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Order N u m ber 9012040

A ssociation s am ong glacial landform s, soils, and vegetation in
northeastern Lower M ichigan
Padley, Eunice Ann, Ph.D.
Michigan State University, 1989

C opyright © 1 9 8 9 b y P adley, Eunice A nn. A ll rights reserved.

UMI

300 N. Zeeb Rd.
Ann Arbor, MI 48106

ASSOCIATIONS AMONG GLACIAL LANDFORMS, SOILS, AND VEGETATION
IN NORTHEASTERN LOWER MICHIGAN

by

E u n i c e Ann P a d l e y

A DISSERTATION

Submitted to
Michigan S t a t e U n iv e rs ity
in p a r t i a l f u ll f ill m e n t of the requirem ents
for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Department of F o r e s try

1989

ABSTRACT
ASSOCIATIONS AMONG GLACIAL LANDFORMS, SOILS, AND VEGETATION
IN NORTHEASTERN LOWER MICHIGAN
By
E u n i c e Ann P a d l e y

R elationships
o n 24 u p l a n d
The

a mong

forested

ob j e c t i v e s

relatio n sh ip s

of

ecosystem

sites

in

th is

study

among

components

northeastern

ecosystem

w ere

were

studied

Lower M i c h i g a n .

to

in v est ig ate

com ponents

and

d iscuss

approaches to ecosystem c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of the a re a .
S i t e s were g r o u p e d b a s e d on d e p o s i t i o n a l e n v i r o n m e n t a s
indicated
( PCA) o f

by s o i l
soils

morphology.

data

on d e p o s i t i o n a l

did not c o n tra d ic t

environment,

textured

till

were not

consistently

groupings

Principal

deposited

by

although
two

separated.

comparisons

of

site
sites

different

groupings

based

formed

loamy

glacial

PCA p r o d u c e d

from l a b o r a t o r y or f i e l d

Individual

component a n a l y s e s

in

substages

sim ilar

site

data.

variables

among

depositional

e n v i r o n m e n t g r o u p s f o u n d s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s a mon g s i t e s
formed
t i l l s .

in

outwash,

outwash

The t i l l s

only with

respect

of d iffe re n t

are a ,

and

correlated

averaging
PCA
w ith

till

inclusions,

deposition

were

and

loamy

different

t o a few v a r i a b l e s .

F irst-dim ensional
reciprocal

with

of

of

site
ground

so ils

each

data

other.

ordinations
flora
were

data,
a ll

D ifferences

obtained
overstory

by

basal

sig n ifican tly
in

overstory

E u n i c e Ann P a d l e y
com position

occurred

depositions,
sim ilar.

on

soils

Nitrogen

was c o r r e l a t e d

which were

different

texturally

during

for

sites

Compos i t i o n

m ineralization

of

ma y

be

chem ically

anaerobic

incubation

of

flora,

different

differences

related

to

glacial

and

th e o r d in a tio n of ground

different

compos i t i o n .

sites

m ineralized

with

significantly

on t i l l

overstory

and

historic

a nd was

nitrogen

patterns

of

disturbance.
Weights

of

ecosystem s.
litterfall
the

Oe

forest

Production

was s i m i l a r

region.

was

Return

greatest
of

and

layers

to th a t

nitrogen

mixed

and

sim ilar

quality

of

reported for other
phosphorous,

was a s s o c i a t e d

for

were

nutrient

Return of potassium,

i n autumn l i t t e r f a l l
and

floor

with

calcium

wa s

autumn

studies

in

and magnesium

litter

oak-northern

a mo n g

production,

hardwood

associated

s ite s .

with

species

do n o t

provide

com position.
G lacial
divisions

of

ecosystem

sufficient

m apping.

depositional
effective

l a n d f o r m s mapped

detail

are

these

sim ilar

potential.

ecosystem

study

s ite s ,

environment,
management.

w ith

flora,

to

sites

of

groups

soil

as

based

required.

d iv isio n s
and

area

serve

separations,

depositionally
Six

the

S eparations

environments

i n making

in

basis

on

and a l s o

flora

properties

on

are

distinguish

successional

identified

based

for

localized

Ground

different
were

a

a mo n g

the

depos i t io n al

im portant

in

land

C o p y r i g h t by
EUNICE ANN PADLEY

1989

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to e x p re ss a p p r e c i a t i o n
for
B.

their

efforts.

H art,

Jr.,

Jurgensen,

support

in

his

D r . Ph u Van N g u y e n ,

his

for

his

D r. M artin

P.

D r . H a r t wa s i n s t r u m e n t a l

in securing

funding

of

two

of

several

the research.

patient

D r . Ramm wa s

drafts

contributed

help

James

and

review

directing

Dr.

P regitzer,

research.

Dr.

Cr um,

by

Kurt

this

Pregitzer

for

T h e c o m m i t t e e wa s c h a i r e d

a n d i n c l u d e d D r . J a m e s R.

C a r l W. Ramm.
to

t o my g u i d a n c e c o m m i t t e e

w ith

Dr .

suggestions

in

t h a n k s g o e s t o D r . Nguyen

concern,

laboratory

thorough

manuscr i p t .

valuable

A special

encouragement,

th is

especially

Dr.

and f r i e n d s h i p ,

procedures,

equipm ent,

and
and

staffing.
I
Forest
of

also

wish

Service,

to

thank

who c o n t r i b u t e d

ecosystem s

on

the

initiated

developm ent

System f o r

the area.

My f e l l o w
Bur t o n ,

and

enjoyable.
unpleasant
analyses.

Mr.

graduate
Pete

W ork-study
tasks
They

to

Nat io n a l

the

made

Dr.

life

students

of

F orest,

Neil
in

preparation

are:

Barbara

Kinnunen,

and

NacDonald,

who

Andy

o ff ice

more

w ith

some

assisted

sample

U.S.

C lassification

the

in

the

my u n d e r s t a n d i n g

Ecological

students,

C outu

C leland

greatly

Huron
of

Dave

and

M arshall

laboratory
W illiam s,

M elvin

W illiam s,

Nahabedian,

V i e t Lam,

Brian K jaldahl.
a field

Mike

B udzik,

C hristine

My m o t h e r ,

sampling t r i p

Stabile,

V egetation data

Robert

DeGeus,

and

by D r.

Ron

Wayne
and

a c c o m p a n i e d me o n

two w e e k s

was c o l l e c t e d

Stelpflug,

Wooden,

Tom K n u d s t r u p ,

Ellen Padley,

during a c h i l l y

1987.

Ron

Steven

in

November

George

Hendrick

H ost,

during

the

s ummers o f 1985 a n d 1 9 8 6 .
Support
Forest

for

S ervice

scholarship

this
and

project
by

was

provided

M aclntire-S tennis

by

the

U.S.

funding.

A

r e c ie v e d from funds bequeathed t o th e U n i v e r s i t y

b y t h e l a t e Ms. D o r i s G i d d e y wa s v e r y g r e a t l y a p p r e c i a t e d .
A final

thanks goes to Jon,

who h e l p e d me m a i n t a i n s ome

r e m n a n t o f a s e n s e o f h u mo r t h r o u g h o u t t h i s p r o g r a m ,
courageously

ma r r i e d

me

completing a d i s s e r t a t i o n .

during

the

final

a n d who

m onths

of

TABLE OF CONTENTS

L I S T OF T A B L E S ..................................................

vii

L I S T OF F I G U R E S ........................................................................................................... x
CHAPTER
I .
INTRODUCTION
....................................................................................
S o i l S u r v e y .........................................................................
....................................................................
H a b i t a t Types
M u ltifa c to r,or Ecological C la s s if ic a tio n
Background, o b j e c t i v e s , and o v e r a l l
h y p o t h e s e s o f t h e s t u d y ................................
LITERATURE CITED
..........................................................................
II.

1
1
3
5
6
9

ASSOCIATIONS AMONG CHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL
SOIL FEATURES, DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS, AND
GLACIAL LANDFORMS .
..................................................................... 12
INTRODUCTION .........................................................................
12
G l a c i a l geology and c lim a te of th e s tu d y
a r e a ................................................................................15
R e l a t i o n s h i p s o f s o i l and l a n d s c a p e
f e a t u r e s ..................................... . . . . .
18
Numerical a n a ly s is of s o i l s d a ta
. . .
19
OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESES................................................. 24
................................................
26
METHODS AND MATERIALS
F i e l d s a m p l i n g d e s i g n .................................................26
................................................
27
Laboratory analyses
D a t a a n a l y s e s ...........................................................................30
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...............................................
38
C o r r e s p o n d e n c e o f mapped g l a c i a l f e a t u r e s
w i t h p a r e n t m a t e r i a l s a n d mode o f
d e p o s i t i o n ..................................................................... 38
P r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t a n a l y s e s ...........................
41
PCA o f s o i l a n d f o r e s t f l o o r l a b o r a t o r y
d a t a summed b y h o r i z o n s ............................ 50
PCA o f m i n e r a l s o i l l a b o r a t o r y d a t a
summed b y h o r i z o n s ...................................... 59
PCA o f m i n e r a l s o i l l a b o r a t o r y d a t a
summed b y d e p t h s ............................................69
PCA o f f i e l d d a t a ........................................................... 78
PCA o f c o m b i n e d f i e l d a n d l a b o r a t o r y d a t a
summed b y h o r i z o n s a n d d e p t h s . .
57

III.

D i f f e r e n c e s among g r o u p s b a s e d o n
d e p o s it io n a l environment. . . .
97
C O N C L U S I O N S ..................................................................... 1 0 0
LITERATURE CITED ............................................................... 1 0 5
ASSOCIATIONS OF S I TE PROPERTIES WITH AN
ORDINATION OF GROUND FLORA SPECIES FOR UPLAND
FORESTS OF NORTHEASTERN LOWER MICHIGAN . . . . I l l
INTRODUCTION
.........................................................I l l
R elationships of vegetation to other
ecosystem components
. . . . . . .
1 12
V e g e t a t i o n a n d s o i l ...................................... 1 1 2
V e g e t a t i o n and la n d fo rm
...............................1 1 5
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of th e f o r e s t f l o o r and
annual l i t t e r f a l l
.................................... 1 17
Nitrogen m in e ra liz a tio n in fo re s te d
ecosystems
. . . . .
................................ 1 2 0
124
OBJECTIVES AND H Y P O T H E S E S ..........................
METHODS AND M A T E R I A L S .......................... ..... . . . 1 2 6
F i e l d sam p ling f o r v e g e t a t i o n and
nitrogen m ineralization . . . . . .
1 26
Laboratory procedure fo r d eterm ination
o f n i t r o g e n m i n e r a l i z a t i o n r a t e s . . 128
N u m e r i c a l a n a l y s e s .......................... . . . . .
12 8
RESULTS AND D I S C U S S I O N .................................... . . 1 3 0
S i t e o r d i n a t i o n by g r o u n d f l o r a
a b u n d a n c e ..................... . . . . . . . .
130
S i t e o r d i n a t i o n by g r o u n d f l o r a r a n k e d
cover-abundance in r e l a t i o n to
d e p o s i t i o n a l e n v i r o n m e n t ....................... 13 5
S i t e o r d i n a t i o n by g r o u n d f l o r a r a n k e d
cover-abundance in r e la tio n to s o i l
properties
. . . . . . . . . . . .
137
S i t e o r d i n a t i o n by g r o u n d f l o r a a b u n d a n c e
in re la tio n to overstory species
c o m p o s itio n and b a s a l a r e a
. . . .
14 0
D ifferen ces in o v e rsto ry com position
between t i l l s of d i f f e r e n t
d e p o s i t i o n s ....................................................... 1 4 6
N itr o g e n m i n e r a l i z a t i o n and i t s
a s s o c ia tio n with o th e r ecosystem
c o m p o n e n t s ....................................................... 1 6 5
S i t e o r d i n a t i o n by g r o u n d f l o r a c o v e r abundance in r e l a t i o n to
p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e f o r e s t f l o o r . . 17 5
CONCLUSIONS
.................................................... ..... . . 1 9 3
LITERATURE CITED ............................................................... 19 8

IV.

CONCLUSI ONS...................................................................................... 204
LITERATURE CITED ...............................................................

v

218

A P P E N D I C E S .........................

2 20

Appendix A

....................................................................................................... 2 2 1

Appendix B

....................................................................................................... 2 52

vi

LIST OP TABLES

Table 2.1.

E q u a t i o n s a n d me a n v a l u e s u s e d f o r e s t i m a t i o n
b u l k d e n s i t y .........................................................................31

Table 2.2.

L a b o r a t o r y d e t e r m i n e d s o i l v a r i a b l e s ........... 32

Table 2.3.

F i e l d d e t e r m i n e d s o i l v a r i a b l e s ........................ 34

Table

2.4

D e p o sitio n al environm ent c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
s a m p l e s i t e s . .................................................... . . . . .

Table

2.5.

Table

2.6.

of

of
40

Mean s i t e l e v e l v a l u e s o f l a b o r a t o r y d e t e r m i n e d
soil variables. .
...............................
42
S ite le v e l values of f ie ld
v a r i a b l e s .........................................

determ ined

soil
46

Table

2.7.

C o r r e l a t i o n s between la b o r a t o r y d e term in e d s o i l
v a r i a b l e s and th e
f ir s t
four p rin c ip a l
com ponents, w ith ranks of th e e ig h t
highest
c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r each PC.
D a t a a r e summed by
horizon g roups.
........................................................................ 52

Table

2.8.

S i m p l e l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n s a mong v a r i a b l e s u s e d
in p r i n c i p a l component a n a l y s i s o f l a b o r a t o r y
determ ined var ia b le s
summed by h o r i z o n s ,
i n c l u d i n g o r g a n i c l a y e r s . . .......................................... 53

Table 2.9.

C orrelations
between
laboratory
determ ined
m in e ra l s o i l var ia b l e s and th e f i r s t fo u r
p r i n c i p a l components,
with ranks of the e ig h t
h i g h e s t c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r each PC.
Data a r e
summed by h o r i z o n g r o u p s ......................................... . . 61

Table

2.10.

S i m p l e l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n s among v a r i a b l e s u s e d
in p r i n c i p a l component a n a l y s i s o f l a b o r a t o r y
d e t e r m i n e d m i n e r a l s o i l v a r i a b l e s summed b y
h o r i z o n s ..................................................................................................62

T ab le 2.11,

C orrelations
between
laboratory
determ ined
m in e ra l s o i l v a r i a b l e s and th e f i r s t fo u r
p r i n c i p a l components, w ith ranks of th e e i g h t
h i g h e s t c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r e a c h PC.
Data a r e
s u mme d b y t h e d e p t h s 0 - 1 0 c m , 1 0 - 3 0 c m , 3 0 - 7 0
cm, a n d 7 0 - 1 5 0 c m.......................................................................... 70

Table

2.12.

S i m p l e l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n s among v a r i a b l e s u s e d
in p r i n c i p a l component a n a l y s i s o f l a b o r a t o r y
d e t e r m i n e d m i n e r a l s o i l v a r i a b l e s summed b y
d e p t h s .......................................................................................................71

Table 2.13.

C o r r e l a t i o n s between f i e l d observ ed v a r i a b l e s
and t h e f i r s t fo u r p r i n c i p a l com ponents, w i th
r a n k s o f t h e t o p e i g h t c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r e a c h PC.
...............................
79

Table

2.14.

S i m p l e l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n s among v a r i a b l e s u s e d
in
p r i n c i p a l component a n a l y s i s
of f ie ld data.
80

T a b le 2.15,

Correlations
of
lab o rato ry determined
soil
v a r i a b l e s summed b y h o r i z o n s a n d b y d e p t h s , a n d
f i e l d observed v a ria b le s , with the f i r s t four
p rin c ip a l com ponents.
Ranks o f th e e i g h t
h i g h e s t c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r e a c h PC a r e s h o w n . . 88

Table

S i m p l e l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n s among v a r i a b l e s u s e d
i n p r i n c i p a l component a n a l y s i s o f l a b o r a t o r y
d e t e r m i n e d m i n e r a l s o i l v a r i a b l e s summed b y
h o r i z o n s a n d by d e p t h s , a n d f i e l d o b s e r v e d
v a r i a b l e s .........................
88

2.16,

Table 3.1.

C o ver-abundance c l a s s e s and c o r r e s p o n d i n g ra n k s
u s e d i n v e g e t a t i o n a n a l y s i s ......................................... 127

Table 3.2.

Ranked c o v e r - a b u n d a n c e v a l u e s o f s e l e c t e d g r o u n d
..............................
134
flora species.

Table

S i t e r a n k s a n d s c o r e s f r o m f i r s t d i m e n s i o n RA
o r d in a tio n s of ground f l o r a ranked c o v e ra b u n d a n c e v a l u e s a n d o v e r s t o r y BA b y s p e c i e s ,
...............................
1 38
a n d f r o m PCA o f s o i l s d a t a .

3.3

Table 3.4.

Mean b a s a l a r e a o f o v e r s t o r y s p e c i e s .

.

.

.

1 43

Table 3.5.

Common a n d s c i e n t i f i c

Table 3.6.

C om parison of a v e ra g e age of dom inant t r e e
s p e c i e s on t i l l s i t e s o f P o r t B r u c e a n d P o r t
H u r o n d e p o s i t i o n .......................................................................... 1 47

Table 3.7.

S o il v a r ia b le comparisons fo r s i t e groups
on o v e r s t o r y c o m p o s i t i o n . . . . . . . . . .

Table 3.8 .

Ammonium n i t r o g e n m i n e r a l i z e d f r o m t h e u p p e r 10
cm o f s o i l d u r i n g a o n e w e e k a n a e r o b i c
i n c u b a t i o n ..........................................................................................166

n a me s o f t r e e s p e c i e s . 144

based
1 49

Table 3 .9 .

S i m p l e c o r r e l a t i o n s among some f o r e s t f l o o r
v a r i a b l e s and o v e r s to r y b a s a l a r e a o f s e l e c t e d
s p e c i e s ..................................................................................................1 8 2

Table 3.10.

N u trie n t c o n c e n tra tio n s of l i t t e r and f o r e s t
flo o r lay e rs a t th re e study s i t e s . . . . . .
186

Table A .I.

S o il v a r ia b le comparisons fo r s i t e groups based
on d e p o s i t i o n a l e n v i r o n m e n t and s u r f i c i a l
d e p o s i t ..................................................................................................221

Table B .l.

S o i l s d a t a , s i t e l o c a t i o n s , and d e s c r i p t i o n s o f
site
physiography.
Data a r e
o r d e r e d by s i t e .
...............................
252

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

2.1.

Figure

2.2.

Location
of
th e Huron N a t i o n a l F o r e s t in
n o r t h e a s t e r n low er M ic h ig a n , and g l a c i a l
landform f e a t u r e s of th e stu d y a re a (B u rg is
1981)
..............................................................
16
Diagram
of
sample
hypothetical s ite .

collection

locations

at

a

A = a r e a o f homogenous v e g e t a t i v e c o v e r , a t
l e a s t 1 h a i n s i z e , w i t h 50 o r m o r e y e a r s
s in c e major d i s t u r b a n c e .
S = soil p it.
F = f o r e s t f l o o r sample.
V = vectors
a t random a z i m u t h an d d i s t a n c e t o
........................................................
28
subplots
Figure

2.3.

L o c a t i o n o f s t u d y s i t e s among g l a c i a l l a n d f o r m s
i d e n t i f i e d by B u r g i s (1 9 7 7 , 1981) .
Dotted li n e
i n d i c a t e s w e s te r n boundary o f P o r t Huron t i l l .
......................................................................... . . . . . . .
39

Figure 2.4.

L o c a t i o n o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o PC 1 a n d PC 2
o f l a b o r a t o r y d e t e r m i n e d s o i l v a r i a b l e s summed
by h o r i z o n a nd a v e r a g e d w i t h i n a s i t e . . .
55

Figure 2.5.

L o c a t i o n o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o PC 1 a n d PC 3
o f l a b o r a t o r y d e t e r m i n e d s o i l v a r i a b l e s s ummed
by h o r i z o n a n d a v e r a g e d w i t h i n a s i t e . . .
57

Figure 2.6.

L o c a t i o n o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o PC 1 a n d PC 2
of la b o ra to ry determined m ineral s o i l v a r ia b le s
summed b y h o r i z o n a n d a v e r a g e d w i t h i n a s i t e .
.................................................................................................................... 64

Figure 2.7.

L o c a t i o n o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o PC 1 a n d PC 3
of la b o ra to ry determined m ineral s o i l v a r i a b l e s
summed b y h o r i z o n a n d a v e r a g e d w i t h i n a s i t e .
.................................................................................................................... 67

Figure

L o c a t i o n o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o PC 1 a n d PC 2
o f l a b o r a t o r y d e t e r m i n e d s o i l v a r i a b l e s summed
b y d e p t h s 0 - 1 0 cm, 1 0 - 3 0 cm, 3 0 - 7 0 cm, 7 0 - 1 5 0
cm,
and
0 - 1 5 0 cm, a n d a v e r a g e d w i t h i n a s i t e .
....................................................................................................................73

2.8.

x

Figure 2.9.

L o c a t i o n o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o PC 1 a n d PC 3
o f l a b o r a t o r y d e t e r m i n e d s o i l v a r i a b l e s summed
b y d e p t h s 0 - 1 0 cm, 1 0 - 3 0 cm, 3 0 - 7 0 cm, 7 0 - 1 5 0
cm,
and
0 - 1 5 0 cm, a n d a v e r a g e d w i t h i n a s i t e .
..............................................................
76

Figure

2.10.

L o c a t i o n o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o PC 1 a n d PC 2
of fie ld observed s o il v a ria b le s averaged
w i t h i n a s i t e ....................................
82

Figure 2.11.

L o c a t i o n o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o PC 1 a n d PC 3
of fie ld observed s o il var ia b le s averaged
w ithin a s i t e . .
...............................
85

Figure 2.12.

L o c a t i o n o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o PC 1 a n d PC 2
o f l a b o r a t o r y d e t e r m i n e d s o i l v a r i a b l e s summed
by h o r i z o n a n d by d e p t h s , a n d f i e l d d e t e r m i n e d
v a r ia b le s , averaged w ithin a s i t e . . . . . .
91

Figure

2.13.

L o c a t i o n o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o PC 1 a n d PC 3
o f l a b o r a t o r y d e t e r m i n e d s o i l v a r i a b l e s summed
by h o r i z o n an d by d e p t h s , a n d f i e l d d e t e r m i n e d
v a r i a b l e s , a v e r a g e d w i t h i n a s i t e . ..................... 94

Figure

3.1.

C over-abundance of s e le c te d ground f lo r a
s p e c i e s f o r s i t e s o r d i n a t e d by r e c i p r o c a l
a v e r a g in g of ranked ground f l o r a s p e c i e s c o v e r abundance v a lu e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 32

Figure 3.2.

Overstory
basal
area of selected species for
s i t e s o r d i n a t e d by r e c i p r o c a l a v e r a g i n g o f
ranked ground f l o r a s p e c ie s c o v er-ab u n d a n c e
values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 41

Figure

Mean s i l t a n d c l a y p e r c e n t o f t h e u p p e r 15 0 cm
o f s o i l f o r s i t e s g r o u p e d by o v e r s t o r y
composition.
...........................................................152

Figure

3.3.

3.4.

Me a n
co arse fragm ent c o n ten t as a
volume
p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e u p p e r 1 5 0 cm o f s o i l f o r
s i t e s g r o u p e d b y o v e r s t o r y c o m p o s i t i o n . . . 1 55

Figure 3.5.

Mean t h i c k n e s s o f t h e E a n d B s o i l h o r i z o n s f o r
s i t e s g r o u p e d by o v e r s t o r y c o m p o s i t i o n . . . 157

Figure 3.6.

Mean
Kjeldahl
n i t r o g e n and p h o s p h o r o u s , and
e x t r a c t a b l e c a l c i u m c o n t e n t o f t h e u p p e r 1 5 0 cm
o f s o i l f o r s i t e s g r o u p e d by o v e r s t o r y
c o m p o s i t i o n .....................................................................................1 60

Figure

3.7.

Mean e x t r a c t a b l e m a g n e s i u m a n d p o t a s s i u m
c o n t e n t o f t h e u p p e r 150 cm o f s o i l f o r s i t e s
g r o u p e d b y o v e r s t o r y c o m p o s i t i o n .............................. 1 62

Figure

t.8.

Mean a n a e r o b i c ammonium n i t r o g e n m i n e r a l i z e d
d u r i n g a o n e w e e k i n c u b a t i o n o f 1 0 cm s o i l
c o r e s , f o r s i t e s o r d i n a t e d by r e c i p r o c a l
a v erag in g of ranked ground f l o r a s p e c ie s c o v e rabundance v a lu e s . . . . . . . .
........................... 16 8

Figure

1.9.

C o r r e l a t i o n o f s i t e s c o r e s f r o m RA o f g r o u n d
f l o r a ranked cover-abundance d a t a w ith amounts
o f ammonium n i t r o g e n m i n e r a l i z e d d u r i n g a o n e
we e k i n c u b a t i o n o f 10 cm s o i l c o r e s . . . .
170

Figure

> . 1 0 . Mean a n a e r o b i c ammonium n i t r o g e n
d u r i n g a one week i n c u b a t i o n o f
cores,
for
s ite s
grouped
by
composition. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure

5.11.

Dr y
weights
of
autumn
l i t t e r f a l l ( O i ) and
p a r t i a l l y decomposed f o r e s t
floor
layers
( O e ) f o r s i t e s o r d i n a t e d by r e c i p r o c a l
averaging of ranked ground f l o r a s p e c ie s c o v er177
a b u n d a n c e v a l u e s .........................................

Figure

5.12.

C orrelation
of
partially
decomposed f o r e s t
f l o o r l a y e r (Oe) w e i g h t w i t h a v e r a g e a g e o f t h e
o v e r s t o r y ..........................................................................................180

Figure

1.13. P h o s p h o r o u s , mag nes ium , an d p o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t
o f autumn
l i t t e r f a l l for s ite s ordinated
by
r e c ip r o c a l av erag in g of ranked ground f l o r a
s p e c i e s c o v e r - a b u n d a n c e v a l u e s ....................................1 88

Figure

3.14.

m ineralized
1 0 cm s o i l
over sto ry
. . .
173

N itrogen
and
calcium
c o n t e n t o f autumn
l i t t e r f a l l
for
s i t e s
o r d i n a t e d
by
r e c ip r o c a l av erag in g of ranked ground f l o r a
s p e c i e s c o v e r - a b u n d a n c e v a l u e s ....................................1 9 0

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Land

classification

systems

have

on v a r i o u s f e a t u r e s o f t h e e a r t h ' s
vegetation,
in

landform s,

com bination.

regarding

the

discussion
system s,

of

relativ e

their

ecological

geology,

inherent

shortcom ings,

classificatio n.

a t tem p t s

to

systems,

individually

various
in

leads

to

the

best

has

or

existed

system s.

these

A

classification

a

description

E cological

in co rp o rate

classification

either

of

based

including s o i l s ,

controversy

m erit

beliefs

developed

surface,

H istorically,

the

and

and

been

of

classification

aspects

of

other

and a v o id t h e i r p i t f a l l s .

Soil Survey
Land

m apping

responsibility
th is

century.

documented
based

in

the
The

Soil

prim arily

m orphological
development,

classify

prim arily

U .S .

Soil

current
Taxonomy

on

soil

intended
w ithout
Th e b a s i s

because

expressed sim ila rly

systern
(Soil

been

to

the
of

system

soil

the

throughout

the
has

1975) ,

is

belief

that

regarding

soil

factors

form ing

in s o i l morphology.

1

Staff

a mapper
of

prim ary

c la ssific a tio n ,

in

and a b i o t i c

knowledge
for

of

inform ation

enable

the

Service

Survey

morphology

express

a range

has

Conservation

including b io tic

soils

them.

the

features

Th e s y s t e m wa s

formed

of

in

to

over tim e .

describe

processes
been

and

which

criticized

factors

ma y b e

F o r e s t m a n a g e rs became d i s s a t i s f i e d
land c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

by S o i l S u r v e y m e t h o d s b e c a u s e i t

applicability

to

expressed

1963

by

the

use

forest

in

grow th

management

of

successful".

S im ilarly,

whether

the

T his

s o i l ma p s i n

of

greatest

Carmean

of

u n its

to

felt

that

introduced b i a s , because

it

of

of

w ithin

units.

mapped

variations

Mu c h

units

which

definitions.

(19 6 9)

wa s

depends

on

criteria

with

the
did

not

the

not

A dditionally,

of

modal

w rote

w ell
soil

p a rtly
that

the
on

ecologically.

soil

deg ree

of

m anagem ent".

concept
the
in

soil

of

so ils

variability
tree

and

described
taxonomic

for

characteristics

variation
to

"adult

depends

the

express

attributed

were

only

uniform

problem s

were

satisfactory

proved

sufficiently

relevance

for

w i l d l a n d management

classification

( 19 7 5 )

mapped

Jones

lacked

sentim ents
that

criteria

wor k h a s

...

are

uni fo rm i ty

coincidence
of

units

The

who w r o t e

soil

advisory

of

concerns.

R ennie,

agr ic u ltu ra l

"utility

s o me y e a r s a g o w i t h

in

grow th

topographic
soil

features

unit

used

to

d e s c r i b e map u n i t s may n o t b e t h o s e f e a t u r e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
tree

grow th.

stron g ly,

G rigal

s t a t ing

dissatisfaction
because

tree

and c l i m a t e .
field

that

with

growth

( 19 8 4 )
there

soil
is

expressed
was

surveys

affected

These f e a t u r e s a r e

"w idespread

in

by

the

many

site

sentim ent
and

forested

history,

deep

areas",

landform,

c o mmo n l y r e c o g n i z e d

in

the

b u t i n a d e q u a t e l y communicated in S o i l Survey r e p o r t s .
A nother

forest

shortcom ing

m a n a g e m e n t was

its

of

traditional

reliance

on S i t e

soil
Index

surveys
(SI)

as

in
a

3
m easure

of

objection
not

site

wa s

to

applicable

management

productivity.
the
to

trees

density

influences

suitable
on

suppression,

sprouting,
aged

most

and t h e

stands,

1975).

of

regionwide

sites

(Carmean 1968) .

finding

factors,

use

and

on

for

or

Because

the

of

from d i s e a s e

only

managers

on

SI

areas

variation

not

to

effect
or

(Jones

of

genetic

w eather,

1969,

of

SI

w ithin

productivity

considered

root

uneven
Carmean
on

s u c h a s wood

composition

1969,

in

stand

inform ation

species

(Jones

land

including

than p ro d u ctio n ,

habitat

were

were p ro b lem s

not provide

capability,

were

which

to measure p l a n t a t i o n s ,

s i m i l a r a v e ra g e s between u n i t s ,
based

the

reported

useful

SI,

damage

w ildlife

data,

there

growth,

deforested

wide

SI

height

f o r e s t m a n a g e m e n t issues o t h e r

diversity,

commonly

scale

determ ining

inability

regenerative

a

A lso,

A d d i t i o n a l l y , SI d o e s

quality,

One

Carmean
soil

and

1975).

units

and

interpretations

meaningful

by

forest

(Carmean 1975) .

Habitat Types
Land

classifications

designations
the

use

of

are

known

vegetative

as

based

solely

habitat

indicators

on

types.
is

that

plant

community

A rationale
potential

for

plant

communities a r e th e e x p re s s io n of an i n t e g r a t i o n

of clim ate,

physiography,

species

sp e c ie s

groups

characteristics
resources

and

so ils,
occupy

which

are

so

that

vegetative

d i s c r e t e
dependent

( C a j a n d e r 1 9 2 6 , Rowe 1 9 5 6 ,

on

l o c a l i t i e s
the

P fister

or

with

availability

of

and Arno 1980) .

4
C lassifications
first

of

developed

forested

by

lands

Cajander

su b se q u e n tly used in Europe,
U .S.

C lassificatio n s

successful

in northern

organized

s i mp1 y ,

associations.

(1926)

on

regions,

In a r e a s

on

in

vegetation

Finland,

were

and

were

Canada, and in th e n o r t h w e s t e r n

based

with

based

vegetation

w ere

more

where p l a n t co m m u nities were

re la tiv e ly

further

few

sp ecies

so u th , the

and

com plexity

u n d e r s t o r y f l o r a ma d e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n m o r e d i f f i c u l t

of

(Carmean

1975).
V egetative grad ients
to

gradients

nutrient

of

M ajor

1964).

overstory
studies

In

is

not

conditions

in

(1984)

noted

has

necessarily

all

the

(1984)

have

ranges

as

cases
that

cases,

a difficulty
in

and

herbaceous

soil

( Dunn

and

site

Stearns

components,

useful

abundance

areas

sim ilar
type,

geographic
w ith

patterns

the
of

o n l y when i n f o r m a t i o n

Waring and

vegetation

and

that

of

it

appears

environm ental
1970).

and P r e g i t z e r
specificity

Barnes
are

not

a n d Ramm

of

species

indicator

plants.

vegetation
about

O ther
w ith

vegetation

use of

is

than

1987) .

a n d A r n e ma n

of

of

of vegetation

indicator

(Grigal

texture,

ch aracteristics

relationships

s a me e c o s y s t e m

m entioned

variation

valuable

a

(BA),

P l u t h a n d A r n e ma n 1 9 6 3 ,

found poor

and p h y s i o g r a p h i c

m oisture, so il

area

d ifferen t

vegetation

have

soil

basal

some

w ith

vegetation

The

SI,

(Rowe 1 9 5 6 ,

associated

soil

topography,

supply,

regeneration

in v a rio u s a r e a s have been r e l a t e d

its

makes

its

relationship

use
to

o th e r e n v iro n m e n ta l components i s

known.

Multifactor, or Ecological, Classification
Carmean
"should
so il,

not
and

(1975)

suggested

that

continue

segregated

along

ecological

lin es,

land
strict

but

site

q uality

integrated
The

basic

ecosystem

vegetative

structure,

consistent

internal

each

s o ils ,

other

and

by

functions

components

(Barnes e t a l .
Landform s,

topography,

are

s o il,

At

this

to

1987).
moisture

believed

level,
and

nutrient

trends of succession,

area

of

uniform

topography,

with

associations

can be d i s t i n g u i s h e d
in

physiography,

com ponents
the

classify

as

lo cal

and

th e ir

ecosystem .

a n d map t h e

su rfic ia l

of

the

ecosystem

substance

t o be a m e a n in g fu l
at

landforms
local

supplies,
partly

a

plus

delineation

regional

direct

clim ate

Landforms, through t h e i r
and

an

1982).

defined

vegetation,

system.

systems use c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

th e study of ecosystem p ro cesses
level.

a

differences

these

or

such

external

characterize

Ecological c la s s if ic a t io n

units

and

inventories

is

and

Ecosystem u n i t s

v egetat io n ;

m ajor

as

geology,

observable

in ter relationships

three

defined

soil,

(L eefers e t a l . 1987).
from

is

have

E cological,

classification,

unit

should

landscape

classificatio n s" .

m ultifactor

m ensurational,

instead

i n t e g r a t e d and c o o r d i n a t e d methods f o r
and

classification

the

( Rowe

for

hierarchical
expression
19 8 4 ,

of

B ailey

e f f e c t s on c l i m a t e a n d s o i l
also

control

the

temporal

t h r o u g h i n f l u e n c e s on f r e q u e n c y

and

degree

of

disturbance

Leefers et a l.

1986,

Host

et

al.

1987,

1987).

C lassification
ecosystem

(Whitney

systems

com ponents

which

to

incorporate

aid

in

a

variety

id e n tif ic a tio n

of
of

e c o l o g i c a l l y e q u iv a l e n t a r e a s have been implemented in p a r t s
of

Canada

(Barnes

and

in

1984,

Europe

Jones

throughout

1984,

Moon

most

1984).

i n t r o d u c e d t o t h e U .S . more r e c e n t l y .
land

classificatio n

components

to

combinations
provided

of

better

(P r e g itz e r
R ecently,

and
there

of

classifications

than

19 8 4 ,

been

it

any

Spies

suggestions

e c o l o g i c a l s u r v e y s h o u l d be i n i t i a t e d
component o f

and

t h e e n v iro n m en t and t h e

been

integrated

use of

com ponents,
soil,

have

the

century

have

Studies of

physiographic,

Barnes

this

They

s y s te m s , com paring

com binations

of

single

showed

that

vegetation

data

single

and

component

Barnes

that

a

nationw ide

to describe
processes

1985 ) .

the b io tic

which

formed

(Roughgarden 1989).

Background, objectives, and overall hypotheses of the study
The U .S .

Forest

Service

initiated

E c o l o g i c a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n System
N ational

Forests

M anistee,
study

and

uses

in

data

in

1980.

1985

on

collected

on

work b e g a n

Huron
the

in

National
Huron

N ational

d e s c r i b e e c o l o g i c a l u n i t s and r e l a t i o n s h i p s
small

data

set

was u s e d

for

1983

this

on

Forest.

d u r i n g 1985 and 1986 , a n d emp loys q u a n t i t a t i v e

relatively

of

an

(ECS) o n t h e H u r o n - M a n i s t e e

Field
the

developm ent

the
This

Forest

techniques

for

the area.

study,

so

to
A

that

other

ecological

units

may e x i s t

in

the area

in

addition

to

those described herein.
The

general

whether s i t e s

units.

components

are

Site

relationships
reasons.
sites

into

the

is

groups
based

to
of

on

sm allest

determ ine

ecologically
separate

site

equivalent

unit

be used

by

known

components
inferences
observe

or

to

species
indicator

to
of

a

which

ecological
to

the

plant

several
growth

physiography;

these

may
a

the

forest

produce

unit.

species;

Local

soil

and

must

Inform ation

ma y b e

used

to

be

absent

because

of

on

make

c o m p o n e n t s w h i c h may b e d i f f i c u l t

ma y

in

inform ation

variations

map new a r e a s .
ecosystem

of

soil

variation

the

these

response.

sim ilar

combination

a m p l i t u d e ma y a l t e r

landscape

about other

alter

also

of

for

when p r e d i c t i n g

instances
define

can

and

processes

cor re c tly

Knowledge o f t h e s e

managers

soil

are

knowledge

components

history

recognized

such

com ponents

re q u ire s

site

forming
in

flora

provided

be

site

ecosystem

sim ilar

soil

must

ground

and

must

m orphologies;
flora

ECS

betw een

w ith

D ifferent

on

and

among

An

Climate

influences

of

study

eventually derived.

in v e s t i g a t e d .

be

my

ordinations

developed,

R elatio n sh ip s

on

of

may b e c l a s s i f i e d

equivalent

is

objective

to

disturbance.

r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i l l a llo w a c c u r a t e mapping

un its,

predict

silv ic u ltu ra l

management p r a c t i c e s .

the

w hich

in

turn

influences

treatm ents

of

and

w ill
site
other

allow

forest

characteristics
m ultiple-use

8
The
stated

overall
as

altern ativ e

h y p o th e se s),

a r e : 1)

be c l a s s i f i e d
forest

hypotheses

m anagem ent;

soils

data,

the

ground

sites

site

(as

are

by

into

which a r e
not

of

the

to

null

and

can

utility

same,

flora

a n d 3)

study,

which s i t e s

separately

data,

this

opposed

ordinations,

significantly different,
individual

tested

groups

landscape

all

or

be

hypotheses

there are

across

classifications,

to

in

2)

site

derived

from

overstory

data

are

t h e r e a r e a s s o c i a t i o n s among

characteristics

believed

im portant

to

growth.
D etailed
reviews

of

and

hypotheses,

literature

and

methodologies

the

presented

in

C hapters

sum m arization
lab o rato ry
site

objectives

and

and

2 and

analysis

field

3.

Chapter

of

w ork,

soils
and

an

ordination

of

sites

species

cover-abundance

2 discusses

the

collected

relates

v a lu e s,

r e l a t i o n s h i p w ith s o i l s , geology,
ordination

based

on

soils

based

on

overstory

ordinations

based

on

soil

forest

developed

floor
from

conclusions

is

presented

and

flora

are

data

to

Chapter

ground

3

flora

d iscu sses

basal

is

area

properties.

properties

overstory

ranked

from

its

and o v e r s t o r y c o m p o sitio n .

ground

ordinations

and

are

data

using

w ith

employed,

g r o u p i n g s b a s e d on d e p o s i t i o n a l e n v i r o n m e n t .

presents

The

together

in Chapter

4,

by

w ith

species,

and

A dditionally,

compared

composition.

compared

among

site

A s u mma r y
and

of

soil
groups
study

im plications

d e f in itio n of e co lo g ica l u n its are d iscussed.

for

9
LITERATURE CITED
B a i l e y , R.G.
1987.
Suggested h ie ra rc h y of c r i t e r i a fo r
m u l t i - s c a l e ecosystem mapping.
Landscape Urban P l a n n .
14: 313-319.
B a r n e s , B . V . , K .S. P r e g i t z e r , T.A. S p i e s , a nd V.H. S p o o n e r .
1982 .
E cological fo re s t s i t e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
J .
F o r e s t r y 80: 4 9 3 -4 9 8 .
B a rn e s , B.V.
1984.
F o r e s t ecosystem c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and
m a p p i n g i n B a d e n - W u r t t e m b e r g , We s t G e r m a n y .
p 49-65.
I n J . G. B o c k h e im , e d .
F o r e s t Land C l a s s i f i c a t i o n :
E x p erien ces, Problems, P e rs p e c tiv e s .
Proceedings of
t h e symposium.
M a d is o n , W i s c o n s i n , March 1 8 - 2 0 , 1 9 8 4 .
276 p p .
C a j a n d e r , A . K.
1926.
The t h e o r y
F o r e s t . Fe nn. 29: 1 - 1 0 8 .

of

forest

types .

Acta

C a r m e a n , W. H .
1968 .
Tree h e ig h t-g ro w th p a t t e r n s in
r e l a t i o n to s o i l and s i t e .
p. 499-512 .
In C .T .
Youngberg and C.B. D avey, e d s .
Proceedings of the
T h i r d N orth American F o r e s t S o i l s C o n fe re n c e .
Raleigh,
N o rth C a r o l i n a , A ugust, 1968.
C a r m e a n , W.H.
1975.
Forest s ite quality evaluation
United S ta te s .
Adv. A g r o n . 27: 2 0 9 - 2 6 9 .

in

the

D unn, C . P . , and F. S t e a r n s .
1987.
R e la tio n sh ip of
v e g e ta tio n la y e rs to s o i l s in S o u th eastern W isconsin
forested w etlands.
Amer. M idland N a t u r a l i s t 118: 3 6 6 374.
G r i g a l , D.F.
1984.
Shortcomings of s o i l surveys fo r f o r e s t
management. p 148-166.
In J .G . Bockheim, e d .
Forest
Land
C la ssific a tio n :
Exper ie n c e s ,
P roblem s,
Perspectives.
P r o c e e d in g s o f t h e symposium.
Madison,
W i s c o n s i n , March 1 8 - 2 0 , 1 9 8 4 .
276 p p .
G r i g a l , D . F . , and H.F. A rnem an.
197 0 .
Q uantitative
r e l a t i o n s h i p s among v e g e t a t i o n a n d s o i l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s
from n o r t h e a s t e r n M in n eso ta .
Can. J . B o t . 48: 5 5 5 - 5 6 6 .
H o s t , G . E . , K . S . P r e g i t z e r , C.W. Ramm, J . B . H a r t , a n d D . T .
C leland.
1987.
Landform -m ediated d i f f e r e n c e s in
s u c c e s s i o n a l p a t h w a y s among u p l a n d f o r e s t e c o s y s t e m s i n
n o r t h w e s t e r n lower M ichigan.
F o r e s t S c i . 33: 4 4 5 - 4 5 7 .

10
Jones, J.R.
1969.
Review and c o m p a r is o n o f s i t e e v a l u a t i o n
m ethods.
U .S .D .A . F o r e s t S e rv . R es. P a p e r RM-51.
Rocky Mtn. F o r e s t a n d Range E x p t . S t a . , F o r t C o l l i n s ,
Colorado.
27 p p .
J o n e s , R.K.
1984.
S ite c l a s s i f i c a t i o n in O ntario.
p 8299.
I n J . G . Bockheim, ed .
F o r e s t Land C l a s s i f i c a t i o n :
E xperiences, Problems, P e r s p e c tiv e s .
Proceedings of
t h e symposium.
M a d i s o n , W i s c o n s i n , March 1 8 - 2 0 , 1 9 8 4 .
276 p p .
L e e f e r s , L . A . , D .T. C l e l a n d , and J . B . H a r t .
19 8 7 .
E c o lo g ic a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n System :
in fo r m a tio n and
econom ics.
In S i x t h C e n t r a l Hardwoods C o n f e r e n c e .
P r o c e e d in g s o f th e symposium.
K noxville, Tennesee,
F e b ru a ry 2 4-26, 1987.
Moon,

D.E.
1984.
F o re st land
B r i t i s h C olum bia. p. 66-81.
F o r e s t Land C l a s s i f i c a t i o n :
Perspectives.
Proceedings of
W i s c o n s i n , March 1 8 - 2 0 , 19 84 .

re so u rce s in v e n to ry in
In J .G . Bockheim, e d .
E xperiences, Problem s,
t h e symposium.
Madison,
276 p p .

P f i s t e r , R. D. , and S .F . A rno.
1980 .
h a b i t a t t y p e s b a s e d on p o t e n t i a l
Forest S c i.
26: 5 2 - 7 0 .

C lassifying fo rest
clim ax v e g e t a t i o n .

P l u t h , D . J . , a n d H . F . Arneman.
1963.
F o r e s t s o i l and t r e e
growth c h a r a c te r i s t i c s
re la te d to a synecological
c o o rd in a te system,
p 331-352.
In Youngberg, C . T . , ed .
Fo r e s t - s o i l
relatio n sh ip s
in
North
Ame r i c a .
P ro c e e d in g s of th e symposium.
C o r v a llis , O regon,
August 26-31, 1963.
532 p p .
P r e g i t z e r , K . S . , an d B.V. B a r n e s .
1984.
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n and
c o m parison o f u p la n d hardwood and c o n i f e r e c o s y s te m s o f
t h e C y r u s H. McCormick E x p e r i m e n t a l F o r e s t , u p p e r
Michigan.
Can. J . F o r . R es. 14: 3 6 2 -3 7 5 .
P r e g i t z e r , K . S . a n d C . W. Ramm.
1984 .
C la s s ific a tio n of
f o r e s t ecosystem s in M ichigan.
p 114-131.
In J.G.
Bockheim, ed.
F o r e s t Land C l a s s i f i c a t i o n : E x p e r i e n c e s ,
Problem s, P e rsp e ctiv e s.
P r o c e e d in g s o f t h e symposium.
M a d i s o n , W i s c o n s i n , Ma r c h 1 8 - 2 0 , 1 9 8 4 .
276 p p .
R ennie, P .J .
1963 .
Methods of a s s e s s i n g
C o mmo n w e a l t h F o r e s t . R e v . 4 2 : 3 0 6 - 3 1 7 .

site

Roughgarden, J .
1989.
Viewpoint:
Th e U n i t e d
an e c o lo g ic a l survey.
B i o s c i e n c e 39: 5.
Rowe, J . S .
1956 .
Uses of u n d e rg ro w th
forestry.
E c o lo g y 37: 4 6 1 - 4 7 3 .

plant

capaci ty .

States

needs

species

in

11
Ro we ,

J.S.
1984.
Forestland c la s s ific a tio n :
lim itations
of th e use of v e g e ta tio n , p 132-147.
I n J . G . Bockheim,
ed.
F o r e s t Land C l a s s i f i c a t i o n : E x p e r i e n c e s , P r o b l e m s ,
Perspectives.
P r o c e e d in g s o f t h e symposium.
Madison,
W i s c o n s i n , March 1 8 - 2 0 , 1984 .
276 p p .

S o i l Survey S t a f f .
1975.
S o i l T a x o n o my .
AH-436.
S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , W a s h i n g t o n , D.C.

U.S.D.A.

S p i e s , T . A . , and B a r n e s , B.V.
1985.
A multifactor
e c o l o g i c a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of th e n o r t h e r n hardwood and
c o n i f e r e c o s y s t e m s o f S y l v a n i a R e c r e a t i o n A r e a , Upper
P e n in s u la , Michigan.
Can. J . F o r . R e s . 15: 9 4 9 - 9 6 0 .
W aring, R .H ., and J . M ajor.
1964.
Some v e g e t a t i o n o f t h e
C a l i f o r n i a c o a s t a l redw ood r e g i o n in r e l a t i o n t o
g r a d i e n t s of m o is tu r e ,
n u trie n ts,
lig h t,
and
tem perature.
E c o l . Monographs 34: 1 6 7 -2 1 5 .
W h i t n e y , G.G.
1986.
R elatio n of M ichigan's p re s e ttle m e n t
p in e f o r e s t s to s u b s t r a t e and d i s t u r b a n c e h i s t o r y .
Ecology 67: 1548-1559.

CHAPTER I I

ASSOCIATIONS AMONG CHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL SOIL FEATURES,
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS, AND GLACIAL LANDFORMS

INTRODUCTION
S o ils
landform "

are
in

landform s,
facto rs
1984).
to

not

"sep arate

w hich

and

they

a

w ith

independen t

rath er,

they

d esig n ated

so ils

q u an tify

m ost

m acro clim atic

to pography, c lim a te ,

c h aracteristics

(Barnes

et

th e

w ith in

environm ental
area.

and

(G rig al

al.

in p a rt

tim e

a l l o f w hich c an be d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y
landform

of

occur

S o i l p r o p e r t i e s a r e known t o b e a t t r i b u t a b l e

parent m a te ria l,

1941),

occur;

to g eth er

w ith in

from and

(Jenny

asso ciated

1982,

G rigal

1 9 8 4 , Rowe 1 9 8 4 , B a i l e y 1 9 8 7 ) .
L andform s
p a tte rn s

by

in flu en c e

m o d ify in g

supplying p la n t
al.

n u trien ts

th e

d ev elo p m en t

re g io n a l

of

c lim a tic

e co sy stem

c o n d itio n s,

from g e o l o g i c m a t e r i a l

(B arnes

1 9 8 2 , Rowe 1 9 8 4 , B a i l e y 1 9 8 7 ) , a n d i n f l u e n c i n g

freq u en cies

of d istu rb an ce

1987, H ost e t a l .

for

ecosystem

u n its

p recisely

what

elu siv e.

1986,

ty p e s and

H ost

et

a l.

1988) .

The l a n d f o r m ,
d e lin e atio n

( Zak e t a l .

et

th erefo re,
th e

stu d y

(Rowe 1 9 8 4 ,
land

area

P reg itze r

and

is b eliev ed
and

m apping

B ailey

com prises
Ramm

12

1987).
a

to be a m e a n in g fu l
of

b o th

and

A d efin itio n

landform

(1984)

so il

have

can

be

stated

of

more
th a t

13
lan d fo rm ,

b ro ad ly

geom orphology,

d e fin e d ,

te rra in ,

of

th a t

the

is

land

rep eats

surface,

d is tin c tiv e

sig n ific a n t

for

in

lan d

vario u s

landform as

of

because
use

or

of

to

lan d scap es"

th e

E arth ' s

p lu s

rep resen tin g
of

"th e

la n d sc a p e

its

th ree-d im en sio n al

Soc.

shape

is

sim ply

(P itty

1984) .

"s u rfic ia l

to p o g ra p h y ",

m o rp h o lo g ical-stru ctu ral

eco sy stem s" .

He

th a t
1987),

as

or

is

Am.

landform

(1984)

rock

th a t

g e n esis,

re lie f"

b y Rowe

or

shape,

S ci.
of

S cience

sedim ent,

its

(S o il

su rface

stab le

"a

lan d scap e

surface

Landform h as been d e s c r ib e d
subs ta n ce

The S o i l

form ed o f s o i l ,

w h ile a g eo m o rp h o lo g ic d e s c r i p t i o n
"p o rtio n s

"p h y sio g rap h y ,

and to p o g ra p h y ".

