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University
M taorilm s

International
300 N. Zoob Road
Ann Arbor, MM01O6

8303801

Holder, Bobby Joe

AGRICULTURAL UTILIZATION OF A MYCELIA FILTER CAKE

Michigan Siaie University

University
Microfilms
International

Ph.D.

300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106

1982

AGRICULTURAL UTILIZATION OF A MYCELIA FILTER CAKE
By

Bobby Joe Holder

A THESIS
Submitted t o
Michigan S t a t e U n iv e r s it y
In p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of th e requirem ents
f o r th e degree o f
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Department of Crop and S o i l S c ie n c e s
1982

ABSTRACT
AGRICULTURAL UTILIZATION OF A MYCELIA FILTER CAKE
BY
BOBBY JOE HOLDER

A study

was c o n d u c t e d a t

t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l e x p e r i m e n t f a r m of

Upjohn P h a r m a c e u t i c a l C o . , Kalamazoo, M i c h i g a n t o e v a l u a t e a g r i c u l t u r a l
lan d

ap p licatio n

production.

of

m y celia

filte r

cake d e riv e d

Li n c o m y c i n m y c e l i a f i l t e r * c a k e was a p p l i e d

from lin c o m y c in
to

a Kalam azoo

s a n d y loam s o i l ( f i n e - l o a m y , m i x e d , m e s i c T y p i c H a p l u d a l f ) i n t h e s p r i n g
o f 1980 and 1981 a t r a t e s o f 0 , 7 . 5 , 1 6 . 0 a n d 3 0 . 5 d r y m e t r i c

to n s/h a.

T h e l i n c o m y c i n f i l t e r c a k e p r o v e d t o x i c t o c o r n i n 1980 s o w i n t e r whe at
was p l a n t e d t o h a l f o f t h e f i e l d
change in

the

to

check r e s id u a l

lincom ycin p ro d u ctio n

process

toxic

effects.

a n d a p e r i o d o f 34 d a y s

b e t w e e n a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e f i l t e r ca k e and p l a n t i n g o f c o r n r e s u l t e d
no t o x i c

effects

t o c o r n i n 198 1.

and 4 1.7

h l/h a

I n 1981 t h e y i e l d

fo r 0,

f i l t e r cake, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
h l/h a

of wheat

c o r n g r a i n a n d c o r n l e a f t i s s u e , a l l f r o m t h e 1981 c r o p s , showed

no u p t a k e o f l i n c o m y c i n .
3 1.2,

in

The w i n t e r w h e a t showed no r e s i d u a l

t o x i c i t y fr o m t h e 1980 a p p l i c a t i o n o f l i n c o m y c i n a n d s a m p l e s
g rain ,

A

for

the

same r a t e s

o f w h e a t was 1 5 . 8 ,

7 . 5 , 1 6 . 0 , and 3 0 . 5 d r y m e t r i c t o n s / h a o f
The c o r n y i e l d s

respectively.

were 49,

67, 84,

a n d 90

The y i e l d s f o r t h e h i g h r a t e s

compared w e l l w i t h c o m m e r c i a l l y f e r t i l i z e d f i e l d s
s im ila r s o il types.

26.5,

o f c o r n a n d w h e a t on

Bobby Joe Holder

Data

from s u c t i o n

cup l y s l m e t e r s

a n d f r o m s o i l s a m p l e s showed

t h a t NO3 and s o l u b l e - s a l t e w ere moving downward t h r o u g h t h e B o i l p r o f i l e
and

th a t

the

co n v ersio n

from

NH 4

to

NO3 w as s l o w e d down by t h e

lincom ycin w astes.
The

resu lts

from t h i s

experim ent in d ic a te

t h a t a p p l i c a t i o n of

l i n c o m y c i n m y c e l i a f i l t e r c a k e on a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d a t t h e r a t e
dry m e tric to n s /h a
of groundw ater.
is

degraded

16.0

i s e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s a f e w i t h r e g a r d t o NO3 p o l l u t i o n

When a d d e d t o t h e s o i l ,

by s o i l

organism s

t h i s a n t i b i o t i c w aste m a t e r i a l

into useful n u trie n ts .

a r e r e a d i l y u t i l i z e d by c r o p s a n d
i n t o the p la n t.

of

th e

an tib io tic

is

These n u t r i e n t s
not

tran slo cated

DEDICATION
t o A1 and S m i l a c i n a

ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would

l i k e to acknowledge my a p p r e c ia t io n to Dr. Boyd E l l i s , ray

major p r o f e s s o r , f o r h i s c o n s ta n t support through my PhD. program .

H is

e x p e r t i s e i n s o i l ch em istry i s w e l l acknowledged but i s f a r overshadowed
by h i s e a s y - g o i n g manner and h i s w i l l i n g n e s s t o h e l p i n any manner
p o s s i b l e , w h e th e r academ ic or o t h e r .

S o i l chem istry i s but one of the

many t h in g s X have le a r n e d from Dr. E l l i s through c o u n c e lin g and through
p e r so n a l o b s e r v a t io n .
I would

a lso lik e

t o th a n k my g u i d a n c e c o m m it t e e , Dr. Bernard

K n ezek , D r. John S h i c k l u n a ,

and Dr. M a r tin H e t h e r i n g t o n f o r

c o n s ta n t support throughout my PhD. program.
Ms. T e r e s a H u g h es, b o t h f o r h e r h e l p i n

th e ir

I am a l s o very g r e a t f u l to

th e l a b o r a t o r y and f o r h er

fr ie n d ly ear.
To th e Upjohn

P h a r m a r e u t ic a l Co. I would e x p r e s s my a p p r e c ia t io n

because w ith ou t t h e i r support t h i s t h e s i s would not have been p o s s i b l e .
A lso ,

I would l i k e to e x p r e s s my g r a d itu d e to Walt Z in t e r , Ron Sommers,

and Wes Flower, a l l from t h e Upjohn C o . ,

for th e ir w illin g

and a b l e

a d v is e and help i n th e c o m p letio n o f t h i s s tu d y .
I

r e s e r v e my d e e p e s t t h a n k s t o Puky and our b a b i e s M e l a n i e ,

Bobby, and Mandy f o r t h e i r c o n s ta n t and f a i t h f u l su p p o rt.

I w ould l i k e

t o thank my w if e Suzi f o r th e many tim es she has had to “b i t her tongue"
throughout my years o f graduate s c h o o l .

iii

I

w ould

also

lik e

to

thank John f o r h is

thoughout the w r i t i n g of t h i s t h e s i s ,
faith .

iv

advise

and P o rk ey f o r h i s

and s u p p o r t
never ending

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF T A B LE S ...................................................................................................................v i
INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................

1

LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................................3
MATERIALS AND METHODS..................................................................................................... 11
F ie ld Studies

• • • ...................................................... • • * • > > ■ 1 1

L a b o r a t o r y M e t h o d s ................................................................................................ 14
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................. 15
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................31
LIST OF REFERENCES..........................................................................................................33
APPENDIX..................................................................................................................................39

v

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE

Page

1.

R a t e s o f a p p l i c a t i o n o f m y c e l i a f i l t e r ca ke i n 1980 . . .

12

2.

A n a l y s i s t h a t were p e r f o r m e d on s o i l s a m p l e s .....................................13

3.

E f f e c t o f l i n c o m y c i n m y c e l i a f i l t e r ca ke on g r o w t h
and y i e l d o f c o r n i n 1980 ....................................................................

15

4.

Y i e l d o f w h e a t fr om r e s i d u a l m y c e l i a f i l t e r c a k e ............................17

5.

Y i e l d o f c o r n a s a f f e c t e d by r a t e o f m y c e l i a f i l t e r
c a k e a p p l i e d i n 1 9 8 1 ......................................................................................... 17

.

T o t a l n i t r o g e n i n e a r l e a f o f c o r n a s a f f e c t e d by
a p p l i c a t i o n o f m y c e l i a f i l t e r c a k e ....................................................... 18

6

7.

8

.

9.

N u t r i e n t c o n t e n t o f c o r n e a r l e a f a s a f f e c t e d by
m y c e l i a f i l t e r ca k e a p p l i c a t i o n ......................................................

19

N i t r a t e c o n t e n t o f s o i l a s a f f e c t e d by t h e a p p l i c a t i o n
o f l i n c o m y c i n m y c e l i a f i l t e r ca ke i n 1980 ..............................

20

Ammonium c o n t e n t o f s o i l a s a f f e c t e d by t h e a p p l i c a t i o n
o f l i n c o m y c i n m y c e l i a f i l t e r c a k e i n 1980 ..............................

21

10.

N i t r a t e c o n t e n t o f s o i l a s a f f e c t e d by t h e a p p l i c a t i o n
o f l i n c o m y c i n m y c e l i a f i l t e r c a k e i n 1981 .
..........................22

11.

Ammonium c o n t e n t o f s o i l a s a f f e c t e d by t h e a p p l i c a t i o n
o f l i n c o m y c i n m y c e l i a f i l t e r c a k e i n 1 9 8 1 ................................... 23

12.

N i t r a t e a nd s o l u b l e s a l t c o n t e n t o f s o i l w a t e r
e x t r a c t e d by s u c t i o n l y s l m e t e r s i n 1980 ...................................

27

13.

N i t r a t e a nd s o l u b l e s a l t c o n t e n t o f s o i l w a t e r
e x t r a c t e d by s u c t i o n l y s l m e t e r s i n 1 9 8 1 ........................................ 27

14.

S p e c i f i c c o n d u c t a n c e o f s o i l a s a f f e c t e d by t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f l i n c o m y c i n m y c e l i a f i l t e r c a k e i n 198 0. . . .

29

S p e c i f i c c o n d u c t a n c e o f s o i l a s a f f e c t e d by t h e a p p l i ­
c a t i o n o f l i n c o m y c i n m y c e l i a f i l t e r ca k e i n 198 1. . . .

30

15.

vi

INTRODUCTION

Many i n v e s t i g a t o r s h a v e s u g g e s t e d

th at

l a n d a p p l i c a t i o n may be a

s a t i s f a c t o r y u l t i m a t e d i s p o s a l metho d f o r a n t i b i o t i c w a s t e s .
has

it

been found

t h a t many o f t h e s e w a s t e s c o n t a i n v a l u a b l e n u t r i e n t s

wh ich c o u l d be u s e d by a g r l c u t u r a l
allev iates

many p r o b l e m s

crops,

but land

ap p licatio n

also

e n c o u n t e r e d by a t t e m p t s t o d i s p o s e of th e s e

wastes in s a n i t a r y l a n d - f i l l s ,
dum ping.

N ot o n l y

o r by i n c i n e r a t i o n ,

com posting or ocean

O t h e r b e n e f i t s i n c l u d e d e f r a y e d f e r t i l i z e r c o s t s , and u s e o f

m y c e l i a a s a good s o i l amendment.
Of g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e i n
wastes to a g r i c u l t u r a l
maximum c r o p

co n sid erin g

land i s

the

a p p l i c a t i o n of a n t i b i o t i c

a managem ent syBtem w h ich w i l l a l l o w

p ro d u ctio n w ithout

d e g r a d i n g t h e e n v i r o n m e n t and a t t h e

same t i m e a p p l y i n g t h e maximum p o s s i b l e am ounts o f t h e s e w a s t e s .
The m a j o r c o n c e r n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e u s e o f a n t i b i o t i c w a s t e s on
ag ric u ltu ra l

l a n d a r e NO3 p o l l u t i o n o f t h e g r o u n d w a t e r , i n h i b i t e d c r o p

g r o w t h due t o t h e b u i l d - u p o f s o l u b l e - s a l t s , a n d a d d i t i o n o f some t o x i c
m a te r ia l to th e s o i l .
Thus, th e m ajor o b j e c t i v e
management s y ste m

to u t i l i z e

of

th is

m ycelia

e x p e r i m e n t was t o
filte r

cake

w aste

develop a
from

th e

lincom ycin p ro d u c tio n p ro cess in i n c r e a s i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l p ro d u c tio n .
Specific objectives w ere

to :

1) e v a l u a t e

land

ap p licatio n

of

l i n c o m y c i n m y c e l i a f i l t e r c a k e on a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d and t o d e t e r m i n e t h e
optimum a p p l i c a t i o n r a t e s t o o b t a i n s a t i s f a c t o r y y i e l d s o f c o r n and

2

w in te r wheat;
If

it

is

2

) d e t e r m i n e I f l i n c o m y c i n I s a b s o r b e d by c o r n o r w h e a t a n d

decom posed

in

the

so il;

and

3)

determ ine

t h e maximum

a p p l i c a t i o n r a t e o f f i l t e r ca k e t h a t may be made w i t h o u t l e a c h i n g NO3 .

