FEMALE
0
0
2
0
0
4
7
7
4
2
14
20
a
l
0
n
1
6
6
6
7
1
7
2
S
2

1
4
2
3
2
3
a
0
2
10
6
0
9
5
1
14
0
3
3
4
0
2
4
0
0

3
1
5
0
0
0

4
9
9
4
4
6
4
10

4
7
2
0
14
11
10
6
6

9
5
3
3
11
1

SC
HALE
2
6
3
0
1
6
6
4
5
4
12
10
17
3
0
6
0
1
1
1
0
0
5
2
1
1
0
3
2
2
2
3
3
0
2
1
6
0
3
2
3
2
0
2
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
2
0
2
0
1
6
10
0
3

4»
4

4
1
1
0
6

5
3

4
4
5
0

6
2
1

4
2

CATC

TRAP

196
196
196
196
196
186
196
186
166
106
186
106
196
106
106
196
106
196
196
106
190
100
108
198
189
108
188
108
108
L98
108
198
198
ia&
198
108
130
198
190
190
108
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
50
59
60
61
62
63
64
€5
66
67
60
69
70
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
50
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
69
70
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
59
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
60
69
70
50
51
52
S3
54
55
56
57
59
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67

ON
FEMALE
1
0
4
5
5
5
2
1
2
:
5
3
2
6
1
2
1
3
1
10
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
3
0
2
1
3

3
3
0
1
0
2
1
3
1

OH
HALE
1
1
2
3
4
1
1
2
4
1
2
1
1
2
1

3

1
0
2

I

4

1
0

3
1
0
3
0
3
2
1
2
0
1
2
2
1
L
1
1
2
3

1
1
1
0
0
2
2

i

I
0
2
0
0

4
1
2
0
1
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
1
1

1
1
5
4
4
4
2
10
5
1
1
1
3

SC
HALE
0
4
3
2
2
I
Q
L
3
0
3
0
0
0
0

t
0

2
1
17
0
3
0
3
3
0
0
1
1
3
3
0
0
A.
0
2
3
0
1
2
3
2
2
3
1
2
3
0
0
1
1
*
1
2
0
3

0

SC
FEMALE

1
1
2
2
1
3
3
1
3
1
4
1
1
2

4
1
3
4
*3
2

1
1
5
4

4
4
5
9
2
2
3
7
1

0
I
0

0
0
0
0
0
3
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
3
1

2
1
0
0
3
3
0
4
1
1

*

1
4
5
*
0
3
0
0
0

1

4
3

2
0
1

I

3

2

0

0

0
1
0
0
0
0

3

2
2

7
3

I
4

1

0

T

3

0
0
0

L

0

3

2
L

0

311

T A IL ! E3

DATE
193
1 93
1 93
1 95
L95
1 95
195
1 95
1 95
19S
1 95
1 95
1 95
1 95
1 95
195
1 95
1 95
1 95
1 95
195
195
195
195
198
194
194
196
194
194
196
194
196
198
196
196
194
190
196
196
191
191
196
196
196
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202
202

CO M TIH UEO

TRAP
<6
69
70
30
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
56
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
50

51
52
53
54
55
56
57
59
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
56
59
60
61
62
63
64
63
66
67
68
69
70
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63

on
f CHALK
0
0
I
6
3
15
6
4
12
2
0
44
9
9
9
10
27
12
3
to
9
14
7
17
3
2
1
5
3
3
2
9
3
5
4
1
1
2
7

on
HALE
2
1
9
2
11
9
5

SC
FEMALE
0
1
1
3
3
3
3

4
2
5
4
3
5
19
10
2
7
1
9
12
16
2
3
3
2
2
1
4

0
0
9
4
11
4
7
7
7
5
13
7

4
4
1
1

4
1
2
2
4

2
6
6
1
1
4
7

1
9
7
2

2
2
2
2
1
2
6

1
1
3

4

5
5
7

7
6
11
12

IS

6
5
3

4
4
0
0
0
0
a
3
1
4
1
2
3
4
3

4

3
2
I
4

4
3

L

4

2
I
1
1

4

2

2
7
3
2

I
3

1
3

0
1

1
2

5
3
13
14
10

5
2
9
5
4

2

2
6

1

L4

1

4

4

202
202
202
202
202
202
202
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
2Q3
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
206
206
206
206
206
206
206
206
206
206
206
206
206
206
206
206
206
206
206
206
206
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
209
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212

4

4
1
3
4

0
0
1
9
3
5
4
0
4
0
0
8
11

3
3
1
2
1

4
1
2
2
5
1

DATE

5

4
1
5
7

SC
HALE

2
7
3
5
4

4

1
3
2
3

4
17
14
2
5

1
7
2

7

6
1
11
1
1

3

3
3

4

4

12

14

6

9

4

I

4

7
4
4

1

2
Q
1
1
1
1
1
3
1

TRAP
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
56
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
50
51
52
S3
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
57
66
69
70
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
50
51
52
S3
54
55
56
5?
58
59

an
FEMALE

an
HALE

10
11
7
13
7
10
6

5
7
4
4
10
5
11

4
5
3
5
6
10
7
1
5
9
13
9
11
6
1

2
1
1
1
9
2
I
5
6
2
1
4

4

4

2
4
7
7
0
5
9
14
8
16
5
12
4
12
1
8
10
13
10
11
2
6
14
4
7
3
*1

2

10

8
7
9
6
5
11
1
1
10
11
8
5
3
2
8
2
2
7
6
6
U
15
6
11
11
9
3
6

SC
F

3C

HALE
2
1
2
Q
0
1
1
1
:
2
2
I
1
3
0
0
0
2
3
1
3
0
0
0
a

9
16

3

2
0
a

7
7
13
7
5
13
9
7
1
3
fcO
11
12
10

Q
3

3
0
0
0
0
3
a
L
0
1
I
a
c
i

a
U
7
13
3
1
2
1
3

7
3

6
3

7
1
11
3
2
3
2
3
3
2
5
3

4
3

4
5
3
1

0
l
1
Q

a
3
Q

3
0
3
1
2
0
3
3
3
3
a
o
0
3
3

0
3
0
0
0
0
3
1
0
G
a
3

312

TA BU E3 *
DATE

CDKTIHUCO
TRAP

OH
fe m a le

213
2 12
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
21S
210
219
219
219
219
219
219
219
219
216
216
219
216
219
219
219
219
219
219
219
221
221
221
221
221
221

60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
66
69
70
50
51
52
S3
54
55
56
57
56
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
69
70
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
56
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
69
70
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
59
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
69
70
50
51
52
S3
54
55

9
16
13
13
10
1
9
9
5
6
5
4
4
9
17
7
2
a
s
5
0
4
6
9
6
2
3
0
4
4
2
2
3
6
1
7
4
4
7
2
0
4
6
3
7
2
7
1
4
1
1
0
2
6
4
15
13
7
6
2

5
I
3
7
6
7
3
6
9
2
3
0
4
3
2
0
4

9
4

OH
MALE
5
7
14
7
2
7
6
9
10
1
2
1
2
1
1
4
5
3
t
3
6
1
1
2
3
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1'
1
1
1
2
5
5
I
4
3
1
1
3
2
2
0

2
1
2
4
3
2
10
6
3
4
5
1
2
2
2
3

SC
F ti l ALE
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
3
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
6
0
1
2
2
0
I
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
2
1
1
0
0
1
0

1
1

I
0
0
1
1
1
0

2

1
a
a
a
3
0
0
0
0
1
0

sc
MALE
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
a
Q
i
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
1
0
a
9
a
l
0
0

0
0
Q
0
0
0
0
1
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

DATE

TRAP

221
221
221
221
221
22 1
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
223
127
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
237
227
227
2 27
227
3 27
221

56
57
59
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
SO
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
59
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
59
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
69
69
70
50
51

221
221
228
229
229
229
229
229
221

228
221
221
221

228
221

228
221
228
228
221
229
229

OH
FEMALE
1
2
1
2
4
6
3
7
0
3
2
1
3
0
2
0
0
2
3
5
4
5
4
0
0
Q
6
0
0
0
0
6
1
3
2
1
3
2
6
2
1
3
10
15
4
0
3
9
5
2
2
4
3
0
2
4
3
3
0

OH
HALE
2
3
1
3
2
2
5
30
1
5
2
3
3
4
I
0
0
0
0
1
2
9
1
1
3
0
0
0
0
0
4
2
5
4
2
I
3
4
3
5
4
3
3
2
7
4
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1

0
0

1

0
1
2
Q
1
0
0
0
a
a
i
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3

1

SC
FEMALE

sc
MALE

2
0
1
0
0
3
0
9
0
0
1
3
1
2
0
0
3
1
0
4
1
3
2
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
1
2
0
I
3
5
3
5
5
2
0
0
2
0
2
1
2
I
L
0
1
2
1
1

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
a
0
a
i
0
i
0
1
0
0
0
3
1
9
0
0
0
9
0
9
0
L
0
0
0
3
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
9
4
2
2

0
0
0
0

1
1
*
0
1
0
0

9
0

1
2
0
a
0
0
5
0
2
2
6
0

0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
9
0
a
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0

a

3

2

2

313

TABLE E3 .
DATE
229
229
229
229
229
22 9
229
229
229
229
229
229
229
229
229
229
229
229
229
233
233
233
23 3
233
233
235
233
235
235
235
233
233
233
233
2 35
235
235
235
235
235
237
2 17
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
217
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
237
140
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
24 0
24 0
240
240
240
240
240

CONTINUES
TRAP

52
51
54
55
55
57
38
59
50
51
62
63
64
65
55
67
68
69
70
50
51
52
53
34
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
53
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
50
51
■ 52
53
34
55
56
57
sa
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
50
51
52
51
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68

OH
FEMALE

OH
HALE

0
0
1
2
2
1
0
2
1
1
4
1
0
1
0
0
2
0
5
8
1
6
7
5
7
12
7
2
6
5
5
14
0
2
0
4
3
2
6
3
5
3
2
2
3
3
5
1
0
3
3
3
2
1
a
2
3
a
0
0
i
12
3
6
3
5
4
6
5
T
2
9

a
0
0
2
2
1
0
0
1
1
1
I
0
4
0
0
1
6
6
3
2
2
4
2
4
11
5
5
5
I
4
10
0
0
a
9
5
2
5
8
6
0
4
a
2
2
6
a
0
i
2
4
1
1
0
2
7
2
a
0
1
6
1
1

7

2
2
4
4

8
5
6

4

1
5
11
1
4
5
5
1
1
1
1
3
10
3
7

SC
FEMALE
X
9
X
X
7
2
0
2
9
I
Q
0
0
2
1
0
0
a
0
2
2
0
2
5
a
14
2
4
I
3
6
7
0
3
o
s
a
2
U
6
0
0
0
0
0
X
3
1
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
I
2
i
0
0
I
a
3
2
9
0
4

6
2
a
3
1
5
1
2

OATE

TRAP

240
240
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
24 2
244
244
244
244
244
244
244
244
244
244
244
Z44
244
244
244
24 4
244
244
244
244
244
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
347
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
250
25 0
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250

60
70
SO
51
52
S3
54
55
56
57
58
59
50
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
50
51
62
53
54
55
56
57
58
69
60
61
62
63
64
6S
66
67
68
69
TO
so
51
51
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
51
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
50
51
51
53
54
55
56
57
58
59

ha le

0
0
L
I
1
0
a
9
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
l
i
2
a
0
0
0
9
1
9
9
a
2
a
a
o
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
a
o
a
i
3
2
1
9
0
0
Q
0
2
0
1
2
1
3
Q
2
0
1

2

60

61
61
63
64

ON
rEHALE

OH
HALS

3
4
1
2
*1
1

12
2
1
2
1
2
1

4
5
1
2
0
3
4
5
L
5
5
3
2
3
1
1
1
1

1
2
I
1
5
2
3
1
L
1
2
4
X
3
3
6
4
5
7
0
1
8
2
12
3
9
6
I
4
5
2
3
4

1
3
2

5
3
1
1
3
1
5
7
2
3
4
4
4
0
0
0
L
0
2
1
3
1
3
3
L
3
2
2
3
2
7
4
2
3
1
3
4
4
5
15
14
10
7
2
13
7
2
I
2
X
i
6
2
4

SC
FEMALE

SC
MALE

0
i
0
t
2
0
0
Q
1
0
0
a
0
0
l
2
I
1
3
0
i
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
1
1
1
3
0
0
0
1
I
I
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
1
0
1
3
a
4
L
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
2
L
0
I
Q
1
0

X
3
0
0
0
D
a
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
X
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
3
3
0
0
0
3
0
1
3
a
0
a
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
Q
0
X
0
1
0
0
a
0
0
X
0
0
0
1
0
a
0
0
3
0
0
0

3
3
3

6
1
3

0

0

S

1

2

2

5

0

2
2

314

TABLE E 3 .

CONTINUED

DATE

TRAP

230
250
250
230
250
250
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
254
234
254
2 54
254
254
254
254

55
66
67
55
69
70
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
54
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70

0)1
FEMALE

on
MALE

sc
FEMALE

2
3
I
3
4
I
25
10
17
5
a
IT
3
0
41
0
20
21
0
19
16
3
25
11
26
IT
12

4
4
2
3
7
5
18
I
11
5
6
7
5
0
51
0
12
6
0
26
6
5
28
15
17
11
15

0
0
0
0
1
0
4
3
4
0
0
5
1
0
11
2
7
6
0
10
2
3
4
1
4
4
4

3C
MALE
0
0
0
0
2
1
1
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
9
0
1
1
a
4
2
1
2
4
2

315

tA 8L£ E4

CATE

TJWP

179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
179
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
149
149
14S
145
1 49
1 49
145
145
145
143
145
145
145
143
145
145
145
145
145
145
1 83
183
183
193
193
183
1 83
1 93
1 83
193
183
183
183
193
1 93
183
193
183
183
183

i
2
3
4
3
8
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
18
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
1J
14
IS
16
17
19
19
20
I
2
3
4
S
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
a
9
10
li
12
13
14
15
15
17
19
19
20

OH
PEKALI

OH
HALS

1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
1
0
8
0
0
0
1
0
0
6
1
3
0
1
0
2
1
4
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
t
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
2
13
1
0
2
2
0
0
9
2
2
0
1

1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
L
12
Q
a
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
5
1
0
0
13
1
0
1
1
0
0
2
1
5
0
3
0
0
1
13
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
2
1
11
9
2
3

2
0

2
1

a

4
0
1
0
0
3
9
0
1
0
2
t
1

3C
PCHALZ
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
4
Q
0
5
2
2
0
0
0
I
9
a
3
3
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
d
0
2
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
1
I
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
Q
0
0
0
2
0
9
5
0
1
1
0
3
4
0
2
2

4
4
1
9
0
2
0
0
1

50
HA L I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
5
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
11
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
I
9
3
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
1
1
8

4
0

4
1
3
10
0
0
0
1
0
9

4

0AT8

TRAP

170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
159
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
17 7
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
17 7
177
177
177
16 6
166
166
16 6
166
166
166
166
16 6
166
164
166
166
166
166
166
16 6
16 6
166
166

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
L5
16
17
18
19
ao
t
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
u
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13

14
15
16
17
18
19
20

OH
f ENA L I

OH
HALE

0
2
1
3
6
1
5
5
0
0
0
I
3
Q
1
0
0
0
0
2
5
3
1
U
6
2
7
4
3
a
9
2
2
2
Q
1
1
1
0
13
0
0
0
1
0
1
Q
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
2
0
0
3
2
1
2
1

3
1
0
0
1
4
13
5
4
0
0
3
5
2
Q
1
0
1
0
3
4
2
2
5
5
1
3
4
7
4
8
1
2
1
1
1
1
0
0
IS
3
0
2
0
3
a
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

4

2
3
0
0
2
0

3
0
0
2
1
2
0
0
0
6

4
1

4
0
4
0
2
1

4

4
0
0
0
10

sc
rEHALC
0
0
0
3
a
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
a
0
a
0
0
0
0
a
i
0
3
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
1
1
Q
1
0
1
0
0
1
1

a
0
2
0
0
0

2
1
1
2
Q

0
I
5
1
1
1
0
2
2
0
1
0
1
0
0
3

SC
H A Lt
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
4
0
a
i
l
0
3
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
a
2
a
1
o
o
0
o
a
o
0
o
2
2
2

4
S
]
3
L
2
2
J

4
1
2
1
2
2
2
I
0
0
9

316

TA BU E4 .

9ATE
193
193
193
193
193
133
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
L93
193
193
193
IBS
193
195
193
18S
195
195
195
193
195
195
133
135
195
195
195
105
IBS
195
195
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
L97
197
197
197
197
197

C O N TIN U ED

TRAP

1
2
3
4
5

6

7
9
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

10
19
20
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

10
19
20
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10
11
i:
13
14
15
16
17
19
19

20
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
0

9
IQ

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
ia
19

20

OH
MALE

OH
PEKALf

0
0
1
0
I
0
0
4
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
2
1
0
3
2
2
0
1
0
0
2
1
0
1
0
1
a
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
3
0
0
2
1
0
1
a
l

2
1
i

0
a
9

0

2
0
0
1
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3

1
0
2
0
I
0
4
3

■

0
2
0
1
4
0
0
0
1
I
0
7
0
1
0
4
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0

2
0
2
3
2
1
2
7
4

0
0
1
1
2
0
0
0t
0
0

14

SC
FEMALE

0
0
0
3
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
11
a
0
i
*

0
0
3
0
a
l

2
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
2
3

0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
3
1
0
1
9
9

1
0

sc
MALE
9

0
0
3
0
0
2
4
1
0
9
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
2
0
0
9
0
0
0
9

2
I
9

0
0
0
3
1
0
9
0
0
0
9
0
0
9
9

0
1T
0
9
0

a

0
0
0

a
l

9

0
0
0

0
0
9

0
L

1
0
1
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
a
4

1
a
0
l
9

0
0
0

1
0
0
1
9
1
9
0
9
9
9

0
1

DATE

200
200
200
200
200
200
2Q0
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
2QQ
200
200
200
200

20 4
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
2 07
207
207
207
207
307
207
207
207
207
Z07
207
207

211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211
211

TRAP

OH
FEMALE

1
2

9
9

3
4
3

6
7
0
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

10
19
20
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
0
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
19

20
1
2
3
4
5

6

7
9
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
19

20?
2
3
4
5

€
7

0
9
ia
u

12

13
L4
IS
16
17
18
19

20

0
I
9
9

1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
9
0
1
1
2
3
3

1
0
0
0
0
1
1
9
0
0
9
0
1
1
1
0
0
2
0
1
1
4
Q
4
a

0
l

0
0
0

OM
HALE
a

0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
I
0
0
3
0
9
0
9
9
G
9

0
a
2
0
l
2
Q
9
a
9
i

0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
2
6
0
1
a

0
0
i
l

SC
FEMALE

0
0
0
0
a
a

0
0
9
0
0
9

9
9
9

0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
a
0
9
9

0
a
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
1
a
0
2
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

9

0

9
a
9
9
9
a

0
a
9
a

0
a
0
9
9
9

0
9
0
0
9
a
a

0
0

9

9
9
9
9

0
9
0
0
0
2
0
L
9
9
L
L

0
I
0
a
9

0
I
9

0
0
0
0

0
1
1
0

0
3
2
0

0
J

0

0
9

0
0

4

0

a

2
1
0
9
0
2
L
3
a
l

0
0
2
0
4

4

1
9
0
0
1
a
l

0
0
0

0
0
0
0

SC
HALE

9

2
0
0
3
0
a
2
0
0
0
0
1

0
0
9

L
a

0

0
0
0
1

9
4

0
0
0

9
3
9

9

0

5

3

6

9
3

317

TABU * 4 .

CDHTINUIO

OATE

TRAP

214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
216
216
218
216
216
216
218
219
219
219
213
219
218
216
216
219
218
219
219
219
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
22L
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
225

L
2

lit

III

225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225
225

I

4
5
6
7
9
9
10
11
12
15
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6

7
6
9
10
u

12
tJ

14
15
16
17
16
19
20
L
Z

3
4
5
6
7

a rt
FEMALE
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
3
0
I
0
0
a
0
0
i
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
2
0
0
1

0
0
1
0
a

0
0
0

a

Q

9
10

0
0
0
a
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
9
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
3
a
0
0
0
0
0
3

u

12
13
14
IS

16
17
LB
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
9

10
11
12
L3
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

OH
MALE
2
0
3
2
0
2
a
l
7
0
2 *
0
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
a
0
a
0

2

0
0
I
0
2
1
2
3

0
a

0

i
i
0
1

0
0
0
3
1
a
0
**

0
i
a
0
i
i

0

0

0
0
0
1
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
i
l

3C
FEMALE
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

a

0
0
1
0
0
0
a
a
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
a
0
l
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0

a
0
0
0
0

0

0
0
0
1
0
0

a

0
1
0
0
0
0
0
a

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

t

a

0
a
a
0
0
0
0

a
0
0
0
0
0
0

sc
MALE
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
a
a
a

0
0
1
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
a
0
a
0

0

i

0
0

0

0
0
0
t

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
9

0
0

a

Q

0
0

DATE

TRAP

228
229
228
228
228
228
22B
228
228
228
228
228
228
228
228
228
229
2 26
228
228
23 2
23 2
23 2
23 2
23 2
2 32
2 32
232
232
232
232
232
232
232
232
232
232
23 2
232
232
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
19
20
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6

7
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
20
1
2
3

4
5

7
9
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

20

QH
FEMALE
0
0
0
-

0

a
a
3
0
a
0
9
9
0
0
a
a
a
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
1

9
9
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

OH
MALE
a
a
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
a
a
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a

0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
Q

0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
9

0
I

SC
FEMALE
0
0
a
0
0
9

0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
9

0
0
0
9
9

0
0
9
0
9
0
9
3
0
0
0
0

SC
MALI
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9

0
9
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q

0
a
0
0
0
Q

9

9

0
a
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
4
6

0

a

9

0
9

9
9
9

0
0
2
0
a

9

9

0
0
I
1
9
0

9

0
0
0
4
1
9
9

2
0
9

0
9
9
9

9

0
1

t
9

0
1
9
9
3
9

0
9
0
0
0
9

a
o

2
0
0
0
0
9

0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0

318

TRAP

DATE
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
242
246
240
240
248
240
243
2 40
2 40
246
24a
240
240
240
240
246
240
248
240
240
240
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
25 0
250
250
25Q
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
253
253
253
253
253
253
253
253
253
253
253
253
253
253
2 53
2 53
2 53
2 53
2 53
2 53

CONT IN UED

t
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
11
12
13
14
ts
16
17
10
19
20
1
2

3
4
5
6
7

a

'

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
9
LO
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
10
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
10
19
20

OH
FEMALE
0
0
0
L
0
I
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
L
1
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Q
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0

OH
HA LE
4
2
0
L
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
1
1
0
3
0
1
0
0
9
2
1

5
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
Q
0
0

5C
FEMALE
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
1
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a .
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

sc

DATE

TRAP

HALE
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
a
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
a
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

129
129
129
129
u s
129
129
129
129
129
129
129
129
129
129
129
129
129
129
129
U1
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
L31
131
L31
131
131
131
131
131
131
131
135
135
135
135
L3S
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
138
138
136
130
139
138
130
138
138
138
138
130
138
130
139
130
138
136
138
130

1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
0
Q
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
2
0
0
0

1
0
Q
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a

4
5

3
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
1

6
7

a
a

a
9

0
0
0
0

1
2
3
4
5
6

7
8
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16

17
IS

19
20
1
2
3
4

131

OK
FEMALE

1
1
I>o
!K *
i

TABLES*.

s
6
7
6

9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
10
19
20

1
2
3

10
u

0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
2

5

2

0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0

1
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
1
0

0
0
0
0
4

0
0
0
0
4

7
6

9
10
U
12

13
14
15
16

17
18

19
20

0
0
4
2
0

a
0
0
a
0
0
i
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
a
0
0
i

4

20
1
2
3

1
0
7
2

0
1
0
0
a
0
a

6

19

4

0
1
0
1
L

1

10

4
4
0
0
0
2
1

7

0
a
a
i
0
0
0
1
a
0
0
0

10

4

Q
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
0

12

17

1
1
1
3
7
1
1
1

4

13

14
15

SC
FEMALE

0

0
0
Q
0
0
0

SC
HALE

3
2
0
4
I

4
0
1
6
3
3

2
1
3
2
2
1
a

0
0

0
0
0
6
0
0
9

a
9
1
3
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
s
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
0

s

4

6

i
0
1

0
0
a
0
0
0
1
Q
1
1
0
0
0
0

1
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0

0
a
a
0
4

0
1
a
0
1

3

a

319

T A B LE E 4 .