S o c i e t y o f A m erica d e f i n e s
part

in clu d es

fu rth e r

component

s ta te s

th a t

"re p e titiv e p attern s

i n v e g e t a t i o n can be t r a c e d d i r e c t l y

re p etitiv e

of

kinds

of

p attern s
su rficial

topography

m aterials",

of v eg etatio n p a tte rn s
im p lies

th a t

to p o g rap h ic
dep o sit,

so

th at

the

and s o i l p a t t e r n s

a landform
m ass

asso ciated

w ith

as d efin ed
a

is

w ith
"best

sp ecific
co rrelate

landform ".

b y Rowe c o n s i s t s

relativ ely

homogenous

w hich seems a r e a s o n a b l e d e f i n i t i o n

to

T his
of

a

su rfic ia l

fo r purposes of

s o i l and e c o s y s te m m apping.
D e f i n i t i o n s o f l a n d f o r m g e n e r a l l y d e p e n d on t h e s p a t i a l
scale of in te re s t
w h eth er

it

surfaces,
scales

and th e t e r r a i n o f th e r e g io n in q u e s t i o n ,

be g l a c i a l
or

o th ers.

w hich a r e

The m a c r o s c a l e

is

of

d rift,
B ailey

in te re st

larg ely

aeo lian
(1984)
in

d e p o sits , ero sio n al

describes

eco lo g ical

co n tro lled

by

three
land

clim ate,

sp atial

m ap p in g .
w hile

the

14
m esoscale
due

to

is

ch aracterized

geologic

m icroscale

is

su b strate,

related

of

th e

(1977)

w ould

ro u g h ly

fe a tu re s
outw ash

d efined

of

landform s

as

till

ch an n els,

d elta s,

beach

lan d fo rm s,

m asses,

in

and

th is

and

area

d ep o sit

d ep o sitio n al

g lacial

The

In her

M ichigan,

featu res,

p la in s,

o u tw ash

com plexes,

bedrock
in d ic a te

ow ing

en v iro n m en t.

to

w hich
These

p la in s,

lak e

p la in s,

to p o g rap h y .
th at

some

The

lo calized
lan d fo rm

d e te rm in in g ecosystem b o u n d a rie s fo r
My s t u d y p r o v i d e s
featu res

F ield

of

th ese

The

developm ent

an

of

ecosystem

types

var ia tio n s

u n it
to

as

in

d efin ed

be u s e f u l

in

th is area.

i n f o r m a t i o n on a s s o c i a t i o n s o f mapped

w ith

p ro p e rtie s.

th e

relief.

low er

g e o m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y may b e t o o h e t e r o g e n e o u s

of

clim ate

no tab ly m o rain es, co n tain s e v e ra l d i f f e r e n t

surf ic ia l

g la cial

of

B a ile y ' s m eso scale.

m o rain es,

o b s e r v a t io n s

shape,

north eastern

c o rre sp o n d w ith

kam ic

co n tro l

s e r i e s and p l a n t a s s o c i a t i o n .

in clu d e

isla n d s,

of

surface

geom orphology

B u rg is

landform

to l o c a l s lo p e and a s p e c t d i f f e r e n c e s ,

and has a uniform s o i l
stud y

by

surf ic ia l

in fo rm atio n

ecosystem

processes

in

d e p o sits,
w ill

be

c lassificatio n

the

area.

and

w ith

v ita l
and

for

so il

to

th e

stu d ies

An u n d e r s t a n d i n g

of

e c o l o g i c a l meaning o f c o i n c i d e n t l a n d s c a p e f e a t u r e s w i l l

in crease

th e

inform ation
lan d fo rm

u sefu ln ess

system s.

U ltim ately ,

relatio n sh ip s

en viro n m en tal system s.

of d ata

o b tain ed

from g e o g r a p h ic

know ledge r e g a r d i n g

ma y p r o v i d e

in p u ts

so il-

to m od elin g

of

15

Glacial geology and climate of the study area
The

study

was

n o rth eastern
g eo lo g y o f
g lacial

during

low er

th e

L ate

the

Huron

N ational

(F ig u re

2 .1 ).

has been e x te n s iv e ly

mapped by B u r g i s

recen tly

th e

in

M ichigan

area

featu res

was m o st

lo cated

g la ciate d

W isconsinan

(1977,

by

th e

Forest

The

Several

and

its

The

region

Ice

Sheet

L au ren tid e

p erio d .

g la cial

stu d ied

1981).

in

readvances

of

t h e Huron Lobe o c c u r r e d d u r i n g t h e P o r t B ru c e a n d P o r t H uron
su b stag es
su rficial

of

Port
an

the a re a .

before

ice.

present

An a r e a

ic e -d isin teg ratio n

The

(B .P .)

designated
featu re

kam es,

w hich

are

by w a t e r

This a re a

in stead e x h ib its
of

re tre a t.
the

form

th e

m orainal

dep o sitio n

stran d ed

Th e

northw est

G lennie
sublobe

of

of

the

as

the

form ed
th e

at

M altby

at

about

re tre a t

th e

form ed

Karnes

of
is

so u th w est

in

co arse-tex tu red

b lo ck s

m oraine

d u rin g

h ills

a k ettle

ic e

w as

T h e M a l t b y Karnes a r e

co n ical

d rain ag es

m e ltin g

to

tw o l a r g e s t

lo cated

m a r g i n o f t h e West B ra n c h m o r a i n e .
tru ly

p erio d

The West B ra n ch m o r a i n e

years

B ruce

W isco n sin an

t h e West B r a n c h m o r a i n e a n d t h e G l e n n i e m o r a i n e

2 .1 ).

1 3 ,8 0 0

L ate

topography o f

fe a tu re s are
(F igure

th e

not

g la cial

m aterials.

top o g rap h y i n d i c a t i v e o f
subsequent

form ed

after

Huron L ob e,

a

to

g la cia l

readvance

w hich

reached

of
its

maximum s o u t h w e s t e x t e n t a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 2 , 5 0 0 y e a r s B . P . ,
and

is

th e

West

featu res

believ ed

to

have

Branch

m oraine

lo cated

at

the

o v errid d en
(B urgis

the

1977,

w esternm ost

eastern
1981).

edge o f

p o rtio n
The

the

of

sm aller

study

area

16

OUTWASH
U eC O U U M

UO R A IN IC

LIN CO LN

RED OAK
KAUC

ACUNA NT

KA M E5

AIDGC8

tUC888 /

- C 9 8 IC
/ ,
CMAMSV J /

....

G LEN NIE
W E ST
M ORAINE

HELEN

PLAIN

lLAKS
3 0 ra8&®9

knqu^J i

HURON

n o r t h e a s t e r n low er
chiqan
and
o f th e stu d y a re a (B u rg is 1981).

H u r o .n N a t i o n a l F o r e s t i n
g l a c i a l iandform f e a t u r e s

17
are

t h e E l d o r a d o Ka m ic R i d g e s .

d ep o sited

at

th e

same

tim e

These
as

th e

rem nant
W est

featu res

B ranch

w ere

m o rain e,

d u r i n g P o r t B ruce tim e a t a b o u t 13,800 y e a r s B .P.
M oraines

in

th e

study

b row n loam y t e x t u r e d

area

are

com prised

t i l l , rew orked

of

in p la c e s

a

red d ish

by

lo c a lly

p o n d e d w a t e r , o r o v e r r i d d e n by l o c a l i z e d o u t w a s h .
fo rm atio n s
rew orking
p a rts

are

follow in g

of

b o th

in d ic a tin g
A ssociated
and

co m m on a t o p

th e

w ith

the

g la cial

W est

K ettles

B ranch

m oraines

featu res,

sandy m a t e r i a l s .

v a ria b le

g laciatio n .

and

ic e -d is in te g ra tio n

outw ash

M ich ig an

th e m o ra in e s,

so il

la rg e ly

Thus,

e x h ib its

in

the

parent

advances

m a terials

and

th e se

of

of

a

p o stg la cia l

common i n
m o rain es,

are

drain ag e

co arse-tex tu red

n o rth eastern

uneven
as

w ind

lo c a t io n s .

landscape

lan d scap e
of

also

G len n ie

com prised

a p a tte rn

in d ic a tin g

are

a t

the

D u n e-lik e

low er

to p o g ra p h y

resu lt

of

rew o rk in g

and

rep eated

of

surface

m a t e r i a l s by w ind and w a t e r .
The c l i m a t e

of

the

area

is

c o o l and m o is t,

an n u al te m p e ra tu re of 6.7 d e g re es C e n tig ra d e .
is

m oderated

from
7.2

6 .1
near

near

degrees
the

at

lak e.

ranging

from 6 8 .6

to

cm a t

7 3 .7

averages

th e

11 5 d a y s ,

140 d a y s a t

Lake H u ro n , so t h a t

the

the

w estern

Mean a n n u a l
cm i n

the

of

the

part

edge.

of

the

range

area
71.1

study

The g r o w in g

Growing s e a s o n
W inter

study

averages

r a n g i n g f r o m 100 d a y s a t

tem p o rally .

Local clim ate

tem p eratu res

ra in fall

cen tral

so u th eastern

e a st edge.

extrem ely v a r ia b le

edge

w i t h a m e an

to
cm,

area

season

th e w est edge to
len g th s

snow fall

are

also

ranges

from

18
114

cm o n

th e

V ariatio n
and

in

lo cal

snow fall

is

-29

A g ricu ltu re

reg io n al
most o f
II.

is

to p o g rap h y .

tem p eratu re
of

so u th east

T his

to

The

mean

degrees

d istrict

is

on

et

map

and

d irectio n s

extrem e

(M ichigan

a l.

of

n o rth w est.

w ind

annual

m inim um

D epartm ent

(1986) ,

M ichigan,

th e H ig h p lain s

large

th e

p rev ailin g

A lb ert

in

cm

C entigrade

ecosystem

th e study s i t e

228

due

1974).

landscape

to

in

th e ir

have

D istrict

c lim atically

placed

of

R egion

d iv erse,

but

v ariatio n

in re c o rd ed w eather d a ta p re c lu d e d d i v i s i o n o f th e

area

homogeneous s u b d i s t r i c t s .

in to

c lim a te appeared
m asses s e t t l i n g

to be

related

to

The l o c a l

topography,

v ariatio n
w ith

cold

in
air

in lo w - ly i n g outw ash p l a i n s .

R e la tio n s h ip s o f s o i l and lan d scape f e a tu r e s
D evelopm ent o f s o i l s
at

b o th

th e

m ic ro sca le

calcareo u s

till

h o riz o n ,

p resen ce

so il

d ecalcificatio n
p o sitio n
F lo rid a

and

w ere

(D alsg aard
related

p ercen tag e,

observed

g lacial d rift
G eo lo g ic

of

an

all
et

me s o s c a 1 e

D enm ark,

th e

a l.

organic

of

to

th e

to

(O v alles

and

on

an

area

i n Iowa (W a lk e r e t a l .
m a te ria l

has

been

of

th e

depth

sum m it,

in

sand

sh o u ld er,

C o llin s
related
m ixed

and

stu d y

c o lo r,

B
of

in clin atio n

A h o rizo n ,

C co ntent

On a

of

A sim ilar

and a s p e c t were s t r o n g l y

p ro p erties

and

slope

1981).

le v e ls .

th ick n ess

E h o riz o n ,

related

p o sitio n s

slope,
so il

in

and

th ic k n e ss

pH a n d

b ack slo p e

E lev atio n ,

has been a s s o c i a t e d w ith la n d fo rm s

19 8 6 ) .
to

lo ess

field
and

1968).
a sso c iate d

w ith

so il

19
featu res
g rain

in

a

size

number

stu d ies.

d istrib u tio n s

found to be r e l a t e d
till

of

in

a

so il

catena

d e p o s i t , two c o l l u v i a l d e p o s i t s ,

sam ples

of

till

classified
used

in to

tex tu re,

taxonom ic

groups

parent
four

coarse

le v el.

based

m aterials

h o rizo n tal

A lb erta

fragm ent,
w ere

and

related

so ils

in clu d in g a

in

(1986)

found t h a t

M in n eso ta

to

be

w hich

v alu es.

S o il

till

from

co u ld

functions

carbo nate

an aly sis

d e riv e d

w ere

and an a e o l i a n d e p o s i t

by d i s c r i m i n a n t

D iscrim in an t

on

in

Crum a n d R u s t

groups

d ifferen ces

fam ily

and

to f o u r geom orphic e p i s o d e s ,

(Pennock and V reeken 1 9 8 6 ).

th e

V ertical

com position
was

ap p lied

seven

at
to

d iffe re n t

s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k f o r m a t i o n s i n V i r g i n i a b a s e d o n r a n k s o f 34
fie ld

and

L entner

lab o rato ry

1987).

developed

for

the

oth er

so il

th e

m easured

d iffer
in

d eterm in ed

D iscrim inant
so il

groups

could

p ro p e rtie s.
two

types

W isco n sin ,

one

of

and

H ole

fu n ctio n s

g r o u p s f r o m tw o o f

betw een

(P avlik

p ro p e rtie s
w ere

the

S o il

seven

of

p ro p erties

sim ilarly
featu red

S o ils

on

th e

aged

fo rm atio n s;

w ere

by a n y

of

found

to

ground

d ru m lin
drum lin

and

su ccessfu lly

n o t be d i s c r i m i n a t e d

w hich

1977) .

( Edmonds

m oraines

topography
terrain

had

d e e p e r p r o f i l e s , w ith g r e a t e r developm ent o f B h o r i z o n s .

Numerical analysis of soils data
S tu d ies
so il

d ata

have

used

g roupings

rep o rted in

w hich
d ep th
is

th at

w ere

th e l i t e r a t u r e have most o f t e n u sed

summed

sum s.

The

by

h orizons,

ratio n ale

but

for

some

u sin g

c o m p a r i s o n s a r e made among s o i l

stu d ies
h o rizo n

lay ers

on

20
w h ich

sim ila r

p e d o g en e tic

have

occurred.

been

c ritic iz ed

b e c a u s e th e y u se v a ry in g d e p th s and t h i c k n e s s e s ,

and r e f l e c t

a

determ in in g

A lte rn a tiv e ly ,

su b jectiv e

th e

h o rizo n

d ecision

lo c a tio n

of

sum m aries

by

the

hor izo n

c o n s i d e r e d more o b j e c t i v e
N um erical
d ifferen ces
sin g le

p o in ts,

has

( PCA)

has

tech n iq u e

does

te st,

but

d ata

allo w

a v isu al

am ong p o i n t s .
id e n tify
fin d in g
carbon

th at

it

so ils

isarith m

so u th

map o f

com pared
num erical

the

changes

so il

o b serv atio n s

been

useful

in

not

p ro v id e

a

c en tral

respect

N o rris
data
d ata

to

(1971)

the
to

sets

of

w ell

w ith

so ils

number

of

sta tistic a l
of

a

re la tio n sh ip s

in

F lo rid a

so ils,

to te x t u r e and o rg a n ic
(1972)

follow ed

by

up

creating

component

(PC ).

a
an

They

p ro p erties

id en tified

by

tra d itio n a l

so il

map a n d

two

d eterm in e

corresponded
for

first

a

u s e d PCA s i m p l y t o

E ngland

p rin cip al

procedure w ith a

of

at

P rin cip al

dim en sio n ality

(1988)

Burrough

fo u n d good ag reem en t g e n e r a l l y .
w ith

the

v a ria b ility

so il

d em o n strate

o b serv atio n s.

ex am in atio n

and

first

in

are

among

reduce

of

W ebster
in

sum s

to

w as r e l a t e d p r i m a r i l y

co n ten t.

PCA o f

can

sources

D ep th

used

O v a lle s and C o llin s

m ajor

in

been

a n d among g r o u p s o f

The

to

d escrib er

( G r i g a l a n d Arneman 1 9 6 9 ) .

sig n ifican ce
set

so il

sim ila ritie s

com ponent a n a ly s is
stu d ie s.

have

boundar i e s .

an aly sis

and

processes

P lo ts

survey

of s ite

PCA d i m e n s i o n s

th at

g ro u p in g s

groupings
from

based

Australia

th e

lo c atio n s

w ere

used

b a se d on

by

fie ld

on

lab o rato ry

and

England.

21
N o rtc liff
p attern s

(1978)
at

used

d ifferen t

of

v arian ce

at

w hich c e r t a i n

PCA

to

areal

( ANOVA) t o

exam ine

scales,

so il

and

also

v a ria b ility
used

id en tify

the

p a rticu lar

com ponents o f

th e

v aria b ility

an aly sis

areal

scale

w ere m ost

im p o rtan t.
C l u s t e r i n g m e th o d s w e re c o m p ared by C u a n a lo a n d W e b s te r
(197 0 ) ,
th ere

wh o f o u n d

was good

th at

for

agreem ent

num erical c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s
c lassific atio n .
b etw een

c lu sterin g

in tu itiv e
are

For

E arth

and a p r i o r

G ley

so ils,

m eth o d s,

or

to

th ere

betw een

c lassify

and

in

was

no

agreem ent

c lu sters

concluded

eith er

gave

and

th at

th e

G leys

by n u m e r i c a l

or

from each

In M innesota, a w e ig h te d - p a ir group c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s
c lassificatio n s

low er

th e

bio p h y sical

i n t u i t i v e m ethods b e c a u s e th e y a r e q u i t e d i f f e r e n t
o th er.

E ngland

betw een

in tu itiv e

The a u t h o r s

d ifficu lt

so ils

among m e t h o d s ,

c lassificatio n .

in h eren tly

Brown

lev els

of

w hich

th e

h ie ra rc h y

N um erical c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s
n u m erical

w ere

did

c lassific atio n s

su b jectiv ely

(G rig a l

not

accu rate

an d A rnem an

1969).

correspond w ell w ith

except

when

v ariab les

non-

in

th e

num erical c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

w ere l i m i t e d

t h i c k n e s s , and v a r i a b l e s

in th e non-num erical c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

was

lim ited

to

o b serv atio n
tax o n o m ic
m apping
found

scores

and

u n its

that

fam ily

d eriv ed

n u m erical
in

V irg in ia

cluster

classificatio n s

tex tu ral

by

c lass.

from

C luster

PCA w a s

used

c lassific atio n s
( Edmonds

groupings

S o il

to horizo n

at

Ta xonomy

did

et

a l.

not

(S o il

of

t e x t u r e and

an aly sis
to

com pare

th ree
1985) .

cor respond

Survey

S taff

of

so il
They
with
1975),

22
in d icatin g

th at

so il

v ariab ility

w ith in

7 m was

too

f o r e f f e c t i v e d e s c r i p t i o n by t h e ta x o n o m ic u n i t s .
of

PCA s c o r e s

because

th ere

weights

in

in

clu ster

were a l a r g e
a

PC,

so

asso ciated

with

m ethod

em ployed

was

an aly sis

th e

w as

number o f

that

no

D enton

be

w ith

var ia b le

a l.

and

The u s e

to

v ariab les

single

PC ( E d m o n d s e t
by

thought

useful
sim ilar

could

1985) .

B arnes

great

be

A sim ilar

(1988),

w here

c l i m a t i c d a t a w a s s u m m a r i z e d i n t o a f e w v a r i a b l e s u s i n g PCA,
and

th ese

variables

com bination

w ith

were

o rig in al

used

in

cluster

v ariab les

approach

was

of

analysis

g reater

sig n ific a n ce .

T his

in ten d ed

c lassificatio n s

l e s s d e p e n d e n t on c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

in

b io lo g ical

also

to

make

of c lu s te r

a n a ly s e s m ethods.
D i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s w as a p p l i e d t o som e g l e y s o i l s
S co tlan d

to determ ine

used

classify

to

1980).

four

T h e r e was

taxonom ic

w hether

num erical

taxonom ic

good

u n its

agreem ent

p artly
rock

from

and

th e

Ragg

num erical

and

c la ssific a tio n s

so il

in

format io n s ,

but

the

produced

at

v ariab les

classify in g

m ore a c c u r a t e

classific atio n

sy stem were found t o be

D iscrim in an t

ranked

successful

p ro v id ed

(H enderson

be

( n o n - n u m e r i c a l ) c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s , b u t so me c r i t e r i a

d iscrim in a to rs.

developed

could

betw een

u sed in th e taxonom ic c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
poor

tech n iq u es

in

th e

by

in

so ils

authors
th e

estim atio n s
series

a n aly sis

lev el

V irg in ia
into

fu n ctio n s
w ere

their

of

parent

coneluded

d is c r im in an t
so il

and

that

an aly sis

response

( Edmonds

only

th an

L en tn er

23
1987).

G la cia lly

lacu strin e
o th er

u sin g

(N orton

and

v ariab les
of

silt

w ere

Zr,
H all

w ere

and

O ther

effectiv e
in

g en erally

v ariab les,

in d iv id u a ls.

c lassific atio n s
response,

silt

and

w ith

For

Two t y p e s

fu n ctio n s

p a rtic u la rly

and

one

using

stru ctu re,

29
and

( P a v l i k and H ole 1 9 7 7 ).
and c l u s t e r

d eriv ed

groups
from

c r ite r ia ,

these

w ere

each

fraction

drum lins

tex tu re,

and

m in eralo g ical

an aly sis

were

sim ilar

so il

of

n u m erical

to co rrespond w ith c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s

taxonomic

v a r ia b ility .

one

id en tify in g

G roupings

som etim es f a i l e d
subjective

in

th e

from

d iscrim in atio n .

inclu d in g

component a n a l y s i s

effectiv e

of

by d i s c r i m i n a n t

th ic k n e ss of s o i l horizons
P rin cip al

in

resid u a,

d iscrim in ated

tex tu ral

W isconsin,

describ ed

field -o b serv ed

siltsto n e

K co n ten ts

1985).

m oraine

lo e ss,

su ccessfu lly

T i,

w ere l e s s

ground

w ith o u t,

d eriv ed

si tuat ions ,

deemed
at

largely

b e tte r

th e

lo cal

due

the

b a s e d on
to

soil

numerical

p re d ic to rs
le v el,

an aly sis

of

because

so il
th e

n u m e r i c a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n w as d e r i v e d f r o m a l a r g e r n u m b e r o f
o b j e c t i v e l y d eterm ined v a r ia b le s .

24
OBJECTIVES AM) HYPOTHESES
The

o b je c tiv e

a sso ciatio n s
and

of

among s o i l

m apped

g lacial

th is

c h ap te r

featu res,

lan d fo rm s

or

relatio n sh ip s

co m p o n en ts

will

in

reg io n ,

developed

g la cial

g rad ien t

for

if

o b tain ed

site

from

d esig n atio n s

n o t,

i n loamy t i l l

5)

d ata

site

an

so il

are:

ecosystem

ecological

1)

th ese

classific atio n

system

c h aracteristics

o r d i n a t io n s

and

sh o u ld

h o m o g e n o u s a mo ng

there

site s

d ifferen ces

be

data
the

to

with

in

ages

of

o rd in ated

by

represent

o rd in atio n

cor respond

and

g la cial
enough

from d i f f e r e n t

soils
does

are

homogenous

are

datin g

u s e d by B u r g i s

d e p o s itio n a l environm ents,
d eterm ined

3)

using

q u ality ,

so ils
as

can

4)

tech n iq u es
of

of

(1981)

an e c o l o g i c a l

and

d ep o sitio n ,

num erical

reg io n s.

th ese

2) a r e s o i l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

sam pled s i t e s ,

so ils

addressed

a s mapped by B u r g i s

serve as a b asis

the

environm ent,

sy stem f o r n o r t h e a s t e r n low er M ich ig an .

landform u n i t s

in th is

among

d ev elo p m en t

The g e n e r a l q u e s t i o n s

to

examine

p h y sio g rap h ic

regarding

classific atio n

to

d ep o sitio n al

Inform ation

aid

is

of

sites

lan d fo rm

unit

(1981),

or

w hich

field

or

lab o rato ry

im portant

in

d eveloping

6)

are
be

with

a

em phas i zed

lo c alize d

in

future

sam pling?
The a s s u m p t i o n s

t o be e v a l u a t e d

land a r e a s , or g l a c i a l
eq u iv alen t

to

1)

p hysiographic

f e a t u r e s mapped by B u r g i s

parent
site

m ater i a l / d e p o s i t i o n a l

designations,

2)

lab o rato ry

summed b y h o r i z o n s

data

are:

ordinations
or

obtained
by d e p t h

(1981),

are

e n v i ronm ent
from

soil

categ o ries.

25
or fie ld
from

d ata,

soils

are eq u iv alen t,

data

environm ents

reflect

ranging

from

a

3) s i t e

gradient

outw ash

to

some s o i l v a r i a b l e s a r e o f g r e a t e r
d i s t i n g u i s h i n g among s i t e s ,

o rd in a tio n s o btained
of

depositional

ground

m o raines,

5)

im portance th an o t h e r s

a n d 6) t i m e o f t i l l

in

d e p o sit does

not in flu en ce s o il c h a r a c te r is tic s .
E v a lu a tin g th e assum ptions w ill

e n tail;

t h e mode o f d e p o s i t i o n o f p a r e n t m a t e r i a l
p h y sio g rap h ic
environm ent
com parison

d escrip tio n s,

d esig n atio n s
of

environm ent

so il

w ith

and

3)

mapped

d ata,

sam e

p o sitio n

o rd inatio n s
environm ent
which

with

types,

c o n tain

d istin g u ish in g
ty p es.

th e

o rd in atio n

each
and

a

ordination,
other

6)

of

betw een

site s

of

d ep o sitio n al
PCA

d e p t h summed d a t a ,

and

5)

and

amo u n t

2)

by

of

site s

site s

occupy th e

co m p ariso n
with

id en tificatio n

la rg e

featu res,

the

4) d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f w h e t h e r a l l
on

d ep o sitio n al

g lacial

among

u s i n g l a b o r a t o r y h o r i z o n summed d a t a ,
field

from s o i l and s i t e

com paring

ch aracteristics

d esig n atio n s,

1) d e t e r m i n i n g

of

of

d ep o sitio n al
so il

v ariab les

in fo rm a tio n

different

th e

for

d ep o sitio n al

26
METHODS AND MATERIALS
The a p p r o a c h t o

the

s t u d y was t o

sam ple m atu re

second-

g ro w th f o r e s t e d s i t e s w hich w ere r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e
of

u p lan d

ecosy stem

m orphology
co llected
flo o r

was
for

ty p es

d escrib ed

lab o rato ry

nutrients.

found
in

th e

an aly ses,

were

regarding

eco lo g ical

th e

stu d y

field

analyses

L ab o rato ry

num erical

in

of

and

m ajor

perform ed

to

area.

S o il

sam ples

w ere

so il

an aly ses,

and

and

w ithin

for

w ere

forest

subsequent

address

relatio n sh ip s

range

and

hypotheses
among

th ese

site s.
F i e l d sam pling d e sig n
S ites

selected

sam pling

req u ired

to

have

h o m o g e n o u s v e g e t a t i v e c o v e r a n d a minimum s i z e o f 1 h a .
sites

also

ev id en ce

had

of

to

recent

s u b p l o t w as l o c a t e d
the

approxim ate

were

lo c a te d

d ista n ce s

and

be

at

le a st

50

d istu rb a n ce .

years

in

At each

by t h r o w i n g a n o b j e c t

center
around

of
the

azim u th s.

the

site.

central
S o il

age,

site,
w hile

Three

p its

at

with

stan d in g

of

in

su b p lo ts

using

each

no

a c en tral

o th er

subplot

The

random
th e

four

s u b p l o t s w e re d e s c r i b e d an d s a m p le d by h o r i z o n t o a d e p t h o f
45 0 cm o r
or

u n til

heav ier

d escrib ed

a lay er

tex tu red
and

60 cm o r

so il

sam pled

to

w as
at

i n c lu d e d most r o o t i n g a c t i v i t y
Forest
weeks

flo o r

im m ed iately

sam ples

of

encountered.
least

150

cm,

sandy c la y

loam

A ll

were

so ils

a d ep th

i n t h e s e loamy t i l l

w ere

fo llo w in g

th ick er

co lle cte d

autum n

during

litterfall

w hich

so ils.
th e
in

tw o

early

27
November o f
p its

and

each of

forest
th e

o b tain ed
Three
four
the

1987.

F igure
flo o r

2 .2

shows t h e a r r a n g e m e n t

sam ples

24 s t u d y

site s,

on

so il

w ere

p its.

rem ainder o f

d ifferen ces

the

site .

At
w ere

a 0 . 2 5 m^ t e m p l a t e .

litte r

flo o r

so il

sam ples

random ly a ro u n d

year's

forest

flo o r

in sid e

lo cated

C urrent

h y p o th etical

12 f o r e s t

by re m o v in g m a t e r i a l

tem p lates

a

of

w as

m aterial

each of

sep arated

th e
from

b a s e d on o b v i o u s

in degree o f decom position.

Laboratory a n a l y s e s
Sam ples

were

analyzed

D epartm ent o f F o r e s tr y
w ere

air

d ried ,

mm o p e n i n g s .

and

pH 7 . 0 0

phosphorous

a m o d ificatio n
flo o r

o b tain ed .

U n iv ersity .

and p a sse d

through

a

K extracted
1972),

d eterm in atio n s

ex tractab le

for

w ere

oven

sam ples

so t h a t

Old f o r e s t

o f woody l i t t e r ,

in

K jeldahl

w ith

less

( S m ith e t

d ried

at

o b tain ed

than

0.0 1 M

n itro g en
1977),

and

each

(N)
and

1945)
a l.

80°C,
near

2

1 N N H ^O A c

(T echnicon

so ils

the

S o ils

siev e

P (Bray and K u rtz

calcareo u s

The t h r e e

of

i n c l u d e d pH i n w a t e r a n d i n

w ith

1957) .
w eights

so il

p it

t h e r e w ere f o u r c o m p o s ite s a m p le s p e r

C urrent y e a r ' s l i t t e r

W iley m i l l .
p artly

S tate

(U .S.D .A .

sam ples

w ere com bined,
site .

a t M ichigan

Mg, a n d

(P)

B r a y ' s #1 s o l u t i o n

Forest

L aboratory

A nalyses

C a C l2 s o l u t i o n , Ca,
at

S o ils

S o i l a n a l y s e s w ere p e rfo rm e d on t h e

2 mm f r a c t i o n .

so lu tio n

the

crushed,

in

w as g r o u n d i n a s t a i n l e s s

flo o r m a te ria l,
w as c o a r s e l y

steel

w h ic h was c o m p r i s e d

ground

in

a h a m m e r m i 11

and f i n e l y hom ogenized i n a M e li ta c o f f e e g r i n d e r

( M o d e l No.

28

F ig u re 2.2.
D iagram o f
h y p o th etical s ite .

sam ple c o l l e c t i o n

lo catio n s

at

a

A = a r e a o f homogenous v e g e t a t i v e c o v e r , a t l e a s t 1 ha
i n s i z e , w i t h 50 o r m o r e y e a r s s i n c e m a j o r d i s t u r b a n c e .
S = so il p it.
F = forest

f l o o r sam ple.

V = v ectors a t

random a z i m u t h and d i s t a n c e

to su b p lo ts.

29
C G -1).
and

Forest

P

(Technicon

subsequent
Ca,

Mg,

Isaac

ashing

for

sam ples

Cu,

at

forest

(Lea

et

analyzed

were

(Likens

sam ples

la rg e

al.

M elillo

th rough

et

an aly sis

o f s ta n d a r d s o i l and t i s s u e

C a l c u l a t i o n s w ere p e rfo rm e d

depth

fragm ent

sam ples

Survey L a b o ra to ry
and T r e t t i n

a l.

B ulk

1984c,

Post

1982,

et

a l.

T rettin

by

th ese

the

w ere

den sity

o rg an ic

c h arco al,
and

1982).

so il

th ick n ess
w ere

ratio

co llected
S o il

in

1984a,
et

a l.

used

has

in

been

et

clod

pred icted

dry

for
to

A lexander

R eigner
1980,

and

R aw ls

coarse

oven

a l.

oth er

P h illip s

1964,

1983).

In

dry

from a s e t

1983,

1984b,

d en sities

(S o il
P adley

P adley
had

(U .S.D .A .

my p r e d i c t i o n

in

on

1983b, L eM asters e t a l

m ethod

c a r b o n , t e x t u r e , and d ep th

1964,

and

horizon

n o r t h e r n M ichigan

Bulk

developing

woody

Q u ality

the

corrected

of a ir

1984).

Saran-coated

24
and

n u trien ts

of

Survey L a b o ra to ry

Padley

as

re p licatio n

p lace

1983a, P a d le y and T r e t t i n

Padley

m easured
and

al.

for

sam ples.

to

the

much

litter

sam ple

V alues
th e

as

of

1970,

req u ired

B ulk d e n s i t i e s w ere e s t i m a t e d u s i n g d a t a

200 s o i l

1984,

for

used.

volum e and f o r

w eig h t.
of

in k g /h a ,

increm ent

to

c o n tain in g

was

or

up

N

for

an aly sis

Borm ann

tim e

am ounts o f oak

1980,

m ain tain ed

K jeld ah l

dry-ashed

and

of

4 8 0 ° C w as e x t e n d e d

co n tro l

a co n ten t b a s is ,

also

The l e n g t h

flo o r

for

spectro p h o to m etric

a n d Mn

1971).

co n tain in g

m aterial

and

plasm a

Zn,

and K erber

sam p les w ere

1977),

DC a r g o n

K, A l ,

com plete
hours

flo o r

1972),

from

so il

(Curtis

Dawud a n d G r a y

my s t u d y ,

been

eq u atio n s.

stu d ies

v ariab les

et

frag ip an

and

1979,
and

30
dense

till

d en sities

lay ers
of o th er

reg ressio n
T able

w ere a s s ig n e d

2.1

so il

eq u atio n s
p resen ts

th e v a rio u s depth,

lay ers

g r o u p mean v a l u e s .

were p r e d i c t e d

w h i c h u s e d TKN,

the

equations

tex tu re,

w ith m u ltip le

texture,

and

m e an

B ulk

and d e p th .

v alues

used

for

reduce

the

and h o riz o n g ro u p s.

Data analyses
P rin cip al

component

dimensionality
d im en s i o n a l
C h atfield
sets

of

plots

of

and C o llin s

2.2,
soil

v ariab les

2.3)

soils
site

p rio r

to

field

w ere

used.

corresponded with

to

display

S o il

sand,
v alu e

for

1976,

and com bined
so ils

v alu es

and

from

numerical

w ere

th at

d ata

v a riab les

to

tex tu res

s i l t ,

tw o -

(M orrison

converted

assig n ed

clay
so il

which

textural

P h y s io g ra p h ic d e s i g n a t i o n s and s o i l d r a in a g e c l a s s e s

w ere a s s i g n e d o r d i n a l n u m e ric a l v a lu e s
R esu lts

o f PCA u s i n g

th an th e c o v a ria n c e m a trix ,
te c h n iq u e s
m easured

w ere

tried.

on d i f f e r e n t

v ariab les
co v arian ce
1980).

to

N o n -n u m erical

were

a c en tral

and

d eterm in ed

an aly sis.
for

data

used

S ep arate

and

values

w ere

locations

1980) .

descriptions

pe r c e n t a g e

class.

the

la b o ra to ry

(T ab les
field

of

analy ses

with

larg er

matrix

Use o f

the

(T able 2 . 3 ) .

th e

co rrelatio n

are

rep o rted h ere,

M an y o f

th e

s c a le s , with
v arian ces

so il

th e

matrix,

1976 ,

co v arian ce

m atrix

a lth o u g h both

v ariab les

resu lt

d om inate

(M orrison

th a t

P C A 's

C h atfield
in

rath er

PCA i s

and

w ere
th o se

of

th e

C o llin s

recommended

31
T able 2 .1
E q u a t i o n s a n d m e an v a l u e s u s e d
bulk d e n s i t y .

for

estim atio n

of

S o il c h a r a c te r is tic

R e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n -1-

Bs h o r i z o n s w i t h
40-7 0% s a n d .

- 0 . 4 2 2 + ( 0 . 00715SAND) + ( 0 . 058 9P H)
+ ( 0 . 8 9 8TRANSTKN)
S t d . e r r o r 0 . 0 7 8 4 a t mean 1 . 3 9 4

Bs h o r i z o n s w i t h
g r e a t e r t h a n 70%
sand.

1 . 7 4 8 + ( - 0 . 0 0 0 3 1 5TKN) + ( 0 . 0 0 2 1 6 M I D ) +
( - 0 . 00394SAND)+ ( 0 . 0204CLAY)
S t d . e r r o r 0 . 0 9 4 1 a t mean 1 . 4 3 4

L e s s t h a n 40% s a n d

1 . 5 8 2 + ( - 0 . 000185*TKN)+
( - 0 . 000696MTD)+ ( - 0 . 00421*CLAY)
S t d . e r r o r 0 . 1 0 5 a t m e an 1 . 5 4 9

G r e a t e r t h a n 40% s a n d ,
d e p t h b e t w e e n 60 a n d
1 5 0 cm.

- 3 . 5 5 8 + ( 0 . 00402*TKN)+ ( - 0 . 0141M ID)+
( 0 . 0194TRANSTKN)+ ( 3 . 260*LOGMID)
S t d . e r r o r 0 . 0 9 3 9 a t mean 1 . 5 7 8

O thers^

lnB D =0.380 6 1 + (-0.05964*lnO C % )+
(-0.058147*00% )

S o il horizon

Mean v a l u e

B t, or com bination of
E and B t.

1.618

S td.

dev.

0.0945

Bx, Ex, o r c o m b i n a t i o n .

1.816

S td.

dev.

0.0706

Bm, Em, o r c o m b i n a t i o n .

1.70

(assig n ed value)

V a ria b le codes re p re se n t the fo llow ing v a lu e s:
T K N = T o t a l K j e l d a h l n i t r o g e n , c o n c e n t r a t i o n %.
TRANSTKN=( 1 0 0 / T K N ) + 1 .
M I D = H o r i z o n m i d p o i n t , cm.
LO G M ID =L oga rit hm o f h o r i z o n m i d p o i n t , cm.
CLAY=Clay %.
SAND=Sand %.
PH=pH m e a s u r e d i n C a C l g s o l u t i o n .
BD=Bulk d e n s i t y , g cm- 3 .
O C = O r g a n i c c a r b o n %, h e r e e s t i m a t e d b y 0 . 0 3 5 3 5 + 1 7 . 4627TKN.
* M .R . G a l e , p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n .

32
Table 2.2.

Laboratory determined soil variables.

L ab o ra to ry d eterm ined v a r ia b le s
------------------------- O r g a n i c l a y e r s -----------------------------------OITKN
OITKP
OIZN
OIMN
OICU
OIAL
OIMG
OICA
OIK
OETKN
OETKP
OEZN
OEMN
OECU
OEAL
OEMG
OECA
OEK

K jeld ah l n itro g e n c o n ten t of the O i, kg/ha.
K je ld a h l phosphorous c o n te n t o f th e O i, k g /h a .
Z i n c ( Zn) c o n t e n t o f t h e O i , k g / h a .
M a n g a n e s e (Mn) c o n t e n t o f t h e O i , k g / h a .
C o p p e r (Cu) c o n t e n t o f t h e O i , k g / h a .
A lu m in u m ( A l ) c o n t e n t o f t h e O i , k g / h a .
M a g n e s i u m (Mg) c o n t e n t o f t h e O i , k g / h a .
C a l c i u m (Ca) c o n t e n t o f t h e O i , k g / h a .
P o t a s s i u m (K) c o n t e n t o f t h e O i , k g / h a .
K j e l d a h l n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f t h e Oe, k g / h a .
K j e l d a h l p h o s p h o ro u s c o n t e n t o f t h e Oe, k g / h a .
Z i n c c o n t e n t o f t h e Oe, k g / h a .
M anganese c o n t e n t o f t h e Oe, k g / h a .
C opper c o n t e n t o f t h e Oe, k g / h a .
A lu m in u m c o n t e n t o f t h e O e , k g / h a .
M agnesium c o n t e n t o f t h e Oe, k g / h a .
C a lc iu m c o n t e n t o f t h e Oe, k g / h a .
P o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t o f t h e Oe, k g / h a .
-----------------------------

ATKN
ATKP
AMG
ACA
AK
ABRAYP
AHBUF

ah o r i z o n s

— -------------------

K j e l d a h l n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f t h e A, k g / h a .
K j e l d a h l p h o s p h o r o u s c o n t e n t o f t h e A, k g / h a .
M a g n e s i u m c o n t e n t o f t h e A, k g / h a .
C a l c i u m c o n t e n t o f t h e A, k g / h a .
P o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t o f t h e A, k g / h a .
B r a y ' s P c o n t e n t o f t h e A, k g / h a .
H y d r o g e n c o n t e n t o f t h e A, k g / h a ,
m easured in
0 .0 1 M C aC l2 s o l u t i o n .

----------------------------------- B h o r i z o n s -----------------------------------BTKN
BTKP
BMG
BCA
BK
BBRAYP
BHBCJF

K j e l d a h l n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f t h e B, k g / h a .
K j e l d a h l p h o s p h o r o u s c o n t e n t o f t h e B, k g / h a .
M a g n e s i u m c o n t e n t o f t h e B, k g / h a .
C a l c i u m c o n t e n t o f t h e B, k g / h a .
P o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t o f t h e B, k g / h a .
B r a y ' s P c o n t e n t o f t h e B, k g / h a .
H y d r o g e n c o n t e n t o f t h e B, k g / h a ,
m easured in
0 .0 1 M C aC l2 s o l u t i o n .

33
Table 2.2. (continued).

----------------------------------

C h o r i z o n s ---------------------------------------

CTKN
K j e l d a h l n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f t h e C, k g / h a .
CTKP
K j e l d a h l p h o s p h o r o u s c o n t e n t o f t h e C, k g / h a .
CMG
M a g n e s i u m c o n t e n t o f t h e C, k g / h a .
CCA
C a l c i u m c o n t e n t o f t h e C, k g / h a .
CK
P o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t o f t h e C, k g / h a .
CBRAYP B r a y ' s P c o n t e n t o f t h e C, k g / h a .
CHBUF
H y d r o g e n c o n t e n t o f t h e C, k g / h a , m e a s u r e d i n
0 .0 1 M C aC l2 s o l u t i o n .
-------------- ------ ------------- D e p t h s u m s ----------------------------------------TKN10
TKN30
TKN70
TKN150
TKP10
TKP30
TKP70
TKP150

K j e l d a h l n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f 0 - 1 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
K j e l d a h l n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f 1 0 - 3 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
K j e l d a h l n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f 3 0 - 7 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
K j e l d a h l n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f 7 0 - 1 5 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
K j e l d a h l p h o s p h o r o u s c o n t e n t o f 0 - 1 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
K j e l d a h l p h o s p h o r o u s c o n t e n t o f 1 0 - 3 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
K j e l d a h l p h o s p h o r o u s c o n t e n t o f 3 0 - 7 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
K j e l d a h l p h o s p h o r o u s c o n t e n t o f 7 0 - 1 5 0 cm d e p t h ,
k g /h a.
CA10
C a l c i u m c o n t e n t o f 0 - 1 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
CA30
C a l c i u m c o n t e n t o f 1 0 - 3 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
CA70
C a l c i u m c o n t e n t o f 3 0 - 7 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
CA150
C a l c i u m c o n t e n t o f 7 0 - 1 5 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
MG10
M a g n e s i u m c o n t e n t o f 0 - 1 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
MG30
M a g n e s i u m c o n t e n t o f 1 0 - 3 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
MG70
M a g n e s i u m c o n t e n t o f 3 0 - 7 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
MG150 M a g n e s i u m c o n t e n t o f 7 0 - 1 5 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
K10
P o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t o f 0 - 1 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
K30
P o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t o f 1 0 - 3 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
K70
P o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t o f 3 0 - 7 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
K150
P o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t o f 7 0 - 1 5 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
TKNSUM K j e l d a h l n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f 0 - 1 5 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
TKPSUM K j e l d a h l p h o s p h o r o u s c o n t e n t o f 0 - 1 5 0 cm d e p t h ,
kg/ha.
CASUM C a l c i u m c o n t e n t o f 7 0 - 1 5 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
MGSUM M a g n e s i u m c o n t e n t o f 0 - 1 5 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
KSUM
P o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t o f 0 - 1 5 0 cm d e p t h , k g / h a .
NMIN
Ammonium-N m i n e r a l i z e d f r o m 0 - 1 0 cm d e p t h d u r i n g a 1
week i n c u b a t i o n , g / k g .

34
Table 2.3.

Field determined soil variables.

F ie ld determ ined v a r ia b le s
T ex tu ral v a ria b le s
ASAND
ASILT
ACLAY
BSAND
BSI LT
BCLAY
CSAND
CSILT
CCLAY
ACSFR
BCSFR
CCSFR
CSFRSUM
SAND30
SILT30
CLAY30
SLT150
SILT150
CLT150
SGT150
SIGT150
CGT150
SAND450
SILT450
CLAY450
HEAVS
HEAVSI
HEAVC
DEPVFS
DEPLS
DEPSL
DEPSCL
DEPTEX
TEXS
TEXSI
TEXC
BIC

from f i e l d

estim ates

Sand
%i n A h o r i z o n .
S ilt
%i n A h o r i z o n .
C lay
%i n A h o r i z o n .
Sand
%i n B h o r i z o n .
S ilt
%i n B h o r i z o n .
C lay
%i n B h o r i z o n .
Sand
%i n C h o r i z o n a b o v e 150 cm.
S ilt
%i n C h o r i z o n a b o v e 150 cm.
C lay
%i n C h o r i z o n a b o v e 150 cm.
C o a r s e f r a g m e n t volum e % o f A h o r i z o n .
C o a r s e f r a g m e n t volum e % o f B h o r i z o n .
C o a r s e f r a g m e n t v o l u m e % o f C h o r i z o n a b o v e 15 0 cm.
C o a r s e f r a g m e n t v o l u m e % o f u p p e r 1 5 0 cmd e p t h .
S a n d %o f 0 - 3 0 cm d e p t h .
S i l t %o f 0 - 3 0 cm d e p t h .
C l a y %o f 0 - 3 0 cm d e p t h .
S a n d %o f 0 - 1 5 0 cm d e p t h .
S i l t %o f 0 - 1 5 0 cm d e p t h .
C l a y %o f 0 - 1 5 0 cm d e p t h .
S a n d %o f 1 5 0 - 4 5 0 cm d e p t h .
S i l t %o f 1 5 0 - 4 5 0 cm d e p t h .
C l a y %o f 1 5 0 - 4 5 0 cm d e p t h .
S a n d %o f 0 - 4 5 0 cm d e p t h .
S i l t %o f 0 - 4 5 0 cm d e p t h .
C l a y %o f 0 - 4 5 0 cm d e p t h .
S a n d %o f h e a v i e s t t e x t u r a l l a y e r .
S i l t %o f h e a v i e s t t e x t u r a l l a y e r .
C l a y %o f h e a v i e s t t e x t u r a l l a y e r .
A
D e p t h t o v f s a c c u m u l a t i o n s 15 cm t h i c k , cm^
D e p t h t o I s a c c u m u l a t i o n s 15 cm t h i c k , c m . ^
D e p t h t o s i a c c u m u l a t i o n s 15 cm t h i c k , cm.
D epth t o s c l o r h e a v i e r t e x t u r a l a c c u m u la tio n s
15 cm t h i c k , cm.
D e p t h t o u p p e r m o s t h e a v y t e x t u r a l l a y e r , cm.
Sand % o f u p p e rm o st heavy t e x t u r a l l a y e r .
S i l t % o f upperm ost heavy t e x t u r a l l a y e r .
C lay % o f upperm ost heavy t e x t u r a l l a y e r .
T e x t u r a l b a n d in g i n t e n s i t y c o d e, 0 t o 5 b a se d on
t h i c k n e s s and t e x t u r e o f heavy s o i l l a y e r s .

* V alue o f

'500'

entered

if

none p r e s e n t .

35
Table 2.3. (continued).

H orizon v a r i a b l e s
OIWT
OEWT
ATHICK
ETHICK
BTHICK
BSTHICK
BTTHICK
AVALUE
BVALUE
EDC

W eight o f O i , k g /h a .
W eig h t o f Oe, k g / h a .
T h i c k n e s s o f A, cm.
T h i c k n e s s o f E , cm.
T h i c k n e s s o f B , cm.
T h i c k n e s s o f B s , cm.
T h i c k n e s s o f B t , cm.
M u n s e l l c o l o r v a l u e o f A.
M u n s e l l c o l o r v a l u e o f B.
E h o r i z o n d e v e lo p m e n t c o d e , b a s e d on c o l o r
t h i c k n e s s , and c o n t i n u i t y .

R eaction,
DEPPH7
DEPC03
ROOTDEP
SLOPE
ASPECT
ELEV
PHYSFORM
DRCLASS

MOTTDEP

drain ag e,

and p h y s io g r a p h ic v a r i a b l e s

-------

D e p t h t o s o i l o f pH 7 , cm.
D e p t h t o c a r b o n a t e s , cm.
R o o t i n g d e p t h o f m a j o r r o o t s y s t e m , cm.
S l o p e i n %.
A sp e c t in d e g r e e s from t r u e n o r t h .
E lev atio n in m e te rs .
P h y s i o g r a p h i c d e s i g n a t i o n : l= lo w f l a t , 2=low er
s lo p e , 3 = m id -lev el f l a t , 4 = m id-slope, 5=bench,
6=upper s l o p e , 7=high f l a t , 8 = r i d g e .
D r a in a g e c l a s s : l = e x c e s s i v e l y d r a i n e d , 2=somewhat
e x c e s s i v e l y d r a i n e d , 3=w ell d r a i n e d , 4 = m o d e ra te ly
w e l l d r a i n e d , 5=somewhat p o o r l y d r a i n e d , 6 = p o o r l y
d r a in e d , 7=very p o o r ly ^ d r a in e d .
D e p t h t o m o t t l i n g , cm.

* V alue o f

*500’ e n te r e d

if

none p r e s e n t .

36
whenever

p o ssib le

because

PC' s

variances
In

of

problem
m atrix
are

of
is

of

C o llin s
to

be

explain

the

th e

alth o u g h

it

stan d ard ized

satisfacto ry

1980).

Not a l l

d ifficu lt

the

to p re d ic t

th eir

PCA, a n d t h e u t i l i t y
of v ariab les

th e

important,

tran sfo rm ed
sm all.
p o ssib le

so

choice

in

lessen ed

used

m ore

so lv in g

th e

co rrelatio n

v ariab les

used

C h atfield

and

th is

stu d y

appear

however,
to

if

and

it

is

p erform ing

th e

a

im portance

PCA o f t h e c o v a r i a n c e m a t r i x

even

th e

the

if

variables

differences

correlation

for

1976,

set

a rtific ia l.

the

the

and

v a r ia b le s w ith th e l a r g e s t v a ria n c e as

th at

T hus, th e

th an

im portance p r i o r

i s a l r e a d y known.

id en tifies

a ll

used

data

been

importance?

o f a PCA i s

in ev itab ly
m ost

sam e

has

Use o f
if

com plex,

a

ra th e r

(Morrison

v ariab les

less

somewhat

matrix

v arian ces.

im p o rtan ce

exactly

are

av o id s

sim ilar

is

within

scores

co rrelatio n

considered

of

theory

variance

stan d ard ized

p ra c tice ,

frequently,

because

th ese

data

matrix

are

log-

in v arian ce

are

very

was d eem ed

th e

only

analy ses

d esp ite

th e

chance

of spurious c o r r e la tio n s .
PCA's w e re p e r f o r m e d on s i t e - l e v e l d a t a
from th e

fo u r pedons a t

each s i t e

w ere removed fro m a n a l y s i s
stru ctu re
w ere

of

th e

identified

co rrelatio n s

of

data
by
the

A K ru sk al-W allis

set.
their

if

were a v e r a g e d .

they c o n tr ib u te d
V ariables

low

v ariab les
test

in w hich v a l u e s

of

of

w ith

the

id en tical

little

lesse r

com m unality

V ariab les
to

the

im portance

e stim ate s,

or

PC' s .
d istrib u tio n s

was

u s e d f o r c om paring g ro u p s b a s e d on d e p o s i t i o n a l e n v i r o n m e n t .

37
The

K ru sk al-W allis

te st

d ifferen t

d istrib u tio n s

groups

or

variab les

W allis

test

degrees

compared

differ.

used

to

d eterm in e

th a t

but

does

not

estab lish

w hich

reason,

the

w as f o l l o w e d b y i n d i v i d u a l

t-tests

w ith

of

ranks

ex ist,

be

th is

freedom

sig n ifican tly
S ite

ma y

for

d ifferen t

in

using

the

For

comparisons

variances

first

S p e a rm a n 's

( S te e l and T o r r ie 1980).

(S teel

dim ension

of

S ite

scores

of

groups

and

T o rrie

rank

S tatistical

A nalysis

1985) was u s e d f o r a l l

System

(SAS)

(SAS

s o il d ata a n a ly se s.

with
1980).

PC A 's

w ere

co rrelatio n

in th e f i r s t

o f t h e PCA’ s w e r e c o m p a r e d u s i n g s i m p l e l i n e a r
The

reduced

of

d ifferen t

co efficien t

K ruskal-

dim ension

co rrelatio n s.
In stitu te

Inc.

38
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Correspondence of mapped glacial

features

with

parent

materials and mode of deposition
G lacial

landform

th e

sca le

in

S ites

sam pled as p a r t

b oundaries

stu d y

featu res

of

areas

area

by

w hich

G len n ie

F letch er

M o rain es,

Pond

B urgis

(1981)
are

and

A uSable

River

based

on

stra tific a tio n ,
each

site.

addi tio n a lly

Figure

lo c atio n
B ruce

within

tills .

of

and on d e s c r i p t i o n s
with

sep arated
th e

Table

loam y
into

tw o

2.4 d e s c r ib e s

of

th e

shows

th e

the s o ils

in

th e

the

solum

based

Port

types

there
within

is

a definite
the

B u rg is'

on

of

lack

boundaries

moraines.