LITERATURE REVIEW

One o f t h e many c h a l l e n g e s
u ses f o r th e enormous q u a n t i t i e s
g en erated

f a c in g a g r i c u l t u r a l i s t s i s to develop
of m u n i c ip a l and i n d u s t r i a l

by man (De Roo, 1 9 7 5 ) .

t o t h e s o i l where p l a n t
p ro p erties

w astes

Many o f t h e s e w a s t e s c a n be r e t u r n e d

n u trien ts

may be r e c y c l e d

and s o i l

p hysical

i m p r o v e d i n s t e a d o f d i s p o s i n g o f them i n dumps and l a n d f i l l s

o r by i n c i n e r a t i o n .
Land a p p l i c a t i o n h a s become a n a t t r a c t i v e u l t i m a t e d i s p o s a l method
f o r sewage s l u d g e a n d c e r t a i n t y p e s o f o r g a n i c w a s t e s .
good r e a s o n s

to

use

the

There are

very

s o i l - p l a n t system f o r o rg a n ic waste d is p o s a l:

a ) human p a t h o g e n i c a g e n t s p r e s e n t i n t h e w a s t e m a t e r i a l s do n o t r e a d i l y
s u r v i v e i n t h e h o s t i l e s o i l e n v i r o n m e n t ; b) s o i l s c a n d e t o x i f y h a z a r d o u s
organics

by a d s o r p t i o n

n u trien ts

present

follow ed

by m i c r o b i a l

decom position;

c)

th e

I n t h e w a s t e m a t e r i a l s a r e r e c y c l e d t o c r o p s ; and d)

th e s o i l m ic ro b ia l p o p u la tio n has th e a b i l i t y to r a p i d l y degrade o rg a n ic
m aterials

to

u n o ffen siv e p ro d u cts

i n t e r m e d i a t e s of d e g r a d a t i o n .
is

far

and to

sy n th esize

hu mu s f r o m t h e

A lso, land a p p lic a tio n of o r g a n ic w a s te s

c h e a p e r t h a n a l t e r n a t i v e t r e a t m e n t m e th o d s ( N e l s o n and Sommers,

1979).
The p e r i o d I n w h i c h t h e m a j o r i t y o f a n t i b i o t i c s w er e d i s c o v e r e d
was f r o m 1945 t o 1960 ( B e w i c k , 1 9 7 7 ) .
of

th e i n i t i a l

in v e stig atio n s

During t h i s

p erio d

of tim e most

on t h e e f f e c t s o f a n t i b i o t i c s i n s o i l s ,

u p t a k e o f a n t i b i o t i c s by p l a n t s , a n d t h e e f f e c t s o f a n t i b i o t i c s on p l a n t

3

4

p a t h o l o g y w ere c a r r i e d o u t .
of

resources

T h e r e was l i t t l e

and th e p o s s i b l e

w a s t e s , and t h e r e f o r e ,

p o llu tio n

effects

the w aste m a t e r i a l s

m a t e r i a l t o be d i s c a r d e d .

e m p h a s i s on t h e r e c y c l i n g
of the ferm entation

w ere s im p ly r e g a r d e d as

a

Towards t h e end o f t h i s p e r i o d p h a r m a c e u t i c a l

companies b e g a n t o l o o k a t t h e f i e l d

of anim al f e e d s t u f f s

a n d some

c o m p a n ie s beg an t o m a r k e t t h e f e r m e n t a t i o n w a s t e a s an a n i m a l f e e d , w i t h
a d d itio n a l b e n e fits th a t the r e s i d u a l a n t i b i o t i c s
in creased
vitam in

appetite,

In th e l a t e

tow ard f e e d s t u f f

l o n g e r be s o l d a s f e e d s t u f f .
and i t

th e p ric e

of

closer exam ination has

th e re

was

a

change

in

a n d f e r m e n t a t i o n w a s t e c o u l d no

More c o n c e r n was shown f o r t h e e n v i r o n m e n t
f o r t h e p h a r m a c e u t i c a l co m p an ie s t o dump

t h e i r w a s t e s . Alon g w i t h t h i s ,
in

1960’s

ad d itiv es

became more d i f f i c u l t

in crease

grow th,

i n c r e a s e d e f f i c i e n c y o f f o o d c o n v e r s i o n and r e d u c e d

req u irem en ts.

attitu d es

stim ulated

in

the

early

raw m a t e r i a l s ,

had to

1 9 7 0 's

there

in clu d in g

be made o f t h e

was a g r e a t

fertilizers,

lim its

and

of our n a tu r a l

resources.
The a p p l i c a t i o n o f
ag ricu ltu ral
because

of

so ils
the

is

In d u strial

today

w astes

receiv in g

and

greater

sew age

slu d g es

and g r e a t e r

on

em phasis

i n c r e a s i n g e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r maximum c r o p y i e l d s

an d c o s t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e a l t e r n a t i v e d i s p o s a l m e t h o d s .
The am o un ts o f t h e s e w a s t e s b e i n g p r o d u c e d h a s I n c r e a s e d e a c h y e a r
a s o u r s o c i e t y became more t e c h n o l o g i c a l l y o r i e n t e d
for

and as

the

demand

c u r r e n t a n t i b i o t i c s i n c r e a s e d and new a n t i b i o t i c s w er e b r o u g h t i n t o

production.

A lso, the in c re a se d c o s ts o f N f e r t i l i z e r s

econom ic i n c e n t i v e s

for

have p ro v id e d

t h e u s e o f i n d u s t r i a l and m u n i c i p a l w a s t e s on

a g r ic u ltu r a l land.
These w astes c o n t a i n

co n sid erab le

N, a s w e l l a s o t h e r n u t r i e n t s

5

w hich a r e

v alu ab le

(Sommers e t

a l.,

to

the

ag ricu ltu ral

in d u stry .

Recent

rep o rts

1 9 7 9 ; N e l s o n and Sommers, 1979; De Roo, 1975; W r i g h t ,

1975 a n d 1978) h av e i n d i c a t e d a c t i v e r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m s ai me d d i r e c t l y a t
t h e u s e of c e r t a i n i n d u s t r i a l w a s te s such as m y c e lia f o r a g r i c u l t u r e .
Many s t u d i e s h a v e

shown

th at

pure

an tib io tics

r u m i n a n t s , t u r k e y s and c h i c k s s t i m u l a t e g r o w t h ( B e w i c k ,
lev els

range

fed

to

1977).

b e t w e e n 2 a n d 5 0 ppm o f t h e a n t i b i o t i c s .

sw ine,
O pti m um

The s t i m u l a t e d

g r o w t h , i n c r e a s e d a p p e t i t e , and i n c r e a s e d e f f i c i e n c y o f f o o d c o n v e r s i o n
a p p e a r e d t o be due t o t h e a c t i o n o f t h e a n t i b i o t i c s on t h e m i c r o f l o r a o f
t h e a n i m a l s a s g e r m - f r e e a n i m a l s showed no s u c h r e s p o n s e ( B e w i c k ,
H u n g at e e t a l . , 1955; K l o p f e n s t e i n e t a l . ,
A n tib i o tic s such a s

1964).

ch lo rtetracy clin e

and o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e

r o u t i n e l y f e d t o l i v e s t o c k and p o u l t r y t o i n c r e a s e w e i g h t g a i n
efficien cy

a n d t o m a i n t a i n an im al h e a l t h (Addis e t a l . ,

a l . , 1975; G i l l i a m a nd M a r t i n ,
b e e n sho wn t o

1975).

and f e e d

197 6, Brown e t

be e x c r e t e d i n s i g n i f i c a n t q u a n t i t i e s i n f e c e s an d u r i n e

1 9 7 7 ; Webb and F o n t e n o t ,

et a l.,

are

A n t i b i o t i c s I n g e s t e d i n f e e d have

(Elmond e t a l . , 1971; M o r r i s o n e t a l . ,
a l.,

1977;

1969;

T ietjen ,

1 9 7 5 ; Warman e t

1975). M orrison e t a l . ,

( 1 9 6 9 ) and Elmond

( 1 9 7 1 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t 75% o f t h e a n t i b i o t i c c h l o r t e t r a c y c l i n e f e d

t o c a t t l e was r e c o v e r e d fr om manure a nd t h a t t h e e x c r e t e d a n t i b i o t i c had
a h a l f - l i f e of l e s s th a n
Two t y p e s o f

20

o rg an ic

days.
w astes

are

b y -p ro d u cts

of

a n tib io tic

p r o d u c t i o n ( N e l s o n a n d Sommers, 1 9 7 9 ) :
1

)

m ycelia
of

mat ( m i c r o b i a l c e l l s

so lid s

from

th e

b ro th

and f i l t e r a i d ) f r o m f i l t r a t e s
used

as

a

g row th

m edia

for

a n tib io tic - p r o d u c in g organism s.
2

)

the sludge

from a e r o b ic

d ig estio n

( a c t i v a t e d tre a tm e n t) of

6

the ferm en tatio n b ro th a f t e r s e p a ra tio n of the product.
T h i s i s shown d i a g r a m a t i c a l l y a s f o l l o w s :
F e r m e n t e r -----

by p r o d u c t
| recovery

m ycelial
slurry

vacuum
filter

broth

an tib io tic

;> MYOF.TiTA

— clarifier
tank

SLUDGE

effluent

DISCHARGE

advanced
treatm ent
Barker e t a l .

( 1 9 5 8 ) exam ine d t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f s p e e d i n g up t h e

breakdown o f a n t i b i o t i c w a s t e s u s i n g c o m p r e s s e d a i r i n a sewage t a n k and
achieved

80-90% r e d u c t i o n

I n B.O .D .

A eratio n of

ox yg en was a l s o f o u n d t o p r o d u c e 90% r e d u c t i o n i n
a l.,

1975).

H ilg art

(1950),

Hurwitz e t a l .

w aste

B.O .D .

(Lederman e t

( 1 9 5 2 ) , Cushman and Hayes

( 1 9 5 6 ) , a nd Tompkins ( 1 9 5 7 ) d e v e l o p e d e f f e c t i v e
a n tib io tic

la g o o n s w ith pure

m ethods

for

trea tin g

p r o d u c e d by t h e Upjohn Company, M i c h i g a n , U . S . A . , and

B . O . D . , r e d u c t i o n o f 97% was a c h i e v e d .

Several oth er

p h arm aceu tical

c o m p a n i e s a l s o h av e b i o l o g i c a l t r e a t m e n t p l a n t s t o r e d u c e t h e B.O.D. o f
f e r m e n t a t i o n w astes (Reimers e t a l .
1954; Howe and P a r a d i s i o ,

(1954);

Edmondson,

b o th m u n i c ip a l and i n d u s t r i a l ,

has reached p ro d ig io u s q u a n t i t i e s i n r e c e n t y e a r s .
d isp o sal

such

as

b u rn in g ,

b u rial,

d i s c h a r g i n g have b e e n b a n n e d o r s e v e r e l y
accep tab le

m ethods

L io n tas,

1956; Horne and R i n a c a , 1 9 6 0 ) .

The p r o d u c t i o n o f o r g a n i c w a s t e s ,

of

1954;

Many p a s t p r a c t i c e s

o c e a n dum ping,
re stric ted .

and s tr e a m

Even t h e more

o f d i s p o s a l , s u c h a s i n c i n e r a t i o n and l a n d f i l l ,

are

u n d e r a t t a c k b e c a u s e o f t h e i m p a c t on t h e e n v i r o n m e n t .
These

d isp o sal

problem s, along w ith th e concept

m a t e r i a l s a r e v a l u a b l e as s o u r c e s of p l a n t n u t r i e n t s o r

t h a t many o f t h e
as s o i l

7

co n d itio n ers,

have

resu lted

in

an i n c r e a s e

in

land a p p lic a tio n s

of

o r g a n i c wastes*
S e v e r a l s t u d i e s h a v e c o n c l u d e d t h a t m o d e r a t e a p p l i c a t i o n o f sewage
s l u d g e s and o t h e r w a s t e s c a n i n c r e a s e
a l.,

1975;

D olar e t

1972; Sabey e t a l . ,

a l.,

1975).