DATE
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
16 2
16 2
16 2
16 2
16 2
16 2
16 2
16 2
162
162
162
162
162
149
149
149
149
149
14 9
149
149
149
149
149
149
149
1 49
149
149
149
1 49
1 49
1 49
142
141
1 43
143
143
143
1 43
143
143
143
143
1 43
1 43
1 43
1 43
1 43
143
143
143
143
156
156
156
156
156
1 56
1 56
1 56
1 56
1 56
156
156
156
156
L56
156
156
156
156
156

C W T tN U E D

TRAP
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IB
19
20
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

fl
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
13
19
20
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
a
9
10
LI
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
ia
19
20

OH
FEMALE

on
MALT

3
21
2
12
7
7
2

7
10
2
7
4
a
3
5
7
17
1
2
6
0
3
4
3
a
5
24
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0

15
31
4
3
a
2
2
2
IS
7
14
1
0
0
1
0
0
Q
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
a
u
0
2
3
0
0
0
2
L
0
1
0
2
2
7
0
0
L
0
2
2
1
2
16

4
0
5
6
9
0
3
9
L5
2
0

4
3
0
0

4
0
0
3

23

SC
FEMALE
1
2
1
3
1
0
4
0
0
1
0
0

4

3
3
3
U

0
1
3
2
1
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
a
i
0
5
0
L
0
2
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1

5

a

0
10
3
1

0
0

a
0
4
0
2
2
1
2
1
1
0
3
3
1
9
0
0
2
2
3
1
2
0
9
5
0
4
2

7

4
la

0
0
2
55

'

SC
HALE
3
1
1
2
2
0
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
X
2
2
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

a
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
0
1
0
0
5
1

4
1

Q
a

0

0
i
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
5

0
0
0
0
0
a

a

DATE

trap

oh

FEMALE
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152

152
152
152
152
152
152

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
u
12
13
14
15
16
17

ia
19
20

4
2
1
6
0
1
5
3
0
6
0
0
0
0

0
0
Q
4
0
0

OH
HALE

SC
FEMALE

:
2
0
2
0

0
0
1
o

2
0
a
3
0
0
a
1

1
0
0
1
0
1
o
0

6
a
0

0
o
0

1
0

0
i

0

0
o

SC
HALE

0

1
o
3
1
o

0
a

0
0
0
o

0
2
1
0
0

0
a

o

0
0

320

TABLE E3

TRAP
NUMBER

Lee
1

date

269
169
169
169
172
172
17 2
17 2
176
176
176
176
179
1 79
179
179
133
183
133
193
135
185
195
195
19ft
190
190
190
193
193
193
193
197
197
197
197
20 0
200

Ort
FEMALE

CM
MALE

20
23
10
3

31
45
5

O

ft

2
17
16
11
11
4
1
3
2

a
la
9
13
1
2
ft
0
ft
ft
3
3

2
!J
7

sc
FEUALE

sc
MALE

51
79
11
3
1
2
01
54
37
61
1
i

52
85
5

2
2
1

2

ft
3S
17
5
3
12
1ft
4
0
2
0
1

4
1
0
2
3
0
0
3
3
0
1
3

2
2
0
9
0
1
3
0
0

3

J

3
1
1
ft
2

5
5
1
ft
1
ft
ft
1
ft
ft
.1

ft

"i

TRAP
NUMBER
2
3
4

ft

1
4
55
23
20
S3
i
ft

2
3
4
2
3
2
3
4

a
3
ft
a
u

2
3
4
1
2
3
4

3
ft
3
3
2

ft
ft
4

3
4

3
ft
1
3

2
3
4

zee

0

ft
1
ft
0
3
0
ft
1
a

200

0

ft

ft

.1

3
4

204
204
234
204
207
207
20 7
207
213
213
211
211
214
214
2)4
214
217
217
217
217
221
221
221
221
225
235
225
225
228
228
220
228
232
232
232
232
235
235
235
235

1
3
2
2
13
25
9
3
2
5
4
3
5
9
ft
1
9
3
1
3
2
1
1

G

1
ft
0

0
1
0
3

2
3
4

i
2

2
1

ft

4

St
it
3

0
IS
26
13
1ft
0
2
0

ft

ft

ft

n

3
0
ft
0
ft

2
d

ft
3
3
ft
ft

3

3
1
1
ft
ft
2
;l

ft
ft

0
3
1

ft
ft
ji

ft
ft
]
ft
ft

*3

*

i
ft

?
0
e
3
0
3
3
0
1
0

ft

ft

G
4
ft
0
0
3

0

ft

ft

a

0

ft
0
1
2
ii

ft
a
2
a
0

a
a
a
A

ft

0

2
2
6

0
0
a

a
a

2

0
ft
ft
3
ft
3

2
3
2

ft
ft

0

LOC
2

*
4

ft

J
ft
2

3
0
9
ft

2
3
4

ft
n
7

ft

3

3
4

ft
ft

2
0

3
4
2
3

4
1
2
3

4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4

BATS
239
239
239
239
242
242
242
242
247
247
247
247
250
250
25ft
25ft
253
253
253
253
256
256
2 56
256
261
261
261
261
26 4
264
264
264
291
281
291
281
293
203
263
263
29 0
290
29 0
290
295
?95
295
295
298
2 98
2 93
298
169
169
169
16 9
172
1 72
172
172
176
176
1 76
176
179
179
17 9
179
133
133
183
163
185
135
185
135
190
190
190
1 90

OH
FEMALE
3
5
1
ft
ft

3
1
1
13
4
0
0
1
5
1
ft
5
12
ft
ft
11
20
ft
a
17
18
a
a
E

OH
MALE
2
3
0
0
5
5
1
1
1ft
5
1
ft
7
6
ft
J

ft
9
15
2

ft
12
11
ft

SC
FEMALE
0
0
0
ft

0
G
ft
ft
ft

ft
n
pi
1
9
ft
ft
0
2
ft
ft
2
0
0
1
O
2

0
5

0

6

$

3
ft
2
3

ft
0
5

ft
ft
ft
0
0
ft
1
a
ft
a
n

*

ft
2
0
3
1
2
PI
3
ft

3
2
1
ft
J

0
ft
ft
1
0
1
it
2
ft
3
ft
1

1
1
ft
3 04
1 30
49
90
73
45
23
50
Tt

93
21
70
20
14
3

24
26
17
19
7
12
9
1
2

4
2
I
3

SC
MALE

ft

.1
141
139
27
10ft
id

25
11
38
69
83
12
70
4
6
2
19
’. 4
6
10
3
6
7
1ft
2
4
1
1
4

ft

3
ft
3
ft

ft
0

ft
3
3
ft
ft

221
205
45
68
121
66
7
TO

31 3
jia

69
Ml
54
21
7
22
1 76
?l

48
47
134
31
27
19
15
5
9
1

*
:-3
201
4*
jfl
33
:j
5
43
241
3a?
2b
75

:7
14
2
13
119
3?
]2
ft
57

1E1
:4
3
5

321

E5

C O N TIN U ED

TRAP

DATE

HUMBER
193
193
193
193
197
197
197
197
290
:na
200
204
2 04
204
204
704
207
207
207
297
211
211
211
211
214
214
214
214
217
217
217
217
221
221
221
221
225
225
225
725
2 26
226
22B
22B
232
232
232
232
235
235
235
235
239
239
239
239
242
242
242
242
2 47
247
247
247
250
250
2 SO
253
253
253
253
253
256
256
256
256
261
261
261
261

OM
FEMALE
7
9
7
2
4
1
1
7
4
5
O
13
2
1
0
0
0
0
10
9
9
2
43
26
] 1
<3
15
19
5
1
9
12
3
S
0
3
1
6
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
2
0
1
■J
4
9
0
3
16
17
Id
6
27
23
18
2
37
11
9
3
2
3
2
2
22
13
9
3
33
22
18

OM
MALE
3
5
3
2
2
6
1
0
4
3
1
1
2
7
3
5
0
9
0
0
6
15
13
5
9
21
14
7
6
15
11
3
0
5
5
2
1
3
6
2
0
0
6
1
I
3
0
0
1
3
0
0
1
3
2
0
3
9
9
10
3
15
6
5
4
13
9
4
7
12
4
2
12
35
11
12
9
53
15
13

SC
female

29
27
21
2
0
2
0
1
3
4
2
0
2
3
3
.7
1
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
o
a
4
9
1
1
-7
0
,1
3
3
0
.1
J
0
'J
0
0
0
0
9
1
0
0
p
n
0
p
1
o
0
<3
2
1
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
.3
0
2
1J
a
3
0
10
>1
12
11
12
1
10
9

TRAP
NUMBER

SC
MALE
7
S
3
5
0
a
3
0
0
2
0
1
2
2
1
3
1
0
0
0
0
1
il
0
p
0
0
J
0
0
0
n

,1
.1
,7
0
1
,i
3
4
3
3
a
3
2
p
a
i
<i
a
4
1
5
2
0
3
1
4
0
3
0
0
0
A
0
3
2
2
1
9
12
13
10
3
ia
13
a
13

1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
J
2
3
4

3

2
3
4
1

2
3
4
i
2
3
4
LOG
J

1
2

3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4

1

3
4

1
2

3
4

1
2

3
4

1

3
4

1
2

3
4
1
2
3
4

1
2

3
4
1

2

3
4
3
J
4

1

2
3
4
1

2
i

4

DATE

264
264
264
264
281
281
281
291
283
283
283
283
290
290
290
290
296
296
296
296
296
298
296
296
369
169
169
169
172
1 72
1 72
1 72
176
1 76
1 76
76
79

1
1
179
17 9
17 9
163
133
133
183
i 35
135
135
135
190

190
1 90
19 0
193
J 93
193
193
197
197
197
197
200
200
200
2«0
204
204
204
294
207
237
207
207
211
21 1
21 1
21 1
214
214
214
214

UK
FEMALE

OK
MALE

4
16
S
7
3

16
30
9
15
4

2
1
1

4
2
2

0

3
0
0
T
0
✓
J

2

rl
1
1
2

23
29
26
27
15
36
22
36
18

I2
14
n
s
2
9
6
3
17
2

2

1
1
0

1

1
4

3

0
7
7
10
4
1
5
1

3
4
2

d
0
1
5
10
9
12
10
13
11
15
12
13
7

a
2
1
2
4
0
6

1

0
1

0

0

0
0
3
3

I
3
0

a

0

2
5
4
6
3
6
6
9

5
7
7
3
3
2
1

11
14
4

a
9
17
a
11
19
46
27
36

SC
MALE

5
15
4
1
0
0

5
31
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3

0
0
0

3
7
0
0
0
0

0

5

7

SC
FEMALE

2
7
14
6
14
4
13
7

5

7
40
24
19

1
3

3
J
1
0
9
23
45
36
38
88
69
62
73
69
31
17
25
32
19

25

13
26
91
26
7
3

8
9
6
10
9
Id
4

11
2

17
1
4
0

2
r!»
0,T
1
1
3
0
3
J.

J
6
: 3
6
3
6
9
7
4
13
29
25
24

0
1
0
0
0
0

3
A
1
0
0
33
45
43
44
35
36
49

29
29
14

15
11
H
5
4
4
37

Id
5
3
0

a
2

7
15
7
7
3
3
0

1

0
.1

1
0
1
4
.1
1
1
3
.7
■3
3

1
0
2

0
3
1
2
1
6
02

322

DATE

2J 7
217
217
21 7
221
22 1

221
221
225
225
225
225
228
228
228
2 28
222
232

232
232
23 5
23 5
235
235
2 29
2 39
2 39
2 39
2 42
2 42
2 42
242
2 47
2 47
2 47
2 47
2 50
250
2 50
250
253
253
253
253

258
256
256
2 56

261
261
261

261
264

26 4
26 4
26 4
281
261
281
281

283
283
283
203
290
290
290
290
295
295

295
295
29 3
29 6
29 6
29 8
169
169

1 69
169

OH

OH

SC

FEMALE

HALE

FEU

13
27
20
12
14
23
19
9
21
35
21
10
2
5
3
1
3
3
2
0
0
0

15
45
33
24
A
19
13
5
4
13
7
3
4
9
5
5
2
5
3
0
5
3
5
3
5
12
8
4
4
6
3
1
7
25
n
2
6
IS
10
1
7
25
11
3
14
52
26
4
17
53
16
7
6
14
9
6
4
2
2
3
2

1
1
4
2
12
14
14
3
12
26
U
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
]
1
1
1
0
0
0
rl
7
IS
2
0
3
12
4
4
a
5
0
0
t
0
I
T
5
i

2
6
4
7
3
S
2
3
0
12
29
17
S
11
39
13
4
14
53
17
5
11
67
25
4
17
33
13
6
4
29
12
7
2
0
5
4
3
2
4
2
a
9
11
7
4
7
4
5
5
9
7
5
98
52
59
58

J

«
1
2
3
3
1
1
3
2
1
2
4
3
1
44
35
36
65

0

a
0
1
0
0

0
0
0
0
O
0
0
3
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
291
272
238
275

SC

HALE
0
14
12

3
I

5
1

0
0
1

1

2
1
5
6
5
2
6
9
1
0

4
3
■7
9
16

4
1
0
1
0
a
■
a
9

3

2
7
10
9

0
1
33
4
A

2
2
16
3
1

3
0
0

3
1

0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0
0
3
0
a
0

8
rl

'5
3
0

2

3
0
319
354

229
327

TRAP
SUtlBEA

DATE

OH
FEMALE

OH
HALE

172
172
172
1 72
176
176
176
I 76
179
1 79
179
179
133
133
133

37
49
33
64
33
. 53
15
34
10
2]
17
24
32
34
30

11

165
135
135
165
190
190
190
190
193
193
193
193
197
397
197
197
2 00
200
200

16
12
15
3
14
17
17
7
23
J0
17
10
19
32
35
3
2
5
3

3
1
1
4
11
Id
9
6
15
29
14
10
12
6
9
0
5
12
3

20 4
204
2 04
20 4
207
207
207
207
21 1
211
21 1
211
23 4
214
214
214
217
217
21 7
23 7
221
221
221
221
225
225
225
225
228
228
228
228
23 2
232
232
232
235
235
235
235
239
239
239
239

11
12
8
4
10
24
7
23
23
33
21
14
26
32
27
19
18
33
39
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13
14
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19
12
19
17
1
4
0
4
0
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2
2
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9
13
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19
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6
14
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10
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133

200

21

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19
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23
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39
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133
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10
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0
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3
0
6
2
1
1
3
1
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3
0
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2
5
5

4

323

DATE
2 42

242
242
242

247
247

247
247
2ia
250
250
250
252
25 J
255
255
2 56
256
256
256
261
261

261
261
264
264
264
264
290
290
290
290
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231
281
291
233
235

283

Of-t
FEMALE

QM
MALI

5
1
1
4
8
7
10
6

2
4
5
10
7
9
9
11
2
9
6

2
2
2
2
2
0

1
1
2
S
0
0
3
3
5
2
6
3
3
2

1
j
0
0
J
J

1
9
3
1
3

295

295
295
295

295
2 98
298
299

298
169
169
169

169
172
172
172
172
376
176
3 76
176

3
3
1
3
3
3
2
3
14
24
33
46
12
13
3
21
20
7
2
14

135

133
183
132

185
185

1 35
i as

190
190
190

1 90
1 93

193
193
193

0
5
5
1I
11
5
10
15
11
7
17
3
4
9
9
0
2
6
1
2
0
2
2
0
2
1
3
1
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
12
15
24
26
9
9
a
10
12
11
3
6
3

179

179
179
179

2
1

0
1
2
3
0
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7
2
2
1
3
2
0
0
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5
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6
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1
1
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0
0
0
0

0
0
1
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4
2
d
1

SC

SC

FEMALE

MALE

0
0
0
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0
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2
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0
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0
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3

0
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3
69
29
77
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89
51
93
152
265
54
72
19
23
1
6
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54
22
37
19
18

3
3

1
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13
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11
12
13
13

8

4
6

4
3
5
5
4
3

3

2
3

A
a
3
2

n
3
2

DATE
197
197
197
197
200
20P
200
200
2 04
204
204
204
207
207
207
207
211
211
211
211
214
2 14
2 14
2 14
217
217
217
217
221
221
221
221
225
225
225
225
228
228
228
228
232
232
232
232
23 5
235
235
235
239
229
239
239
242
242
242
242
24?
247
247
247
250
259
250
250
253
253
253
253
256
256
256
256
261
261
261
261
2 64
264
264
264

0«
FEMALE
3
5
2
2
1
3
4
5
3
11
i3
22

12
29
19
22
5
21
10
13
14
34
10
21
1
9
1

4
I

13
1

10
a

a
0

OH
MALE
2
I
3
3
1
1
4
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1
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1
2
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5
6
15
6
8
3
12
6
7
3
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3
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2
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3
2
2
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1

1
3
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2
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7
2
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10
12
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12
15
10
24
30
10
1
3
5
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1

1
1
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2
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3
3
17
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4
4
6
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10
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13
14
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12
18
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2

4

50
FEMALE

SC
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4
7
17
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3
5
6
16
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2
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a
2
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3
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20
18
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20
22
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13
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3
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16
14
20
14
11
ta
10

20
2
10
8
1
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324

IS

CONTIN U E
TRAP
SUKBCR
I
2
3
4
1
3
4
2

I
3
4
1
2
4
3
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
2
1
3
4
1
2
3
4

1
2
3
4

1
2
2
4
1
2
3
4

J
2
3
4
1
2

3
4

1
3
4
1

2
3
4
1
J
4
J
2
3
4
1
3
4
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2
3
4

]
2
3
4

DATE
299
290
290
290
20]
2B1
231
261
233
203
283
263
29 9
299
299
299
J 69
169
169
169
172
172
172
172
176
176
1 76
1 76
179
179
1 79
1 79
103
133
1 33
193
155
165
1 03
1 95

19 0
190
190
190
193
193
1 93
193
197
197
197
197
2 00
2 00
2 00
30
2 04
234
2 34
204
207
207
207
207
211
211
211
211
214
214
214
214
217
217
21 7
217
221
221
221
221

2

OH
FEMALE
3
2
2
3

3
2
2

CH
MALE
0
2
0
0
0
4
1
1
a

SC
FEMALE
0
0
9
1
0
0
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0
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0

1
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3
2

0

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0
0
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140
1 56
46

2
60
51
37
30
17
40
16
17
21
43
12
13
7
6
2
2

15
7
4

0

31
24
a
21
22
16
9
11
12
31
9
a
6
6
1
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3

0
4
2

5

13

d
6
4

2
1
5
9
3
4

3

a
2
4

12
16
5

3
53
93
42
29
54
44
13
12
36
73
36
29
33
55
36
26
45
79
73
60
44
75
25
30
40
76
32
n
11
12

6
7

6
13
6
0
25
36
48
3
30
36
19
13
20
45
24
12
19
28
33
12
35
53
35
41
11
27
10
9
19
37
9
14
7

1

14
2
1

59

118
221
73
43
1 20
63
59
25
22
22
3
2

36
61
15
14
12
23
4
10

15
16
6

12

0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
0
1
1
3
0
0
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121
1 54
40
49
83
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49
22
96
59
33
15
13
7
4
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3
19

2

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2
2

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7
15
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17
12
13
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5
0
6
0
2
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3
4
5
15
13
3
14
14
7
1
5
5
0
2

2
3
4
3
4
2
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
1
3
4
1
2
3
4

1
2
3
4

2
3
5
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2
7
4
9
2
4

7
l

TRAP
tfJHBER

SC
MALE

2S6

256
2 56
256
261
261
261
261
2 64
264
264
264
290
290
290
290
291
291
291
291
283
233
233
293
296
296
296
296
2 98
296
290
298
156
156
156
1 56
156
156
156
156
156
283
283
283

2
3
4

0
3
10

1

2
3
4
1
2
3
4
2
1
3

4

P

a

T
0
0

0
1
0
0
1
3

4

0
2
0
3
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1
6

1

4
1
2
3
4
1

2

LOC.
7

1
2
3
4
1
2
3

A

4

3

7

1

1
2
3

1
0
0
2

225
225
225
225
226
228
228
228
232
232
232
23 2
235
235
235
235
239
2 39
2 39
239
242
242
242
242
247
247
247
247
250
250
250
2 54
253
253
253
253

2
3
4
1

3

2

DATE

OH
FEMALE

OM
MALE

1I
13
a
6

6
18

fl

9
2
1
18
23
21
2
7
30
7
2
31
59
32
11
31
26
29
11
65
115
68
a
22
38
13
7

16
20
12
3

15
26
30

3
0
6
4
14
18
6
1
9
24
9
6
19
51
14
a
22
27
32
12
26
47
29
21
5
25
14
3
8
7

11
S
14

9

30
24
14

17

11

16

23
7

15
25
13

4

3

16
7

9
9

4
2
2
3

4

J
3

0
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1
;
a

a
i

2

0

6
2

2

4

1

2

2

J

3

1
1
1
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5
5
3
4
1

SC
FEMALE
3
9
4
1
J

0
0
1
1
1
4
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4
1
1
n
3
2
0
0
20
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10
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1
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3
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3
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1
11
45
53

194

69

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42
59
213
69
45
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11

6

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2
3
3
2
3
0
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15
10

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2
3

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0
29
79
354
166
167
124
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19

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1
30
73
166
1 27
191
122
313
1 36
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18
23

1

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7
17
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1
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34
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£
7
3
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0

7

2

4

0

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1

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1
3
2

5

1
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3

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3
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2

0
7
63
66
28
35
1 33
43
19

1
I
3

32 5

ES CONTINUED
TRAP
ZlUMSSR

DATE

4
5
6
7
0
9
10
11
12
13
14

2 33
293
233
2 93
29 3
233
23 3
283
233
29 3
23 3
203
233

IS
16
17
16
19
20
21
22

1
2
3
4
3

6
7
B
9
lfl
11
12

13
14
15
16
17
13
19
29
21
22
1
2
3
4

5
6

?

a
9

10
11
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13
14
15
16
17
Id
19
20
21

22
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

IS
16

17

OK

FEMALE

233
233
2 83
293
28 3
28 3
290
290
290
290
290
29 0
290
29 0
290
290
290
290
290
390
2 90
2 90
2 90
2 90
2 90
29 0
29 0
29 0
2 97
297
297
297
29 7
29 7
29 7
2 97
29 7
2 97
2 97
2 97
2 97
297
2 97
2 97
2 97
2 97
2 97
2 97
2 97
2 97
299
299
299
299
299
299
29 9
299
299

299
299
29 9
299
299
29 9
29 9
2 99

4
2
4

OH
KALE

sc
FEMALE
9
a
3
3
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0
0
9
3
0

3
7

0
2
5
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7
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3
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4
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4

fi)
(1

TRAP
NUMBER

DATE

IS
19
23
21
22
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
9
10
It
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
a
9

299
299
299
299
299
1B4
184
134
134
134
134
134
134
1B4
134
184
134
166
186
186
136
13 6
136
13 6
ia e
1 36
136
13 6
136
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
1 94
194
194
194
1 94
1 94
194
194
194
194
194
194
198
190
1 38
198
198
138
198
198
198
198
196
196
201
201
201
201
201
201
291
201
201
201
201
201
205
205
205

10
11
12
1
2
3

ok

FEMALE
0
0
0
0
O
1
4
12
7
12
10
ia
19
20
9
6
1
2
7
3
4
5
5
3
7
5
3
7
4
12
9
4
25
10
16
9
17
u

a
19
16
4
14
7
9
6
21
12
5
: i
3
14
21
6
37
22
28
11
15
40
23
23
9
22
23
5
7
5
15
4
3
10
3
16
4
4

10
4

28
3

OH
HALE
0
3
0
0
0
1
1
8
7
4
5
6
7
4
3
6
]
2
4
7
6
1
£
5
16
9
2
J
1
6
14
12
13
7
15
13
12
6
4
12
14
5
14
19
26
12
27
24
4
25
4
3
14
2
29
26
37
22
9
39
:*
15
2
3
25
2
14
6
13
7
1
13

6
7
2
4

sc
FEMALE
0
0
0
0
0
14
79
90
110
73
147
1 57
156
71
100
32
6
33
12
i
14
6
21
14
23
4
14
13
16
34
22
23
36
9
1 00
30
22
jt
13
22
43
2J
15
40
63
10
3d
60
20
20
•7
]6
46
2
16
13
19
53
Q
76
54
23
2
7
17
1
9
3
11
a
10
35
15
7

1
2

4

4

2
ia
15

:
7
4

SC
MALE
0
0
0
J
0
7
43
71
47
33
61
92
69
33
57
9
4
21
2
3
14
4
16
25
26
11
7
24
6
6
20
13
17
4
27
:3
6
9
6
14
1J
JJ
14
16
19
8
20
41
3
7
2
4
26

0

4
3
13
26
4
53
2)
13
5
4
10
1
5
5
3
15
2
31
22
9
2

0
0
0
4

3

326

E9 COKTJWUED
TRAP

DATE

HUMBER

OH

OH

SC

SC

TRAP

FEMALE

HALS

SS H A L E

HALE

DUMBER

4

205

14

16

3

5
6

205
205

3
6

2
5

2
4

7

205
205

28
20

11
16

13
19

9
11

4

1

1
5
4
0

3

2

4

24
15

a

3

205

9
10

205
205

11
12
1

205
208

2
3
4

200
208

3
6
7

20
20
20
20

8
8
0
0

8
9

208
208

10
1 1

208
208

12

208
212

9

1
16
27
15
3

3
31
20
17
2

20

21

16

12
7
1 3

11
11
18
9

2
7

25

9
4

a
lo
a
23

1
6

9
3
J 3
2
1
9

212
212

5

212
212

63

11
39

212

68

26

31
11
71
127

22

40

33
4

22

34
10

3

4
2=>
28

23
40

5
3

4

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

7
12
25
13
11
20

a
3

212
212

23
29

10
11

212
212

12
1

212
214

19
22
42

39

26

0
a

1
15

0

23
i d

19
11

2
) 4
19
5

2
7

5
1
7

17
13

IB
16

10
4
4

4

4
1

4

2 J4

20
0

1
7

214

2

1
a

1
0

0
0

214
214

3

2

2

j
0

0
0

214

9

1
1

3

1
1

2
3
4
S
6

2
2
2
2
2

7

214

8

214

9

214
214

10
11

1
1
1
1
1

4
4
4
4
4

214
214

12
13
14
15
16
17
IB
19
20
21
22
1
2
3

3
1

1
3

2
O

19
1

3
3
2

0

219
219

33

4

219
219
219

16

3

239
219

9

13
14
15
16
17
19
19
20
21
22
1
2
3

2
I2

21 4
214
214
219

2
13
17

219
219
219
219

7
32
59
17
19
20
37
26
18

13

14
15
16
17

3
0

214
214

219

7
7
2
2

a

2
2

S
6
7

10
11
12

17

i

2
5

•a
1
2
3
4
0
1
0
1

0

j
1

El

7

4

4

3
32

6

2

J0
6

4

12
32
26
26
17
10
7
7
4
11

2
29
21
11
10
13
2
6

0

2
2
0
10

a
2
,T

3

2

3
4

4

219
219

ia

219
219

16
d

219

29

9

0

2

14
30

6
a

6

J

17

13

0

J

0

0

219
219
219

16

2
6

2

2

7

3

6

10

2
1

219

22

11

226
226
226

2
9

3
5
32

33

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
ia
19
20
21
22
1
2
3

212

3
4

39

3
0
9
6
6
2

1
2

6
7

8
45
17

3
2
16

a

1

3
4
13

1
1 1

19
20
21
22
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
13
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
1
2
3
4

3
6
7
0
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
J7

DATE

226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
226
2 26
226
226
226
226
226
2 26
226
229
229
229
229
229
229
229
229
229
329
229
229
229
229
229
229
229
2 29
229
229
229
229
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
232
233
232
2 33
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
233
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
236
23 6
236
236

CM

OH

SC

SC

FEMALE

HALE

FEMALE

HA

10
3
IS
15
1
9
1
4
4
1
2
1
2
a
l

5
2
13
2

2
1

0

3
4
34
16
2
5
2
a
2
6
0
0
2
a
0
a
1

4
2
17
2
2
a
a
j
0
2
J
1
2
1
0
0
1
1

1
0
1
3
6
2
1
14
3
0
2
1

6
0
0
0
2
0

d

4

a

7
5
0

*
1
a

l
3

;

i
7

4

3
1
2
0
0
1
0

1
0
0
a

0
0

2
1
S
a
0

f*
11
4
5
2
2

2
I
2

1

a
a
a

l
2
7
4
7
0
47

20
12
;4
2
1
3

0

0
1
3
0
1
2
0
2
a
2
2
0

7
3
2
2
1
2
3

0
0
0
0
0

a
3
•

,1

1
1
1
4
3
22
41

0

0
0
a
l
:
0
o
a
0
a
a
e
3
2

0
a
i
2
0
4
a
i
5
I
0

I
a
j
3

1
3
0
0
0
0
a
7
i
l
l

4
1
3
1
2
•3
2
2
0

2
1
.)
3
2
3
1"
9
a
90
52
7

17
0
<}
6
4

J
13
2
.1
7
a

3
T
1
4
3
0

4

1

i

4

2
5
2
3
1

2

6

12
2
2
3
3
5

2
1
0
0
0

19
74
1

3
2
3
1

o

0
0
0

2
2
0
2

rT
3

3
3
a

9

2

.1
6
3

1

*1
1
4

327

DATE
236
236
236
236
236
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
240
24d
240
240
240
240
2 40
240
240
240
243
243
243
243
243
243
2 43
243
243
243
243
24 3
243
243
243
2 43
2 43
243
243
243
243
24 3
24?
247
247
247
247
247
24 7
247
2 47
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
247
24 7
247
247
247
249
249
249
249
249
249
249
249
249

OM
FEMALE

CM
MALE

0
0
1

SC
FEMALE

1
3

1

1
1

4

1
2
0
4
7
1

12

2

9
1
11
2
4
3
4

4
3
2
4
11
4
2

1
4
9
1
3
3
0

0
1

4

0
0
0
1
10
5
1
2
IQ
5
12
3
7

5

3

1
1

0
J
0

1

2
1
5
12
16
4
3
25
6
33
5
16

3

25
52
9
9
7
4

1
1
0
1
1

3

0
1

2
3
4

2
2
3

0

4
0
0
7
9
3
2
3
10

0
0
0
7
2
0
0

10
1
1
0
0

2
3
6
2

O

3

21

12

9

0

6

1

9
13

2

5
5
9
13
5
4

5

4

0

4

5
4

2

0

0
1
4
5
13
16
6

4

2

5
2

1

9
3
3

4
11
4

2

0
0
1
0

1
0
2
0
1

2

2

1
2
4
5
9

3

SC
MALE

-.1

0
2

0

3
0

2
1

1

0

5

7
4

1
0

2
2

3

1
0
S
0
1
7

3
11
17
27
11
7
4
21
3
21
15
12

1
3
9
2
6
6
5

2

7

2
1
5
2

2

2

2
1
5
11

,

1

4

TRAP
DUMBER

DATE

10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
Id
19
20
21
22
1
2
3
4
5
6

249
249
249
249
249
249
249
249
249
249
249
249
249
253
253
253
253
2 53
253
253
253
253
253
25 3
253
253
253
253
253
253
253
253
253
253
2 53
2 57
257
257
257
257
257
257
257
257
257
257
257
257
257
257
257
257
25 7
257
25?
257
257
261
261
261
2G1
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261

7
3
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS

16
17
ia
19
20
21
22
1
2
J

4
5
6
7
a

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

:a

2

19

7
Id
7
13
15
2

20
21
22
1

0

4

3

0

6
14

0
6

6
2
4

4

a

H

7

:

5

2

11

0

0

2

9

4
1

3
11

2
1

2
3

J

A

2

4

1

12

1

2

11
11
7
2

27
20
15
5

I
7
JJ
2

1
7
4
1

15
0
16

21
2
17

12
6
12

4
2
12

n

5

7

4

0

4

e

5

2
3
5
6

7
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS

16
17

13
19
20
21
22
1

OH
FEMALE
3
9
6
1
2
1
1
4
1
S
3
0

OH
MALE
17
25
14
10
12
3
10
10
5
5
19
3

SC
M AJ

6

2

0

0

fl
3

1
3

t
a

2
0

4

3

0

2

11

9

19

15

24
16

9
a
18
39

6
19
2
2
5
2
3

5
3
7
1
2
1
3
19

7
7
24
48
11
33

7
14
9
0
0
2
12
j
9

9
8
1

6
3

3
22

11
5
7

29
a
23
11
a
20

2q1

10

261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
261
264

1

2
3

12
14
I9

6
a
12

i2
]5

3
15

] 3
15

10
20
J7

a
6
2
7
16
3
3

7
3

54

13

12
13
7

4
2

3

1
3
4
3
1

4

4

9

20
22

37
43
12
11
14

38
12
21
16
35
28
13
7
14
16

36

29
23
27
65

36
40

23

21
20

1]
10
3

12

33

3

4
12
15

11

?