The G l e n n i e

on

sand,

outw ash

and t i l l .

outw ash

of
of

of

were
their

H uron o r

Port

d ep o sitio n al

used in t h i s

p rev io u sly

and

physiography
the

groups

of each

te x tu r e s

the

t i l l

bo u n d aries of

compared w ith

as

and

When t h e d e p o s i t i o n a l e n v i r o n m e n t d e s i g n a t i o n s
are

th e

d esig n ated

2.3

s o il

e n v i r o n m e n t s w h i c h f o r m e d t h e 24 s i t e s

2.4

2.1).

among t h e B u r g i s l a n d f o r m s .

d e s c r ip tio n s

Soils

lo cal

within

v a lle y ,

Mode o f d e p o s i t i o n w as d e t e r m i n e d f o r
s i t e

a

(Figure

lo cated

mapped

U p lan d s.

l o c a t i o n s o f sam pled s i t e s

at

t h e M a l t b y Karnes, t h e W e s t B r a n c h

th e

C hanneled

b e e n mapped

Burgis

o f my s t u d y

t h e E l d o r a d o Ka mic R i d g e s ,
and

have

mapped

stu d y .
in T able

lan d fo rm s,

correspondence, p a r t i c u l a r l y
the

Glennie

m oraine
sand

co n tain s

w ith

and

West

sites

ice-ra fte d

The W est B ra n c h m o r a i n e , i n c l u d i n g

Branch

occurring
in clu sio n s,
th e

M altby

]
i

Re
N*

K®1

'fOtt
Ue

S*

L#

k a m i c

\

* I DG E 5

He
,Ge

F igure 2.3.

L o c a t i o n o f s t u d y s i t e s among g l a c i a l
(1977, 1 9 8 1 ) .

1

landform s

i d e n t i f i e d by B u r g i s

D o t t e d l i n e i n d i c a t e s w e s t e r n b o u n d a r y o f P o r t Huron t i l l .

40
T ab le 2 .4
D ep o sitio n al
sam ple s i t e s .

enviro n m en t

c h a ra c te ristic s

of

O utw ash s a n d : A re a s o f s m a ll u n d u l a t i n g h i l l s w i t h s a n d
t e x t u r e s t o a d e p t h o f 450 cm; m i n i m a l s t r a t i f i c a t i o n o f
g r a v e l a n d t h i n loamy s a n d l a y e r s i n s u b s t r a t u m .
S i t e s H,
L, T.
O u tw a sh s a n d w i t h i c e - r a f t e d loam y i n c l u s i o n s :
Sand o r
loam y s a n d s u r f a c e t e x t u r e s ; g r a v e l
an d loam y t e x t u r a l
p o c k e t s o c c u r r i n g b e l o w a d e p t h o f 1 0 0 cm.
S i t e s K, M, P ,
Q, R , V, W, X.
P o r t B ruce t i l l s
Loamy s a n d o r s a n d y l o a m s u r f a c e t e x t u r e s ;
l o a m y t i l l l a y e r p r e s e n t a b o v e 100 cm.
P o r t B ru c e t i l l was
d e p o s i t e d a t more t h a n 1 3 ,0 0 0 y e a r s B .P .
S i t e s A, B, D, E ,
P , G.
P o r t Huron
t i l l : Loamy s a n d o r s a n d y l o a m s u r f a c e t e x t u r e ;
l o a m y t i l l l a y e r p r e s e n t a b o v e 100 cm.
P o r t H u r o n t i l l w as
d e p o s i t e d a t a b o u t 12,000 y e a r s B .P.
S i t e s I , J , N, 0 , S .
L acustrine:
S i l t s and f i n e sands
in th in
p red om inating throughout th e pedon.
S i t e s C, U.

Kar nes ,

co n tain s

in clu sio n s,

outw ash

sand,

lacu strin e,

and

till

and P o r t B ruce d e p o s i t i o n .
in ten siv ely
w ere a l l

sam pled.

outw ash

Sites

on t h e

sand w ith

and th e one s i t e

on t h e

F letch er

formed

Huron

t i l l ,

Port

sites

O ther B u rg is

form ed in outw ash

in

sand
of

w ith
both

ice-ra fte d
Port

landform s

E ldorado

s tr a ta

Huron

w ere

not

K am ic R i d g e s

ice-rafted

in clu sio n s,

Pond C h a n n e le d U p la n d s

although

it

ma y

was

have

been

(1977,

1981)

su b seq u en tly eroded.
Landform s i d e n t i f i e d
are
with

relativ ely
lo c alize d

large

a n d mapped by B u r g i s

areas,

and th e y do n o t

d ep o sitio n al

shown l a t e r , w i t h o t h e r

en v iro n m en ts

correspond
o r,

ecosystem c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

as

w ell

will

be

on a s c a l e

41
u sefu l to
th e

f o r e s t m anagem ent.

landforms

eco sy stem

are

is

classification,

h ie ra rc h ic a l
d eterm in in g
m asses.

m apped

clim atic

F o r my s t u d y ,

"su rficial

to o

w ith

provide a b a sis

at

they

influences

of

to

be

h ig h er
may

of

use

lev els

be

larg e

in

of

useful

a
in

phy sio g rap h ic

d e p o s it io n a l environm ent d e s i g n a ti o n s

Rowe' s

sub stance

th e s c a l e a t w hich

small

alth o u g h

c la s s ific a tio n

the

corresponding

In e sse n c e ,

(1984)

plu s

its

d efin itio n

surface

of

shape"

landform
were

used

as
to

f o r developm ent o f eco sy stem g r o u p s .

P r i n c i p a l component a n a ly s e s
A larg e
field

d escrip tio n

mean v a l u e s
and 2. 6.
for

number

of

of

and

these

P rin cip al

exploratory

v ariab les

lab o rato ry
v ariab les

data

are

or

of

com b in atio n s

set

PCA may

also

lo catio n s

w ith

to

other

lo catio n s
id en tified
an aly ses
d epths,

each

from

so ils.
in
is

which

be

a

co n trad ict

d ep o sitio n al
w ere

d esig n ed

or m orphological

sep aratin g

sites

perform ed

to d eterm in e

groupings

environm ents.
to

identify

featu res

used

co n tain
to

axes

based

p lo t
of

on

nutrients,

or

th e
site

maximum
of

site

p rev io u sly

A d d itio n ally ,

alo n g an e c o l o g i c a l g r a d i e n t .

the

v ariab les

w hich w ere m ost

w hether d e p th

2 .5

technique

PCA w as u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r p l o t s
would

S ite

r educes

w hich

along

th e

T ables

id en tifies

v ariab les

variation.

v ariatio n .

(PCA)

and

g reatest

respect

of

p resen ted

analysis
data

o b tain ed

analyses

component a n a l y s i s

d im en sio n ality of a la rg e
linear

w ere

th ese

horizons,
useful

in

PCA w a s a l s o

horizon

sums

of

Table 2.5.

SITE

Mean site level values of laboratory determined soil variables.

OITKN OITKP

OIZN

OIMN

0 1 CU

0 1 AL OlfclG

OICA

OIK

0ET1IN

OETKP

OEZN

OEMN

OECU

OEAL

OEMG

OECA

OEK

Kg<' h a

A

2 5 .2

2 .9

0.0 7 2

1.99

0 .0 1 8

0 .7 3 5

6 .0

8 6 .9

6 .4

102 1

8 .6

0 .5 3 3

9 58

0 .0 8 9

16.48

13.6

3 7 0 .4

11 . 9

B

26. 1

3 .0

0 . 143

0.0 7

0.021

0 .2 6 8

5 .4

74. 1

6 .6

153 2

12.0

0 .9 3 3

6 73

0.1 3 8

18.04

1 9.8

239.3

1 7.5

C

3 5 .9

4 .3

0 . 192

1 .5 5

0.0 2 2

0.2 0 5

5 .9

8 6 .5

7 .9

282 2

20 .9

1 .585

21 30

0.2 2 6

15.22

2 5 .6

451 .3

2 2 .2

0

24. 1

2 .5

0 . 146

1 .3 0

0 .0 1 5

0 .2 5 8

4. 1

6 9 .2

4 .5

133 1

11.1

1 .055

10 27

0 . 125

20 .0 0

14.0

2 4 0 .7

12.9

E

2 7 .0

3 .2

0 . 132

1 .4 2

0 .0 2 0

0 .2 6 8

5 .6

75 .7

6 .8

138 5

1 0.7

0 .7 8 5

S 79

0 . 1 19

14.88

13.9

2 1 9 .4

13.4

F

2 7 .6

2 .9

0.091

1 39

0 .0 1 9

0 .2 9 5

4 .9

7 7 .7

6 .1

214 7

15.6

0 .9 5 5

14 43

0 . 171

17.39

21 . 5

3 0 8 .9

19.0
11.9

G

2 9 .6

3 .3

0 . 170

1.65

0 .0 1 8

0 .3 0 0

4 .7

8 6 .6

6 .9

121 4

9 .7

0 .8 2 3

9 35

0 . 107

1 1 .3 6

11.2

204.6

H

2 1 .8

2 .2

0 .0 9 7

13.90

0 .0 1 3

0 .3 2 8

3 .9

3 1 .6

5 .1

151 5

10. 1

0 .6 7 0

59 9 0

0 . 107

11.95

8 .6

106.6

12.2

I

3 5 .2

5 .3

0 .2 2 4

3 . 11

0.021

0 . 288

6. 1

7 7 .0

12.2

202 7

15.8

1.210

23 33

0 . 157

2 0 .8 6

2 0 .0

258.4

2 1 .2

J
K

26 .2

3 .7

0 . 155

2 .7 0

0 .0 1 6

0 .2 9 3

5 .9

64.1

8 .9

90 6

7 .5

0 .5 9 3

10 09

0 .0 7 1

13.33

10.0

129.6

10.5

21 .4

3 .4

0 .1 5 6

5 .0 5

0.0 1 4

0 . 153

5 .1

44. 1

9 .2

154 3

11.7

1 .058

29 62

0 .1 1 5

10.60

1 3 .1

191 . 0

16.3

L

23 .6

2.3

0.111

12.73

0 .0 1 3

0 .2 7 5

3 .6

2 9 .3

4 .5

143 0

9 .3

0.58S

48 93

0.1 3 0

9 .5 5

8 .8

123.7

12.9

M

2 5 .2

2 .4

0 . 126

8 .6 9

0.0 1 8

0 .2 1 0

5 .5

4 6 .5

6 .7

251 8

1 6 .0

1.288

60 13

0.3 2 8

2 0 .8 9

17.8

21 7 .6

20. 1

N

3 6 .0

4 .5

0 . 175

2.2 9

0 .0 2 6

0 .2 8 3

7 .8

8 4 .9

10.8

2 1 .5

1.508

19 85

0.2 6 9

18.35

3 3 .2

46 4 .0

26. 1

0

31 .2

4 .9

0 . 190

1 .5 8

0.0 2 6

0 .3 0 5

6 .4

8 3 .7

9 .2

307 5
199 4

15.3

0 .9 6 0

10 20

0.1 7 7

14. 19

2 3 .4

2 7 3 .3

19.8

P

3 2 .2

3 .6

0.1 2 1

7 . 16

0 .0 1 9

0 .2 6 0

6 .8

6 8 .2

10.6

183 0

12.0

0 .6 3 5

26 75

0 .1 1 3

7 .8 4

14.4

243.3

1 6.5

Q

25. 1

2.7

0 . 168

7.0 5

0.0 2 5

0 .3 1 0

4 .4

5 0 .0

6 .6

174 9

12.7

1.038

40 95

0.1 3 2

10.45

12.8

2 0 3 .0

17.9

119 3

8 .1

0 .5 6 8

32 22

0 .0 9 7

10 .4 2

12.0

125.0

12. 1

4 .5

0 .2 8 5

2 21

0 .0 4 7

5 .6 4

6 .3

79. 1

7 .8

143 0

8 .9

0 .6 9 0

41 41

0.0 9 4

10.30

7 .3

101 .3

10.9

R

2 1 .8

2.5

0 . 1 13

8 .3 8

0 .0 1 2

0 .2 3 3

4 .5

3 3 .8

5 .3

S

22 .3

2.8

0.1 1 1

1 .0 4

0 .0 1 7

0 .4 2 8

4 .9

5 4 .2

6 .9

T

18. 1

1.5

0 . 103

1 0 .5 1

0.0 0 9

0 .2 2 8

3 .3

23 .3

3. 1

U

32 .4

2 .9

0 . 119

1 .41

0.0 1 6

0.4 4 5

5 .4

6 6 .5

7 .0

207 1

14.3

1. 105

16 4 9

0 . 161

18.33

2 1 .0

35 1 .0

1 8 .1

V

2 2 .3

2 .2

0 . 126

1 1 .4 6

0 .0 1 5

0 .2 7 8

3 .2

3 4 .8

5 .3

230 9

16.8

1. 103

75 57

0.1 6 6

2 0 .4 2

11.9

147.4

2 1 .2

w

2 2 .6

2 .4

0 . 107

10.27

0.0 1 4

0 .2 5 5

3 .7

3 5 .8

5 .3

224 1

15.3

0 .9 5 8

68 4 6

0.1 4 2

18.45

13.4

183.2

19. 1

X

2 3 .3

2 .3

0.0 8 7

9 .2 3

0.0 3 4

0 .2 7 0

3 .7

3 3 .7

4 .6

225 2

16.2

0 .8 5 0

72 26

0 . 142

16.24

13.8

201 . 3

2 0 .7

46 @

Mean

2 6 .5

3. 1

0.1 3 5

5 .2 8

0 .0 1 8

0 .2 9 9

5 .0

59. 1

6 .9

175 0

12.7

0 .9 0 7

29 9 5

0 . 143

14.63

1 5 .3

2 2 6 .4

16.3

S .D .

5 .0

0 .9

0 .0 3 8

4 .3 4

0 .0 0 5

0 . 112

1 .2

21 . 7

2 .3

62 0

4 .2

0 .3 1 3

23 03

0.0 6 2

4.4 3

6 .4

103.6

4 .6

Table 2.5- (continued).

SITE

ATKN

ATKP

AMG

A

2 6 03.5

3 3 5 .3

101 .8

B

1426.2

14 0 .7

6 5 .0

ACA

AHBUF

BTKN

6 6 .9

1 .03E -6

4 562.2

2684.8

7 .5

2 . 10E -6

6461.1

3921. 1

AK

ABRAVP

2 5 65.4

5 4 .2

8 0 5 .9

3 4 .5

BTKP

BMG

BCA

BK

BBRAYP

BHB11F

CTKN

CTKP

8 9 4 .2

17264 0

503 4

139 1

1 . 46E -5

4 4 4 .2

5 0 7 .2

3898.7

2 305 8 6

1283 4

133 3

3 . 16E -4

2 9 51.7

2569.5
1155.6

C

9 1 4 .B

7 4 .6

3 4 .8

5 7 9 .2

31 . 9

4 .9

1 . 75E-7

3 987.4

3806.4

9 7 7 .2

6990 7

600 0

640 8

7 .0 4 E -5

8 9 3 .5

D

1887.0

2 4 5 .2

103.7

1508.8

5 2 .1

1 9 .1

7.25E -7

4843.9

2 6 5 8 .5

1208.0

16830 0

463 0

165 5

3 . 39E -5

105.3

5 7 3 .2

E

1754.8

175.9

8 8 .3

1508.8

4 3 .0

9 .3

2 .7 5 E -7

5112.3

2 424.6

1209.2

10820 4

45 7 6

106 4

1 .02E -4

9 6 0 .7

9 9 4 .6

F

2 4 25.4

506.5

10 5 .2

16 0 7 .1

5 8 .9

2 0 .8

1 .48E -6

5 460.2

3865.1

3 258.6

32528 1

1000 0

167 5

1 .7 4 E -4

65 5 .8

84 8 .7

G

1802.9

2 4 2 .2

7 2 .0

1312.3

4 9 .9

1 2.8

2 . 13E -6

5271 . 3

5 461.2

2777.2

30081 2

1259 9

745 3

2 .6 4 E -4

5 5 1 .4

5 9 7 .3

H

859. 1

8 5 .0

21 .9

145.3

3 3 .5

6 .2

2.2 0 E -4

1615.5

948.1

18.9

71 3

54 3

264 8

4 .0 3 E -4

69 2 .6

679. 1

I

1 18 3 .5

182.6

70 .0

8 1 7 .6

4 6 .6

5 .0 3 E -6

5413.1

5 580.8

4084.9

18688 4

1311 6

713 9

6 .77E -5

1669.0

2170.8

J

1 54 9 .1

193.6

8 1 .8

90 0 .8

4 8 .5

13.9
1 2.7

4 .08E -6

3 769.8

2 5 1 8 .0

2 820.6

12938 3

1218 1

217 0

8 .8 1 E -5

1 855.9

1963.2

K

1463.4

101.4

7 3 .0

6 6 6 .2

9 1 .5

13.3

5 .83E -6

3892.5

2913.8

3377.3

13493 5

1233 a

422 6

2 . 1 1E-4

1123.5

1168.2

L

93 2 .0

1 1 0 .7

15.4

86.1

2 6.7

4 .2

1 .4 1 E-4

1169.7

8 2 3 .5

100.3

472 6

76 0

223 7

3 .04E -4

5 4 8 .7

691 . 4

M

1230.8

8 7 .5

4 5 .0

255. 1

2 5 .6

7 .8

1 .2 2 E -4

2 882.3

100 1 .8

8 4 9 .3

4545 8

248 4

227 6

2 .7 0 E -4

2196.9

1794.5
4082.2

N

1757.9

151 .8

177.0

13 8 9 .1

8 3 .5

9 .7

1 .58E -5

3850.3

173 4 .8

2 780.3

11856 4

892 5

75 8

2 .5 9 E -5

5025.6

0

1 95 6 .1

167.0

2 4 0 .2

2 6 22.2

134.8

19.9

9 .50E -7

4334.0

2 5 1 8 .2

254 2 .8

13494 2

629 6

175 8

1 . 25E -4

1268.5

1178.8

P

200 5 .7

107.2

132.3

1414.2

7 8 .7

12.9

3 .7 7 E -5

2 323.1

725.8

187.2

2307 5

81 0

106 4

2.93E -4

1732.3

1 0 5 0 .1

Q

6 3 6 .4

5 0 .6

26.5

15 4 .3

3 2 .5

4 .9

1.7 5 E -4

1139.0

6 1 7 .7

4 5 .7

205 2

116 0

182 1

3 .5 3 E -4

1531.2

1768.9

R

6 2 8 .2

7 3 .3

23.0

191.9

1 5.7

6 .5

1 . 37E-4

1218. 1

7 4 7 .7

5 7 .3

311 7

60 4

206 4

1.90E -4

1356.3

1538.4
1839.2

S

2 512.9

264.3

182.8

2011.6

7 6 .3

1 7.7

1 .41E -5

4 4 3 3 .6

3 290.8

4 2 2 7 .4

32857 4

1136 3

45 2

9 . 0 IE -5

1089.2

T

711 .7

4 8 .5

13.6

40. 1

2 4 .8

3 ,6

1 .4 7 E -4

1356.5

61 5 .8

16.2

63 3

58 1

159 0

2 . 1 9 E -4

5 0 4 .7

7 0 1 .5

U

9 0 4 .1

7 9 .0

7 0 .5

9 0 4 .3

3 9 .8

6. 1

9 .5 5 E -6

3 195.4

1 1 2 2 .1

1704.0

6756 6

5987 0

30 5

1 . 25E-4

3673.2

3 4 4 4 .6

V

4 8 0 .8

3 7 .6

18.6

7 0 .3

3 3 .2

5 .9

1 . 0 1 E-4

1529.4

96 7 .5

9 3 .7

345 8

115 5

242 2

2 .82E -4

746. 1

8 7 6 .5

w

800.1

5 4 .7

3 0 .9

146.3

3 8 .9

6 .2

2 . 3 1 E -4

1104.8

334.1

4 0 .5

155 4

63 9

40 6

2 .24E -4

1078.5

6 8 0 .4

5 3 6 .9

4 4 .4

1 7.5

111.7

20. 1

3 .1

1 . 24E-4

2 547.5

1 30 4 .2

4 9 5 .2

32 37 4

335 4

264 6

5 . 1 5E -4

4 5 4 .2

5 8 6 .4

Mean

X

1373.5

148.3

75 .5

9 0 8 .9

4 9 .0

12.3

6 .25E -5

3394.7

2191.1

1569.4

10807 2

574 6

237 3

1 .98E -4

1379.5

1402.52

S .D .

651 . 0

110.2

5 9 .6

79 0 .8

2 7 .3

12.8

7 .8 4 E -5

1662.6

1534.4

1491.2

10678 0

472 6

198 7

1 . 3QE-4

1136.6

9 2 6 .7

Table 2.5 (continued).

SITE

CMG

CCA

CK

CBRAVP

CHBUF

TKN10

TKN30

TKN70

TKN150

TKP10

TKP30

TKP70

TKP150

CA10

CA30

k fl/h s

A

178.3

4 4 .8

1 0.3

3.03E -7

2 65 4 .5

8 7 3 .5

1704.3

1794.3

3 6 3 .0

4 8 2 .6

9 3 0 .6

1317.6

2 663.4

1778.2

5

339 5 .8

33695. 1

6907.1

750.2

31 .0

1 . 46E -5

2136.0

1481.3

2 780.1

4441.5

463.1

6 8 6 .0

1 7 2 5 .1

3 757.0

1347. 1

2 0 13.7

C

824.4

6 148.6

34 8 .9

D

1 5 1 .2

571 1 . 6

6 4 .0

1 .4 0 E -5

1601.6

1063.6

1354.0

1790.3

39 3 .6

1057.8

1182.9

2 4 05.3

1130.3

1011.3

22. 1

3 .0

1 .5 5 E -7

256 6 .9

1766.0

1145.3

1 3 2 8 .1

50 9 .6

91 4 .0

610.0

1416.3

2134.9

332 1 .8

711.0

8 0 7 .8

1711.5

2 107.3

1718.7
2019.7
1004.8

t

488.2

9414.5

183. 1

2 6 .6

3.4 7 E -6

262 9 .2

1 5 80. 1

1505.4

2 154.0

3 7 4 .3

F

8 9 2 .9

16775.2

201 .3

5 .9

2 .2 3 E -7

2199.1

1764.7

1819.4

2762.9

434. 1

77 3 .6

1218.8

2 7 97.5

1281.4

G

4 9 4 .3

5 5 36.8

1 3 2 .8

1 4.3

1 .2 8 E -5

231 0 .3

1193.2

1438.6

2429.6

48 2 .5

1 0 7 6 .1

1558.8

2 8 28.7

1734.5

H

107.9

6 5 9 .2

71 .4

21 5 .5

1.6 7 E -4

1054.9

76 6 .2

85 5 .5

4 9 0 .6

156.3

3 5 7 .6

6 6 0 .0

5 3 8 .4

153. 1

3 0 .5

I

274 6 .8

20796.5

6 7 5 .5

3 6 .4

2.8 5 E -6

1767.9

1522.4

231 9 .8

2655.5

5 4 6 .8

1511.3

255 6 .2

3319.8

1578.4

2802.0

J

3 741.9

16811 .8

532.3

4 5 .0

1.8 8 E -5

1954.4

1053.9

1901.7

2 273.9

3 6 8 .5

6 5 2 .3

1300.2

2 3 56.8

1202.8

1615.6

K

1174.7

15212.7

361 .3

49 .7

4 .05E -5

1771 . 0

8 7 5 .8

1391.5

1603.6

2 1 2 .9

6 2 5 .4

9 6 0 .3

1612.0

838.1

8 8 4 .2

L

4 1 8 .6

8 482.5

122.3

141 .5

7 .2 0 E -5

1144.0

542. 1

5 9 9 .0

3 6 7 .9

2 1 1 .2

40 1 .8

5 1 2 .2

5 0 0 .7

106.4

6 5 .9

M

2 282.0

2 1 5 9 0 .6

526.8

28.0

1 .8 1 E -5

1590.8

97 4 .0

1 32 9 .1

2 422.2

152.6

310.8

565.5

1855.6

3 1 2 .0

432.1

N

4 031.0

37242.0

950.5

5 8 .6

1 . 40E-5

2128.6

1259.9

2 2 22.6

5007.4

293.8

4 5 2 .5

1190.7

4 030.9

1873.7

2 4 78.2

0

1392.5

14348.9

223.7

2 8.7

3.4 3 E -6

2 281.3

1104.6

2010.6

2142.2

3 0 8 .0

679. 1

1152.9

1723.8

2 944.8

1872.7

P

662.7

6 601.4

186. 1

9 3 .9

1 .9 3 E -5

2008.1

958. 1

1610.3

1474.5

143.9

2 4 2 .9

544.1

95 1 .9

1443.8

9 7 5 .2

0

2496.1

2 9 429.2

5 5 0 .6

92. 1

8.3 7 E -5

7 8 8 .7

51 9 .9

654.2

1343.7

1 0 3 .1

24 8 .5

5 1 3 .8

1571.8

166.2

89.1

R

19 3 5 .1

10145.3

35 0 .0

196.4

9 .25E -5

773. 1

550.8

7 5 9 .6

1119. 1

146.6

311 . 0

5 9 0 .9

1310.8

23 9 .5

136.8
2 107.7

S

1800.2

29119.7

469.9

0

2.2 8 E -7

230 2 .7

1284.0

1785.6

2663.4

2 3 0 .3

4 0 4 .3

1282.0

3 477.7

1823.5

T

301 . 0

7990.6

73.0

188.7

8 .42E -5

98 2 .6

6 2 6 .2

61 1 .6

35 2 .4

10 9 .4

2 6 8 .6

4 4 3 .5

5 4 4 .3

51 .7

2 9 .4

U

3808.3

25843.7

551 . 5

2 6 .2

1 . 60E -5

136 3 .4

1241.6

2 116.5

3 051.2

2 1 0 .4

3 3 9 .5

1073.5

3 022.4

1381.8

2198.6

V

655.7

5594.3

2 5 5 .6

105.0

1 .4 9 E -4

85 6 .0

718.4

5 9 7 .5

5 8 4 .4

1 6 3 .6

5 1 4 .6

5 2 3 .9

6 7 9 .4

112.5

100.2
145.5

w

5 6 0 .9

4545.9

190.0

148.9

1 . 04E-4

1084.4

762.8

6 7 7 .8

4 5 8 .4

126.7

278.2

392.7

471 . 6

1 7 6 .1

X

525.8

7 0 6 3 .6

301 .5

1 1 8.9

5 . 10E -5

90 8 .7

1017.3

1044.5

568. 1

175.0

5 1 2 .6

581.7

6 6 5 .7

184.7

17B.5

Mean

1 4 6 1 .1

14402.8

336.5

7 2 .0

4.0 9 E -5

1702.4

1062.5

1426.5

1886.6

2 7 8 .3

5 7 5 .5

95 3 .3

1869.5

1124.5

1208.8

S.D .

1286.9

10316.2

243.7

6 5 .4

4 .B 9E -5

631 . 6

372.2

6 2 2 .5

1215.8

14 0 .3

3 1 6 .0

508.7

1116.0

8 8 2 .8

1 0 1 4 .1

Table 2.5 (continued).

SITE

CA70

CA150

MG 10

MG30

MG70

MG150

K10

K30

K70

K150

TKNSUM

TKPSUM

CASUM

MGSUM

KSUM

A

5975.0

13585.8

105.0

61 . 0

273.5

659.7

57 .2

6 0 .3

153.3

228. 1

7609 8

3527.3

2 6736.4

1174.3

6 0 2 .3

6

10842.0

43356.8

1 1 9 .8

3 3 2 .7

1 891.3

5 0 1 5 .7

76 .3

190.3

6 6 0 .2

1141 . 5

10838 9

6 631.2

5 7 5 5 9 .6

7359.4

2068.2

C

1868. 1

9 7 1 7 .7

78 .3

77.7

211.1

1469.9

7 0 .8

96. 1

171 . 0

6 4 3 .3

57 95 7

5036.5

13 7 18.5

1836.4

9 8 0 .7

D

4 165.8

14144.2

13 9 .9

13 6 .0

269.6

89 3 .8

70 .3

7 1 .5

153.2

235.7

6836 2

3476.9

2 4 0 5 0 .4

1462.9

537.2

E

230 2 .9

1 5644.0

136.0

103.7

1 59. 1

1 38 9 .1

64 .7

6 6 .8

114.0

439.1

3595.0

2 1 7 4 3 .6

1785.7

6 8 3 .7

F

9 302.0

3 8 3 2 9 .6

9 4 .3

2 6 4 .4

1150.5

274 7 .7

6 2 .3

119.2

3 8 7 .0

69 1 .9

7827 8
8541 4

5 220.2

50910.4

4 2 5 6 .6

1 2 6 0 .1

G

2326.7

2 6 3 44.3

9 6 .6

8 6 .0

499. 1

2 3 66.8

6 7 .7

7 7 .2

3 3 4 .5

83 5 .9

7625 6

6 300.7

3 6 9 3 0 .3

3343.5

1442.7

H

5 9 .0

6 3 3 .2

2 4 .4

8 .2

12.5

103.7

3 9 .9

2 4 .0

3 2 .8

6 2 .5

3167 1

1712.3

87 5 .8

148.7

159.2

I

749 2 .7

2 8429.4

155.0

3 9 0 .8

1687.6

4 6 6 6 .4

110.7

285.2

6 2 0 .7

1 0 1 7 .1

8265 6

7 934.2

4 0 3 02.5

6 9 0 1 .7

2033.7

J

7927.3

19910.6

126.6

3 0 6 .2

1 8 7 2 .1

4 340.2

84.1

181 .7

7 5 2 .9

78 0 .9

7174 9

4 6 7 4 .7

30650.8

6 644.2

1798.9

K

5325.1

16970.4

104.5

136.6

1168.5

1665.2

11 6 .8

10 7 .7

39 9 .4

57 3 .9

6479 9

4183.3

2 9 3 7 2 .5

4 6 2 5 .0

1686.5

L

749.7

8 119.5

19.8

13.7

137.5

3 6 3 .4

36 .6

30 .7

5 9 .3

9 8 .5

265 0 3

162 5 .6

90 4 1 .2

5 3 4 .4

2 2 5 .0

M

2 7 24.4

22923.5

5 9 .0

7 8 .5

4 9 7 .4

2 5 4 1 .4

36 .5

4 5 .8

135.9

5 8 2 .7

6310 0

2883.9

2 6 3 91.6

3 176.3

80 0 .8

N

9 827.0

3 6 2 8 3 .9

261 . 3

466. 1

2216.4

4042.2

11 6 .2

19 6 .3

6 7 1 .2

9 4 1 .5

10633 a

5968.8

5 0 4 8 7 .4

6989.1

1926.4

0

8 872.7

16740.5

28 9 .7

32 3 .7

1550.8

2009.0

152.9

107.4

3 8 3 .8

3 4 1 .7

7558 6

3 864.0

3 0 4 65.4

4 1 7 5 .6

988.1

P

1635.3

6265.4

13 7 .9

88. 1

114.6

641 . 2

8 1 .6

3 0 .7

5 9 .6

173.4

6061

1

1883.1

1 0 3 2 3 .1

9 8 2 .2

34 5 .8

Q

1290.2

28243.3

30 .5

18.6

145.8

237 3 .5

4 2 .0

4 4 .6

107.6

5 0 4 .8

3306 6

2 437.2

2 9 7 8 8 .7

2 5 6 8 .3

699.1

R

3 8 9 .3

9883.3

31 .2

25 .7

5 4 .0

1904.5

2 4 .7

2 8 .3

4 3 .7

32 9 .4

32 02 6

235 9 .3

10648.9

2015.4

426.1
1682.4

S

12145.7

47911.8

164.5

28 9 .8

1661.3

4 095.0

6 8 .0

136.3

47 6 .0

1002.2

8035 7

5 394.3

63988.7

62 1 0 .5

T

2 8 8 .8

7724.1

17.5

7 .2

18.5

2 8 7 .6

3 4 .9

2 6 .6

3 5 .7

5 8 .7

25 72 8

1365.7

8 0 9 4 .0

3 3 0 .8

155.8

U

5721.1

2 4203.2

135.7

4 6 7 .8

1690.2

3289.2

7 2 .3

208.1

4 3 7 .0

471 . 9

7772 7

4 6 4 5 .8

33504.6

5582.9

11 B 9 .3
40 4 .3

V

4 4 8 .6

5 349.1

31 .2

2 6 .8

119.3

5 9 0 .6

5 3 .9

4 6.1

9 0 .6

213.8

27 56 3

1881.6

6 0 1 0 .4

7 6 7 .9

w

704.0

3 821.9

3 8 .5

3 3 .9

161 . 9

3 9 7 .9

53.1

4 4 .0

8 0 .2

115.5

29 83 4

1269.2

48 4 7 .6

6 3 2 .2

2 9 2 .8

X

1042.3

9 0 0 7 .2

2 9 .4

3 3 .8

2 4 0 .6

7 3 4 .7

4 0 .0

6 1 .5

182.2

3 7 3 .2

353 8 6

1935.0

10412.8

1038.4

6 5 6 .9

Mean

4 309.4

18897.6

101 . 1

157.4

741.8

2 024.6

68. 1

9 5 .3

2 7 2 .6

4 9 4 .0

6147 7

3 7 4 1 .9

2 6 1 1 9 .0

3105.9

9 6 0 .3

S .D .

3 861.0

12983.5

7 2 .3

153.3

75 8 .0

153 2 .6

31 .0

70 .6

230.3

3 2 9 .0

2 540 5

1876.0

17558.5

2 4 2 6 .3

63 4 .4

Table 2.6.

SITE

i

SUe

level values of field determined soil variables.

ASAND ASILT
<—_____

ACLAV

BSAND

BSILT

BCLAY

CSAND

CSILT

CCLAY

ACSFR

BCSFR

CCSFR

SAND30

SIL T 30

CLAY30

SLT150

65

A

6 3 .3

2 5 .8

11.0

6 9 .0

19.4

11 . 6

6 7 .2

3 .8

4. 1

4 .4

20 .7

15.9

83

12

5

B

5 3 .0

3 2 .8

14.3

3 8 .3

3 7 .5

2 4 .3

4 4 .8

18.4

3 6 .8

1 .6

1.5

0 .9

63

26

11

10

C

7 2 .B

19.0

8 .3

8 0 .2

11.6

8 .2

4 0 .0

23 .7

3 6 .3

0 .5

1 .7

1 .1

83

12

5

83

0

59 .3

2 8 .8

12.0

6 8 .6

2 1 .2

10.3

6 7 .5

3 .8

3 .8

0 .5

17 .1

8 .2

65

25

10

57

E

5 9 .3

2 8 .8

12.0

72. 1

16. 1

75 .3

7 .6

17.0

2 .5

9 .8

8 .7

65

25

10

57

F

6 3 .8

2 5 .8

1 0.5

5 6 .7

21 .0

11.9
22 .4

7 2 .6

16.8

1 0 .6

2 .2

1.9

1.6

65

25

10

57

G

6 4 .5

2 5 .3

10.3

6 3 .4

21 . 6

1 5.1

2 2 .6

1 0 .6

1 6 .B

2 .3

1 .8

0 .2

65

25

10

57

H

8 3 .0

12.0

5 .0

9 0 .0

5 .0

5 .0

9 0 .0

5 .0

5 .0

0 .4

2 .0

0. 1

90

5

5

90

I

6 8 .3

2 2 .3

9 .5

4 3 .0

3 4 .4

2 2 .6

49. 1

21 . 2

29 .7

0 .7

2 .9

5 .6

42

40

18

57

J

6 8 .3

2 2 .3

9 .5

5 4 .2

27. 1

18.8

61 . 9

1 4.8

23 .3

1.8

6 .3

2. 1

65

25

10

42

K

4 6 .3

1 9 .0

7 .8

6 8 .0

18.6

13.5

5 9 .0

8 .2

7 .8

0 .0

2 .4

0 .0

65

25

10

65

L

90 .0

5 .0

5 .0

89 .0

6 .0

5 .0

9 0 .0

5 .0

5 .0

0 .2

1 .6

0.1

90

5

5

90
57

M

90 .0

5 .0

5 .0

7 8 .0

13.5

8 .6

5 9 .5

16.3

24 .2

0 .2

2.2

0 .3

90

5

5

N

41 .8

2 3 .0

10.3

4 0 .8

3 9 .2

2 0 .0

3 2 .4

22 .7

4 4 .9

0 .6

2. 1

0 .1

42

40

18

10

0

4 8 .3

19.0

7 .8

5 7 .8

2 1 .6

20 .7

5 9 .9

15.6

24 .5

0 .2

1 .6

4 .6

65

25

10

57

P

2 0 .8

3 .0

1.3

8 6 .5

8 .6

5 .0

8 8 .3

5 .3

6 .5

0 .3

0 .4

0 .1

83

12

5

90

0

9 0 .0

5 .0

5 .0

9 0 .0

5 .0

5 .0

6 6 .2

8 .5

2 5 .3

0 .0

4 .9

0 .3

90

5

5

90

R

9 0 .0

5 .0

5 .0

9 0 .0

5 .0

5 .0

8 9 .5

5 .3

5 .3

0 .1

6 .4

1 .0

90

5

5

90

S

7 5 .3

17.0

7 .8

6 2 .9

16 .1

21 . 0

10.0

3 5 .0

5 5 .0

1 .0

0 .8

1 .0

65

25

10

57

T

9 0 .0

5 .0

5 .0

9 0 .0

5 .0

5 .0

9 0 .0

5 .0

5 .0

0 .0

2 .9

0 .3

90

5

5

90

U

5 6 .0

3 2 .8

1 1 .3

5 4 .4

2 9 .0

16.7

7 3 .2

8 .9

18.0

1 .2

2 .3

0.1

65

25

10

10

V

9 0 .0

5 .0

5 .0

8 7 .2

7 .9

5 .0

89.1

5 .0

5 .9

0 .6

10.5

2 .0

90

5

5

83

w

8 6 .5

8 .5

5 .0

85. 1

10.0

5 .0

8 7 .5

5 .0

7 .5

0 .4

9. 1

2 .5

83

12

5

90

X

9 0 .0

5 .0

5 .0

83.1

10.0

6 .9

8 5 .5

5 .0

9 .5

0 .4

7 .6

1.8

83

11

5

57

Mean

6 9 .3

16.7

7 .8

70 .7

17 .1

12.2

6 5 .5

11 . 5

17.8

0 .9

5 .0

2 .4

7 4 .0

17.8

8 .2

6 3 .0

S .D .

19.0

10.2

3 .2

16.9

10.5

7 .0

22 .9

8 .2

14.4

1.1

5 .2

3 .8

14.9

1 1 .1

3 .9

2 5 .6

Table 2.6.

SITE

(continued).

S IL T 150 CLT150 SGT15CI CGT150 CGT15C1 SAND450 SIL T 450 CLAV450 HEAVS; HEAVSI
< —————-----

HEAVC

DEPVFS

DEPLS

DEPSL

DEPSCL

DEPTE

cm

A

25

10

57

15

28

57

15

28

57

15

28

500

15

70

50

45

B

55

35

10

55

35

10

55

35

57

15

28

500

15

25

49

43
179

C

12

5

20

65

15

57

15

28

57

15

28

500

15

142

185

0

15

28

57

15

28

57

15

28

57

15

28

500

500

15

98

15

E

15

28

57

15

28

57

15

28

57

15

28

500

500

17

137

105

F

15

28

57

15

28

57

15

28

57

15

28

500

500

18

57

52

G

15

28

57

15

28

57

15

28

57

15

28

500

500

30

93

88

H

5

5

90

5

5

90

5

5

90

5

5

500

500

500

500

500

I

15

28

33

35

32

33

35

32

33

35

32

500

15

33

64

49

J

40

16

57

15

28

57

15

28

57

15

28

500

47

18

43

39

K

25

10

57

15

28

57

15

28

57

15

28

307

63

52

173

135

L

5

5

90

5

5

90

5

5

83

12

5

500

220

50 0

500

50 0

M

15

28

10

55

35

10

55

35

10

55

35

500

83

48

115

100

N

55

35

10

55

35

10

55

35

10

55

35

500

37 9

22

60

48

0

15

28

57

15

28

57

15

28

57

15

28

500

500

18

59

40

P

5

5

65

25

10

65

25

10

33

35

32

177

49

198

244

125

Q
R

5

5

33

35

32

33

35

32

33

35

32

167

198

154

205

87

5

5

20

65

15

20

65

15

20

65

15

299

500

274

500

259

S

15

28

10

55

35

10

55

35

10

55

35

50 0

15

20

58

43

T

5

5

83

12

5

83

12

5

83

12

5

500

500

500

500

500

U

55

35

10

55

35

10

55

35

33

35

32

146

106

110

40

21

V

12

5

65

25

10

65

25

10

65

25

10

500

134

335

500

183
24 4

w

5

5

65

25

10

65

25

10

65

25

10

500

24

500

500

X

15

28

57

15

28

57

15

28

57

15

28

500

72

185

52

Mean

1 8.7

18.3

47. 0

29. 5

23. 6

4 8 .5

27 .4

2 4.1

49. 8

2 5 .6

2 4 .6

441 . 5

227.1

15 7 .7

199.3

143,

S .D .

1 6 .2

12.2

26 . 0

20. 1

10. 8

25 .4

18.8

10.7

22. 5

1 6.8

10 .1

120.9

2 1 3 .2

178.8

1 8 5 .6

153.

37

Table 2.6.

SITE

TEXS

(continued).

TEXSI TEXC
_ _ (» / ___
——-

BIC

OIWT
> ------------p v y /

OEWT
ii d

ATHICK ETHICK BTHICK
"

BSTHICK BTTHICK

AVALUE BVALUE

EDC

DEPPH7

depco:

cn1

>

■ c m -----

----------------

•

A

57

15

28

4 .2 5

3028.7

10400.0

9 .0

0 .0

9 7 .8

1 8.0

0 .0

2 .0

4 .0

0 .0

51

B

10

55

35

5 .0 0

2 5 62.7

10396.3

3 .3

3 .3

8 9 .0

13.3

0 .0

2 .0

3 .8

1.8

67

67

C

57

15

28

5 .0 0

3 0 4 8 .3

14921.3

2 .3

4 .3

123.5

4 0 .8

0 .0

2 .3

3 .8

2 .3

121

35 8

D

65

25

10

4 .5 0

2 3 61.3

11550.0

4 .8

2 .5

122.3

2 9 .8

0 .0

2 .0

4 .0

1 .3

64

114

E

57

15

28

5 .0 0

2 8 56.7

10605.0

4 .5

4 .0

104.8

2 8 .6

0 .0

3 .0

4 .0

0 .5

107

107

F

57

15

28

5 .0 0

2844.3

13685.7

7 .8

5 .1

104.3

11.0

0 .0

2 .0

4 .5

1.0

68

68

G

57

15

28

5 .0 0

2 9 43.7

9375.0

5 .5

2 .8

140.3

43 .5

0 .0

2 .3

4 .3

0 .8

99

99

H

90

5

5

1.00

2786.3

11226.3

5 .5

5 .5

4 9 .0

4 6 .3

0 .0

2 .8

4 .5

1.8

237

328

I

33

35

32

5 .0 0

3531.3

11608.0

3 .3

1 .8

9 5 .5

13.5

5 5 .5

2.3

4 .0

1 .0

73

112

J

57

15

2B

4 .5 0

3067.3

7 326.0

4 .0

1.3

7 0 .3

10.5

3 3 .0

2 .0

3 .8

1 .0

77

85

K

60

2B

12

4 .7 5

2808.3

11412.0

3 .3

5 .5

114.3

2 5 .8

0 .0

2 .0

4 .0

3 .5

107

127

L

90

5

5

0 .7 5

2 6 82.7

11632.0

4 .0

1 .0

4 3 .0

3 4 .3

0 .0

2 .5

4 .8

0 .5

92

170

M

10

55

35

3 .7 5

3170.7

15722.3

4 .3

5 .5

6 5 .8

3 7 .3

0 .0

2 .0

3 .8

1 .0

98

112

103

N

10

55

35

5 .0 0

3516.3

16247.3

4 .3

8 .5

6 5 .0

0 .0

2 4 .3

2 .3

4 .3

2 .5

44

69

0

57

15

28

5 .0 0

2 989.7

11404.0

5 .3

3 .3

7 7 .3

0 .0

2 9 .8

2 .0

4 .5

1.3

61

103

P

65

25

10

4 .0 0

3745.0

12270.3

6 .0

9 .8

5 4 .8

4 3 .8

0 .0

2 .0

3 .3

3 .5

112

218

Q
R

65

25

10

3 .2 5

3 251.0

12060.0

5 .0

4 .8

5 0 .0

47 .8

0 .0

2 .0

4 .3

3 .8

74

114

20

65

15

1 .5 0

2640.3

8712.7

5 .0

6 .3

4 5 .3

3 9 .5

0 .0

2 .8

4 .8

2 .3

201

253

S

57

15

28

5 .0 0

2 5 84.7

5691 . 0

1 0.8

3 .3

9 4 .0

0 .0

4 7 .3

2 .8

4 .5

1 .3

48

55

T

90

5

5

0 .2 5

2174.7

10152.3

4 .0

1 .0

4 5 .3

4 5 .3

0 .0

3 .0

4 .3

2 .0

123

123

U

10

55

35

4 .5 0

2540.0

12490.3

3 .5

6 .5

5 2 .0

16.8

31 . 0

2 .5

4 .0

2 .0

101

109

V

65

25

10

2 .2 5

2815.3

14685.0

1.8

4 .3

4 7 .5

3 3 .8

0 .0

2 .0

4 .8

4 .0

199

298

w

65

25

10

1.25

2805.0

13903.3

3 .8

4 .5

2 8 .8

4 0 .5

0 .0

2 .0

5 .0

2 .5

143

143

X

57

15

28

2.5 0

252 0 .7

14457.7

2 .3

3 .5

8 0 .5

3 5 .3

14.3

2 .0

3 .8

4 .0

187

202

Mean

52 .5

26 .0

21 .5 3 . 6 7

2 8 86.5

11747.3

4 .7

4. 1

7 7 .5

2 7 .3

9 .8

2 .3

4 .2

1 .9

106.3

147

S .D .

2 4 .6

17.9

11.1

2558.5

2. 1

2 .3

3 0 .7

15.9

17. 1

0 .4

0 .4

1.2

52 .6

84

1 .6 3

37 4 .2

Table 2.6.

SITE

(continued).

ROOTDEP

SLOPE

ASPECT

o

ELEV

_

PHYSFORM DRCLASS MOTTDEP

A

127

1 8 .5

190

372

4

3

B

84

17.8

8

375

4

4

24

4

94

500

C

93

2 .3

0

408

7

D

127

4 .3

0

387

7

4

36

E

133

11.3

28 6

396

4

3

168

F

121

7 .8

285

37 8

4

4

23

G

118

7 .3

40

378

5

4

45

H

151

12.8

146

408

4

3

29 0

I

141

4 .0

45

366

7

5

30

J

125

5 .0

90

341

5

5

129

K

148

7 .5

337

280

7

5

3 7 .5
500

L

127

10.0

280

3 35

4

2

M

98

3 .7

0

323

5

4

90

N

156

9 .0

270

31 7

1

3

111

0

128

15.0

140

347

4

3

500

P

122

14.5

108

323

4

3

135

Q
R

103

15.0

111

335

4

1

175

233

16.3

358

335

4

1

29 0

S

115

2 .0

0

256

7

5

29

T

185

9 .5

195

36 9

8

1

500

U

83

4 .8

0

335

7

3

37 4

V

135

6 .5

20

390

4

3

500
500

w

122

0 .8

0

387

3

3

X

137

4 .8

205

372

7

3

Mean

129.7

8 .8

129.8

355

5 .0

3 .3

214

S.D .

31 .8

5 .3

122.5

38

1.7

1 .2

191

59.

VC

50
so il

n u trien t

P C A 1s

w ere

m aster

co n ten ts

perform ed

h o rizo n

o rgan ic

on

groups

h orizon s,

A sep a ra te

g a v e m ore

PCA w a s

lab o rato ry

w ith

and

in te rp re ta b le

on

and

d ata

p e r form ed

sets

w ith o u t

lab o rato ry

th e

data

on

summed

by

in clu sio n

of

summed b y d e p t h s .

fie ld

c o m b in a tio n o f l a b o r a t o r y and f i e l d

re su lts.

d a ta,

and

on

a

d ata.

PCA of soil and forest floor laboratory data summed by
horizons
PCA w a s p e r f o r m e d
forest

flo o r

v ariab les

on l a b o r a t o r y

d eterm in ed

so il

w h i c h h a d b e e n summed b y t h e

and

h orizon

g r o u p s O i , O e , A, B, a n d C a b o v e a 15 0 cm d e p t h

(T able 2 .5 ) .

Because th e r e

of

used

in

PCA w a s

reg ressio n
use

th e

w e r e 24 o b s e r v a t i o n s ,

co efficien ts

first

because

lim ited

in

four

m ost

of

PC' s

of

to

th e

23.

the
for

the

number

T ab le s

v ariab les

w ith

c o n siste n cy ;

an aly se s

v ariab les

p r e s e n t in g
the

four

PC' s
w ere

p re sen te d

th ey

m e a n in g fu l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s and e ig e n v a lu e s g r e a t e r
w hereas
the

the

eig h t

fifth

and h ig h e r PC' s u s u a l l y

co efficien ts

w ith

the

h ighest

all
used
have

than 1 .0 ,

do n o t .

Ranks

of

ab so lu te

values

in

e a c h PC h a v e b e e n i n c l u d e d i n t h e t a b l e s

f o r e ase o f view ing

and

to

in te rp re ta tio n ;

eig h t

of th e v a r ia b le s used in

w ere

the a n a ly s e s ,

w ith low er ra n k s a r e l e s s
the

PC.

E ight

selected

used

few er

th an

23

v ariab les.

P lo ts

of

th ird

in terp retatio n

to m ain tain

i n t h o s e t a b l e s w hich p r e s e n t r e s u l t s

a

and b e c a u se v a r i a b l e s

im portant to th e

ra n k s were a l s o

include

of

co n sisten cy

o f a n a l y s e s w hich u sed
site

lo catio n s

w ith

51
respect

to

the

first

th ree

PC a x e s

th e fo u rth a x is c o n trib u te d

little

are

p resen ted ;

p ertin en t

p lo ts

of

in fo rm a tio n and

a re not in clu d ed .
R e g re s s io n c o e f f i c i e n t s o f v a r i a b l e s and th e
PC' s a r e
used

in

presented
t h e PCA i s

T able

2 .8

v alue

of

data

litte r
placed
a ll

are

set,

and

lay er)

shows

w ith

13% o f

c o efficien ts
p o sitiv e

to ta l

placed

th o se

equal

to

sig n ifican t

in

an a b s o l u t e
at

p o sitiv e

em phasized m a ste r

h ig h e st

a l p h a = 0 .05

P.

The

size

in

all

the

to

are

0 .0 8 5 ,

tren d .

so

S ites

r a n g e fro m t h o s e w i t h low a m o u n ts
h igh a m o u n ts.
th e

The

and

and p la c e d
The

B horizon

some

on a

PC,

d ata

but

h o rizo n groupings of

and

accounting

se t.

sin g le

h o rizo n s,

larg e

fo u rth

n u trien t
rath er,
all

or

B
PC

neg ativ e
PC p l a c e d
n eg ativ e

for

None o f

Oe

A and

The t h i r d

v ariab les

v ariab les,
th e

second

v a r i a b i l i t y , em p h asized

v ariab les.

A horizon

flo o r

co efficien ts

from 0 .0 3 3

re la tiv e

the v a r i a b i l i t y ,

on

forest

in

co efficien ts

w ith n e g a tiv e c o e f f i c i e n t s .

co efficien ts

across

th e

co effic ien ts

on C h o r i z o n

on

(undecomposed

and

a

w ith

23% o f

v a ria b ility

larg e

n u trien ts

th an or

range only

o n ly

co efficien ts

c o efficien ts
th e

to

n u trien ts

contained

C o rrelatio n s

w ith

(Mg)

PC a x i s

an a d d i t i o n a l

horizon

m atrix

2 .8 .

e m p h a s i z e d Oi

n u trien ts,

com ponent

n u trien ts

co rrelatio n

in T able

statistic a lly

on Oi m agn esiu m

n u trien ts

w ith

and th e

four

T h e f i r s t PC s u m m a r i z e d 45% o f t h e v a r i a b i l i t y

a rra y e d along t h i s
of

g reater

p o s i t i v e , and v a lu e s

th is

2 .7 ,

p resen ted

w hich a r e
0.404

fo r n=24.
th e

in T able

first

7% o f

th e

PC' s

group

of

seq u en tially

n u trien ts

in

the

52

T able 2 .7 .
C o r r e l a t i o n s betw een l a b o r a t o r y d e te r m in e d s o i l
v a r i a b l e s and th e f i r s t fo u r p r i n c i p a l co m p o n en ts, w ith
r a n k s o f t h e e i g h t h i g h e s t c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r e a c h PC .
D ata
a r e summed b y h o r i z o n g r o u p s .