1972;

crop p ro d u c tio n

H inesly e t a l . ,

(C unningham e t

1972; King a n d M o r r i s ,

Most o f t h e s e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s

have

related

i n c r e a s e d y i e l d s to i n c r e a s e d l e v e l s o f N from th e o r g a n i c w a s te s .
In term s o f

the

b eh av io r of a n t i b i o t i c s

in

so ils,

they

c a n be

c l a s s i f i e d in to th re e groups.
1)

B asic

a n tib io tic s

(i.e .

strep to m y cin ,

n eom ycin

e r y t h r o m y c i n ) a r e a d s o r b e d r a p i d l y by c l a y p a r t i c l e s

and

and o r g a n i c

m atter.
2)

A cidic a n t i b i o t i c s ,

s u c h a s p e n i c i l l i n and c h l o r a m p h e n i c a l ,

a l t h o u g h n o t a d s o r b e d , a r e I n a c t i v a t e d r a p i d l y by m i c r o - o r g a n i s m s
in the s o i l .
3)

A m p h o teric a n t ib io t ic s

(i.e .

aureom ycin,

terram y cin

and

b a c i t r a c i n ) c a n a c t e i t h e r a s a c i d s o r b a s e s , b u t a s t h e pH o f t h e
s o i l i s u s u a l l y bel ow t h e i s o e l e c t r i c p o i n t o f t h e a n t i b i o t i c t h e y
b e h a v e a s b a s e s and a r e a d s o r b e d o n t o c l a y m i n e r a l s .
T he a d s o r p t i o n

of

a n tib io tics

by s o i l

h a s b e e n shown by many w o r k e r s

(Waksman an d W o o d r u f f , 1942; F ra m e r a n d S t a r k e y , 1 9 5 1 ;
1952;

H essayon,

(1951), G o ttlie b ,

G regory e t

a l.,

1 9 5 3 ) a nd s t u d i e d e x t e n s i v e l y be S i m i n o f f a nd G o t t l i e b
S im in o ff and M artin

(1952),

G o ttlieb

and S im in o ff

(1 9 5 2 ), J e f f e r y s (1 9 5 2 ) , M a r tin and G o t t l i e b (1952, 1955), P in c k , H olton
a n d A l l i s o n ( 1 9 6 1 ) , P i n c k a nd A l l i s o n ( 1 9 6 1 ,
(1962),

S o u lid es

(1969),

1962),

Pram er and S ta r k y

an d G h o sal and M u k h erjl

(1970).

B asic

a n t i b i o t i c s eg . s t r e p t o m y c i n , d i h y d r o s t r e p t o m y c i n , neomycin, k a n a m y c i n ,

8

and

ery th ro m y cin

are

adsorbed

by

th e

( r a o n t m o r i l l o n i t e ) , h y d ro u s m ica ( i l l i t e

clay

m in erals

and b e n t o n i t e ) , k a o l i n i t e and

v e rm ic u lite , although d if f e r e n t clays a d s o rb d i f f e r e n t
sa m e a n t i b i o t i c

(Pinck e t a l . ,

1962).

am ounts of

by p h o s p h a t e a n d c i t r a t e

c a n be r e l e a s e d
buffers.

This

from th e

release

p r e v a le n t w ith am photeric than w ith b a s ic a n t i b i o t i c s (S o u lid e s
1961,

P inck,

S oulides

and A l l i s o n

G o ttlieb

from c l a y s .

(1951)

In the

and J e f f e r y s

is

clay
m o re

et a l.,

( 1 9 6 1 ) . G h o s a l and M u k h e r j i ( 1 9 7 0 )

f o u n d t h a t d i f f e r e n t c a t i o n s can p r o d u c e d i f f e r e n t r a t e s
strep to m y cin

the

A dsorption of a n t i b i o t i c s i s not

a l w a y s p e r m a n e n t a n d so me a n t i b i o t i c s
com plexes

sm ectite

case of

(1952)

of

streptom ycin,

found i t

to

be

release

of

S i m i n o f f and

in a c tiv e

when

a d s o r b e d on s o i l a nd m o n t r a o r i l l o n l t e ; w h e r e a s , P r a m e r and S t a r k e y ( 1 9 5 1 ,
1953) r e p o r t e d i t

t o be b a c t e r i c i d a l .

Jefferys

(1952)

and Pram er and

S ta r k e y (1951) r e p o r t e d t h a t i t u ndergoes m i c r o b i a l d e c o m p o sitio n .
Bewick ( 1 9 7 7 )

found

th at

th e

le v els

p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r s f r o m c l a y s was g r e a t e s t
a n d 30 p e r c e n t ,

resp ectiv ely ).

7 .4

per

cen t,

resp ectiv ely .

t e m p e r a t u r e had l i t t l e

ty lo sin

in k a o lin ite

released

and i l l i t e

by
(25

B e n t o n i t e an d m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e c l a y s ,

w ith a higher cation-exchange c a p a c ity ,
and

of

showed t y l o s i n
He a l s o ,

release

p o in ts

out

of 7

th at

e f f e c t on t h e amount o f t y l o s i n r e l e a s e d .

.6

so il

At a l l

t e m p e r a tu r e s h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of f e r m e n t a t i o n w aste r e l e a s e d l a r g e r
am ou nts of t y l o s i n .
Many w o r k e r s h a v e
ad so rp tio n
M ukherji,

cap acity
1970;

shown

th at

f o r most of

P inck,

H olton,

th e

la ttice

in

these

and k a o l i n i t e

b asic a n tib io tic s

an d A l l i s o n ,

A l l i s o n , 1961; S i m i n o f f a n d G o t t l i e b ,
non-expanding

illite

1951).

h a v e a low
(G hosal

and

1961; P i n c k , S o u l i d e s and
This i s

c la y s w ith r e s u l t i n g

because

of

the

r e s t r i c t i o n of

9

c a tio n -e x c h a n g e to th e o u t e r s u r f a c e s of th e c la y p a r t i c l e s .
( 1 9 6 4 ) h a s shown t h a t c a t i o n - e x c h a n g e i s h i g h e r i n i l l i t e

M arshall

because of th e

p r e s e n c e o f h y d r a t e d l a y e r s i n t e r l a c e d w i t h t h e m ic a u n i t s o f t h e c l a y .
Before the r e s i d u e

f r o m a ny a n t i b i o t i c f e r m e n t a t i o n c o u l d be u s e d

a s a f e r t i l i z e r i t would h a v e t o be d e t e r m i n e d w h e t h e r o r n o t low l e v e l s
of

the a n t i b i o t i c

t h a t may be p r e s e n t would be t a k e n up by p l a n t s and

wh at t h e e f f e c t s on g r o w t h , i f

any,

w ould b e .

Numerous s t u d i e s

b e e n c o n d u c t e d on t h e u p t a k e o f a n t i b i o t i c s by p l a n t s .
r e v i e w e d by B r i a n ( 1 9 5 7 ) a n d Goodman ( 1 9 6 2 ) .

have

T h i s s u b j e c t was

These s t u d i e s

have been

c o n c e r n e d m a i n l y w i t h t h e u p t a k e o f s t r e p t o m y c i n and i t s e f f e c t on p l a n t
growth (Pram er, 1953;
D urbin,

1961;

Rosen,

1954;

G ray,

1955;

Dye,

D r u r y and Khan, 1969; E l l i s and S i n c l a i r ,

a n d Bag, 1974; M u k h e r j i , Bag a n d P a u l ,

1975).

1 9 5 5 , 1956; S r i v a s t r a ,
1955),

in h ib it
could

root

greater

than

have

1953,

Crowdy e t
1953).

1 00 u g / m l was f o u n d t o

a n d s h o o t d e v e l o p m e n t i n many p l a n t s a l t h o u g h t h i s e f f e c t

be r e v e r s e d

G riseo fu lv in

1974; M u k h e r j i

n eom ycin and t e r r a m y c i n (Pramer,

Streptom ycin, a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

and

1951; Crowdy e t a l . ,

1966), c h lo ra m p h en ical (P r a m e r ,

and a u r e o m y c in ,

B ajaj

O ther a n t i b i o t i c s

a l s o been i n v e s t i g a t e d : g r i s e o f u l v i n (B ria n e t a l . ,

a l.,

1956;

by a d d i t i o n s

o f Mn ( R o s e n ,

and c h l o r a m p h e n i c a l w ere a l s o

1954;

G ray,

1955).

f o u n d t o b e t a k e n up by

p l a n t s , w h i l e a u r e o m y c i n , ne om y ci n and t e r r a m y c i n d i d n o t a p p e a r t o b e
tak en

up by c u c u m b e r s e e d l i n g s

(Pram er,

1953).

T h e r e h a v e b e e n no

r e p o r t s i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e t o d a t e c o n c e r n i n g t h e u p t a k e o f low l e v e l s o f
a n t i b i o t i c s contained in fe rm e n tatio n w aste.
A ttempts to s e t

g u id elin es

on r a t e s

of a p p lic a tio n

of o rg an ic

w a s t e s h a v e f r e q u e n t l y b e e n b a s e d on t h e N c o n t e n t o f t h e w a s t e s and t h e
N demand o f t h e a g r o n o m i c c r o p ( P ow e r s e t a l . ,

1 9 7 5 ) . S t u d i e s h a v e shown

10

that a p p lic a tio n s
q u an tities

of o rg a n ic w astes

can cau se

to

groundw ater p o l l u t i o n

l e a c h e d t h r o u g h t h e s o i l (Chang e t a l . ,
T herefore,

rates

1973;

sin ce

so ils

in

larg e

NO3 c a n be r e a d i l y

King and M o r r i s ,

1972).

m u s t be c a r e f u l l y a s s e s s e d t o o b t a i n t h e d e s i r e d c r o p

b e n e f i t s f r o m a d d e d N and y e t m a i n t a i n
gen erally

ag ric u ltu ra l

a q u ality

environm ent.

It

is

r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e amount o f p l a n t a v a i l a b l e N s u p p l i e d by

o r g a n i c w a s t e be l i m i t e d t o l e s s
crop grow n.

Thus,

than

tw ice

th e N req u irem en t

of

the

t h e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n r a t e o f t h e add ed w a s t e must be

known i n o r d e r t o c a l c u l a t e p r o p e r l e v e l s o f l a n d a p p l i c a t i o n .
In the w ork
m in eralizatio n
lab o rato ry

done

rate

by W r i g h t

(1978)

on m y c e l i a f i l t e r

e x p e rim e n t he n o te d

th at

it

was

th at

th at

w a s t e was v e r y f a s t .

the N
In h ie

a s much a s 95% o f t h e o r g a n i c N

add ed was m i n e r a l i z e d w i t h i n 24 weeks o f i n c u b a t i o n .
stated

n o ted

However,

he a l s o

t h e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n r a t e o f t h e f e r m e n t a t i o n w a s t e s was n o t

as r a p i d i n h i s f i e l d
occurring w ithin

8

tria ls

w ith

the h ig h e s t

week s o f a p p l i c a t i o n .

lev els

of in o rg a n ic N

MATERIALS AND METHODS
F ie ld Studies
M ycelia f i l t e r

cake

was

ap p lied

to

a K alam azoo

sandy

loam

( f i n e - l o a m y , m i x e d , m e s i c T y p l c H a p l u d a l f ) by u s e o f a f l a i l s p r e a d e r a t
r a t e s of 0, 7 . 5 ,

1 6 . 0 and 3 0 . 5 d r y m e t r i c t o n s / h a and i m m e d i a t e l y d i s k e d

t o a d e p t h o f 25 cm.

The s t u d y was o r i g i n a l l y d e s i g n e d t o be a two y e a r

s tu d y comparing t h r e e r a t e s of a p p l i c a t i o n of m y c e lia f i l t e r cake e i t h e r
annually or a p p lie d

once.

The e i g h t

15.2

by 3 0 . 4 m e t e r

plo ts

w ere

r e p l i c a t e d f o u r t i m e s and t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d e s i g n was a r a n d o m i z e d b l o c k
design.