12
21
42
38
31
10
6
26

7
41
25
34
33
11
13
10

3

34

17

a
i
23
26

20
26

21
29

63
22
25

26

22
2^

11
!4
7

4

3
1
5

17
12
11
21

1

3

11

2
3

0
42

2
17

4

j
6

3
12

328

E 3 C O N TIN U ED

TRAP
NUMBER

DATE

2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
1J
14
15
16
17
Id
19
20
21
22
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
9
10
11
J2
13
14
15
16
17
19
19
20
21
22
1
2
3

264
264
264
264
264
264
264
264
264
264
264
264
264
264
264
264
264
264
264
264
264
269
269
269
269
269
269
269
26 9
269
269
269
269
2 69
2 69
269
269
269
269
269
269
269
269
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
278
278
278
278
278
278
275
278
27R
278
278
278
278
275
278

4

5
6
7
a
9
10
it
12

13
14
15
16
17
19
19
20
21
22
12
1
n
14
2
15
16
3
17
18
4
19
2?

5
21

ni
FEMALE

OH
MALE

9
14
a
5
6
15
4
19
2
3
8
5
1
0
q
3
2
1
3
1
2
51
32
59
28
11
14
13
10
16
21
19
29
16
13
11
21
19
9
14
14
5
3
51
30
47
26
16
23
39
16
41
31
37
68
10
29
18
3d
29
23
17
22
7
14
17
24
4
5
16
1
6
4
8
0
5
0
1

28
34
23
10
7
14
a
38
25
38
28
7
5
7
4
16
9
9
8
1
11
24
23
36
12
9
7
9
13
U
1b
16
19
0
7
3
11
15
6
9
10
1
2
23
21
33
21
18
17
36
15
36
28
30
4J
6
12
26
36
27
29
12
18
4
7
5
7
1

3
6

2

9
3
3
2
2
J
1
4

0
2
3

SC
FEMALE

SC
MALE

TRAP
NUMBER

DATE

in
13
13
10
in
16
11
15
10
11

10
14
14
13
10
13
13
5
11
13
13
10
6
3
1
2
4
4
3
6
1
7
6
8
4
7
7
6
11
7
7
3
8
9
3
5
0
a
0
j
0
0
a
5
2
6
3
2
4
7
4
9
10
6
d
1
0
2
J
6
5
3
4
2
0
0
1
0
n

22
6
7
8
9
38
1I
1
2
3
4
5

278
27a
273
2? a
778
278
278
138
n a
136
133
136
1 38
1 38
138
3 38
1 3B
1 30
1 38
1 30
1 30
130
130
1 30
1 30
130
130
130
130
130
130
135
1 35
135
135
135
135
135
1 35
135
135
135
135
129
129
1 29
129
129
1 29
129
1 29
129
129
129
1 29
142
1 42
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
149

a

10
11
4
2
3
1
1
2
1
4
7
9
o
14
a
li

9
o
10
11
14
6
7
4
2
2
1
2
3
2
jl
1
3
0
4
2
8
2

5
2
a
7
J
7
0
0
1
5
4
3
2
1

0
3
1
0
a
0
0
0
<3
0
<3
0
0
1
1
2

0

0
>7
,7
1
*1

(J
.*1
2
1
3

$

7
3
9
in
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2

3
4

5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1

OH
FEMALE
2

3
0
2
3
4
5
21
19
16
a
41
17
9
lo
7
0
14
19
0
O
0
3

0
0
a
0
0
O
0
0
0
,7
4
15
21
14
13
16
8
11
19
2
0
0
0
0
kl
a
n
A
a
a
,1
25
75
50
76
92
1 39
21
29
: 33
33
54
70
7
40
21
54
40
23
12
24
24
21
39
32
13

OM
;ia l e
4
1
5
1
2
2
3
32
32
41
14
22
21
31
8
19
32
24
41
>7
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
;»
a
16
1
21
10
19
23
41
19
32
31
11
0
0
0
0
0
n
0
n
7
.1
n
39
22
24
55
24
CO
38
46
1 08
24
45
79
1
55
3
42
7
32
1 '7
24
20
i4
21
7
5

SC
FEMALE
1
4
0
0
1
1
0
60
54
71
91
101
6*
72
91
21
71
52
16
13
12
19
51
16
41
18
20
42
18
16
14
81
159
101
1 6*7
110
88
35
1 20
52
11 a
112
171
10
10
5
16
40
30
20
23
33
3
10
22
42
24
29
23
46
57
1:
i4
78
29
52
in
*1
31
7
r?

SC
MAL
3
1
O
8
2
2

.1
91
32
62
43
59
31
13
14
5

34
;9
13
15
U
25
22
25
14
21
35
19
21
30
14
70
1 3*1
J 20
1 50
160
1 no
11 2
70
161
1 70
118
111
20
* 2"
40
18
10
5

J0
5
27

Ivl
t

1o
32
i j
;i
33
d
38
19
9
:i 7
38
35
11
1
11
3

15

H

7

20
6

5
1
10
1
13
:4
3
I /i

11
7

16
20
6

10

329

I S SC NT1S1U E0
TRAP
NUMBER
2
2

4
5
6
7

9
9
10
11

12
1
2
2

4
5

o

7
a
9

10
11
12
10
11
12
1
2
J
4
5
6
7
3
3
10
:i

12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10

li

I2
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
3
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

a
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6

DATE
149
149
149
149
149
149
149
149
149
149
149
IS 1
131
1SI
151
151
151
J51
IS]
151
151
253
131
156
156
i 56
J 59
159
159
159

OH
FEMALE
16
11
209
33
34
19
55
32
26
50
44
6
14
31
60
92
53
29
60
43
31
94

29
92
194
37
66
137
141
172

o;i
MALE
13
6
31
o

SC
fEHALS

SC
t'lALE

TRAP
NUMBER

DATE

14
13
23
10
24
17
39
27
30
24
20

7
4
4
3
6
5
22
12
18
30

5

7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
1

2

2

173
173
173
173
173
173
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
180
180
183
180
16 0
18 8
180
180
180
180
180
180
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
22!
221
221

26
11
64
69
21
47
44
3
7
27
90
45
52
41
74
33
20
46
29
25
133
16
15
72

16
26
21
43
35
33
25
131

148

J3

123

irl

7
9
3a
24
21
15
20
a

8
0

i
21
13
?\

6

ie

6
16

11
19
13
3
IDS
41
64

159

34

as

1S9
159
159

134

164

125
43
114

i31
70

7S

74

32

53

159

151
33

65
9

5
19

isa

73
42
3

35
47
16
49
82
7
2ft
31
46
17
55
102
27
49
19
29
35
13
65
61
115
20
67
39
102
44
24
25
27
131
40
47
69
58
169
179
107
35*
32
44
23
41

359
159
159
162
362
162
162
162
162
162
162
362
362
162
162
166
166
166
166
j 66
366
166
166
166
166
166
166
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
173
173
173
173
173
173

66
17
67
107
93
60
103
1SB
£4
60
28
105
43
7
59
79
60
53
90
49
122
62
16
56
36
62
26
56
33
26
79
99
96
62
25
73
38
27
26
13

64

67
77
57
109
99
51
54
6
60
26
5
47
53
52
43
70
46
61
31
9
43
11
32
7
49
49
14
59
83
37
38
22
33
13
:i
23
13

21
6

IS

29

29

6

IB S

25
75

10
27
9
j

21
11
33
9

30
63
17
23
7
26
15
12
213
58
146
33
29
23
158
29
18
27
24
241
13
63
116
52
109
174
198
77
35
39
12
24
288

75

52

76
33

573

139

22
87

3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
13
19
20
21
22

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
U

12
13
14
15
16
17
la
19
20
21
22
1
2
3
4
5
6

222

222
222

222
22 2
222
22 2
222
222
222
222
222

222
222
222
232
222
222
222
232
222
222
2 20
22 0
220
22 0
2 20
220

OH
FEMALE

OH
MALE

39
14
46
27
40
23
5
12
7
8
a
14
IS
7
8
9
6
8

39
14
19
15
27
17
2
11
7
5
S
19
7
6
6
2
4
j
6
9
33
10
3
10
5
8
1
9
2

2

'

16
2
10
3
6
4
4
3
3
3
0
22
14
24
9
5
23
31
1
10
a
18
16
18
a
a
4
15
9
10
13
4
2
12
10
11
17
14
8
9
11
14
9
16
7
a
is
13
11
3
2
1
3
3
15
I1
17
9
5

2
7
5
7
3
3
3
6
3
2
4
2
6
5
2
J
3
0
3
6
S
1

3
2
1
S
4
6
7
3
9
2
1
5
4
3
7
2

SC
FEMALE
190
120
60
61
44
79
14
41
37
32
32
54
55
67
24
2*1

8
19
2
98
7
30
10
32
12
6
1
8
0
2
1
2

3
0
1
8
2
2
1
2
2
9
3
1
1
1
1
0
i
i
i
i
2
rl

2
5
1
J
1
3
4
2

3

5
2
1
a
3
1
1

2

0

4
3
3
3
2
1
1
2

1
1
1
1
1
0
2

0

1

2

2

SC
MALE
127
7ft
51
42
38
42
3
26
16
24
24
28
19
26
17
24
8
9
0
1 24
10
93
10
16
11
16
3
5
3
2
3
4
1
1
•1
2
2
1
3
I
2
3
4
0
]
0
3
2
0
3
1
1
.1
2

3
4
rl

2
2
9
0
■3

0
1
3
2
0
1
2
2
ft
1
2
2
ft
ft
1
*

2
3

330

■1ALE

2 20

220

2 20
220
220

220
220
220
2 20

220
220

220
220
220
220

227
22 7
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
227
229
229
229
22B

226
226
228
226
228
226
226
228
226
226
229
228
229
226
229
228
229
228
2 34
234
234
234
234
234
224
2 34
234
2 34
2 34
234
23 4
234
234
2 34
2 34
234
234
234

5
3
3
2
9
2
6
3
6

OH
HALE
2
3
8
0
4
n
a
a
a
0
3
0

0
■3
&
2
1

0
a
g
0
0
1
4
1
0

3
3
0
0
a
i

2
1

3
I
1
1
1
2
0
I

a
l
9
a
i
l
a
l
0
2

a
a
3
4
1

0
2
3
]

I
3
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
3
I
1
0
1
2
0

i
a

sc
FEKALE
3
a
1
0
4
a
2
0
3
1
1
2
0
5

A

1
1
2
J
0
1
1
2
0
3
1
0
I
2
0
0
1
2
J
n
3
3
2
1
]
2
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
1
0
2
2
1
0
0
2
3
1

TRAP
SUHBER

DATE

J
0
4
9
1
3
0
1
0
2
1
0

21
22
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10

I
]
?
0
0
1
2
5
1
0
2
0
i
3
0
2
0
I

12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
3
2

234
234
241
241
241
241
241
2 41
241
241
241
241
241
241
241
241
241
241
241
241
241
24]
241
241
136
130
130
130
135
135
235
135
140
146
146
140
242
142
142
142
J 49
149
149
149
1 50
150
150
154
154
1 54
154
154
158
156
156
156
161
161
161
161
163
163
1 63
1 63
169
169
169
169
170
170
170
173
175
175
17 5
175
177
177
177
177

sc
KALE

2

A
2
3
3
n
2
3
J
3
1
3
2
2
e
l
0
i
2
0
1
3

2
A
i

,i
2
2

11

LOC
a

3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1

0

Li

3

2
(J
1

1
1
0
1
3
3
1
2
0
3
0
1
3
2
3
3
1
3
3
2
0

4

3
1
1
0
2

*
1
3
1
1
0
2
6
3
1
2
a
j

1
2
3

4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3

4
1
2
3
4

OH
FEMALE
3
1
2
1
3
2
1
3
1
2
6
4
0
1
3
4
1
4
0
3
2

2
3
1
J
0
0
1
1
5
1
1
6
6
1
0
19
3
0
0
30
5
2
0
16
5
1
0
19
6
9

OH
HALS
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
4
J
2
5
4
2
3
2
3
,4
0
0
0
8
0
2
41
3
0
0
30
a
0
64
21
3
37
17
A
fl
97
47
32

9

a

5d
43
6
1
35
15
5

129
77
5
9
175
59
6
0
15
12
6
0
50
19
1
0

J
10
15
2
0
9
4
5
2
4
4
1
0
4
3
1
1
5
1
0
1

3
5
0
3
7
14
4
0
7
1

tf
n

sc
FEMALE
1
1
1
0
2
1
2
1
0
1
2
0
j
1
2
0
1
3
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
0

sc
HALE
1
1
a
i
2
l
i
0
2
1
3
0
2
1
3
1
2
a
1
l
2
3
6
1
3

2

2

45
35
31
3
15
15
4
3
47
14
3
1
26
9
6
0
4
1
0
1
26
10
9
0
29
16
3
1
39
17

16
18
23
2
5
4
1
1

3
1
4

4
1

0
6
4
3
1
4
3
0
f)
0
1

11
2
1
7
19
14
0
a
a
3
3
0
9
11
21
0
11
7
kl
J
36
16
2

a
6
4
1
0
9
a
l

3

2
4

0
0
3
2

0

a

1
5
2
a
0

a
3

4
0
0

331

c s TQ O TIH U ED

TRAP
HUMBER

DATE

182
182
182
182

184
184
184
184
198

OH
FEMALE
8
4
2
8
1
3
0
0

2

OH
HALE
7
a

1
1

2
1

3
0

2

198
19 0

9
1

190
192
192
192
192
196
196
196
196
198
198
198
198
204
204

a
2
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
9
7
1
10
22
21

0
0
1
1
0
2
1
3
1
2
6
0
20
26

204
20 1
202

20
10
4

20
28
1

209
209

3
0

1
6

205
210
210

210
213
212
212
212
212
217
217
217
217
219
219
219
219
224
224
224
224
226
22 6
226
226

211

221
211
231
238
238
238
238
240
2 40
240
240
248
248
248
248
292
292
292

2

1
2
3
0

2
1
0

1

0
2

2
0

0
0
0
0

0
0

0
0

1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
9
1
3
0
0

0

3
0
0
3
0

3

0
1
0

1

0
0
3
0
0
a
0
>7
3
0
0
0

1

0

9

0
3

3

0
3
3
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
3

0

252

a

a

254
234
214
254

0
3
0
3

3
1
0
0

SC
FEMALE

SC
MALE

4

1

6

10
3
3

1
3

1

2
2
9
1
9
0
3
0
0
1
3
1

1
0
9

3
1
1
3
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
0
0
3
a
0
a
0

1

5
2
0
3
3
0
0
0
2
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
J
0
1
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
a
0
n
0
0
a
0

TRAP
NUMBER
LOC

j

i 30

9

2
3
4

130
130
130

I

2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
I
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3

139

0

4

1
1

3

199

1
j
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3

0

0

14]

4

4

0
3
3
a

0

1

3

a

1
2
3

1

1

1 9 9

3
3
0
3
3
3
0
■1
a
■1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
0
0
0
0
3
0
6
3
0

4

0

0

3

3

3
0
0

0

0

1

0

0

SC
FEMALE

0

135
135
135
1 41
141

1
2
3
4
l
2

0
a

H
HALE
0

2

0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
3
0
3
O
3
0
0
9
3
O
3
4
3

0

L
MALS

2

141
143
143
143
143
14 9
149
149
149
150
150
150
190
155
155
155
155
157
1 57
157
197
16 2
16 2
1 62
162
164
164
164
164
169
169
169
169
171
171
171
171
177
1 77
177
177
178
]7B
178
:;a
1 83
133
183
1 83
185
185
1 85
185
1 92
1 92
1 92
1 92
193
193
19 3
19 3
19 7
197
197
1 97
199
199

a
a
0
3
0
0

a

DATE

2

3

5

•1
2

3

1

5
a
15
9
1 3

6

2

*
G
4

4
1 0

1 2

1

5
5

17
14
IB
la
43
41

7
3
5
3

4
13
16
9
4
12
6

3d
43
33
00

33
15
13
21

4
3
6

14
16
14
71
63
39
75
14 7
29

11
2

13
1

3
3
3

6

19

6

3
5

1J
6 6

1
2

39
19
18
26
123
16
41
J
1
1

5
6 6

9

3

2

6

6

1 1

2

7
3
3
5
13
3
3

1 1

8

3
24

1

2

3
3
5

3
4
3

10

4
2

7
13
5
0

1

1

6

5

3

6

14
6
11
1

7

4

A

1

1

4
7
5

2

2

11

36

6

4
5
33
16
17
29

2

3

12

3
3

2

5
14
7
5
4
3
4

4
3
13
9
7

3

11

11

5
5

1

30

13
7

2

1

11

53

10

3
7
4

6 6

2

19
3
5
3
31

6

13

1

14
33
36
J 26

4

2

5
4

21

6

2

4

fi

10

11

0
3

10

3

1

11

sc
MALE

9
7

2

15
9
in
15
14
4
5
3
39
12
16
49
Q
3

J

2

2

13

3

G

10

13
3
:3

2

«T
16
36
18
4
17
5

a

22

10

25
14

2
2
2

1

13
22

7
1 2

17

11

ia

38
23

12

16

21

1 0

29

6

2

14

23
3
16
15

6

9

4
4
4
13

2

6

3

4

0
7

5

332

OH
FEMALE

OH
MALE

SC
FEMALE

MA

TRAP
NUMBER

DATE

QM
FEMALE

OH
MALE

SC
FEMALE

5C
MALE

29
15
28
3
7
5
4
16
26
15
19
14
3
13
13
38
26
29
45
a
i
13
5
9
6
19
17
6
5
a

31
41
51
1
3
4
2
6
14
3
13
4
4
S
4
34
19
14
33
1
5
9
7
6
6
9
13
4
4
1
2
i j
2*1
n
12
Zti
27
18
15
11
15
19
16
4
4
4
9
5
13
28
9
0
0
1
4
6
9
5
4
9
6
1
6
4
2
2
7
1
1
1
1
*
0
3
t

— ———

203
203

203
206
206
206
206
211

211
211
211
213
213
21 3
21 3

210
218
219
218

221
221
221
22 1
226
225
225
225

229
220

220
220
23 2
232
23 2
232
234
234
234
234
239
239
239
239
24 1
241
241
241
246
246
246
246
240
246

248
240

1 30
130
133

139
135

135
135

6
6
17
6
19
16
8
16
14
16
29
27
1
7
10
2
3
1
7
4
3
1
5
1
2
11
7
1
4
2
S
2
2
1
3
3

1
2
1
3
1
3
1
1
7
1
4
2
7
0
0
0
1
2
5
2
5

9
17
19
13
Id
21
23
27
5
10
20
23
6
4
3
10
J
a
3
12
I
3
4
2
3
4
8
17
2
0
3
6
4
2
2
5
4
0
5
4
5
3
10
6
0
0
2
3
12
6
19
9
7
2
7
0
0
1
3
0
0
3
6

3
S
I
5
4
2
10

0
6
0
4
S
37

2
1
4
3
12
5
4
3
2
7
11
1
2
0
4
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
,7
,7
a
i
l
l
0
l
0
0
7
0
0
0
I
1
0
a
3
0
8
0
0
25
20
22
11
5
6
12
6
1
0
a
l
9
8
13
13
20
7
22
25
11
6
20
27
16

2
6
1
4
1
1
1
2
2
3
6
4
0
0
0
1
3
O
O
0
0
0
0
0
3
tl
0
0
0
0
1
9
9
0
0
1
0
0
•)
1
1
9
3
4
fl
*>
0
0
14
10
5
21
5
4
0
1
3
J
0
3
13
I*
9
5
6
7
11
9
16
10
12
17
23

149
149
149
150
150
350
150
154
154
154
154
156
156
156
156
16 1
16 1
16 1
16 1
163
163
163
163
168
168
168
163
170
170
170
170
175
175
175
175
177
177
1 77
177
192
182
102
182
164
184
164
184
190
190
190
190
191
191
191
191
195
196
196
J 96
190
198
198
196
203
203
203
20 3
205
205
205
205
21 0
210
210
210
212
212
212
212
217

24
17
25
7
16
5
11
34
35
48
31
26
15
38
14
24
26
22
39
5
5
6
33
19
22
38
20
S
s
5
4
13
16
14
3
5
14
9
3
17
25
10
14
3
4
4
3
13
3
8
20
7
7
4
IS
5
10
13
1i
17
13
14
19
30
34
21
11
16
9
12
22
13
14
16
32
18
15
10
14
18

59
41
45
6
15
6
3
31
54
56
47
22
16
15
14
69
46
36
47
4
3
2
7
id
18
!a
21
3
7
3
1
9
4
3
6
6
13
7
9
12
a
7
5
1
3
4
1
11
8
17
13
2
6
9
18
12
21
28
16
24
19
19
26
27
45
22
20
6
13
10
20
16
15
22
31
4
3
4
10
4

i

4
7
11
9
6
14
9
17
14
14
19
16
7
1
12
7
12
6
5
9
3
2
2
12
4
3
6
10
1
4
4
5
0
1
9
2
1
0
2
2
1
3
0
t
0
3
4
1
0

-1
J
<J
0
1

333

es

cownsnjeo

TRAP

OATS

NUMBER

OK
MALE

2
3
4
1
2
2
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
2
4

217
2J7
217
219
219
219
219
224
224
224
224
226
226
226
226

U
16
24
2
2
9
16
7
2
9
IS
4
4
12
10

5
10
29
S
3
15
9
4
1
10
22
2
2
6
1

1

2 31

14

IS

2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
1

231
131
231
233
233
223
233
233
239

7
13
27
2
2
4
16
16
6

3
20
30
2
0
4
11
9
9

3

233

9

3

4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4

233
240
240
240
240
247
247
247
247

1

LOC,
11

OK
FEMALE

32
3
0
1
14
23
14
30
123

61
1
0
0
5
29
9
19
149

SC
FEMALE

1
2
2
1
0
0

0
a

A
)
J

1
0
a

0
o
i

SC
HALE

0
0
15

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4

0
0
0
n

1

0
0

i

4

0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
9

0
0
0
0
2
3

3
4

2

254

9

6

4

2
0
1

7
a

O
3

3
14

11

20

25

16

11
1
1

13

12
16
13

6

1

1 35

0

9

1

2
3

136
135

1
0

3
1

a

0

1
a
9
7
23
21
24
29
59
67
76
137
304
1
7
10

4

149

19

23

1
2
3
4

164
154
154
154

62
74
S3
110

51
93
111
1 36

3

0

a

4
;4
24
13
19
32

44

70

41
19
37
52
45

35
25
30
40

35

1

1

3
4
3
9

10

1
0
1
4
6

24
26

14
23

3
a

156

ia

19

7

166

29

57

3

156

26

40

20
21

14

15
7

4
id

61
24

74
27

182

3
4

104
164
104
184

1

190

2

2

190

3
4

190
196
191
191

3
4

1
2
3
4

1
2
3
4

1
2
3
4

1
2
3

2

166
161

102
102

4

1
4
1

3
4
I

1

21

14

161
161
161
163
163
163
163
156
163
16 3
163
170
170
170
170
175
175
175
175
177
177
177
177

102

1

35
36
24
41

OAPE

1
2

4
3
3
O

13
10
16
10
39
10

a
9
3
2
13
13
10
14
33
30
43
62
3
17
14

3
4

8

11
7
12
3
12
12

135
140

1
2

1

249
262
262
262
262
2 64

140
140
140
14 2
142
142
142
148
149
149
149
149
149
149

3
4

2

2
1
2
3
4
1

1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3

1
2

6

7

4

3
4

a
0

6

13

3

2

9
3

3
5

39
2
0
1
1

3
4
3

26

11

17
4
1
3
3

1
2

22
6

249

16

3
4

14
9

3

249

254

1
2

26
33

6

249

264
1 34
134
134
134

3
4

30

2

4
1
1
3
4

2

2
2
20

3

3

TR AP
NUMBER

1

2
3

4

1
2
3
4

1
2
J
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1

OM
FEMALE

OK
MALE

43
44
aa
3
10
6
21
25
50
27

54
63
84
0
0
12
12
13
25
47
14d
3
13
6
27
3
24
42
39
2
4

64

a
20
7
58
15
37
22
41
2
5
6
9
10
33
22
37
7
7
7
13
6
12
a
20
2
6

19)
191
196
196
196

3
9
a
14

19 6

7
5
10
13

198
19B
198
190
203
203
203
20 3
205
205
205
205
23 0

9

7

6
:
7
6

1
6
7

27
4

210
210
210
21 2
212

5
15
5

212

5

212

6

217
217
217
21 7
219

10
S
3
3

219

4

219
219
224
224
224
224
226
226
226
226
231

7

5

2
9
47
a
23
4
3
7
8
6
11
7
13
5
13
10
3
3
23
29
31
5
11
13
13
10
21
23
13
3
7

12
18
1
3
21
6

29
33
26
16
36
21
60
94
179
68
44
4
34
33
34
5
12
13
22
6
15
11
2
15
59
71
66
10
19
22
43
0
11
5
9
3
4

SC
MALE
59
19
8
2
26
11
1a
32
79
154
129
3
24
24

22
4

-

20
62
41
5
17
32
a
ii
1 16
114
77
a
8
15
20
2
7
29
9
1
4

7
2

2
3

4

4
4

9
2
1
0
1
4

1
7
2
5
3

19
3
3
e
a
6

0
6

2

0
0

6
0
■a
7
0
3
17
]

2
6
4

6

1

3

a
4
6

0

0

10
5
5

0
3

1

9
9

0

3
1
2

2

1

5
7
9

6
5
18
13

10
5
12
1J
23
127

SC
FEMALE

l

3
0
O

0
O
0

5
3

3

IS
20
26
13

5
14

23
6

0
0
1
4

.7
7

1
0
0
-1
0
0
I

34
6
2
0

334

E5 CQtrriKUED
trap

DATE

number

LOC
12

231
231
231
233
233
233
233
239
239
239
23d
240
240
240
240
247
247
247
247
249
249
249
249
252
252
252
252
254
254
254
254
135
134
134
134
135
135
135
135
140
140
149
140
142
142
142
142
148
148
149
148
150
1 50
ISO
159
154
a 54
154
154
138
156
156
1 56
162
162
162
162
163
163
163
163
169
168
168
io d
171
171
171
171
175

OM
FEMALE
36
20
31
17
22
30
40
41
35
30
23
10
17
13
25
51
76
56
76
a
26
22
31
9
35
26
19
6
31
ia
46
a
3
4
4
0
i
0
0
4

13
S
1
3
14
30
25
11
29
122
64
7
50
28
24
34
61
102
37
13
12
65
14
43
93
46
194
2
8
1
0
40

OH
JIALE
^ ^ * V—
48
24
62
5
23
25
47
19
42
80
88
3
5
16
18
32
50
47
104
9
17
16
47
8
31
26
50
3
14
25
46
0
5
9
3
1
1
0
9
7
32
35
11
7
11
43
60
57
130
189
161
10
47
45
31
33
50
64
44