V ariab le
E igenvalue
Percent
OITKN
OITKP
OIMG
OICA
OIK
OETKN
OETKP
OEMG
OECA
OEK
ATKN
AMG
ACA
AK
BTKP
BMG
BCA
BK
CTKN
CTKP
CMG
CCA
CK

PC l ( R a n k )

PC 2 ( R a n k )

PC 3 ( R a n k )

PC 4 ( R a n k )

10.40
45.2

5.23
22.7

3.00
13.0

1.65
7 .2

0.1960
-0.0555
-0.0312
-0 .3 0 0 3
0.0068
0 .7880(1)
0 .6974(4)
0.4306
0.2708
0.7160(3)
-0 .7 4 3 5 (2 )
-0 .4 4 5 9
-0 .6 6 1 7 (6 )
-0 .4 0 5 1
-0 .5 1 2 4 (7 )
-0 .4 3 4 4
-0 .6 9 4 8 (5 )
-0 .4 3 1 4
0.4879(8)
0.4157
0.3359
0.1818
0.4 3 4 7

0 .3129
0.2136
0.1036
0.3078
0.0332
0 .4 1 8 4 (7 )
0 .4 5 6 2 (6 )
0.2938
0 .4592(5)
0.3329
0.1500
0.1245
0.2697
0.2296
0.0463
-0.34 18
-0 .1 1 9 1
-0 .3 0 4 8
-0 .4 0 3 7 (8 )
-0 .5 2 9 6 (4 )
-0 .6 4 4 5 (1 )
-0 .6 2 3 9 (2 )
-0 .5 6 2 6 (3 )

0.0697
0 .0461
-0.2 8 3 2 (8 )
0.1021
-0.0 9 0 7
0 .1181
0.2098
0.0414
0.0459
0.1574
-0 .2 1 1 4
-0 .4597(2)
-0 .3 0 0 8 (7 )
-0.4 1 9 4 (4 )
0.6406(1)
0 .3104(6)
0.347 9(5)
0.4399(3)
-0.2 6 5 0
-0.1 5 9 5
-0 .0 7 0 4
-0.0 9 0 8
0.0650

0 .8 2 3 4 (4 )
0 .84 8 3 (2 )
0.88 1 5 (1 )
0 .81 1 8 (5 )
0 .82 7 5 (3 )
0.3382
0.4435
0 .80 3 7 (6 )
0 .70 8 2 (8 )
0.4893
0.4980
0.6909
0.5721
0.5908
0.5491
0 .7234(7)
0.5256
0.6862
0.6743
0.6882
0.6375
0.6512
0.6735

T a b le 2 .6 .

S im p l e

l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n s am ong v a r i a b l e s u s e d

OITKN

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 3 5

0 .7 8 1

0 .7 8 7

0 .7 5 4

0 .5 0 4

0 .5 8 1

0 .7 9 1

0 .7 8 2

OITKP

0 .8 3 5

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 0 9

0 .7 3 8

0 .9 0 2

0 .2 7 5

0 .3 9 6

0 .6 5 2

0 .5 6 0

01 MG

0 .7 8 1

0 .8 0 9

1 .0 0 0

0 .7 6 8

0 .8 4 9

0 .2 3 6

0 .2 9 5

0 .6 8 6

0 .6 7 0

0 .3 3 1

0 .5 4 8

OICA

0 .7 8 7

0 .7 3 8

0 .7 6 8

1 .0 0 0

0 .6 0 1

0 .1 1 5

0 .2 5 7

0 .6 2 9

Q .7 4 1

0 .2 2 4

0 .6 6 8

OIK

0 .7 5 4

0 .9 0 2

0 .6 4 9

0 .6 0 1

1 .0 0 0

0 .2 5 0

0 .3 2 4

0 .5 4 8

0 .4 5 7

0 .4 0 1

0 .3 5 1

OETKN

0 .5 0 4

0 .2 7 5

0 .2 3 6

0 . 1 15

0 .2 5 0

1 .0 0 0

0 .9 7 6

0 .7 5 4

0 .6 1 0

0 .9 4 6

OETKP

0 .5 8 1

0 .3 9 6

0 .2 9 5

0 .2 5 7

0 .3 2 4

0 .9 7 6

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 1 3

0 .6 8 5

OEMG

0 .7 9 1

0 .6 5 2

0 .6 8 6

0 .6 2 9

0 .5 4 8

0 .7 5 4

0 .8 1 3

1 .0 0 0

OECA

0 .7 B 2

0 .5 6 0

0 .6 7 0

0 .7 4 1

0 .4 5 7

0 .6 1 0

0 .6 8 5

OEK

0 .5 6 0

0 .4 2 3

0 .3 3 1

0 .2 2 4

0 .4 0 1

0 .9 4 6

0 .9 6 9

ATKN

0 .2 5 0

0 .3 5 1

0 .5 4 8

0 .6 6 8

0 .3 5 1

- 0 .3 3 6

AMG

0 .4 3 6

0 .5 9 7

0 .6 8 2

0 .6 2 4

0 .5 5 4

- 0 .0 6 3

ACA

0 .3 6 5

0 .4 9 3

Q .6Q 5

0 .7 5 9

0 .3 9 5

AK

0 .3 4 3

0 .6 0 8

0 .5 7 9

0 .4 6 3

0 .5 9 7

BCA

0 .3 4 3

0 .4 4 0

0 .3 5 6

0 .2 3 3

0 .3 7 4

0 .5 2 1

0 .6 0 8

0 .5 7 7

0 .5 7 5

0 .3 4 2

0 .5 7 2

0 .3 6 4

0 .3 1 1

0 .4 5 7

0 .6 2 1

0 .5 6 6

0 .6 3 2

0 .5 9 4

0 .2 8 6

0 .2 8 5

0 .2 6 6

0 .5 4 5

0 .5 2 4

0 .5 1 6

- 0 .1 5 1

-0 .3 1 9

- 0 .1 6 6

0 .4 1 4

0 .0 2 0

-0 .0 2 2

-0 .1 8 5

-0 .0 2 4

0 .2 5 1

0 .3 1 9

0 .1 5 1

0 .2 6 3

0 .2 8 6

0 .1 9 0

0 .1 8 3

0 .1 1 6

- 0 .0 0 3

0 .0 3 9

- 0 .1 0 3

0 .0 1 3

0 .4 7 2

0 .3 9 5

0 .3 0 0

0 .2 8 3

0 .4 8 7

0 .4 9 5

0 .5 5 9

0 .7 6 8

0 .5 0 6

- 0 .0 0 1

- 0 .0 0 8

- 0 .0 3 5

0 .1 7 5

-0 .0 8 2

0 .8 9 3

0 .3 1 0

0 .5 6 3

0 .5 4 6

0 .4 3 1

0 .2 9 9

0 .2 9 4

0 .2 2 3

C .3 7 0

0 . 163

0 .7 3 8

0 .4 6 4

0 .5 0 1

0 .6 6 7

0 .4 3 9

0 .0 4 2

0 .0 4 8

0 .0 0 4

0 .1 5 6

-0 .0 7 6

0 .5 6 0

0 .2 5 0

0 .4 3 8

0 .3 8 5

0 .4 2 3

0 .3 5 1

0 .5 9 7

0 .4 9 3

0 .6 8 2

0 .6 0 5

0 .5 7 9

0 .3 4 2

0 .4 7 8

0 .6 2 4

0 .7 5 9

0 .4 8 3

0 .6 8 9

0 .5 5 3

0 .5 5 4

0 .3 9 5

0 .5 9 7

0 .4 2 5

0 .5 5 9

- 0 .3 3 6

-0 .0 6 3

-0 .2 5 4

-0 .0 0 5

- 0 .1 4 5

0 .9 6 9

- 0 .2 5 0

0 .0 1 9

- 0 .1 3 8

0 .0 7 4

0 .8 7 8

0 .8 0 6

0 .1 4 6

0 .4 0 4

0 .2 7 6

0 .3 3 6

0 .8 7 8

1 .0 0 0

0 .6 3 3

0 .2 7 9

0 .3 3 9

0 .4 0 4

0 .8 0 6

0 .6 3 3

1 .0 0 0

- 0 .2 5 5

0 .0 5 1

- 0 .1 4 1

- 0 .2 5 0

0 . 146

0 .2 7 9

- 0 .2 5 5

1 .0 0 0

0 .7 8 1

0 .9 0 8

0 .6 4 4

0 .0 1 9

0 .4 0 4

0 .3 3 9

0 .0 5 1

0 .7 8 1

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 7 4

- 0 .2 5 4

- 0 .1 3 6

0 .2 7 6

0 .4 0 4

-0 .1 4 1

0 .9 0 8

0 .8 7 4

1 .0 0 0

- 0 .0 0 5

0 .0 7 4

0 .3 3 6

0 .2 6 3

0 .1 1 6

0 .6 4 4

0 .8 9 3

OEK

BTKP

0 .4 4 0

0 .5 7 7

0 .3 4 2

0 .6 8 9

0 .4 2 5

- 0 .1 4 5

0 .0 2 0

0 .2 5 1

0 .2 8 6

-0 .0 0 3

0 .4 9 5

0 .3 1 0

BMG

0 .3 5 6

0 .5 7 5

0 .4 7 8

0 .5 5 3

0 .5 5 9

- 0 .1 5 1

-0 .0 2 2

0 .3 1 9

0 . 190

0 .0 3 9

0 .5 5 9

0 .5 6 3

BCA

0 .2 3 3

0 .3 4 2

0 .3 1 1

0 .6 3 2

0 .2 6 6

- 0 .3 1 9

-0 .1 6 5

0 .1 5 1

0 . 183

- 0 .1 8 3

0 .7 6 8

0 .5 4 6

BK

0 .3 7 4

0 .5 7 2

0 .4 5 7

0 .5 9 4

0 .5 4 5

- 0 .1 6 6

-0 .0 2 4

0 .2 8 5

0 .2 3 1

0 .0 1 3

0 .5 0 6

0 .4 3 1

CTKN

0 .5 2 1

0 .3 B 4

0 .6 2 1

0 .2 8 6

0 .5 2 4

0 .4 1 4

0 .3 8 6

0 .6 4 2

0 .4 5 9

0 .4 7 2

- 0 .0 0 1

0 .2 9 9

CTKP

0 .5 0 2

0 .4 0 7

0 .5 6 6

0 .2 8 5

0 .5 1 6

0 .3 0 9

0 .3 0 9

0 .5 6 8

0 .4 0 2

0 .3 9 5

- 0 .0 0 8

0 .2 9 4

CMG

0 .4 1 5

0 .4 0 7

0 .5 1 6

0 .2 5 4

0 .5 1 0

0 . 174

0 .1 8 7

0 .4 6 6

0 .2 5 7

0 .3 0 0

- 0 .0 3 5

0 .2 2 3

CCA

0 .3 0 9

0 .3 0 5

0 .4 7 1

0 .2 7 6

0 .4 1 6

0 . 130

0 .1 5 3

0 .4 5 2

0 .2 6 4

0 .2 8 3

0 .1 7 5

0 .3 7 0

CK

0 .4 4 7

0 .4 4 9

0 .5 1 7

0 .2 3 5

0 .5 6 1

0 .3 4 3

0 .3 6 9

0 .5 5 0

0 .3 1 8

0 .4 8 7

- 0 .0 8 2

0 . 183

ACA

AK

BK

la y e rs .

BMG

AMG

OEMG

In c lu d in g o r g a n ic

BTKP

ATKN

OETKN

OECA

l a b o r a t o r y d e t e r m i n e d v a r i a b l e s sum m ed b y h o r i z o n s .

OITKP

OIK

OETKP

com ponent a n a l y s i s o f

OITKN

OIMG

OICA

In p r i n c i p a l

CTKN

CTKP

CMG

CCA

0 .5 0 2

0 .4 1 5

0 .3 0 9

0 .4 4 7

0 .4 0 7

0 .4 0 7

0 .3 0 5

0 .4 4 9

0 .5 1 6

0 .4 7 1

0 .5 1 7

0 .2 5 4

0 .2 7 6

0 .2 3 5

0 .5 1 0

0 .4 1 6

0 .5 6 1

0 .3 0 9

0 .1 7 4

0 . 130

0 .3 4 3

0 .3 8 6

0 .3 0 9

0 .1 8 7

0 .1 5 3

0 .3 6 9

0 .2 8 5

0 .6 4 2

0 .5 8 8

0 .4 6 6

0 .4 5 2

0 .5 5 0

0 .2 3 1

0 .4 5 9

0 .4 0 2

0 .2 5 7

0 .2 6 4

0 .3 1 8

CK

0 .7 3 8

1 .0 0 0

0 .2 6 3

0 .5 0 5

0 .4 0 8

0 .4 0 2

0 .1 7 7

0 .1 4 0

0 .0 8 8

0 .2 1 3

0 .0 6 6

0 .4 6 4

0 .2 6 3

1 .0 0 0

0 .7 8 8

0 .8 3 4

0 .8 5 1

- 0 .0 7 1

0 .0 4 1

0 .1 0 1

0 .1 6 2

0 .1 6 6
0 .5 0 8

0 .5 0 1

0 .5 0 5

0 .7 8 6

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 4 7

0 .9 5 9

0 .3 1 9

0 .4 3 5

0 .4 8 7

0 .5 8 5

0 .6 6 7

0 .4 0 8

0 .8 3 4

0 .8 4 7

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 3 1

- 0 .0 0 4

0 .0 9 8

0 . 134

0 .3 3 3

0 .1 3 7

0 .4 3 9

0 .4 0 2

0 .8 5 1

0 .9 5 9

0 .8 3 1

1 .0 0 0

0 .2 6 5

0 .3 7 2

0 .4 5 6

0 .4 8 3

0 .4 6 8
0 .6 4 6

0 .0 4 2

0 . 177

- 0 .0 7 1

0 .3 1 9

- 0 .0 0 4

0 .2 6 5

1 .0 0 0

0 .9 5 7

0 .8 6 3

0 .7 7 5

0 .0 4 8

0 .1 4 0

0 .0 4 1

0 .4 3 5

0 .0 9 8

0 .3 7 2

0 .9 5 7

1 .0 0 0

0 .9 3 2

0 .8 5 6

0 .9 0 9

0 .0 0 4

0 .0 8 8

0 . 101

0 .4 8 7

0 .1 3 4

0 .4 5 6

0 .8 6 3

0 .9 3 2

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 5 3

0 .9 2 0

0 .1 5 6

0 .2 1 3

0 .1 6 2

0 .5 8 5

0 .3 3 3

0 .4 8 3

0 .7 7 5

0 .8 5 6

0 .8 5 3

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 8 0

-0 .0 7 6

0 .0 6 6

0 .1 6 6

0 .5 0 8

0 .1 3 7

0 .4 6 6

0 .8 4 6

0 .9 0 9

0 .9 2 0

0 .8 8 0

1 .0 0 0

V-n
U>

54
order Oi, Oe, C, and AB.
A p lo t
is

of s ite

p resented

and L,

in F igure

are

lo cated

rep resen ts

68% o f

lo catio n

of

in d icates

th e

in

of

sim ilar

T ill

T heir

B ruce t i l l

each

T,

p lo t,

d ata

end

2
H,

w hich

se t.

o v erall

The

of

PC 1

lev el

in clu sio n s

o th er

of

th an

are

are

th e

l o c a t i o n w ith r e s p e c t t o t h e P C 's

lev els

Some o f

to those of t i l l
d a tin g

from

not c lean ly

sites

are

th ese

sites

d isp ersio n

along

PC 2 .

Por t

n u trien t

i n Oe n u t r i e n t s
F igure

lev els

the

o v erall,

B ruce

and

P ort

Hu r o n

from e a c h o t h e r

by t h e

the o r ig in

the P o rt

o f PC 1 ,

P o r t Huron t i l l
e n d o f PC 1 ,

Port

Huron

and e x h i b i t

sites

w ith

sites

and

w ide

co n tain

more v a r i a t i o n

th a n t h e P o r t Bruce s i t e s .

2.5 d i s p l a y s s i t e

PC 3 o f

n u trien t

G enerally speaking,

nearer

Thus,

have

th an

so ils.

sep arated

lo cated

o f Oe n u t r i e n t s

t h e n e g a t i v e e x t r e m e o f PC 2 .

sum m arizes

th is

th e

low est

l o c a t e d more t o w a r d t h e p o s i t i v e

g reater

in

ice-rafted

to

o r d i n a t i o n a lo n g PC' s 1 and 2.

and

in

th e

h ig h er

sites.

so ils

d ep o sitio n are

are

1 and

t h a t they c o n ta in in te rm e d ia te l e v e l s of n u t r i e n t s

groups

more t o

P C 's

th e m ost n e g a tiv e

outw ash w ith

o v e r a l l , and s l i g h t l y

lev els

at

to

form ed in o u tw ash ,

each o th e r

re la tio n

outw ash sand s i t e s .

o th er

S ites

contained

formed in

d isp ersed

in d icates

relatio n

v ariab ility

site s

they

in

a n d a n i n t e r m e d i a t e l e v e l o f Oe n u t r i e n t s .

S o ils
m ore

2 .4 .

very near

th e se

th at

n u trien ts,

o rd in atio n s

la b o ra to ry

13% o f

the

d ata

lo c a tio n s w ith

respect

sum m ed by h o r i z o n s .

v ariab ility

of

the

data

set,

t o PC 1
PC
and

3
is

55

F igure 2 .4 .

L o c a t i o n o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o PC 1 a n d PC 2
o f l a b o r a t o r y d e t e r m i n e d s o i l v a r i a b l e s summed
by h o r i z o n and a v e r a g e d w i t h i n a s i t e .

PC 2 (23%)
3

2
N □
X

Outwash sand

+

Outwash/inclusion
Port Bruce till

□

Port Huron till

A

Lacustrine

v+ Q+M- C /
vifrx

^

_ H +R
Tx X j_

0

- -j

D*

1'

I
k/
E> +° |

c?

A

%G

-2
-3
-

□

i
3

-

2

-

1

0

S

I

l

1

2

PC 1 (45%)

... —L... ... ...

3

4

57

F igure

2 .5 .

L o c a t i o n o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o PC 1 a n d PC 3
o f l a b o r a t o r y d e t e r m i n e d s o i l v a r i a b l e s summed
by h o r i z o n and a v e r a g e d w i t h i n a s i t e .

PC 3 (13%)
3

2

CA

on

x

Outwash sand

+

Outw ash/inciusions

% Port Bruce till
D

Port Huron till

A

Lacustrine

a; d

d

^

-p

w *
E
V-£ x ^ G
HX

0

T XL X

_ -j

M-4'■+K

'D

ND

R+ Q +

□s ^

-2
. . .i

-3
-

3

-

.. J .
2

-

1

0

I

I

I

1

2

3

PC 1 (45%)

4

59
p rim a rily a s s o c ia te d w ith

ch aracteristics

As i n

o f P C 's

th e previous

site s

are

fig u re

c lo se ly

grouped

S ites

form ed i n outw ash w ith

PC 3 ,

and th e

in d icatin g d ifferen ces
The two t i l l
PC 2 ,

w ith

n u trien t
g reater

site
th e

site s

are

are

to

b o th

the

low er

along

sep arated ,

of

site s

tills

b y PC 3 t h a n

B and

d iffers,

0.

due

c alcu lated

n u trien t

by

C h o rizo n

larg ely

t h i c k n e s s o f B h o r i z o n s on P o r t B ru ce s i t e s ,

co n seq u en tly

sand

axes.

d isp ersed

w id ely

g r o u p s a r e more s e p a r a t e d

of

C ho rizo n .

th e outw ash

respect

in clu sio n s

the

in n u tr ie n t co n ten t of th e C h o riz o n .

ex cep tio n s

co ntent

1 and 2,

w ith

tw o l a c u s t r i n e

of

co n ten t

to

the

and th e

of

th e

C

horizon.
PCA o f l a b o r a t o r y d a t a summed b y h o r i z o n s a n d i n c l u d i n g
forest

flo o r

n u trien t

lay ers

co n ten t,

n u trie n ts.
p articu lar
S ites

The

and

to

sep arated

formed

outw ash

P ort

in

Hu r o n

sep arated ,
S ites

and

but

four

rath er

along
sand

P ort

o v erall

1,

B ruce
trend

t i l l
is

2,
the

forest

so il

and

3,

w ith

w ere

evident

for

w ith

n u trien ts.

clo sest

s ite s

in

flo o r

environm ents

form ed in o utw ash sand w ith i c e - r a f t e d

p l a c e d betw een th e o u tw ash and t i l l

tren d

id e n tifie d

d ep o sitio n al

ex h ib itin g

an o v e r a l l

w ere

in d iv id u al

PC a x e s

size

em phasized

PC' s

than

d ifferen t

g en erally

an

esp ecially

firs t

horizons

belonging

d isp lay ed

w ere
sites

g ro upings.
not
th e

w ell

groups.

i n c l u s i o n s w ere

site s.

PCA o f m i n e r a l s o i l l a b o r a t o r y d a t a summed b y h o r i z o n s
T h e PCA p e r f o r m e d

on l a b o r a t o r y

data

in clu d in g

org an ic

60
h o r i z o n s was s t r o n g l y
th ese

la y ers.

o n ly

d ata

h o rizo n
used.

A PCA o f

d eriv ed

perform ed.

A ll
in

and

th e

the

from

the

PCA.

four

PC' s

m atrix

to

for

larg est
48% o f

an

ab so lu te

in

and

co efficien ts

of

the

v ariab ility .

acid

of

placed

on

reaso n ab le

hydrogen

sandy
of

w ould

to
be

n u trien ts.
P in

the

so lu tio n

lev els

the

region
fa ils

th o se

in fe rtile

cm w e r e

the

v ariab les

2 .9 ,
in

w ere

and

T ab le

are

th e

2 .1 0 .
than

sig n ific an t

at

are

so ils.

v ariab ility ,

w hich

first

( H)

accounted

for

w ith

c o n ce n tra tio n s.
in

so ils

low

both

n e g a t iv e

n u trien ts

th a t

w ith

the

PC c o n t a i n e d

io n

so il

received

the

w ith

am ounts

PC,
high

of

o th er

The h i g h n e g a t i v e c o e f f i c i e n t p l a c e d

C horizon

to

PC,

co n clu d e

is

also

calcareo u s,

in terp retab le.
so

th at

a

e x t r a c t much P f r o m t h e m ,

of B ray' s e x tra c ta b le

to ta l

also

a n aly sis

of

c o e ffic ie n ts ,

is

so ils

was

150

n u trien ts

The

and

on B r a y ' s

using

w h i c h are g r e a t e r

0.404

first

co unterbalances d e sira b le

ex tractab le

th is

appears

B horizon

n e g a t i ve

lev els

of

T ab le

2.10

A cid ity

a cid ity

of

H e r e , w i t h O i a n d Oe l a y e r s e l i m i n a t e d

co efficien ts

pos i t i ve

in

PCA

value

A and

to ta l

for

appear
th e

an aly sis,

the

it

an aly ses

co efficien ts

in Table

a l p h a = 0 .05 f o r n= 24.
the

co n ten t

am ong s i t e s

a d ep th

a v ailab le

R egression

C o rre la tio n s presen ted

from

so il

A, Br and C above

firs t

equal

n u trien t

relatio n sh ip s

m in eral

21 v a r i a b l e s

c o rre la tio n

or

by t h e

L a b o r a t o r y - d e t e r m i n e d v a r i a b l e s summed b y m a s t e r

groups

used

in flu en ced

P are

present

Th e s e c o n d
em phasizes

PC,

B ray' s
and

w e ak

h igher

in C h o riz o n s

accounting

C horizon

T ill

for

n u trien ts

of
22%

w ith

61

T ab le 2 .9 .
C o r r e l a t i o n s betw een l a b o r a t o r y
d eterm in ed
m in e ra l s o i l v a r ia b le s and th e f i r s t fo u r p r i n c i p a l
com ponents, w ith ran k s o f th e e ig h t h ig h e s t c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r
e a c h PC.
D a t a a r e summed b y h o r i z o n g r o u p s .

V ariable
E igenvalue
Percent
ATKN
ATKP
AMG
ACA
AK
ABRAYP
AHBUF
BTKN
BTKP
BMG
BCA
BK
BBRAYP
BHBUF
CTKN
CTKP
CMG
CCA
CK
CBRAYP
CHBUF

PC l ' R a n k )

PC 2 ( R a n k )

PC 3 ( R a n k )

PC 4 ( R a n k )

10.13
48.2

4.69
22.3

2.39
11.4

0.93
4 .4

0.8176(8)
0.7196
0.7615
0.8120
0.6197
0.4925
-0 .8 9 0 9 (2 )
0.8 9 4 4 (1 )
0.7543
0.8705(5)
0.8 7 0 6 (4 )
0 .8399(7)
0.0925
-0.6 4 6 1
0.3017
0.3740
0.3814
0.5029
0.3553
-0 .8 8 0 2 (3 )
-0 .8 5 7 7 (6 )

-0 .3 8 6 3 (8 )
-0.4 5 02 (7 )
-0 .0 3 6 4
-0.35 47
-0.1117
-0 .5 1 6 8 (6 )
0.0763
-0 .1 2 1 8
-0.2002
0.1932
-0 .2 1 1 8
0.1441
-0 .1 8 3 1
0.0 4 9 7
0 .8 6 8 9 (4 )
0.8 9 5 3 (2 )
0.8 7 8 9 (3 )
0.7 6 8 4 (5 )
0 .8965(1)
0.0597
0.0386

-0 .3 1 6 6 (8 )
-0.0419
-0 .5 0 2 1 (3 )
-0 .4 0 8 4 (6 )
-0 .4 1 7 2 (5 )
-0 .3 2 2 2 (7 )
-0 .0 8 9 0
0.2734
0.5984(2)
0.2875
0.2348
0 .4 3 1 3 (4 )
0.8300(1)
0.2253
-0 .2 2 6 9
-0 .1 2 5 2
-0 .0 0 5 7
-0 .0 9 3 6
0.1151
-0 .0 3 6 0
0.0130

-0 .0 4 6 9
-0.2 9 76 7 (4)
0.3675(2)
0.0660
0 .6 2 6 4 (1 )
-0 .3 313(3 )
-0 .0 1 7 4
-0 .0 7 4 5
0.0452
0 .1543(7)
-0 .0 6 9 7
0.0954
0 .2476(5)
0.1878(6)
-0.0 0 6 4
-0 .0 6 2 0
-0.1 0 3 5
-0 .1 0 2 7
-0 .0 2 1 5
0 .135 4(8)
0 .1182

T a b le 2 .1 0 .

S ln p le

l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n s am ong v a r i a b l e s u s e d

ATKN

ATKP

AMG

ACA

AK

ABRAYP

In p r in c i p a l

AHBUF

BTKN

com p o n en t a n a l y s i s o f

BTKP

BMG

BCA

l a b o r a t o r y d e t e r m i n e d m i n e r a l s o i l v a r i a b l e s sum m ed b y h o r i z o n s .

BK

BBRAYP

BFBUF

CTKN

CTKP

CMG

CCA

CK

CBRAYP

CHBUF

ATKN

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 3 6

0 .7 8 1

0 .9 0 8

0 .6 4 4

0 .7 0 0

-0 .6 8 2

0 .6 8 5

0 .4 9 5

0 .5 5 9

0 .7 6 8

0 .5 0 6

- 0 .1 4 8

- 0 .5 4 0

- 0 .0 0 1

- 0 .0 0 8

-0 .0 3 5

0 .1 7 5

- 0 .0 8 2

-0 .7 0 9

-0 .7 1 2

ATKP

0 .B 3 6

1 .0 0 0

0 .4 9 2

0 .7 1 2

0 .3 4 3

0 .6 4 3

-0 .5 7 2

0 .6 7 3

0 .5 9 2

0 .5 4 0

0 .8 2 5

0 .5 1 9

-0 .0 0 6

- 0 .4 6 4

- 0 .1 6 7

- 0 .1 1 4

- 0 .0 7 8

0 .0 9 6

- 0 .1 4 7

-0 .6 2 5

- 0 .5 8 0

AMG

0 .7 0 1

0 .4 9 2

1 .0 0 0

0 .0 7 4

0 .8 9 3

0 .4 0 6

- 0 .6 2 0

0 .5 2 1

0 .3 1 0

0 .5 6 3

0 .5 4 6

0 .4 3 1

- 0 .2 4 5

-0 .5 3 7

0 .2 9 9

0 .2 9 4

0 .2 2 3

0 .3 7 0

0 .1 8 3

-0 .5 9 2

-0 .6 2 3

ACA

0 .9 0 6

0 .7 1 2

0 .8 7 4

1 .0 0 0

0 .7 3 8

0 .7 2 2

- 0 .7 2 6

0 .6 6 8

0 .4 6 4

0 .5 0 1

0 .6 6 7

0 .4 3 9

-0 .1 5 1

- 0 .6 1 6

0 .0 4 2

0 .0 4 8

0 .0 0 4

0 .1 5 6

- 0 .0 7 6

- 0 .7 0 7

-0 .7 1 1

AK

0 .6 4 4

0 .3 4 3

0 .8 9 3

0 .7 3 B

1 .0 0 0

0 .3 4 2

- 0 .5 1 9

0 .3 8 6

0 .2 6 3

0 .5 0 5

0 .4 0 8

0 .4 0 2

-0 .0 9 5

- 0 .3 9 4

0 . 177

0 . 140

0 .0 8 8

0 .2 1 3

0 .0 6 6

- 0 .4 5 8

- 0 .4 3 9

ABRAVP

0 .7 0 0

0 .6 4 3

0 .4 0 6

0 .7 2 2

0 .3 4 2

1 .0 0 0

-0 .4 1 3

0 .4 0 0

0 .2 9 2

0 .1 0 2

0 .4 2 7

0 .2 0 2

- 0 .0 8 6

- 0 .4 8 1

- 0 .1 9 9

-0 .2 0 3

- 0 .1 9 0

- 0 .0 8 7

-0 .2 6 0

- 0 .4 5 4

- 0 .4 0 6

- 0 .6 8 2

-0 .5 7 2

-0 .6 2 0

- 0 .7 2 6

-0 .5 1 9

- 0 .4 1 3

1 .0 0 0

-0 .8 5 7

-0 .7 2 2

-0 .7 1 7

-0 .7 1 5

- 0 .7 4 0

-0 .2 0 2

0 .6 8 5

0 .6 7 3

0 .5 2 1

0 .6 6 8

0 .3 8 6

0 .4 0 0

-0 .8 5 7

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 6 8

0 .8 1 0

0 .8 5 9

0 .8 2 5

0 .2 5 5

8TKP

0 .4 9 5

0 .5 9 2

0 .3 1 0

0 .4 6 4

0 .2 6 3

0 .2 9 2

-0 .7 2 2

0 .8 6 8

1 .0 0 0

0 .7 8 8

0 .8 3 4

0 .8 5 1

BMG

0 .5 5 9

0 .5 4 0

0 .5 6 3

0 .5 0 1

0 .5 0 5

0 .1 8 2

- 0 .7 1 7

0 .8 1 0

0 .7 0 8

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 4 7

0 .9 5 9

BCA

0 .7 6 8

0 .8 2 5

0 .5 4 6

0 .6 6 7

0 .4 0 8

0 .4 2 7

- 0 .7 1 5

0 .6 5 9

0 .8 3 4

0 .0 4 7

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 3 1

0 .1 9 4

- 0 .4 1 0
- 0 .3 9 4

AH8UP
BTKN

BK

0 .6 3 6 - 0 .2 1 2

-0 .2 6 9

- 0 .2 7 0

- 0 .2 9 7

-0 .2 3 0

0 .8 3 8

0 .8 4 4

- 0 .4 8 3

0 .1 3 1

0 .1 9 1

0 .2 1 0

0 .3 2 0

0 .2 3 0

- 0 .8 2 9

-0 .7 9 4

0 .6 4 0

- 0 .3 9 1

- 0 .0 7 1

0 .0 4 1

0 .1 0 1

0 .1 6 2

0 .1 6 6

- 0 .6 5 5

- 0 .6 1 5

0 .2 2 8

- 0 .4 1 1

0 .3 1 9

0 .4 3 5

0 .4 8 7

0 .5 6 5

0 .5 0 8

- 0 .6 9 0

- 0 .6 3 8

- 0 .0 0 4

0 .0 9 8

0 .1 3 4

0 .3 3 3

0 .1 3 7

- 0 .7 6 1

- 0 .6 7 6

0 .5 0 6

0 .5 1 9

0 .4 3 1

0 .4 3 9

0 .4 0 2

0 .2 0 2

- 0 .7 4 8

0 .8 2 5

0 .8 5 1

0 .9 5 9

0 .0 3 1

1 .0 0 0

0 .3 7 6

BBRAYP

- 0 .1 4 0

- 0 .0 0 6

-0 .2 4 5

- 0 .1 5 1

-0 .0 9 5

- 0 .0 8 6

- 0 .2 0 2

0 .2 5 5

0 .6 4 0

0 .2 2 8

0 .1 9 4

0 .3 7 6

1 .0 0 0

BHBUF

- 0 .5 4 0

-0 .4 6 4

-0 .5 3 7

- 0 .6 1 6

-0 .3 9 4

-0 .4 0 1

0 .6 3 6

-0 .4 0 3

- 0 .3 9 1

- 0 .4 1 1

- 0 .4 1 0

- 0 .3 9 4

0 .0 1 6

CTKN

- 0 .0 0 1

- 0 .1 6 7

0 .2 9 9

0 .0 4 2

0 . 177

- 9 .1 9 9

- 0 .2 1 2

0 .1 3 1

- 0 .0 7 1

0 .3 1 9

- 0 .0 0 4

0 .2 6 5

- 0 .2 6 6

0 .2 6 5

0 .3 7 2

0 .4 5 6

0 .4 8 3

0 .4 6 8

- 0 .6 9 0

- 0 .6 3 3

0 .0 1 6 - 0 . 2 6 6
1 .0 0 0 - 0 . 2 0 0

- 0 .2 0 4

- 0 .1 3 1

- 0 .2 4 5

- 0 .0 1 0

- 0 .0 8 8

- 0 .0 8 4

- 0 .3 0 5

- 0 .2 4 1

- 0 .2 0 2

-0 .1 4 8

0 .5 3 7

0 .5 8 1

- 0 .2 0 8

1 .0 0 0

0 .9 5 7

0 .8 6 3

0 .7 7 5

0 .8 4 6

- 0 .1 8 7

- 0 .2 3 4

CTKP

- 0 .0 0 8

- 0 .1 1 4

0 .2 9 4

0 .0 4 6

0 . 140

- 0 .2 0 3

- 0 .2 6 9

0 .1 9 1

0 .0 4 1

0 .4 3 5

0 .0 9 8

0 .3 7 2

- 0 .2 0 4

- 0 .3 0 5

0 .9 5 7

1 .0 0 0

0 .9 3 2

0 .8 5 6

0 .9 0 9

- 0 .2 5 2

- 0 .2 7 6

CMG

- 0 .0 3 5

- 0 .0 7 8

0 .2 2 3

0 .0 0 4

0 .0 8 8

- 0 .1 9 0

- 0 .2 7 0

0 .2 1 0

0 .1 0 1

0 .4 8 7

0 .1 3 4

0 .4 5 6

- 0 .1 3 1

- 0 .2 4 1

0 .8 6 3

0 .9 3 2

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 5 3

0 .9 2 0

-0 .2 0 3

- 0 .2 9 0

CCA

0 .1 7 5

0 .0 9 6

0 .3 7 0

0 . 156

0 .2 1 3

- 0 .0 8 7

-0 .2 9 7

0 .3 2 0

0 .1 6 2

0 .5 0 5

0 .3 3 3

0 .4 8 3

- 0 .2 4 5

- 0 .2 0 2

0 .7 7 5

0 .8 5 6

0 .8 5 3

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 8 0

- 0 .4 2 0

- 0 .3 8 8

- 0 .0 8 2

- 0 .1 4 7

0 .1 8 3

- 0 .0 7 6

0 .0 6 6

- 0 .2 6 0

- 0 .2 3 0

0 .2 3 0

0 .1 6 6

0 .5 0 8

0 .1 3 7

0 .4 6 8

- 0 .0 1 0

- 0 .1 4 8

0 .8 4 6

0 .9 0 9

0 .9 2 0

0 .8 8 0

1 .0 0 0

-0 .2 6 0

- 0 .2 5 9

CK
CBRAYP

- 0 .7 0 9

- 0 .6 2 5

- 0 .5 9 2

- 0 .7 0 7

-0 .4 5 8

-0 .4 5 4

0 .0 3 8

- 0 .8 2 9

- 0 .6 5 5

- 0 .6 9 0

- 0 .7 6 1

- 0 .6 9 0

- 0 .0 8 8

0 .5 3 7 - 0 .1 8 7

- 0 .2 5 2

-0 .2 8 3

- 0 .4 2 0

- 0 .2 6 0

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 5 2

CHBUF

- 0 .7 1 2

- 0 .5 8 0

-0 .6 2 3

- 0 .7 1 1

-0 .4 3 9

- 0 .4 0 6

0 .8 4 4

- 0 .7 9 4

- 0 .6 1 5

-0 .6 3 8

- 0 .6 7 6

- 0 .6 3 3

- 0 .0 8 4

0 .5 8 1

- 0 .2 3 4

- 0 .2 7 6

-0 .2 9 0

-0 .3 8 8

- 0 .2 5 9

0 .8 5 2

1 .0 0 0

63
p o sitiv e c o effic ien ts,
and

B h o rizo n

v a ria b ility ,

and p l a c e s n e g a ti v e c o e f f i c i e n t s

n u trien ts.

places

high

The

th ird

p o sitiv e

PC,

w ith

on A

11% o f

co efficien ts

th e

on B h o r i z o n

n u t r i e n t s , and n e g a t i v e c o e f f i c i e n t s on A h o r i z o n v a r i a b l e s .
The

fo u rth

h o riz o n

PC d o e s

not

w e ig h tin g s,

var ia b ility

in

th e

determ in ed m in eral

ex h ib it

and

m ean in g fu l

acco u n ts

d ata
so il

a

set.

d ata

for

The
ag ain

p a tte rn

o n ly

PCA o f

4% o f

id e n tifie d

im p o rtan t

th a n in d iv id u a l n u t r i e n t s , and

th at

c o n t a i n more o v e r a l l

A h o rizo n s.
resu ltin g

This

F igure
1

and

PC

related

2 of

to

so il

so t h a t th e r e

la b o rato ry -d eterm in ed

from

a b e tte r

in

d istin ctly

v ariab ility

v a ria b ility

is

a range in

PCA

of

d ata

2 .4 ,

sep aratio n

outw ash

w ith

m in eral

sites

w hich

are

in clu d ed

b u t PCA o f m i n e r a l
of

th e

ice-rafted

site

groups.

in clu sio n s

second

t i l l , w ith
also

PC s e p a r a t e s
th e

ex cep tio n

in c lu s io n s group,

Port

B ruce

till

o f P o rt B ruce

from
site

g r o u p e d t o g e t h e r w i t h P o r t Huron s i t e s

PCA o f s o i l s

data

to

in clu d in g organic horizons

B,

in

to

o rg an ic
so il

data
S ites

are

grouped th an in th e p re v io u s a n a l y s i s .

th e outw ash w ith i c e - r a f t e d

so il

sim ilar

m ore

S ites

a r r a y e d a l o n g PC 1 t o r a n g e f r o m o u t w a s h s a n d s o i l s ,

The

than

to te x tu re s .

h o r i z o n s , shown i n F i g u r e

form ed

due

L o c a tio n s and g ro u p in g s o f

d eriv ed

p ro v id ed

lik ely

showed

2 .6 shows t h e l o c a t i o n s o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o

v ariab les.
th o se

is

from g l a c i a l a c t i v i t y ,

n u tr ie n t values

PC

resu lt

th e

la b o ra to ry -

h o riz o n groups r a th e r
B and C h o riz o n s

of

are

through

till

so ils.

P ort

H uron

w hich

the

(F ig u re

was

p rev io u s
2 .5 ).

64

Figure

2 .6 .

L o c a t i o n o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o PC 1 a n d PC 2
o f la b o r a to r y d eterm ined m in e ra l s o i l v a r ia b le s
summed b y h o r i z o n a n d a v e r a g e d w i t h i n a s i t e .

PC 2 (22%)
3
N□
U
*

2

B
*

0+
Outwash sand

1
R+
V
W;H+X
HX^L

Outwash/inclusion
Port Bruce till

0

Port Huron till
Lacustrine

J
□ D 1

M+

S
C,
P+" ‘
E

- -j

K

0
n

Q

c

D * *

*A

-2
.......

-3
-

^

3

-

2

I... ,
-

1

0

1

1

1.. -

1

2

3

PC 1 (48%)

-

4

66
F igu re

2.7

d isp lay s

site

a x es 1 and 3 o f m in e ra l s o i l
11.4% o f

th e

v ariab les
h orizon

receiv in g

v ariab les

sand s i t e s
are

v aria b ility

H, L ,

not arrayed

g ro u p in g s

by

in

receiv in g

d ata

respect

clo sely

w ith

B h o rizo n
and

c o efficien ts.

PC 3 i n a m a n n e r

sites

agrees

S ites

A

Outw ash

but o th er

w hich

en v iro n m en t.

PC

PC 3 i n c l u d e s

set,

grouped,

in clu sio n s,

to

co effic ien ts,

negative

d ep o sitio n al

outw ash w ith i c e - r a f t e d

th e

p o sitiv e

and T a r e

w ith

lab o rato ry d ata.

h ig h

alo n g

lo catio n s

w ith

form ed

lacu strin e m aterial,

in
and

t i l l s , a r e n o t s e p a r a t e d a l o n g PC 3 .
PCA o f

m in eral

o rd in atio n
d a ta

sim ilar

w h ich

c o rre la tio n
sep arate

also

to

of

site
w as

lab o rato ry

th a t

in c lu d e d

PCA's

Spearm an' s

so il

o rg a n ic
on

r= 0 .817,

express
site

in d icate

g reater

of

rank

h o rizo n

n u trien ts.

source

of

th e

first

The

1964).
sp o d ic

in

may b e

tw o

a lp h a= 0 .0 5 ,

and

co rrelatio n

It

was

sim ilar

in fo rm atio n

o b ta in e d

from

r s = 0 .810,
of the

two

in

m in eral

th e

so il

so il-site

stu d ies

h o rizo n s

m ost

lay ers

(S o il Survey S t a f f 1975).

in

so il

im p o rtan t
for

th ese

im portance o f B

(C oile

as d efin ed

regarding

m in era l

a ls o co rresp o n d s w ith th e p r i n c i p l e

and a r g i l l i c

of

The c o r r e l a t i o n s

The B h o r i z o n was

v ariab ility

classic

sim p le
th e

s i t e s , w hich c o r r e s p o n d s w i th t h e r e c o g n i z e d
h orizons

site

lab o ra to ry

axes

at

a

th a t although o rg an ic h o rizo n n u tr i e n ts

v ariab ility ,

re la tio n sh ip s

h o riz o n s.

sig n ifican t

s i g n i f i c a n t a t a lp h a = 0 .05.

o rd in atio n s

produced

p r o d u c e d b y PCA o f

scores

co efficien t

d ata

1952,

R alston

of d iag n o stic
S o il

Taxonomy

67

F igure

2 .7 .

L o c a t i o n o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o PC 1 a n d PC 3
o f la b o r a to r y determ ined m in e ra l s o i l v a r ia b le s
summed b y h o r i z o n a n d a v e r a g e d w i t h i n a s i t e .

*
□

©

PC 3 (11%)

c

£
B

X

Outwash sand

4

Outwash/inclusion

-

Port Bruce till

□

Port Huron till

A

Lacustrine

x+

+

V
tl X

0

v |

M J0
-h £

O'
00

TX* + Q
AU

w+

SD

-1

Z

4c

K*

-

O

P+

-2
i

1

-3
-3

-2

“1

0

1

PC 1 (48%)

!

i

_i--------------

69
PCA of mineral soil laboratory data summed by depths
S tu d ies
so il

data

used

d ep th

rep o rted

in

w hich w ere

determ ine

sum s.

the

have

summed b y h o r i z o n s ,

PCA w a s

w hether

literatu re

they

here

w hile

ap p lied

produced

more

sum s, and

to

som etim es

to

o th ers

d ep th

have

sums

in terp retab le

P C A 's o f h o r i z o n

site

o r d in a tio n s corresp o n d ed w ith th o se o f h o riz o n sum s.

v ariab les
data

2 .1 1

and th e f i r s t

summed b y d e p t h s

7 0 - 1 5 0 cm.
for

p resen ts

th e

than

T able

PCA.

or

for

n atu ral
d ep th

of

0-10

to

a n

in

s um s w e r e

at

the

in clu d ed

cm,

2.12

value

a l p h a = 0 .05

in

to

the

w hich
of

for

th e

cm,

m atrix
are

and
used

g reater

n=24„

The

10-30

are

D epths

roughly

study a re a .
th e

of

0 . 404

correspond

A h o rizo n s,

PCA

lab o rato ry

30-70

c o rrelatio n

T able

in tended

h o riz o n developm ent
n o rm ally

c o effic ien ts

10-30

a b so lu te

sig n ifican t

th e

cm,

2.12 p r e s e n t s

equal

w hether

f o u r PC' s o f m in e r a l s o i l

C o rrelatio n s

sta tistic a lly
used

reg ressio n

to

resu lts

th an

T ab le

d eterm in e

used

w ith

0-10

cm

cm d e p t h

co rresponded a p p ro x im ately w ith upper B h o riz o n developm ent,
th e

3 0 - 7 0 cm d e p t h t o o k i n m o s t l o w e r B h o r i z o n d e v e l o p m e n t ,

and

th e

150

cm d e p t h

70-150

n u trien t

cm d e p t h

sum w as

content

of

u su ally

also
the

in clu d ed

in cluded

so il

to

p ro file

C h o rizo n s.

represent
to

the

A 0-

the

depth

to ta l

u su ally

d e s c r i b e d by t r a d i t i o n a l s u r v e y m e t h o d s .
The f i r s t
73% o f

PC o f d a t a s u m m a r i z e d by d e p t h s a c c o u n t e d f o r

v ariab ility

co efficien ts

on t h e

in

the

d ata

set,

0 - 1 5 0 cm s u m s .

and
A ll

placed
the

the

h ig h est

co efficien ts

in

70

T ab le 2 .1 1 .
C o r r e l a t i o n s betw een l a b o r a t o r y d e te r m in e d
m in e ra l s o i l v a r i a b l e s and the f i r s t fo u r p r i n c i p a l
com ponents, w ith ranks o f th e e i g h t h i g h e s t c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r
e a c h PC.
D a t a a r e summed b y t h e d e p t h s 0 - 1 0 cm, 1 0 - 3 0 cm,
3 0 - 7 0 cm, a n d 7 0 - 1 5 0 cm.

V ariab le
E igenvalue
Percent
TKN10
TKN70
TKN150
TKP30
TKP70
TKP150
CA10
CA70
CA150
MG10
MG30
MG150
K10
K70
K150
TKNSUM
TKPSUM
CASUM
MGSUM
KSUM

PC l ( R a n k )

PC 2 ( R a n k )

PC 3 ( R a n k )

PC 4 ( R a n k )

14.55
72.7

2.04
10.2

1.29
6.5

0.9 0
4.5

0 .6006(2)
0.1378
-0 .0 6 8 2
0.1802
-0.07 35
-0 .2 0 2 5
0.6984(1)
0.0495
-0 .3 2 5 8 (6 )
0.5239(3)
0.0108
-0.3 8 1 6 (5 )
0 .4 768(4)
-0.1 5 8 4
-0.3 5 7 0 (7 )
0.2084
-0.0695
-0 .1 5 9 0
-0 .2 5 3 0 (8 )
-0 .2 1 8 5

-0 .0 3 0 3
-0.0608
-0.2 1 0 7 (6 )
0 .8 1 6 9 (1 )
0.4620(2)
-0 .0 1 0 8
-0 .0 3 8 6
-0 .2 4 0 7 (4 )
-0 .2 1 4 4 (5 )
-0 .20 6 8 (7 )
-0 .1702
-0 .0 4 0 9
0.0594
0.0098
0.1379
-0 .0 9 4 3
0 .3121(3)
-0.1 8 70 (8 )
-0 .0 8 0 7
0.1189

0 .4050(2)
-0 .0 4 6 8
0.0883
0.0744
-0 .0 4 9 2
0.1104
0.1772
-0.0 0 53
0 .2814(4)
-0 .2181(7)
-0 .3 0 6 0 (3 )
-0 .0 6 4 6
-0 .4 7 3 5 (1 )
-0 .2572(5)
0.1193
0.1784
0.0948
0 .2380(6)
-0 .1905(8)
-0 .1 0 2 3

0.6511
0.92 6 8 (6 )
0.9139
0.5103
0.8463
0 .9441(1)
0.6597
0.9090
0.8411
0.7624
0.8887
0.8943
0.6810
0 .9167(7)
0.8893
0 .9337(5)
0.93 4 2 (4 )
0 .9113(8)
0 .9360(3)
0.93 6 5 (2 )

T a b le 2 .1 2 .

S im p l e

l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n s am ong v a r i a b l e s u s e d

in p r i n c i p a l

com ponent a n a l y s i s o f

TKNIO

TKN70

TKN150

TKP30

TKP7Q

TKP150

CAIO

CA70

CA150

I4G10

TKN10

1 .0 0 0

0 .6 6 4

0 .5 7 5

0 .4 3 9

0 .4 5 9

0 .5 1 0

0 .9 0 3

0 .6 3 9

0 .4 5 7

TKN70

0 .6 6 4

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 8 0

0 .4 2 1

0 .7 8 7

0 .8 3 2

0 .6 9 5

0 .8 5 2

0 .6 8 7

la b o r a t o r y d e te r m in e d m in e r a l

K10

K70

MG30

MG150

0 .7 0 8

0 .4 4 6

0 .3 3 4

0 .5 3 8

0 .4 3 8

0 .7 5 9

0 .8 6 9

0 .7 8 6

0 .6 7 0

0 .8 3 7

s o il

v a r i a b l e s sun ro e d b y d e p t h s .