The a p p l i c a t i o n s w er e d e s i g n e d a s f o l l o w s :

Treatm ent

1 -

no f i l t e r ca ke a p p l i e d 1980 o r

1981

Treatment

2 -

no f i l t e r c a k e a p p l i e d 1980 o r

1981

Treatment

3 -

7.5 dry m e tr ic to n s /h a a p p lie d

Treatment

4 - 7 . 5

Treatment

5

-

16.0

dry

m etric

t o n s / h a a p p l i e d 1980 an d 1981

Treatment

6

-

16.0

dry

m etric

t o n s / h a a p p l i e d 1980 and 1981

Treatm ent

7

—

30.5

dry

m etric

t o n s / h a a p p l i e d 1980 and 1981

The r a t e s

o f m y c e l i a f i l t e r c a k e u s e d w e r e b a s e d on t h e n i t r o g e n

dry m e tric to n s /h a a p p lied

1980 an d 1981
1980 an d 1981

c o n te n t of t h e f i l t e r cake a s s u m i n g t h a t 80 p e r c e n t
w o u ld be a v a i l a b l e d u r i n g t h e growing s e a s o n .

of

th is

n itro g en

Table 1 g iv e s the a c t u a l

q u a n t i t i e s of m y c e l i a c a k e a p p l i e d i n t h e f i e l d .
S o i l samples w e r e o b t a i n e d

p rio r

to

the a p p l ic a t io n

f i l t e r c a k e by c o l l e c t i n g 20 c o r e s f r o m e a c h p l o t

to a depth

o f m ycelia
o f 90 cm.

Each c o r e was d i v i d e d by d e p t h i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c r e m e n t s : 0 - 1 5 ,

11

12

15-30,

30-45,

season

so il

30-45

ta b le

6 0 - 9 0 cm.

Each f o u r weeks d u r i n g

sam ples were c o l l e c t e d

cm ).

co llected

45-60,

A fter
to

th e

a depth

90 cm.

grow ing

t o a d e p t h o f 45 cm ( 0 - 1 5 , 1 5 - 3 0 ,

c o r n was h a r v e s t e d ,
of

th e

so il

The a n a l y s e s

sam p les w ere

ag ain

p e r f o r m e d a r e shown i n

.

2

T ab le 1.

R a t e s o f a p p l i c a t i o n o f m y c e l i a f i l t e r c a k e i n 1980.___________

Treatm ent

Wet We ig ht A p p l i e d
to n s/acre
m etric
tons/ha

C ontrol

Dry H e i g h t A p p l i e d
tone/acre
m etric
tons/ha

none

Low

N itro g en Applied
lbs/acre
kg/ha

none

none

9.06

20.4

3.35

7.5

114

128

Medium

19.20

43.0

7.13

16.0

242

272

High

33.70

75.0

13.58

30.5

462

518

Corn was p l a n t e d

on a l l

p lo ts

a p p l i c a t i o n of m y c e lia f i l t e r c a k e .
corn,

the

1980 Im m ediately fo llo w in g th e

Since th e m a t e r i a l proved t o x i c

o r i g i n a l e x p e r i m e n t was m o d i f i e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g way:

h a r v e s t of th e c o r n a t
plan ted

in

th e end of

t o w in te r wheat.

th e grow ing s e a s o n a l l

to

after

p lo ts

w ere

I n 1981 t h e w e s t e r n h a l f o f t h e t o t a l a c r e a g e

was l e f t t o w i n t e r w h e a t i n o r d e r t h a t r e s i d u a l

effect

of

th e m ycelia

f i l t e r c a k e m i g h t be e s t i m a t e d w h i l e t h e e a s t e r n h a l f was d i s k e d and t h e
sa m e r a t e s

of m y celia f i l t e r
con tro l,

cake a p p lie d

as

in

1980

g iv in g

rep licatio n s

of

f i l t e r cake.

I n 1981 c o r n was n o t p l a n t e d u n t i l 34 d a y s f o l l o w i n g

four

l o w , medium a n d h i g h a p p l i c a t i o n s o f m y c e l i a
the

a p p l i c a t i o n of th e f i l t e r cake.
Six p l o t s w ere ran d o m ly

selected

i n w h i c h p o r o u s cup l y s l m e t e r s

w ere I n s t a l l e d s o t h a t c o n t a m i n a t i o n o f g r o u n d w a t e r , i f a n y , m i g h t be

13

Table 2.

Analysis

performed on soil samples*

Param eter
1s

K jeldahl N
NH4
NO3
A vail. P
E x c h a n g e a b l e Ca
Mg
K.
DTPA E x t r a c t a b l e Zn
Cu
Mn
Fe
Ni
Cd
pH
E lectrical
C onductivity
if

il

i»

n

•f

ii

tr

■■

S a m p l in g p e r i o d
Each 4 t h week*

t

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

Last
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X

X

X

* S am p l es w e r e c o l l e c t e d e a c h f o u r t h week d u r i n g t h e g r o w i n g s e a s o n .

d etected .

The p o r o u s

cup l y s l m e t e r s

were b u r ie d

to a depth of

152

c m ( 6 0 . 8 i n c h e s ) an d s a m p l e d m o n t h l y d u r i n g t h e g r o w i n g s e a s o n .
Y ie ld s of c o r n

g rain

and

w heat

g rain

w ere e s t i m a t e d

by h a n d

h a r v e s t i n g two rows o f c o r n a n d w h e a t , e a c h 25 f e e t i n l e n g t h , fr o m e a c h
p lo t.

T h e c o r n w as w e i g h e d a n d c o r r e c t e d

f o r m o i s t u r e t o o b t a i n an

e s t i m a t e o f t h e f i n a l y i e l d . The w h e a t was t h r a s h e d i n

a head

th rash er

a n d t h e g r a i n was w e i g h e d f o r y i e l d e s t i m a t e .
Samples o f t h e c o r n t i s s u e w er e o b t a i n e d d u r i n g t h e g r o w i n g s e a s o n
by c o l l e c t i n g t h e e a r l e a f f r o m t e n p l a n t s p e r p l o t a t t h e t i m e t h e c o r n
t a s s e l s an d s a m p l e s o f t h e g r a i n w er e c o l l e c t e d a t t h e t i m e o f h a r v e s t .
T i s s u e s a m p l e s o f c o r n w e r e a n a l y z e d f o r t o t a l N, P , Ca, Mg, and
K.

Samples w ere a l s o

lincom ycin.

sent

to

U pjohn l a b o r a t o r i e s

and a n a l y z e d

for

Sam pl es o f w he at g r a i n w er e a l s o a n a l y z e d f o r l i n c o m y c i n .

14

L a b o r a t o r y Methods
K jeldahl

N -

S t a n d a r d m e t h o d s w e r e u s e d w h ic h do n o t i n c l u d e n i t r a t e

nitrogen.
Ammonium - Stea m d i s t i l l a t i o n .
N itrate by

T e c h n i c o n s t a n d a r d method.
Cd-Cu

red u ctio n

determ in atio n

colum n

of n i t r a t e .

R eduction of n i t r a t e to n i t r i t e

and

subsequent

c o lo rim etric

T h e n i t r i t e p r e s e n t i n t h e s am p l e i s

subtracted.
A v a il a b le P - Bray P I .

S o i l was e x t r a c t e d w i t h

0 .0 2 5

N HC1 + 0 . 0 3 N

NH4 F w i t h a s o i l t o s o l u t i o n r a t i o o f 1 : 1 0 .
E x c h a n g e a b l e i o n s - S o i l was e x t r a c t e d

w i t h 1 N NH^OAc a t pH 7 . 0 a n d Ca

a n d Mg m e as ur e d by a t o m i c a b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r y

a n d K by

flame p h o tom etry.
DTPA

E x tra c ta b le m etals

- S o i l was e x t r a c t e d w i t h DTPA by t h e method

of Lindsay and N o rv ell (1 9 7 8 ).

A ll m etals a r e

determ ined

in

the

e x t r a c t by p l a s m a e m i s s i o n s p e c t r o s c o p y .
S o i l R e a c t i o n - The pH

of

a

1 :1

so il

to d i s t i l l e d

w a t e r m i x t u r e was

m e a s u r e d w i t h a n O r i o n 801 pH m e t e r w i t h a g l a s s e l e c t r o d e .
E l e c t r i c a l C o n d u c t i v i t y - The c o n d u c t a n c e

of a 1:2 s o i l

w a t e r s u s p e n s i o n was m e a s u r e d a n d t h e v a l u e s
percent m oisture.

to d is ti lle d

corrected

t o 30

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

I n 1980, l i n c o m y c i n f i l t e r c a k e
l e v e l s of a p p l i c a t i o n .
y ield

at

proved

The c o r n d a m a g e i s

to x ic

to

reflected

t h e two h i g h e r a p p l i c a t i o n r a t e s ( T a b l e 3 ) .

y i e l d e d 51 h e c t o l i t e r s p e r h e c t a r e and t h e maximum

corn

in

cake.

the

all

the reduced

The c o n t r o l p l o t s

y i e l d was a t t h e low

a p p l i c a t i o n r a t e w h i c h y i e l d e d o n l y 58 h e c t o l i t e r s p e r h e c t a r e .
t r e a t m e n t showed some damage t o

at

c o rn from a p p l i e d

The low

m ycelia

filte r

The h i g h a n d medium t r e a t m e n t p l o t s s u f f e r e d more s e v e r e damage

w ith th e high tre a tm e n t y ie ld in g

only

20

h e c t o lit e r s per h ectare .

E f f e c t of lincom ycin m ycelia f i l t e r
a nd y i e l d o f c o r n i n 1980.

T a b l e 3.

cake on g r o w t h

Estim ated
Stand
%

bushels/acre

hl/ha

C ontrol

80

58

51

Low**

55//

67//

58//

Medium**

45

61

53

High**

15

23

20

Treatment

Y ield*

* Y i e l d i s c o r r e c t e d t o 15.5% m o i s t u r e on a w e t w e i g h t b a s i s .
* *Lo w i s 7 . 5 d r y m e t r i c t o n s / h a , Medium i s 1 6 . 0 d r y m e t i c t o n s / h a , and
High i s 3 0 . 5 d r y m e t r i c t o n s / h a a p p l i e d i m m e d i a t e l y b e f o r e p l a n t i n g .
//Mean o f

6

replicatio n s;

o t h e r v a l u e s a r e means o f

15

8

replications.

16

O bservation

of

the

c o r n d a m a g e w e r e made 29 d a y s a f t e r s e e d i n g

(Table 3 ) .

The r o o t

system of

the

corn p la n ts

in d icatin g

t h e p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t a p h y t o t o x i c m a t e r i a l had b e e n a b s o r b e d

th r o u g h t h e r o o t s and t r a n s l o c a t e d i n t o
G ray,

showed l i t t l e

the p la n t,

Rosen,

da m a g e

(1954)

and

( 1 9 5 5 ) f o u n d t h a t s t r e p t o m y c i n a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s g r e a t e r t h a n 100

u g / m l i n h i b i t e d r o o t a nd s h o o t d e v e l o p m e n t w h ic h was l a t e r
ad d itio n s

o f Mn.

reversed

by

However, s t r e p t o m y c i n i s a p u r e a n t i b i o t i c and s h o u l d

be more l i k e l y t o be a b s o r b e d i n t o t h e p l a n t t h a n i s a n a n t i b i o t i c w a s t e
w hic h u s u a l l y o n l y shows t r a c e s o f t h e p u r e a n t i b i o t i c .
In l i g h t o f
questions a r i s e :
to

th e

t o x i c e f f e c t s on c o r n i n 19 80 , two v e r y i m p o r t a n t

) can th e lin c o m y c in m y c e lia f i l t e r

1

be n o n - t o x i c t o an a g r i c u l t u r a l c r o p , and

2

cake

be m a n a g e d

) w i l l th e m ycelia f i l t e r

c a k e h av e r e s i d u a l t o x i c e f f e c t s ?
Management o f N i n w a s t e m a t e r i a l

is

of

c ritic a l

b o t h a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n an d e n v i r o n m e n t a l q u a l i t y .
suggest
before

th at

ap p licatio n

p la n tin g

ad d itio n

to

is

the

a p p licatio n

of

too l a t e

to x ic

l i t t l e N available

of a m ycelia f i l t e r

to i t

from th e

effects
during

to
the

th e

first

four

The 1 9 8 0 d a t a

cak e waste im mediately

N management
corn.

im portance in

sta n d p o in t,

The c o r n h ad r e l a t i v e l y
to

t h e m y c e lia f i l t e r cake w aste (T ab le

eight

weeks a f t e r

).

Corn r e q u i r e s

8

t h e l a r g e s t amount o f N d u r i n g t h e month o f J u l y , d u r i n g w h i c h t i m e
N should

be w e l l d i s t r i b u t e d

thro u g h o u t the ro o t zone.

g r e a t e r movement o f N t o t h e l o w e r d e p t h s o c c u r r e d
high

rates

in

the

Our d a t a show
t h e m e d iu m a n d

o f m y c e l i a f i l t e r ca k e d u r i n g t h e mont hs o f J u l y and A u g u s t .