5
16
26
14
a 30
55
47
135
0
0
0
0
37

9

4

12
4
40
2
2
2
47

22
0
36
2
2
2
37

SC
FEMALE

SC

21
7
23
1
15
17
10
7
13
15
16
1
0
0
0
12
47
35
22
5
6
11
16
2
2
4
0
0
6
39
2
1
12
8
33
4

3
3
4
2
0
2
6
0
1
1
7
0
0
0
0
8
2
18
9
1
5

2

4
1
16
32
43
IB

4
7
17
16
11
37
44
41
2
4

12
3
10
15
32
10
5

male

4

2
0
1
2
2
0
6
10
3
3
9
13
23
2
3
6
0
6
9
26
13
6
10
21
22
6
59
30
23
2
6
J1
3
7
6
11
a3
o

4

2

32
13
44
23

7
4

4

78
0
0
0
0

53
10
17
10
20
3
2
2
23

86
26
1
65
0
3
1
1
33
14
33
4

9
5
6
1
26

TR AP
NUMBER

DATE
175
175
175
177
J 77
177
177
1 82
1 82
182
1B2
184
184
184
J 84
190
190
190
190
191
191
191
191
196
196
1 96
198
198
193
193
1 98
204
204
204
204
205
20S
205
205
210
210
210
210
212
2)2
21 2
21 2
217
217
21 7
217
21 9
219
219
219
224
224
224
224
226
226
226
226
231
231
231
231
240
240
240
240
246
246
246
246
252
252
252
252
254

OM
FEMALE

QM
MALE

6
7
4
15
0
3
1
67
16

4
13
9
9

IS
19

31
11
21
22
33
9
6
21
36
7
5
17
6
4

S
5
11
3
2
3
18
6
9
0
I
5
2
4
2
4
3
3
2
3
1
a2
5
7
3
J
3
2
I
13
0
6
2
5
3
3

2
35

a
3
2
48
10
12

13
103
10
11
40
51
3
13
69
9
9
15
6
3
4
7
25
6
5

1
0
0
1
3
2
3

1
0
a
5
3
9
4
3
3
0
0
9
5
4
3
6
0
4
7

1

3

4
0

SC
FEMALE

SC

13
2
5

30
4
4
6
4
11
10

a
3
4
3
74
29
27
10
60

MALE

ISO
39
34
18
56

21

15

30
29
34
12
7

47
29

17
9
4
3
3
7
3
a
i
0
2
3
4

2
J

102
17
11
64
23
5
12

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as
3

2
5
5
1
2
3

5
2

1
0

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rl

2

1

0
1
1

1

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0
0
2

1
0
1
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1
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0
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3
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0
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1

1
1
1
1
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0
0
1
3
0
0
1
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0
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3
0
0
3

0
0

14
13
15
13
13
20
18

13
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0

17
14

0

19
16
20

20

f)
3
d
3
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0
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22
15

16
19

30
25

6
22

21
19

7
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0

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10

20

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23
13

13

7
4

7

3

22
16
8

21

1

335

254
254
25 4

no
130
13 0

130
13 0

130

na
136

1 30
13 6
136

236
136
2 36
13 6
136
141
141
141
141

141

141
1 41
141

143
143

143
143
143

143
14 3
1 43

149
149

149
149

149
149

149
149

150
150

150
150
150
150

150
150
155
1 55
155
15 5
155
15 5
1 55
1 55
157
157

157
157
157
157

157
157
16 2
162
162

162
162
16 2
162
16 2
164
164

164
164
164

OM

OH

SC

SC

TRAP

fem ale

MALE

FEMALE

HALE

HUMBER

7
5
6
2
5
12
2
4
15
3
15
2
30
2
9
3
66
6
72
6
13
7
4
6
11
3
10
0
7
4
0
2
3
6
9
1
9
0
1
0
7
16
9
0
0
3
fl
3
1
I
13
4
7
1
9
1
7
12
4
4
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j
0
4
1
5
10
7
3
5
4
4
9
3
3
a
6
0

0
3
4
9
9
0
0
0
0
9
a
2
13
3
5
0
10
a
17
5
6
7
0
2
1
2
5
2
3
0
2
2
0
3
2
0
3
0
0
0
2
6
4
0
0
1
a
0
4
0
1
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3
2
1
1
2
9
3
1
1
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2
5
5
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
2
1
2
2
6
0
3
0
3
9
1
9
3
1
1
3
1
0
0
1
a
3
2
1
4
1
1
2
7
5
5
1
1
1
2
5
4
6
4
12
37
12
1
13
24
27
12
7
6
4
3
10
12
9
7
29
7
19
12
22
27
14
3
9
4
e
4

2
6
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
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PI
0
0
4
2
2
4
0
0
3
14
6
2
2
0
1
2
0
1
9
1
1
3
5
20
6
0
3
0
1
1
3
11
2
20
25
11
3
10
14
95
30
0
6
6
I
1
10
32
7
4
21
14
a
13
13
29
22
2
2
4
0
3

4
3
2
5
3
5
2
a
a
a

0

6
7
3
1
2
3
4
5
7
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
7
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
1
2
J
4
5
6
7
1
2
3

4
5

CM C

164
164
164
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
171
1 71
171
171
171
171
171
171
176
1 76
176
176
176
176
176
176
173
J 79
17S
173
178
178
178
173
133
163
183
183
183
163
183
183
185
185
165
165
185
185
195
195
190
190
190
1 90
190
190
190
190
192
192
192
192
192
192
192
192
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
199
199
199
199
199

OH

OH

FEMALE

MALE

6
14
6
4
12
2
g
6
9
10
6
2
1
2
0
2
4
7
1
1
3
1
1
4
4
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0
1
3
2
1
3
2
0
2
0
1
0
3
1
0
3
0
0
0
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2
0
1
0
2
3
2
0
0
3
1
1
5
1
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0
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0
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4
10
0
1
3
S
4
5
4
3
3
0
1
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9
2
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1
3
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3
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1
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1
3
0
2
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1
3
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1
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3
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0
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0

336

ES

C D O T IilU E D

TRA P

BATE

HUM 0SR

o n

OH

s c

s c

TRA P

FEM ALE

HALE

FEM ALE

MALE

HUMBER

DATE

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SC

SC

f e m a l e

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MALE

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337

«

O D H T lS U Z D

TRAP

OATS

OH
FEMALE

OH
MALE

SC
FEJ

253
2 53
253
255
255
255
255
255
255
255
255
1 30
130
130

4
2
0
0
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2
26
27
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23
1
11
16
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7
32
14
21
1
13
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6
2
22

0
0

0
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B
5
2
14
23
23
3
12
13
16
7
29
17
25
4
16

8
10
19
4
6
11
13
16
17
9

136
136
136
141
141
141
141
143
143
143
143
149
149
149
149
150
150
150
150
15 5
155
155
155
157
J 57
157
157
1 62
162
162
1 62
164
164
164
164
16 9
169
149
169
171
171
171
171
176
176
176
176
179
179
179
173
194
164
134
194
1 95
195
135
1 35

191
191
191
191
1 92

2
4
3
26
22
22
40
5
9
22
14
6
26
2
31
4
4
2
3
24

15

a
7
9
6
a
3

0
13
2
4
3
9
3
3

11

2
1
A
3
I
2
1
1
0
4
5
a
0
1

2
2

9
14
3
2

0

5

2

1

0
9
1

0

3

1

0

9
4
3

I

3
14
11
11

6

0

2
4
7
6
4
2

4

3
0
7
0
2
3
I
J
d
1
9
1
1
7
3
S
10
5
1*
1
a

15

22
5
17
1

a
4

IS
2

4
5
3
10
11
7

1

4
1

6
14
5
4

SC
MALE

1
3
5
7
1
3
5
2
3
12

6
1
9
1
2
J
2
2
J
31
3

2
4
B
3
I
J
1

0
*>
5
2

0
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1

3

7
4

]2
2

TRAP
HUMBER
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
i
2
3
4
1
2

3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3

4

3

2

3

3
4
1

5

5
14

2

3
3
5
2
1
3
2
3
3
3
2

4

1
2
3
4

DATE
192
192
192
198
199
198
199
199
199
199
199
2P4
204
29 4
20 4
206
206
206
206
21
211
211
211
213
213
213
213
218
219
218
218
221
221
221
2 21

22 5
225
225
225
2 28
229
228
228
232
232
23 2
23 2
234
2 34
234
234
2 39
2 39
2 39
2 39
241
241
241
241
244
2 44
2 44
2 44
2 46
2 48
24 8
243
253
253
253
253
255
255
255
255

OH
FEMALE
1
4
1
3
23
3
2
1
3
2
9
13
19
9
12
28
20
13
15
24
23
27
I

6
4
2
12
7
6
3
1
“0
2
*7
1
3
2
2
1
0
1
0
2
1
4
1
I
5
3
0
6
5
7
2
1
A

0
1
2
a
a
3

48
22

IS
15
15
17
8
:a
3
11
a
4

OH

MALE
3
7
4
24
IB
23
1
0
9
14
23
23
22
10
24
23
9
20
14
14
9
3
4
5
0
13
7
2
3
3
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
a
3
3
0
4
3
7
0
IS
3
6
2
2
2
a
2
2
2
0
2

30
25
34
35
25
21
15
20
6
3
5
9

SC
FEMALE
0
1
0
2

1
4
2
i
0
1
2
M
2
1
0
0
1
0
3
0
9
0
1
a
0
.7
0
0
0
0
0
*3
O
a
0
A

3
a
0
0
d
3
0
4
a
0
0
:

SC
MALE
3
1
a
3
2
1
.1
2
0
a
l
0

a
i
2
0

a
4
1
0
3
3
a
3
0
a
a *
0
4
<7
a
a
a
a
a
*

0

,T
0
a
a
o
0
1
0
0
0

o
0
1
3
*
1
0
Cl
0
3
4

,1
2
I
4
3
.1
.1
a
2
5

4

5
2
36
41

18
59
5
6

1
2
3

21
32
29
34

0
rl

4
7
4
3
2
2
3

1

a

11
3
1

APPENDIX F

338

Appendix F.
R ecorded num ber of onions dam aged by OM for e ac h sam p le, d a te and study field
in 1979 and 1980.
All d a ta files a re lo c a te d on UP2017 and UP2018 dum p ta p e s a t th e M ichigan
S ta te U niversity C o m p u ter C e n te r.
CDDA79GRANTDAM
CDDA80GRANTDAM

339

T A B LE

E

r

.

F I E L D SA MP LE DAMAGED
NUMBER P LA N TS

1

2

3
4
5

,6

J

7

a

]
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

29
1

2

3
4
5

6
7

a
9

ia
11

12
13
I4
15
16
17

Id

1

19
23

1

1

1

3
4
5

2

i

6
7
a

i

i
i
i
i

3
4
5
6

J

1

1
1
1
1
1

1
2

7

Id

I

F I E L D SA MP LE OAHAUED
NUMBER P LA N TS

a
9

1

0
0
k)
U
0
0

:t

9
10

n
12
13
14
15
16
17
Id
19

20
1

2
3
4
5
6

7

a
9

10
II

12

13
14
15
16
11

Id
19
20

0
U
d
0
0
9
0
0
0
a
0
j

a
a
a
0

a
o

0
a
a
a
a
9
a
a
o
9
0

d
d
a

9

10
11
12
13
14

15
16
17

Id

19
20
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
a
9
13

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
20

a

1

o

2
3
4
5

a

6

0
0
0
0
a
0
0

7

6

a
a

9
10
11
12

a

13

s

14

a
0
0

0
0
PI
0
0
a
a

0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0

15
16

17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6

7

a
9
10
11

a

12
13
14

a

15

a

16
17

Q

ia

9

0
0

19

20

DATE F I E L D SAMPLE OAMAGEO
NUMBER PL A NT S
136
136
136
136
136
136
136
136
136
136
136
136
1 36
136
136
126
136
136
136
13 6
138
1 38
138
138
139
13S
13d
13d
138
130
13d
13d
139
13d
13d
13b
13d
13d
13d
38
138
136
133
138
138
130
13S
138
130
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
13d
1 38
136
138
138
13b
138
138
138
138
130
138
138
138
13d
138
138
13d
13d
13d
13d
13d
138
138

1

14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
U
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

i

1
1
1
1
J
i
;
i
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
ti
9
ID
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
Id
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
n
id
19
30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
d
9
10
It
12
13
14
15
16
17
Id
19

20
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
d
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
Id
19
20

0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
a
a

0
a
a
0
a
o
a
a
a
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0

0
a
0
a
0
a
a
a
3
a
a
a
0
9
a
a
a
a

0
0
0
9
0
3
0
a
0
b

0
0
0

0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
a

date

138
n s
138
138
138
138
13d
138
138
138
138
130
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
128
138
138
138
138
13d
1 38
138
U d
133
138
133
130
133
138
138
138
13d
1 3d
130
13d
138
136
138
126
136
138
138
138
136
138
130
: 36
130
13 U
138
136
138
1 30
138
136
130
138
139
138
13d
138
138
130
130
138
133
133
138
133
138
138
13d
138
138
138

FIELD

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5

I

5
S
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
S
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

7
7

SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER P LA N TS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Id
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

a
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
id
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
d
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
20
1
2
2
4
5
6
7
6
9
1J
U
12
13
14
15
16
17

ia
19
20

tj
0
0
a
o
o

0
e
a
0
U
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3

0
0

0
0

0
3
0
0

6
0
0

0
0
0
0
a
o
d
0
0

3
0
0
0
0
4}
t>
0
d
0
0
3
0
O
0
u
0
0
0

3
0
0
0
d

0
o
d

0
0
d
d
6
0
0

0
0

340

CABLE

f

.

COUTI.HUED

DATE c l ELD SAMPLE UAJACED
NUMBER PLAMT5

DATE FIELD SAMPLE □AMAt
tdUMBER PLAU1

139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
129
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
1 39
139
139
1 39
139
139
139
139
139
1 39
139
139
139
139
139
139
129
139
139
139
139
129
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139
139

Ml
141
141
141
141
J 41
143
141
141
141
141
141
141
141
Ml
141
Ml
141
141
Ml
Ml
141
141
141
Ml
141
141
141
141
141
141
141
141
1 4]
MJ
141
Mi
141
141
141
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
M2
M2
M2
142
M2
142
M2
142
142
142
142
M2
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
M2
142
142
142
142
142

a
d
3
a
d
a
a

a
a
3
a
a
a
3
a
a
a
9
a

3
9
9
9
9

9
9
9
9

9
9
9
9
9
9

9
9
9
9
9

9
la
12
10
10
Id
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
d
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
14
17
Id
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
€

7
d
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
14
17
13

19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
10
19
20
1
2
3
4

5
6

7
a
9
10
n

12
13
14
15
16
17
Id
19
23

3
0
0
d
0
0
0
0
0
J
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a

0
0
0
0
0
0
9
9

0
0
9
e

3
0
0
0
0
9
3
0
0

3
3
d
3
3
a
a
a
a
4
0

a
3
0
0
a
a
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
a
a

0
0
0

0
(1
0

0
a
a

13
13
13
13
13
13
13
J3
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
M

14
14
M
14
14
14
M
M
M
14
M
14
M
M
14
a
H

a

1
2
1
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
12
14
15
16
17

0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

ia

0

19
20
1
2
3
4
5

0
0

6

7
d
9
10
11
12
13
M
15
16
17
id

19
20
1
2
3

a

4

3
3
0
3
a
d
a
0
3
d
a
a

5
6
7
U
9
]0
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
t

a

d
d
a

9
9
4

0
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

9
9
9
9
9

2
3
4

5
6
7

3
9

0
0
9
0
0
9

a

9
0
0
0
0
3

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
U
o
0
ti
a

0
0
a
0
0
0
0
a
a
a
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

a
8
0
0
d
0
0
0
0
0

10

0

11
12
13

0
0

14

0
0
0
0
3

15
16
17
ia

19
20

0

0
a

DATE FIELD SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER PLANTS

DATE FIELD SAMPLE DAMJUitO
NUMBER PLAMTS

142

143
M3
M3
143
143
143
143
143
M3
M3
143
143
143
143
143
M3
143
143
M3
143
144
144
144
144
144
M4
1 44
144
144
144
144
144

142
142
142

142
142
142
142

142
142

142
142
142
142
142

142
142
142

142
142
142
142
142
142

142
142
142
142
142
J42

142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142

J 42
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142
142

142
142
142
142
143

143
143
143
143
143
143
143
143

142
143
143

I 43
143
143
143
143

10
10
Id
10
10
Id
10
IQ
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
18
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
n
11
11

n
n
n
ii
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
i

j

13
\TJ1
11 J1

1
11 J
I
11 J
1
i J1
}3
ji j

13
Ij
13

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
Id
19
20
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
a
9
ia
il

12
13
14
15
16
17

Id
19
20
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
d
9
10
11

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
aV

10
n
12
13
14

15
16
17
Id
19
20

a
1
0
a
i
a
0

o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
J
0
d
3
0
d
0
0
d
0
0
0
J

d
0
O'
0
0
d
O
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
nu
0
/I
J
0
0
0
0
0
0

n

M4

144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
M4
144
M4
144
14 4
14 4
M4
M4
144
144
14 4
144
14 4
14 4
144
144
144
144
144

144
144
144
144
M4
144
144
144
144
M4
144
144
144

M
M
M
14
14
14
14
M
14
14
M
14
M
14
14
14
14
M
14
M
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
t

1
1
2
2
2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IS
19
20
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
s
9
10
U
12
13
M
15
16
17

5
6
7

d
r]

d
9
10

d

18
19

20
1
2
J

2

11

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

12
13
14
15
16
17
Id
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3

3
3
3
3

»
10
11

3
3

144
144
144
144
144
144

J
3
3
3
1
3

9

0
0
0
0
O
0
0
a
j
o
a

2
2
2
2
2
2
1

14 4

0
d
8
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
J
0
0
0
0
d
0
0
0
0
0

4

12
13
14
IS
16
17
ia
19
20

d
0
d

a
3
0
d
0
0
0
9
0
0

0
0
3
3
3

0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0

d
0

0
a
3
0

341

TABLE F .

CODTIUUECJ

DATE F I E L D

SAMPLE DAMAGED
HUMBER PLA NTS

152
152
15 2
1 52
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
1 52
1 52
152
1 52
152
J 52
252
152
152
152
152
I 52
1 52
1 52
152
152
152
152
152
152
152

1$2
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
153
153
1 53
153
153
153
153
1 53
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
1J
J3

13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14

14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14

8
a
a
d
B
a
d
a
a
a
a
a
a
3
3
3

Q
3
3
a

1
2

3
3

3
4
5

0
0

6
7
3
7

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
la
19

20
|

2
3
4
5

a
3

0
a

0
0
a

0
0
0

a
3
g
3
U
3
3

0
0
3
a

0

0
0
0

9

a

6
7

10
11
i 2
13
14

I 5

16
17
Id
19

20
1
2
3
4
5
3
;
a
9

10
11
12
13
14

I5
16
17
ia
I9
29

1
2
3
4
5
a
7
a
9

10
tl

12

0
a

0
0
0
a
3
i)
J

0
J
a
a
o
a
a
a
a
a

0
a
a
a
g
a

0
0
0
0
0
»

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

13
14
15
16
17
Id
19

a

20

a

0
0
0
0
0
0

DATE F I E L D

153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
163
153
153
153
153
153
133
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
133
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
JJ

11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
u

11
11
n

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
J2

12
12
12
12
12

SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER PL A NT S

1
2
3
4
5

6
7
a
9
ia
u

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

20
1
2
3
4

6
6
7
a
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1?
Id
19

20
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
9
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
ia
19

20
1
2
J
4
5

6
7

8
9

10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
ia
19

20

0
0
0
0
a
a
o

0
0
a

0
0
0
0
0
a

0
0
0
0
9

0
0
0
0
0
0
a

0
o

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a

0
0
0
0
0
0
-a
a
a
a
a
a

0
l

0
o
a

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
o

0
a

DATE F I E L D SAMP LE d a m a g e d
NUMBER PL A NT S
155
155
155
155
1 55
1 55
1 55
1 55
1 55
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
1 55
15 5
1 55
155
155
1 55
1 55
1 55
155
155
155
155
15 5
15 5
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
155
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
15 6
156
1 56
156
156
156
156
156
1 56
1 56
156
156
15 6
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
1 56
156
156
156
J 56

13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14

1
2

0
0

3
4
5

a

6
7

8
9

10
11
12
13
14
15

16
17
Id
19

20
J

2
3
4
5

6
7
a
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Id
19

20
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
d
4

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
is
19

2
2
2
2
2
2

20
1
2
3
4
5

6

2

7
d
9

2

10
11
12

2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2

:3
14
15
16
17
Id
19

20

0
a
a

0
0
0
0
z
a

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
O

0
a

0
0
0
0
o
o
o
a

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
y

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
o

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

CATE

156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
1S 6
156
156
156
156
J 56
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156

1*6
156
156
156
156
156
136
156
156
156
166
156
156
156
15 6
156
156
156
15 6
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
J 56
156
156
156
156
136
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
J 56
156

FIELD s a m p l e damaged
NUMBER PLA NTS
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5

1
2

6
7

8
9

3

10

0

Jj

3

12

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

13
14
15
16
17
id
19

20
1
2
3
4

6
6
7
d
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Id
19

20
1
2

5
5

3
4
5

5
5
5
5

6

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

3
4
5

7
d
9

10
11
12
1J
14
15
16
17
id
19

20
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
a
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Id
19

20

a
a
a

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3

0
0
0
0
0
0
J

0
0
a
j

0
0
0
0
0
o
o
a

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
J

0
0

342

rM U

DATE
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
344
34 4
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144
144

F .

CO ttT lM U EO

FIELD 3AKPLS DUAOKO
HUMBER PLA N TS
4
4
4
A
%
>
A
**
nj
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
S
5
3
5
3
5
3
3
5
5
5
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
6
6
4
6
6
6
6
6
4
6
6
6
6
6

1
2
9
A
3
A
P
T/
d
9
10
11
12
12
14
19
16
17
19
19
2a
1
2
2
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
12
14
19
16
17
Id
19
30
1
2
1
4
5
6
7
a
9
1?
]1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

20
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
d
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
19
20

g
0
0
rl
0
rlu
0
0
d
a
a
a
0
9
9
0
0
a
a
3
0
0
a
a
9
0
0
0
a
a
a
a

t>

a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
•9
a
0
0
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a

0
a
0
0

U
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
a

0
0
0
a
a
0

D AT E F I E L D S A M P L E DAMAGED □ A T E F I E L D S A M P L E DAMAGED
NUMBER P L A N T S
NUMBER P L A N T S
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
US
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
145
US
145
145
145
145
145
145
U S
145
146
MU
148
149
140
149
M 6
MU
34U
140
140
140
140
140
14U
M b
140
348
146
MB
148
149
140
u a
148
148
UQ
140
146
148
148
140
34 8
149
146
140
148
140
140
140

U
13
33
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
34
34
34
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
J4
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
M
14
14
14
H

14
14
14
14
M
14

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
u
12
13
14
IS
16
17
Id
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Id
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
9
10
n
12
13

14
IS
16
17
Id
19
2B

0
0
0
a
d
a
*0
0
a
,a
0
0
0
a

0
0
0

0
6
0
0
0

a
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
2
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
a

0

8
d
0
a
a
0

0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
a
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
(1

150
150
ISO
ISO
150
150
150
ISO
150
150
150
ISO
150
150150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
ISO
150
150
130
130
150
130
150
150
ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
150
130
ISO
ISO
152
1S2
152
152
152
153
152
1S 2
152
152
132
1S 2
152
152
152
132
132
152
132
152
132
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
132
1S2
132
152
152
152
*132
132
132

13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
M
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
24
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1

1
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
I

2
2

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1

2

3
4
5
6
7
a
9
18
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
la
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
3
ia
11

12

13
14
15
16
17
13
19
20
1
2

3

4
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Td
19
20

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
9
J
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
4

0

0
0
0
0
0
t)
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
d
0
0
0
0
O
O
0
0
d
3
0
0
0
d
6
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
d
0
0

0
a
n
0
0
0
8

□ A T E F I E L D S A M P L E OAMA
NUMBER PLAN
152
152
152
152
152
152
132
152
152
152
152
j 52
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
132
152
1S2
152
152
1S2
152
152
152
132
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
132
152
152
152
152
152
152
132
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
152
132
152
132
152
152
152
152
152
132
152
152
152
152
152
152

3
3
3
3
3
3
J
J
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
29
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
to
11
12
13
14
13
16
17
Id
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20

9
9
9
0
a
d
0
0
3
0
a
0
a
a
0
9
a
0
0

0

9
a
a
4
o
a
0
8
0
0
0
0
□
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
o
0
0
o
0
4
9
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
d
0
a
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9

343

tab le

t

.

co m tih u ed

DATE FIL L S SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER PLANTS
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
156
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
1 57
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
160
160
160
160
169
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
I6D

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
U
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
U
14
u
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
d
0
d
0
d
a
d
a
A
A
3
a
A
9

3
A
A

B
3
A

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
d
9
10
JJ
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
20
1
2
J
4
5
6
7
6
9
10
n
12
13
14
15
16
17
Id
19
20
1
2
3
4

5
6
7

d
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
20
1
2

3
4
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19

0
0
0
0
0
A

e
0
0
o
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
3
3
10
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
a
0

lj
0
0
5
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
0
0
a
0
0
0

0
9
0
0
0
2
0
10
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
37
15
7

3
1
O
3

9

19

1

20

1

DATE FIELD SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER PLANTS

DATE FIELD SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER PLANTS

160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
1 50
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
1 60
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
1 60
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
169
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
1 60
160
160
160
1 60
1 60
160
160
160
160
160

1 60
160
160
160
160
160
160
1 60
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
16 0
16 0
160
16 0
1 60
160
160
160
160
160
1 60
160
160
160
160
162
162
162
162
162
162
262
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
ia
la
10
ia
10

10
10
10
10
10
1
I
\

11
1
1
H
1
1
11
1
1
1
1
1
11
1
J
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

12
12
12
| 2

12
12
12
12

12

12

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
d
9
10

4
d
10
14
4
6d

11

A
22
5

12
13
14
15
16
17
JU
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A

a
12

17
9

6
22
21
16
3
16
10
3
2
1
19
19
7

1
a
17

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Id
19
20
1
2
3

32
24
16
25
2d
16
22
26
25
19
13
5
2

4

2

s
6

0

3

7

7

d
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Id
19
20

IB
5

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
S

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
10
19
20

2
20
13
5

10
25
17
20
12
d
0

0
7
20
7

0
0
112
2
a
1

0
2
4
1

5
7
5

17
16

13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
1
1
1
1
1
1
J

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Id
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
d
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
Id
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6

13
11
12
13
14
15
16

1

17

1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2

Id
19
30
1
2
3
4
5

2
2

0

0
0
0
0
0
0
O
0
3
6
22
3
5
5
1
0
0
9
1
0
0
0
0
7
1
4

B
4

a
0
0
0
0
0

3
0
0
0
0
a

7
A
i

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Z

3
10
11
3
15
9
2
1
6
1
0

0

0
o

a
a
0

0
o
2d
3
4

0

2

1
0
i3

6

7

2

3
9

162

2
2
2
2
2

10
11
12
13
14

2

25

5

162
162
162
162
162

3
2
2
2
2

16
17
IS
19
20

n

6

2
n

3
4

2

3

2

3
0

DATE FIELD SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER PLANTS
162
1 62
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
1 62
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
i 62
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
16 2
162
162
162
162
162
162
1 62
1 62
16 2
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
J 62
162
162
162
162
162

J
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

4

5
5
5
3
5
5
S
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
i

S
5
3
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

6
6
6
6
6

6
6
6

6
6

6

4
6
15
7

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

2

A

9
in
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
id
19
20
2
3
4
5
6
7
d
9
10
1
12
13
14
15
16
17
13
I3
20

I
20
1
1
6
4
2
1
6
12
g
2
4
7
3
1
5
3
13
0
9
2
A

4
1
4
1
2
6
(1
d
2
1
4
3

1

a

2
3

0
d
12
2B

4

5
6
7
d
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Id
19
20
1

2

3
4
5

9

6
0
d
30

10
9
7
0

20
0

Id
10
7
d
ID
5
3
10
4

6
7
A

39
31

9
ID
11

2D
Id

12

n
14
15
16
17
1d
19
20

22
4

3

10
4
1d

10
5
6
7
9

344

CABLE

date

16;
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
162
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
163
166
165
163
165
165
165
165
163
155
165
165