TKNSUM

TKPSUM

0 .4 1 6

0 .8 1 5

0 .5 8 1

0 .5 9 4

0.4Q Q

0 .4 6 3

0 .7 4 3

0 .9 3 6

0 .8 2 9

0 .7 7 8

0 .8 3 7

0 .8 1 6
0 .8 2 3

K 150

CASUM

MGSUM

KSUM

TKN150

0 .5 7 5

0 .8 8 0

1 .0 0 0

0 .2 8 4

0 .6 6 1

0 .9 3 3

0 .5 5 9

0 .7 9 8

0 .8 2 0

0 .6 9 5

0 .8 3 0

0 .8 4 0

0 .5 2 7

0 .7 9 9

0 .8 2 7

0 .9 2 6

0 .8 1 9

0 .8 5 3

0 .8 5 6

TKP30

0 .4 3 9

0 .4 2 1

0 .2 8 4

1 .0 0 0

0 .7 6 9

0 .4 4 5

0 .4 3 7

0 .2 8 9

0 .2 3 6

0 .3 1 0

0 .3 1 7

0 .3 5 0

0 .4 4 6

0 .4 2 5

0 .5 0 3

0 .4 4 5

0 .7 2 1

0 .3 1 4

0 .3 5 0

0 .5 1 4

TKP70

0 .4 5 9

0 .7 8 7

0 .6 6 1

0 .7 6 9

1 .0 0 0

0 .7 9 4

0 .4 9 7

0 .6 7 4

0 .6 2 3

0 .5 1 1

0 .6 9 9

0 .7 7 4

0 .5 6 9

0 .7 9 4

0 .8 1 2

0 .7 1 3

0 .9 3 9

0 .6 8 7

0 .7 7 7

0 .8 4 3

TKPI5D

0 .5 1 0

0 .8 3 2

0 .9 3 3

0 .4 4 5

0 .7 9 4

1 .0 0 0

0 .5 0 8

0 .8 0 5

0 .8 8 3

0 .6 1 8

0 .8 3 1

0 .9 1 0

0 .4 8 6

0 .8 3 7

0 .9 2 7

0 .8 6 6

0 .9 2 7

0 .9 0 1

0 .9 0 2

0 .6 9 7

CAIO

0 .9 0 3

0 .6 9 5

0 .5 5 9

0 .4 3 7

0 .4 9 7

0 .5 0 8

1 .0 0 0

0 .6 4 3

0 .3 8 8

0 .8 4 6

0 .5 5 5

0 .3 3 4

0 .6 7 5

0 .4 4 6

0 .3 4 6

0 .7 7 3

0 .5 7 8

0 .5 4 4

0 .4 1 5

0 .4 3 1

CA70

0 .6 3 9

0 .8 5 2

0 .7 9 8

0 .2 8 9

0 .6 7 4

0 .8 0 5

0 .6 4 3

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 2 4

0 .7 4 4

0 .8 4 5

0 .7 9 0

0 .6 3 1

0 .8 5 5

0 .7 3 8

0 .8 4 7

0 .7 5 4

0 .9 0 6

0 .8 6 1

0 .8 1 6

CA150

0 .4 5 7

0 .6 8 7

0 .B 2 0

0 .2 3 6

0 .6 2 3

0 .8 8 3

0 .3 8 8

0 .8 2 4

1 .0 0 0

0 .4 7 6

0 .6 8 8

0 .8 5 8

0 .3 1 3

0 .7 2 8

0 .8 6 8

0 .7 5 3

0 .7 6 4

0 .9 7 7

0 .8 3 0

0 .7 9 9

MG10

0 .7 0 8

0 .7 5 9

0 .6 9 5

0 .3 1 0

0 .5 1 1

0 .6 1 8

0 .8 4 6

0 .7 4 4

0 .4 7 6

1 .0 0 0

0 .7 8 1

0 .5 1 8

0 .6 7 3

0 .6 4 0

0 .4 6 1

0 .7 8 1

0 .5 9 4

0 .6 0 4

0 .6 3 4

0 .5 8 3

MG30

0 .4 4 6

0 .8 6 9

0 .8 3 0

0 .3 1 7

0 .6 9 9

0 .6 3 1

0 .5 5 5

0 .8 4 5

0 .6 8 8

0 .7 8 1

1 .0 0 0

0 .6 1 8

0 .6 8 8

0 .8 8 1

0 .6 8 0

0 .8 0 2

0 .7 5 9

0 .7 5 6

0 .8 9 2

0 .7 9 5

MG150

0 .3 3 4

0 .7 8 6

0 .8 4 0

0 .3 5 0

0 .7 7 4

0 .9 1 0

0 .3 3 4

0 .7 9 0

0 .8 5 8

0 .5 1 8

0 .8 1 8

1 .0 0 0

0 .4 3 3

0 .8 9 3

0 .9 2 1

0 .7 3 9

0 .8 3 3

0 .8 5 2

0 .9 6 4

0 .9 0 6

0 .5 3 8

0 .6 7 0

0 .5 2 7

0 .4 4 6

0 .5 6 9

0 .4 8 6

0 .6 7 5

0 .6 3 1

0 .3 1 3

0 .8 7 3

0 .6 8 8

0 .4 3 3

1 .0 0 0

0 .6 5 1

0 .4 1 8

0 .6 3 3

0 .5 7 6

0 .4 5 8

0 .6 0 3

0 .6 2 2

K70

0 .4 3 8

0 .8 3 7

0 .7 9 8

0 .4 2 5

0 .7 9 4

0 .8 3 7

0 .4 4 6

0 .8 5 5

0 .7 2 8

0 .6 4 0

0 .8 8 1

0 .8 9 3

0 .6 5 1

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 3 8

0 .7 7 8

0 .8 3 2

0 .7 9 4

0 .9 5 4

0 .9 4 6

K 150

0 .4 1 6

0 .7 4 3

0 .8 2 7

0 .5 0 3

0 .6 1 2

0 .9 2 7

0 .3 4 6

0 .7 3 8

0 .6 6 8

0 .4 6 1

0 .6 8 0

0 .9 2 1

0 .4 1 8

0 .8 3 8

1 .0 0 0

0 .7 6 1

0 .9 0 3

0 .8 6 4

0 .8 8 8

0 .9 4 0

0 .7 3 9

0 .6 3 3

0 .7 7 8

0 .7 6 1

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 4 8

0 .8 4 5

0 .7 9 1

0 .8 0 4

0 .8 3 3

0 .5 7 6

0 .8 3 2

0 .9 0 3

0 .8 4 8

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 2 3

0 .8 4 4

0 .9 1 2

K10

TKNSUM

0 .8 1 5

0 .9 3 6

0 .9 2 6

0 .4 4 5

0 .7 1 3

0 .8 6 6

0 .7 7 3

0 .8 4 7

0 .7 5 3

0 .7 8 1

0 .8 0 2

TKPSUM

0 .5 8 1

0 .8 2 9

0 .8 1 9

0 .7 2 1

0 .9 3 9

0 .9 2 7

0 .5 7 8

0 .7 5 4

0 .7 6 4

0 .5 9 4

0 .7 5 9

CASUM

0 .5 9 4

0 .7 7 8

0 .8 5 3

0 .3 1 4

0 .6 8 7

0 .9 0 1

0 .5 4 4

0 .9 0 6

0 .9 7 7

0 .6 0 4

0 .7 5 6

0 .8 5 2

0 .4 5 6

0 .7 9 4

0 .8 6 4

0 .8 4 5

0 .8 2 3

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 6 5

0 .8 4 9

MGSUM

0 .4 0 0

0 .8 3 7

0 .8 5 6

0 .3 5 0

0 .7 7 7

0 .9 0 2

0 .4 1 5

0 .8 6 1

0 .8 3 0

0 .6 3 4

0 .8 9 2

0 .9 6 4

0 .6 0 3

0 .9 5 4

0 .8 8 8

0 .7 9 1

0 .8 4 4

0 .8 6 5

1 .0 0 0

0 .9 5 2

KSUM

0 .4 6 3

0 .8 1 6

0 .8 2 3

0 .5 1 4

0 .8 4 3

0 .8 9 7

0 .4 3 1

0 .8 1 6

0 .7 9 9

0 .5 8 3

0 .7 9 5

0 .9 0 6

0 .6 2 2

0 .9 4 8

0 .9 4 0

0 .8 0 4

0 .9 1 2

0 .6 4 9

0 .9 5 2

1 .0 0 0

72
t h i s a n a l y s i s were p o s i t i v e ,
in

values

of

reflected

an

according

to

proportion
f i r s t

the

of

PC

coefficients,

overall
a

size

me a n

variability

in

interpretation

several

depths,

d a ta .

The

though

PCA,

the

of

only

have

s u ms

of

an

locations

data
size

summed b y d e p t h s
is

the

only

displays

major

relative

the

first

content.

PC

Sites

inclusions

an

4% o f

expressed

are

respect
appears

dispersed

in

in

Figure

levels

closely

indicating

formed

PC 1 a n d

interpretation

nutrient
are

to

outwash

over

grouped

their

with

range

sites

are

the

Bruce
are

placed
in

further

nearer

at

overall

sand

a wide

of

a mon g

sites.

D ifferences

the

interp retatio n .

the v a r i a b i l i t y

not

P at

in

ad d itio n al

indicating

are

m ajor

0-10

axis,

Huron s i t e s

the

emphasized

center of the f i r s t
Port

by

s e t.

nutrients

with

left

rafted

large

data

variation

obvious

soil

Outwash s a n d s i t e s

nutrient

only

from t h i s

6% o f

only

study s i t e s .
of

th e

variability,

w ith

not

site

plot

end

The

expressed

PC

sites

PC e m p h a s i z e d Ca a n d e s p e c i a l l y

PC,

depth

th is

ordinated

set
is

range

less

than h o riz o n sums.

laboratory

Even

data

siz e

the

contained

does

the

A plot
of

but

fo u r th

variability

the

that

content.

w hich can be o b t a i n e d

The t h i r d

G enerally,

and

nutrient

th a t

T h e s e c o n d PC, w i t h 10% o f

variability,

indicating

influence

weighted

in d ic a te d

cm d e p t h s .

a n d t h e r e wa s n o t a l a r g e

origin,

in

PC2
2.8.
this
the
the
low
icethe

of such

w hile

Port

t o t h e r i g h t ; h o w e v e r , g r o u p members

closely
nutrient

together
content

by

between

th is
the

o rd in atio n .
tills

may b e

73

Figure 2.8.

L o c a t i o n o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o PC 1 a n d PC 2
o f l a b o r a t o r y d e t e r m i n e d s o i l v a r i a b l e s summed
b y d e p t h s 0 - 1 0 cm, 1 0 - 3 0 cm, 3 0 - 7 0 cm, 7 0 - 1 5 0
cm,
and
0 - 1 5 0 cm, a n d a v e r a g e d w i t h i n a s i t e .

PC 2 (10%)
O □

X

Outwash sand

4

Outwash/inclu8ions

-

4c

Port Bruce till

□

Port Huron till

A

Lacustrine

-2

-3
-3

2

1

0

1

PC 1 (73%)

2

75
related
Port

t o t h e g r e a t e r o v e r a l l volume o f c o a r s e

Bruce

tills,

since

corrected

for

th is

plot

accounts

set,

emphasizing

L,

and T a re

coarse

nutrient

fragment
for

the

volume.

only

0-10

content

calculations
The

10% o f v a r i a t i o n
Outwash

grouped,

but other

a r r a y e d i n a m e a n i n g f u l manner w i t h r e s p e c t
A plot
F igure

in

were

axis

in

the

sand

of

data

sites

sites

are

H,
not

t o PC 2 .

o f P C ' s 1 a n d 3 o f d e p t h summed d a t a a p p e a r s

2.9.

variability

The
in

third

the

Ca c o n t e n t

of

along

axis,

this

second

cm d e p t h .

again clo sely

fragments

data

the

PC s u m m a r i z e d
s e t , a n d wa s

soils.

Mo s t

with only

three

a n d l o w Ca c o n t e n t

about

associated

sites

were

sites

separated out a t

only

of

7% o f

with

closely

P and

grouped

relatively

the p o s itiv e

in

high

end o f

P

the

axis.
D epth

sums

meaningful s i t e
depth

sums

content

of

ordinations

expressed

which

sums

did

not

produce

than horizon sums.

size

were

trend

in

more

T h e 0 - 1 5 0 cm

overall

nutrient

m ore

summaries

effective

in

nutrient
in

PCA.

grouping

of sim ila r d e p o sitio n al environment.
Scores of

were

a

data

overwhelmed o t h e r

G e n e ra lly , horizon
sites

so ils

compared

using
scores

simple

the
to

24 s i t e s

site

linear

scores

i n PCA's o f

f r o m PCA o f

correlations.

The

f r o m d e p t h summed d a t a a n d s c o r e s

horizon

sums

including

horizon

o rganic

( s i g n i f i c a n t a t a l p h a = 0 .05 f o r n = 2 4 ).

depth

summed d a t a
summed d a t a

correlation
in

lay ers

the

first

was

A sim ilar

between
PC o f

r =0 . 892

correlation

76

Figure 2.9.

L o c a t i o n o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o PC 1 a n d PC 3
o f l a b o r a t o r y d e t e r m i n e d s o i l v a r i a b l e s summed
b y d e p t h s 0 - 1 0 cm, 1 0 - 3 0 cm, 3 0 - 7 0 cm, 7 0 - 1 5 0
cm,
and
0 - 1 5 0 cm, a n d a v e r a g e d w i t h i n a s i t e .

PC 2 (7%)
3
i>°

I

2

1□
G

Outwash sand

+

Outwash/inclu8ions

%

Port Bruce till

□

Port Huron till

A

Lacustrine

1

K
.+

° +<

X

........."7

*

0

W Q

A

^

p-f +
M

_ -j

J
□

* F

* B

□0
AU S
□

N
□

-2
........ . i

-3
-

3

-

2

-

.1 ..

....

1

0

........i ...

1

PC 1 (73%)

J.

2

..

i.

3

4

78
was p r o d u c e d

f r o m PC s c o r e s

summed m i n e r a l
r= 0 . 913,

soil

also
of

sites

on t h e

first

site

ranks

ranks

at

wa s

correlations

the

first

m ineral

indicate

PC a x i s

of

sig n ifican tly

all

ordinations

horizons or

by d e p t h s ,

by

data

that

site

scores

three

sets

of

may b e

for

derived

was

r s =0 . 909 ,

betw een

data
at

and

site
depth

alpha= 0.05.

with

respect
data

sim ilar

from

of

including

laboratory

that

with or w ithout

S p e a rm a n 's

horizon

significant

so

was

The c o r r e l a t i o n

laboratory

d ifferen t,

dimensional

PCA's.

horizon

calculated

The c o r r e l a t i o n

also

of

correlation

also

summed

soil

rg=0.924,

This

was

s u mme d

depth

axis

a lp h a = 0 .05.

these

a lp h a = 0 .05.

The

not

at

data

w ith

PCA o f

data

axes of

first

data.

correlation

PCA o f

lay ers

in

summed

rank

in

significant

laboratory

sig n ifican t

coefficient

organic

on t h e

data

inclusion

to
are

f ir s t-

summed b y
of

organic

layers.

PCA of field data
Field

d a t a were a n a ly z e d

morphological
sites.

variables

The a n a l y s i s

comparison

to

to

best

also

depositional

identify

expressed

examined

which o f

variability

ordinations

environment

the

of

ma ny
a mon g

sites

designations,

and

in
to

o r d i n a t i o n s d e r i v e d from l a b o r a t o r y d a t a .
R eg ressio n c o e f f i c i e n t s of v a r i a b l e s and th e f i r s t
PC' s

appear

m atrix used

in

Table

2.13,

and

i n t h e PCA a p p e a r s

in T a b le 2.14 which a r e g r e a t e r

the

associated

in Table

2.14.

four

correlation
C orrelations

than or equal to an a b s o l u t e

79

Table 2.13.
C o r r e l a t i o n s between f i e l d observed v a r i a b l e s
and th e f i r s t fo u r p r i n c i p a l com ponents, w ith ran k s o f th e
e i g h t h i g h e s t c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r e a c h PC.

V ariable
Eigenvalue
Percent
ATHICK
ETHICK
BTHICK
BSTHICK
CTHICK
MOTTDEP
DRCLASS
ACLAY
BSAND
CSI LT
SAND30
SLT150
SGT150
SAND450
HEAVC
DEPSL
DEPSCL
BIC
DEPTEX
TEXS
ACSFR
BCSFR
CCSFR

PC l ( R a n k )

PC2(Rank)

PC 3 ( R a n k )

PC 4 ( R a n k )

11.07
48.1

3.78
16.4

2.03
8.8

1.57
6.9

-0.2226
-0.0309
-0.6647
0.7222
0.6924
0.6525
-0.6788
-0.7539
0.8704(4)
-0.6580
0.8058(7)
0.7977(8)
0.6614
0.6615
-0.8696(5)
0.9444(1)
0.9237(3)
-0.9396(2)
0.8592(6)
0.6339
-0.4381
0.0505
-0.2267

0.2996
-0.6830(3)
0.4501
-0.0015
-0.4757(8)
0.1925
0.1171
0.3435
0.0443
-0.3368
0.0307
0.1819
0.5363(6)
0.5380(5)
-0.1406
-0.0747
-0.0997
0.0722
-0.0305
0.5050(7)
0.6637(4)
0.7131(2)
0.8096(1)

0.0376
0.0583
0.4786(2)
0.2666
-0.4393(5)
-0.5396(1)
0.4036(6)
-0.2162
0.1573
0.2437
-0.0049
0.3354
0.2350
0.3505(8)
0.0734
-0.0575
-0.0260
0.1565
0.1306
0.4414(4)
-0.2552
-0.4527(3)
-0.3698(7)

0.1337
0.3581(5)
0.1010
0.4540(1)
-0.1424
-0.2131
-0.2245
-0.2481
0.4187(2)
-0.2557
0.3941(3)
0.2648(8)
-0.2512
-0.2208
0.3602(4)
-0.1935
-0.0943
0.0896
-0.3048(7)
-0.1562
0.0421
0.3455(6)
0.1838

T a ble 2.14.

S i ngle

linear c o r r e l a t i o n s a m o n g v a r i a b l e s u s e d

BTHICK BSTHICK

1n principal

CTHICK MOTTDEP DRCLASS

ATHICK

ETHICK

ATHICK

1 .0 0 0

- 0 .0 7 4

0 . 176

- 0 .3 1 4

-0 .3 0 7

- 0 .0 6 1

0 .0 9 4

ETHICK

-0 .0 7 4

1 .0 0 0

-0 .2 4 7

0 .1 0 1

0 .2 3 8

-0 .2 2 8

- 0 .1 0 3

c o m p onent a n a l y s i s of f i e l d data.

BSAND

CSILT

SAND30 SAND150

SGTISO SAND4S0

HEAVC

DEPSL

0 .0 9 3

- 0 .0 9 0

0 .2 7 0

- 0 .0 6 0

0 .0 4 1

- 0 .0 3 7

- 0 .1 1 3

0 .2 3 2

- 0 .2 9 7

0 .0 5 9

0 .0 4 3

-0 .0 3 2

- 0 .0 8 2

- 0 .3 1 9

- 0 .3 2 1

0 .2 4 3

ACLAY

OEPSCL

BIC

DEPBAND

- 0 .2 3 4

-0 .2 3 0

0 .2 1 3

- 0 .1 4 9

0 .1 2 6

0 .4 4 7

0 .0 9 0

0 .3 0 2

- 0 .0 4 0

0 .0 4 6

0 .1 0 4

- 0 .1 1 2

-0 .3 6 7

- 0 .3 6 8

- 0 .3 9 1

-0 .4 0 2

BANDS

ACSFR

BCSFR

CCSFR

0 . 176

- 0 .2 4 7

1 .0 0 0

-0 .2 3 6

-0 .9 7 4

-0 .6 2 5

0 .6 2 3

0 .6 2 3

- 0 .4 3 8

0 .3 3 6

- 0 .4 8 6

- 0 .2 9 0

-0 .1 6 3

- 0 .0 7 2

0 .5 2 6

- 0 .7 0 0

-0 .6 3 8

0 .7 3 0

- 0 .5 0 4

- 0 .0 6 6

0 .4 4 9

0 .1 1 3

0 .3 3 5

BSTHICK

-0 .3 1 4

0 . 101

= 0 .2 3 6

1 .0 0 0

0 .2 7 8

0 .1 6 4

- 0 .4 9 4

- 0 .5 8 2

0 .8 3 0

- 0 .6 2 4

0 .7 4 7

0 .7 1 0

0 .3 9 6

0 .4 5 9

- 0 .4 8 5

0 .6 1 3

0 .6 3 4

- 0 .6 1 6

0 .5 6 4

0 .4 2 0

- 0 .3 1 2

0 .0 6 6

-0 .2 2 8

CTh ICK

- 0 .3 0 7

0 .2 3 8

- 0 .9 7 4

0 .2 7 8

1 .0 0 0

0 .6 0 9

- 0 .6 0 7

- 0 .6 2 5

0 .4 5 0

- 0 .3 9 2

0 .4 7 4

0 .2 8 2

0 .1 9 7

0 .1 0 3

- 0 .5 6 8

0 .7 2 4

0 .6 6 6

- 0 .7 6 2

0 .5 3 1

0 .0 7 9

- 0 .5 1 5

- 0 .1 3 6

-0 .4 0 7

MOTTDEP

- 0 .0 6 1

- 0 .2 2 8

- 0 .6 2 5

0 .1 6 4

0 .6 0 9

1 .0 0 0

- 0 .6 0 1

- 0 .3 2 6

0 .4 2 5

- 0 .4 9 7

0 .4 9 0

0 .3 7 4

0 .4 4 7

0 .4 1 7

- 0 .6 6 7

0 .6 5 2

0 .6 0 1

- 0 .6 1 8

0 .5 2 1

0 .3 4 0

- 0 .0 3 1

0 .2 6 5

0 .1 8 8

0 09 4

- 0 .1 0 3

0 .6 2 3

-0 .4 9 4

-0 .6 0 7

- 0 .6 0 1

1 .0 0 0

0 .4 4 4

- 0 .6 0 7

0 .5 5 4

- 0 .5 9 4

-0 .4 3 6

- 0 .2 3 1

- 0 .1 9 9

0 .5 0 3

- 0 .5 9 6

- 0 .5 9 3

0 .6 7 6

- 0 .5 1 9

- 0 .2 0 4

0 .2 5 3

- 0 .1 0 0

0 .0 8 8

ACLAV

0 .0 9 3

- 0 .2 9 7

0 .6 2 3

-0 .5 8 2

-0 .6 2 5

- 0 .3 2 6

0 .4 4 4

1 .0 0 0

-0 .7 8 7

0 .3 1 4

- 0 .6 9 1

-0 .7 4 9

- 0 .3 5 2

- 0 .3 5 2

0 .4 2 1

-0 .6 5 3

- 0 .6 4 6

0 .6 7 0

- 0 .5 3 3

- 0 .4 1 0

0 .6 2 6

0 .2 2 6

0 .4 2 6

BSAND

- 0 .0 9 0

0 .0 5 9

-0 .4 3 8

0 .6 3 0

0 .4 5 0

0 .4 2 5

-0 .6 0 7

- 0 .7 8 7

1 .0 0 0

-0 .5 9 2

0 .9 0 9

0 .8 7 4

0 .4 9 2

0 .5 3 9

- 0 .6 0 0

0 .7 2 9

0 .7 5 5

- 0 .7 5 9

0 .6 4 8

0 .5 9 4

- 0 .3 8 1

0 .1 5 3

- 0 .1 4 2

BTHICK

non

a r,s

CSILT
SAND30

0 .2 7 0

0 .0 4 3

0 .3 3 6

- 0 .6 2 4

-0 .3 9 2

- 0 .4 9 7

0 .5 5 4

0 .3 1 4

- 0 .5 9 2

1 .0 0 0

- 0 .5 4 4

- 0 .4 3 3

- 0 .6 5 1

- 0 .5 7 2

0 .5 4 4

- 0 .5 2 5

- 0 .5 1 1

0 .5 9 0

- 0 .3 9 5

-0 .3 9 9

0 .0 1 9

-0 .4 8 5

- 0 .1 9 7

- 0 .0 6 0

- 0 .0 3 2

-0 .4 8 6

0 .7 4 7

0 .4 7 4

0 .4 9 0

- 0 .5 9 4

- 0 .6 9 1

0 .9 0 9

- 0 .5 4 4

1 .0 0 0

0 .7 3 6

0 .3 7 4

0 .4 2 0

- 0 .5 7 8

0 .6 6 6

0 .6 7 5

- 0 .7 3 7

0 .5 9 5

0 .4 4 7

- 0 .2 3 9

0 .1 5 0

- 0 .1 3 5

SLT150

0 .0 4 1

- 0 .0 8 2

-0 .2 9 0

0 .7 1 0

0 .2 8 2

0 .3 7 4

- 0 .4 3 6

- 0 .7 4 9

0 .8 7 4

- 0 .4 3 3

0 .7 3 6

1 .0 0 0

0 .5 7 8

0 .6 4 1

- 0 .5 9 5

0 .6 6 3

0 .7 3 9

- 0 .6 4 2

0 .6 3 9

0 .7 1 3

- 0 .3 3 4

0 .1 0 4

- 0 .0 3 5

SGT150

-0 .0 3 7

- 0 .3 1 9

-0 .1 6 3

0 .3 9 6

0 . 197

0 .4 4 7

- 0 .2 3 1

- 0 .3 5 2

0 .4 9 2

-0 .6 5 1

0 .3 7 4

0 .5 7 8

1 .0 0 0

0 .9 5 7

- 0 .6 7 4

0 .5 7 8

0 .5 1 4

- 0 .5 3 7

0 .5 8 4

0 .8 6 6

- 0 .0 0 5

0 .2 1 4

0 .1 3 8

SAND450

- 0 .1 1 3

- 0 .3 2 1

-0 .0 7 2

0 .4 5 9

0 .1 0 3

0 .4 1 7

- 0 .1 9 9

- 0 .3 5 2

0 .5 3 9

-0 .5 7 2

0 .4 2 0

0 .6 4 1

0 .9 5 7

1 .0 0 0

- 0 .6 6 9

0 .5 8 6

0 .5 2 1

- 0 .4 9 7

0 .6 1 2

0 .8 9 8

- 0 .0 3 3

0 .1 7 8

0 .1 1 8

HEAVC

0 .2 3 2

0 .2 4 3

0 .5 2 6

-0 .4 8 5

-0 .5 6 8

- 0 .6 6 7

0 .5 0 3

0 .4 2 1

- 0 .6 0 0

0 .5 4 4

- 0 .5 7 8

-0 .5 9 5

-0 .6 7 4

-0 .6 6 9

1 .0 0 0

- 0 .9 0 9

- 0 .9 0 6

0 .8 7 7

-0 .8 8 7

- 0 .5 0 2

0 .2 5 7

- 0 .0 8 4

0 .1 4 2

OEPSL

- 0 .2 3 4

- 0 .0 4 0

-0 .7 0 0

0 .6 1 3

0 .7 2 4

0 .6 5 2

- 0 .5 9 6

- 0 .6 5 3

0 .7 2 9

-0 .5 2 5

0 .6 8 6

0 .6 6 3

0 .5 7 8

0 .5 8 6

- 0 .9 0 9

1 .0 0 0

0 .9 2 3

- 0 .9 4 6

0 .8 9 3

0 .5 5 0

-0 .4 1 9

- 0 .0 3 0

- 0 .2 8 4

OEPSCL

- 0 .2 3 0

0 .0 4 6

-0 .6 3 6

0 .6 3 4

0 .6 6 6

0 .6 0 1

- 0 .5 9 3

- 0 .6 4 6

0 .7 5 5

- 0 .5 1 1

0 .6 7 5

0 .7 3 9

0 .5 1 4

0 .5 2 1

- 0 .9 0 6

0 .9 2 3

1 .0 0 0

- 0 .8 8 7

0 .8 7 5

0 .4 8 9

- 0 .4 S 2

- 0 .0 0 2

- 0 .2 7 9

0 .2 1 3

0 . 104

0 .7 3 0

- 0 .6 1 6

-0 .7 6 2

- 0 .6 1 0

0 .6 7 6

0 .6 7 0

- 0 .7 5 9

0 .5 9 0

- 0 .7 3 7

-0 .6 4 2

-0 .5 3 7

-0 .4 9 7

0 .8 7 7

- 0 .9 4 6

- 0 .8 B 7

1 .0 0 0

-0 .8 4 4

- 0 .4 7 6

0 .4 2 6

- 0 .0 6 8

0 .2 4 4

- 0 .1 4 9

-0 .1 1 2

-0 .5 0 4

0 .5 6 4

0 .5 3 1

0 .5 2 1

- 0 .5 1 9

- 0 .5 3 3

0 .6 4 6

-0 .3 9 5

0 .5 9 5

0 .6 3 9

0 .5 8 4

0 .6 1 2

- 0 .8 8 7

0 .8 9 3

0 .8 7 5

- 0 .8 4 4

1 .0 0 0

0 .5 7 5

- 0 .3 8 0

-0 .1 8 5

- 0 .3 0 6

TEXS

0 . 126

-0 .3 6 7

-0 .0 6 6

0 .4 2 0

0 .0 7 9

0 .3 4 0

-0 .2 0 4

- 0 .4 1 0

0 .5 9 4

-0 .3 9 9

0 .4 4 7

0 .7 1 3

0 .8 6 6

0 .8 9 8

- 0 .5 8 2

0 .5 5 0

0 .4 8 9

- 0 .4 7 6

0 .5 7 5

1 .0 0 0

- 0 .0 9 8

0 .1 4 1

0 .0 6 9

ACSFR

0 .4 4 7

- 0 .3 6 8

0 .4 4 9

-0 .3 1 2

-0 .5 1 5

- 0 .0 3 1

0 .2 5 3

0 .6 2 6

- 0 .3 8 1

0 .0 1 9

- 0 .2 3 9

- 0 .3 3 4

- 0 .0 0 5

-0 .0 3 3

0 .2 5 7

- 0 .4 1 9

- 0 .4 5 2

0 .4 2 6

- 0 .3 8 0

-0 .0 9 8

1 .0 0 0

0 .4 5 7

0 .6 5 1

0 .1 5 0

0 .1 0 4

0 .2 1 4

0 .1 7 8

- 0 .0 8 4

- 0 .0 3 0

- 0 .0 0 2

- 0 .0 6 8

- 0 .1 8 5

0 .1 4 1

0 .4 5 7

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 2 0

- 0 .1 3 5

-0 .0 3 5

0 .1 3 8

0 .1 1 8

0 .1 4 2

-0 .2 8 4

- 0 .2 7 9

0 .2 4 4

- 0 .3 0 6

0 .0 6 9

0 .6 5 1

0 .8 2 0

1 .0 0 0

B IC
DEPTEX

BCSFR

0 .0 9 0

- 0 .3 9 1

0 . 1 13

0 .0 6 6

-0 .1 3 6

0 .2 6 5

- 0 .1 0 0

0 .2 2 6

0 .1 5 3

-0 .4 8 5

CCSFR

0 .3 0 2

- 0 .4 8 2

0 .3 3 5

- 0 .2 2 8

-0 .4 0 7

0 .1 8 8

0 .0 8 8

0 426

- 0 .1 4 2

-0 .1 9 7

81
value

of

0.404

fo r n=24.
in

the

depths

statistically

significant

T h e f i r s t PC a c c o u n t e d f o r

data

set,

and

and

textures

observation
layers

are

emphasized
of

in the f i r s t

were

nearer

the

fragment co n tent
soil

pedon,

surface

and

coefficients

the

textures

score

of

an

textural

were

loam ier.

16% o f t h e v a r i a b i l i t y ,

were

and t h e

thickness

negative c o e f f ic ie n ts .

The

described

PC b e c a m e m o r e n e g a t i v e a s

of horizons

while

which

layers.

I n t h e s e c o n d PC, w h i c h a c c o u n t s f o r
the highest p o sitiv e

alpha=0.05

48% o f t h e v a r i a b i l i t y

variables

loamy s o i l

at

placed

on t h e

average

of

the

texture

E horizon

S o ils with high sco res

coarse
of

the

received

in th e second

PC w e r e t h o s e w i t h l o a m i e r t e x t u r e s , t h i n n e r E h o r i z o n s , a n d
many

coarse

variation,

fragm ents.

emphasized

drainage

thicknesses,

and

variability,

highlighted

s ome t e x t u r a l
the f i r s t

the

The

fourth

variables

field
layers,

d ata.
the

end o f

the

rafted

inclusions

sites

and

which

w ith

9% of

upper

characteristics
high

horizon

7% o f

described

received

the

the

and a l s o

coefficients

in

PC.

2 of

textural

PC,

which

PC,

features

B horizon

F i g u r e 2 . 1 0 shows s i t e
and

third

are

Because

outwash

a x i s , w hile
are

located

at

separates

tills

on c o a r s e

fragment

E horizon

thickness.

lo c atio n s with resp ect

sand

sites

firs t

sites

formed

located
the

the

near

in
the

opposi te

Site

B is

located

center,
The

at

one

w ith

ice-

and

till

second

PC

based predom inantly

texture,

located

PC e m p h a s i z e s

outw ash

end.

of d iff e r e n t deposition,
c o n te n t, average

are

t o PC' s 1

and a s s o c i a t e d

on P o r t

Bruce

till

82

Figure 2.10.

L o c a t i o n o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o PC 1 a n d PC 2
of fie ld observed s o il v a ria b le s averaged
w ithin a s ite .

PC 2 (16%)
3

--------

2

Outwash sand

D
*
E*

1

Out wash/inclusions
Port Bruce till

I

0

on

X

B*

-1

4.
m+

n d

L
H* T

V

u
K-E
□ S
C

Port Huron till
Lacustrine

F*a J

W
Q,
+ P
R+

-2

_ ...

-3
-

3

1
-

2

-

1

. - .1
0
1
PC 1 (48%)

. 1.

1

2

3

4

84
but

in

this

plot

Lacustrine s ite s

appears

grouped

w ith

Port

Huron

sites.

C and U were n o t p l a c e d t o g e t h e r a lo n g P C 's

1 and 2.
A plot
of fie ld

of

site

locations

data appears

features,

no

relationship

with

even

Site
to

outwash

to

PC's

1 and

3

PC 3 s u m m a r i z e d a b o u t

in the data s e t , p rim a rily emphasizing

thickness

fragment c o n te n t.

respect

in Figure 2.11.

9% o f t h e v a r i a b i l i t y
drainage

with

of

the

B horizon,

lo c atio n s with

depositional

sand

sites

respect

environment

appearing

and

coarse

t o PC 3 s h o w
designations,

more d i s p e r s e d

than

in previous p l o t s .
On t h e
order
data.
first

as

first

that

which

axes

of

a lp h a= 0 .05.

field

including

all

data

was

PCA's
were

organic

for

horizon

on t h e

be

for

with

the

same

first

field

sim ilar

laboratory
on

the

compare

the

sig nifican t

first

data

a

scores

to

axis

site

at

scores

summed l a b o r a t o r y

r = - 0 .839;

Spearm an' s

the

correlation

summed b y h o r i z o n s
PCA o f

depth

coef f ic ie n t

com parisons

were

summed

of

rank

likew ise

The c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n r a n k s o f
axis

summed l a b o r a t o r y

was r s = - 0 .8 0 4 ;

wa s

laboratory

s i g n i f i c a n t a t a lp h a = 0 .05.

of

used
to

between

correlation

r =-0 . 922 .

t h e 24 s i t e s

were

in
of

a mong s i t e

found

layers

soil

and th e

co rrelatio n s

PCA's

d a t a a n d PCA o f h o r i z o n

w i t h PCA o f m i n e r a l
r = - 0 .919,

from

correlations

separate
and

were a r r a n g e d

obtained

The c o r r e l a t i o n

f r o m PCA o f

wa s

wa s

Simple l i n e a r

o rd in atio n s,

data

PC a x i s , s i t e s

o f PCA o f
data

data

field

including

d a t a a n d PCA

organic

layers

compared w ith m in e ra l

soil

85

Figure 2.11.

L o c a t i o n o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o PC 1 a n d PC 3
of fie ld observed s o il v a ria b le s averaged
w ithin a s ite .

PC 3 (9%)

C

A

F
X

Outwash sand

+

Outwash/inclusions

■

K

SD *
J TH _p r~

Port Bruce till

A

B

Lacustrine

“7 T

Q
O

4

*

-1

-i- -

4-

Efc

Port Huron till

L
X.T

+

M

□

H
X

4-

N □

4

4Ua

A

A 4:

-2
-3
-3

-2

-1

0

1

PC 1 (48%)

-

w

87
laboratory

data

correlation

of

wa s

of a l l

correlation

field

r s = -0 .953.

axis

the

data

Thus,

with

the

was

depth

to

and

summed l a b o r a t o r y

gradients

t h e PCA's a p p e a r

r s = -0 .905,

expressed

by

the
data

the

first

coincide.

PCA of combined field and laboratory data summed by horizons
and depths
P r i n c i p a l component a n a l y s e s were a p p l i e d t o a combined
data

set

containing

laboratory
data
the

data

selected

summed b y h o r i z o n

summed b y d e p t h s .
most

important

previously.
from

this

soil

combination

separate

This

locations

data

sets,

of

used

from

field

g r o u p s , and

PCA wa s

variables

PCA w a s a l s o

whether s i t e

variables

laboratory

performed

from

the

to produce

data,

to

data

identify
sets

a plot

derived

different

data

sets,

to

corresponded

with

those

derived

and

w ith

depositional

used

determ ine
from

environm ent

designations.
V ariables
received
field

the

data,

and t h i r d
of

used

six

in

th is

highest

PCA w e r e

coefficients

those
in

the

and th e t h r e e h i g h e s t c o e f f i c i e n t s

PC's.

laboratory

A dditionally,
data

were

the

used,

five

and

0-150

the

w hich
first

had

PC o f

in the second
cm d e p t h

variables

s u ms
w hich

received the th ree h ig h est c o e f fic ie n ts

in each of

the f i r s t

two

horizons,

both

PC' s

of

laboratory

data

summed

by

with

and w ith o u t o rg a n ic l a y e r s .
Table
variables

2.15
w ith

presents
the

first

regression
four

PC' s of

coefficients
the

data

set

of

the

which

88

Table 2.15. C o rre la tio n s of la b o ra to ry determ ined s o i l
v a r i a b l e s summed b y h o r i z o n s a n d b y d e p t h s , a n d f i e l d
o b serv ed v a r ia b l e s , w ith the f i r s t fo u r p r i n c ip a l
com ponents.
Ranks of th e e i g h t h i g h e s t c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r
e a c h PC a r e s h o w n .

V ariable
Eigenvalue
Percent
ETHICK
BTHICK
MOTTDEP
BSAND
HEAVC
DEPSL
DEPSCL
BIC
DEPTEX
TEXS
BCSFR
CCSPR
TKNSUM
TKPSUM
CASUM
MGSUM
KSUM
OITKP
OIMG
OIK
OETKN
OEK
ATKN

PC l ( R a n k )

PC 2 ( R a n k )

PC 3 ( R a n k )

PC 4 ( R a n k )

12.03
52.3

3.49
15.2

2.01
8.8

1.32
5.8

0.1220
0.6097
-0.6499
-0.8819(6)
0.8789(8)
-0.9254(3)
-0.8972(4)
0.9467(1)
-0.8261
-0.6241
-0.1776
0.1434
0.9343(2)
0.8883(5)
0.8446
0.8471
0.8798(7)
0.7317
0.7795
0.7285
0.0890
0.2719
0.6075

0.7067(4)
-0.4530(7)
-0.0423
0.0219
0.0058
0.2047
0.1992
-0.1239
0.1255
-0.3607(8)
-0.6459(5)
-0.7173(2)
-0.0953
-0.0275
-0.1085
0.1564
0.0858
0.2240
0.2021
0.3402
0.7610(1)
0.7166(3)
-0.5035(6)

0.1449
0.0074
0.2536
0.1387
0.1747
-0.1083
-0.1075
0.1160
-0.2968(8)
-0.0776
0.6052(1)
0.5982(2)
-0.0280
-0.2376
-0.3479(6)
-0.3626(5)
-0.3414(7)
0.2091
0.2742
0.1430
0.4744(4)
0.4812(3)
0.0453

-0.2793(7)
-0.2392(8)
0.5220(1)
-0.2320
-0.2925(5)
0.2052
0.1836
-0.0803
0.2858(6)
0.1555
-0.0836
0.2186
0.0907
0.1360
-0.0350
0.1505
0.0990
0.4591
0.3072(4)
0.3763(2)
-0.0895(3)
-0.0514
0.11720

89
combined
m atrix

field

used

and

in

laboratory

variables.

t h e PCA a p p e a r s

in Table

i n T a b le 2.16 which a r e g r e a t e r
value
for

of

0.404

n=24.

are

The

variability

of

in clu d in g

banding

accumulation,
N,

P,

and

near

K in

a

B.

accounted

s e t , em phasized

high

a l p h a = 0 .05
52% o f

textural
to

a

cm d e p t h

also

the

layers,

te x tu ra l

t h e m o s t loamy l a y e r .

0-150

and

score

15% o f

of

a

high

overall

in

this

PC.

Sums o f

received

the

The t h i r d

variability,

high

represented

6% o f

the

the

nutrient

layers

content

second

PC,

thickness of
for

0-150

9% o f

gave

w ith

an

nutrient

the

E and

variability,

cm d e p t h .

v ariab ility ,

on a c o m b i n a t i o n o f

textured

e m p h a s i z e d Oe n u t r i e n t s ,

PC, w h ich a c c o u n t e d
s u ms o f

loamy

The

frag m e nt c o n t e n t , and h o r i z o n

coefficients

at

for

depth

The p r e s e n c e

emphasized n u t r i e n t
PC

which

of

C orrelations

so t h a t th e t e x t u r a l g r a d i e n t c o in c id e d w ith a

surface

additional
coarse

the

2.16.

significant

in te n s ity ,

gradient.

the

sites

data

and t e x t u r e

coefficients,
nutrient

the

PC,

correlation

than or e q u al to an a b s o l u t e

statistically

first

The

and

The

fourth

placed

high

and m o rp h o lo g ic a l

variables.
A plot

of s i t e

locations

of the combination of f i e l d
in

Figure

based

on

nutrient
le ft,

2.12.

Site

arrangement

to

loamy

content,

so

that

formed

in

respect

to

PC 1 a n d PC 2

and l a b o r a t o r y d a t a

depths

soils

with

along

tex tu ral

outwash

outwash

l o c a t e d n e ar t h e c e n t e r , and t i l l

are

loamy

presented

first

layers

sands

w ith

the

is

axis

and

wa s

overall

grouped

at

the

inclusions

are

s o ils appear a t

the

right.

T a b le 2 .1 6 .

S im p l e

ETHICK

l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n s am ong v a r i a b l e s u s e d i n p r i n c i p a l

BTHICK

UOTTDEP

BSAND

HEAVC

DEPSL

DEPSCL

com ponent a n a l y s i s o f

BIC

DEPTEX

TEXS

l a b o r a t o r y d e t e r m i n e d v a r i a b l e s sum m ed b y h o r i z o n s a n d b y d e p t h s , a n d f i e l d

BCSFR

CCSFR

TKNSUM

TKPSUM

CASUM

MGSUM

KSUM

o it k p

OIMG

OIK

o b serv ed v a r ia b le s .

OETKN

OEK

ATKN

-0 .0 6 4

ETHICK

1 .0 0 0

- 0 .2 4 7

- 0 .2 2 8

0 .0 5 9

0 .2 4 3

- 0 .0 4 0

0 .0 4 6

0 .1 0 4

-0 .1 1 2

- 0 .3 6 7

- 0 .3 9 1

- 0 .4 B 2

0 .0 8 6

- 0 .0 8 5

-0 .0 1 8

0 .0 6 5

- 0 .0 0 8

0 .1 2 7

0 .3 4 5

0 .3 3 9

0 .4 0 0

0 .4 3 7

BTHICK

- 0 .2 4 7

1 .0 0 0

-0 .6 2 5

-0 .4 3 8

0 .5 2 6

-0 .7 0 0

-0 .6 3 0

0 .7 3 0

-0 .5 0 4

- 0 .0 6 6

0 .1 1 3

0 .3 3 5

0 .5 6 9

0 .6 3 9

0 .4 5 6

0 .2 7 4

0 .4 8 0

0 .3 8 5

0 .2 7 5

0 .2 3 5

-0 .1 5 1

- 0 .0 7 2

0 .5 4 9

MOTTOEP

-0 .2 2 8

- 0 .6 2 5

1 .0 0 0

0 .4 2 5

-0 .6 6 7

0 .6 5 2

0 .6 0 1

-0 .6 1 8

0 .5 2 1

0 .3 4 0

0 .2 6 5

0 .1 8 8

- 0 .5 2 5

- 0 .5 9 5

-0 .5 4 9

- 0 .5 0 3

- 0 .6 1 6

-0 .3 0 5

-0 .3 2 4

- 0 .3 7 8

- 0 .0 1 2

- 0 .0 9 7

- 0 .2 9 5
-0 .5 0 7

BSAND

0 .0 5 9

- 0 .4 3 8

0 .4 2 5

1 .0 0 0

- 0 .6 0 0

0 .7 2 9

0 .7 5 5

- 0 .7 5 9

0 .6 4 8

0 .5 9 4

0 .1 5 3

-0 .1 4 2

-0 .9 1 7

- 0 .8 8 7

-0 .8 3 3

- 0 .8 9 6

-0 .8 8 9

- 0 .6 3 3

- 0 .6 2 6

-0 .5 0 4

- 0 .0 5 0

-0 .2 2 0

HEAVC

0 .2 4 3

0 .5 2 6

-0 .6 6 7

- 0 .6 0 0

1 .0 0 0

-0 .9 0 9

-0 .9 0 6

0 .8 7 7

-0 .8 8 7

- 0 .5 8 2

- 0 .0 8 4

0 . 142

0 .7 4 0

0 .6 3 1

0 .6 8 9

0 .6 3 2

0 .6 4 7

0 .5 6 0

0 .7 1 4

0 .6 2 8

0 . 117

0 .2 6 8

0 .5 2 9

DEPSL

- 0 .0 4 0

- 0 .7 0 0

0 .6 5 2

0 .7 2 9

-0 .9 0 9

1 .0 0 0

0 .9 2 3

- 0 .9 4 6

0 .8 9 3

0 .5 5 0

-0 .0 3 0

-0 .2 8 4

-0 .0 3 7

- 0 .7 4 5

- 0 .7 5 6

- 0 .6 8 9

-0 .7 2 8

- 0 .5 8 1

- 0 .6 6 2

-0 .5 5 9

0 .0 3 5

- 0 .1 4 3

- 0 .6 3 1

DEPSCL

0 .0 4 6

- 0 .6 3 8

0 .6 0 1

0 .7 5 5

-0 .9 0 6

0 .9 2 3

1 .0 0 0

- 0 .8 8 7

0 .8 7 5

0 .4 8 9

- 0 .0 0 2

- 0 .2 7 9

- 0 .6 2 3

-0 .7 1 5

- 0 .7 4 3

- 0 .6 7 4

- 0 .7 1 0

- 0 .5 3 8

- 0 .6 3 5

-0 .5 0 6

- 0 .0 1 8

- 0 .1 7 7

- 0 .6 0 2

BIC

0 . 104

0 .7 3 0

-0 .6 1 8

- 0 .7 5 9

0 .0 7 7

- 0 .9 4 6

-0 .0 0 7

1 .0 0 0

-0 .0 4 4

- 0 .4 7 6

-0 -0 6 8

0 .2 4 4

0 .0 8 0

0 .6 0 5

0 .7 4 5

0 .6 8 7

0 .7 5 0

0 .6 9 4

0 .7 2 7

0 .6 6 1

0 .0 5 0

0 .2 1 4

0 .6 6 2

DEPTEX

- 0 .1 1 2

- 0 .5 0 4

0 .5 2 1

-0 .8 8 7

0 .8 9 3

0 .8 7 5

- 0 .8 4 4

1 .0 0 0

0 .5 7 5

- 0 .1 0 5

-0 .3 0 6

- 0 .7 0 5

- 0 .5 9 5

- 0 .6 4 6

- 0 .5 9 9

- 0 .6 1 6

-0 .4 9 3

-0 .5 5 2

- 0 .4 9 7

- 0 .0 9 1

- 0 .2 9 6

- 0 .4 9 3
- 0 .0 5 8

TEXS

- 0 .3 6 7

- 0 .0 6 6

0 .3 4 0

0 .6 4 8
0 .5 9 4

-0 .5 8 2

0 .5 5 0

0 .4 6 9

- 0 .4 7 6

0 .5 7 5

1 .0 0 0

0 .1 4 1

0 .0 6 9

- 0 .5 9 0

- 0 .5 3 6

- 0 .5 2 1

- 0 .6 5 3

- 0 .5 6 3

-0 .3 3 8

- 0 .5 3 2

- 0 .3 9 8

- 0 .3 2 3

- 0 .4 2 8

BCSFR

- 0 .3 9 1

0 . 113

0 .2 6 5

0 . 153

-0 .0 8 4

-0 .0 0 2

0 . 141

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 2 0

- 0 .1 1 9

- 0 .2 5 6

- 0 .2 5 3

- 0 .3 0 1

- 0 .3 3 8

- 0 .2 5 1

- 0 .1 9 3

- 0 .3 3 1

- 0 .2 1 9

-0 .1 8 5

0 .1 2 1

- 0 .4 8 2

0 .3 3 5

0 .1 8 8

- 0 .1 4 2

0 . 142

-0 .2 7 9

- 0 .0 6 8
0 .2 4 4

- 0 .1 8 5

CCSFR

-0 .0 3 0
- 0 .2 0 4

- 0 .3 0 6

0 .0 6 9

0 .8 2 0

1 .0 0 0

0 .2 2 3

0 .0 6 9

0 .0 0 8

- 0 .1 4 9

- 0 .1 0 3

0 .1 3 9

0 .1 7 6

0 .0 0 1

-0 .2 6 4

-0 .1 7 9

TKNSUM

0 .0 8 6

0 .5 6 9

-0 .5 2 5

0 .7 4 0

-0 ,8 3 7

-0 .7 0 5

0 .7 9 1

0 .0 0 4

0 .6 1 4

0 .7 5 9

0 .5 9 7

0 .0 2 2

0 . 167

0 .6 3 1

-0 ,7 4 5

0 .8 0 5

-0 .5 9 5

0 .0 6 9

1 .0 0 0
0 .6 4 0

0 .8 4 5

-0 .5 9 5

- 0 .1 1 9
- 0 .2 5 6

0 .8 4 8

0 .6 3 9

- 0 .5 9 8
- 0 .5 3 6

0 .2 2 3

- 0 .0 8 5

-0 .8 2 3
-0 .7 1 5

o .e e o

TKPSUM

- 0 .9 1 7
- 0 .6 8 7

0 .4 5 1
0 .7 0 4

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 2 3

0 .8 4 4

0 .9 1 2

0 .6 8 5

0 .5 7 5

0 .6 1 0

0 .0 1 7

0 .1 7 9

0 .4 5 0

CA5UM

- 0 .0 1 7

0 .4 5 6

-0 .5 4 9

-0 .8 3 3

0 .6 0 9

-0 .7 5 6

-0 .7 4 3

0 .7 4 5

- 0 .6 4 6

-0 .5 2 1

- 0 .2 5 3

0 .8 4 9

0 .4 0 9

0 .4 9 3

0 .4 2 4

- 0 .1 2 9

0 .0 4 9

0 .6 1 1

0 .2 7 5

-0 .5 0 3

- 0 .6 9 6

0 .6 3 2

- 0 .6 8 9

-0 .6 7 4

0 .6 8 7

- 0 .5 9 9

- 0 .6 5 3

- 0 .3 8 1

0 .8 2 3
0 .8 4 4

0 .8 6 5

0 .0 6 5

0 .8 4 5
0 .7 9 1

1 .0 0 0

MGSUM

0 .0 0 8
- 0 .1 4 9

0 .6 6 5

1 .0 0 0

0 .9 5 2

0 .5 8 4

0 .5 B 4

0 .6 2 8

- 0 .0 0 2

0 .1 8 5

0 .3 4 4

- 0 .0 0 8

0 .4 8 0

-0 .6 1 6

-0 .8 8 9

0 .6 4 7

-0 .7 2 8

-0 .7 1 0

-0 .1 0 3

0 .8 0 4

0 .9 1 2

0 .8 4 9

0 .9 5 2

1 .0 0 0

0 .6 2 5

0 .5 6 4

0 .6 4 7

0 .0 0 8

0 .2 0 1

0 .3 7 3

-0 .3 0 5

-0 .6 3 3

0 .5 6 0

- 0 .5 8 1

- 0 .5 3 8

- 0 .4 9 3

-0 .5 6 3
-0 .3 3 8

- 0 .3 3 8

0 .3 8 5

0 .7 5 0
0 .6 9 4

- 0 .6 1 6

0 . 127

- 0 .2 5 1

0 .1 3 9

0 .6 1 4

0 .6 8 5

0 .4 0 9

0 .5 8 4

0 .6 2 5

1 .0 0 0

0 .8 0 9

0 .9 0 2

0 .2 7 5

0 .4 2 3

0 .3 5 1

OIMG

0 .3 4 5

0 .2 7 5

-0 .3 2 4

- 0 .6 2 6

0 .7 1 4

-0 .6 6 2

-0 .6 3 5

0 .7 2 7

- 0 .5 5 2

- 0 .5 3 2

- 0 .1 8 3

0 .1 7 6

0 .7 5 9

0 .5 7 5

0 .4 9 3

0 .5 8 4

0 .5 6 4

0 .8 0 9

1 .0 0 0

0 .0 4 9

0 .2 3 6

0 .3 3 1

0 .5 4 8

OIK

0 .3 3 9

0 .2 3 5

-0 .3 7 8

-0 .5 0 4

0 .6 2 8

- 0 .5 5 9

-0 .5 0 6

0 .6 6 1

-0 .4 9 7

- 0 .3 9 8

- 0 .3 3 1

0 .0 0 1

0 .5 9 7

0 .6 1 0

0 .4 2 4

0 .6 2 8

0 .6 4 7

0 .9 0 2

0 .8 4 9

1 .0 0 0

0 .2 5 0

0 .4 0 1

0 .3 5 1

of

0 .4 8 0

- 0 .1 5 1

- 0 .0 1 2

-0 .0 5 0

0 . 117

0 .0 3 5

- 0 .0 1 8

0 .0 5 0

- 0 .0 9 1

- 0 .3 2 3

- 0 .2 1 9

- 0 .2 6 4

0 .0 2 2

0 .0 1 7

-0 .0 0 2

0 .0 0 8

0 .2 7 5

0 .2 3 6

0 .2 5 0

1 .0 0 0

0 .9 4 6

- 0 .3 3 6

0 .4 3 7

- 0 .0 7 2

- 0 .0 9 7

-0 .2 2 8

0 .2 6 8

- 0 .1 4 3

- 0 .1 7 7

0 .2 1 4

-0 .2 9 6

- 0 .4 2 9

- 0 .1 8 5

- Q . 179

0 .1 6 7

0 .1 7 9

-0 .1 2 9
0 .0 4 9

0 . IBS

0 .2 0 1

0 .4 2 3

0 .3 3 1

0 .4 0 1

0 .9 4 6

1 .0 0 0

- 0 .2 5 5

-0 .0 6 4

0 .5 4 9

- 0 .2 9 5

-0 .5 0 7

0 .5 2 9

- 0 .6 3 1

- 0 .6 0 2

0 .6 6 2

- 0 .4 9 3

- 0 .0 5 8

0 . 121

0 .4 5 1

0 .7 0 4

0 .4 5 0

0 .6 1 1

0 .3 4 4

0 .3 7 3

0 .3 5 1

0 .5 4 6

0 .3 5 1

- 0 .3 3 6

- 0 .2 5 5

1 .0 0 0

KSUM
OITKP

Ut v
AT KN

91

Figure 2.12.

L o c a t i o n o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o PC 1 a n d PC 2
o f l a b o r a t o r y d e t e r m i n e d s o i l v a r i a b l e s summed
by h o r i z o n a n d by d e p t h s , a n d f i e l d d e t e r m i n e d
v a ria b le s , averaged w ithin a s i t e .