The I n c r e a s e d
probably

in

d o w n w a r d m o v e m e n t o f NO3

due to

th e sp arse

through

t h e s o i l p r o f i l e was

s t a n d o f c o r n w h ic h removed l e s s NO3 f r o m

the s o i l in the h ig h e r treatm ent p l o t s .

Weed g r o w t h i n l a t e A u g u s t a n d

17

S e p te m b e r t h e n removed l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f NO3 f r o m t h e s o i l .
The w i n t e r w h e a t i s
alre ad y noted,

considered

a resid u al

study.

However,

as

t h e c r o p was n o t removed fr om t h e f i e l d a t t h e end o f t h e

g r o w i n g s e a s o n , b u t was d i s k e d b ac k i n t o t h e s o i l .
be l e s s r e s i d u a l N c a r r y - o v e r f r o m a f i e l d

th at

T h e r e would p r o b a b l y
had a good c o r n

crop

rem o ve d.
The y i e l d o f

corn

and

w heat

in

1981

are

com parable

f e r t i l i z e d c r o p s on s i m i l a r t y p e s o i l s ( T a b l e s 4 a nd 5 ) .

Table 4.
Treatment

Y i e l d o f w h e a t fr o m r e s i d u a l m y c e l i a f i l t e r c a k e .
Y i e l d o f Wheat
hl/ha
B u /A cr e

Wei gh t A p p l i e d
m etric tons/ha

C ontrol

none

18.2

15.8

Low

7.5

30.4

26.5

16.0

35.8

31.2

Medium

41.2
High
47.4
30.5
*Dry weigh o f L i n c o m y c i n m y c e l i a f i l t e r c a k e a p p l i e d i n 1980
y i e l d s a r e f o r t h e 1981 s e a s o n .

T a b l e 5. Y i e l d o f c o r n a s a f f e c t e d by r a t e o f m y c e l i a f i l t e r
_
ca k e a p p l i e d i n 1981__________________________________________
Treatment

Y i e l d of Corn
bu/acreA
hl/ha

Control

56

49

Low

77

67

Medium

96

84

90
High
103
* C o r r e c t e d t o 15.5% m o i s t u r e on a w et w e i g h t b a s i s .

to w ell

18

The c o r n f o r 1981 s h o w e d
cake.

no damage fro m t h e

T h e r e a r e two p r o b a b l e r e a s o n s f o r

w a s s e e d e d 34 d a y s a f t e r
s o i l ; and

2

th is:

th e m ycelia f i l t e r

lin co m y cin f i l t e r

1) i n

1981,

the

corn

c a k e was a p p l i e d t o t h e

) a c h a n g e i n p r o c e s s i n g removed more o f t h e l i n c o m y c i n f r o m

t h e f i l t e r ca ke u s e d i n 1981 compared t o t h e 1980 p r o c e s s i n g .
The c o r n i n b o t h 1980 an d 1981 showed some N d e f i c i e n c y ( T a b l e
I n 1980, t h e s e symptoms were r e a d i l y o b s e r v a b l e i n a l l

p lo ts;

6

).

w hereas,

i n 1981 t h e y w ere s e e n i n t h e c o n t r o l and low t r e a t m e n t p l o t s o n l y .

Table

6

.

T o t a l n i t r o g e n i n e a r l e a f o f c o r n a s a f f e c t e d by
a p p l i c a t i o n of m ycelia f i l t e r cake.

D a te

Treatment
Low
Medium
ppm*

C ontrol

High

1980

20,800

25,900

30,000

30,300

1981

20,600

2 2 ,0 0 0

27,100

28,000

*Ea ch v a l u e i s a n a v e r a g e o f

8

replicatio n s.

The d a t a fr om t h e w h ea t y i e l d ( T a b l e 4 ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r e i s no
r e s i d u a l t o x i c e f f e c t from t h e lin c o m y c in m y c e lia f i l t e r cake a p p l i e d i n
1980.
The s a m p l e s o f w h e a t g r a i n ,

c o r n g r a i n and c o r n l e a f t i s s u e ,

all

f r o m t h e 1981 c r o p s , w ere a t o r bel ow d e t e c t a b l e l i m i t s f o r l i n c o m y c i n .
T a b l e 7 shows t h e t o t a l P, Ca, Mg, and K c o n t e n t s o f t h e c o r n l e a f
t i s s u e f o r 1980 a n d 1981 .
Phosphorus i n th e l e a f

tissu e

f i l t e r cake a p p l i c a t i o n I n c r e a s e d ,

in creased
w ith

as

the

rate

of m ycelia

th e h ig h e s t P c o n te n t in

the

medium r a t e o f f i l t e r c a k e f o r b o t h 1980 and 1981.
C a l c iu m i n t h e

leaf

t i s s u e i n c r e a s e d g r e a t l y w i t h th e i n c r e a s e of

19

filter

cake.

in c re ase

M agnesium showed s l i g h t

th is

is

the

g reatest

It

The o n l y e x p l a n a t i o n

th a t th e m ycelia f i l t e r

c o n t e n t which a d d s
rate s.

w ith

a t t h e medium r a t e i n 1980, and t h e g r e a t e s t i n c r e a s e f o r 1981

i s s e e n a t t h e low r a t e s o f f i l t e r c a k e .
for

in c re a se ,

cake has ex trem ely high

g r e a t l y t o t h e Ca i n t h e

may a l s o

be t h a t

offered
gypsum

so ila t higher a p p lic a tio n

t h e Mg d i d n o t

i n c r e a s e much b e c a u s e o f

c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h Ca on t h e e x c h a n g e s i t e o f t h e s o i l p a r t i c l e s .
Table 7.
N u t r i e n t c o n t e n t o f c o r n e a r l e a f a s a f f e c t e d by
_____________ m y c e l i a f i l t e r ca k e a p p l i c a t i o n . __________________________
Y ea r

Treatm ent

Total P

T o t a l Ca

T o t a l Mg

Total K

■ppm1980

Control

3,858

4,626

2,157

2 1 ,2 0 0

1980

Low

4,066

5,213

2,063

19,000

1980

Medium

4,418

5,970

2,383

19,600

1980

High

4,258

6,218

2,262

18,800

1981

C ontrol

4,069

4,318

2,008

20,180

1981

Low

4,129

5,353

2,318

18,920

1981

Medium

4,617

5,862

2,188

18,600

1981

High

4,452

6,087

2,186

18,600

The K c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
decrease

for

b oth

in

t h e l e a f t i s s u e showed a g e n e r a l o v e r a l l

1980 and 1 981,

c o n t r o l p l o t s f o r both y e a rs.

w ith

th e h ig h e s t K le v e ls

in

the

A l i k e l y r e a s o n f o r t h i s i s , a s w i t h Mg,

t h a t t h e K i o n may be i n c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h

the

Ca i o n

for

the

exchange

s i t e s l e a d i n g t o some l o s s o f K.
R elatively l i t t l e

increase

i n NO3 w a s s e e n i n t h e s o i l one month

a f t e r a p p l i c a t i o n o f m y c e l i a f i l t e r c a k e i n e i t h e r 1980 o r 1981

(T ables

Table 8.

Nitrate content of soil as affected by the application of

l i n c o m y c i n m y c e l i a f i l t e r ca ke i n 1980*
Treatment

Depth

Date
5/80

6 /8 0

cm

7 /8 0
— ppm w o s

8/80

9 /8 0

10 /8 0

Control

0-15

4.58

4 .9 7

n .i

2 .6 8

1 .7 6

1.62

Low**

0-15

3.05

5.74

11.9

4 .5 1

3.73

2.83

Medium**

0- 15

3 .5 3

7.42

19.7

4.60

4 .6 1

3.95

High**

0-15

2.89

6 .9 7

25.3

6 .8 8

3 .0 7

Control

15-30

3.07

4.63

6.0 7

1.7 4

1.53

1.95

Low

15-30

2.42

5.10

7.66

4.58

2 .2 4

3.38

Medium

15-30

2.45

6 .2 4

9 .3 4

5.00

5 .2 0

3.48

High

15-30

2.34

6 .0 0

5.33

8.03

Control

30 -45

2.34

3.13

4 .6 7

1 .3 4

1. 42

1.44

Low

30-45

1 .7 2

3.00

5 .0 7

3.36

2.06

2.51

Medium

30 -4 5

1.81

3 .7 7

6 .2 6

4.32

4.60

3.07

High

30-45

1 .7 4

3.98

7 .2 1

6.59

7.09

13. 9

11.2

1 4 .4

14.0

*Each v a l u e r e p o r t e d i s a mean o f e i g h t r e p l i c a t i o n s .
**Low is 7.5 dry metric tons/ha, Medium is 16.0 dry metric tons/ha,
and High is 30.5 dry metric tons/ha.

Table 9.

Ammonium content of soil as affected by the application of

l i n c o m y c i n m y c e l i a f i l t e r cake i n 1980.
Treatment

D epth

Date
5/80

6/80

7/80

cm

8 /8 0
MU# ★ ~

9 /8 0

10/80

Control

0-15

0.58

0 .6 3

0.99

0 .8 7

0 .1 7

0.65

Low**

0- 15

0.39

0.70

0.81

1.11

0.15

0.30

Medium**

0-15

0.39

0.98

0.71

0 .9 6

0.14

0.30

High**

0-15

0.50

1.13

0.73

0.96

0.14

0.58

Control

15-30

0.36

0 .5 7

0.98

0.82

0 .1 9

0.36

Low

15-30

0.09

0.49

0.64

0.83

0.18

0.34

Medium

15-30

0.23

0.58

0.79

0.70

0.18

0.27

High

15-30

0.34

0 .8 6

0 .6 7

0.78

0.17

0.35

Control

30-45

0.28

0 .4 6

0.78

0 .6 7

0.29

0.25

Low

30-45

0.33

0.45

0.08

0.63

0 .2 2

0.23

Medium

30-45

0.49

0 .4 2

0.83

0 .6 5

0 .2 5

0.26

High

30-45

0.31

0.52

0.55

0.65

0.49

1.76

Each v a l u e r e p o r t e d i s a mean o f e i g h t r e p l i c a t i o n s .
**Low is 7.5 dry metric tons/ha, Medium is 16.0 dry metric tons/ha,
and High is 30.5 dry metric tons/ha.

Table 10.

Nitrate content of soil as affected by the application of

l i n c o m y c i n m y c e l i a f i l t e r cake 1981.
Treatment

Depth

Date
5/81

3 /8 1

6/81
7/81
—ppm N a s no3*---------

8/81

11/81

cm

— ------ —

Control

0-15

0 .9 9

2 .4 7

6 .5 8

4 .8 1

2 .1 5

1 .1 8

Low**

0-15

1.18

4.29

10 .5 0

5.38

3.00

1.45

Medium**

0-15

1. 54

7. 63

15. 90

4.29

1.89

2.54

High**

0-15

2.06

6.99

10 . 7 0

5.30

2 .5 1

6.51

C ontrol

15-30

1.03

1.90

5.68

4.67

1.10

1 .3 6

Low

15-30

1.21

2.55

8 .2 0

4 .1 7

2 .9 8

1.71

Medium

15-30

1.25

3 .1 3

12 . 3 0

2.72

1 .00

2.50

High

15-30

1.46

4.88

9.17

3.72

2.17

5.82

C ontrol

30-45

1.00

1.66

4.85

3. 57

1.02

1.39

Low

30-45

1.25

1.66

5.09

3.46

1 .1 9

1.62

Medium

30- 45

1.25

2 .3 7

6.70

2 .2 9

1 .9 8

2 .2 5

High

30 -4 5

2.39

3.08

6 .5 1

3.18

4.09

5 .1 9

—

—— —— — — —

*Each v a l u e r e p o r t e d i s a mean o f f o u r r e p l i c a t i o n s .
**Low is 7.5 dry metric tons/ha, Medium is 16.0 dry metric tons/hat
and High is 30.5 dry metric tons/ha in 1980 and again in 1981.

Table 11.