T,

CO NTIN UE®

FIELD SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER PLANTS
7
1
12
7
2
4
7
3
72
7
4
IS
7
5
59
7
6
20
7
7
35
7
d
62
7
9
6
7 10
id
7 11
lb
7 12
12
7 13
14
7 14
19
7 15
26
7 16
32
7 17
41
7 18
8
7 19
10
7 20
12
13
1
2
13
2
1
13
3
0
13
4
0
13
5
0
a
13
6
13
7
30
48
13
6
13
9
9
13 10
23
13 11
1
13 12
3
13 13
4
13 14
2
13 15
14
13 16
18
13 17
34
13 18
69
13 19
55
0
13 201
14
5
4
14
2
0
14
3
14
4
0
1
14
5
14
6
31
13
14
?
6
14
d
4
14
9
14 10
16
14 11
21
12
14 12
3
14 13
17
14 14
0
14 15
26
14 16
14 17
12
14 Id
10
31
14 19
14 20
19
16
13
1
0
13
2
0
13
3
6
13
4
2
13
S
13
6 199
13
7
52
14
13
8
13
9
1
13 10
17
13 11
20
3
13 12
13 13
5
0
13 14
13 IS
0
d
13 16
2
13 17
d
13 Id
13 19
0
13 20
0

LATE FIELD SAMPLE DAMAGED
number PLANTS
165 14
i
24
165 14
2
25
3
24
165 14
4
86
163 14
S
17
163 14
6
163 14
78
7
165 14
15
6
18
165 14
16
165 14
9
165 14 10
5
1
165 14 11
0
165 14 12
165 14 13
1
1
165 14 14
165 14 13
3
165 14 16
0
165 14 17
J
165 14 Id
7
163 14 19
3
163 14 20
4
167 13
1
42
167 13
2
30
167 13
3
19
167 13
4
13
167 13
5
0
167 13
6
3
167 13
7
1
167 13
0
d
167 13
9
2
167 13 10
0
167 13 11
J
167 13 12
4
167 13 13
0
167 13 14
3
167 13 15
13
167 13 16
39
44
167 13 17
J67 13 Id
4J
167 13 19
29
37
167 13 20
167 14
1
4
167 14
2
2
167 14
3
14
167 14
4
0
167 14
5
0
167 14
6
2
167 14
7
31
167 14
8
4
167 14
9
3
167 14 10
0
167 14 11
7
167 14 12
1J
167 14 13
17
167 14 14
21
167 14
48
15
167 14
16
30
167 14 17
10
167 14 IB
21
167 14 19
15
167 14 20
62
168 8
1
a
168 8
2
l
160 8
3
24
168 a
4
0
168 8
5
0
168 6
6
0
168 8
7
6
168 8
a
3
160 8
9
0
168 6 10
6
168 B n
12
160 d 12
35
160 8 13
0
160 0
14
29
168 0 15
0
163 8 16
2
168 0 17
9
168 0 18
1
168 8 19
3
168 a 20
10

DATE FIELD SAMPLE DAMAGED DATE FIELD SAMPLE DAMAGED
number PLANTS
NUMBER PLANTS
1
0
169 1
a
168 9
1
0
2
2
169 1
11
168 9
0
3
?
169 1
16d 9
3
0
169 1
4
168 9
4
la
a
5
169 1
4
168 9
5
l
6
169 1
168 9
6
•1
7
5
7
169 1
3
168 9
0
169
1
d
a
4
168 9
0
9
169 1
4
9
16d 9
0
169 1 10
21
16d 9 10
0
169 1 11
to
16d 9 11
0
169 1 12
28
168 9 12
0
169 1 13
10
168 9 13
0
169 1 14
168 9 14
12
0
1
IS
169
4
169 9 15
0
169 1 16
168 9 16
2
0
17
168 9
14
169 1 17
0
169 1 18
9
16a 4 Id
0
169 1 19
168 9
19
5
0
a
169 1 20
168 9 20
d
169 2
1
1
169 10
1
0
2
168 10
2
75
169 2
3
12
169 2
168 10
3
10
0
4
4
169 2
4
168 10
169 2
S
2
5
11
168 10
6
2
18
169 2
168 10
6
16
7
7
169 2
75
168 10
8
169 2
b
a
1
169 10
1
9
4
169 2
9
168 10
a
169 2 10
1
169 10 10
4
7
169 2 11
168 10 11
169 2 12
1
16
168 10 12
1
169 2 13
1a
168 10 i 3
1
169 2 14
26
168 10 J4
6
169 2 15
25
166 10 15
1
2
16
169
169 10 16
30
169 2 17
2
24
16d 10 17
2
169 2 id
9
168 10 18
9
169 2 19
16d 10 19
28
I
169 2 20
15
169
10
20
1
J
0
168 11
7
169 3
3
2
168 11
2
1
4
169
168 11
3
3
4
169 3
3
4
168 11
4
1
25
169 3
168 11
5
169
3
5
d
10
169 11
6
3
id
169 3
6
169 11
7
67
169 3
7
11
168 11
7
8
l
169 3
d
168 11
9
0
9
169 3
1
168 ' 11
10
12
1
169 3 10
168 U
17
U
0
169 3 11
168 11
12
14
169 3 12
11
169 11
13
0
13
169 3 13
168 11
14
1
15
169 3 14
169 11
IS
21
1
169 3 15
168 11
16
13
9
169 3 16
168 11
17
5
11
169 3 17
168 11
la
20
8
169 3 Id
17
169 3 19
168 11
19
12
168 11
20
27
169 3 20
6
168 12
0
1
1
13
169 4
168 12
2
2
2
169 4
4
169 4
3
a
168 12
3
2
168 12
4
4
43
169 4
lo
20
168 12
5
169 4
5
34
168 12
6
6
16
169 4
10
7
21
168 12
169 4
7
13
168 12
6
169 4
22
d
12
17
168 12
9
169 4
9
28
17
169 4 10
168 12 10
3
168 12 11
169 4 11
3
10
169 4
6
168 12 12
12
2
168 12 13
0
169 4 13
2
168 12 14
J
8
169 4 14
168 12 15
0
35
169 4 IS
160 12 16
6
169 4 16
4
168 12 17
18
169 4 17
10
168 12 13
5
169 4 id
6
169 12 19
2
3
'.69 4 19
169 12
70
2
69 4 20
2

345

SAB L S

t

.

DATA F I E L D

169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
169
173
170
170
170
170
1 70
170
170
170
170
1 70
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170

5
6
5
5
5
S
5
5
5
5
6
5
5
6
5
6
S
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
1
7
7
7
7
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

c o trriiiU E D

SAMP LE DAHA
NUMBER PLAN
1
3
3
4
5
6
7
d
9
10
11
13
13
14
IS
16
17
IB
19
30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
b
9
10
n
12
13
14
IS
16
17
lb
19
20
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
d
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
ia
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
13
19
20

10
29
7
0
0
0
1
0
0
4
0
0
0
3
25
4
14
5
6
0
6
15
20
6
2
41
55
17
19
59
20
45
30
46
4
23
16
Q
0
0
d
I
a
5
5
13
0
0
0
0
2
3
d
0
2
0
7
3
0
2
0
3
1
0
3
2
65
92
94
63
60
90
149
91
9
0
3
3
4
4

DATE F I E L D SAMPLE 0 AHA ii CD
DUMBER PL A NT S

late

170
170
170
179
170
170
170
I 78
170
170
170
170
1 70
170

175
175
1 75
175
175
175
175

170
170
170
170
170
170
174

174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
1 74
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
1 74
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
174
175
175
175
175
175
1 75
175
175
176
175
175
175
176
175
175
175
175
175
175
175

14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
U

14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14

14
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
J3
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14

14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
n
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

I
2
3
4

0
0
2
J

5

n

6
7
d

5
30
13

9

64

10
n
12
13

72
47

14

22
57
15

15
16
17
14

19
20
1
2
3

4
5
6

7
a

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1?
14
19
20

92
33

5
IB
13

3
0
0
0
0
0
5
21
5

4

3
3

a
92
a
101
02
59
05
54
di
65
59
33
11

4

95

S
6
7
3
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
20
1
2
3

37
37

1

4
5
6

7
a
9
10
ii
12
13
14
IS
16
17
IB

36
6
43
19
104

29
53

38
97
02
23
45

0
66
3
0
0
0

0
0
s
21
5

4
a
82
0
101

02

19

59
05
54
dl

20

65

17 5
175
175
175
175
175

17$
175
175
175
17$
175
17$
176
1 76
176

1 76
1 76
176
176

176
17 6
1 76
176
176
176
176
176
176
J 76
1 76
1 76
1 7A
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
1 76
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176

F I E L D SAMPLE DAMAGED
DUMBER PLANTS
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
J4
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
i
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
2
2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a

9
10
11
12
13

14
15
16
17
IB

59
33
11

95
37
37
36
6
93
19
104

29
52
33
97

92
23
45

19

0

20
1
2

63

3
4
5
6

7
a
9
:o
n
12
13
14
15
16
17
ia
19
20
1

2

0
0
1

4
0
3
u
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
3
0
0
2
3

2

3

9

2
2

4
5

2
2
2

6

7

2d
20
11
0

a

0

2

9

2

2
2

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
20
1
2
J
4
5
6

3
0

2

2
2
2
2
2

2
2

2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

7
0

3

9

3
3

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

3
3
3
3
3
3
3

3

18
19

3

20

5
15
J
7
a
2
5
21
0
12
0

1
17

0
a

9
4
a
d

4
7
2
3
a

7
2
$

2
$

DATE

176
176
176
176
1 76
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
1 76
1 76
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
1 76

F IE LD SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER PLANTS
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0

3
4
$
6

5

7

S

8
9
10
11
J2
13
14
15
16
17
ia
19
20
1
2

5
5
5
5
5
5

$
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

3
5

I
1

3
9
0
0
0
0
0
12
6

0
0
1
0
0
0
0
7
1
0
0

3

3
4

10
22
16
a

S
6

19
7

7
9

12

9

12

10

9
3

6
6
6
6
6

4
3
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
3
0
0
1

9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
13
19
20
1
2

5
5

5

25

IB

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
13
19
20
1

2
3
4
S
6

0

13

9
10
13
16
22
23
34
14

a
6
10
0
5
0
3
0
1

7

7
d
9
10

7

11

9
4

7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7

12

0

13
14
15
16
17

1
0
0

IB

3

19
20

4
0

7

7

2
2

346

fA B L £

□A TE

m
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
J 76
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
1 76
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
1 76
176
176

r

.

f ie l d

8
a
a
8
a
a
a
a
a
a
d
a
a
a
a
a
d
a
d
d
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
19
19
18
10
10
10
18
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

c o n t in u e d

SAMPLE DAMAGED DATE F I E L D
NUMBER P L A 8 T S
1
2
J
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
J
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
u
12
13
14
IS
16
17
ia
19
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
U
15
16
17
la
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

4
2
0
0
8
0
2
0
1
7
7
12
13
4
J
2
S
3
1
2
2
2
6
2
0
0
0
4
1
0
9
4
1
16
3
7
12
S
4
5
92
61
43
119
72
71
45
57
a
12
10
16
17
43
21
21
11
30
22
10
11
1
1
9
7
11
13
1
2
43
19
11
4
6
37
4
IS
7
27

176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
176
170
178
178
17d
178
170
178
178
170
178
170
178
1 7Q
170
178
178
178
17u
170
178
178
378
178
178
178
178
178
178
178
179
170
178
170
170
178
178
170
178
170
190
180
100
190
100
180
100
160
100
180
100
180
190
180
180
180
180
180
180
180

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
23
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER PLANTS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
10
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
to
21
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
Id
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
U
12
13
14
15
16
17
IB
19
20

0
0
1
5
4
17
13
14
17
2
J
7
d
11
7
8
22
a
6
1
2
0
2
6
79
56
63
45
0
0
0
0
0
72
81
49
62
19
0
20
41
29
37
5d
26
32
7
11
9
30
38
13
40
19
39
a
6
5
19
33
51
42
23
0
0
0
3
d
21
49
51
33
31
42
44
9
2
0
0

DATE F I E L D SAMP LE DAMAGED
NUMBER PL A NT S
180
190
180
190
180
190
180
180
180
190
180
180
180
130
1B8
130
190
180
180
ld 0
191
181
iai
191
101
181
181
191
13 1
191
38 1
161
19 1
191
161
161
Idl
181
1 81
131
191
181
191
191
idl
161
iai
181
181
191
181
191
191
181
181
1B1
181
181
191
101
191
191
181
1B1
181
161
181
191
181
101
iai
161
161
191
101
181
191
191
iai
191

14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
a
8
8
a
8
S
0
9
8
9
9
a
a
a
a
8
3
3
a
d
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
13
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
16
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
d
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
13
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
d
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

0
0
1
0
2
ia
42
36
45
41
42
SI
33
18
8
a
9
6
1
0
1
0
0
3
0
2
7
0
0
6
0
0
5
1
1
4
7
31
2
3
1
17
2
19
2
0
0
5
6
19
0
4
1
1
5
6
0
20
2
0
3
0
17
76
66
74
31
39
36
78
22
67
77
56
6d
33
4d
52
66
63

JATE

181
181
131
161
181
161
Idl
181
181
161
161
181
181
181
181
16)
181
181
181
iai
131
181
161
181
161
161
181
161
181
181
18 1
181
13 1
131
161
161
18)
161
16)
13 1
183
183
133
133
183
163
163
133
1 d3
163
183
163
163
163
163
163
183
163
183
183
163
133
163
183
183
163
183
163
133
183
183
193
163
163
iaj
183
183
183
183
133

FIELD

11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
)2
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
1

L
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

SAMPLE DAMAL
NUMBER P LA 81
1
2
3
4
5
8
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
15
17
13
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
n
12
13
14
15
10
17
16
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
d
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
16
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
d
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
20

15
36
19
9
21
14
37
12
29
26
13
6
2
16
20
34
17
2b
19
15
3
S
0
0
0
47
57
n
5
Id
2
5
0
5
15
4
a
29
12
2
33
3
J
O
0
2
0
4
4
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
1
J
1
3
a
a
5
3
4
6
10
0
d
9
5
15
2
2
3
2
4
11
3
5

347

table

d ate
Ida
183
1 03
183
18 3
183
18 3
18 3
18 3
1 83
1 83
183
1 83
1 83
193
1 83
1 93
1 03
183
103
103
103
1 93
103
10 3
1 03
1 03
1 83
1 83
1 83
1 93
1 83
J 83
1 03
1 03
1B3
1 33
1 83
i 83
1 03
1B3
183
13 3
191
1 93
1 83
183
id 3
1 83
1 03
103
18 3
103
18 3
183
1 83
183
183
103
183
103
103
103
183
183
JB3
193
103
183
183
183
103
183
103
183
183
183
183
183
193

*
r

CONTINUED

LLO SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER PLANTS

6

0
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
6
6
6

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
3
10
11
12
13
14
13
16
17
ia
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
29
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
9
10
U
12
13
14
13
16
17
18
19
20

2
1
0
0
12
0
5
7
7
12
2
10
7
4
7
a
3
16
4
3
4
5
2
1
2
0
2
0
1
2
4
2
0
0
1
0
2
0
3
10
0
0
33
0
2
0
0
0
1
d
2
1
6
3
2
1
9
2
5
16
10
12
19
2
9
2
0
3
7
4
7
5
9
u
10
S3
17
d
3
2

DATE F IE L D SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER p l a n t s
189
189
189
189
189
169
189
169
189
169
169
169
169
189
169
189
189
189
189
139
189
189
169
189
189
189
189
169
199
169
189
109
109
109
169
189
169
109
189
189
109
189
169
169
189
139
169
189
189
189
109
189
1 89
109
189
109
189
189
109
189
189
189
109
189
189
189
189
189
169
169
189
ld 9
189
189
189
189
189
169
109
169

8
a
8
9
8
a
a
6
a
8
3
a
a
e
8
8
a
a
8
3
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
16
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

u
11
11

u
u
u
u
u
u
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
ia
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
10
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
ia
19
30

2
2
0
0
3
2
1
0
0
0
9
1
I
2
3
2
0
8
1
3
22
S
20
6
a
3
10
4
15
4
2
11
0
3
4
1
5
1
2
1
27
53
61
18
19
29
62
33
48
33
0
0
16
10
14
19
42
19
17
5
41
9
26
23
29
21
ja
6
IS
34
4
19
8
10
IS
12
13
7
11
39

date

fie l d

189
189
189
139
ld 9
1B9
189
189
189
189
189
189
189
189
189
139
199
1B9
189
189
196
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
198
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
19 B
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
1V0
190
190
190
190
190

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

SAMPLE DAMAGED DATE F I E L D SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER PLANTS
NUMBER PLANTS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2
3
4
b
6
7
3
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
ia
19
20
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9
18
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17

ia
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
18
31
12
13
14
IS
16
17
ia
19
20

a
o
0
4
S
1
21
11
13
2
17
4
9
4
a
31
27
4
17
5
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
10
3
S
3

1
2
11
1
J
9
1
I
4

4
2
2
4
12
0

190
190
190
190
190
199
190
190
190
190
1 90
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
29 0
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
190
196
190
190
190
1 90
190
1 90
199
1 90
1 90
1 90
1 90
190
190
1 90
1 90
190
190
198
190
190
190
190
190
2 90
190
1 90
191
191
1 91
192
1 91
191
1 9]
191
191
191
191
191
191
1 91
191
1 9)
191
191
1 91
191

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
S
S
5
S
5
S
s
5
5
5
S
s
5
5
5
5
S
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
J3
13
13
13
13
13
13

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
19
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
J9
20
1
2
3
4
s
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
Id
19
2D
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
4
10
1J
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
io
13
12
13
14
13
16
17
18
19
30

7
3
S
1
1
1
s
3
3
3
1
1
6
1
2
4
12
2
9
9
9
1
0
4
1
17
3
1
7
4
7
1
3
3
8
8
9
5
6
0
3
0
1
3
0
0
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
0
0
2
0
1
1
30
21
S3
27
1
6
6
0
19
40
17
35
42
IS
17
44
34
2
0

348

r A flL E

DAT*

191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
• 191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
191
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
199
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
193
195
195
195
195
195
195
193
J9S
195
195
195
1 95
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195

t .

COUTlHUJm

F I E L D SAMPLE DAHAUEt DATS F I E L D
DUMBER PL A N TS
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14

1
2
3
4
5

6
7
a
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
13
19

20
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10
11
12

a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a

a

8
a

a

24
31

16

201
2
3
4
5

6
7

3

9

19

13
14
15
16
17
ia
19

a

60

la

14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14

8
8

4
27

19

n

a
d

20
24
20
21
2b
13
20
2
1
0
2
2
3
1
7
2
2
3
6
1

0
6
12
0
1
2
11

13
14
13
16
17

14

8
8

3
30
25
31
23

12

20
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
d
9
19

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

20

ia

la

29
a
16
16
7

21
9
2
5
2
10
0
1
2
4
a

0
5
0
a
a

4
14

11
10
2
5
0
2
a
0
0
0
1
1
2
0
0
3

5

195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
£95
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195

195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

9
9
9
9
9

9
9
9
9
9

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
U
12
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

U

11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

SAMPLE DAMAGED DATE P I E L D SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER PLA NTS
NUMBER PLANT S

1
2
3

4
5

6
8
9
10
11
12
7

13
14
IS
16
17

10
19
20
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
a
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
13
id
19

20
2
3

4

2
3
4

2
6
8
0
2
3
3
3

4

11
12
1
3
1
0
6
9
16
5
23
7
24
29

17
16

4
30

0
14
6
10
7
0
14
10
3
23
3

9
11

0

5

id

7

12

10
11
12

10
24
8

13
14
15
16
17

a
9
3
16

6
a
4

10
19
20
1
2
3

4
5

6
7

a
9

4

3
3

11
5
3
13

2
0
4
10
2
2
3
3

a

10
11
12

0
1
3
6

16

4
0

13
14
15

17
18
19
29

3
5

0
0

3

197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
i 97
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
i

1
i
l

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
3
la
n
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
29
1

2

2

2
2

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
Id
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
d
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
10
19
20
1
2
3

4

4

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2
2

4

5

4

6

4

7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
10
19
20

4
4
4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
4

4

1
1
9
0
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
1
1
2
1
4
4

2
1
2
4

4

4

0
1
1
2
4
10
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1

13

DATS

FIELD

197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
1 97
197
197
1 97
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
1 97
1 97
1 97
1 97
1 97
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
1 97
197
197
197
197
197
1 97
197
197
197
197
197
197
197
197

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
S
5
5
5
5
5

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

6
6
6
6

6
6
6

13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

n

13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14

SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER PLANTS

1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS

16
17
ia
19

20
1
2
3
4
5

6
J

a
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
13
19

20
1
2
2
4
5

6
7

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
13
19

20
2
3

2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
a
e

0
0
3

1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0

O

a
a

0

0

0
0

0
a
a
a

0
0

14
7
13
17

4
13
17

a
5
5

11
4
4

2
5

14

4

7

14
14
14
14
14
14
J4
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14

5

3

6
7
a
9
0

1
1
12
13
14
15
16
17
ia
19

20

11
13

7

1
7
12
3
7
5

10
9

7

349

tJk B L £

F .

C O N TIN U ED

CATC f t Z L D SAMPLE DAMAGED DATE FIELD SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER PLANTS
SUHBER PLANTS
199
1 99
199
199
199
199
199
J 99
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
199
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
293
203
203

13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
0
0
a
a
a
a
o
b
a
a
d
a
b
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
9
9

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
0
9
9
9
9
9
9
0
9

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
19
19
20
1
2
3
4
S
6
7

a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
36
17
19
19
20
1
2
3
4
S
6
7

d
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
Id
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IB
19
20

0
3
0
1
2
0
9
6
10
14
7
S
1
0
3
O
S
6
0
e
4

a
2
0
S
6
a
a
9
7
5
0
2
3
0
1
0
0
2
2
0
0
2
0
1
6
0
1
0
3
0
0
2
2
0
4

1
I

0
5
2
2
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
4

2
1
1
0
0
2

203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
294
204

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
u
ii
u
u
u
ii
u
u
n
i
ii
u
u
n
n
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
1
1
1

1
2
3
4
S
6
7
d
9
10
11
12
13
14

IS
16
17
ta
19
20
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IS
19
20
1
2
3
4
S
6
7

a
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17

ia
19
20
1
2
3
4

1
1

5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
13
16
17
IS
19
20

1
5
7
2
2
3
11
5
2
12
7
1
2
1
3
1
3
4
2
4

2
5
3
3
2
3
2
4

2
0
0
0
5
1
1
2
9

4
4

2
2
4

5
6
6
1
1
2
3
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

DATE FIELD SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER PLANTS
204
294
204
204
204
204
304
204
204
2 04
2 04
204
204
204
204
2 04
294
2 04
2 04
2 04
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
294
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
20 4
204
204
2 04
2 04
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
2 04
2 04
204
20 4
20 4
204
204
204
204
2 04
2 04
2 04
2 04
2 04
2 04

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4

4
4

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
S
5
3
S
5
5
5
s
5
5
5
5
3
5
5
S
S
S
S
5

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IS
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
35
16
17
Id
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
30
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
ia
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
n
12
n
J4
15
16
17
IS
19
20

1
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
a
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
a
0
0
a
a
0
0
9
0
J
0
0
0
a
a
0
0

i
i
e
a
0
0

a
a
a
0
6
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a

CATE i I ELD SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER PLANTS
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
204
2 64
204
204
204
20 4
204
204
204
205
205
20S
205
205
205
205
205
205
205
205
205
20S
205
205
20S
205
205
205
205
205
205
205
205
205
205
2 05
205
205
205
205
205
205
205
205
205
205
205
205
205
207
207
207
207
2 87
2U7
2Q7
207
207
207
207
207
307
207
207
207
207
207
207
207

6
6
6
6
g
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14

14
14
14
J4
14
14
14
14
14
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
1j
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

1
2
3
4'
5
6
7
d
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
d
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IS
19
20
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
S
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
d
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
ia
19
20

1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
9
1
1
2
4
1
5
i
0
d
2
0
0
a
9
0
9
d
1
1
0
2
1
2
0
O
3
3
2
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
4

2
3
3
4

0
1
0
0
2
1
0
3
1

350

FA B L E F

.

C O N TIN U ED

DATE FIELD SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER PLANTS
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207
207

U
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
U
14
14
14
14
14

1
2
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
12
14
15
16
17
19
19
20
1

2

0
4
1
2
2
1
6
1
1
2
1
2
2
O
2
0
0
1
0
0
1

1
1

7
a
9

a
a
0

10

1]

2

O
0

0
0
0

12
12
14

0

15
16
17

0
0
0

10
19

0
a

1
2
3

1
1
1

4
5

1
0

6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0
0
0
0
0
0
0

14

10

19
20
1
2
3
4

5
6
7

a
9

211
211

6
6
6

6
6

6
6
6
6
6
*
6

0

211

6

0
0

211
211

6
6

Q

0

0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0

0
0

a
0

10

0

11
12
13
14

0
0
0

16

0

17
Id

0
0

19
20

0
0

15

211
211
211

211
211
211
211
211
an
iH

13
15
16
17

2
3
4
5
6
7
3
9
10
11
12
n
14
15
16
17
Id
19
20

1

3
4
5

6

DATE FIELD SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER PLANTS

0

0

iH

6

2
3
4
5
6
7
3
9
10
11
12
J3
34
15
16
37
IB
19
20
1
2
3
4

2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
3
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2

5

6
7
a
9
30
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
19
20
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IB
19
20

0
0
0

0
0
a
0
0

0
a

(3
0
0
0
0
0
e
i
e

0
0

2
1
3
1
10
1
0
3
0

1
3
2

DATE FIELD SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER PLANTS
212
212
212

212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
212
214
214
214
2 14
2 14
2 14
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
214
2 14
2 14
2 14
2 14
2 14
-»i i

214
214
214
31 4
21 4
21 4
21 4
21 4
21 4
214
21 4
214
214
214
214
2 14
2 14
214
2 14
2 14
2 16
2 16
216
2 16
216
216
216
216
216
21 6
216
21 6
216
21 6
216
216
216
216
216
216

14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
19
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Id
19

14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
a
a
a
a
a

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
IB
19
20
1
2
3

11

a
a

8

6
ti
a
a

a
a

8
a
0
9
8
8

*i«

4

5
6
7

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
ia
19
20

2
4
6
4
4
2
0
4
1
1
0
0
1
2
1

0
1
1
0
1
0
2
1
0

0
3
1
7
6
9
5

0
5
3
2
0
1

1
2
1
2
0
2
1
1

3
4
3
7
7

d
2
0
3
0
1
1
0
0
1
4

2
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
1
1
0
1
0

0

DATE FIELD SAMPLE DAMAGED
NUMBER PLANTS
216
21 6
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
21 6
21 6
21 6
21 6
216
216
216
216
21 6
21 6
216
2 16
2 16
2 16
216
21 6
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
21 6
216
2 16
2 16
216
216
216
216
216
21 6
216
21 6
216
21 6
216
216
216
216
216
2 16
316
21 6
21 6
21 6
21 6
21 6
216
2 16
2 16
21 6
2 16
216
21 6
21 6
21 6
216
21 6
216
216
216
216
216
216
216
2 16
2 16

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
ii
u

a
n
n
ii
n
ii
u
n
u

u
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
13
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
9
10
11

12
13
14
15
16
17
Id

19
20

1

2
3
4

5
6
7
d
9

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IB

19
20
1
2
3
4

5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12

n

14
15
16
17
13
19
20

2
0
1
2
2
1
4
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
d
1
0
17
27
3
9
6
10
21
4
12
6
II
4
9
21
5
5
4
7
S
5

5
3
2
3
3
6
6
2
3

2
0
3
1
0
0
1
4

1
2
a
5
5
6
O
3
2
1
4

2
6
2
3
0
0
0
0
0

351

TABU

r.