PC 2 (15%)
3
N

□

2

X

Outwash sand

+

Oufwash/inclu8ion8

^

Port Bruce till

□

Port Huron till

A

Lacustrine

p_

wv

^

lHx

0

V

.

C

H +-J- R Q
+ x#

1

k Hq

°^ b
F*

T xA

GW

_^

J

□
E s

*■
D-

-2

A
.........._J__ ...

-3
-

3

-

2

-

¥:

.....

i
1

0

.1
1

PC 1 (52% )

1 .......

1. - . .

2

3

4

93
T h e r e was o v e r l a p
sites,
right

among t h e

Port

b u t P o r t Huron s i t e s
along

occur red

the

first

nearer

and

were g e n e r a l l y

axis,

the

Bruce

indicating

surface.

Port

displaced

that

The

Huron
to

textural

second

till

layers

axis,

w hich

e m p h a s i z e d c o a r s e f r a g m e n t s a n d Oe n u t r i e n t s ,

indicated

Port

fragm ents,

lower

Bruce

sites

levels

generally

have more

o f Oe n u t r i e n t s .

coarse

The two l a c u s t r i n e

the

that
and

sites

are

c l o s e l y grouped in t h i s p l o t .
A plot

of

site

p resen ted in Figure
fragm ent
contains
outlier

content

locations
2.13.

along

PC a x e s

1

and

3

is

T h i s PC i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c o a r s e

a n d Oe n u t r i e n t s , s o

that

l a r g e amounts o f c o a r s e f r a g m e n t s ,

site

is

A,

w hich

t r e a t e d a s an

and s e r v e s t o compress t h e o r d i n a t i o n o f o t h e r

sites

along the a x i s .
Textural
nutrient

variables

sums

in

the

PCA o f

although the g rad ien ts

combined

variability

coefficients
variables,

than the n u tr i e n t

that
i n my

sums.

on t h e f i r s t

PC a x i s w e r e c o m p a r e d

sim ilar

ordinations

from p r e v i o u s

first

and

axis

c o rre la tio n of scores

laboratory

data

with

scores

from

laboratory

data

with

laboratory

data

layers

wa s

r= 0 .920;

excluding

organic

layers

the

correlation

s u mme d d a t a
data

significant

was
at

the

correlation

r =- 0 . 9 7 1 .

a l p h a = 0 .05

for

PCA' s .

f r o m PCA o f c o m b i n e d

organic

field

so

the te x tu r a l d ata

including

depth

than

O rdinations of s i t e s

The s i m p l e l i n e a r
field

larger

corresponded,

study expressed g re a ter

w ith

received

A ll
n=24.

was
the

was

r= 0 .908;

r =0 . 938,

and

cor re la tio n s

Spearman' s

with
w ith
w ere

coefficient

94

Figure 2.13.

L o c a t i o n o f s i t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o PC 1 a n d PC 3
o f l a b o r a t o r y d e t e r m i n e d s o i l v a r i a b l e s summed
by h o r i z o n an d by d e p t h s , a n d f i e l d d e t e r m i n e d
v a ria b le s , averaged w ithin a s i t e .

PC 3 (9%)
3
A

2
3E 0
m □
K+ p1 + c

V
X

Outwash sand

+

Outwash/inclusions

% Port Bruce till
□

Port Huron till

A

Lacustrine

^

w-b+

Q+

0
_ -j

R
+
—

n
□

* Au

□
u

-

tK F

H
L X
V
J■v/NX

□

J
b

*

s

-2
- 3 . „. ......J ....
3
-

□

I

2

.......... I

-

1

0

PC 1 (52%)

....... J ....... I

1

2

3

4

96
of

rank

the

correlation

first

ranks

PCA o f

i n PCA o f

r s =0.917;

combined

r s =0.991,

laboratory
used.

because
sites

in

site

data,

the

all

first

PC a x i s

field

data,

or

tex tu ral

the

the

correlation

correlation

were

field

strong

m aterial

was

studies

data

rely

would

be

thesedata

on

fie ld data

data;

for

sufficient

for

gradient

nutrient

w hether

of

laboratory

environmental
and

show t h a t

sim ilar

a combination

of o b ta in in g

area
a

data

w ith

l a y e r s was

s i g n i f i c a n t a t alpha=0.05,

expense

on

t h e c o r r e l a t i o n wa s r s = - 0 . 9 4 2 .

classification

along

ranks

lab o rato ry data

s u mme d d a t a

the

my s t u d y

ordinating
loam y

along

Most

of

and

laboratory

and w ith f i e l d d a ta

scores

for

The c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n s i t e

field

soil

w ith depth

These c o r r e l a t i o n s ,

was

calculated

laboratory data including organic

with m ineral

w a s r s = 0 . 92 0 ;

site

also

a x e s o f t h e s e PCA's.

in

those

was

supply

in

which

increase

coincidentally.
P lo ts of s i t e
PCA's i n d i c a t e
on

lo c a tio n s along the

that

depositional

first

axis of a l l

the

t h e r e a r e d i f f e r e n c e s among g r o u p s b a s e d

environm ent.

Assumptions

of

m ultivariate

n o r m a l i t y a r e n o t met by t h i s d a t a s e t ; t h e r e f o r e ,

it

is

feasib le

to

place

to

develop

observations
D ifferences

accurately
in

applicability
data

se t.

m athem atical

variances
of

w ithin
among

discrim inant

site

group
groups

analysis

H o w e v e r , PCA d o e s n o t

b a s e d on d e p o s i t i o n a l

environment

deposit,

with

particularly

one

functions

respect

even

disagree
as
to

or

would
with
w ith

reflected
first

the

and

other.

lim it
a

not

the

larger

groupings

by s u r f i c i a l
second a x is

97
ordinations.
D i f f e r e n c e s a mon g g r o u p s b a s e d o n d e p o s i t i o n a l e n v i r o n m e n t
PCA

did

not

depositional
made
so,

to

environment,

determine

which

groups.

contradict

if

site

so

individual

differences

variables

differed

A K ruskal-W allis

groupings

were

wa s

distributions.

with

freedom

w ith

degrees

of

sig n ificantly

significant,

used

th e groups had d i f f e r e n t
reduced

comparisons

significantly

test

for

d ifferen t

to

are presented

w hich

too

for

is

variables
groups,
for

had

determ ine

that

formed

outwash

consists

sites

V ariable

these

in outwash sand;
sand

of

includes s ite s
to

in

with

sites

form ed

in

w ere

in

loamy

lacu strin e

descriptions

and u n i t s

tex t.

Group

to

Bruce

to

test

1 refers
sites

ti l l ;

to

formed
Group

3

Group

4

and Group 5 r e f e r s

m aterial
appear

Many

betw een

inclusions;

fo rm ed i n P o r t Huron t i l l ,

form ed

used

freedom were u sed

Port

groups

The t - t e s t s ,

the

Group 2 i n c l u d e s

in

of

variances

cases.

ice-rafted

t-tests

in Appendix T a b le A . 1,

different

and so reduced d e g r e e s o f

if

what

comparisons

inclu sio n

significantly

mean d i f f e r e n c e s

sites
in

lengthy

were

betw een

d e t e r m i n e which g roups and v a r i a b l e s d i f f e r e d .
of variances,

on

and

Individual

variances

and t e s t s

based

(T able

in T ables

2 .4 ).
2.2

and

2.3.
Group 1,

differs

significantly

from o t h e r g ro u ps in c o n t e n t o f most n u t r i e n t s

investigated,

and

w ith

formed

regard

to

in

outwash sand,

most

tex tu ral

v ariab les.

Fewer

98
significant

differences

were

found

t h a n betw een Group 1 and o t h e r
occur o ften

between

groups;

enough t o p ro v id e

Groups

however,

justification

1

and

2

differences

for

keeping

the

groups s e p a ra te .
Group 2,
rafted
from

formed in outwash sand w ith i n c l u s i o n s of

m aterial
other

content,
often

and

flow

groups

horizon

in

till,

most

differed

significantly

com parisons.

thickness,

significantly

also

and

different

Soil

textural

ice-

nutrient

variables

between Group

were

2 and Groups

3,

4 , a n d 5.
D ifferences
tills,
soils

of

Port

between
Bruce

and

and l a c u s t r i n e

Compa r i s o n s

of

only

with

MGSUM, OI K,

OITKP,

respect

BTHICK,

justification

solely

soil

and

the

3 and

a n d CCLAY.

often

the

the

for

classification

system

tw o

Soils,

t i l l s ,

CTHICK,

in

fo u n d on t h e s e
ultim ately

provide
based

Chapter
till

tills

not

3,

groups,

der ived

the

are

CMG,

ASILT,

two t i l l s

discussed

however,

w ere

BTKN,

may n o t

the

till

significant.

BTTHICK,

keeping

different

between

variables

separating
As

two

and

These d i f f e r e n c e s

between s i t e s

on v e g e t a t i o n .

the

age,

4,

to

e c o s y s t e m c o m p o n e n t s may r e q u i r e
based

in

less

BSTHICK,

properties.

vegetation d iffe rs

Huron

s o i l s , were

sufficient
on

formed

Port

G roups

significant

ACLAY, C S I L T ,

soils

from

separate

dram atically

different.
L acustrine
sites,

and

soils

should

be

in

Group

5

are

investigated

found

more

only

closely

on

two

before

99
conclusions

are

sim ilarities

to

made
other

regarding
groups.

their

differences

S ignificant

or

differences

o c c u r r e d w i t h m o s t c o m p a r i s o n s o f G r o u p 5 t o G r o u p s 1 a n d 2;
sig n ifican t

differences

were

comparisons

t o Groups 3 and 4.

d ifferen t

from

t i l l

variables;

nutrient

different,

but

there

so ils

variables
is

not

found

less

These s o i l s
w ith
are

clear

t h e g r o u p s s e p a r a t e b a s e d on s o i l s

often

are

respect

more

often

to

greatly

tex tu ral

significantly

justification
data.

not

w ith

for

keeping

100
CONCLUSIONS
P rincipal
obtained

from

expressed

the

lower
no

field
most

Michigan.

summed

by

Generally,

data

variability
of

nutrient

various

the

the PC's

often

P C 's

sums,

data

northeastern
revealed

a greater

had

than

a

other

that

amount

the

nutrient

horizon

by

the

sum s.

the

t h e Oi

had

the

C above
were

wa s e m p h a s i z e d

greatest

or

in

When O l a y e r s

the B horizon
the

Oe,

wh e n

groups

content of

of

higher

variability

t h e A and B l a y e r s .

expressing

slightly
nu trien t

particular

followed

e x c lu d e d from t h e a n a l y s i s ,
PC a s

in

which

T otal phosphorous c o n te n t,

variability,

150 cm, a n d f i n a l l y

firs t

sites

displayed

identified

For h o r i z o n

greatest

the

among

r a n g e s which c o n t a i n e d most o f
set.

variables

investigations

laboratory

depths,

w ith

identified

laboratory

th a n any o t h e r .

co rrelatio n

depth

and

analyses

Analysis

in d ividual

variability

the

component

in

v a ria b ility ,

f o l l o w e d b y t h e C a b o v e 150 cm, a n d t h e n t h e A h o r i z o n .
D e p th sums o f
horizon

sums

for

soil

nutrients

expressing

were

not

v a ria b ility

preferable
among

to

site s.

N u t r i e n t s u ms o f t h e e n t i r e u p p e r 1 50 cm s o i l d e p t h r e c e i v e d
the

highest

we i g h t i n g s

represented

a

sites

obscured

which

H orizon

size

feature
all

sums g a v e b e t t e r

producing

plots

in

which

in

the

overall

other

PC,

nutrient

interpretations

results

had

firs t

i n PCA t h a n

interpretable

w here

they

content
of

the

of

PCA.

depth

sums,

variation

along

several axes.
F ield

determ ined

variables

which

expressed

the

most

101
variability
to

between s i t e s

texture,

till

soil

in the f i r s t

particularly

layers,

and

depths

the

to

texture

PC w e r e t h o s e r e l a t e d

accumulations

of

s e c o n d PC, c o a r s e f r a g m e n t c o n t e n t ,

those

of

layers.

loamy
In

the

E horizon th ick n ess,

and

o v e r a l l a v erag e t e x t u r e s were i m p o r t a n t .

These v a r i a b l e s

t h e s e c o n d PC d i s t i n g u i s h e d b e t w e e n s i t e s

l o c a t e d on t h e two

different
in

the

tills

older

moraine

is

identified

Port

formed,

thinner E horizons,
formed

in

Port

differences

Bruce

t i l l ,

had

greater

be

a

and s l i g h t l y

Huron

may

by B u rg is

t i l l .

of

which
coarse

lighter

The

attributable

(1981).

to

a

tim e of w e a th e rin g , w ith p ro c e sse s
frost

heaving,

on

the

We s t

h o r i z o n s may b e r e l a t e d
species
less

dominate

acidic

sites

litte r

to
on

of

Branch

these

West

Branch

the

textures

as

The

longer
and

thinner

moraine,

less

content

erosion

northern

Branch
is

than s o ils

year

including

species

content,

fragm ent

moraine.

We s t

formed

500-1000

vegetation,
the

Soils

fragment

coarse

in

E

hardwood
and

the

conducive

to

eluviation.
There

is

lo c a tio n s with
data

sets.

and t i l l

site s

form ed

generally
till

sites,

good

respect

The

sites

inclusions

a

in

were

to

first
sites

agreem ent
the

at

opposite

placed
Port

w ith

near
Bruce

plots

t wo P C ' s o f

PC g e n e r a l l y

outw ash

separated

first

among

placed

ends of

the

center.

till

sites

the

sandy

the

ice-rafted

of

various
outwash

a x i s , w hile

or
The
from

site

flow

t i l l

second
Port

PC

Huron

a l t h o u g h t h e s e p a r a t i o n was n o t a l w a y s d i s t i n c t .

102
L acu strin e s ite s

w ere seldom p l a c e d n e a r e a c h o t h e r by p l o t s

o f PC a x e s .
There
along

th e

were
first

d ata s e ts ,

so il

n u trien ts

from a n a l y s i s

th is

expressed

to

area

by s i t e

th e d iv e r s ity

loam y m a t e r i a l

of

sandier

provides

o rd in atio n s

scores

d ifferen t

of g la c ia l

h igher

g rad ien ts

T his

th e
is

d ep o sits

d eposits

may

G rad ien ts

along

sets.

m aterial,

a

d ata.

correspond w ith

and com bined d a t a

prog ressiv ely

site

the n u tr ie n t s t a t u s o f a s i t e

w h ic h r a n g e from loamy t i l l

through
The

in

of sep arate

a ttrib u ta b le
area,

th at

among

from more e a s i l y o b t a i n e d f i e l d

tex tu re

PC a x i s

co rrelatio n s

PC a x i s o b t a i n e d

in d icatin g

be in f e r r e d
of so il

sig n ifican t

of

first
lik e ly
in

th e

near the s u rfa c e ,
to

so il

outw ash

sands.

n u trien t

statu s

related

to g r e a t e r exchange c a p a c i t y and w e a th e r a b le m in e r a l

supply,

c reatin g

a

strong

be d i s c e r n e d from e i t h e r
regions,
and

environm ental

g rad ien t

f ie ld or la b o ra to ry d a ta .

w h e r e s i t e s may h a v e l e s s d i v e r s i t y

topography,

w hich

PCA o r d i n a t i o n s

of

in s o i l

fie ld

d ata

can

In o th e r
tex tu re
may

not

c o rresp o n d w ith t h a t of la b o r a to r y d a ta .
Com par is o n s

among

groups

based

on

lo c a liz e d

d e p o s it io n a l env iro n m en ts, w ith r e l a t i v e l y

uniform s u r f i c i a l

d e p o sits,

many

dem onstrated

d i f f e r e n c e s betw een s o i l s
in

loamy

form ed in
those
to

till

in

loamy t i l l

formed

m ost

or

in

th ere

w ere

sig n ific a n t

form ed i n o u tw ash and t h o s e form ed

outw ash

w ith

w ere a l s o

outw ash

v ariab les

th at

w ith

loamy

in clu sio n s.

sig n ifican tly
loamy

in v e stig a te d .

d ifferen t

in clu sio n s
Fewer

S ites

w ith

from

respect

sig n ific a n t

103
so il

d ifferen ces

dep o sitio n s,
th a t

th ere

groups.

w ere

d atin g

found

b etw een

from P o r t

B ruce

was n o t a s g r e a t

L acustrine s i te s

did not d if f e r

tills

and P o r t

a b asis

for

from t i l l

d iffe re n t

H uron a g e ,

sep aratin g

req u ire fu rth e r

sig n ifican tly

of

th ese

in v estig atio n ,

so ils

w ith

so

but

regard

to

most v a r i a b l e s s tu d ie d .
For p u rp o ses o f d e v elo p in g an e c o lo g ic a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
system ,
for

th e

an aly sis

id e n tify in g

sig n ific a n tly
o u tw ash

at

in

sands

of

d ata

le ast

many

on

so ils

provided

th re e

groups

re sp ec ts.

h illy

The

lo calized

a

sound

w h ich

th ree

flow

on m o r a i n e s , and loamy t i l l

3),

d ep o sitio n s

sep aratin g
as p a rt

them .

d eterm ined
lev el,

to

be

land

an aly zed

g la c ia l

found

for

as

enough

an

in

com prise y e t

These
(C hapter

to

of

two

w arrant

(H ost

1988).

et

a l.

d iv isio n

f i n e r , m icroscale

part

la n d fo rm s

in

low er

po rtio n

ap p ro p riate

u n its

.

A lthough

of

another

no rth w estern

a sig n ifican t

biom ass

alth o u g h

eco lo g ical

and l i k e l y

landform s

o v ersto ry

great

or

A ls o , outw ash p l a i n s w ere n o t i n v e s t i g a t e d

landform acco u n ted

not

on m o r a i n e s .

b a s e d on v e g e t a t i o n

w h i c h may b e

o f my s t u d y ,

On g l a c i a l

in

till

a n d t h e r e a r e som e s o i l d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t i l l s

d ifferen t

are:

ic e -d isin te g ra tio n

outw ash sand w ith i n c l u s i o n s o f i c e - r a f t e d

t h r e e g r o u p s may b e s u b d i v i d e d

d iffe r

groups

featu res,
till

b asis

at

biom ass

n o rth e a ste rn

it

M ichigan,

v a ria b ility

Landform

d iv isio n s

my s t u d y ,

of

group.

the

m esoscale

w ere n eed ed
d ifferen ces

w ould
lo w er

was

for
were

appear

th a t

M ich ig an

are

104
in te rn a lly
those

in

h etero g en eo u s

no rth w estern

ju stific a tio n

for

to

an

low er

g reater

M ichigan.

con sid erin g

a n d m apped by B u r g i s

even

My s t u d y

g lacial

showed

no

id en tified
of

s i m i l a r s u r f i c i a l d e p o s i t w hich c o u ld d e l i n e a t e d i v i s i o n s

at

sp a tia l

L o calized

sca le

re q u ire d

dep o sitio n

was e v i d e n t w i t h i n

1981)

landform s

th an

areas

th e

(1977,

degree

of

th ese

for

as hom ogenous

e co lo g ica l

w idely d i f f e r i n g
landform

map

su rfic ia l

b oundaries,

so

form ed in outw ash sand c o u ld n o t be d i s t i n g u i s h e d
till

sites

b a s e d on t h e mapped l a n d f o r m s .

mapped

must

useful

for

be

regarded

lan d

as

to p o g rap h ic

c lassific atio n

at

th e

The

surface d e p o sits.

m aterial

th at

sites

fro m loam y

landform s

m asses;

as

categ o ries

eco sy stem

re q u ire s u b d iv isio n of th e se to p o g ra p h ic m asses to
lo calized

u n its.

lev el

recognize

105
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C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n D ata f o r S e l e c t e d S o i l s o f T u s c o la
C o u n ty , M ich ig an . R esearch
N ote 33,
Ford F o r e s tr y
C e n t e r , M ichigan T e c h n o lo g ic a l U n i v e r s i t y , L ' A nse, M I.
17 p p .
P a d l e y , E .A ., C .C .
T r e t t i n and G. S . L e M a ste rs.
1984.
C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n D ata f o r S e l e c t e d S o i l s o f B a ra g a
C o u n ty , M ich ig an . R esearch
N ote 37,
Ford F o r e s tr y
C e n t e r , M ichigan T e c h n o lo g ic a l U n i v e r s i t y , L 'A n s e , M I.
79 p p .
P a v l i k , H . F . , and F.D . H o le .
1977.
Soilscape a n a ly s is of
s l i g h t l y c o n t r a s t in g t e r r a i n s in s o u t h e a s t e r n
W isconsin.
S o i l S c i . S o c . Am. J . 4 1 : 4 0 7 - 4 1 3 .
P e n n o c k , D . J . , and W .J. V r e e k e n .
1986 .
S o il-g eo m o rp h ic
e v o lu tio n of a B o ro ll caten a in southw estern A lb e r ta .
S o i l S c i . S o c . Am. J . 5 0 : 1 5 2 0 - 1 5 2 6 .
P i t t y , A.
U.K.

1984.
64 p p .

G eom orphology.

B asil

B lackw ell,

O xford,

P r e g i t z e r , K . S . , B . V . B a r n e s , a n d G .D . Lem m e.
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R e la tio n s h ip o f topography to s o i l s and v e g e t a t i o n in
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117-123.

109
P r e g i t z e r , K . S . , a n d C.W. Ramm.
1984.
C la ssific a tio n of
f o r e s t e co sy stem s in M ichigan.
p . 114-131.
In J.G .
Bockheim , e d .
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27 6 p p .
R a l s t o n , C.W.
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196 4 .
E v a lu a tio n of f o r e s t
I n t . Rev. F o r e s t . R e s . 1: 1 7 1 -2 0 1 .

R a w l s , W. J .
1983 .
E stim atin g
p a r t i c l e s iz e a n a ly s is and
S o i l S c i . 135: 12 3 -1 2 5 .

s i t e

s o i l b u l k d e n s i t y f rom
o rg an ic m atter c o n te n t.

R e i g n e r , I . C . , and J . J . P h i l l i p s .
1964.
V a r ia tio n s in bulk
d e n s i t y a n d m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t w i t h i n t w o New J e r s e y
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S o i l S c i . S o c . Am. P r o c .
28: 2 8 7 -289.
Row e,

J.S .
1984.
F orestland c la s s if ic a tio n :
lim itatio n s
o f th e use of v e g e t a t i o n , p 132-147.
In J .G . B ockheim ,
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F o r e s t Land C l a s s i f i c a t i o n : E x p e r i e n c e s , P r o b l e m s ,
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276 p p .

SAS I n s t i t u t e I n c .
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C a r y , NC.

A nalysis

System

for

S m i t h , F . W . , B.G. E l l i s , a n d J . G r a v a .
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Use o f a c i d f lu o r id e s o lu tio n s fo r th e e x tr a c tio n of a v a ila b le
p h o s p h o ru s in c a l c a r e o u s s o i l s and i n s o i l s t o w hich
rock p h o sp h a te has
been a d d e d .
S o i l S c i . S o c . Am.
P r o c . 21: 4 0 0 -4 0 4 .
S o il

S c ie n c e S o c ie ty o f A m erica.
1987.
G lossary of S o il
S cien ce Term s.
S o i l S c i . S o c . Am., M a d is o n , W i s c o n s i n .
44 p p .

S o il

Survey L a b o r a to r y .
1982.
C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n D ata
for
S e l e c t e d S o i l s o f M ecosta C ounty, M ich ig an .
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Note 31, Ford F o r e s t r y C e n t e r , M ichigan T e c h n o l o g i c a l
U n i v e r s i t y , L 'A n s e , MI.
23 p p .

S o il

Survey L a b o ra to ry .
1983.
C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n D ata
for
S e l e c t e d S o i l s o f Kent C ounty, M ic h ig a n .
R e s e a r c h N ote
32 , F o r d F o r e s t r y C e n t e r , M i c h i g a n T e c h n o l o g i c a l
U n i v e r s i t y , L ' A n s e , MI.
29 p p .

S o il

Survey S t a f f . 1975.
S o i l Taxonomy.
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S o i l C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , W a s h i n g t o n , D .C .

S t e e l , R .G .D ., and
procedures of
Second E d i t i o n .

U .S.D .A .

J . H. T o r r i e .
1980.
P r i n c i p l e s and
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110
T echnicon.
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T e c h n ic o n I n d u s t r i a l M ethod 344-74W /B .
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1984.
C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n D ata f o r S e l e c t e d S o i l s o f M issa u k ee
C ounty, M ich ig an .
R e s e a r c h N ote 3 8 , F o rd F o r e s t r y
C e n t e r , M ich ig an T e c h n o lo g ic a l U n i v e r s i t y , L 'A n s e , M I.
19 p p .
U .S.D .A .
1972.
P r o c e d u r e s f o r C o l l e c t i n g S o i l Sam ples and
M ethods o f A n a l y s i s f o r S o i l S u rv e y .
S o il Survey
In v e stig a tio n s
R e p o r t No.
1 (rev ise d ),
S o il
C o n s e r v a t i o n S e r v i c e , U .S. D e p artm en t o f A g r i c u l t u r e ,
W a s h i n g t o n , D.C.
W a l k e r , P . H . , G .F . H a l l , a n d R. P r o t z .
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S c i . S o c . Am. P r o c . 3 2 : 1 0 1 - 1 0 4 .
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M u ltiv ariate c la s s ific a tio n
S c i . 23: 2 1 0 -2 2 1 .

1968.
R elatio n
p ro p erties.
S o il

1972.
C om puter-based
from sam p1e d a t a .
and o r d i n a t i o n .
J.

so il
I .
S o il

Z a k , D .R ., K .S. P r e g i t z e r , and G .E. H o s t .
1986.
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Can. J . F o r. R es. 16: 1258-1263.

CHAPTER III
ASSOCIATIONS OF S I T E PROPERTIES WITH AN ORDINATION OF
GROUND FLORA SPECIES FOR UPLAND FORESTS OF
NORTHEASTERN LOWER MICHIGAN
INTRODUCTION
V eg etatio n
environm ent,
and

so ils

1956,

has

been

described

in teg ratin g

w ithin

as

a

phytom eter

the e f f e c ts of c lim a te ,

d iscrete

lo calities

P f i s t e r a n d Arno 1 9 8 0 ) .

of

the

topography,

(C ajander

1926,

Rowe

Landform and s o i l a r e s a i d

to

q u a n t i f y most o f th e en v iro n m en t w ith in a m a c r o c li m a ti c a r e a
(G rigal

1984),

v eg etatio n ,

w h ich i s more e a s i l y

p red ictab le

rela tio n sh ip s

(B arnes

et

system s

rely

sp ecies.

b u t m a p p i n g may b e f a c i l i t a t e d

al

1982,
on

Rowe

veg etativ e

observed

w ith

(K otar

and

1984).

Many

in d icato r

Coffman

eco lo g ical

c lassificatio n s

w ith

ecosystem

oth er

use

com ponents

than

land

use

so il

p h y sio g rap h y

H a b ita t type c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

e x clu siv ely

by t h e

and

and

of
has

so ils

c lassific atio n

species

or

groups

of

system s use v e g e ta tio n

1984),

w hile

veg etatio n
(B arnes

m u ltifacto r
in

1984,

or

com bination
Jones

1984,

Moon 1 9 8 4 , Rowe 1 9 8 4 ) .
V egetation
th e

data

co n stru ctio n

is

sum m arized

of sy n th esis

and

in terp reted

t a b l e s , a n d by o n e

through
or

m ore

n u m e ric a l a n a ly s e s o f th e c o rre sp o n d e n c e betw een s p e c i e s and
site s.

S i t e s a r e g ro u p e d t o g e t h e r b a s e d on t h e i r

as determ ined
system s

use

by t h e
the

veg etativ e

p attern ed

o rd in atio n .

occurrence

111

of

sim ilarity

C lassificatio n

v eg etatio n

w ith in

112
site
and

groups

to

p red ict

responses

of

V eg etatio n
effectiv e
stated
w ith

in

eco sy stem s

as

"th e

sim ila r

several

an

G rig al

from

rep o rts

and v e g e ta tio n ,
co rre la tio n .
v eg etativ e

in d icato r

v eg etatio n s

stu d ies

p attern s,

along

the

T here

long

and

Arnem an

its

v alu e

as

an

is

some

w ith

used

exam ines

lan d scap e

in d icato r

th at

th at

relatio n sh ip

sh ifts

in

the

to

is

more

(1984)

( 1970),

g eo g rap h ic

has

areas

th e

sam e

rep o rtin g
th ere

w ere

betw een

so il

a very

clo se

sp e c ific ity

to

d istrib u tio n

of

( P r e g i t z e r a n d Ramm 1 9 8 4 ) .

and

its

classific atio n ,

relatio n sh ip

reg io n ally .

a sso c iatio n s

fea tu re s

Barnes

noted

extensively i n

e c o s y s te m com ponents v a r i e s
stu d y

con d itio n s

n ecessarily

lite ra tu re ,
the

g ra d ie n ts.

reco g n ized

not

sp e c ie s w ith in a statew id e area
is

site

fro m no c o r r e l a t i o n

in d icato rs,

V eg etatio n

lan d scap e

are

regarding

ranging

of

c h aracteristics,

than o th e r s .

G erm ans h a v e

ty p e".

co n flictin g

in fer

som e l o c a t i o n s

th at

eco sy stem

or

of

on a s t u d y

T his

in

o th er

p o rtio n

v e g eta tio n ,

site

to

and

of

s o il,

n o rth e a ste rn

my
and

lo w er

M ichigan.

Relationships of vegetation to other ecosystem components
V e g e ta tio n and s o i l
S tu d ies
th ere are

in

vario u s

asso ciatio n s

a n d A rnem an

( 197 0)

was c l o s e l y

of

the

w orld

betw een v e g e t a t i o n

rep o rted

d eveloped in M innesota,
sp ecies,

p arts

th a t

have

and

shown

so il.

a c lassific atio n

th at

G rig al
sy stem

b a s e d on f r e q u e n c y o f v a s c u l a r p l a n t

related

to

oth er

classificatio n s

based

113
on

so il,

on e n v i r o n m e n t a l

n u trien ts,
redw ood

reg io n

m o istu re,
related

a n d on

C alifo rn ia ,

tem p eratu re,

W est

corresponded

G erm any,

w ith

lan d fo rm s,

so il

cap acity

C olum bia,

bedrock,

to

humus

ty p e,

w ith

v eg eta tio n

color

of

the

n i t rogen
p re c ise ly

stud y

(N),

and

d efin ed

than s t r a t a
in

B ritish

and B r a d f ie ld
elev atio n ,

S tu d ies

carbon

conducted

(B arnes

19 8 4 ) .

to

dense
and

In

d rain ag e,
covaried

o rg an ic

in clu d ed

carbon,

w ere

sig n ifican t

so il

fire

and
to

depth,

A nother

co rrelatio n s

the

seed lin g

and wind d i s t u r b a n c e ,

nitro g en
develop

co n cen tratio n s

forest

(Gagnon

was a s s o c i a t e d

w hile

site

m ore

v eg etativ e

a n d som e e n v i r o n m e n t a l v a r i a b l e s

and

and

A d d itio n a lly ,

by

lay er

to

B ritish

a ll

c a p a c i ty

w hich

groups

a cid ity ,

slope

p ro p e rtie s

The s a p l i n g

also

re la ted

till,

19 8 4 ) .

found

of

w ere

sp ecies

w hich w ere

B horizon,

C olum bia

was a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
w ith

c o astal

(W aring an d M ajo r 1 9 6 4 ) .

d ep th ,

stra ta

and

g ra d ie n ts

n u trien ts

flo ra

(M oon

th e

c a t io n -ex ch an g e

1986).

slo p e,

In

te x tu re ,

so il

m o istu re,

b a s e d on s o i l p r o p e r t i e s a l o n e .

a mong f o r e s t s t r a t a

layer

so il

depth

c lasses

la b o rato ry -d eterm in ed

classes

and

p ro p erties

in clu d in g

h eat,

m easured

ground

m o istu re -h o ld in g
depth

of

v eg etatio n .

to a g ra d ie n t of v e g eta tio n

In

lo cal

o v ersto ry

of

lig h t,

grad ien ts

and
in

layer

the
the

w ith

herb
so il.

c lassificatio n

in

O n ta rio found t h a t s o i l s d a ta c o r r e c t l y p r e d i c t e d v e g e t a t i o n
ty p e

for

th ick n ess
d ep th

to

7 0% o f

th e

p lo ts

u sin g

subsurface

o f humus l a y e r s , m o i s t u r e
c arb o n ates,

and

ro o tin g

te x tu re ,

regim e and d r a i n a g e ,

zone

th ick n ess

(Jones

114
1984).

McCune a n d

am ong

forest

n o te d

th a t

lay ers

p red ictab le
v alu es

th ree

in

in

(1981)

a

sm all

"cover

from

en v iro n m en tal
in

of

m ost

an o th er

W isconsin

found

and

S tearn s

Tree

so il.

C o m position

asso ciated
d en sity

w ith

of

th e

woody

on

ro u g h ly
th e

increased

in creasin g
F,

w etlan d

com position

of

each

th e

so il p ro p erties
co m p o sitio n

ax is

expressed

m e d iu m

sand

coverage
In

the

of

a

the

was

lay er

th e

was

so il,

asso ciated

R ec re a tio n

groups

in clu d in g
n itro g en

fin e

A rea

B arnes

and

tra c t,
w ere

(P reg itzer

ax is

in

a lso

and

the

w ith

th e

in

1985).

of

and

also

second

in c re asin g

to ta l

asso ciated
m o istu re

silt

C aulophyllum
in

w ith

so il

w ith

02,

or

can o n ical
sand

and

pH ,

and

species

M ichigan,

1982,

species

the

co n ten t,

upper

reg im e,

and B arnes

of

The

decreasing

upper

co n co m itan tly

sand and th i c k n e s s

g rad ien t

te x tu re ,

m in eralizatio n

canonical

O sm orhiza

M cC orm ic k

species

a

and

co n ten t,

was

a n d Mg c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

a n d Mg i n

S y lv an ia

along

(S pies

of

on a f l o o d p l a i n v e r s u s a b a s i n .

am ounts o f

h orizon

cover

of

M ichigan d e m o n stra te d t h a t c o v erag e o f th e C l i n t o n i a
group

but

A stu d y

sp ecies

u n d ersto ry

o ccu rren ce o f the s i t e

and

herbaceous

organic m atter

th e

A stu d y

of

M ontana,
was

to d if f e r e n t

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p H, o r g a n i c m a t t e r
th e

sp ec ie s

the

c o rre la tio n s

in

p aram eters

th at

1987).

poor

area

la y e r ".

f o r e s t l a y e r s was r e l a t e d

( Dunn

found

study

th e

of sp ecies

fo rests

A ntos

groups.

eco lo g ical

ch aracteristics

a cid ity ,
1984).

and

to ta l

P o ten tial

N

i n n o r t h w e s t e r n lo w e r M ic h ig a n was a s s o c i a t e d

115
w ith

u p lan d

forest

eco sy stem

o v e r s t o r y and ground f l o r a
of
mor

sp rin g

ephem erals in

versus

surface

m ull

so il

so il

n o rth e a ste rn

( Zak e t a l .

the

c h arac te riz ed

1986).

same r e g i o n

ty p es,

a cid ity

groups

and

W isco n sin ,

The a b u n d a n c e

was a s s o c i a t e d

asso ciated

(O v erlease

d ev elo p m en t

a c c u m u l a t i o n s i n s p o d i c h o r i z o n s w as r e l a t e d
of

hem lock

sites

in

o v ersto ry

{H o l e

in

1976).
of

In

o rg a n ic

to the p resence

1975).

O rd in atio n

of

i n New Y o r k u s i n g c o r r e s p o n d e n c e a n a l y s i s o f o v e r s t o r y

and ground
to

th e

w ith

d ifferen ces

and O v e rle a s e

th e

by

flo ra

m o istu re,

in d icated

and th e

th at

th e

second a x is

first

to

ax is

was

related

of

hem lock

abundance

(Gauch a n d S to n e 1 9 7 9 ).
V e g e ta tio n and landform
B ailey
of

(1984,

in te re st

co n tro lled
re g io n a l

in

1987)

lan d

has d escrib ed

th ree

c la ssific a tio n .

The

p rim arily
sc a le

by

of

clim ate

and

can

1:3,000,000.

sp atial

m acro scale
be

The

scales

m apped

is

at

m e so sc ale

a
is

c h a r a c t e r i z e d by l a n d f o r m c o n t r o l o f c l i m a t e due t o g e o l o g i c
su b strate,
at

map

scales

m icro scale
asp ect,

surface

s h a p e , and r e l i e f ,

betw een

1 :2 5 0 ,0 0 0

and can

and

be d e l i n e a t e d

1 :1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 .

i s a s s o c ia te d w ith lo c a l d if f e r e n c e s

The

in s lo p e and

a n d map s c a l e s may b e b e t w e e n 1 : 1 0 , 0 0 0 a n d 1 : 8 0 , 0 0 0 .

L andform s,
m esoscale a r e a l

here

ex ten t,

slo p e,

asp ect,

lo cal

m o d ificatio n

C o m position

of

d efin ed
are

These

re g io n a l

v eg etativ e

to p o g rap h ic

ch aracterized

and e l e v a t i o n .
of

as

m asses

by d i f f e r e n c e s

d ifferen ces

clim a tic

com m unities

of

in

resu lt

a
in
in

c o n d itio n s.
many

areas

is

116
s t r o n g l y a s s o c i a t e d w ith landform f e a t u r e s .
has

shown

related

th at

to

e n tire

p attern s

tim e

fu rth er

forest
of

sin ce

shown

are

g lacial

till

g la ciatio n .

th at

c o m p o sitio n

co m p o sitio n

th ese
th e

of

(1975)

in

M ich ig an

has

and

outw ash

during

the

(1986,

1987)

has

W hitney

p attern s

re su lt

B rubaker

of

presettlem en t

lan d fo rm

been

forest

m ed iated

fire

frequency.
O verstory

v eg etatio n

has

been a s s o c i a t e d

w ith

sp ecific

la n d fo rm s i n n o r t h w e s t e r n low er M ich ig an , w ith b l a c k and p i n
oaks

dom inating

fin er

outw ash

sand t e x t u r e s ,

to p o g rap h y ,

and

p lain s,

sugar

m aple

a n d Ramm 1 9 8 4 ) .

area

be

related

m icro clim atic
ab ility

g lacial
till

W isconsin

p lain s,

C offm an
tra c t

in

S uccession
landform s,
w hich

1984).

affect

has

1983).

The

s o i l s , w h ile

also

in

related

sp ecies

north -facin g

C o ry d alis
th e

w ith

m o rain es

they

th e

in

th is

co n tro l

co m p etitiv e

upper

M ichigan

o v ersto ry

and

ty p es

to

w i t h s u g a r m aple and hem lock o c c u r r i n g on

C ertain

a

on

sp ecies

as

groups

u p p e r M ich ig an w ere a s s o c i a t e d
along

o n ly
of

and p i n e a n d oak on o u tw a sh

p o sitio n

co llu v ial

o ccu rrin g

classificatio n

landform s,

in creasin g

(H ost e t a l . 1987).

H ab itat-ty p e
n o rth ern

to

c o n d itio n s

of sp ec ie s

oak

r e d oak o c c u r r i n g on i c e - d i s i n t e g r a t i o n

(P reg itzer
may

w hite

V io la

group
group

h illslo p e
occurred
in d ic a ted

s lo p e p o s i t i o n s , and th e

p lain s

(K otar

on

M cC orm ick

th e

w ith

to p o g rap h ic

(P reg itzer
on

and

rocky,

fe rtile

et

a l.

sh allo w
site s

A th y r iu m g r o u p was

in

found

117
in m oist a re a s .

Characteristics of the forest floor and annual litterfall
The

forest

flo o r

not been e x te n s iv e ly
R egion.

The

ecosystem s,
cy clin g

since

co m p artm en t

due

to

site .
its

reg ard in g

most

of the fo r e s t

component

esp ecially
is

an

in

the

im p o rtan t

decom position

it.

also

It

The f o r e s t f l o o r
and

lay er

sp atial

lo catio n of

its

low er b o u n d a ry .

of

forest

flo o r

m aterial

w orking
forest

(F),

a n d humu s

zones

was

4 6 ,8 0 0

lay ers,

kg

August sam p lin g ,

of

study

stu d ies

( Gosz

layer

et

ha- 1 .
th e

C o vington
same

(1981),

general

area

and

found

H ubbard

litte r

averaged

h a -1

th e L

th e

over
a l.

(L),
three

1976).

w e i g h e d 4 , 3 0 0 kg

F l a y e r w e i g h e d 1 9 , 3 0 0 kg h a - 1 , a n d t h e

in

a

am biguity

Most

on

(H)

kg

to

on

i n New H a m p s h i r e .

ferm en tatio n

2 7 ,5 0 0

tim e

and

of

sto rag e

is d iffic u lt

l o s s on i g n i t i o n

ha- 1 , the

Lakes

n u trien t

a

over

Broqk F o r e s t , d e t e r m i n e d a s

an

has

f l o o r have been conducted in th e e a s t e r n U . S . ,

The w e ig h t

D uring

as

v a riab ility ,

on o r n e a r t h e H ubbard Brook F o r e s t

elev a tio n

G reat

and

serves

accu m u lated

w hich

com ponent

o rganic

nutrients

tem poral
the

ecosystem

flo o r

w ith in

for

an

stu d ied ,

forest

occurs

fo rested

is

H w eighed

F ederer
th a t

(1984),

th e

m ature

f l o o r w e i g h e d a b o u t 80 Mg h a ” 1 , b u t d i d n o t b r e a k

fig u re

down i n t o

com ponent

(1984)

noted

another

forest

flo o r

th at

to w eigh

lay ers

study

in

L,

am ounts o f

and

H.

New H a m p s h i r e

6 3 Mg h a ” 1 , a n d

s o u th and w est had l e s s e r

F,

th at

forest

areas
flo o r

th e

F ederer
found

th e

fu rth er
m aterial.

118
F orest

flo o r

w e i g h t was t h o u g h t t o v a r y w i d e l y

geography, d ra in a g e ,
Annual

V itousek

tro p ica l

fo rests,

p ro d u ctio n

was

has

(1982)

been

m easured

sum m arized

finding

betw een

N o rth ern deciduous

th a t

5 ,5 1 0

fo rests

and

3 ,419

th re e

kg h a - 1

elev a tio n

w orking
to be

in

in

kg

w ere

197 2 ) .
found

evergreen
of

litte r

(L )

th e re
lay er

New B r u n s w i c k .
9 ,5 1 0

co m p o sitio n .
was

a d ecreasin g

w eight

w ith

age

Th e o l d e s t s i t e

tren d

for

an av erag e

produced
B oerner

A ugust s a m p lin g s .

th a t

annual

site

was

leaf

2,413

p ro d u ctio n

and c u r r e n t

kg h a ” 1 ,

was 2 ,7 7 3

p ro d u ctio n
produced

on th e

(1978)

in

W ein

of

(1977)

forest

flo o r

forest

37 y e a r s ,

in
had

flo o r

W isco nsin

found

on an

aspen

on an a s p e n - m a p l e - b i r c h

A nother stu d y

amount

basswood

fo rests

sites

forest

tw ig p r o d u c t i o n

e co sy stem s.

le a st
and

aged

in W isconsin

dem onstrated d iff e r e n c e s

among

th e

m aple

d om in ated

also

w hile

in

(1984)

site

kg h a ” 1 , a n d o n a m a p l e - b i r c h - a s p e n

w a s 3 , 7 2 6 kg h a ” 1 .

a l . 1984)

Crow

and

over

p ro d u ctio n

hardw ood

stu d ied ,

kg h a ” 1 o f u n d e co m p o se d l i t t e r

du rin g

a

yr”1 .

A one-year

litte r

M acLean

litte r

h a-1

showed t h a t

a l.

O hio,

in

litte r.

tissu e

(G osz e t

fo rests

sp ecies

th at

sugar

of

number

3 , 8 5 8 kg h a ” 1 a v e r a g e d o v e r 2 y e a r s a n d f o u r

found

et

a

range

1 5,3 0 0

produce l e s s

d ecid u o u s

zones

m ature

d ifferen t

site

of

in

stu d ies

th e

s a m p l i n g on t h e H ubbard Brook F o r e s t
of

on

and s p e c ie s c o m p o sitio n .

litte rfa ll

stu d ies.

depending

of

had

produced

C o n ifer
litte r,
the
an

in

annual

dom inated
w h ile

hig h est

litte r
fo rests

fo rests

am ount,

in term ed iate

(P a sto r

w ith

and

oak-

le v e l.

In

119
n o rthw estern

low er

d ifferen ces

in

com position.
h a -1

of

M ichigan,

litte r

basswood
like

site

o ak-w hite

d u rin g

m a p le - r e d oak s i t e

an

al.

w ith

oak

autum n

(1986)

also

d ifferen t

site

o v ersto ry

produced

sam p lin g ,

found

1,749

w h ile

a

kg

sugar

p r o d u c e d 3 , 1 7 9 kg h a ” 1 a n d a s u g a r m a p l e -

produced

fo rest

et

p roduction

A black

litte r

Zak

2,624

floor

kg

ha” 1 .

L itter

accumulat io n ,

p ro d u ctio n ,

appear s

to

vary

g e o g r a p h ic a lly and w ith s p e c ie s c o m p o sitio n .
N u trien t
year
a l.

were

m easured

(1972).

tissu e

0.958% ,

Brook

som e

P -

Mg -

sp ecies.

0.169% ,

N and

autumn

and K -

N and

0 .1 8 %

P.

oak
on

d ifferen ces

0.14%

low er

site,
a

c o n cen tratio n s

and

bassw ood

M ichigan
on

w ere:
a

m aple-bassw ood

litte r
seemed

q u ality

un related

autumn

site,

to

et

Mg found

0.083% ,
al.

Ca (1984)

litterfall

oak

co n tain ed

by

co ntained

1.60%

a
oak

black
site ,

in d icatin g

a l.

N and

litte rfa ll

on

m aple-red

( Zak

O h io

et

w hite

0. 7 4 9 %

sugar

deciduous

0. 96 % N a n d 0 . 1 1 % P ,

P,

in

et

sam pled d u rin g

P -

annual

co ntained

concen tratio n s

0 .9 59 %

sugar
in

P,

in

one

Gosz

0.787% ,

P astor

in

0. 8 7 % N a n d 0.1 1%

N itrogen

northw estern

0.815% ,

by
in

-

(1984)

0.479% .

Sugar m aple l i t t e r

0.89%

Ca

litte rfa ll

P co n cen tratio n s

oak c o n ta i n e d

n u trien ts

B oerner

in

sam pled o v er
Forest

0.079%,

C on cen tratio ns w ere: N -

an aly zed

1.239%

of

0.456%.
lev els

litte rfa ll

Hubbard

1.196% ,

K -

n u trien t

O ctober.

the

in

C oncentrations

and

sim ilar

w hite

at

w ere: N -

0.129%,

red

con cen tratio n s

1986).

geographic

in
oakand

sp ecies
N u trien t

d ifferen ces

120
and a l s o
litte r

to

vary g r e a tly

d ep en d in g

on w h e th er

was s a m p le d on a n a n n u a l b a s i s o r o n l y d u r i n g a u tu m n ;

rath er,
th e

seem ed n o t

species

m ajor

com position

v ariab le

of

re la ted

the
to

o v ersto ry

seemed

d ifferen c es

in

to

be

n u trien t

co n cen tratio n of l i t t e r .

Nitrogen mineralization in forested ecosystems
The r a t e
to ta l

a t w hich N i s

aboveground

M assach u setts,
m in eralizatio n
forest
al.

stand

1984).

net

W isco n sin ,
rate

Powers

amount

of

D ouglas

N

(Aber

and

so

be th e

best

M ellilo

found t h a t

index,

to

site s

in

for

Alaska,

to

that

1984,

th e

of

P asto r

et

rates

and f o l i a r

S im ilarly ,

released

fir.

1984,

grow th

N m in eralizatio n

Zak e t a l .

Keeney

N in

(1980)

m in eralizatio n

(1986)

P asto r

et

dom inated
in

one

rates

d em o n strated

a l.

in c u b atio n s

in crease

rates

th e

have

in

was

N fe rtiliz e d

been

in l i t t e r f a l l

co rrelated
(P asto r

et

1986).

r a t e was t w i c e a s g r e a t

H ow ever,

an aero b ic

p r o d u c tio n and N r e t u r n

a l.

ecosystem s

d u rin g

N

m easure

N m in eralizatio n

y ield p o te n tia l,

(P inus p o n d e ro sa ) .

N itrogen

and

and

th o ught

w ith d iam eter

w ith l i t t e r

Zak e t

p ro d u ctio n

related

review o f N m in e r a liz a ti o n s t u d i e s , r e p o r te d t h a t

co rrelated

al.

is

(1980)

c o r r e la te d w ith s i t e

in h is

prim ary

pro d u ctio n

ponderosa p in e

m in e ra liz ed has been

stu d y

th at

am ong

ecosystem s.

th e N m in e ra liz a tio n

in s u g a r m aple e c o s y s te m s a s

(1984)
by

vary

also

co n ifers,
in

th e

found
oaks,

w estern

in o a k ,

d ifferen ces
and
U.S.,

sugar

among
m ap les.

w ith in

site

121
v a r i a b i l i t y w as g r e a t e n o u g h s o t h a t h a b i t a t s i t e s
b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d by N m i n e r a l i z a t i o n
N itro g en m in e ra liz a tio n

rates

ra te s

(K eeney 1 9 8 0 ) .

have

been

found

u n r e l a t e d t o s o i l N a n d pH ( A b e r a n d M e l l i l o

1984,

a l.

not

1984),

ad eq u ately
C:P i n

alth o u g h

so il

q u an tified

litte r

in

th ese

were fo u n d t o

m in eralizatio n

on

p ro p erties

site s

s u p p l y may l i m i t t h e r a t e

stu d ies.

(P astor e t a l .

{ 1 9 8 5 ) , w o r k in g on t h e same s i t e s

did

not

d i d , so

th at

lim itin g

N m in eralizatio n
acid ity

ra te s,

1984).

ad d itio n

rates

In s i t u

tim e consum ing and l a b o r

th at
th e

on

fie ld

as

in

th e

in ten siv e

in cubation
site s

f o r m esic zone s i t e s

in

la b o ra to ry

index o f
a ctu al

in cu b atio n s,

relativ e
v alu e

av ailab le

for

in c u b atio n

of

both

rates

w hich

was

P

of

lim e
to

be

vary,

and

in cu b atio n s
r a t e s , but

w estern

com pared

( Keeney
in

be

1980) .

lab o rato ry

aero b ic

so ils

tra n slated

has

For

in to

been

shown

in

x eric

in c u b atio n s.

and a n a e r o b ic ,
exam ined

to

showing

U.S.,

rath er

give

an

than

an

am ounts

f o r e s t g r o w th on a n a n n u a l b a s i s .
forest

th a t

(P a s to r e t a l . 1984).

m ethod

the

among s i t e s

can

N

t w i c e a s muc h N w a s m i n e r a l i z e d

s i t e s , m ore N was m i n e r a l i z e d
L aboratory

w ith

rates.

are

incubations

C:N a n d

was b e l i e v e d

t h o u g h t t o be t h e b e s t f o r d e t e r m i n i n g a c t u a l

situ

of

been

Sahraw at e t

are

in

et

in d ic a tin g

but

th e b e n e f i t s of each have been d e b a te d .

lab o rato ry

P astor

co rrelated

M ethods o f d e t e r m i n i n g N m i n e r a l i z a t i o n

The a n a e r o b i c

be

found t h a t P a d d i t i o n s

and not P su p p ly

to N m in e ra liz a tio n

to

have

R atio s

W isco n sin ,

al.

a lte r

may

be n e g a t i v e l y

in

could not

to

of

N

An a e r o b i c
m in eralize

122
h ig h e r le v e l s o f N than th e a n a e ro b ic in c u b a tio n ,
to

the

relativ ely

in

forest

authors

so ils

do

not

decid u o u s,
related

state

la b o ra to ry

is

lik ely

m ethods

the

was a f f e c t e d

sto rag e

have a l s o

d u rin g

an aero b ic

th at

values

h ab itat

ammonium-N

after

.

a

or

irreg u larly

and

and

aerobic

(1980)

incubation

com pared

at

tem p eratu re.

w ith

30°C was

although the

lev els

M c N a bb e t

so th a t

betw een

w ith a n a e ro b ic la b o r a to r y

in cu b atio n ,

in c u b atio n .

d rying

th e

con ifero u s

co rrelatio n

Pow ers

2-week

by s o i l

in O regon,

w as

a n aero b ic

b e e n shown t o a f f e c t

varied

types

The

th e

r = 0 .93

th at

present

U n fo rtu n ately ,

forest

in the f i e l d

found

b acteria

t h a t t h e r e w ould be a d i f f e r e n c e

c o m p arab le t o a 6-m onth f i e l d
in c u b atio n

1981).

from

was

in cu b atio n s
and

anaerobic

com position.