Ammonium content of soil as affected by the application of

l i n c o m y c i n m y c e l i a f i l t e r cake i n 1981.
Treatment

Da te

Depth
3/81

5/81

6/81

cm

7/81
—

8/81

11/81

w

Control

0-15

1.07

0.76

0 .8 1

0.79

0 .6 7

0.38

Low**

0- 15

0.92

0.39

0.59

0.90

1 .1 9

0.37

Medium**

0-15

0 .9 1

0.49

0.74

1.10

1.21

0.39

High**

0- 15

0.97

0.36

0.61

0 .8 8

0.99

0.34

Control

15-30

0.80

0.46

0 .6 8

0.74

0.74

0.19

Low

15-30

1 .0 6

0.34

0.46

0.85

0.96

0.26

Medium

15-30

0.82

0.35

0.35

0.73

0.62

0.25

High

15-30

0.83

0.25

0.42

0.80

0.78

0.36

Control

30-45

0 .7 7

0.17

0.18

1.31

1.20

0.16

Low

30-45

0.82

0.23

0.35

0.63

0.72

0.23

Medium

30- 45

0.62

0.34

0.32

0.52

0 .4 9

0.25

High

30-45

0.73

0.16

0.28

0 .4 7

0.62

0.62

*Each v a l u e r e p o r t e d i s a mean of f o u r r e p l i c a t i o n s .
**Low is 7.5 dry metric tons/ha, Medium is 16.0 dry metric tons/ha,
and High is 30.5 dry metric tons/ha applied in 1980 and again in 1981.

2b

8

and 9 ) .

of

NO 3

However, i n b o t h y e a r s , by t h e end o f t h e s e c o n d month l e v e l s
in

the

so il

w ere

co n sid erab ly

a p p lic a tio n s of f i l t e r cake.
so il

p ersisted

lev els

o f NO3

thro u g h

h ig h er

the

the

Septem ber sam pling.

were seen th ro u g h

d elay

of

th e

resu lt

of

I n 1980, t h e h i g h e r l e v e l s i n t h e s u r f a c e
I n 1981, t h e s e h i g h e r

t h e November s a m p lin g .

T a b l e 10 i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e e a r l i e r a p p l i c a t i o n
and

as

34 d a y s b e f o r e

plan tin g

The d a t a i n

of m y celia f i l t e r
in

198 1 r e s u l t e d

cake

in

the

g r e a t e s t amount o f a v a i l a b l e N i n J u n e r a t h e r t h a n I n J u l y when t h e c o r n
p l a n t most needs

it.

T h e r e w as a l s o c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s a v a i l a b l e N i n

t h e s o i l i n t h e e a r l y g r o w i n g s e a s o n I n 1981 a s compared t o 1980 .
There I s some

in d icatio n

th at

th e

lin c o m y c in w aste slow s

the

c o n v e r s i o n f r o m NH4 t o NO3 d u r i n g t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f b r e a k d o w n .
The p r i n c i p a l f o r m s
but slow ly
m ycelia

av ailab le,

filte r

cake

o f N in m ycelia w astes a re o rg a n ic , in s o lu b le

and r e a d i l y

is

disked

av ailab le

in to

the

NO3

so il,

a n d NH4 .

NO3 i s I m m o b i l i z e d v e r y

r a p i d l y f o r a b o u t two w e e k s , d e p e n d i n g on t h e t e m p e r a t u r e ,
tim e

t h e NO3

w ould be e x p e c t e d

increasing n itr if y in g a c t i v i t y
th is

n itrify in g

to

in

accum ulate

the

so il.

When t h e

after

w hich

r e a d i l y as a r e s u l t of

Our d a t a ,

how ever,

show

a c t i v i t y o c c u r r i n g a t a much s l o w e r r a t e ( T a b l e s 9 and

1 1 ).
There ap p ea rs t o

be c o n s i d e r a b l e

increase

i n t h e NH4 c o n t e n t i n

t h e s u r f a c e s o i l o n e mont h a f t e r a p p l i c a t i o n o f m y c e l i a f i l t e r
1980 ( T a b l e 9 ) .

The I n c r e a s e i n NH4 was much s l o w e r I n 1981 ( T a b l e 11)

sh o w in g a m arked d e c r e a s e
sam pling.

cake in

i n NH4

f r o m t h e M a r c h s a m p l i n g t o t h e May

As t h e w e a t h e r b e c a m e w a r m e r t h e r e was a n i n c r e a s e i n NH4

c o n t e n t i n t h e s o i l and a more r a p i d c o n v e r s i o n fr om NH4 t o NO3 o c c u r r e d
( T a b l e s 9 an d 1 1 ) .

25

A major o b j e c t i v e o f

th is

s t u d y was t o

and s o l u b l e - s a l t s t h r o u g h t h e s o i l
th is
era.

movem ent,

p ro file.

follow

t h e movement o f N

To h e l p

obtain data

s u c t i o n cup l y s i m e t e r s were i n s t a l l e d a t a d e p t h o f 152

Th es e s u c t i o n cup l y s i m e t e r s p r o d u c e d s a m p l e s o n l y

because

th e

so ils

in term itten tly

a t t h i s d e p t h w ere u s u a l l y bel ow f i e l d c a p a c i t y a n d ,

t h u s , r a r e l y was t h e r e s u f f i c i e n t l i q u i d
im possible

for

to o b ta in

any s a m p l e s

av ailab le

to

from l y s i m e t e r s

summer when we e x p e r i e n c e d d r o u g h t p e r i o d s .

sam ple.

It

w as

d u r i n g much o f t h e

A l t h o u g h t h e d a t a t h a t were

c o l l e c t e d a r e n e i t h e r c o m p l e t e n o r c o n c l u s i v e and some d a t e s and s a m p l e s
are m issing, th e se d ata a re included to i l l u s t r a t e

so me o f

the

tren d s

w h ic h o c c u r r e d w i t h t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e m y c e l i a f i l t e r c a k e .
Sampl es t h a t w e r e

co llected

s o l u b l e - s a l t c o n t e n t of th e s o i l
p lo ts

except

for

the

first

l y s i m e t e r s ( T a b l e s 12 and 1 3 ) .
co n tam in atio n

from th e

c o r r e la te d w ell w ith

sam ples o b ta in e d

t h e NO3

and

from c o r r e s p o n d in g

sam p le o b t a i n e d a f t e r i n s t a l l a t i o n of the
This sampling i s assum ed t o

in stallatio n

of

the

ly sim eters.

h a v e sh o w n
H i g h e r NO3

l e v e l s a r e f o u n d i n t h e B o i l - w a t e r a t 152 cm on t h e p l o t s w h ic h r e c e i v e d
th e h igh

rate

of m y c e lia f i l t e r

cake.

It

is

also

evident

s o l u b l e - s a l t s a r e b e i n g t r a n s l o c a t e d downward t h r o u g h t h e
(T ab le

12

and

so lu b le-salts

13).

A lth o u g h

co n cen tratio n

n eith er

the

NO 3

so il

le v els

a p p e a r to be h ig h enough to

t h a t the
p ro file
nor

th e

cause crop

d a m a g e o r t o a d d much c o n t a m i n a t i o n t o t h e g r o u n d w a t e r , a d d i t i o n a l t i m e
and a more c o m p l e t e s a m p l i n g p r o g ra m a r e
assum ptions.

The ti m e

n e e d e d t o make m o r e p o s i t i v e

r e q u i r e d wo uld d e p e n d on t h e a p p l i c a t i o n r a t e s

and t h e t y p e o f s o i l ; s a n d i e r s o i l s b e i n g l e a c h e d a t a more r a p i d

rate.

26

The a p p l i c a t i o n o f m y c e l i a f i l t e r c a k e i n c r e a s e d t h e s o l u b l e - s a l t s
concentration in th e
th ese

lev els

so il

in

1980 a n d 1 9 8 1 ,

but in n e ith e r year

did

b ec o m e s u f f i c i e n t l y h i g h t o c a u s e p o s s i b l e damage t o c o r n

o r w h e a t ( T a b l e s 14 and 1 5 ) .

DeRoo, ( 1 9 7 5 ) p o i n t s

out

that

one o f

the

lim itin g

f a c t o r s i n t h e use of m y c e lia w astes as a N f e r t i l i z e r a p p ea rs

t o be i t s

to ta l s o lu b le -sa lts concentration.

m ycelia f i l t e r

cake a re

c a u s e d by t h e

The s o l u b l e - s a l t s

o f N by t h e

ro o ts,

m e ta b o lic pathways w i t h i n

but i t
the

m y c e l i a w a s t e may b e l a r g e l y
p lan ts.
thus,

Bo th w h e a t a n d

also

p la n t.

appears

coping w ith

the

t o d i s r u p t th e normal

As a r e s u l t ,

co n tro lled

and p o s s i b l e

crop

response

to

by t h e s a l t t o l e r a n c e o f t h e

c o r n a p p e a r t o be r e l a t i v e l y

h a v i n g no d i f f i c u l t y

the

calcium s u l f a t e in th e w astes.

The s a l t s n o t o n l y s u p p r e s s n i t r i f i c a t i o n i n t h e s o i l
uptake

in

the

lev els

salt
of

to leran t,

so lu b le-salts

encountered in th i s experim ent.
I t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f m y c e l i a f i l t e r c a k e had l i t t l e
e f f e c t on t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
(T ab les

A -l

to A -14).

o f DTPA e x t r a c t a b l e

Iron,

m etals

in

w heat.

treatm en t

f o u n d a t any t i m e o f t h e y e a r t o be n e a r t o x i c l e v e l s .

Cu a n d Cd w ere f o u n d I n

so il

Mg, Pb a n d Zn w e r e f o u n d I n h i g h e s t

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , a s would be e x p e c t e d , b u t w e r e n o t r e l a t e d t o
and n o t

the

s m a l l am oun ts c a u s i n g n o p r o b l e m s

to

N ickel,
corn or

27

T a b l e 1 2 . N i t r a t e and B o l u b l e s a l t c o n t e n t o f s o i l w a t e r e x t r a c t e d
_____________ by s u c t i o n l y s i m e t e r s I n 1 9 8 0 . * ______________________________
Treatm ent
7/80

C ontrol

High

Da te
8/80
ppm N a s NO3 **

9/80

79

7.8

8.4

137

13 .1

14.5

£ . C . mmhos/cm
C ontrol

0 .6 8

0 .6 6

0.28

High

0.74

0 .8 8

0.62

*The p o r o u s cu p s w ere a t t h e f i v e f o o t d e p t h .
it

C o n t r o l p l o t s a r e a n a v e r a g e of two r e p l i c a t i o n s a n d t h e
High T r e a t m e n t i s a n a v e r a g e o f t h r e e r e p l i c a t i o n s .

T a b l e 13.

N i t r a t e a nd s o l u b l e s a l t c o n t e n t o f s o i l w a t e r e x t r a c t e d
by s u c t i o n l y s i m e t e r s i n 1 9 8 1 . *

Treatm ent
6 /8 1

Control

High

13.4

—

D at e
7 /8 1
ppm N a s NO3 **

8 /8 1

12.1

6.4

9.7

1 2.1

E.C mmhos/cm
C ontrol

0.48

0.62

0.41

High

0 .5 1

0.58

0.76

The p o r o u s c u p s w e r e a t t h e f i v e f o o t d e p t h .
JL JL

C o n t r o l p l o t s a r e a n a v e r a g e o f two r e p l i c a t i o n s and t h e
High T r e a t m e n t i s a n a v e r a g e o f t h r e e r e p l i c a t i o n s .

28

The a v a i l a b l e P i n

d ecre ase w ith

the

i n c r e a s e d a p p l i c a t i o n r a t e o f m y c e l i a f i l t e r c a k e i n 1980 a n d 1 9 8 1 .

In

h ig h est

the

so il

av ailab le

showed a s l i g h t

most c a s e s ,

th e

P was i n th e c o n t r o l p l o t s of t h i s

experim ent.

I t i s p o s s i b le th a t high a p p l i c a t i o n s

t h e f i l t e r ca ke h a v e r e d u c e d t h e e x t r a c t a b l e P .

o f Ca c o n t a i n e d

in

29

Table 1 4 .

Treatm ent

S p e c i f i c conductance o f B o il as a f f e c t e d by the a p p l i c a t i o n
o f lin c o m y c in m y c e lia f i l t e r cake in 1980.
D ep th
5/80

6/80

cm

D a te
7/80
/
-mmnos/em
n

n

m

_
—

8/80

9/80

C ontrol

0-15

0.60

0.74

0 .8 6

1.13

0.65

Low**

0-15

0.52

0.83

0.91

1.01

0.63

Medium**

0- 1 5

0 .5 1

0.97

1.29

1.19

0.75

High**

0-15

0.52

1 .2 0

1.46

1 .1 7

0.67

C ontrol

15-30

0.50

0.63

0.62

0.75

0.55

Low

15 - 30

0.46

0.70

0.72

0.83

0.57

Medium

1 5- 3 0

0.43

0.79

0 .8 8

0.94

0.64

High

1 5- 30

0.48

1 .0 0

0.98

0.79

0.73

C ontrol

30 - 45

0.40

0.52

0.63

0.56

0.49

Low

3 0- 45

0.40

0.53

0.59

0.67

0.50

Medium

30 - 4 5

0.38

0.58

0.63

0.70

0.55

Hig h

30 - 45

0.42

0.63

0 .6 6

0.76

0.62

* E ac h v a l u e r e p o r t e d i s a mean o f e i g h t r e p l i c a t i o n s .
**Low is 7.5 dry metric tons/ha, Medium is 16.0 dry metric tons/ha,
and High is 30.5 dry metric tons/ha.