C Q U T IX U Q

DATE FIELD SAMPLE DAMAGED
dUHBER PLAUTS

DATE F t ELD SAMPLE OAHAGED
ttUMQER PLAttTS

213
218
213
218
21a
218
218

1
1
1
1
1
1

210

1

213
213

218

1
1
1
1
1
1
I

1

10
II
12
12
14
IS

218
213
210

1
1
1

17
18
19

2 1 8

213
213
213
218

J

1
2
3
4
S
6
7

1
2
0
ii
0
0
0

218
218
218
218
218
218
218

3
9

0

2 1 8

a

a

l

0
0
0
3
0
0
0

218
213

9
10

4
0

0

213
218
218
213

218

a
a
a
a
5
a
S

16

0

0

218
218
213

a
a
a

17
13
19

0
0
0

1
1
1
1

16

O
0

2 1 8

9
S
5
S
S
S
S

a

1
2
2
4
S
6
7

3
2
8
1
1
2
2

11

1

12
12
14
IS

0
0
0
4

213

1

20

0

213

a

20

213

2
2
2
2

1
2
2

2
2
1

a

4

0

3

2ia

6
6
6
6

1
2
3

2

213
218
213
213

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3

6
7
3
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
13
19
20
1
2
J
4
S
6
7

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
O
4
2
1
1
1
1
8
0
0
0
0
0
d
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

213
218
213
213
213
218
213
2 ia
218
218
213
218
213
213
218
221
221
221
221
221
221

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14

6
7
3
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
10
19
20
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
19
16
17
Id
19
20
1
2
3

2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
I
2
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
2
1

4

4

S
6
7
8

1
1
1
2
2
0

14

14

14
14
14
14

IS
16
17
13

14

19

14

20

218

213
213

21a
213
213
213
218
213
213
218
213
213
218
213
213
2 18
213
213
213
218
218
2 ia
213
218
2 ia
218
2 18
2 13
2 13
2 13
218
218
218
213
213
213
213
218
218
218
213
218
218
210
213
213
213
213
218
218
218
213
213
218
213
213
210
218

3

3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
4

d
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
13
19
20
1
2
3
4

S
6
7
B
9

10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
13
19
20

221

221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
221

6

4

a

9

10
11
12
13

1

2

2
4

2

3
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
0

APPENDIX G

352

A ppendix G.
Table G l.

C o m p u ter program fo r ad ju stin g a d u lt tra p c a tc h according to
hourly te m p e ra tu re s and w ithin day a c tiv ity .

T able G2.

C om puter program fo r c alc u la tio n of B atch eler's B ra tio from plots
of dam aged onions (L am p ert, 1980).

Table G3.

C o m p u ter program fo r c a lc u la tio n o f C lark and Evan's dispersion
s ta tis tic from plo ts o f dam aged onions.

T able G4.

C om puter program fo r c a lc u la tio n of d ista n c e m easu rem en ts A and
D an d th e te s t s ta tis tic P from p lo ts o f dam ag ed onions w ith
d iffe re n t v o lu n te e r onion d e n sities.

Table G 5.

C om puter
subm odel.

program

listin g

of

th e

OM

p opulation

dynam ics

353

ta ble

23

24
69

36

39

31

903
07

12
3fl

34

600

C]

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1 F E C P .L T .2 0 ) CF-2D
D-CTAB(tJTlME)
T T M F -m ir+ O H F « D * d 0 0 /C F )
TTrtH-TTMH+OHH*D*(100/CF)
T T 3 F -T T 3 F + O S F * D *(100/C F )
TTSM wrT3M +OaM*O*(100/CF)
CONTINUE
TOTHF -TOTHF +TTMF
TOTHH-rOTMM+TTHH
TQTSF+TOTSF+TTSF
TOTSH-TOTSH+TTSH
1DAY-TOAY+.000S
DO 13 K l - l . I K
IFE10A Y .E Q .1D A TE 3EK 1))0O TO 60
CONTINUE
GO TO 600
TOTM F-TOTHF/dD A Y -IPO A TE)
TOTKH-TOTKH/EIDAY-1PDATE)
TO TSF*TOTSP/(1DAY-IPDATE)
TOTSM-TOTSM/EIDAY-IPDATE)
WHITE ( 3 , 3 4 1RDATES <K1 ) . CUMDD (K1 >,TOTHT, TOTKM, TOTSF, TOTSM
FORMAT II X , F 6 . 2 , 3 P 1 0 .4}
TOTHF -TOTKM *TOTS F wTOTSM * 9 .
T T H F-T T M M «T T 3F< T 3M ^.
1PDATE-IOAY
COST1NUE
ODAY-tiDAY
ooM Fxm r
o o K H -tn w

354

TABLE 01

C0WT1IJUED

oosF«dsr

005M 45N
1000
99

c
2
1

c o trrib fU B

EUO
FUNCTION TABEXtVAL*ARQpDtlH.K)
DiMEaSIOM V A L tn .A R G C n
0 0 I J » 2 ,K
lF (0 U H .O T .A A O (J> ) GOTO 1
TABeX*<DUK-AAG(J-I > > * (V A L < J)-V A L (J-1 H / (ABO ( J ) -A K O (J -l M + V A L (J-1 )
RETUtUJ
COHTIUUE
TABEX-(DUM -A*0(K-1 ))* (V A L (R )-V A L (K -1 J > / ( AJtQ{ K 1-AAO(JC-1 > )+ V A U K -l J
RETURU

EHD

355

TABLE

C***

G2

PROGRAM BATCHER( IN PU T.O U TPU T,TA PE!. TAPES 1
DIMENSION X ( 3 0 0 ) ,Y ( 3 0 0 )

C ***TH IS PROGRAM WAS WRITTEN TO COMPUTE THE RATIOS OP
C***MEAN NORF DISTAHCE/HEAM KM DISTANCE.
1

<;**•

REWIND 3
REWIND I

C * * * IN tT lA L lS E HUMBER OP SAMPLES AMD PLOT S IZ E
PR IS T *."O T T E R NUMBER OF SAMPLES."
READ*,HUM
PR IN T *, "OTTER PLOT S IZ E — WIDTH, LENGTH• *
READ * • X SIZ E , YS XZ E ‘
C***READ IS OATA HEADER AND X.Y COORDINATES FOR OBSERVATIONS
2
201
10

R E A D U ,1 0 0 H D A T E .IT R E A T ,IP L a T ,lR O W ,!I
I F { E O P ( l ] l 2 0 0 .2 0 1
DO 10 I - l . l t
R E A U tl.1011 X ( l ) , y ( l )

C***CHECK I P USER WAOT3 TO CONTINUE I F N TOO SMALL

C«**

l F ( H . G T . n 0 0 TO a s
PR IN T * ,"S IN C E M • " . N , " * DO YDtl WANT TO CONTINUE HERE?"
READ 3 0 0 , IAMS2
IF U A N S 2 .E Q .1 H H ) CO TO 2

C***ZERO OUT VARIABLES
80

C***

SU HM M .
SUMHHSQ-C.
SUMNH2-0.
SUHU0RP*0SS O ffO R F ^.

C***CALCULATE RANDOM POINT AND RANDOM INDIVIDUAL
C***FROH WHICH TO FIND NEAREST NEIGHBOR#
ALSO FIND
C***NEARE3T NEIGHBOR TO THE NEAREST NEIGHBOR TO THE
C***RANDOM POINT.

13

( * « •«

DO 12 1 - 1 ,NUM
X PT -R A M Ft-1)»X SIZ E
Y PT -R A M Fl-1)*Y SIZ E
1ND*1 ■►RANF ( - I )*N
SM A LL1-100.
S M A L L 2-1H .
SMALL3-100*
DO 13 J * 1 ,N
D I S T I " ( ( ( X t J >-X P T )**2 . ) + ( ( Y ( J )-Y F T )**2# ) )* * # S
X F(D 15T 1.L T .SM A L L 1) 1 C -J
I F f D l S T l . L T .S H A L L Ij SM A LLI-O ISTI
I F {W. L T . 2 ) 0 0 TO 13
D 1 S T 3 - < ( ( X ( J ) - X ( I N D > ) * - 2 # ) + ( (Y (J ) - Y ( I N D ) 1 * * 2 * ) ) * * .*
1 F (D 1 S T 2 .N E .0 . 0 . AND*01ST2.LT#SKALL2) SH A LL2-01ST2
CONTINUE

C « * * rlN D WEAKEST NEIGHBOR TO WEAKEST NEIGHBOR TO RAH FT
(Ji I t

14

SO 14 L - l . H
D lS T 2 -(( U H .)-X ( lC M * * I* ) + ( I T tt.) - y ( I C l 1 * * 2 . ) ) * * .!
1 F (D IS T 3 .H E .0 .O .A H D .O I3 T 3 .L T .S H A L L 3 ) SK A L L 3-0IS T 3
3UHHtl<4UMtIH+SMALL 2
sukmhbq ^ uhhhsq « h a ij ,2**2

.

SUHHH2-6UKMII3+SKALL3
SUHHaRP^UrHBDKP.SHALLl

SSQSOP.P^aCHORK+SHUXl **2.
12

CQHTISUE

c***

C **‘ CALCULATE MCAM NEAREST 01STAMCE FOR MUM SAMPLES
C‘ “
R-rLOAT (HUM)
R 2-PL0A T(H 1
XBMORP-SUMUORP/R
XBUH^UHHN/R
XBHHSQ-BUMtRISQ/ R
XBMH2-6UMHH2/R
X BtiORF2-6SaHORF/R

C***

C * . ‘ CALCULATE HEAH OEMSlTlt FROH MOORE
C* • » CALCULATE BATCHELERS B FOR HH AND NM2
C“ *
R M U -R 2/(X S1ZE*Y SITE)
D M O O R E - ( tR - l.) /R > * ( l./< 3 .1 4 m » X B tH 3 R P 2 ) )
B-XBUORP/XBm
B2-XBHORP/XBUH2
R A T104H 00R E/R K U
RAT102—X B M 0R F3/X B nS0

356

TABLE <22 COtrriHUBO
c*«*
C***OUTPUT VARIABLE3
C * * t

W R IT E( J , 901 ) 1D A T E .1T R C A T . IP L a T ,IR 0 W ,y .tfU « ,R H U ,X B H O R F 2 .X B tJ N S Q . RAT

402
200

100
101
901
100

GO TO 2
P R I t r r * , 'A R E YOU OOtfE?*
READ 3 0 0 i1 A H S
IF (1 A H 8 * EQ ,1K H J 0 0 TO 1
F O R M A T ( I X ,1 6 » 1 X ,X 1 » 1 X * 1 1 ,1 X * I 1 * I X ,1 3 )
FO RM A T(IX , 2 ( F 1 0 « 4 , 2 X ) )
FORMAT( 1 X , 1 6 * I X , I I , I X , 1 1 , I X . 1 1 , I X , 1 4 , 1 X , I S , I X , 4 F 7 . 3 )
FORMAT[ h i )
STOP

Esro

35 7

TABLE 0 3
PROGRAM OH8TAT3 <IN P U T , O N IO N ,O U TPU T, T A P E !-IN P U T , T A P E 3 -3 H IO N , T A P E !
♦OUTPUT)
DIM ENSIOH X O H ( 3 0 0 ) .Y O H ( S 0 0 ) ,I H O L D ( a i
C CALCULATES S T A T IS T IC S US I HO DATA ONLY PROM ONIONS THAT MEET THE
C
IMPUTED VALUES.
C R -IL A R K AND EVANS R -R A /A E
C RA-THE MEAN D ISTANCE OF THE NEAREST NEIGHBOR TO A RANDOMLY SELECTED
C
IN D IV ID U A L .
C R E-T H E EXPECTED DISTANCE OF THE NEAREST NEIGHBOR TO A RANDOMLY
C
SELECTED IN D IV ID U A L IN A RANDOM POPULATION AND I S EQUAL TO
C
1 /< 2 * S Q R T < R H 0 ))
C
AHO•POPULATION D EN SITY FOR G IVEN STATUS VALUE
C R I S JUDGED S IG N IF IC A N T L Y DEVIANT FROM RANDOM AT THE . 0 ! AND .3 1
C
LEVELS WHEN C EXCEEDS 1 . 9 4 AND 2 . 6 0 R ESPEC TIV EL Y .
C C -tR A - A E )/O R E
C O RE-TH E STANDARD ERROR OF RE IN A RANDOM POPU LA TIO N , CALCULATED
C
BY . 3 6 1 3 4 /S O R T <N*RKO) WHERE a -T H E NUMBER OP DISTANCES MEASURED.
6
REWIND 3
C IN IT IA L IZ E
H -S U H * e
M I-1
P R IN T *,'N U M B E R OF ONION COORDINATES TO BE READ FROM F IL E
*
READ*, N
P R IN T * , “ NUMBER OF SAMPLES T H IS RUNT
‘
READ*, HUM
P R IN T * , “ ONION STATUS ( 0 . 1 . 2 , J , 4 - C 1 + 2+3 ] , S -A L L )
READ*. IONSTAT
P R IN T * , “ DAY ( 1 - 3 )
'
REA D *, IDAY
C READ DATA
DO 1 0 1 - 1 ,1 1
READ < 2 , 1 0 1 ) XQH [M l ) , Y 0 N (M 1 1 # (1HOLD ( I N ) , I N - l , 9 )
10 1
FO R M A T(IX , 2 1 F 1 0 . 4 , 2 X ) , 0L1 )
I F ( IO N STA T. E Q .S ) GOTO 3 0
I F C(IO N S T A T . HE. 4 ) .AND* ( I HOLD ( I DAY) .H E . IO N S T A T ) ) GOTO 10
i r ( f 10N 5T A T . EQ . 4 ) , AND * ( 1HOLO ( ID A Y ) .E Q . 0 ) ] GOTO 10

20

M-M+l

Ml * 1 1 + 1
10
CONTINUE
C PLOT S I Z E I S 1 4 4 X 1 0 INCHES
R H O -M /14 4 0
P R IN T * , 'R H O -* ,R H O
R E - 1 /( 2 * S O R T ( R H O )]
P R IN T * , " R E - " ,R E
O R E -. 261 3 6 /S Q R T (NUM*RHO)
P R IN T * , “ O R E -* ,O R E
C SAMPLE LOOP
D —1 6 0
C RANDOM POIN T
X P T - l4 4 * R A N F tT IM E ( A ) l
Y P T -1 0 * R A H F ( TIM E ( A ))
C LOOP TO FIND NEAREST ONION TO RANDOM POINT
DO 4 0 J - l . M
D D -( <XON (J ) -X PT ) * * 2 + 1YOU ( J ) -Y PT >* * 2 ) * • . S
I T < D D .L T .0 1 O-OD
40
CONTINUE
10
S U H ^U H + O
C MEAN DISTANCE OF NEAREST ONION
RA-SUM/HUH
P R IN T * , “ R A - '.R A
R -R A /R E
P R IN T * , “ R - * , R
C —{R A -R E ) /O R E
P R I N T * .* C » " ,C
P R IN T * . “ ANOTHER RUN?
"

READ*, J
I F ( J . E Q . 'Y *
END

) GOTO 5

358

T A B LE

04

PROGRAM 0N D 1ST ( I N P U T S , 0 « I O N S - « . C U T P U T - 4 5 , B A I T S - 6 3 , N E W F -4 3 . TAP
*1 -I N P U T , T A P E 2 -S N I0 N S . TA PE;]-O U TPU T, T A P E 4 - S A I T 3 , TA PE3-4.TW F, TAPEBB- 6

T)
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C

D IH EN S10N X O H 1Q N (S 001 , Y O N 1O N (300 ] , X B A IT ( 5 0 ) . Y B A IT (S O I , R T O IO <J 0 B
* 2 ) , I H O L D ( 0 ( ,V T O 2 O ( S 0 0 ,2 )
OUTPUTS DATA AND S T A T IS T IC S TO BE U SES AS DATA G IV E S THE CO-GRDIHATE
A tto STATUS or EACH ONION IN A F IE L D AND THE C O O R D IN A T E S 0 T
THE B A ITS (VOLUNTEERS) AS IN P U T .
PROGRAM CHOOSES A RANDOH POINT
IN S ID E A ROW AND THEN PROCEEDS TO F IN D THE NEAREST VOLUNTEER. THE
NV-TH CLO SEST ONION TO THE P O IN T , THE N V-TH CLOSEST ONION TO THE
VOLUNTEER, AND TH E D ISTANCES BETWEEN EACH OP THOSE FOUR LO CA TIO NS.
TWO TEST S T A T I3 T IC 3 ARE ALSO GENERATED.

01 ST-RANDOM PO IN T TO VOLUNTEER
0 1 STP2D■RANDOM PO IN T TO F IR S T ONION
D IST B 2D -V 0LU H TEER TO SECOND ONION
D "F IR S T ONION TO SECOHD CN10H
D1 ■RANDOM POIN T TO SECOHD ONIOH
P —A TEST S T A T IS T IC
T -A TEST S T A T IS T IC
N I P - 1 -A MARKER VALUE
P P T 0 T -* .
CALL RAHSET (T IM E (DCM) 1
DO 111 L - I . 5 B
111
3Q1A1T (L ) -Y B A IT ( L ) —lB B S
C IN IT IA L IZ E RUN
KLL-1
N U H -20
P R IN T * ,'H O W DO YOU WANT YOUR O U TPU T?*
P R IN T * , “ 1 1 TERMINAL ONLY
2 ) CODED F IL E ONLY
1 ) TERMINAL AND F
♦LE
READ ( I ,9 9 } 0 U T E H
95
F O R M A T (II)
P R I S T * ,“ NUMBER OF ONION COORDINATES TO BE READ FROM F I L E ?
.'
R E A D (1 ,9 9 ]N
IO H STA T-3
1D A Y -4
102
FORMAT( “ DATE ’ , 1 6 . "
PLOT * , 1 1 , "
N - .1 3 )
C P R IN T HEADER
I F (O U T E R .N E .21
W R I T E < 3 .1 0 5 )
10S
FORM AT(“ 03A HPLE
R TO V
R TO 0 1
0 2 TO V 0 1 TO 0 2
R TO 0 2
* P
T“ )
C READ IN DATA.
C
ONIONS
100
FORMAT ( 1 X , 1 6 . 3 [ 1 X , I 1 ) , 1 X . I 3 )
i r ( E 0 F 1 2 ) .N E .0 1 G 0T O 325
N IP -1
REWIND 2
DO 10 t - l . N
R E A O { 2 .1 0 1 > JC O SIO N d 1, Y 0 N 1 0 N (I J , ( 1H0LD (1 S T 1 . I N T - 1 , 9 )
101
FORMAT ( l X , 2 ( F 1 0 . 4 . 2 X ) . a i l )
I F d H O L O d D A Y l.E O . IO N STA T) OOTO10
I F d O N S T A T .E Q .~ l ) GOTO 10
X O M IO N d 1-YONION ( 1 1 - 1 0 0 0
10
CONTINUE
C
S A IT S
22 3
M -l
100
R E A D (4 ,* 1 XBAIT ( M l, Y BAIT ( M l, L IN E
I F (E O F < 4 ) . H E .0 ) GOTO30S
M * 1+!
GOTO 3 0 0
10 5
H -H -l
DO 32 K K - l .S
0 0 31 K H -1 , 7
DO S SUM SAH-l.HUM
C RESET DISTANCE ARRAYS
DO 70 S I - 1 . 3 0 0
R T 0 1 0 ( N 1 .1 1 - V T 0 2 0 1 N 1 , 1 1 - 1 0 0 0
70
R T 0 1 0 (N 1 , 2 1 - V T 0 2 0 ( N 1 , 2 1 - 0
C GET RANDOM P O IN T , PLOT S IZ E I S 1 2 4 X 6 0 .
X P T -(R A » F (D U M 1 * J)* 1
XP -RANP ( DUM 1 * 1 2 * 0
I 7 ( X P .O E .8 .0 ) G O TO 4 0 ]
I F ( X P .G E .4 * 0 1 G O TO 4 0 2
401
X F T -2 2 .
GOTO 4 0 4
402
X F T -S 6 .
GOTO 4 0 4
4B3
X P T -9 0 .
404
X PT-XPT+X P
YPT-RANF (DUM 1 * 6 0
C NEAREST BA IT TO RANDOM PO IN T
D 1 S T -3 0 0
NEARB-0
DO 13 J —I ,M
D1STB—( ( (X B A IT (0 J-X P T 1 * * 2 )+■( ( Y S A I T ( J 1-Y PT 1 * * 2 1 1 ** . 3
I F ( D I S T B .L T .D 1 3 T ) N E A R S -J
IF 1 D 1 S T D .L T .D 1 S T ) 0 1 S T - 0 1 STB
1S
CONTINUE

35 9

TABLE

M

COHTIKUED

C WEAKEST DAMAGED 0H 10M TO RAHDOM P01MT

0 AMD

C NEAREST DAMAGED OHOIU TO S A IT (H EA RS)
C
ASSUMING DAMAGED OHIOH T IL E 1 3 l i t U S E .
NEAROF*tlEAROB-0
D IS T ? 2 D H ]IS T B 2 O " ]0 0
DO 20
D lS T P D » ( ( ( X 0 M 1 0 H ( J ) - ] ( S T > * * 2 1 + < ( Y 0 H i a t l ( J ) - l ( P T ) * * 2 ) > " * . S
R T O I O ( J ,1 ) - D I S T P D
RTOIO ( J , 2 ) - J
D 1S T B D H ( (X O M IO N fJ )-X B A lT (HEARBI ) * » 2 ) + ( [YOMIQN ( J i -Y B A IT [HEARS I )
* • * 2 ))* * .J
V T 0 2 0 ( J ,1 ) - D 1 S T B 0
V T 0 2 0 ( J ,2 ) » J
20
CONTINUE
C SELECTIO N SORT
1 F ( K L L .E Q .I ! U V - 1
I F ( K L L . E Q . 2 ] MV **5
lF ( K L L .E Q .] ] t r V » 1 0
IF ( K L L .E O .4 ] K V - 2 0
lF ( K L L .E 0 .5 ) H V a 2 3
IF ( K L L .E Q .B )M V - J S

iriK L L .E a .7 )i» v « 3 0
DO 3 0 J » l ,HV
J . W +1
DO 40 I « J J , 5 0 O
IF (R T 0 1 0 ( L ,l) .L T .R T 0 1 0 tl.l) )

L-t

50
40
C

I F (V T 0 2 0 (M 1 , J ) .L T .V T 0 2 0 ( 1 ■ 1 ) )
Ml “ I
CCBTIHUE

GOTO 5 0
GOTO 4 0

T E M P -R T O 1 0 (L ,1 )
T - R T O lO tL . 2 )
R T O I O ( L .1 ) - R T 0 1 0 ( J , 1 )

R T O I O ( L , 2 ) - R T 0 1 O ( J , 2)
R T O I O ( J ,1 )»TEMP
R T 0 1 0 U , 2 )-T
C

TEMP^rro2o(Hi,i)

T - V T 0 2 0 ( M 1 ,2 )
V T 0 2 0 (M I, 1 ) - V T O 2 0 ( J , l )
V T 0 2 0 IM 1. 2 1 -V T 0 2 0 (J , 2 )
V T 0 2 0 ( J , 1 I "TEM P
V T 0 2 0 ( J .2 ) * T
30
c c m tih u e
C SET OUTPUT VALUES
D IS T P 2 D -R T 0 I0 ( H V , I )
N E A R 0P*R T O 10(K V , 2 )
D 1ST B 2D »V T 020< H V . 1 )
N EA ftO B *V T 020(H V , 2 )
D - ( [ (X O tflO H (M E A R O B )-X O M IO »(H E A R O P ))**2 ) + ( (TO N IO N (SEA R O B ) -Y 0 H 1 0 H (H
* E A R O P ) ) * * 2 ) ) * « .5
0 1 - ( ( (X PT-XOHIOtHHEAROB I )* * 2 ) + { (Y PT -Y O M IO H (H E A K O a)) » « 2 ) 1 • * . 5
P « tC lS T P 2D -D1 STB 2D) / <D 1ST P 2D *O I STB 2D I
T T T - ( P + 1 > /2
PPTO T«PPTO T+P
I F (O U T E R .H E .2 ) W R 1 T E < 3 ,1 0 7 ) SU M SA M .D X ST.D 1STP2D . D 1 S T B 2 D ,D ,D I , p
■ f .T .B lP
I F ( O U T E R .M E .]) WHITE ( 5 , 1 0 7 ) U U M S A M ,D IS T ,0 1 S T P 2 D ,D IS T B 2 D t S ,O
*1 . P .T T T .H I P
107
F O R M A T (IX ,1 4 , 7 ( 2X* F B * 4 ) « 2 X ,1 2 ]
C NEXT SAMPLE
3
C0MT1MUE
P FIH A L -P PT O T /ttU M
WRITE (S B , BS J P F IM A I, S V , HUM
80
F O R M A T (F B .4 , 5 X ,1 2 , 5 X , 1 3 )
P P T O T -0 .
K LL-RLL+1
51
C0HT1KUE
MUH^tUM+ 2 0
X LL*I
52
COSTIHUE
EHD