13 r e l e a s e d

in cu b atio n s

of

w hether

ov ersto ry

of

anaerobic

lev els

( S m ith e t a l .

and i t

to

am o u n ts

low

l i k e l y due

D ry in g

and

of N released

a l.

sam ples

field

(1986)

from s i x

found
forest

som e s a m p l e s p r o d u c e d m o r e

sto rag e

w hile

o th ers

produced

less.
M y ro ld

(1987)

has

shown

th at

betw een

th e

am ount

of

in cu b atio n

and

m icrobial

c o rre la tio n
anaerobic

chloroform

fumigat io n .

M y ro ld

m in e ra liz e d d u ring

the

decom posers a c ti n g

on d e a d c e l l s

Thus ,

the

anaerobic

p o p u latio n s

of

in cubation

a

strong

N m in e ra liz ed

d u rin g

biom ass

of

microbes

is

as

suggests

may r e s u l t

i ncuba t ion

aerobic

there

aero b ic

m easured
that

by

the

N

from a n a e r o b i c
m icroo rg anism s.

procedure
responsible

m ea s u r e s
for

the

123
d eco m p o sitio n
indicative

of

of

m ost

an

o rg an ic

overall

m atter

site

on

a

potential

site ,
for

and

is

organic

d e co m p o sitio n and r e l e a s e o f a s u i t e o f n u t r i e n t s .
A lthough

th ere

is

still

co n sid erab le

m ethods f o r m e asu rin g N m i n e r a l i z a t i o n ,
im portant

site

tech n iq u e
ecosystem s.

for

p ro d u ctiv ity

m easures

identifying

and

its

makes

d ebate

reg ard in g

a s s o c ia ti o n w ith
it

an

im p o rtan t

distinguishing

among

124
O B J E C T I W S MID HYPOTHESES
The

objective

relatio n sh ip s
com ponents.

of

this

chapter

among v e g e t a t i v e

and

o n how v e g e t a t i o n

com ponents

w ill

help

e c o s y s tern u n i t s .
relatio n sh ip s
for

w ill

are

site

eq u iv alen t
on s o i l

in

classificatio n

is

be

asso ciated

id e n tific a tio n

Inform at ion
v ita l

for

w hich a r e

o rd in atio n s

to

system s,

w ith

o th er

and m apping

regarding

developing

o rd in atio n s

asso ciated

n u trien t

of

e c o s y s t em

in terp retatio n s

on

2)

are

and

th e

structure

and

function

d escrib in g

eco sy stem s),

th is

ground

forest

n u trien ts

3)

are

flo o r
(and

and

in

or

abundance
or

o v ersto ry

tex tu res,

or

c h arac te ristic s

of

im p o rtan t

are

are:

com position

therefore

4)

ch ap ter

flora

d ifferen c es

so il

ra te s,

litterfall

in

b a s e d on o v e r s t o r y

w ith

tu rn o v er

addressed

based

c h arac te ristic s,

com position
to

ecosystem

t h e map u n i t s w h i c h w i l l b e d e v e l o p e d .
The q u e s t i o n s

1)

investigate

O r d i n a t i o n s b a s e d on v e g e t a t i o n a r e n e c e s s a r i l y

in fo rm atio n

site

to

non -v eg etativ e

a p a rt of eco lo g ical or m u lti-fa c to r
and

is

some

to

eco sy stem

important
site

for

p ro p erties

a s s o c i a t e d w ith amount and n u t r i e n t q u a l i t y o f l i t t e r f a l l ?
The a s s o c i a t e d
hy p o th eses

ra th e r

dim ension s i t e
abundance,

of

th an

n u ll

again

in d iv id u al

as
are:

altern ativ e
1)

o r d i n a t i o n s o b t a i n e d from ground f l o r a

2)

site s

stated

h y p o th eses,

oversto ry b asal area,

eq u iv alen t,
betw een

hy potheses,

th e re

w ith
so il

are

and s o i l p r o p e r t i e s

d ifferen ces

d ifferen t
p h y sical

v eg etatio n ,
and

in
3)

chem ical

so il

firstcoverare

not

nutrients

varying

lev els

fe atu re s

are

125
asso ciated

w ith

v eg etativ e

sp ecies

rates

are

first-d im en sio n al
co m position,

asso ciated

w ith

o rd in atio n s
4)

n itrogen

low -level

from v e g e t a t i v e s p e c i e s c o m p o s itio n ,
is

n o t e q u a l on a l l

forest

flo o r

n u trien t

sites,

m aterial

retu rn

in

is

of s ite s
flo ra

w ith
and

th e

o rd in atio n s

litte rfall

equal
is

hypotheses

ob tain ed

on

a ll

site s,

asso ciated

w ill

decomposed

w ith

and

7)

sp ecies

produced.
en tail:

1)

o rd in atio n

a l o n g an e n v i r o n m e n t a l g r a d i e n t e x p r e s s e d by g r o u n d

sp ecies

g eo lo g ic

the

m in eralizatio n

6) a m o u n t o f p a r t i a l l y
not

from

5) a m o u n t o f l i t t e r f a l l

c o m p o s i t i o n and amount o f l i t t e r f a l l
A ddressing

obtain ed

abundance,

featu res,
o rd in atio n

litte rfa ll

2)

com paring g r a d i e n t s

litte rfa ll,
of

ground

c h aracteristics

and
flo ra,
among

o v ersto ry
and

3)

groups

d i f f e r e n t o v e rs to ry s p e c ie s com position.

of

so il

and

com position

com paring

so il

of

w ith

sites

126
METHODS AMD MATERIALS
M ethods u s e d
field

sam pling

flo o r

sam ples a r e

sam pling

for

and

lab o rato ry
describ ed

v eg etatio n ,

m in eralizatio n

selectio n

and

rates,

sam ple

analyses

of

C hapter

2.

in

in

of

th e

site s,
so ils

and

M ethods

d eterm in atio n

are d escrib ed

and

in t h i s

for

forest
used

of

in

n itro g en

sectio n .

Field sampling for vegetation and nitrogen mineralization
O v e rs to ry m easurem ents used v a r i a b l e - r a d i u s
ta lly

tre e s

p rism

at

id en tified

each

su b p lo ts

su b p lo t.

included

the o v e rs to ry .

basal

each

along

was p r e s e n t

classes
V alues

w ere

Frequency
p lacin g
so u th

except

area

by

sp ecies

d escrib ed

w here

th e

basal

w ere

and

a

strong
was

each

over

based

the

four

1 m^ f r a m e s
and

the

species
by

abundance c la s s e s

at

n o tin g

fram es.

w ere
24,

placed
and

to ta l

5 by

were c o n v e r te d

of

of

g rad ien t
to

th e

cover-abundance
o b serv atio n .
at

each

each

site -le v el

site .

su b p lo t

along

by d i v i d i n g

to

cen ter

p a ra llel

su b p lo ts

of

age

30 m p l o t

the

on v i s u a l

number

four

the s i t e .

p resen ce/ab sen ce
Average

th e

p h y siographic

5 m in terv als

determ ined

th e

a

of

w ith

factor

average

through

id e n tifie d ,

to

averaged

w ith in

occurrences

area

each

within

tran sect

tran sect

assigned

tra n sec t,

each

10

o f o c c u r r e n c e was m e a s u r e d a t

six

sp ecies

w ere

S p ecies

were

a

M easurem ents a t

n o rth -so u th

and

g ra d ie n t.

for

a

su b p lo t,

of

M easurem ents w ere a v e ra g e d f o r

G round f l o r a
lo cated

by u s e

p lo ts

the
of

by

n o rth v ario u s

frequencies

the

fram es.

ranked v a lu e s

number

of

(^over­
according

127
to

a

m odified

3 .1 ).

A scale

a n aly sis
sp ecies

B raun-B lanquet
such as

because
cover

in

it

th is

cover-abundance
is

allo w s

the

field

in terv als.

A lso,

le ss

eco lo g ical

sig n ifican ce

scale

co m m o n ly u s e d

easier

than a

abundant

v isu al

scale

v eg etatio n

e stim atio n

com prised

sp ecies

th an

in

may h a v e

sp ecies

(T able

of

of

equal

a

g reater

la rg e r

cover.

S c a les used in v e g e ta tio n a n a ly s is a re designed so th a t
abundant sp ecies
the

g reater

r e c e iv e a h ig h e r w eight

number

of

categ o ries

among

in
th e

of

an aly sis
low er

less

due

to

coverages

( M u e l l e r - D o m b o i s a n d E l l e n b e r g 1974).
T able 3 .1 .
C over-abundance c la s s e s
used in v e g e ta tio n a n a ly s is .

and c o rre s p o n d in g

Coverage c l a s s m id p o in t
%

Rank

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

0.05
0.5
2
10
25
50
80

C ore

sam ples o f

were o b t a i n e d

th e

fo r a study

These

sam ples

flo o r

sam p les.

w ere

surface
of

co lle cte d

A co m p o site

0-10

n itro g en
at

to each f o r e s t

th e

sam ple o f

f l o o r sam ple

cm o f

m in eral

m in eralizatio n

o b ta in e d a t each su b p lo t w ith in a s i t e ,
ad jacen t

ranks

so il
rates.

same

tim e

as

six

so il

cores

w i t h tw o c o r e s

(F igure 2 . 2 ) .

forest
was

taken

128
Laboratory

procedure

for

determination

of

nitrogen

mineralization rates
The c o m p o s i t e s o i l
bags

in sid e

in d iv id u al

refrig erated
m oist s o i l
ro o ts;

at

fine

ro o ts

sam p les were p la c e d

waxed

4°C f o r

was s i e v e d

in cu b atio n

core

cardboard

10 w e e k s

to

w ere

in clu d ed

and a n a ly s is

an aly zed .

fragm ents

w ith

th e

(1987),

was u s e d .

except

th at

a

T echnicon

and

F ield

a n d medium

sam ple.

m ethod was a m o d i f i c a t i o n

a n a e r o b i c t e c h n i q u e o f Keeney and Brem ner
M yrold

p lastic

co n tain ers,

until

remove c o a r s e

in

(1966)

The
of

th e

rep o rted

au to an aly zer

M i n e r a l i z a b l e N was c a l c u l a t e d a s t h e

in

system

in crease

aramoniura-N c o n c e n t r a t i o n d u r i n g a 7 d a y i n c u b a t i o n a t

in

40°C.

Numerical analyses
S i t e s w e re o r d i n a t e d by r e c i p r o c a l a v e r a g i n g
ranked

ground

m o d ified
having

have

cover-abundance

B rau n -B lan q u et

zero

one s i t e ,

flo ra

frequency,

v alues

cover-abundance

and

also

species

deriv ed

been

determined

sca le .

to

be

of

on

value

u sin g

an

o p tio n

only

sp ecies
in

av ailab le

DECORANA p r o g r a m o f t h e C o r n e l l E c o l o g y P a c k a g e
RA a n d c o r r e s p o n d e n c e a n a l y s i s
calcu latin g

O thers

S p ecies

occu rrin g

l i t t l e

a

s ite

(Gauch 1 9 8 2 ) .

RA w a s p e r f o r m e d

used

from

w ere n o t u sed in th e a n a l y s i s b e c a u s e r a r e

o rd in atio n

are

(RA) u s i n g

th e

s am e

site

in terch an g eab ly

(G reenacre

1984)

feel

(H ill

th e

1979).

(CA) a r e d i f f e r e n t m e t h o d s o f

ord in atio n
by

in

some
th at

scores,

au th o rs
th e

names

and

the

(P ie lo u
should

names
1984).

be

kept

129
sep arate,
m atrix

s o t h a t CA w o u l d o n l y b e u s e d

so lu tio n

A greem ent o f
v erified
w hich

RA o n l y

to

CA w i t h RA u s i n g

th e

th e

th e

been

d ata

perform ed

m atrix

was

o p tio n

u sin g

axes.

those

as

determ ined

(1984)

procedure.

RA i n

except

th at

by

RA i n

th at

on

DECORANA,

DECORANA h a d

the o rd er o f

DECORANA w e r e

the

site s

and

id en tical

to

i n P i e l o u ' s CA r e s u l t .
Site

groups

com pared
Chapter

u sin g
2 for

in d iv id u al

based

th e

same

te sts

of

to

among

ev alu ate

o rd in atio n s
f r o m PCA o f
( SAS)

lin ear

( SAS

m ethods

w hich

w ere

groups

based

on

group

m eans

test

with

were

em ployed

in

depositional

was

followed

reduced

were s i g n i f i c a n t l y

c o rrelatio n s

co rre la tio n

asso ciatio n s
used

co m p o sitio n

degrees

d ifferen t

by
of

(S teel

1980).

Sim ple
rank

overstory

A Kruskal-Wallis

freed o m w here v a r i a n c e s
and T o r r ie

on

comparing

environments.

of

DECORANA w a s

matrix

with

the

t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s c o r e s by a c o n s t a n t t o s c a l e

The c o m p a r i s o n c o n f i r m e d

sam ples

in

to

so lu tio n .

from P i e l o u
th e

an aly zed

o u tp u t ag reed w ith P i e l o u ' s r e s u l t
m u ltip lied

reference

ite ra tiv e

u s in g an exam ple d a t a m a tr ix

CA h a d

When

and

in

w ere

site

and

used

to

v ariab les.

a sso c iatio n s

Spearm an*s
test

th e

These

betw een

d a ta .

Institute

The S t a t i s t i c a l

Inc.

1985)

was

stre n g th

tests
first

f r o m RA o f o v e r s t o r y a n d g r o u n d
so ils

c o efficien t

flo ra

w ere

for

c o r r e l a t i o n s and f o r com paring o v e r s t o r y g r o u p s .

also

d im en sio n
d ata,

A n aly sis

used

of

and

System

o b tain in g

130
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In
sp ecies

th is

ch ap ter,

ranked

di scussed

relativ e
and

site

reference

O verstory

to

o rd in atio n

cover-abundance

with

environm ents.

a

ground

litte rfa ll

v alu es

to

ground

d ep o sitio n al

flo ra

d escrib ed ,

and

depos i t ional

com position

ch aracteristics.

ra te s are presented,

is

g la c ia l

sp ecies

flo ra,

using

is

discussed

environm ents,

N itrogen

so il,

m in eralizatio n

and t h e i r a s s o c ia ti o n s w ith v e g e ta tio n ,

s o i l and d e p o s i t i o n a l en v iro n m en ts a r e d i s c u s s e d .
S ite

o rd in atio n
Ranked

RA o f

the

by

ground

flora a b u n d a n c e

cover-abundance

24 s i t e s

and

ground

flo ra

81 s p e c i e s .

data

were

used

RA w a s p e r f o r m e d

in

using

a n o p t i o n i n t h e DECORANA p r o g r a m ; o n l y f o u r e i g e n v a l u e s a n d
the a s s o c ia te d

sam ple and s p e c i e s

a r e g i v e n by t h e p r o g r a m .
v e c to r s w ere,
Of

the

vecto rs

th e second fo r
11.8% .

S ince t o t a l v a r i a b i l i t y

n o t known.

much

more

arrangem ent

It

The

so il

the

v a ria b ility
of

sp ecies

and

three

RA

the

eig en v ecto r

first

first

four

0 .1 6 4 ,

and

0 .14 6 .

accounted

for

53.1% ,

f o r 13 .2 % a n d t h e

fo u rth

for

is

n o t g i v e n by t h e p r o g r a m ,

to ta l

sum m arized by any v e c t o r

than
sites

any
w ith

of

v ecto r c o n tain s

the

respect

o th e r s .
to

th e

The
first

in te r p r e te d as being a s s o c ia te d w ith

tex tu re-n u trien t

other

0 .2 7 1 ,

is ap parent th a t the f i r s t

v e c t o r w as s u b j e c t i v e l y
th e

the

the th ird

th e a c tu a l p ercentage of
is

0.6 5 8 ,

given,

21.9% ,

in

Th e e i g e n v a l u e s o f t h e

resp ectiv ely ,

four

scores

g rad ien t

axes

did

describ ed
not

have

in
an

C hapter

2.

apparent

131
in terp reta tio n ,
Some o f

and were n o t u sed in t h i s d i s c u s s i o n .

th e

o rd in a tio n

of

o rd in a tio n

ax is

v alu es
also

of

im p o rtan t

site s
in

th ese

b y RA a r e
F ig u re

in

T ab le

abundances

of

Vac c in iu m

are

the o rd in a tio n

3.2.

present
ax is.

on s i t e s

can ad en sis,

and

a

g reater

th e

on s i t e s

but

abundance does

its

Because

of

its

the

le ft

sp ecies

in

n o rth eastern

n orthw estern p a rt
of

c ertain

sim ila r
occurs

eco sy stem

tren d
at

cen ter of

of the

is

sim ilar

low er
state.

groups

apparent

the

le ft

rig h t

of

of
the

O sm orhiza

c h ilen sis

V iburnum

V io la

N through 0 in
acerifo liu m

of

the

is

o rd in atio n ,

at

the

across

cen ter.

most

of

the

not as u s e f u l an in d ic a to r
M ichigan
There,

it

as
is

it

is

an

(H ost e t a l . 1987,
for

abundances

the o rd in a tio n .

is

Pteridium

of

abundance

g r a d i e n t , Viburnum a c e r i f o l i u m

high

of

and c e n t e r

in

are

presence

n o t i n c r e a s e on s i t e s

sim ilarity

first

that

and

th a n i s p r e s e n t on s i t e s

present

in

th e

abundance

o rd in a tio n .

at

show s

T through M a t

by

th e

sp ec ie s,

D t h r o u g h F on t h e

ch aracterized

of

o th er

3.1

used

cover-abundance

angu s t i f o lium

are

cen ter

Ranked

Figure

S ites

and G alium t r i f l o r u m

sp ecies

diagram m ed a l o n g

3 .1 .

o rd in atio n

th e

flora

s p e c i e s , and s e le c te d

show n

aqu ilin iu m

ground

S m ilacin a

through

in d ic a to r
1988).

racem osa,
at

the

th e

A

w hich

le ft

and

a l b a , w hich

in creases

i n a b u n d a n c e o n s i t e s M t h r o u g h 0 , may b e a u s e f u l

in d icato r

sp ecies fo r

th ese s i t e s .

P renanthes

site s

in

132

F igu re 3 .1 .

C o ver-abundance of s e le c te d ground f l o r a
s p e c i e s f o r s i t e s o r d i n a t e d by r e c i p r o c a l
a v e ra g in g o f ranked ground f l o r a s p e c ie s c o v e r abundance v a lu e s .

Cover-abundance
12

9

6

133

3

0

T H L Q V W X R y ^ S K P
J I 0 D U S C A 6 B E F
RA ordered sites
Vaccinium

mil P ren an th es

P teridiu m

Sm ilacina

Viburnum

O sm orh iza

Galium

Viola can.

Table 3.2.

S ite

Ranked covei— abundance values of selected ground flora species.

V accin iu m
a n g u stlfo l1 u m

P te rld lu m

S m ila c in a

a a u l 1 1n1um

racem osa

P re n a n th e s

O sm orhlza

G a 11um

a lb a

c h ile n sls

t r 1 f loru m

-------------

0 .5 0

0 .7 5

0 .2 5

-------------

H

2 .7 5

4 .0 0

-----------------

-------------

0 .2 5

0 .5 0

2 .2 5

1.75

1.50

0 .5 0

0 .5 0

2 .7 5

2 .2 5

1.25

K

-------------

1.75

2 .2 5

1.25

L

4 .2 5

5 .0 0

1 .00

1 .0 0

-----

0 .2 5

M

2.0 0

2.7 5

2 .0 0

1.75

2 .2 5

-------------

N

0 .2 5

1 .7 5

0.5 0

1 .5 0

2.0 0

2 .7 5

0

---------

1.00

-----

1.50

0.2 5

P

---------

1 .2 5

0 .5 0

1 .00

0.2 5

Q

3.0 0

3 .5 0

1.00

0 .5 0

0.2 5

0 .2 5

R

2 .2 5

2 .2 5

2 .0 0

0 .5 0

-----

S

-----

-----

0.7 5

T

3 .2 5

3 .2 5

1 .5 0

U

-----

-----

-----

-------------

V

2.0 0

4 .0 0

0 .5 0

0 .2 5

w

2 .2 5

4 .5 0

0.7 5

X

2.0 0

3 .2 5

1.00

C
D
E
F

I
J

-----

V io la
canadense

O ry zo p sls

M la nthe m u m

a sp e rlfo l1 a

canadense

-----

3 .0 0

0 .5 0

1 .2 5

2 .2 5

-----

2 .7 5

---------

-----

0.7 5

2 .5 0

3.0 0

1.00

1 .7 5

0.7 5

1 .7 5

2 .7 5

1.50

0.7 5

1 .00

1.50

3 .0 0

4 .2 5

1.0 0

1 .0 0

0 .5 0

3.0 0

2 .2 5

3 .2 5

2.5 0

2 .0 0

-----

-----

1.75

2 .0 0

2 .5 0

0 .2 5

0 .5 0

0 .5 0

2 .7 5

2 .2 5

2 .7 5

---------

1 .7 5

-----

-----

-----

1 .0 0

-----

-----

-----------------

---------------------------------------------

0 .7 5

2 .0 0

2 .2 5

0 .2 5

-----

-----

0.7 5

----1.75

1.50

2 .2 5

1.25

-------------

---------

0.2 5

0 .5 0

0.2 5

-------------

0.7 5

2 .0 0

2 .0 0

3.0 0

3 .2 5

1.0 0

2 .5 0

0 .7 5

1 .5 0

2 .5 0

0 .2 5

2 .7 5

1 .5 0

0 .5 0

1.50

0 .2 5

1 .0 0

1.5 0

1.25

2 .0 0

2.0 0

2.0 0

0 .5 0

1 .5 0

---------------------

1 .0 0

0 .7 5

0.5 0

0 .5 0

1 .7 5

1.25

2.7 5

0 .5 0

3.2 5

1.25

134

-------------

G

-----------------------------

A
B

-----

V iburnum
a c e rlfo M u m

135
Site ordination by ground flora ranked cover-abundance

in

relation to depositional environment
S ites

T,

B, a n d L a r e

and g ra v e l s t r a t i f i c a t i o n
produced

first

th ese

outw ash sand w ith

in the su b stratu m .

f r o m RA o f g r o u n d

v alu es p laces
the

form ed i n

th ree

flo ra

site s

dim ension a x i s ,

sp ecies

to g eth er

w ith

sand

The o r d i n a t i o n
cover-abundance

at

the

a herbaceous

far

lay er

le ft

of

dom inated

by V accin iu m and P t e r i d i u m .
S ites

V,

Q,

d im en sio n

W,

X, and R a p p e a r

o rd in a tio n

a x i s , w ith

next

alo n g

a herbaceous

th e

first

lay er

s till

d o m in a te d by V a c c in iu m and P t e r i d i u m , b u t o f l e s s e r
than
R

th at

w ere

form ed

m aterial
in

fou n d on s i t e s
in

d ep o sitio n al

co n tain in g

ice-ra fted

loam y

M,

K,

and

in c lu sio n s

in

P w ere
th e

v e g e t a t i o n w hich d i f f e r s
S ite

S m ilacina

M has
than

en v iro n m en ts

of

loamy m a t e r i a l

A lso ,
p laced

site
w ith

or

and

sandy c la y
w h ile

so il

R have

site s

of

sites

a

la rg er

M,

and

sites

form ed

has

loam y

d escrip tio n s

accu m u latio n s

loam o r
K,

heav ier
and

in

from t h a t

ou tw ash
flow

till

o u tw ash

w ith

P,

till

near

le ss

th e

com ponent

and

w ith

th at

th ic k e r

60
the

and
of

loam y

V accin iu m .
surface,

o rd in atio n

in

have

Q, V, W, X,

th e

th an

so il

site s

outw ash

revealed

tex tu red
have

in

th ese

P terid iu m

M, K, a n d P a l o n g

sites
of

form ed
but

K and P lack

N, w hich

E xam ination
X,

S ites

also

su b stratu m ,

Prenanth e s ,

th e o th e r

in c lu sio n s.

W,

S i t e s Q, V, W, X, a n d

th e substratum .
S ites

R.

T , H, a n d L .

coverage

site s

is

a x is.
Q,

V,

cm t h i c k

of

su b stratu m ,

acc u m u la tio n s.

136
A lth o u g h

th e

appears
th ick

number

th at

th e

of

site s

in

th is

v eg etal o rd in a tio n

group

is

sm all,

sep arated

so ils

it

w ith

s u b s tr a tu m t e x t u r a l a c c u m u la tio n s from t h o s e w ith t h i n

accu m u latio n s.
Port

B ruce

till

P o r t H uron s i t e s
ax is,

sites

alo n g

th e

d ep o sit.

featu re

o ccu rrin g

ou tw ash ,
2 .3 )

to

surface,

even

the

fab ric

of

The

som e o t h e r

it

Port

on

a

is

th e

of

is

till

m aterial,

U,

w ere p l a c e d

o rd in atio n .

For

w h ich

S w ould

purposes

w ere

among t h e

These s i t e s

(F ig u re
in

of

w ith

th e

lo w er

ero sio n al
w hich

D etailed

site

C reek

site

an aly sis
be

of

required

o f P o r t B ruce o r P o r t H uron a g e ,

d e p o sit.

C and

m o rain al

Loud

a n d may b e a n

i t .

of yet

lo cated
but

of

o rd in a tio n

of

th is

stu d y ,

was t r e a t e d a s a n o u t l i e r a n d d r o p p e d fro m f u r t h e r
S ites

rig h t

rem nant

of

site

B ruce

p laces

is

flo ra

d e p o sits,

and m in e ra lo g y

to d e te rm in e w hether

the

S , w h i c h may b e t i l l

th e G len n ie m oraine,

p o ssib ly

to

th e G le n n ie m o rain e

H uron

o r d i n a t i o n by g r o u n d f l o r a
till

ground

boundary

of

1981) .

P ort

placed

located

th e

n o rth east

of

than

S is

w ith in

1977 ,

area

elev atio n

S ite

th e

(B u rg is

general

or

first

w ith th e e x ce p tio n of s i t e

a nother

the

w ere a l l

have

a

form ed

in

till

site s

high

coverage

it

an aly ses.

la c u strin e

by g r o u n d
of

flo ra

O sm orhiza

and G alium .
The f i r s t
RA o f

ranked

reaso n ab ly

dim ension o f
ground

w ell

w ith

flo ra

th e

site

ord in atio n

cover-abundance

d ep o sitio n al

environm ent

o b tain ed

by

corresponded
categ o ries,

137
except

th at

lacu strin e

sites

w ere n o t

outw ash s i t e s

w ere p l a c e d a t t h e f a r

S ites

in

form ed

m aterial,
the

w ith

outw ash
less

substratum ,

w ith

than

w ere

S ites

w hich

tex tu ra l

accum ulations

Sandy

l e f t of the f i r s t

ax is.

in clu sio n s

of

ice-ra fte d

60 cm o f a c c u m u l a t e d

placed

s ite s.

d istin g u ish ed .

to

the

h ad m ore
in

rig h t

th an

of

till

loamy s o i l
sandy

6 0 cm o f

outw ash

loam y

th e s u b s tr a tu m were p l a c e d

so il
to

r i g h t o f t h o s e sites w i t h t h i n n e r a c c u m u l a t i o n s .

T ill

w ere

a x is,

p laced

sep arated
w ith

th e

according

th e

to

sites

d ep o sitio n al

of

th e

o rd in a tio n

th e

site s
and

P o r t B ruce o r P o r t Huron d e p o s i t i o n ,
of

C and

D iv id in g

so th a t

rig h t

exception

L acu strin e
s ite s .

at

in

site

U were

th e se

environm ent

the a s s o c ia tio n s

may

S which
placed

s ite s

w ith

in to

produced

Port

here

w ith

eroded.

B ruce

groups

groups

id e n tifie d

be

based

few

should

till
on

m em bers,

be v e r i f i e d

w ith a la r g e r d a ta s e t .

Site ordination by ground flora ranked cover-abundance in
relation to soil properties
S ite

scores

in

th e

first

o rd in atio n

ground f l o r a

ranked cover-ab u n d an ce

in

PC o f

the

first

C hapter

2,

are

betw een

ground

scores,

for

the

data

sep arate

sh ow n i n
flo ra
first

so il

lab

th e

d ata

w hich i n c lu d e d

so il

T able

axes

valu es,
analyses

3 .3 .

o rd in atio n

Th e

scores

only,

ax is

w as

of

RA o f

and s i t e

scores

as

discussed

sim ple

and

co rrelatio n

so il

r = 0 .832;

co rrelatio n

w as

r = - 0 .890,

organic

lay ers

th e

in

field

w ith
and

data

m ineral

w ith

so il

co rrelatio n

w as

T ab le 3 .3 .

S i t e r a n k s a n d s c o r e s f r o m f 1 r s t - d 1 m e n s 1 o n RA o r d i n a t i o n s o f g r o u n d f l o r a r a n k e d c o v e r - a b u n d a n c e v a l u e s

a n d o v e r s t o r y BA by s p e c i e s , a n d f r o m PCA o f s o i l s d a t a .

SUe

O v ersto ry

G r o u n d f 1o r a

S o lls - f le ld d a ta

S o 1 ls-la b o ra to ry d a ta
(m in e ral

RA r a n k

RA s c o r e

RA r a n k

RA s c o r e

PCA r a n k PCA s c o r e

PCA r a n k

so il)
PCA s c o r e

S o 1 ls -la b o ra to ry d a ta
(o r g a n ic and m in e ral
PCA r a n k

so il)

PCA s c o r e

20

-129

24

-175

14

-0 .3 9

7

0.91

13

0.0 2

B

22

-1 5 2

21

-155

24

-1 .3 0

6

0 .9 3

4

0 .8 9

C

19

-127

IB

-142

10

-0 .2 4

13

-0 .0 8

6

0.6 7

D

16

-100

19

-146

16

-0 .5 5

10

0 .4 8

17

-0 .4 8

E

23

-154

17

-141

15

-0 .4 6

12

0.31

15

-0 .0 8

F

24

-170

23

-163

20

-0 .8 0

2

1 .2 3

7

0 .5 9

G

21

-1 5 1

20

-154

IB

-0 .6 3

8

0 .7 9

12

0 .1 3
-1 .3 6

H

2

194

4

202

3

1 .66

24

-1 .6 1

22

I

14

-72

11

-14

21

-1 .0 9

5

1 .01

2

1 .4 4

J

13

-68

13

-55

17

-0 .6 2

9

0 .6 3

8

0 .3 5

K

11

-20

10

49

11

-0 .3 1

11

0 .4 3

11

0.1 6

L

3

193

2

448

2

1 .7 9

20

-1 .1 9

23

-1 .3 3

M

9

109

6

166

12

-0 .3 1

16

-0 .3 5

14

-0 .0 5

N

10

0

14

-97

23

-1 .2 3

3

1.10

1

2 .5 0

0

15

-73

16

-138

13

-0 .3 8

4

1.03

3

1.25

P

12

-5B

12

-23

7

0 .5 8

14

-0 .2 2

9

0 .2 8

Q

4

192

3

217

8

0 .5 6

17

-0 .9 6

16

-0 .3 8

R

e

155

7

135

6

0 .9 4

19

-1 .1 6

20

-1 .0 1

S

IB

-114

22

-159

22

-1 .1 6

1

1 .46

10

0 .2 7

T

1

206

1

49B

1

1 .8 8

23

-1 . 3 4

24

-1 .6 9

U

17

-113

15

-137

19

-0 .7 2

15

0 .2 5

5

0 .7 4

V

5

1B7

9

12B

5

1.1 6

21

- 1 .2 4

21

-1 . 0 3

w

6

ISO

B

129

4

1.38

22

-1 .3 3

19

-0 .9 5

X

7

174

5

175

9

0 .2 3

18

-1 .1 1

18

-0 .9 2

138

A

139
r= -0 .6 8 5 .

C o rre la tio n s

sig n ific a n t

at

in flu en ced

among

a l p h a = 0 .05

for

th ese

n=24.

are

a ll

C o rre la tio n s

are

by sam p le

size

so

r v a l u e s may r e s u l t

from

random c o r r e l a t i o n s

in flu en ce

of

n ecessarily
appear

to

a

v a ria b le

th at

scores

not

be m e a n in g fu l.

in d ic a te

th a t

statistically

stu d ie d ,

H ow ever,

th ere

is

and

th ese

an

sig n ifican t
or

from

th e

so

may

not

c o rre la tio n s

asso ciatio n

betw een

g r a d i e n t s o f s o i l p r o p e r t i e s and o f h e rb a ce o u s v e g e t a t i o n .
D if f e r e n t s o i l p r o p e r tie s a re a s s o c ia te d w ith th e
axes

of

th e

lab o rato ry

sep a ra te

d ata

c o rre la tio n
dim ension;
w eights

so il

scores

w ith

in

ground

PC A ' s .

th e
flo ra

The a s s o c i a t i o n

catio n s

betw een

and
th e

m in e ra l

PC h a d

first

t h e PC o f m i n e r a l s o i l

B horizon

The

first

RA s c o r e s

th e
in

s o il

h ig h est

th e

fir s t

lab o rato ry d ata p o s itiv e ly

n eg ativ ely

w eights

tw o g r a d i e n t s

acid ity .

in d ic a te s

th a t

flo ra

on s i t e s

w i t h l o w s c o r e s o n t h e f i r s t RA a x i s o c c u r

areas

o f h ig h

B n u trien t

h ig h

RA s c o r e s

co rre la tio n

of

occur

in

firs t

dim en s io n

d i m e n s i o n PCA s c o r e s o f
org an ic
those

lay ers

w hich

and th o s e s i t e s

areas

so il

in d icates

have

s t a t u s , and f l o r a

organic

that

are

th o se

w ith

site s

lay ers

of

w ith

a cid ity .

RA s c o r e s

lab o rato ry

L ikew ise,

d i m e n s i o n RA s c o r e s w i t h f i r s t
in d icates

h ig h

site s

data

w ith

w hich

The
fir s t

inclu d ed

w ith

l o w RA s c o r e s

high

n u trien t

are

co n ten t,

w i t h h i g h RA s c o r e s h a v e o r g a n i c l a y e r s w i t h

low l e v e l s o f n u t r i e n t s .

data

of

on

in

th at

sites

g reater

w ith

the c o r r e la tio n

of f i r s t

d i m e n s i o n PCA s c o r e s o f f i e l d
low s c o r e s

am ounts

of

loam y

in

b oth

analyses

tex tu red

s o il.

140
Thus,

in

a

general

herbaceous sp e c ie s
S p e a rm a n 's
calcu lated
in

the

co rrelatio n
ground

lay ers

site

of

of

are

s ig n if ic a n t

rank

the

the

co rrelatio n

in

first

the

d ifferen t

so il

of

d ata

A ll

th ese

fo r

the

same a s

for

c o r r e l a t i o n s among s i t e

scores.

tho se

w ith

ranks

data

was

o rg an ic

PCA o f

field

co rrelatio n s

n = 24 ,
the

The
RA o f

in clu d in g

and w ith

r s = 0.770.

RA a n d

of

lab o rato ry

w as r s = - 0 . 6 4 3 ,

of

also

PCA' s .

v alu es

a l p h a = 0 .0 5

are

were

dim ension

a t

in terp retatio n s

abundance

dim ension

first

lab o rato ry

was

and

co rrelatio n s

several

m ineral

co rrelatio n

the

of

cover-abundance

PCA o f

d ata

occurrence

to s o il p ro p e rtie s .

in

ranks

sp ecies

w ith

th e

ranks

site

b y PCA

r s = -0 .77 0;

related

dim ension o f

flo ra

produced

is

the

co efficien t

for

first

sense,

and

sim ple

th e

lin ear

Site ordination by ground flora abundance in relation to
overstory species composition and basal area
A chart
basal

area

outw ash

ax is

and

S ites

form ed
in

1 S cien tific

3 .2 ).

oak
in

the

com position

(m^ h a - 1 ) i s

dom inated

and p in

sp ecies

produced

(F igure

b lack

cm t h i c k

ov ersto ry

by s p e c i e s

o rd in atio n
abundance

of

by

S ites
by

in

w ith

substratum ,

names o f t r e e

RA o f
T,

th e
loamy

along

ground

H, a n d L ,

V accinium

sp ecies

outw ash

arrayed

and

form ed

P terid iu m ,
(T ab le

in clu sio n s
sites

sp ecies appear

the

flo ra

o v ersto ry

in cluding

expressed

less

as

first

sp ecies
in

sandy

co n tain
3 .4 )1 .
than

Q through

in T able 3 .5 .

60

M on

141

Figure

3 .2 .

O verstory
basal
area of se le c te d sp ecies for
s i t e s o r d i n a t e d by r e c i p r o c a l a v e r a g i n g o f
ran k ed ground f l o r a s p e c ie s c o v e r-a b u n d a n c e
v alu es.

T H L

R. maple
liiillil Basswood

R M M K P J
1 O D U S C A G B E F
RA ordered sites
B/P oaks

W. oak

R. oak

S. maple

W. ash

Other

j

Table 3.4.

Mean basal area of overstory species.

S ite

B l a c k , P in W h ite

Red

Red B a ssw o o d S u g a r W h i t e B e e c h P a p e r Q u a k i n g B l g t o o t h B l a c k

m aple
oaks
oak
oak
m aple a s h
< --------------------------------------------------------------------------------m2 .h -a 1

b irch

aspen

aspen

Ironw ood W h ite

cherry

T o ta l

p in e
>

BA

A

-

-

-

-

3 .4

2 3 .6

-

-

-

-

-

-

27.1

-

-

-

-

6 .9

17.2

4 .6

0 .7

-

-

-

B

3 .0

-

-

-

32.1

C

-

-

-

-

1 8 .4

9 .2

1.1

0 .7

-

-

5 .3

-

0 .7

-

35.1

0

-

-

-

-

10.3

14.5

-

-

-

-

4. 1

-

-

-

2 8 .7

E

-

-

-

-

6 .9

11.5

1.1

4 .6

-

-

3 .4

0 .7

-

-

2 9 .4

-

-

-

-

4.1

3 .0

-

-

1 .1

-

-

-

27.1

-

-

-

6 .4

17.2
18.4

1 .8

-

-

-

-

-

3 .0

-

-

-

2 8 .2

H

6 .9

3 .0

-

12.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

0 .7

-

-

-

2 2 .5

I

-

-

-

14.9

4 .6

5 .7

-

-

4 .6

1.1

1.1

-

-

1.1

3 3 .3

J

-

-

-

11.5

4 .6

6 .9

2 .3

3 .4

-

-

-

1.1

1.1

-

3 1 .0

K

5 .7

-

-

2 5 .3

1.1

4 .6

1.1

3 .4

2 .3

-

-

-

-

-

4 3 .6
2 7 .6

L

1.8

19.1

1.8

3 .4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

5 .7

12.6

-

-

-

-

-

1 .8

5 .7

-

-

M

-

1.1

-

-

2 5 .3

N

-

-

-

8 .0

16 .1

6 .9

2 .3

2 .3

1 .1

-

-

-

2 .3

3 .4

4 2 .5

0

-

-

-

2 .3

18.4

3 .4

10.3

1. 1

-

-

2 .3

-

3 9 .0

-

-

-

18.4

4 .6

5 .7

5 .7

1.1

-

-

-

-

1.1
-

-

P

-

3 5 .6

Q

4 .6

-

23 .0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

5 .7

-

-

-

3 3 .3

R

6 .9

-

1 .1

2 3 .0

-

-

-

-

-

-

1.1

-

-

-

32.1

S

-

-

-

-

6 .9

5 .7

1 6.1

9 .2

1. 1

-

-

-

-

-

3 9 .0

T

-

1 2 .6

-

0 .7

-

-

-

-

-

-

1.1

-

-

0 .7

14.9

U

-

-

-

3 .4

11.5

18.4

-

-

3 .4

-

-

-

-

-

36 .7
3 4 .4

'

V

8 .0

-

-

24. 1

-

-

-

-

-

-

2 .3

-

-

-

w

2 .3

-

3 .4

2 1 .8

-

-

-

-

-

-

2 .3

-

-

-

2 9 .8

X

4 .6

-

8 .0

14.5

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

27.1

1A3

F
G

144
Table 3.5.

Common and scientific names of tree species.

Common name

S c i e n t i f i c name

R ed m a p l e
Sugar m aple
N o r t h e r n r e d oak
P in oak
B lack oak
W h ite oak
Beech
W hite a sh
Basswood
B lack c h e r r y
Ironwood
Paper b irc h
Q uaking a sp e n
B ig to o th aspen
E a s te rn w hite p in e
Red p i n e
Jack p ine

Acer rubrum
Acer saccharum
Q uercus ru b ra
Q uercus p a l u s t r i s
Q uercus v e l u t i n a
Q uercus a lb a
Faqus g r a n d i f o l i a
F rax in u s am ericana
T i l i a am ericana
Prunus se ro tin a
O strya v irq in ia n a
B etula p a p y rife ra
P opulus tr e m u lo id e s
Populus q r a n d i d e n t a t a
P inus s tro b u s
P inus re s in o s a
Pinus b an k sian a

th e f i r s t

RA o r d i n a t i o n a x i s ,

b u t do c o n ta i n a h ig h b a s a l
of

th ese

site s

selectiv e

also

e lim in a te d and/or
S ites
I ,

a

w h ite

species fo r

reduced i t s

to ta l

th e

ground

basal

oak

or

pin

oaks.

red o a k .

Most

com p o n en t,

but

railro ad

tie s

flo ra

area

(BA)

in clu d in g s i t e s

o rd in a tio n ,
of

th e

by s u g a r m aple and bassw ood s p e c i e s .

site s

large

component o f

have

a

sm aller

till

lack

e n tire ly

oak

com ponent.

a n o rth ern
of

th e

n orthern

m ore

S ites

red oak,
S ites

w hile
form ed

dom inated

I and J
sites
in

n o rth ern

th e

stu d ie d .

support
N and

Port

red oak com ponent and a r e
ty p ic a l

N, J ,

support

S p e c ie s i n c l u d e th e n o r t h e r n hardwoods c o v e r t y p e ,

a

may h a v e

p r e s e n c e o n som e s i t e s .

l o c a t e d on P o r t Huron t i l l ,

and 0 alo n g

g re a test

no b l a c k

area of n o rth ern

support

logging of t h i s

co n tain

hardw ood

0

Bruce

co m p rised
sp ec ie s.

145
RA o f o v e r s t o r y
th e

same m an n er

b a s a l a r e a by s p e c i e s

as

th e

RA o f

ground

abundance v a lu e s .

E ig en v alu es of

w ere,

0.7 5 3 ,

resp ectiv ely ,

0.6 2 9 ,

flo ra

th e

first

0 .3 9 9 ,

four

v ecto rs

and 0 .2 5 5 .

acco u n ted

for

37.0% ,

th e

second

for

19.6% ,

and th e

fo u rth

for

12.5% .

S cores and ran k s o f

in

first

com pare th e

first

derived

are

o b tain ed

f r o m RA o f

ground

Thus,

d isc u sse d ,

o rd in atio n

asso c iate d

w ith

cover-abundance.
for

site s

th e

in

th e

using

th e

even

flo ra

sp ecies

second

th o u g h

and

th e

in

the

at

first

oversto ry

of

o v ersto ry

o rd in atio n

fir s t

of

alpha

axes of

were

th e

second

of

th at

d ata

w ith

cover-

dim ensions
d im en s io n

as the f i r s t .

sp ecies

co m p o sitio n

ground

d im en s io n

of

RA u s i n g
of

0.05

ground

flo ra

is

sp ecies

RA o b t a i n e d

(T able

3 .3 ).

t h e RA o r d i n a t i o n s

co rrelated

by

sim ple

overstory

w ith ground f l o r a

basal area

s p e c ie s abundance.

ranks

flo ra

at

from

from th e

r g= 0 .9 3 4 ,

Scores

of

sites

by g r o u n d f l o r a

lin ear

r= 0 .9 0 5 , a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t a t a lp h a = 0 .0 5 .
in d ic a te

sites

Spearm an' s c o e f f i c i e n t o f rank c o r r e l a t i o n

d im en sio n

sig n ifican t

for

o v ersto ry

ranked

higher

o v e r s t o r y b a s a l a r e a was c o r r e l a t e d w i t h s i t e
first

first

th ird

from o v e r s t o r y

a c c o u n t e d f o r n e a r l y a s much v a r i a b i l i t y
The

th e

the

T h i s RA o r d i n a t i o n w a s p e r f o r m e d t o

ax is

valu es.

not

30.9% ,

d i m e n s i o n o f t h e RA o r d i n a t i o n

shown i n T a b l e 3 . 3 .

abundance

axes,

Of

by

th at

four

in

cover-

expressed

are

first

ranked

v a ria tio n

the

th e

was p e r f o r m e d

c o rrelatio n

and
at

These c o r r e l a t i o n s

by s p e c i e s

is

asso ciated

146
Differences

in overstory

composition between

tills

of

different depositions
T here

are

several

p r e s e n c e o f oak on t i l l
absence

on

re la te s

till

to

w hich

both a f t e r

due

(L orim er
th e

in

gap

1983).

area

of

su fficien t

Port

forest

age.
and

d istu rb an ce
Huron

favors

One

m eth o d s

sites;

th e

on

th e
th eir

ex p lan atio n
of

was g e n e r a l l y

management

1987),

form ation
B ecause

for

for

site

g reater

th is

d ifferen t

e stab lish m en t

through

of

H urcii

or w ith in

th e

Ranger
of

oak

t i l l ,

sam pling.

Thus,

or

m o rtality

distu rb an ce

many

site s

sam ple

or

an e s ta b lis h e d

w indthrow

high

in

d ifferen ce

c a ta s tr o p h ic d is tu rb a n c e such as f i r e

P ort

age

B ruce

h isto ry

(W hitney 1986,
to

ex p lan atio n s

o f P o r t Huron d e p o s i t i o n

Port

D istu rb an ce

clearcu ttin g
canopy

of

in clu d es

p o licies

D istric ts.
sp ecies,

sites

H arvesting

area

reflects

sites

d istu rb a n c e

selectio n .
the

p o ssib le

w ere

size

is

lev el

in

not

of

lim ited

a n d may b e b i a s e d .
A verage a g e s o f dom inant t r e e
Port

H uron

(T able

3 .6 ).

(H ost e t
o ld er
that
of

till

site s

Oak

is

a l . 1987 ) ,

w ere

thought
and

it

t h a n many o f t h e s i t e s
stands

on t h e

estab lish m en t,

recent selectiv e

not

Port

to

is

sig n ific a n tly
be

a

present

B ruce

sites
as

on

lacked

th ere

d ifferen t

su ccessio n al

w hich la c k o a k .

p articu larly
logging.

s p e c i e s on P o r t B ru c e and

was

site s

sp ecies

w hich

are

T his in d ic a te s
oak a t

the

tim e

no e v i d e n c e

of

T ab le 3 .6 .
s p e c i e s on
d ep o sitio n .

C om parison
t i l l s ite s

A verage age

P o r t Huron
S ite
N
J
I
0

means

O rd in atio n s
in terp reted

as

G round f l o r a
sp ec ie s

b eliev ed

m ore tim e

com position

in d icate

asso ciated

is

w ere
to

not

57
53
72
60
65
72
61.4
7.4

sig n ific a n tly

b a s e d on v e g e t a t i o n

to

w ith
to

and

d istu rb an ce,

ages

sp ecies

are

co m p o sitio n

follow ing

Average age

D
A
G
B
E
F
Mean
S.D .

75.5
15.6

V a ria n c e s and
a lp h a = G .05 •

site

P o r t Bruce
S ite

97
75
70
60

Mean
S.D .

req u ire

o f a v e ra g e age o f d o m inant t r e e
o f P o r t B ru ce and P o r t H uron

to

sta b iliz e ,

to

abundance
the

a tta in

the

(Gauch

stab le

re la tiv e ly

d ifferen ces

tree

for
in

a ttrib u ta b le

o v ersto ry
to

d ifferen ces

d istu rb a n ce

at

are
som e

of

sp ecies
B ecause

ground
ground

c o m p o s itio n betw een P o r t B ruce and P o r t
th at

1982).

q u ic k ly

co m p o sitio n .

su fficien t

at

been

p a tte rn s

lo n g er-liv ed

stab le
be

so m etim es

d isturbance

retu rn

w hile

b elieved

have

d ifferen t

flo ra
flo ra

Huron s i t e s

less

lik ely

tim e

a fte r

to

be

stan d

estab lish m en t.
Because d i f f e r e n c e s
w ith

the

boundaries

of

in
Port

o v ersto ry
Huron

and

com position
Port

B ruce

co incided
tills,

a

148
so il

d ifferen c e

ex am in ed

by

was

su sp ected .

g ro u p in g

s ite s

c o m p o s itio n and com paring

T h is

acco rd in g

th eir

so il

v a r i a b l e s w hich w ere m ost e f f e c t i v e
and

P ort

fie ld

H uron

d ata

tills

w ere

in

t h i c k n e s s , and o v e r a l l
p ro p erties

to

G roups
fo llo w s:

by

d eterm in e

based
G roup

o v ersto ries
sites

com ponent

on

(C hapter

w h eth er

overstory

1 co n sisted

co n tain in g

black

and p in

n o rth ern

red

oak,

w ith

relativ ely

th e n o r t h e r n hardw oods
N,

K,

P,

r e d oak and n o r t h e r n h ardw oods,

A, B, C , D, E ,
g laciatio n

th ese

F,

w ith

p resen ts

a n d U,

o v ersto ries

sta tistic a l

groups.
2 .2

G,

and

S te e l and T o r rie
S ilt
are

I ,

and

0,

and Group 4 ,

2 .3 .

lo cated
of

lo cated

in

2 included
dom inated
and

no

of

sites

Port

hardw oods.

among

so il
are

sig n ific a n t

and g ro u p m eans a r e

of

in a re a s of

in clu d ed

areas

north ern

for

as

w ith

o v e rsto rie s

names a n d u n i t s

T ests

L,

BA,

to ta l

w ith

w hich

com parisons

V ariable

b etw een g ro u p v a r ia n c e s

d ep th

and

up

ty p e p r e s e n t ; G roup

n o rth ern

P o r t H uron g l a c i a t i o n ;

J ,

cover

w ere

T ab les

set

Group

low

3 site s

of

H,

oak;

e x isted .

were

T,

so il

on o v e r s t o r y

d ifferen ces

site s

of

h o rizo n

These

Q, V, W, X, R , a n d M, w h i c h w e r e t h o s e s i t e s

sp ecies of

3 .7

E

2).

com position
of

S o il

an aly sis

c o n ten t,

w e r e c o m p a r e d among g r o u p s b a s e d

co m p o sitio n

o v e rsto ry

in s e p a r a t i n g P o r t B ruce

fragm ent

tex tu re

to

was

ch aracteristics.

p rin c ip a l

coarse

p o ssib ility

D,

B ruce
T able

p ro p erties

explained

in

d ifferen ces
a cco rd in g

to

(1980).

and c la y c o n te n t s

averaged over

show n

3 .3 .

in

F ig u re

the

A verage

upper

s ilt

and

15 0 cm
c lay

Soil variable comparisons f o r site groups based on overstory composition.

Table 3.7.

V ariab le

G roups
1st

2nd

Mean

S.D .

<-------1 s t g r o u p —

n
—>

Mean

S .D .