30

T a b l e 15.

Treatm ent

S p e c i f i c c o n d u c t a n c e o f s o i l a s a f f e c t e d by t h e a p p l i c a t i o n
o f l i n c o m y c i n m y c e l i a f i l t e r c a k e i n 1981 .
D ep th
3/81

5 /8 1

D at e
6 /8 1

7 /8 1

8/81

11/81

cm
Control

0 -1 5

0.59

0.92

0.82

0.73

0 .6 6

0.62

Low**

0-15

0.47

0.89

1.05

0.96

0.90

0.76

Medium**

0- 1 5

0.52

0.78

1 .0 5

1.44

1 .1 0

1 .0 0

High**

0-15

0.56

1.03

1 .6 4

1.34

0.80

0.62

C ontrol

1 5- 3 0

0.54

0.85

0.70

0 .6 8

0.72

0.97

Low

15-30

0.47

0.85

0.94

0.83

0 .6 6

0.67

Medium

1 5- 30

0.45

0.69

0.94

1.07

0.99

0.95

High

15-30

0.49

0.91

1.30

1.09

0.82

0.71

C ontrol

30-45

0.49

0 .6 8

0.53

0.60

0.72

0.90

Low

30-45

0.46

0.58

0.75

0.67

0.62

0.63

Medium

30-45

0.44

0 .6 8

0.84

0.84

0 .8 6

0.96

High

30-45

0.48

0.83

0.91

0.70

0.71

0.67

*Eac h v a l u e r e p o r t e d i s a mean o f f o u r r e p l i c a t i o n s .
**Low is 7.5 dry metric tons/ha, Medium is 16.0 dry metric tons/ha,
and High is 30.5 dry metric tons/ha.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

M ycelia f i l t e r cake

f r o m t h e l i n c o m y c i n p r o d u c t i o n p r o c e s s was

a p p l i e d t o a Kalamazoo s a n d y loa m s o i l i n 1980 and 1981 a t
7.5 ,

16.0

and 3 0 .5 d ry m e t r i c

rate s

of 0,

t o n s / h a and i m m e d i a t e l y d i s k e d i n t o t h e

so il.

I n 1980 c o r n was p l a n t e d i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r a p p l i c a t i o n o f f i l t e r

cake

and th e m a t e r i a l proved t o x i c to corn a t a l l r a t e s of a p p l i c a t i o n .

Thus,

w i n t e r w h e a t was p l a n t e d on o n e h a l f

re sid u al

study

to

determ ine

if

the

filte r

of

the

study a re a

cake had r e s i d u a l

as

a

to x ic

effects.
I n 1981,

filte r

c a k e was a g a i n a p p l i e d t o t h e o t h e r h a l f of th e

s t u d y a r e a a t t h e same r a t e s a s i n 1 9 8 0 ,

but the

c o r n was n o t

p lan ted

u n t i l 34 d a y s a f t e r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f f i l t e r c a k e .
Soil

sam ples were ta k e n p r i o r

c a k e t o a d e p t h o f 90 cm.

to

a p p l i c a t i o n of m ycelia f i l t e r

Each f o u r weeks d u r i n g

the

grow ing sea so n

s o i l s a m p l e s were t a k e n t o a d e p t h o f 45 cm and a f t e r c o r n was h a r v e s t e d
s o i l s a m p l e s w ere a g a i n c o l l e c t e d
su ctio n

cup

ly sim eters

w ere

to

a depth of

In stalled

in

90 cm.

In a d d i tio n ,

control p lo ts

and h ig h

t r e a t m e n t p l o t 6 t o a d e p t h o f 152 cm t o s t u d y mo ve me nt o f n i t r a t e s

and

s a l t s out of th e r o o t i n g zone.
I n 1980, l i n c o m y c i n
of a p p lic a tio n .
th e

f i l t e r cake proved t o x i c to co rn a t a l l r a t e s

T h i s damage was r e f l e c t e d i n r e d u c e d y i e l d s o f

tw o h i g h e r a p p l i c a t i o n r a t e s .

corn a t

I n 198 1, a ch an g e I n t h e l i n c o m y c i n

31

32

production process and th e
filte r
A lso,

p erio d

o f 34 d a y s

betw een a p p l i c a t i o n

of

c a k e a n d p l a n t i n g o f c o r n r e s u l t e d i n no t o x i c e f f e c t s t o c o r n .
w i n t e r w h e a t s h o w e d no r e s i d u a l

to x ic e ffe c ts

from t h e

1980

a p p l i c a t i o n of m ycelia f i l t e r cake.
From t h e y i e l d
ap p licatio n

of

and

so il

16.0 dry m e tr ic

en v iro n m en tally

safe

and

NO3

d ata

it

is

concluded

to n s/h a of m ycelia

g iv es

satisfac to ry

filte r

y ield s.

It

th at

an

cake

is

is

also

c o n c l u d e d t h a t a p e r i o d o f a t l e a s t 30 d ay s b e t w e e n a p p l i c a t i o n t i m e and
p l a n t i n g o f c o r n i s n e c e s s a r y t o p r e v e n t t o x i c i t y fr om l i n c o m y c i n f i l t e r
cake.

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r e s u l t i n g fr om a d d i t i o n o f sewage s l u d g e and wood w a s t e s t o s o i l s .
J . E n v iro n . Q u a l i t y 4: 388-393.
S i m i n o f f , P . , a n d D. G o t t l i e b .
1951.
The p r o d u c t i o n and r o l e of
a n t i b i o t i c s i n th e s o i l : I . F ate of s t r e p t o m y c in .
P h y to p a th . 41:
420-430.

38

S o u l i d e s , D . A . , L. A. P i n c k , an d F . E . A l l i s o n .
1961.
A n tib io tic s in
s o i l s : I I I . F u r t h e r s t u d i e s on r e l e a s e o f a n t i b i o t i c s f r o m c l a y .
S o i l S c i . 92:
90-93.
S o u lid e s , D.A.,
L .A . P in c k , and F .E . A llis o n .
1962. A n t i b i o t i c s i n
s o i l s : V. S t a b i l i t y a n d r e l e a s e o f s o i l a d s o r b e d a n t i b i o t i c s .
S o i l S c i . 94: 239-244.
S o u l i d e s , D.A.
19 6 9.
A n t i b i o t i c t o l e r a n c e of th e s o i l m i c r o f l o r a i n
r e l a t i o n to type of c la y m in e r ia l .
S o i l S c i . 107: 1 0 5 - 1 0 7 .
Sommers, L . E . , D.W. N e l s o n , and D . J . S i l v i e r a .
1979. T r a n s f o r m a t i o n s
o f c a r b o n , n i t r o g e n , and m e t a l s i n s o i l s t r e a t e d w i t h w a s t e
m aterials.
J . Environ. Qual. 8 : 287-294.
S r i v a s t r a , S. N. S.
1966.
U p ta k e and t r a n s l o c a t i o n of s u lp h a n ila m id e
and g r i s e o f u l v i n by t h e r i c e p l a n t .
C u r r e n t S c i . 35: 327-329.
T i e t j e n , C.
1975.
I n f l u e n c e o f a n t i b i o t i c s and g r o w t h p r o m o t i n g f e e d
a d d i t i v e s on t h e m a n u r i n g e f f e c t o f a n i m a l e x c r e m e n t s i n p o t
e x p e r im e n ts w ith o a ts .
p. 328-330.
I n : m anaging l i v e s t o c k
w a s t e s , P r o c . 3 r d I n t . Symp. on l i v e s t o c k w a s t e s , 2 1 - 2 4 A p r . 1975,
U r b a n a - C h a m p a ig n , 1 1 1 . Am. So c. E n g . , S t . J o s e p h , MI.
Tom pki ns , L. B.
195 7. Two s t a g e f i l t e r o p e r a t i o n a t
t h e Upjoh n w a s t e
treatm ent p la n t.
Sewage an d I n d . W a s t e s . 29 : 1 1 6 1 - 1 1 6 6 .
Waksman,
S . A . , and
H .B . W o o d r u f f .
1 9 4 2 . The o c c u r r e n c e o f
b a c t e r i o s t a t i c and b a c t e r i o c i d a l s u b s t a n c e s
in the s o i l .
S o il
S c i. 53: 233-239.
Warman, P . R . , R . L . Thomas, C.T. C o r k e , and E . T . Moran.
1977.
and r e a c t i o n s o f a m p r o l i u m f r o m p o u l t r y m a n u r e a d d e d
S o i l B i o l . Biochem. 9: 2 6 7 - 2 7 0 .

Recovery
to s o i l .

Webb, J r . , K . E . , and J . P . F o n t e n o t .
19 7 5.
M edicinal drug r e s id u e s in
b r o i l e r l i t t e r and t i s s u e f r o m c a t t l e f e d l i t t e r .
J . Anira. S c i .
41: 1212-1217.
W r i g h t , W i l l i a m R.
19 7 5.
T h e e f f e c t o f i n d u s t r i a l o r g a n i c w a s t e s on
t h e p h y s i c a l a n d c h e m i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f s o i l s , an d t h e i r i n f l u e n c e
on p l a n t g ro w th .
A n n u a l R e p o r t t o P f i z e r , I n c . from Univ. of
Rhode I s l a n d .
W r i g h t , W. R.
1978.
L a b o r a t o r y and f i e l d m i n e r a l i z a t i o n of n i t r o g e n
fr o m f e r m e n t a t i o n r e s i d u e s .
J . E n v i r o n . Q u a l . , 7: 3 4 3 - 3 4 6 .

APPENDIX

39

T able A - l .
D ate

DTPA e x t r a c t a b le z in c from s o i l s r e c e iv in g f i l t e r cake.

Depth
C ontrol

__________ Treatment________________________
Medium
Low
High

cm
5/80

1 0 /8 0

0 -15

1.54

1. 66

0.70

1.80

15 - 3 0

0.64

0.57

0.90

0.85

30 - 4 5

0.61

0.45

0.27

0.65

45 - 6 0

1.33

0.32

0.33

0.29

60 - 9 0

0.33

0.85

0.20

0.26

0 -15

1.39

2.17

1.74

1.54

15 - 3 0

0.90

0.82

0.98

0.96

30 - 4 5

0.39

0.34

0.63

0.41

45 - 6 0

0.31

0.33

0.48

0.37

60 - 9 0

0.15

0.37

0.15

0.35

40

Table A-2.

DTPA extractable zinc from soils receiving filter cake.

Date
Depth
______________________T r e a t m e n t _________________________
________________________ C o n t r o l
Low _______ Medium_________ High
cm
---------------------------mg/kg s o i l ------------------------------3/81

11 /8 1

0 -15

1.62

1.48

0.50

1.00

15 - 3 0

0.81

0.62

0.20

0.81

30 - 4 5

0.54

0.32

0.18

0.61

45 - 6 0

1.28

0.28

0.30

0.61

60 - 9 0

0.30

0.65

0.31

0.72

0 -15

1.30

2.89

0.20

0.44

15 - 3 0

0.82

0.47

0.09

0.66

30 - 4 5

0.30

0.30

0.34

0.29

45 - 6 0

0.20

0.29

0.32

0.23

60 -90

0.08

0.18

0.20

0.48

41

Table A-3.

Date

DTPA extractable Iron from soils receiving filter cake.

D epth
cm

5/80

10 /8 0

Treatment
High
C ontrol
Low
Medium
------------- --------------mg/kg s o i l ------------------- -----------

0 -15

30.6

50.8

1 7 .5

27.6

15 - 3 0

25.0

27.8

3 2. 1

32.8

30 - 4 5

31.4

46.4

24.7

29.0

45 - 6 0

33.1

45.6

33.7

33.2

60 - 9 0

21.7

26.5

28.3

24.6

0 -15

38.1

36.2

46.8

36.4

15 - 3 0

42.6

30.4

37.6

19.0

30 - 4 5

25.5

24.4

28.0

29.8

45 - 6 0

26.2

24.5

27.8

25.3

60 - 9 0

2 1 .8

27.6

24.0

24.8

42

Table A— 4.