360

TABLE

OS

PROCRAM MAGGOT { IN P U T , OUTPUT, TAPE £ 0 * 1 NPU T, TAPE £ 1 O U T P U T , T A P B 1, TAPE
♦ 0 , T A P E S .T A P E S )
COHFUTER SIMULATIOM MODEL rO R THE OHIOH MAGGOT, KYLEMYA ANTIQUA
tM E IG E N ).
T H IS MODEL I S A M O D tflE D VERSION OP A MODEL O RIG IN A LLY
PREPARED BY FRANK DRUMMOND. JOHN V A L E N T I, AND GARY W H ITFIELD I B
SYSTEM SC IEN C E 0 4 3 .
THE MAIN PROGRAM (MAGGOT) CALLS A NUMBER OP
FUNCTIONS AND SU BRO U TIN ES, AND A CONTINUOUS TIM E MODEL I S
APPROXIMATED U SIN G A D ISC R E TE APPROACH.
THE SIM ULATION U T I L I I E S
PREVIOUSLY PUBLISH ED DATA FROM MANY SOURCES TO D RIVE A CHAIN OP
TIM E VARYING DELAYS WITH A T T R IT IO N .
POPULATION D E N S IT IE S AND
IN S E C T IC ID E USE AND T IM IN G CAN BE M ANIPULATED.
A IR AND S O IL
TEMPERATURE DATA CAN BE IN PU T D IR EC TL Y .
MAIN PROGRAM .MAGGOT
GLOSSARY
A P L -(D A T A I DEVELOPMENTAL TIM E ARGUMENT FOR ADULT FEMALE
A PE 3T *F O L IA R P E S T IC ID E ( I •M ALATHION, 2 * P A R A T H 1 0 N ,3 -0 1 A Z 1 H O N )
A R G E -(O A TA ) TEMPERATURE ARGUMENT FOR EOO DEVELOPMENT
ARGES« ( DATA ) TEMPERATUR ARGUMENT FOR EGG SURVIVAL
ARGL1 * ( DATA ]
TEMPERATURE ARGUMENT FOR F IR S T INSTAR DEVELOPMENT
A R G P F *( DATA)
TEMPERATURE ARGUMENT FOR PUPAL DEVELOPMENT
A RGPS*(DA TA )
TEMPERATURE ARGUHEKT FOR PUPAL SURVIVAL
A R O S L l-(D A T A ) TEMPERATURE ARGUMENT FPR F IR S T IN STAR DEVELOPMENT
BIN -EO G CLASS ( 1 - 5 )
ODTOT*OEGRXE DAY TOTAL ( A I R )
OEADMDUMBER O F
DEAD ADULT MALES
DEAD1-NUMBER OF
DEAD ADULT FEMALES
OF CLASS 1
0EAD2-NUMBER OF
OEAD ADULT FEMALES
OF CLASS 2
DEA03-WUMBER OP
DEAD ADULT FEMALES
OF CLASS I
DEAD4^IUHBER OP
DEAD ADULT FEMALES
OP CLASS 4
DEAD5DUMBER OP
DEAD ADULT FEMALES
OF CLASS 5
OEGDAYS-OEGREE DAYS (A IR }
DEGG*(DATA) DEVELOPMENTAL TIM E AROUHENT FOR EGGS
OELAFL-OEVELOPKENT TIM E OF REPRODUCING FEMALES
□ELEA-DEVELOPMENT TIM E OP EGGS ( A I R )
D ELEASDEVELOPMENT TIM ES OP EGGS ( S O I L )
0ELL1-DEVELOPM ENT TIM E OP F IR S T INSTAR
DELL2 -DEVELOPMENT TIM E OF SECOND 1NSTAX
0ELL3-DEVELOPM ENT TIM E OP T H IR D INSTAR
DEL*LG-DEVELOPMENT T IK E OF ADULT MALES
OELMP-OEVELOPMENT T IK E OP MALE PUPAE
DELPOP-DEVELOPMENT T IK E OP P R E -O V IP FEMALES
DELPPF-DEVELOPMENT T IK E OF FEMALE PUPAE
D ELPPO P-PR EV IO U S DELPOP
D L l-(D A T A )
DEVELOPMENTAL T IK E ARGUMENT FOR F IR S T INSTAR
D L I-(D A T A )
DEVELOPMENTAL T IK E ARGUMENT FOR SECOND INSTAR
D L 3 -ID A T A )
DEVELOPMENTAL TIM E ARGUMENT FOR TH IR D 1NGTAR
D M -(D A TA ) DEVELOPMENTAL TIM E ARGUHENT FOR MALE ADULTS
D P F -(D A T A )
DEVELOPMENTAL T IK E ARGUHENT FOR FEMALE PUPAE
D PM -(D A TA )
DEVELOPMENTAL TIM E ARGUMENT FOR MALE PUPAE
D T -T IM E INCREMENT (DELTA T )
EGGP-EGGS OH PLANT
EGGS-EGGS IN S O IL
F L 3 —THIRD IN STARS (FEM ALES)
FP-F E K A L E PUPAE
FPEST-FURROW IN S E C T IC ID E (0 ^ < O N E , 1 —OYFONATE, 2 -E T H IO N )
FPS-6U RV 1V A L VALUE FOR FEMALE PUPAE
FREQ-FREQUENCY OP SPRAY A PPLIC A TIO N
I DAY—(JU L IA N D A T E -9 0 )
IPOP-tfU M BER OF P R E -O V IP ADULTS
KEA-K FOR EGGS
K FL -K FOR REPRODUCING ADULTS
K FP -K FOR PUPAE
K L l^ C FOR F IR S T INSTAR
K L I H t FOR SECIN D INSTAR
K L 3-K FOR TH IRD IUSTAR
KHHC FOR MALE ADULTS
X P - * FOR P R E -O V IP ADULTS
L I-T O T A L NUMBER OP F IR S T INSTAR
L1A-NUMBER OP F IR S T 1USTAR OH PLANT
LIS-U UM BER OF F IR S T 1USTAR IN S IO L
LI*4fUKBER OP SECOND INSTAR
L 3D U M B E R OF T H IR D IN STAR
MA-NUMBER OP HALE ADULTS
MAXTEMP*tAXlKUM DAILY TEMPERATURE
MINTS H P -T llU l MUM DAILY TEMPERATURE
M LG SU RV IVA L VALUE FOR ADULT HALES
H L I^ IA L E S T H IR D IN ST A S LAVAE
HP-NUHBER OP HALE PUPAE
NEGOA-TOTAL STORAGE OP EGGS ( A IR )
NEGOS-COTAL STORAGE OF EGGS ( S O I L )
N PL 3-TO TA L STORAGE FEMALE T H IR D INSTAR
N F P ^rO T A L STORAGE OF FEMALE PUPAE
NL1 -TO TA L STORAGE OP F IR S T 1N5TAR
NL2 -TO TA L STORAGE OP SECOND INSTAR
V LB-TO TA L STORAGE OF TH IRD IN STA R
((ML—TOTAL STORAGE OF HALE ADULTS
NHL3—TOTAL STORAGE OF HALE T H IR D INSTAR
NMP-TOTAL STORAGE OP MALE PUPAE

361

TABLE

0 5 CONTINUED

II P O P-TO TA L STORAGE OF P R E -O V IP ADULTS
:(R 0L E F -T O T A L STORAGE OF REPRODUCING ADULTS
t f & Q L Z F l STO R A G E OP REPRODUCING AOULTS (CLASS 1 )
X R O L & P2-6TO RA G t OP REPRODUCING AOULTS (CLA SS 3 )
tfR O L S P J -STORAGE OP REPRODUCING AOULTS (CLASS 3}
N R O L E P M T O R A G E OP REPRODUCING AOULTS (CLA SS 4>
!JR 0L E F5-«T Q R A G £ OP REPRODUCING AOULTS (CLASS 5 1
JrtJHEGG I "STORAGE o r EGGS (CLASS 1 )
fcfUH E M 3 -STORAGE OP EGGS (CLASS I)
UXIMEGG3 STO R A G E OP EGGS (CLASS 3 1
UUHEGG 4 ^STORAGE OP EGGS (CLASS 41
NIJMEGGS-STORAGE o r EGGS (CLASS S )
P E -R A T E OF ADULT EMERGENCE
PMORT M O R T A L IT Y DUE TO P E S T IC ID E (FURROW)
PMORTD-EXFONENTIAL DECAY OF PMORT
PHORTE M O R T A L ITY DUE TO P E S T IC ID E (F O L IA R )
PMORTED—EXPONENTIAL DECAY OF PMORTE
POP-DEVELOPMENT VALUE FOR P R E -O V IP ADULTS
R A H ]-RA TE OF REPRODUCING ADULTS (CLA SS 1 )
RAH2-HATE OP REPRODUCING ADULTS (CLASS 2 )
RAH J -R A T E o r
REPRODUCING ADULTS (CLA SS
2)
AAH4-RATE OF REPRODUCING ADULTS (CLA SS 4 )
RAH5 -R A TE OF
REPRODUCING ADULTS (CLA SS
5)
RE-RA TE OP EGOS (S O I L )
REA-RATE OF EGGS (A I R )
R FP-R A TE OF FEMALE PUPAE
RLM 3-RATE OP KALE TH IR D 1USTAR
R L ]-R A T E OF F IR S T IN STAR
R L2-R A T E OF SECIN D INSTAR
R L3-R A T E OF FEMALE T H IR D INSTAR
RMA-RATE OF MALE ADULTS
RMF-RATE OF HALE PUPAE
RO-NUHBER OF REPRODUCING ADULTS
RPO P-RA TS OF P R E -O V IP ADULTS
SEGG—SURVIVAL VALUE FOR EGOS
SL1 -SU R V IV A L VALUE FOR F IR S T INSTAR
SL2-G URV 1V AL VALUE FOR SECOND IN STAR
S L 3-S U R V IV A L VALUE FOR TH IRD INSTAR
S T « H L TEMP (PER D T)
S T E M P -5 0 IL TEMP (P E R 2 HOURS)
SUHFP—TOTAL FEMALE PUPAE
SUMLT —TOTAL LARVAE
S U H L 1-T 0T A L F IR S T INSTAR
S U M L2-T 0TA L SECOND INSTAR
5UML3—TOTAL TH IR D 1NSTAA
5U KH A PP-T0TA L HALE PUPAE
SUMNKL-TO TA L HALE ADULTS
SUMNPU-TOTAL P R E -O V IP ADULTS
SUHNRO -TO TA L OF AOULTS IN C LA SSES 1 - 5
SUHOH-TOTAL FEMALE ADULTS
SUHRO-TOTAL REPRODUCING AOULTS
s u r e g a d - in s t a n t a n e o u s s u r v i v a l o r e g g s ( a i r )
SUREGG A S U R V IV A L OF EGGS ( A I R )
SUREGGD—INSTANTANEOUS SURVIVAL OF EGGS ( S O IL )
SUREGG3-SURVIVAL OF EGGS ( S O I L )
SURFLD -SURVIV AL OF REPRODUCING FEMALES
SU R PPS-SU R V IV A L OF FEMALE PUPARE
SURFFSD-INSTANTANEOUS SURVIVAL OF FEMALE PUPAE
SU R L 1-SU R V IV A L OF F IR S T INSTAR
SURL10-INSTA N TA NEOU S SURVIVAL OF F IR S T IN STAR
SU R L 2-SU R V IV A L OF SECOND IN STAR
SURLIO-1HSTAHTAHEOUS SURVIVAL OF SECOND INSTAR
S URL I-S U R V IV A L OF TH IRD INSTAR
SU RL30-INSTA N TA NEOU S SURVIVAL OF THIRD 1HSTAK.
SUFMLD S U R V IV A L OF MALES
5U RP0PD -G U RV IV A L OF P R E -O V IP FEMALES
T-T EM F PER DT (A IR I
TO H P^IUH BER I F STARTING PUPAE
TOTEGO-TOTAL EGGS (A IR AND S O IL )
TOT PUP-TO TA L PUPAE (MALE AND FEMALE)
T P O P —TOTAL ADULTS (MALE AND FEMALE)
T P P -T O T A L STORAGE OF PUPAE (MALE AND FEMALE)
COMMON BLOCKS
COMMON/PESTS/ PDAY,PMORTC, A .A P E S T , FREQ , MFREQ
COMMON /WEATHER/DEGDAYS ( 3 0 0 ) .MAXTEMP <3 0 0 ) .M1NTEMP ( 3 0 0 )
TYPE DECLARATIONS FOR MAIN PROGRAM
TYPE
TYPE
TYPE
TYPE
TY PE
TYPE
TYPE
TYPE
TYPE
TYPE

REAL H H O L E F ,IP O P .N F O P .K F F .M A .K P
HEAL M H F ,N F L 3 ,M L 3 ,H M L 3 ,L 3 ,L 2 ,L 1 .H L 3 ,U L 2
REAL M L 1 ,L 1S ,L 1 A .H E G G S S ,N E G G A
REAL N R0LEF1 >N R 0LEF2( SR O L EF3,N R O LE FA , N R0LEF3
REAL NHL, NUMEGG1 .NUHEGG2
REAL NUMEGO3 , NUHEGG5 , NUHEGG4
REAL HUS
INTEGER B IN . PDAY, DDTOT
INTEGER DECDAYS
REAL M AJtTEM P.M lNTDtF,M FREQ

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SUM ZHL*4. 0
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D T - .l
Z l-O T * 2 4 .
0 E L 7 L 3 -1 *
O E L F L 2 * !*
O E L F tl-1 ,
D E L F E A -1 .
D E L P E 3 -1 ,
L -4
•

LOOP TO I N I T I A L I Z E ARRAYS

•

SO I I J - l . K
R L 3 IJ 1 - 0 .0
R L 3 ( J ) -0 .0
RL1 ( J ) —0 « 0
R E ( J 1 - 0 .0
R A M I(J )-0 .0
RAMI t J 1 - 0 . 0
R A H K J 1 - 0 .0
R A M 4 ( J J - 0 .0
R A M S ( J ) - 0 .0
R H P 1 J 1 - 0 .0
R M A ( J l- 0 .0
R P O P (J 1 - 0 . 0
R F P (J ) - 0 .0
R M P ( J ) - 0 .0
R L M 3 (J 1 - 0 , 0
R E A tJ
CONTINUE
0 0 1 1 3 J —1 1 . 3 0
R r P ( J ) - 0 .0
RHP ( J 1 - 0 . 0
CONTINUE

1-0.0

13

113
*

IN PU T

S E C T I O N ...
F IR S T THE WEATHER DATA

33
3500
»
*

DO 33 J - 1 , 3 1 4
R E A D (1» 2 5 0 0 JKAXTEMP1J I .M1HTEMP ( 3 )
CALL DEGDAY(HAXTEMP( J 1 .M1HTEMP U 1, 3 9 . 0 , 1HEAT 1
O EG D A Y SIJ1—IHEAT
CONTINUE
F0R H A T d4X . F 3 .0 .5 X .F 3 .0 1
AND THE RESULTS OP THE PREVIOUS RUN

*

1100

1500

1600

1300

1650
1651
*

W R IT S ( 4 1 . 1 1 0 0 )
FORMAT(* ONION MAGGOT D E N S IT IE S FROM PREVIOUS RUN#*)
CALL 1N PU TE R I1R EA D IH , 2 )
T 0 H P -1 R E A D 1 N I1 )
W R 1 T E I6 1 , 1 5 0 0 )
FORM ATt* IN PU T FURROW P E S T IC ID E — 0 -N O N E , 1 -O Y T O U A TE.•
-•2 -E T H 1 0 N * )
CALL IN P U T E R d R E A O I N .I )
F P E S T -IR E A D lB d )
W R I T E t 0 l .l 6 0 0 >
.
FORMATt* ENTER FO L IA R P E S T IC ID E CODE * / " 0 -W C N E ,*
+ •1 -KALATHION. 2 -P A R A T H IaN , 3-O IA Z 1 N O U * )
CALL IN P U T E R d R E A S lN i2 )
A P E S T -1 R E A 0 1 H U )
1F1 A P E 3 T .L E .0 1 G O TO 1 6 5 1
W R I T E I 6 1 ,1 7 0 0 1
FORMAT!* ENTER FREQUENCY OF APPL1CAT10H<DAY3 ) ♦ * )
CALL IN P U T E R d R E A D IN , 2 1
F R E Q -IR E A D lH d 1
W R I T E I6 ), 1 6 5 0 )
FORMAT( * F IR S T DAY FOR SPRAY A P P L IC A T IO N - *1
CALL IN P U T E R d R E A D IN . 3 )
K S -IR E A D IH U 1
CONTINUE

364

T A BLE GS

•
4

C0B T1B U ED

F IR S T CALCULATIONS
PMORTE-1 . 0
i f ( FPE3 T . c r r . n l P m o r t - . 87
I F I A P E S T .E O .l I H T A E Q - l. 0
I F < A P E 3 T .E Q .2 > H F R E a - 2 .0
H P -F L O A T (T O H P ]* S .0
F P - F L O A T (T O N P I* 5 .0
I r ( A P E 3 T . E C . 3 IHF A E C -3 . a

•
9

96
97
m
•
•

C

OUTER LOOP FOR EACH DAY BEGINS HERE
COOTINUB
p t- a .a
H T1K E*4 *
CALL S S T C M P tS T rM P .L X )
LX -1
1CAY-1DAY+1
DDTOT^OOTQT+OCGDAYS flD U Y )
ir(A P E S T > E Q * a J G O TO 97
I? ( I O A Y .L T .K 5 ) G O TO 97
CALL SPRAY
COHTITOB
INNER LOOP FOR EACH DT BEGINS HERE
DO I I H - l . K
CALL T E H C A L tN A X T E H P U D A Y l.M IS T E H P IlD A Y I.N .T )
H T I H E -r tT IH E + Il
S T - T A B E X E ( S T E H P ,0 .,2 ., l a . H T l H E )
□E L E A «T A B E X (D E G G ,A R G E ,T ,6>
DELES-TAHEX [OEGO, A RCE, S T . 6 1
OELL1 -TA BEX (D L1 , A RGL1, S T , 6 )
D E L L 2 -T A B E X Z (D 1 3 ,5 0 . 0 , 1 0 . 0 , 4 , ST 1
DELM P-TABSX(OPM . A RGPF, S T , 6 )
I P ( S T .L E .4 B .1 C E L H P - 1 0 0 .
D E L L 3 ^ rA B E X E (O L 3 ,S 0 .0 , I B . a , 4 , S T )
0 E L F F « rA B E X (D P F .A R G P P ,S T ,6 )
I F t S T .L E .4 B .> O E L P r-1 0 0 .
d e lp o p - ta b e x e ip o p ,jo .0 , 10. a , 4 ,t i
IF ID E L P O P . L T . 1 . 0 1 DELPOP- 1 a . 0
o e l a f l « t a b e x e ( a f l , s a . a , 1 0 . a , 5 , ti
I F [D E L A fL . L T . 1 . 0 I D E L A F L .I a . ■
DELMLG-TABEXEIKLQ. S a . B , 1 B . B , 4 , T )
irtD E L H L O . L T . l . 01D E L M L G -I0 . B
S U R E (W A -T A iE X (3 E O O ,A A G E S ,T ,7 1
SUREGGS-TABEX ( 3EG G , A RGE3, S T , 7 )
SURL1 -T A B E X ( S L 1 , A R O SL1, S T , 3 )
S U R L J«T A B E X (S L 3,A R G S L 1 , S T , 3 I
S U R L 3 « T A 8 E X (3 L 3 , AROSL1 , S T , 3 )
SUREGAD-AHIH1 (EXP tSUREGOA*DT ) , I . I
S U A F P S * T A B S X (F P S ,A R G P 3 ,S T ,4 )
SURE GOD-AM 1 3 1 (EX P <SUR£OQS*DT ) , 1 . )
PHORTD- 0 , 9 9 7 1 S 3 *PM O R T**8. 0 9 S 4 9
1 F ( F F E S T .E Q .0 1 P H O R T D -1 . 0
PH O R TE D -0.9 9 7 1 S 3 ‘ PHORTE• * 0 . 0 9 S 4 9
S U R L 10-A H 1U ](E X P (S U R L l« D T )* P M O R T D ” ( l . 0 / D E L L 1 ) , 1 . ]
SURLZD-AM1H1 (EXP (S U R L 2 * D T ) ■ P H O R T D " (1 . 0 /E E L L 3 ) , 1 . )
S U A L 3 0 - A H 1 N I ( E X P ( S U R L 3 * D T ) * P H O R T D * * ( l.0 /C E L L 3 ) ,I .1
S U R F P S D -A M IN I(E X F IS U K F P S 'O T ) , 1 . I
1 F ( A P E S T . E d . 0 1 P H O R T E D -1. 0
SURFLD-ADULT MORTALITY
SURFLD-FHORTED
SURMLD-FKORTED
SURPOPD-PHORTED
OEAD1 -O ELL V F ( AM(1 1 , RAH 1 , 3 K 0 L E F 1 . SURFLD. DELAFL, D ELPA FL, DT. K F L I
DEA Da-OELLV F( AH( 2 1 , R A H 2.U R O L S Fa, SU RFLD ,D ELA FL, D E L P A F L ,O T ,K F L I
D EA D3-O ELLVF(A K( 3 ) , RAH3, HEO L E F 3 , SURFLD, DELAFL, DELP A F L , DT, K F L )
DEA D4-0ELLV F ( AH ( 4 ) . RAH4. NROLEF4, SURFLD. DELAFL, DELP A F L , DT, K FL I
D tA D J-O ELL V F(A M ( 5 ) , RAHS. N ROLEF3, SURFLD , DELAFL, DELP A FL , DT, K F L )
DEA DT -OEAD 1 *0 EA D I *0 EAD 3 +0 EAO 4 +0 EAD 3
R O -O E L L V F (IP O P . APOP. H FO P ,S U R P O P D ,D E L P O P ,D E L P P O P ,D T ,K P )
1 PO P-O ELL V 7 ( F P . R F P , 3 T P , S U R F P 9 0 . 3 E L P F , D E L P P F . D T , K F P )
DEA DM-OELLVF (K A, RKA.NML.SURHLD.DELMLG, DELPKLO, D T.X H )
DH-OH +OEADH
DET -O E T 40EADT
H A-O ELLV F( H P , RHP, HMP, SURFPSD , DELKP, D E L P H P ,D T , K F P )
P E -P E + 1 P 0 P + H A
F P 4 E L L V T ( T L 3 , R L 3 , B F L 3 , 5U R L3D , D E L L 3, D E L P L 3 , D T, KL3 I
HP-OELLVF ( H L 3, RLM3, M H L 3.3U R L 3D . 0 E L L 3 . D E L P L J. D T, RL3 )
F L 3 - B .B
L 3 -O E L L V 7 (L I,R L 2 , N L 2 ,3 U R L 2 D , D E L L D E L P L J .D T , K L 2 )
L 2 -O E L L V F (L I, R L 1 , X L ],3 U R L 1 D ,D E L L 1 .D E L P L 1 , D T .K L lI
U 3 -O E L L V F (E G G 33. R E ,H E G C 3 8 , SUREOD D ,DELES, D E L P E S ,D T ,X E A )
L I A -OELLV F ( EGGA, REA, HE CCA, 5URECAD, DELEA, DELPEA, DT, K EA )
L 1 -L 1 S + L 1 A
3LJK JK L3+M FL 3
S U H F P ^ IF P
SUMKML^ftlL
SUHR0-SUHRO4BO

365

TABLE os cotmvuco
A H ta iiJ 1 - 0 * 0
S U M L latfL l
s tm L a -« L 3
SU M L 3-«M L 3+ ^PL 3
SU K K A P-tm P
COMTISflJE
i F <StlKHRO«LE ■0 • 1 >WD* SUMTtQ.LE*0 . 1 ) 0 0 TO 1 9
CALL E C G R A T E U D A Y ,B 1U )
SO 10 L - 1 . 5
A M (E*>-0*0
AHtBIfcM -SUHRO
COHTlBUE
K R O L E F -tfit0 L £ F l* tffta [£ r2 + tfR O L E F 3 + tf1 ia L E F 4 + tf* O £ X F S
S U H tfR O ^R O L E F
TPO F^JPO P+tfM L+tiRO LEF
TPF»«frP*fcM P
D H ^ .0
DET 1*0.0
N U K E C 01«0»0
I F ( S R O L E r1 . C T . 0 • 0 ttfUHZGO1 -N R C L E F 1 * 0 * 7 3
S U K t G O 2 ^ .0
1 F [MROLEF2 . O T . 0 - 0 } HUHEGO2 -M ROLEF2 * 2 . 5
HUHEQ03*4« 0
IF (N R 0 L E F 3 .G T , 0 . 0 IN U H EG G IH tR O LEFI * 4 . 0
num eco 4 ^ 3 .0
1 F (N R O L E F 4 .G T .0 .0 J H U H E G G 4 -H R Q L E F 4 /2 .O
N U M E C G 5-4.0
E o o ^ m iE c a i-iw L m io c :2 n J W E C Q 3 « n :H E O Q 4 + « U M E o a 5
i r t E c o . C T . a . o j E o c s s - B . e s 'E M
1 F ( ECO .G T . a . a >EOGA-EGG-EGGSS
I F ( D D T O T .G T .2 4 0 0 . )E G G S S -« .
if ( d o to t .g t . 2400 ie g g a -o . a
S U H R O -0 .0
SUMLT -S U M H *SUHL2+SUHL3
SUNOH-SUHNPO.MROLEP
T0TPUP-6UHM AP+SUHFP
TOTEGG *4tEGGS5+NEGaA

11

10
19

.
•

OUTPUT SECTIO N

•

9999
666
16

WRITE ( 3 , 9 9 9 9 )ID A Y ,D D T O T ,S U K H P O , HAOLEF,
+SUMLT, SUMOM, TOT ECO, TOT P U P , T P O P , T P F , PE
F O R M A T ( 2 lS ,B F 1 0 .2 ,r i0 .4 )
WRITE ( 3 , 6 6 6 ) ID A Y , DDTOT. N L 1 , H L 2 ,8 1 .3 . NEGGSS, HE OCA,
♦N RO LEF1, NROLEF2 . N ROLEF3. S R 0 L E F 4
F O R H A T ( 2 I J ,9 F 9 .2 )
I F ( I D A Y .E O .2 1 4 ) 0 0 TO 1 6
0 0 TO 9
CONTINUE
STOP
END

FUNCTION D E L L V F ( R IN ,R ,S T R G ,P U l, D E L ,D E L P ,D T .K )
-

TIM E VARYING D IS T R IB U T IO N DELAY WITH A T T R IT IO N .
T H IS FUNCTION RETURNS A LAGGED VARIABLE GIVEN AN IN PU T OF AN
UHLAGGED VARIBLE
THE DELAY ADJUSTS GRADUALLY TO CHANGES IN THE IN PU T SUCH THAT
THE AGGREGATE FLOW SU B JEC T TO DELAY VARY FROM EN TITY TO EN TITY
A TIM E 'VARYING DELAY PARAMETER I S USED
GLOSSARY!
DEL-DEVELOPMENTAL T IK E (DAYS)
DELLVF-CUTPUT OF DELAY (RETURNED TO HAIH PROGRAM)
D ELP-PREV IO U S DEVELOPMENTAL TIM E (D E L )
DTHJELTA T (T IM E INCREMENT)
I -STA GE
K-tiUMBER OF DELAY STAGES
P LR M O R T A L ITY CONSTANT (INSTANTANEOUS SURV IV AL)
R-RATE OUT O F THE I - T H STAGE
R 1N -«A T E INTO THE DELAY
STRG-STORAGE (NUMBER OF E N T IT IE S IN EACH STAGE)
DIM ENSION R ( 1 )
V 1N -A IH
F K -fL O A T (K )
B - l .+ ( D E L - O E L P ) /( F R * O T )
A -F K -D T /O E L
DELF-O EL

00 10 l-l.K

D R H t(l )
R (1 )—0 R + A * (V 1 N -0 R * B )

366

TABLE

OS

C O tm U V E D

V IH -O R
COHT1HUB

la

STKG4.0

DO 1 0 l - l , K
R ( 1 )-R (l]* P L R
S T R Q ^ R O + R d (*D E L /F K
COMTIKUE
D E L L V r-R (K )
RETURU
END

IB

SUBROUTINE DEGDAYIXM AX.XM IU.BASE, ItTEAT)
•
•

-

CALCULATES DEGREE DAY ACCUMULATION FROM A IR TEMP DATA (M AX ,M IN)
FOR EACH DAY

•

•
*
*
•
*
*
•
•

GLOSSARY)
A -S 1H FUNCTION
B A S E -3 9 f (BA SE DEVELOPMENTAL TEMPERATURE)
XMAX-+LAXIHUH TEMPERATURE
XMIH-HIU1MUH TEMPERATURE
XHEATK3ECRSS DAY

DATA T P I E / 6 . 2 9 3 1 8 1 / , H P t E / 1 . 5 7 0 7 9 5 /
ZF (XMAX .G T . BASEJGO TO 1
tH C A T«4
RETURU
• CF MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE GREATER THAN BASE COME HERE
1
Z-XHAX-XM IH
XN-XMAX+XMIM
I F (XHIM *L T . BASE)GO TO 2
X H E A T -X M /2. -BA SE
■ ROUNDOFF ODD U P , EVEN DOWN
10
1HEAT-XHEAT
C H ECK -IHEAT
I r ( XHEAT-CHECK- 0 . 5 ) f l- 6 , 7
*
H A L F -IH E A T /2
I F I H A L F -C H E C K /2 .0 ) 7 . 6 . 3
7
IH EA T-1H EAT+1
3
RETURN
* i r MIN1MUH LESS THAN BASE COME HERE
2
7 B A S E -9 A S E * 2 .0
A - A 5 1 N I(T B A S E -X M )/Z )
X H E A T - ( 2 * C 0 S < A ) - ( T a A S E - X H > * { H F I E - A ) ) /T P lE
• GO ROUND-OFF AND RETURN
GO TO 10
END

SUBROUTINE EG G RATE1D AY .BIN )
•
•
•

-

CALCULATES WHICH FECUNDITY DELAY REPRODUCING ADULTS ARE PLACED IN
NUMBER OF EGGS O V IP O S IT E D I S DETERMINED BY TEMPERATURE EXPOSURE
DURING P R E -O V IP STAGE

•

GLOSSARY)

•
•
•
•
•

aIN -C O O CLASS ( 1 , 2 . 3 , 4 . 5 )
CUHMDD-TOTAL DEGREE SAYS DURING P R E -O V IP DEVELOPMENT
CAY^3AY NUMBER
S*4fUMBER OF DAYS T I L L 1 2 0 DEGREE DAYS
TOTAL-SUM OP AVERAGE DAILY TEMPERATURES FOR
P R E -O V IP PER IO D

INTEGER DAY,DEODAYS, SIN ,C U H D D
REAL HAXTEMP.MINTEMP
COMMON /W EATHER/DEODAYS( 2 0 0 ) , MAXTEMP( 3 0 0 ) , H 1H T EH P( 3 0 0 )
CUHDQ-0
• GO BACK IN TIM E U N T IL 1 2 0 DEGREE DAYS ARE REACHED
DO 1 0 0 N - l , 1 0 0
CUKDD-CUHDD +DEGUAYS( D A Y -N )
I F (CUHDO .C E . 1 1 3 ) 0 0 TO 2 0 0
100
CONTINUE
« NOW N -TH E NUMBER OF DAYS TO FIN D AN AVERAGE TEM P. FOR
200
M-OAY-M
TO TA L-0* 0
S -FL O A T (Ml
SDAYK>AY-1
DO 3 0 0 t^ i.tf D A Y
TOTAL-TOTAL* ( 2 • 0*MAXTEKP( I )+ M IN T E M P (l )+ M lH T E H P { l+ l ) ) / 4 . 0
300
CONTINUE

367

TABLE

0 5 CONTINUED

_ lN - lN T ( 0 .S * T O T A L /S /1 0 .0 ) - 4
i r ( ( B I N .L T . 1 ) .OR* ( B IN
RETURN

.s r .

5 ))B lN -5

end

SUBROUTINE SPRAT
CALCULATES E FFEC TIV EN ESS OF A FOLIAR SPRAY WtfElf A PPLIE D
A P P L IE S A SPRAY WHEN CALLED

GLOSSARYi
A P E S T -F O L IA R P E S T IC ID E (1 -KALATHlOM , 2-PARA TH 10N *
CFDAYHtfUMBCtl OF DAYS BETWEEN SPRAYS
PREQ-rftEQUEHCY OF SPRAY
M l-R Z Q -ftE S lD U A L E FFEC TIV EN ESS OF SPRAY A PP L IE D
P DAY - I NTSRNAL COUNTER
? HORTEM ORTALITY DUE TO SPRAY

3 -O IA Z IN O N )

COMM ON/PESTS/PDAY. PMORTE, A ,A P E S T , FREQ , HFREQ
INTEG ER PDAY*FREO
INTEG ER A PEST
TYPE REAL KFREO
1 3 -A PE ST
A -A + l
I F ( A .£ Q * 1 ) G 0 TO IB
IF<PD A Y *EQ »FREQ }G 0 TO 1 0
POAY-POAY+1
CPOAY-PDAY
P M O R T E -I* 0 0 - 0 . 9 6 *E X P ( { -C F O A Y )* ( 0 . 6 9 3 1 4 ) /H F R E Q )
RETURN
P 0 A Y -0
GO TO 3
END
FUNCTION TAB EXE ( V A lt SMALL* D I F F , K f DUMMY)
TABLE LOOK-UP FUNCTION THAT DOES E X T R A P O L A T IO N 7R 0H A S E T OF DATA
ELEMENTS OF ARGUMENT ARRAY ARE EQUALLY SPACED
GLOSSARYi
D 1F F «0IF F E R E N C E BETWEEN ADJACENT ELEMENTS
QUM -OIFFERENCE BETWEEN OUMHY ARGUMENT AND SMALLEST VALUE (SH A LL )
DUMMY"AAGUHENT VALUE (X VALUE IN PU T)
SMALL>44XN1MUM VALUE OF ARGUMENT ARRAY
TAQEXE-RETURNED VALUE TO MAIN PROGRAM
VAL-ARRAY (VALUE RETURNED AS VAL)
DIMENSION V A L ( 1 )
DUK^UKMY-SHALL
I* * IN 0 (M A X 1 (1 .0 + Q U H /D I F F , 1 * 0 ) « K )
TA B B X E-< V A L(1*1 ) - V A L ( I ) ) * ( D U H - F U A T ( 1 - 1 ) * O tF F ) /D I F F + V A L f I )
RETURN
EMO
FUNCTION ?A B E X (V A L ,A R Q f QUH*K)
TABLE LOOK-UP FUNCTION THAT DOES EXTRAPOLATION WHERE THE VALUES A
UNEQUALLY SPACED
A VALUE ARRAY AND ARGUMENT ARRAY ARE HEEDED
GLOSSARYi
ARG-ARGUMENT ARRAY
OUM-OUKMY UNLESS DUMMY I S TOO LARGE Oft TOO SMALL
TABEX-RETURWED VALUE TO PROGRAM
VAL-AAGUHENT ARRAY
DIMENSION V A L ( 1 ) ,A R G ( 1 }
DO 1 J - 2 . K
lF ( O U M .O f .A R G ( J ) ) G O TO 1
T A B E X -(D U M -M tO C J-l ) ) • (VAL ( J ) -V AL ( J - l ) ) / ( A R C ( J > - A R G ( J - l ) )
♦ + Y A L (J-1 )
RETURN
CONTINUE
T A B E X -(D U M -A R a(K -l ) ) * ( V A L (K ) - V A L ( K - 1 ) ) / ( ARG (K ) - A R G ( K -) ) )
i-fV A L (K -) )
RETURN

368

T A B LE

65

C O N TIN U ED

era
S U B R O U T IN E T E » C A L ( H A X < M l tl ,M ,? )

-

CALCULATES A IR TEMPERATURE POA EACH DT BY F IT T IN G A S IN E CURVE TO
MAX AND MIN TWELVE HOURS APART
GLOSSARY)
MAXftAXlKUM DAILY A IR TEMPERATURE
KIH-K X NIK U H DAILY A IR TEMPERATURE
T “ RETURNED A IR TEMPERATURE PER DT
TIM E-410UR OF THE DAY
TYPE REAL MAX,MIN

A^AX-nm

T IM E -2 . A*FLCAT(M )
S - T IM E + 3 « 1 4 1 6
T«M lE f+A /2 • 0 + ( A / 2 * fl*COS ( S | )
RETURN

era

SUBROUTINE IN FU TE R (1V A L,M }

4

- S P E C IF IC TO CYBER 7 3 0 AHD IT KAMDLES THE IWPUT TORTHE
PROGRAM
- TTN.
H A L -EA SY 1H .
LOO. RUH PROGRAM
TAPE 1 - A I R TEMPERATURE DATA, T A P E S 3 -3 0 1 L TEMPERATURE DATA

■

*
*
*

13

1333

D1M ESBI06I I V A L d )
H -l
COHTIMUE
CALL E A S Y I H ( I V A L .» .J >
1 F (J.E Q .M )R E T U R H
W R 1 T E ( 6 1 ,1 0 0 0 )
FORMAT( *
IM PROPER T Y P E ,
THY AGAIH«>
GOTO 10
EHO
SUBROUTINE S S T E H P (S T E M F ,L X )

*

•
•
•
•

10
103

-

T H IS 3UBROUTIHE CALCULATES AHARRAY OF S O IL TEH PE RATO RE VALUES
FOR EACH DAY I T 1 3 CALLED. REAL S O IL TEMPERATURE VALUES ARE
EHTERED FROM T A P E B 3.
D IKEHSIO H S T E M P I1 3 )
I F ( L X .G T .0 ) GOTO 1 0 0
SCUM-S
DO 1 0 1 - 1 , 1 3
R E A D (R S ,5 3 ) S T E M P ( l)
COHTIHUE
GO TO 30
CQHTtHUE
S T E M P d )-S T E M P (1 3 )
DO TO 1 - 3 , 1 3

READtaa.sei stemp(i )

23
30
SO

COHTIHUE
CO ST1SUE
FORMAT t F T , 0 )
DO GO 1 - 2 , 1 3
I T ( S T E H P ( 1 ) .L E ,4 0 .A N D , STEHP ( 1 - 1 ) . L B . 4 0 ) GOTO 6 0
IF
. L E . 4 0 I GOTO 3 5
1 GOTO 6 6
S C U M * lC U M * (< A B S (S T E H P d ) - S T E M P d - l D /3 + A H 1 S 1 ( S T E M P d ) , STEMP ( 1 - 1 ) )
* -4 0 1 /1 2
GOTO 60
33
D IF ^ T E M P ( I - 1 ) -S T E M P d 1
Y D IF * 3 T E H P d -l 1 -4 0
9 C U M ^ C U M * ( Y D I F /2 1 * ( Y D I F /D I F ) /1 2
GOTO63
66
0 1 F * « T E M P d >- S T E M P d - 1 >
Y D IF * 4 T E M P (I ) - 4 0
SCUM ^CUM * (Y D I F /2 1* ( Y D I F /D I F ) / 1 2
60
COST 1 HUE
W RITE ( 6 , 9 3 9 9 ) SCUM
9 8 9 3 FO RM A T(IX . F I 3 . 4 )
RETURH
EHD

(STEMP(I)
IT (STEMPd-n.LE.43

APPENDIX H

3 69

Appendix H, Table 1. Mean estimates of OM second instar density for
samples of 60 cm of onion row in 1978.

ACC.

DDAY

1 9 6 .7
261 .1
4 3 5 .6
5 1 0 .9
5 8 8 .8
661 .0
684.1
7 4 2 .9
7 9 5 .7
8 5 0 .2
9 5 6 .8
9 9 5 .7
1 0 7 1 .0
1 1 1 3.2
1211 .6
1 2 3 8.3
1 2 8 8 .8
1 3 8 0 .2
1409.1
1 4 7 5 .8
1 5 3 1.3
1641.1
1 6 7 0 .8
1 7 2 0 .8
1 747 .2
1 836 .6

DATE

MEAN

VAR

135
140
152
159
166
171
173
177
180
184
191
194
199
201
207
209
213
220
222
226
229
236
238
241
243
249

1 .0
2 .9
1 1 .8
9 .7
7.1
4 .2
4 .2
2 .0
3.1
2 .5
0 .0
.2
. 2
.5
3 .6
9 .9
7 .5
7.1
7 .0
4 .0
2 .7
1 .6
1 .4
.3
.4
0 .0

1
2
9
9
9
6
2
8
8
5
0

.11
.77
1 .07
.1 2
2 .66
1 .1 8
1 .8 4
.0 0
.9 9
. 39
.0 0
.40
.18
1 .61
1 6 .0 4
5 8 . 32
11 . 8 3
41 .8 6
2 4 .4 4
4 .0 0
2 0.2 2
1 .82
1 .60
.90
.49
0. 00

SE
.33
.53
1 .38
.96
1 .72
1 .27
1.13
.89
.95
.73
0 . 00
.20
.13
.40
1 .27
2.42
1 .09
2.16
1 .56
.63
1 .36
.
.
.
.

43
40
30
22
0. 00

3 70

Appendix H, Table 2. Mean estimates of OM third instar density for
samples of 60 cm of onion row in 1978.

ACC.
1 9 6
261
4 3 5
5 1 0
5 8 8
661

DDAY
.7
.1
.6
.9
.8
.0

684.1
7 42 .9
795. 7
850. 2
9 5 6 .8
9 9 5 .7
1 0 7 1 .0
1 1 1 3 .2
1211 .6
1238 .3
1 2 8 8 .8
1 3 8 0 .2
1409.1
1 4 7 5 .8
1 5 3 1 .3
1641.1
1 6 7 0 .8
1 7 2 0 .8
1 7 4 7 .2
1 8 3 6 .6

DATE

MEAN

135
140
152
159
166
171
173
177
180
184
191

.2
.2
.8
.2
.3
.5
.7
.2
.5
.5
.0
.9
.8
.0
.9
.6
.5
.7
.6
.7
.6
.9
.2
.0
.0
.6

194
199
201
207
209
213
220
222
226
229
236
238
241
243
249

2
1 0
7
1 2
10
9
9
6
1
1
1
1
4
7
9
1 6
1 7
1 0
5
3
3
2
2
1

VAR
.40
.18
6 .8 4
1 0 .40
2 4 .6 8
1 1 0 . 94
73 . 34
52.62
5 6.9 4
4 6 .5 0
6 . 22
4 .3 2
8 .1 8
1 .78
24.32
31 .8 2
1 8.72
121.25
8 8.9 3
8 0 .9 0
1 9.25
1 .43
2 ,4 0
5.56
2.67
4 .9 3

SE
. 20
,13
.83
1 .02
1 .57
3.33
2.71
2 .2 9
2 .3 9
2 . 16
.79
. 66
.90
.42
1 .56
1 .78
1 .37
3 .6 7
2 .9 8
2 .8 4
1 . 32
.38
.49
.75
. 52
.70

371
Appendix H, Table 3. Mean estimates of OM pupal density for samples
of 60 cm of onion row in 1978.

ACC.

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

DDAY

1 9 6 .7
261 .1
4 3 5 .6
5 1 0 .9
5 8 8 .8
661 .0
684.1
7 4 2 .9
7 9 5 .7
8 5 0 .2
9 5 6 .8
9 9 5 .7
0 7 1 .0
1 1 3 .2
2 1 1 .6
2 3 8 .3
2 8 8 .8
3 8 0 .2
409.1
4 7 5 .8
5 3 1 .3
641.1
6 7 0 .8
7 2 0 .8
7 4 7 .2
8 3 6 .6

DATE
135
140
152
1 59
166
1 71
173
177
180
184
191
194
199
201
207
209
213
220
222
226
229
236
238
241
243
249

MEAN
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
8
6
1 3
1 0
1 2
2 2
8
8
4
1
6
1 8
9

.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
.7
.6
.9
.9
.9
.5
.9
.6
. 4
.6
.8
.6
.8
.5

1 2 .6
1 1 .7
2 5 .9
9 .8
15.1
7 .2

VAR

SE
0
0
0
0
0

.0 0
.0 0
. 00
.0 0
.00
.70
.76
.1 4
.2 0
.01
.3 3
.9 6
.42
.81
.6 0
.70
.07
.06
.5 5
.70
.4 4
.29
.3 6
.0 5

0 .0 0
0 .0 0
0 .0 0
0 .0 0
0 . 00
4 .9 3
5 .7 9
4 5 .8 2
4 8 .5 4
9 0 .3 2
1 1 0 .9 9
8 7.61
1 1 6 .9 9
32.71
6 7 .6 0
4 .9 3
11 .51
1 0 .0 3
6 4 .8 4
2 8 .9 4
1 3 0 .4 5
5 2 .4 6
5 5 .6 6
41 .96

1
1
2
1
3
2
2
2

1 5 5 .6 6
37.51

3 .95
1 .94

2
2
3
3
2
3
1
2

3 72

Appendix H, Table 4. Mean estimates of SC third instar density for
samples of 60 cm of onion row in 1978.

ACC.

DDAY

1 9 6 .7
261 .1
4 3 5 .6
5 1 0 .9
5 8 8 .8
661 .0
684.1
7 4 2 .9
7 95 ,7
8 5 0 .2
9 5 6 .8
9 9 5 .7
1071 .0
1 1 1 3.2
1 21 1 .6
1 2 3 8 .3
1 2 8 8 .8
1 3 8 0 .2
1409.1
1 4 7 5 .8
1531 .3
1 64 1 .1
1 6 7 0 .8
1 7 2 0 .8
1747 .2
1836 .6

DATE

MEAN

135
140
152
159
166
171
173
177
180
184
191
194
199
201
207
209
213
220
222
226
229
236
238
241
243
249

.8
1 .0
.3
0 . 0
0 .0
1 .2
1 .7
2.1
2 .3
1 .6
.6
.6
.1
0 .0
.4
2 .6
0 .0
5 .7
5 .8
2 .2
2 .7
1 .7
1 .8
. 3
. 2
.6

SE

VAR
.62
1 .56
. 23
0 .0 0
0 .0 0
3 .07
6.01
8 . 10
11 . 3 4
11 . 8 2
1 .60
.71
.10
0 .0 0
.71
9 .1 6
0 .0 0
4 5 .7 9
1 0 .1 8
4 .4 0
3 .3 4
6.01
3.51
.46
.18
1 .16

0
0

1
1

0

0
2
1

.25
.39
.15
.0 0
.0 0
.55
.78
.90
.07
.09
.40
.27
. 10
.0 0
.27
.96
.0 0
.1 4
.01
.66
.58
.78
.59
.21
.13
. 34

373

Appendix H, Table 5. Mean estimates of SC pupal density for samples
of 60 cm of onion row in 1978.

ACC.

DDAY

196. 7
261 .1
4 3 5 .6
5 1 0 .9
5 8 8 .8
661 .0
684.1
7 4 2 .9
7 9 5 .7
8 5 0 .2
9 5 6 .8
995 .7
1071 .0
1 1 1 3 .2
1211 .6
1 2 3 8 .3
1 2 8 8 .8
1 3 8 0 .2
1409.1
1 4 7 5 .8
1531 . 3
1641.1
1 6 7 0 .8
1 7 2 0 .8
1747 .2
1 8 3 6 .6

DATE

MEAN

135
140
152
159
166
171
173
177
180
184
191
194
199
201
207
209
213
220
222
226
229
236
238
241
243
249

2.1
2 .5
1 .8
.8
.3
1 . 3
. 6
2 .3
1 .6
2 .5
2 .6
4 .0
7 .9
1 .6
.4
.9
.7
.4
.8
1 .0
3 .4
3 .5
5.1
4 .3
2 .2
.6

VAR
5.21
9 . 39
4 .8 4
1 .29
.46
1 .12
.49
2.23
1 .60
2 .7 2
3 .6 0
1 8 .4 4
1 6 . 32
1 .60
.71
2 .77
.46
.49
2 .1 8
2.22
7.38
1 0 .9 4
6.99
32 .6 8
4 .8 4
1 .60

SE

1
1

1
1

.72
.97
.70
.36
. 21
.34
.22
.47
.40
. 52
.60
. 36
.28
.40
.27
. 53
.21
. 22
.47
.47
.86
.05
.84
.81
.70
.40

374

Appendix H, Table 6. Mean estimates of OM second instar density for
samples of 60 cm of onion row in 1979.

ACC.

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

DDAY

3 1 7 .6
344. 1
3 60 .7
4 2 3 .8
4 9 0 .5
5 53 .6
662 . 7
6 9 2 .4
7 60 .6
7 9 0 .8
8 2 6 .7
850.1
9 1 9 .2
9 7 6 .9
0 5 6 .4
0 8 2 .5
1 6 8 .9
2 0 0 .6
2 8 2 .8
314 .7
3 8 1 .4
4 3 9 .4
4 7 8 .2
495.1
585.1
612 .3
6 6 6 .4
700 .3

DATE

M EAN

144
148
1 50
155
159
164
171
173
179
181
184
186
191
194
199
201
206
208
213
215
219
223
227
229
235
237
241
243

.5
.1
.8
.5
.6
.8
.4
.4
.8
.0
.8
.6
.6
.6
.0
.4
.0
.2
.6
.0
.0
.0
.8
.4
.0
.0
.0
.8

1
1
7
1 0
1 0
7
5
2
2
4
5
6
8
1 1
9
11
1 0
8
7
4
2

1
0
2
1

VAR

SE

.94
.99
3 .0 7
2 4 .9 4
3 6 .0 4
9.07
1 0.8 0
1 5.8 0
8 .7 0
1 .50
1 3 .7 0
2 3 .3 0
3 4 .8 0
5 .80
21 . 50
2 5 . 30
2 8 . 50
18.70
2 8.3 0
1 0.0 0
1 6.5 0
4 .0 0
1 .20
. 30
3 .00
0 .0 0
3 . 50
2 . 20

.31
.31
.55
1 . 58
1 .90
.95
1 .47
1 .78
1 . 32
.55
1 .66
2.16
2 .6 4
1 .08
2.07
2 . 25
2 . 39
1 .93
2. 38
1 .41
1 .82
.89
.49
. 24
.77
0 .0 0
.84
.66

375
Appendix H, Table 7. Mean estimates of OM third instar density for
samples of 60 cm of onion row in 1979,

ACC.

DDAY

3 1 7 .6
344.1
3 6 0 .7
4 2 3 .8
4 9 0 .5
553 .6
6 6 2 .7
6 9 2 .4
7 6 0 .6
7 9 0 .8
8 2 6 .7
8 50.1
9 1 9 .2
9 7 6 .9
1 0 5 6 .4
1 0 8 2 .5
1 1 6 8 .9
1 2 0 0 .6
1 2 8 2 .8
1 3 1 4 .7
1 3 8 1 .4
1 4 3 9 .4
1 4 7 8 .2
1495.1
1585.1
1612 .3
1 6 6 6 .4
1700 .3

DATE

MEAN

VAR

SE

144
148
150
1 55
159
164
171
173
179
181
184
186
191
1 94
199
201
206
208
213
215
219
223
227
229
235
237
241
243

0 .0
.1
.7
2 .3
3 .8
6 .9
9 .4
1 0 .4
7 .4
7 .0
6 .8
4 .8
4 .0
1 .4
7 .4
8 .2
9 .2
1 0 .4
1 0 .2
8 .6
6 .2
5 .0
4 .0
2 .2
3 . 2
.2
.8
1 .8

0 .00
.10
1.12
3 .1 2
6 .6 2
2 6.77
1 4.8 0
1 5.3 0
1 2 .3 0
3 3.5 0
5 3.70
1 3 . 20
7 . 50
1 . 30
3 5 .8 0
1 3 .7 0
8 .2 0
2 8 . 30
4 0 .7 0
8 . 30
8 . 20
6 .5 0
7 .5 0
3 .70
2 7 .2 0
. 20
. 70
.70

0 .0 0
.10
.34
.56
.81
1 .64
1 .72
1 .75
1 . 57
2 . 59
3 . 28
1 .62
1 .22
.51
2.68
1 .66
1 . 28
2. 38
2.85
1 . 29
1 .28
1 .14
1 .22
.86
2 . 33
. 20
. 37
.37

376
Appendix H, Table 8, Mean estimates of OM pupal density for samples of
60 cm of onion row in 1979.

ACC.

DDAY

3 1 7 .6
344.1
3 6 0 .7
4 2 3 .8
4 9 0 .5
5 5 3 .6
6 6 2 .7
6 9 2 .4
7 6 0 .6
7 9 0 .8
8 2 6 .7
850.1
9 1 9 .2
9 7 6 .9
1 0 5 6 .4
1 0 8 2 .5
1 1 6 8 .9
1 2 0 0 .6
1 2 8 2 .8
1 3 1 4 .7
1 3 8 1 .4
1 4 3 9 .4
1478 .2
1495.1
1585.1
1612 .3
1 6 6 6 .4
1700.3

DATE
144
148
150
155
159
164
171
173
179
181
184
186
191
194
199
201
206
208
213
215
219
223
227
229
235
237
241
243

MEAN

VAR

0
0
0
0
0
2
3
1
11
6
1 4

0 .0 0
0 .0 0
0 .0 0
0 .0 0
0 .0 0
4.71
4 .8 0
1 .70
9 . 30
0 . 30
5 .0 0
8 .3 0
3 .2 0
7 .7 0
0 .8 0
2 . 20
1 .8 0
7 . 50
7 . 30
9 .2 0
3 .8 0
6 . 30
0.5 0
1 .3 0
5.70
7.5 0
3.5 0
7 . 20

1
2
3
3
1
2
1

.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.6
.6
.2
.4
.4
.0

8 .6
8. 2
6 .8
3 .4
4 .2
4 .4
4 .0
9 .6
4 .8
1 6 .6
1 4 .4
1 5 .0
1 0 .4
1 7 .2
21 . 0
8 .0
4 .8

1

3
2
2
2

1
8
6
5
7
9
1
8
7
2
1

9
1
7
1 1
5
7
3

SE
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
4
3

.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.69
.72
.58
.96
.01
.61

8 .4 7
7 .39
4 .4 2
6 .4 9
4 .0 5
7 .3 7
2 . 35
1 .86
1 . 36
4 . 33
1 .81
3.76
4 . 72
3 . 34
3 .94
2 .5 9
1 .20

377

Appendix H, Table 9. Mean estimates of OM pupae parasitized by A.
bilineata from samples of 60 cm of onion row in 1979.

ACC.

DDAY

3 1 7 .6
344.1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

360. 7
423. B
4 9 0 .5
5 5 3 .6
6 6 2 .7
692 .4
7 6 0 .6
7 9 0 .8
826. 7
850.1
9 1 9 .2
9 7 6 .9
0 5 6 .4
0 8 2 .5
1 6 8 .9
2 0 0 .6
2 8 2 .8
314 .7
3 8 1 .4
4 3 9 .4
4 7 8 .2
495.1
585.1

1 61 2 .3
1 6 6 6 .4
1700 .3

DATE
144
148
150
155
159
164
171
173
179
181
184
186
191
194
199
201
206
208
213
215
219
223
227
229
235
237
241
243

MEAN
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1

2
3
1

.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.4
. 6
.0
.4
.2
.2
.4
.4
.6
.0
.6
.8
.8
.8
.2
.2
.4
.8

VAR
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
3

.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
. 00
.0 0
.0 0
. 20
.80
.80
.50
.30
. 70
.70
.80
.30
.80
.00
. 30
.20
.70
.20
.70
.2 0
.80
.70

SE
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.0 0
.20
.40
.40
.32
.51
.58
.37
.60
.51
.40
.45
.81
.49
.37
.49
. 58
.80
.40
.37

378

Appendix H, Table 10. Mean estimates of SC third instar density for
samples of 60 cm of onion row in 1979.

ACC.

DDAY

2 7 0 .3
311 .5
3 1 7 .6
344.1
3 6 0 .7
4 2 3 .8
4 9 0 .5
5 5 3 .6
6 62 .7
692 .4
7 60 .6
7 9 0 .8
8 2 6 .7
850.1
9 1 9 .2
9 7 6 .9
1 0 5 6 .4
1 0 8 2 .5
1 1 6 8 .9
’ 1 2 0 0 .6
1 2 8 2 .8
1 3 1 4 .7
1 3 8 1 .4
1 4 3 9 .4
1
1
1
1
1
1

4
4
5
6
6
7

7 8 .2
95.1
85.1
12 .3
6 6 .4
0 0 .3

DATE
138
143
144
148
150
155
159
164
171
173
179
181
184
186
191
194
199
201
206
208
213
215
219
223
227
229
235
237
241
243

MEAN
4
5
5
3
1

2
3
2
4
4
3
1
1
2
1
1
2

2
2
1
1
0
0

.6
.7
.4
.1
.5
.2
.7
.4
.4
.0
.6
.0
.2
.0
.2
.4
.2
.0
.6
.4
.6
.4
.6
.0
.4
.4
.4
.0
.0
.4

VAR
12
1 0
13
1 6
3

.71
.4 6
. 38
.1 0
.61
.18
1 .12
.49
4 .3 0
1 0 .0 0
5 .8 0
1 7 . 50
7.20
4 .0 0
1 .70
.30
1 .70
8 .5 0
4 . 30
1 .30
7 .3 0
. 30
.80
5 .5 0
4 . 30
6 .8 0
1 .30
0 .0 0
0 .0 0
. 30

SE
1
1
1
1

.13
.02
.16
.27
.60
.13
.34
.22
.93
1 .41
1 .08
1 .87
1 .20
.89
.58
. 24
.58
1 . 30
.93
. 51
1 .21
.24
.40
1 .05
.93
1 .17
.51
0 .0 0
0 .0 0
. 24

379

Appendix H, Table 11. Mean estimates of SC pupal density for samples
of 60 cm of onion row in 1979.

ACC.

DDAY

270. 3
311 .5
3 1 7 .6
344.1
3 6 0 .7
4 2 3 .8
4 9 0 .5
5 5 3 .6
6 6 2 .7
6 9 2 .4
7 6 0 .6
7 9 0 .8
8 2 6 .7
850.1
9 1 9 .2
9 7 6 .9
1 0 5 6 .4
1082 .5
1 1 6 8 .9
1200 .6
1 2 8 2 .8
1314 .7
1 3 8 1 .4
1 4 3 9 .4
1 4 7 8 .2
1495.1
1585.1
1612 .3
1 6 6 6 .4
1700 .3

DATE
138
143
144
148
150
155
159
164
171
173
179
181
184
186
191
194
199
201
206
208
213
215
219
223
227
229
235
237
241
243

MEAN
3
7
6
5
5
2
1

1
2
1
1
2
1
4
4
2
3
2
3
1
1
1
1
3
3
3

.0
.0
.1
.0
.6
.4
.7
. 6
.4
.0
.2
. 2
.4
.8
.6
.4
.8
.2
.6
.8
.8
.4
.8
.0
.2
.2
.8
.6
.4
.6

SE

VAR
1
4
1
2

1.11
3.3 3
8.99
8.89

4 0
6
4
1

.4 9
.2 7
.01
.16
.80
2.00
6 .2 0
1 .70
4 .3 0
1 5 .2 0
1 .30
13.30
3.70
1 .70
7 .3 0
7 .7 0
1 5 .7 0
1 .30
1 .70
.50
.20
1 .70
3.20
7.30
5 .3 0
11 . 3 0

1
2
1
1

.05
.0 8
.38
.70

2.01
.79
.63
.34
.40
.63
1 .11
.58
.93
1 .74
. 51
1 .63
.86
.58
1 . 21
1 . 24
1 .77
.51
. 58
. 32
. 20
.58
.80
1 . 21
1 .03
1 . 50