DTPA extractable Iron from soils receiving filter cake.

Date
Depth
___________________ Treatment________________________
_______________________ C ontrol________Low_________Medium_________ High
cm
------------------------- mg/kg s o i l
-----------------------3/81

11 /8 1

0 -15

29.6

47.8

17.6

31.2

15 - 3 0

24.0

30.6

20.1

29.6

30 - 4 5

30.0

29.9

18.2

28.4

45 - 6 0

26.1

40.8

19.2

36.2

60 - 9 0

1.1

29.8

21.2

40.9

0 -15

35.2

16.9

30.0

20.1

15 - 3 0

44.6

37.8

22.0

18.2

30 - 4 5

20.6

29.9

27.9

16.2

45 - 6 0

22.6

22.3

22.8

21.2

60 -90

21.8

18.9

19.7

27.9

43

Table A-5.

D ate

DTPA extractable cadmium from soils receiving filter cake.

Depth
cm

5/80

10/80

________________________ Treatment________________________
C o n t r o l _________ Low
Medium_________ High_____
--------------------------- mg/kg s o i l -

0 -15

0.38

0.10

0.10

0.10

15 - 3 0

0.07

0.05

0.10

0.07

30 - 4 5

0.05

0.03

0.03

0.03

45 - 6 0

0.03

0.08

0.03

0.02

60 - 9 0

0.03

0.02

0.03

0.02

0 -15

0.11

0.12

0.13

0.20

15 - 3 0

0.08

0.09

0.07

0.23

30 - 4 5

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.06

45 - 6 0

0.43

0.16

0.45

0.53

60 -90

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.07

44

Table A-6.

DTPA extractable cadmium from soils receiving filter cake.

D ate
Depth
•____________________ Treatment________________________
_______________________ C ontrol_________ Low _________ Medium_________High
cm-------------------------------------------mg/kg s o i l ---------------------------------3/81

11 /8 1

0 -15

0.03

0.03

0.10

0.10

15 - 3 0

0.02

0.01

0.01

0.04

30 - 4 5

0.01

0.01

0.09

0.03

45 - 6 0

0.01

0.01

0.03

0.01

60 - 9 0

0.01

0.01

0.03

0.01

0 -15

0.04

0.03

0.04

0.04

15 - 3 0

0.02

0.02

0.06

1.12

30 - 4 5

0.02

0.08

0.01

0.08

45 - 6 0

0.01

0.17

0.01

0.06

60 -90

0.01

0.03

0.01

0.03

45

Table A-7.

DTPA extractable manganese from soils receiving

f i l t e r cake.
D at e

D ep th
C ontrol
cm

5/80

10/80

— — — —— ——

Treatment
Low
Medium
— ------ mg/kg s o i l ------------------ —

High

0 -15

16.7

19.9

24.2

19.7

15 - 3 0

21.3

14.0

2 1 .2

19.0

30 -4 5

9.9

1 1 .6

1 1.8

1 1 .0

45 - 6 0

10.9

18.0

13.1

13.1

60 - 9 0

12.9

12.5

8 .6

12.4

0 - 15

16.6

20.5

2 1 .2

18.3

15 - 3 0

1 1 .7

18 .1

17.3

1 4 .5

30 - 4 5

1 0 .1

5.58

8.48

9.09

45 - 6 0

7.42

7.43

8.97

7.43

60 - 9 0

4.20

7.53

4.56

5.00

46

Table A-8.

DTPA extractable manganese from soils receiving

f i l t e r cake.
Da te

D ep th

Treatment
Medium
Low
High
------------------------------------- -------- mg/kg
s o i l -------------------- — — — — — —

C ontrol
cm
3 /8 1

0 -15

12 .9

2 1 .2

10.1

17.4

15 - 3 0

18.7

1 6 .7

12.1

18.6

18.9

17.4

16.8

12.9

30 - 4 5

11/ 8 1

9.00

8.97

45 - 6 0

1 2 .8

1 5 .7

60 - 9 0

13.9

12.5

0 -15

1 8. 8

27.2

2 0 .1

15 - 3 0

10.7

1 6 .8

1 7 .6

30 - 4 5

1 1.1

7.99

4.89

18.6

45 - 6 0

7.98

8.82

12.5

60 - 9 0

3.87

7.20

17.4

8.69

7.43
10.1

9 .8 1
10.1

5.00

47

Table A-9.

DTPA extractable copper from soils receiving

f i l t e r cake.
Date

D ep th
cm

5/80

10/80

Treatment
C ontrol
Low
Medium
High
— — ——— -------- mg/kg s o i l ------------------- -----------0.45

0.18

0.47

15 - 3 0

0.31

0.27

0.39

0.35

30 - 4 5

0.36

0.41

0.28

0.39

45 - 6 0

0.34

0.36

0.33

0 .2 2

60 - 9 0

0.45

0.29

0.26

0.29

0 -15

0.42

0.55

0.46

0.47

15 - 3 0

0.28

2.61

0.39

0.38

30 - 4 5

0.37

0.26

0.34

0.36

0.29

0.27

0.34

0.29

0.23

0.23

0.23

0.27

1

1.05

0

0 -15

60 - 9 0

48

Table A-10.

DTPA extractable copper from soils receiving

F i l t e r C ake .
D a te

D ep th

Treatment
Medium
Low
— — —— -------— — mg/kg s o i l ----------------

C ontrol
cm
3 /8 1

11/81

——

High

0 -15

0.89

0.29

0 .1 1

0.38

15 - 3 0

0 .2 0

0.27

0.18

0.45

30 - 4 5

0.30

0.16

0 .2 0

0.46

45 - 6 0

0.34

0.19

0.30

0.31

60 - 9 0

0.51

0 .2 0

0.77

0.72

0 -15

0.41

0.29

1 .11

0.81

15 - 3 0

0 .2 0

0.39

0.89

0.17

30 - 4 5

0.30

0 .2 1

0.91

0.47

45 - 6 0

0 .2 1

0.24

0.67

0.29

60 - 9 0

0.19

0.17

0.45

0.38

49

Table A-ll.

DTPA extractable nickel from soils receiving

f i l t e r cake.
D a te

D ep th

Treatment
Medium
Low
-------------------- --------------mg/kg s o i l ------------ —

C ontrol
cm
5/80

10 /80

High
-------------- —--------

0 -15

0.80

0.45

0 .1 0

0.43

15 - 3 0

0.57

0.41

0.26

0.46

30 - 4 5

0.81

0.69

0.32

0.50

45 - 6 0

0.80

0.74

0.69

0.62

60 - 9 0

0.90

0.77

0.74

0.91

0 -1 5

0.91

1.14

1.36

0.97

15 - 3 0

0.58

0.79

1.16

0.87

30 - 4 5

0 .6 6

0.93

0.73

0.74

45 - 6 0

0.79

0.83

0.99

0.80

60 - 9 0

0.64

0.78

0.58

0.65

50

T a b l e A - 1 2 . DTPA e x t r a c t a b l e n i c k e l f r o m s o i l s r e c e i v i n g
_______________ f i l t e r c a k e . ________________________________________________
Date
D e p th
_____________________ T r e a t m e n t _______________________
________________________ C o n t r o l
Low
Medium_________ High
cm
mg/kg-s o i l - - - --------------3/81

11/ 8 1

0 -15

0.70

0.40

0.18

0.27

15 - 3 0

0.67

0.61

0.11

0.40

30 - 4 5

0.60

0.52

0.69

0.38

45 - 6 0

0.80

0.40

1.12

0.18

60 - 9 0

0.79

0.27

0.99

0.36

0 -15

0.81

0.18

1.00

0.42

15 - 3 0

0.47

0.67

1.24

0.29

30 - 4 5

0.62

0.49

0.86

0.17

45 - 6 0

0.18

0.39

0.17

0.19

60 - 9 0

0.69

0.17

0.29

0.24

51

Table A-13.

D a te

DTPA extractable lead from soils receiving filter cake.

D ep th

Treatment
Low
Medium
---------------------- --------------mg/kg B o i l ------------------

C ontrol
cm

2.05

1 .0 0

1.63

15 - 3 0

10.69

1.43

1.59

1.46

30 - 4 5

1.62

1.93

1 .2 0

1.65

45 - 6 0

1 .3 9

1 .6 9

1 .5 1

1.28

60 - 9 0

0 .8 6

1.34

1.40

1.28

0 -15

1 .9 5

2.74

2.27

1.83

15 - 3 0

1 .1 2

1.78

1.52

1.63

30 - 4 5

1.48

1 .4 6

1.44

1 .4 9

1.48

1.25

1.45

1 .5 1

0.98

1.19

1.11

1 .1 2

o

1

1.93

O'

10/80

0 “ 15

VJl

5/80

High

60 - 9 0

52

Table A-14.

Date

DTPA extractable lead from soils receiving filter cake.

D ept h
C ontrol

Treatment
Medium
Low

High

cm
3/81

11/81

1.97

1 .5 1

1.11

15 - 3 0

12 .9 1

1.19

1.26

1 .0 5

30 - 4 5

1.42

2.16

1 .2 2

1.29

45 - 6 0

1 .2 0

2 .1 1

1.6 1

1.28

60 - 9 0

0.80

1 .8 6

1.99

1 .5 7

0 -15

1 .8 8

1.60

2 .11

1 .6 6

15 - 3 0

1 .0 0

1.54

1.58

1.89

30 - 4 5

1. 61

1 .2 0

1 .5 4

1 .6 6

1 .2 0

1.30

2.19

1 .2 7

0 .8 8

1.11

2 .0 1

1. 81

1

o
tO

1.80

in

0 -15

60 - 9 0

53

Table A-15.

Available phosphorus in soils as affected by

a d d i t i o n s of ray ce lla f i l t e r cake.
D e p th

Treatm ent
5/80

0 - 1 5

15-30

30 - 45

1 0/ 8 0

date
3 /8 1
ppm

11/81

Control

88

73

68

57

Low

84

60

58

48

Medium

83

61

60

51

High

85

59

60

50

Control

79

55

52

35

Low

64

44

47

37

Medium

65

50

48

43

High

75

52

51

42

C ontrol

38

27

28

22

Low

24

16

16

13

Medium

23

18

18

14

High

30

24

24

19

54

T a b l e A - 1 6 . T o t a l N0 3 “ N and NH4 -N i n t o p 45 cm a s a f f e c t e d by
____________a p p l i c a t i o n o f m y c e l i a f i l t e r cake*____________________
Treatment
______________ 5 / 8 0

6/80

date
7/80
8/80
9/80
k g / h a N O 3 -N i n 1980

I Q /8 0

Control

2 1 .6

2 9. 1

47.1

1 2 .0

10.5

10.9

Low

1 5 .6

30.4

53.3

27.4

17.3

1 9. 2

Medium

16 .1

35.6

67.9

30.7

31.7

2 2 .0

High

1 5 .9

36.9

87.6

91.8

41.5

58.0

k g / h a NH4 -N i n 1980
C ontrol

2 .6

3.5

6 .0

5.1

1.4

2.7

Low

1.7

3.6

4.9

5.6

1 .2

1.9

Medium

2.4

4.3

5.2

5.0

1.3

1.7

High

2.3

5.4

4.3

5.2

1 .2

2 .8

55

T a b l e A - 1 7 . T o t a l NO3 -N an d NH4 -N I n t o p 45 cm ae a f f e c t e d by
____________a p p l i c a t i o n o f m y c e l i a f i l t e r c a k e . ____________________
Treatment
3/81

C ontrol

9.4

5 /8 1

13 .1

date
6 /8 1
7 /8 1
9/81
k g / h a N0 3 ~N i n 1980

37.3

28.6

1 1 .7

11 /8 1

8.7

Low

15.7

18.3

48.3

28.3

14.6

9.2

Medium

16.0

27.9

70.8

21.3

1 2 .5

1 6 .0

High

28.6

32.3

54.2

26.5

13.1

38.3

k g / h a NH4 --N i n 1980
C ontrol

4.8

3.5

2.9

3.8

4.0

1 .6

Low

3.6

2 .2

3.0

5.2

3.0

1.9

Medium

3.8

2.5

3.0

5.1

3.2

1.8

High

2.7

1 .6

2 .8

4.6

3.3

2 .0