<-------2nd g r o u p —

n
—>

F
(c a lc u la te d )

d f(n)

df(d) df

< - f o r F -> t

P ooled
s

A pprox.
df fo r t

t
(c alcu la te d )

TKNSUM

4

3

8 0 5 3.64

1943.54

32

7 9 1 5 .4 9

2 01 2 .4 6

24

1.072

23

31

54

5 35.53

4 8 .7

0.258

TKNSUM

4

2

8053.64

1943.54

32

3910.69

1644.15

24

1.397

31

23

54

4 8 0 .2 9

5 3 .2

8 .626*

TKNSUM

4

1

8 0 5 3.64

1943.54

32

2962.74

57 9 .3 6

12

11.253®

31

11

42

3 82.12

4 1 .0

13.322*

TKNSUM

3

2

7 9 1 5 .4 9

2012.46

24

3910.69

1644.15

24

1.498

23

23

46

530.46

4 4 .2

7.549*

TKNSUM

3

1

7 9 1 5 .4 9

2012.46

24

2962.74

5 7 9 .3 6

12

12.066*

23

11

34

4 4 3 .5 3

2 9 .6

1 1.166*

2

1

3 9 1 0 .6 9

1644.15

24

2963.74

5 7 9 .3 6

12

8 .0 5 3 ®

23

11

34

3 74.98

3 1 .7

2.525*

TKPSUM

4

3

4820.19

1622.26

32

4 7 6 9.59

2 25 7 .7 4

24

1.937®

23

31

54

5 42.80

3 9 .8

0 .0 9 3

TKPSUM

4

2

4 8 2 0 .1 9

1622.26

32

2 1 4 4 .2 9

1067.67

24

2.3 0 9 *

31

23

54

3 6 0 .1 9

5 3 .2

7 .429*

TKPSUM

4

1

4820.19

1622.26

32

1 5 7 9 .3 1

355.75

12

2 0.794*

31

11

42

304.61

3 7 .7

1 0 .639*

TKPSUM

3

2

4 7 6 9 .5 9

2257.74

24

2 1 4 4 .2 9

1 0 6 7.67

24

4 .4 7 2 ®

23

23

46

5 0 9 .7 9

3 2 .8

5 .149*

TKPSUM

3

1

4 76 9 .5 9

2 257.74

24

1 5 7 9 .3 1

3 55.75

12

4 0 .2 7 7 *

23

11

34

47 2 .1 6

2 5 .2

6 .756*

TKPSUM

2

1

2144.29

1067.67

24

1 5 7 9 .3 1

355.75

12

9 .007*

23

11

34

240.92

31. 1

2.345*

CASUM

4

3

33520.31

21702.95

32

32263.91

222 3 3 .1 5

24

1.049

23

31

54

5942.70

4 9 .0

0.211

CASUM

4

2

33520.31

21702.95

32

14902.02

1 8 6 35.60

24

1.3 5 6

31

23

54

5 4 0 2 .7 4

5 2 .9

3.446*

CASUM

4

1

33520.31

21702.95

32

6 1 4 2.29

8 706.91

12

6 .2 1 3 *

31

11

42

4 5 8 6.59

4 1 .7

5.969*

CASUM

3

2

32263.91

22233.15

24

14902.02

1 8 6 35.60

24

1.423

23

23

46

5921.71

4 4 .6

2.931*

CASUM

3

1

3 2263.91

22233.15

24

6 1 4 2.29

8 7 0 6.91

12

6 .5 2 0 ®

23

11

34

5 1 8 7.86

3 2 .8

5 .0 3 5 *

CASUM

2

1

1 4902.02

18635.60

24

6 1 4 2.29

8706.91

12

4.5 8 1 ®

23

11

34

4 5 5 9.36

3 3 .9

1 .9 2 1

KSUM

4

3

1117.93

632.51

32

1491.80

94 3 .6 2

24

2.226®

23

31

54

222.72

3 7 .9

1.678

KSUM

4

2

1117.93

632.51

32

5 7 0 .8 2

44 4 .6 0

24

2.0 24®

31

23

54

1 4 4 .0 1

5 3 .8

3.799*

KSUM

4

1

11 17.93

632.51

32

196.23

3 9 .9 9

12

2 5 0 .172*

31

11

42

1 1 2 .4 1

31 . 7

8.199*

KSUM

3

2

14 91.80

943.62

24

570.82

444.60

24

4 .5 0 5 ®

23

23

46

2 1 2.92

3 2 .7

4 .325*

KSUM

3

1

1491.80

943.62

24

196.23

3 9 .9 9

12

55 6 .7 8 7 *

23

11

34

192.96

2 3 .2

5.714*

KSUM

2

1

57 0.82

4 4 4 .6 0

24

196.23

3 9 .9 9

12

1 23.603®

23

11

34

91 .4 8

2 3 .7

4.094*

•Significant difference between groups at a 1pha=0.05.

149

TKNSUM

Table 3.7. (continued).

V a riab le

MGSUM
MGSUM

G roups

Mean

S .D .

n

Mean

S.D .

n

1st

2nd

<-------1 s t

group — — >

<-------2nd

group — — >

4

3

3 3 73.02

2 4 4 7 .9 9

5078.32

3 2 6 1 .2 8

4

2

3 3 73.02

24 4 7 .9 9

32
32

1717.53

2308.93

24
24

F

d f(n )

(c alcu la te d )

1.775
1.124

d f(d) df

< - f o r F -> t

Pooled
s

Approx.
df fo r t

t
(c alcu la te

23

31

54

7 9 4 .0 0

41.1

31

23

54

6 3 9 .8 5

5 1 .2

2 .1 4 7 *
2 .5 8 7 *

42

6.849*

MGSUM

4

1

3 3 73.02

24 4 7 .9 9

32

349.78

30 0 .9 6

12

6 6.1 62®

31

11

441.38

33 .4

MGSUM

3

2

5078.32

3 2 6 1 .2 8

24

1717.53

2308.93

24

1.995

23

23

46

81 5 .6 6

41 . 4

4 .1 2 0 *

MGSUM

3

1

5 0 7 8 .3 2

3 2 6 1 .2 8

24

349.78

30 0 .9 6

12

117.426®

23

11

34

6 7 1 .3 5

2 3 .8

7.043*

MGSUM

2

1

1717.53

2 3 0 8 .9 3

24

349.78

300.96

12

58 .85 9®

23

11

34

479.25

2 4 .5

2 .8 5 3 *

CSFRSUM

4

3

6 .4 7

8 .9 1

32

2 .17

2 .6 0

24

11.763®

31

23

54

1.66

3 7 .8

2 .5 8 6 *

CSFRSUM

4

2

6 .4 7

8 .9 1

32

3 .2 9

2 .11

24

17.879®

31

23

54

1.63

3 5 .5

1.947

CSFRSUM

4

1

6.4 7

8 .9 1

32

0 .7 5

0.6 4

12

190.917®

31

11

42

1.59

3 1 .9

3.607*

CSFRSUM

3

2

2 . 17

2 .6 0

24

3.2 9

2.11

24

1.520

23

23

46

0 .6 8

44.1

1.638

CSFRSUM

3

1

2 .1 7

2 .6 0

24

0 .7 5

0 .6 4

12

16.230®

23

11

34

0 .5 6

2B.1

2.530 ®

CSFRSUM

2

1

3 .2 9

2.11

24

0 .7 5

0.6 4

12

10.679®

23

11

34

0 .4 7

3 0 .2

5 .4 2 2 *

SILT 150

4

3

18 .91

8.21

32

20.75

11.37

24

1.918®

23

31

54

2 .7 4

40 .0

0 .6 7 2

SIL T 150

4

2

18 .91

8.21

32

7 .9 2

7 .6 3

24

1.158

31

23

54

2.1285

5 1 .5

5 .161*

S I L T 150

4

1

18 .91

8.21

32

5 .2 0

0.4 0

12

4 2 2 .7 9 4 ®

31

11

42

1.4557

31 .4

9 .416*

S I L T 150

3

2

2 0 .7 5

11.37

24

7 .9 2

7 .6 3

24

2.221®

23

23

46

2 .7 9 4 5

4 0 .2

4 .589*

S I L T 150

3

1

2 0 .7 5

11.37

24

5 .2 0

0.4 0

12

8 1 0 .7 7 9 ®

23

11

34

2 .3233

23.1

6.691*

S I L T 150

2

1

7 .9 2

7 .6 3

24

5.2 0

0.4 0

12

3 6 5 .0 6 7 ®

23

11

34

1.5613

2 3 .3

1 .743

CLT150

4

3

16.08

9 .2 8

32

20 .3 7

12.58

24

1.8 3 7

23

31

54

3 .0464

4 0 .6

1.409

CLT150

4

2

16 .0 8

9 .2 8

32

9.91

9.0 5

24

1 .051

CLT150

4

1

16 .0 8

9 .2 8

32

5 .0 0

0 .0

12

CLT150

3

2

2 0 .3 7

12.58

24

9.91

9 .0 5

24

CLT150

3

1

2 0 .3 7

12.58

24

5 .0 0

0

CLT150

2

1

9.91

9 .0 5

24

5 .0 0

0

•Significant difference between groups at a1pha=0.05.

31

23

54

2.4710

50 .3

2.496*

*

31

11

42

1 .6 4 0 4

3 1 .0

6.753*

23

23

46

3 .1 6 3 0

4 1 .8

3 .307*

12

0

23

11

34

2 .5670

2 3 .0

5 .9 8 B *

12

0

23

11

34

1 .8 4 8 0

23 .0

2 .6 5 8 *

1 .9 3 0

Table 3.7. (continued).

V ariab le

Mean

Groups

S.D .

n

Mean

g r o u p — —>

<------- 2nd

S .D .

F

n

g r o u p — —>

d f (n)

P ooled

d f (d) df

< - f o r F -> t

s

A pprox.
df fo r t

t
(c a lc u la te !

2nd

<-------1 s t

NMIN

4

3

113.38

41 . 2 4

32

7 6 .9 4

4 0 .9 1

24

1.0 1 6

31

23

54

11.0850

49 .9

3 .2 8 8 *

NMIN

4

2

113.38

4 1 .2 4

32

39.41

14.15

24

8.490*

31

23

54

7 .8 4 1 9

4 0 .2

9 .4 3 2 *

NMIN

4

1

113.38

4 1 .2 4

32

2 7 .8 4

3 .5 9

12

131.838*

31

11

42

7 .3637

3 2 .2

11.616*

NMIN

3

2

76 .9 4

40.91

24

39.41

14.15

24

8.354*

23

23

46

8.8360

2 8 .4

4.247*

NMIN

3

1

7 6 .9 4

40.91

24

2 7 .8 4

3 .5 9

12

129.724*

23

11

34

8.4145

23 .7

5 .834*

NMIN
ETHICK

2
4

1
3

39 .4 1
3 .5 6

14 .1 5
1 .9 3

24
8

2 7 .8 4
5 .0 3

3 .5 9
3 .5 3

12
6

15.528*
3 .3 3 2

23
5

11
7

34
12

3 .0 6 9 5
1.5957

2 8 .3
7 .2

3.770*
0 .9 2 2

ETHICK

4

2

3 .5 6

1.93

8

4 .8 2

0 .9 8

6

3 .9 2 5

7

5

12

0 .7917

10.8

1 .5 8 4

ETHICK

4

1

3 .5 6

1.93

8

2.5 0

2 .6 0

3

1 .804

2

7

9

1.6 4 8 6

2 .9

0 .6 4 5

ETHICK

3

2

5 .0 3

3 .5 3

6

4 .8 2

0 .9 8

6

13.077*

5

5

10

1.4958

5 .8

0 .1 4 5

ETHICK

3

1

5 .0 3

3 .5 3

6

2 .5 0

2 .6 0

3

1 .848

5

2

7

2.0805

5 .5

1.218

ETHICK

2

1

4 .8 2

0.9 8

6

2.5 0

2 .6 0

3

7 .0 7 8 *

2

5

7

1.5521

2 .3

BTHICK

4

3

104.22

34 .9 7

32

7 9 .5 0

41 . 4 3

24

23

31

54

10.4760

4 4 .7

BTHICK

4

2

104.22

34 .9 7

32

5 2 .9 6

2 2 .8 7

24

2.340 ®

31

23

54

7.7466

53. 1

6 .617*

BTHICK

4

1

104.22

3 4 .9 7

32

4 5 .7 5

6 .5 8

12

28.253*

31

11

42

6 .4679

3 6 .2

9.040*

BTHICK

3

2

7 9 .5 0

41 . 4 3

24

5 2 .9 6

2 2 .8 7

24

3.283*

23

23

46

9 .6 5 9 5

3 5 .8

2 .7 4 8 *

BTHICK

3

1

7 9 .5 0

41 .4 3

24

4 5 .7 5

6 .5 8

12

39.647*

23

11

34

8 .6677

25 .2

3.894*

BTHICK

2

1

52 .9 6

22.87

24

45 .7 5

6 .5 8

12

12.076*

23

11

34

5.0391

29 .6

1.431*

•Significant difference between groups at a1pha=0.05.

(c a lc u la te d )

1 .403

1.493
2.360*

151

1st

152

F igure

3 .3 .

Mean s i l t a n d c l a y p e r c e n t o f t h e u p p e r 15 0 cm
o f s o i l f o r s i t e s g r o u p e d by o v e r s t o r y
com position.

%

153

1

2

3
Overstory groups
i l l

Silt

rrsrT T T T T i

iiiiiiiii

Clay

B a r s w ith c o m m o n le tt e r s a re not s ig n if ic a n t ly d iffe r e n t (T able 3.7 )
a, b, and c c o m p a r e m ean c l a y p e r c e n t
d and e com pare m ean silt p ercen t

4

154
co n ten ts
sites
not

w ere

slig h tly

g reater

t h a n on n o r t h e r n

sig n ifican t.

p red om inantly
te x tu ra l

on o a k - n o r th e r n

hardwood s i t e s ,

B lack

n o rthern

and

p in

re d oak

d ifferen ces

oak

but

d ifferen ces

sites,

and

o v ersto ries,

from th e

o th er

hardw ood
w ere

sites

w ith

had s i g n i f i c a n t

tw o o v e r s t o r y

groups

(T able 3 . 7 ) .
C oarse
p resen ted

fragment

in

F ig u re

contents
3.4,

site s

had a s i g n i f i c a n t l y

than

the

oak-northern

M in eralo g ical
from c o a rse
w ere

not

co n ten t

an aly zed

impor tan ce

in

o b serv atio n s

n ote

nearly a l l

difference

the

th is

presence

of

th e

co n ten t

(Table

supply

stu d y ,

of

3.7).

n u trien ts

H uron

but

between

of

hardw ood

site s

tills

may

be

them.

w eathering

of

Field

lim esto n es

in

in

the

of

above

site s

th e

had

site s

for

shown

th ic k e r

in

th e

groups

F ig u re

E h o rizo n s,

have

argillic

was s i g n i f i c a n t

form ed

oak-northern

3.5.
and

in

t i l l ,

hardw ood

(T ab le

in clu d in g

and

northern

are gen erally a r g i l l i c ,

w ith c la y

ev ident w ithin

Som e

are

th ic k n e ss

hardw ood o v e r s t o r y g r o u p s ,
tran slo catio n

B h o rizo n s

had t h i c k e r B h o r i z o n s , b u t o n ly th e

in B h o rizo n

sites

E and

co m p o sitio n

The B h o r i z o n s

lay ers

of

hardw ood

fragm ent

group

w eathering

part

n o r t h e r n hardw ood s i t e s

lay ers.

coarse

hardwood

n o rth ern

are

la y e r s o f high c o a rse fragm ent c o n t e n t .

O ak -n o rth ern

m ost

h ig h er

groups

o f P o r t B ruce and P o r t

as

on o v e r s t o r y

3.7).

site

th at

d istin g u ish in g

T hicknesses
based

the

show ing

and

frag m en ts

of

the upper p o rtio n o f dense t i l l
m inor

sp o d ic

horizon.

dev elo p m en t

in

B

The d e v e lo p m e n t

of

B

155

F ig u re

3.4.

Mean
co arse fragm ent c o n te n t as a
volum e
p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e u p p e r 1 5 0 cm o f s o i l f o r
s i t e s g r o u p e d by o v e r s t o r y c o m p o s i t i o n .

%

6

4

2

0

1

2

3

Overstory groups
Bars w ith com m on le tter s

are n ot s ig n if ic a n t ly d iffer en t

(T able 3 .7 )

4

157

F igure 3 .5 .

Mean t h i c k n e s s o f t h e E a n d B s o i l h o r i z o n s f o r
s i t e s grouped by o v e r s t o r y c o m p o s itio n .

B horizon, cm

E horizon, cm

120

2
3
Overstory groups
B horizon

E horizon

Bars w ith com m on le tter s are not s ig n ific a n tly d ifferen t
a, b, c , a n d d c o m p a r e B h o r i z o n m e a n t h i c k n e s s
e c o m p a r e s E horizon m ean t h i c k n e s s

(T able 3 .7 )

159
horizons

may

be

related

to

d e g l a c i a t i o n o f P o r t B ruce t i l l
hardw oods
h o rizo n s

cover
is

type

lik e ly

is

oak

till

co n trib u tin g

sites

A verage
upper

litte r

so il

1 5 0 cm a r e

so ils,

w hich

v eg etatio n ,

is

present

P,

d isp lay ed

in

F ig u re

in

of

o v ersto ry

g r o u p s 1 and 3 ,

id en tical

l e v e l s o f H, P , a n d C a .

th e se

The c o n t e n t o f s o i l
shown i n F i g u r e

lev els

of

D ifferences

in

are

and

minor

sig n ifican tly

and

most

th e

E

m ore

Port

Ca c o n t e n t s
3.6.

n u trien ts

but groups

Huron

is

3.7.

K conten t

ev id en t

th ere

f r om G roup

in

the

is

t h e u p p e r 150

1 th ro u g h

but

in

G roup

groups

Mg

oak-n o rth ern

nearly

an in c r e a s e

ov ersto ry

n o n -sig n ifica n t,

th e

betw een

3 and 4 c o n ta in

A gain,

betw een

of

An i n c r e a s i n g

n u t r i e n t s Mg a n d K i n

n u trien ts

g reater

on

with

of

to e lu v ia tio n .
N,

cm a r e

since

The d e v e lo p m e n t

K jeld ah l

lev els

time

on w hich t h e n o r t h e r n

to

g rad ien t

th ese

longer

d o m in an t.

re la ted

a cid ify in g

the

3.

3 and

lev els

4

were

hardw ood s i t e s

of

G roup 3 (T a b le 3 . 7 ) .
S o il p ro p e rtie s
d eriv ed
re su lt
tills

from
of

in

th e

parent

clim ate
th is

coarse
p o ssib ly

an d /o r

stu d y

u n derstory sp ecies;
p ro p erties

m aterial

into

and

v eg etatio n .

su p p o rted

w ith

content

Mg c o n t e n t .

investigation,

be d i v i d e d

th o se

th o se
The

different

w hich

w hich
tw o

and

are

o v ersto ry

m aterial

were

and

horizon

thickness,

A lthough
sampling

m ineralogy
intensity

and

lim ited

req u ires
may

a

in s o il

parent
B

are

different

how ever, s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s

asso ciated

f ragment

can

to
and

fu rth er

have

been

160

Figure

3 .6 .

Mean
K jeldahl
n itr o g e n and p h o s p h o ro u s, and
e x t r a c t a b l e c a l c i u m c o n t e n t o f t h e u p p e r 1 5 0 cm
o f s o i l f o r s i t e s g r o u p e d by o v e r s t o r y
co m position.

Mg/ha

1

2

3
Overstory groups
TKN

B ars w ith com m on le tter s
a, b, an d c c o m p a r e m e a n
d, e , a n d f c o m p a r e m e a n
g and h com pare m ean Ca

TKP

are not sig n ific a n tly
TKN c o n te n t
TKP c o n t e n t
content

4

Ca

d iffe r e n t (Table 3 .7 )

162

F ig u re 3 .7 .

M ean e x t r a c t a b l e m a g n e s iu m a n d p o t a s s i u m
c o n t e n t o f t h e u p p e r 15 0 cm o f s o i l f o r s i t e s
g ro u p e d by o v e r s t o r y c o m p o s i tio n .

Mg/ha
b

liiiiifi i;
isliilji i:

liiiilyliil!
illlllilllllf

1

2

3

Overstory groups

Bars

w ith c o m m o n l e t t e r s are n ot s i g n i f i c a n t l y

a , b, c , a n d d c o m p a r e m e a n M g c o n t e n t
e , f, a n d g c o m p a r e m e a n K c o n t e n t

d iff e r e n t (Table 3.7)

4

164
in s u ffic ie n t or b iased ,
d eriv ed

from

parent

d ifferen ces

in

ex p lan atio n s

for

in clu d e

it

m a te ria l

sp ecies

clim atic

appears th a t s o il

th e

are

resp o n sib le

co m p o sitio n .

presence

effects,

not

of

oak

ch aracteristics

O th er

on

P ort

and d i s t u r b a n c e

for

p o ssib le
H uron

d ifferen ces

till
p rio r

to stand e sta b lish m e n t.
C lim atic
oversto ry
p art,

d ifferen ces

groups.

nearer

le ss

S ites

Lake H uron,

extreme,

d u ra tio n .

and

ex ist

co n tain in g
w here

snow pack

These

betw een

facto r

is

acq u isitio n
it

is

of

known

known t h a t

eco sy stem s

first

are,

for

the

most

is t h i n n e r

are
and

w hich

warmer
of

and

sh o rte r

in c re ase

o f oak r e l a t i v e

th e

to

th at

s o t h a t c l i m a t e may h a v e b e e n a

g reater

sp ec ific

by t h e U . S . F . S .

presettlem en t
the

state

was

1975) .

about

fires

e sta b lish e d

F ire

on f i r e - p r o n e

th at

h isto ry

in te n sity

ecosystem s,

fire

50 y e a r s

o u tw ash

and

h isto rically

trav eled

F ireth e

g laciatio n

tended

(W hitney 1986,

ago,

sin ce

frequency

fire

to

raged

1987).

fo llo w in g
and

p rio r

p erio d ically

(Whitney 1 9 8 6 ,

along th e se a re a s as a c o rrid o r
p o ssib le

site

have o ccu p ied g l a c i a l

v e g etatio n

(B rubaker

of

th e a re a

unchecked th ro u g h o u t
prone

two

in d e term in in g s p e c ie s com position d i f f e r e n c e s .

L ittle

but

the

tem peratures

r e g e n e r a tiv e and c o m p e titiv e a b i l i t y
o f s u g a r m aple and bassw ood,

of

oak

condi t io n s

are

sites

was
to

1987).

through

th e

much

trav el
It

is

jack

p i n e and m ixed p i n e e c o s y s te m s o f t h e g l a c i a l A u S ab le v a l l e y
(F igure

2 .3 ),

trav eled

up

a n d d r i v e n by p r e v a i l i n g
onto

the

G lennie

m oraine

w inds
near

from
the

the

w est,

p o in t

where

165
th e

v alley

(1986,

curves

1987)

from

east-w est

has proposed

w ere e s t a b l i s h e d

as

a

th at

resu lt

to

the

of

n o rth -so u th .

oak

fo rests

catastro p h ic

of

N o rth ern

hardw ood s i t e s ,

The p r e s e n c e
lay er
oak

are

P o r t B ruce s i t e s .
the sap lin g

of

red
its

presence

in

in

th e

the

little

but

its

herbaceous
R ed

and n o t

recru itm en t

of oak,

and has been

(H ost

component o f

et

1987).

north ern

(L orim er

of

a l.

1983).

n o rth eastern

related

on

in to

should

be

expected

g r o w t h may h a v e b e e n

to

n atu ral

H owever,

Gaps a r e p r e s e n t

low er M ich ig an ,

to

m ature

restricted

oak

hardwood o v e r s t o r i e s

t h e m o r t a l i t y o f a s p e n d a t i n g from c l e a r c u t t i n g
Oak

th e

T h i s p h e n o m e n o n may b e d u e t o t h e p o o r e r

hardw ood f o r e s t s

cen tu ry .

in

o v ersto ry .

there is

as a gap phase s p e c ie s
the

seed lin g s

However,

su ccessio n

may b e a n a t u r a l

oak

on P o r t H uron s i t e s

lay er.

of

may b e a n

riv er c o rrid o r,

present

com petitive a b i l i t y
processes

the

im p a c te d by f i r e .

co rresp o n d s w ith

seed lin g s

and

lo c a te d m o stly

M a l t b y Kames w h i c h a r e m o r e d i s t a n t f r o m t h e
may h a v e b e e n l e s s

M ichigan

fire,

Huron N a t i o n a l F o r e s t o a k - n o r t h e r n hardwood s i t e s
exam ple.

W hitney

early

in

during

due

in
to

in the

th ese

gaps,

recent

years

by r e p e a t e d h eavy d e e r b ro w s in g .

Nitrogen mineralization and its association with other
ecosystem components
A m ounts

of

ammonium-N

produced

i n c u b a t i o n a r e shown i n T a b l e 3 . 8 .
is

thought

d u rin g

an

an aero b ic

The a n a e r o b i c i n c u b a t i o n

to p ro v id e an index o f m ic ro b ia l

biom ass

lev els,

166

T able 3 .8 .
Ammonium n i t r o g e n m i n e r a l i z e d f r o m t h e
cm o f s o i l d u r i n g a o n e we ek a n a e r o b i c i n c u b a t i o n .

S ite

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
0
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X

< -------

NH^- - N , g kg ^ o v e n d r y s o i l
Mean
S.D .
83.36
132.03
105.37
93.50
102.70
1 26.64
113.41
28.97
110.65
49.12
43.17
26.54
50.49
87.07
112.88
58.72
37.73
37.65
63.58
28.02
150.05
35.12
37.48
38.02

29.70
60.08
14.79
7.58
33.28
10.40
41.08
1.02
42.57
26.12
8.66
3.05
32.99
32.03
45.21
28.69
7.8 4
5.14
11.56
5.74
73.80
3.95
4.41
10.99

upper

------- >

10

167
and hence o f o rg a n ic d ecom position
a site
rate

(M yrold 1 9 8 7 ) .

of

d eco m p o sitio n ,

relativ e
The

am ounts

d ata

from

n o rth e a ste rn
m in eralized

for

RA o r d i n a t i o n

of

M ich ig an .

each s i t e
by

an

asso c iatio n

o rd in atio n

scores

p o ten tial

of a s ite .

eco sy stem

p ro d u ctiv ity ,

P asto r

(Keeney
et

p re d ic ted

Such an

d esc rip tio n

m in eralizatio n

fo liag e

The c o r r e l a t i o n
ground

p o te n tia l
net

p rim ary

1980,

al.

1984).

for

site s

v alu es,

been

1980,

my

and

stu d y

to

3 .9 ).

is

N

n o n -lin ear
th ere

is

to

for

sin ce

o v ersto ry

and

N co n ten t

and

M ellilo

p o te n tia l

area

is

An

im p o rtan t

related

Aber

in

m in e ra liz atio n

based

from g ro u n d f l o r a

used

th ere

m an ag em en t,

M in eralizatio n
in

by a

N
the

betw een

(F igure

and

p ro d u ctio n ,

Powers

dim ension o r d in a tio n s c o r e s
abundance

flo ra

of

in crease

suggests th a t

forest

has

d isp la y s

r = 0 .845

asso ciatio n

and

in

dim ension

may b e d e s c r i b e d

betw een

eco sy stem s

e v id e n t, and
of

a sso ciatio n

p re d ic tio n eq uation.

is

site s.
of

A la rg e

co rrelatio n

m i n e r a l i z e d a n d RA s i t e
even b e t te r

flo ra .

of

range

3 .8

first

on

actu al

am ong

w ide

among

the

th e o rd in a tio n

lin e a r

a

F ig u re

along

ground

th a t

an

co m p ariso n s

m in eralizatio n

e x ist

tu rn o v er

p ro v id e

allo w

in d ic a te

p o te n tia ls

lo w er

do n o t

rath er

p o ten tial

m in e ra liz e d N along
sig n ifica n t

but

my s t u d y

m in e ra liz atio n

a

The d a t a

and n u t r i e n t

in d ic a te

of

1984,
may

on

be

firs t

sp ecies coverre la tiv e

site

p o te n tia l.
M ineralization
eco sy stem s

p o ten tial

(P asto r

et

has

a l.

been

1984,

shown
Zak

to
et

vary
a l.

am ong

1986).

168

F igure 3 .8 .

Mean a n a e r o b i c ammonium n i t r o g e n m i n e r a l i z e d
d u r i n g a o n e w e e k i n c u b a t i o n o f 1 0 cm s o i l
c o r e s , f o r s i t e s o r d i n a t e d by r e c i p r o c a l
a v e ra g in g o f ranked ground f l o r a s p e c ie s c o v e r abundance v a lu e s .

g NH4-N/kg
160 i-----------------

120

80

Ji

40

rrsTTV

nifou
miiiniiiiinir iiliii
HUH
A II
:::::: HHiHH
i!i!!
iUHHH
lilllllilfl :::x!
lilllllll
iliiiiiliil fill!
Ilfli ::::::
iiiilllfiil filli :::::: IIIIHIII

liiiiiiii
iiiiiiiiil!
lilllllll
llllllilfll iliii
mil
: t£i:
!!!!!
fill! iiliii iililliii
M
lilliillL
0
T H L Q V W X R
i l l !II

N K P J I O D U S C A G B E F
RA ordered sites

170

F igu re

3 .9 .

C o rrelatio n
of
s i t e s c o r e s f r o m RA o f g r o u n d
f l o r a ran k ed c o v e r-a b u n d a n c e d a t a w ith am ounts
o f ammonium n i t r o g e n m i n e r a l i z e d d u r i n g a o n e
week i n c u b a t i o n o f 10 cm s o i l c o r e s .

g NH4-N/kg

160

120
r-0.845
80

40

-150

-100

-50

50
RA site scores
0

100

150

200

172
C om parisons

among

groups

in d ic a ted

th at

stu d y a re a

(F igure 3 .1 0 ).

oak

site s,

hardw ood

eco sy stem

site s

all

an a v e ra g e

of

four

(Table

m in eralizatio n

n orthern

tim es

as

the

in

in

much N a s

n o rth ern

in

d ifferen ces
stan d in g

hardwoods

stab le

This

lo w er

et

a l.'s

and

g reater

on

id en tical

th e

n o rth ern

oak-northern

s lo w e r, av erag in g

hardwood

sites

oak
in

(T able

stu d ies

N

3.8),

(Powers

sy stem

and

5.22

of

n itro g en

resu lt

agrees
where

oak

( Zak e t

there

group
than
w ith
N

ecosystem

a l.

were

1986) .

notable

and o v e r s t o r y b a s a l a r e a and
w hich c o n t a i n e d

oak.

may h a v e b e e n a s s o c i a t e d

w ith

I n my s t u d y ,

betw een

th e

hardw ood
hardwood
3.73

o v ersto ry

m aple-red

study,

environm ental f a c t o r s .

site s

was

Zak

in m in e ra liz a tio n

n early

m in eralizin g

M ichigan,

volum e w e re lo w e r on s i t e s

w ere

red

d ifferen t

b lack -p in

oth er

my

n o rth ern

var i a b i 1i ty

am ounts

group.

in s o il p ro p e rtie s ,

D ifferen ces

th e

hardw oods

g reater

northw estern

in

and

t h e m e an i n c r e a s e d

a su g a r m aple-bassw ood

However,

site s,

in

n o rthern

hardwood s i t e s

m i n e r a l i z a t i o n w as l o w e r i n a s u g a r
than

occurred

sig n ific a n tly

reported

sig n ifican tly

o ak-northern

findings

co m p o sitio n

1986).

from th e

m in eralized

also

W ith in -site

increased as

Zak e t a l .
Sam ples

hardw ood

m in eralized

3.7).

o v ersto ry

B la c k - p in oak s i t e s ,

which a g r e e s w ith r e s u l t s
1980,

on

d ifferen ces

o a k -n o rth e rn

a m o u n t s o f N, w i t h t h e

s ite s

based

p ro p erties

o ak -n o rth ern
sites.

sites,

m^ h a - 1

m^ h a - 1

so il

y r -1

y r -1
in

B asal
but
in

hardw ood
area

volum e

was

grow th

o ak -n o rth ern

n o rthern

hardw ood

173

F i g u r e 3 . 1 0 . Mean a n a e r o b i c ammonium n i t r o g e n
d u r i n g a o n e week i n c u b a t i o n o f
cotes,
for s ite s
grouped
by
com position.

m in eralized
1 0 cm s o i l
overstory

120

g/kg
Hi::::::!::
iiiilsllli

80

siiiliits!

:::::::

llllllllll
iiiiiiil
llfill!

Hllll

iiilsl
uliV
it:
mm

40

lililiiill
Hi::::::!

iiiiilliiiiiiiilili
siiiiiiiizi

||||s|s|s||

lim lm ilm i

IHIifli

: : : ...........

||||||]|

H=im
iiiiiiil.
iilllliM

Hi!!

m m -m

::::

!!i!!l!!!!!!!!!!!il||||||
Hii
liliL

1

nun

ifiiiiiiil

mu
:::::

2
3
Overstory groups

B ars w ith c o m m o n le tt e r s are not s ig n if ic a n t ly d iffe r e n t (Table 3 .7 )

Hill

175
sites

(T able

3.3).

sig n ifica n t

at

These d if f e r e n c e s

in

a lp h a = 0 .Q 5 a s d e t e r m i n e d by a

p r o d u c t i v i t y

was

l e s s

on

the

w hich a g r e e s w ith o t h e r

it

to d e te rm in e w hether

d ifficu lt

com position a re a r e s u l t

of,

t-test.

s i t e s

m in eralizatio n ,
is

volum e g ro w th w ere

of

low er

stu d ies.

N

H ow ever,

d ifferen ces

or a cause o f,

Thus,

in

the

sp ecies

d ifferen ces

in p o te n tia l m in e ra liz a tio n .
If

th e

d ifferen c e

in

o v ersto ry

co m p o sitio n

betw een

t h e n o r t h e r n hardwoods and th e o a k - n o r t h e r n hardw oods g ro u p s
is

indeed

related

if

N m in e ra liz atio n

p o ten tial
m ore

as

th an

low er

noted

75 y e a r s

site

lo sse s

to

is

in

in d ic a tiv e

Forest

site

sh o rt-term

as
of

lite ra tu re ,

a g o may h a v e

long-term
no

d istu rb an ce

the

p ro d u ctiv ity .

of

p re sen tly

past

m anagers

distu rb an ce
lo ss

of

co u ld

in a c a u s e -e ffe e t

site

potential

p ro d u ctiv ity

in
are

productivity,
for

be

be

at

p resen t-d ay
sen sitiv e

but

there

to
is

e sta b lish in g

th a t

If a d ifferen ce

in N

di re c tly

re latio n sh ip ,

could

and

d istu rb an ce

resu lted

tech n iq u e

p o te n tia l

site
th en

lo s s e s have o ccu rred o r a re o c c u rrin g .
m in e ra liz atio n

h y p othesized,

re la ted

to

a m easure o f th e

derived.

This

is

an

i m p o r t a n t p o s s i b i l i t y w hich s h o u ld be i n v e s t i g a t e d .

Site ordination by ground flora cover-abundance in relation
to properties of the forest floor
Forest
litte rfa ll
(i.e.,

floor

layer s

were s e p a r a t e d

undecomposed l i t t e r

sam pled

in to

lay ers

im m ediately
d esignated

and p a r t i a l l y

a fte r

Oi a n d Oe,

decomposed l i t t e r ) .

176
Oven d r y w e i g h t s o f
first

ax is

ranked

of

th ese

th e

was

not

a r r a y e d by s i t e

RA o r d i n a t i o n

cover-abundance

Oa l a y e r

lay ers,

v alues,

present

of

appear

on m ost

w eig h t of
sites
are

th e

in

in

early

an A ugust

to

th e

W eight

of

2,867

amount

of

a n d my s i t e s

when
kg

F lay er

betw een

in

are

M ichigan

th e

2.5).

it

and

the

kg

and

values

H ubbard Brook

ha”1,

the

more

The

24 stu d y

These

F layer

by s a m p l i n g

Oe m a t e r i a l

3 .11 .
p resen t,

the

4,300
on

sp ecies

kg h a " 1 ,

r e p o r t e d on t h e

19,300

not vary s i g n i f i c a n t l y

w here

11,747

(T able

O i ) w eighed
the

F ig u re

kg h a ” 1 f o r

November
th o se

flora

th e

(A ppendix T a b le B . 1 ) .

averaged

sam pling,

O e) w eighed

1976).

in

Oe l a y e r

somewhat lo w e r t h a n

(com parable

d id

the

t h e Oi a v e r a g e d

sam pled

Forest
to

of

in

sites;

was s a m p le d a n d a n a l y z e d w i t h s o i l s
W eight

ground

along

(com parable

the

L layer

ha”1

(Gosz

et

H ubbard

Brook

Forest

d ate,

so d if f e r e n c e s

Hubbard

lik e ly

a l.

due

Brook
to

forest

elev atio n

and g e o g ra p h ic a l s e t t i n g .
U nexpectedly,
among

different

t h e r e w as no a p p a r e n t t r e n d
ecosystem s

in

my s t u d y .

i n Oe w e i g h t s
S ites

o v e r s t o r y o f n o r t h e r n hardw oods had an a v e r a g e
1 1 6 7 8 kg h a ” 1 , o a k - n o r t h e r n h a r d w o o d s i t e s
ha” 1 , no rth ern

re d oak s i t e s

oak-black

oak

d ifferen ces

were

by t - t e s t s
forest

flo o r

averaged

not

sig n ifican tly

litte r

is

w eight

varied

known t o b e l e s s

an

Oe w e i g h t

of

a v e r a g e d 1 1 7 1 1 kg

a v e r a g e d 12176 kg h a ” 1 , a n d p i n

sites

a t alp h a= 0 .05.

with

11004

Federer
w ith

kg

d ifferen t
(1984)

sp ecies

has

ha”1 .
as

These

determ ined

rep o rted

th at

co m position.

r e a d i l y decomposed th a n l i t t e r

Oak
of

177

F igure

3 .1 1 .

Dry
w eights
of
autum n
l i t t e r f a l l (O i) and
p a r t i a l l y decom posed f o r e s t
flo o r
la y ers
(Oe) f o r s i t e s o r d i n a t e d by r e c i p r o c a l
a v e ra g in g o f ranked ground f l o r a s p e c ie s c o v e r abundance v a lu e s .

4000

Oi, kg/ha

Oe, Mg/ha
20

3000

2000
178

1000

T H L

V W X R M N K P J
I O D U S
RA ordered sites
s - Oe

Oi

179
n o r t h e r n hardw ood s p e c i e s ,
sites

w ould h av e

study

has

also

sig n ifican tly
and

n itro g en

the

rate

so

accu m u lated
show n

g reater

that

th e

g re a ter

n o rthern

m in eralizatio n

is

of

difference

hardw oods a r e

hardw oods

t-tests,

be

an

d etectin g

is

oaks,
of

A low er

resu lt

in a

Reasons

for

under

oak

and

calcu lated

to fin d s i g n i f i c a n t w eight

w ere b e l i e v e d

to

as determ ined

by

be s u f f i c i e n t

for

u n e q u a l a c c u m u l a t i o n s o f Oe m a t e r i a l .

Age o f

t h e o v e r s t o r y was n o t b e l i e v e d

accum ulations of f o r e s t flo o r m a te r ia l .
results

My

index

(M yrold 1 9 8 7 ) .

in d iv id u al s ite s

so sam ple s i z e s

be.

than

S am ple s i z e s

t o sam p lin g were s u f f i c i e n t

reported

in creasin g

tren d

by

in

Covington

forest

flo o r

maturity.

C o rrelatio n s

significant

for

my

of

of

24 s i t e s ,

influenced

C o rrelatio n s

Oe

the

r = - 0 .43
of

for

w hite

association

co rrelatio n s

may

C o rrelatio n s

of

be

c o rre la tio n

(T able
are

obtained

Oe w e i g h t

w ith

with

to

the

u n til

age

were

but

basal

an

up

one

(Figure

site

3.12) .

areas

of

w ith r = - 0 .46 f o r b e e c h ,

3.9).

C o rrelatio n s

lim ited,

from

found

age

and

r =0 .44,

with

related

who

w eight

with

be

T his d is a g r e e s w ith

w eight
Oe

w eight

ash

to

(1981),

i n d i v i d u a l s p e c i e s w ere s i g n i f i c a n t ,

measure

to

Oe w e i g h t s

unclear.

th ese

m ineralization

w ould be e x p e c t e d t o

betw een

d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n som e

and

of

a c c u m u l a t i o n o f Oe u n d e r o a k c a n o p i e s .

northern

g re a tly

th at

am ounts

b elieved

o f m ic ro b ia l decom position

lack

p rio r

was a n t i c i p a t e d

nitrogen

under

le v e l of m icro b ial a c t i v i t y
g reater

it

sets

th e

of

basal

as

as

a

significant

random
areas

num bers.
of

other

180

F ig u re

3 .1 2 .

C o rrelatio n
of
p artially
decomposed f o r e s t
f l o o r l a y e r (O e ) w e i g h t w i t h a v e r a g e a g e o f t h e
ov ersto ry .

20

Oe, Mg/ha

r-0.439

40

60
80
100
Average overstory age, years

120

Table 3.9.

Simple correlations among some forest floor variables and overstory basal area of selected species.

T o ta l

BA

01 w t .

Oe w t . 01 TKN

01 TKP

01 Mg

01 Ca

01 K

Oe TKN

Oe TKP

Oe Mg

Oe Ca

Oe K

0 .3 8 7

1 .0 0 0

0 .3 9 6

0.067

0 .4 6 5 *

0 .6 0 8 ®

0 .5 4 1 ®

0 .3 5 9

0 .6 7 1 ®

0 .2 0 6

0 .2 9 2

0 .4 6 8 ®

0 .3 6 5

01 w t .

0 .3 9 6

1.000

0 .2 9 3

0.660*

0 .6 6 7 ®

0 .7 0 2 *

0 .4 5 1 ®

0 .8 0 8 ®

0 .3 7 1

0.3 8 4

0 .4 3 5 ®

0 .416*

0.446*

Oe w t .

0 .0 6 7

0.2 9 3

1.000

0.329*

0.061

0 .0 8 5

0 .0 1 2

0 .0 6 9

0 .9 4 2 ®

0.903*

0 .6 1 3 ®

0 .5 4 9 ®

0 .869*
0 .560*

T o ta l

BA

01 TKN

0.465*

0.660*

0.329

1 .000

0 .8 3 5 ®

0.781*

0 .7 8 7 ®

0 .754*

0 .5 04®

0.581 ®

0 .7 9 1 ®

0.782*

01 TKP

0 .608*

0 .6 6 7 *

0.061

0 .0 3 5 ®

1.000

0.8 09®

0 .7 3 8 ®

0 .9 0 2 ®

0.275

0.3 9 6

0.652*

0 .5 6 0 ®

0 .423*

01 Mg

0.541*

0 .7 0 2 *

0.0 8 5

0 .7 8 1 *

0 .8 0 9 ®

1.0 0 0

0 .7 6 8 ®

0 .8 4 9 ®

0 .2 3 6

0 .2 9 5

0 .6 8 6 ®

0.670*

0.331

01 Ca

0 .3 5 9

0 .4 5 1 *

0 .0 1 2

0 .7 8 7 *

0 .7 3 8 ®

0 .7 6 8 ®

1 .000

0.601*

0 .1 1 5

0 .2 5 7

0 .6 2 9 ®

0 .7 4 1 ®

0 .2 2 4

01 K

0.671*

0 .8 0 8 *

0 .0 6 9

0.754*

0 .9 02®

0.8 49®

0 .6 0 1 ®

1.000

0 .2 5 0

0 .3 2 4

0 .548*

0 .457*

0.401

Oe TKN

0 .2 0 6

0 .3 7 1

0 .9 4 2 *

0 .5 0 4 ®

0 .2 7 5

0.2 3 6

0 .1 1 5

0 .2 5 0

1.000

0.9 76®

0 .754*

0 .610*

0 .946*

Oe TKP

0.2 9 2

0.3 8 4

0 .9 0 3 *

0 .5 8 1 ®

0 .3 9 6

0 .2 9 5

0 .2 5 7

0 .3 2 4

0 .9 7 6 ®

1.000

0 .813*

0.685*

0 .969*

Oe Mg

0 .4 6 8 *

0 .4 3 5 *

0.613*

0 .7 9 1 ®

0 .6 5 2 ®

0.686*

0 .6 2 9 ®

0 .5 4 8 *

0 .7 54®

0 .8 1 3 ®

1.000

0 .878*

0.806*

Oe Ca

0.3 6 5

0 .4 1 6 *

0 .5 4 9 *

0.782*

0.5 60®

0 .670*

0 .7 4 1 ®

0.4 57®

0.610 ®

0 .6 8 5 ®

0.878*

1.000

0 .633*

Oe K

0.387

0.446*

0 .8 6 9 *

0 .5 6 0 ®

0.423 ®

0.331

0.2 2 4

0.401

0 .9 4 6 ®

0 .9 6 9 ®

0.806*

0.633*

1 .0 0 0

0.1 2 6

0 .0 4 6

-0 .4 3 2 *

0.1 0 1

R m aple

-0 .0 4 9

-0 .0 9 6

0.231

B .P o a k s - 0 .4 4 4 * - 0 .3 3 5

- 0 .5 2 6 * -0 .4 5 1® -0 .4 9 3 ® -0.6 94 ® - 0 . 3 1 7

-0 .0 8 9

-0 .3 3 7

-0 .3 8 9

-0.4 2 5 ® -0.483® - 0 .4 2 7 *

W oak

-0 .0 5 7

0.1 4 4

0 . 191

-0 .1 5 9

-0 .2 2 9

-0 .2 2 4

-0 .2 6 3

R oak

0 .2 2 6

0 .2 0 8

0.2 1 6

-0 .2 1 6

-0 .0 4 6

-0 .1 3 6

-0.495®

B a ssw o od

0.502*

S m aple

0 .0 5 4

W ash

0 .451*

Beech

0 .3 8 4

P b irch

-0 .1 6 6

-0 .2 7 2

-0 .3 6 5

-0 .3 5 7

-0 .1 5 9

0 .1 2 6

0 .0 9 2

-0 .1 0 7

-0 .1 0 5

0.1 7 4

0 .1 6 5

0 .2 0 8

0 .1 4 7

-0 .1 3 3

-0 .2 9 0

0.2 3 1

0 . 185

0 .1 1 8

0.740*

0 .6 8 5 ®

0 .6 4 2 ®

0 .7 5 3 *

0 .4 6 2 ®

-0 .0 3 5

-0 .1 6 6

0 .3 7 2

0.2 1 6

0 .3 6 9

0 .7 5 5 ®

0 .1 3 3

-0 .1 9 3

-0 .0 8 2

0 .0 4 5

-0 .4 3 1 *

-0 .0 1 3

0 .2 9 8

0 .4 0 7 ®

-0 .3 0 4

0 .7 1 4 ®

0.698*

0 .2 7 8

0 .534* -0 .1 2 6

0.3 2 7

0 .0 8 8

0 .2 8 8

0 .3 2 3

0 .2 2 5

0 .2 8 5

-0 .2 9 3

-0 .2 4 7

0 .0 0 4

-0 .1 1 3

-0 .1 9 0

-0 .4 6 3 * - 0 .0 3 5

0 .1 6 2

0 .2 5 4

0.1 6 4

0 .2 3 9

-0 .3 8 0

-0 .3 2 7

- 0 . 1 14

-0 .1 5 5

-0 .3 1 4

-0 .0 0 9

0 .3 8 6

0 .4 4 1 ®

0 .2 7 7

0 . 160

0.540*

0 .1 1 2

0 . 157

0 .2 5 9

0 .2 0 6

0 .2 2 8

0 . 124

0 .0 3 9

-0 .0 0 3

-0 .1 4 8

0 .1 2 8

0 .4 7 0 ®

0 .4 7 0 ®

0 .2 3 3

0 .1 2 0

0 .515*

0 .3 5 7

0.480* -0 .0 4 2

0 .6 1 8 ®

0.644*

0.4 2 0 *

0 . 107

0.237

0 .1 4 9

RA s c o r e

0 .2 3 6

0 .0 7 2

-0 .2 0 7

0.476*

0.4 33®

0 .498*

0.8 31®

0 .3 1 2

-0 .1 4 9

-0 .0 1 0

N m1n

0 .2 6 2

0 .0 8 7

0.0 3 1

0 .682*

0 .53 2®

0 .5 1 9 ®

0 .8 3 2 ®

0.371

0 .1 4 7

0 .2 6 6

-Age

-0 .3 1 0

0.439*

•Correlations greater than or equal to an absolute value-of 0.404 are significant at alpha=0.05 for n=24.

0 .2 4 2

Table 3.9. (continued).

R m aple 6 ,P oaks

W oak

R o a k B a ssw ood S m a p l e

0.0 5 4

W ash

B eech

Age

RA s c o r e

Nmln

0.420*

0.2 3 7

0 .2 3 6

0.2 6 2

0 .1 8 7

0.1 4 9

0 .0 7 2

0.0 8 7

0.439* - 0 .2 0 7

0.031

-0 .0 4 9

-0 .4 4 4 * -0 .0 5 7

0 .2 2 6

0 .5 0 2 ®

01 w t .

-0 .0 9 6

-0 .3 3 4

0 .1 4 4

0 .2 0 8

0 .1 8 5

-0 .0 3 5

Oe w t .

0.2 3 1

-0 .0 8 9

0.191

0 .2 1 6

0 .1 1 8

-0 .1 6 6

01 TKN

-0 .5 2 6 * -0 .3 3 7

-0 .1 5 9

- p . 21 6

0 .7 4 0 ®

0.3 7 2

0 .0 8 8

-0 .0 3 5

0 .3 8 6

0.1 2 4

0 .476*

0.681*

01 TKP

-0 .4 5 1® - 0 .3 8 9

-0 .2 2 9

-0 .0 4 6

0.6 85®

0.2 1 6

0 .2 8 8

0 .1 6 2

0.441*

0.0 3 9

0 .433*

0.532*

T o ta l

BA

0 .451*
0 .0 4 5

0 .3 8 4

P b irch

-0 .0 1 3

-0.4 3 1 ® - 0 .4 6 3 * - 0 . 0 0 9

01 Mg

-0 .4 9 3 * -0 .4 2 5 * - 0 .2 2 4

-0 .1 3 6

0 .6 4 2 ®

0.3 6 9

0 .3 2 3

0 .2 5 4

0.277

-0 .0 0 3

0 .498*

0 .519*

01 Ca

- 0 .6 9 4 * -0 .4 8 3 * - 0 .2 6 3

-0 .4 9 5 *

0.753*

0.755*

0 .2 2 5

0 .1 6 4

0 .1 6 0

-0 .1 4 8

0 .8 3 1 *

0.832*

01 K

-0 .3 1 7

Oe TKN

0.1 3 3

0 .2 8 5

0 .2 3 9

0.540*

0 .1 2 8

0 .3 1 2

0 .3 7 2

-0 .1 9 3

-0 .2 9 3

-0 .3 8 0

0 .1 1 2

0 .4 6 9 ® - 0 . 1 4 9

0 .1 4 7

0 .40 7® - 0 . 0 8 2

-0 .2 4 7

-0 .3 2 7

0 .1 5 7

0 .4 7 0 ® - 0 . 0 1 0

0 .0 0 4

-0 .1 1 4

0 .2 5 9

0 .2 3 3

0 .3 5 7

0 .534* - 0 .1 1 3

0 .4 8 0 *

-0 .4 2 7 * -0 .1 5 9

0 . 165

0.462*

0 .1 2 6

-0 .1 6 6

0 .2 0 8

0 .2 9 8

0 . 126

0.0 4 6

-0 .2 7 2

0.0 9 2

0 .1 4 7

Oe Mg

-0 .3 1 0

-0 .3 6 5

-0 .1 0 7

-0 .1 3 3

Oe Ca

-0 .4 3 2 * -0 .3 5 7

-0 .1 0 5

-0 .2 9 0

0.698*

0 .1 7 4

0.231

0 .3 2 7

Oe TKP

Oe K

0 .1 0 1

-0 .3 0 4

0 .7 1 4 ®

0.2 7 8

-0 .1 5 5

0 .2 0 6

0.1 2 0

-0 .1 9 0

-0 .3 1 4

0 .2 2 8

0 .515* -0 .0 4 2

0 .6 6 1 ® - 0 . 6 0 7 ® - 0 . 6 1 7 ® - 0 . 3 3 1

-0 .1 2 6

0 .2 6 6
0 .6 1 8 *
0 .644*
0 .2 4 2

1.000

-0 .0 3 9

0 .3 4 2

-0 .2 6 4

-0 .1 4 2

0.2 1 9

-0 .0 3 9

1.000

-0 .0 5 3

-0 .1 7 9

-0 .2 8 B

-0 .3 1 0

-0 .1 6 5

-0 .1 8 6

-0 .1 4 2

-0 .1 9 9

W oak

0 .3 4 2

-0 .0 5 3

1 .0 0 0

-0 .0 5 4

-0 .3 3 1

-0 .3 5 7

-0 .1 9 0

-0 .2 1 4

-0 .1 6 4

0 .3 2 6

-0 .3 7 8

R oak

0.661* -0 .1 7 9

-0 .0 5 4

1.000

- 0 .4 5 7 * -0.551® - 0 . 2 1 0

-0 .1 5 9

0 .1 7 3

0 .3 0 6

-0 .4 9 5 * -0 .5 2 6 *

R m aple
B ,P o a k s

-0 .6 2 5 * -0 .6 5 0 *
-0 .4 8 1 * -0 .3 9 0
-0 .3 3 4

Bassw ood

-0 .6 0 7 * -0 .2 8 8

-0 .3 3 1

-0.457®

1.000

0 .4 1 8 ®

0 .3 8 3

0 .1 8 2

0 .1 4 6

-0 .0 6 7

0 .5 4 2 ®

0 .6 9 8 *

S m aple

-0 .6 1 7 * - 0 .3 1 0

-0 .3 5 7

-0.551®

0 .4 1 8 ®

1.000

0.0 0 6

0 .0 8 6

0 .1 2 3

-0 .2 7 8

0 .849*

0 .7 9 4 *

W ash

-0 .3 3 1

-0 .1 6 5

-0 .1 9 0

-0 .2 1 8

0 .3 8 3

0 .0 0 6

1 .0 0 0

0.718* -0 .0 0 7

-0 .1 1 2

0.3 0 0

0 .1 6 3

B eech

-0 .2 6 4

-0 .1 8 6

-0 .2 1 4

-0 .1 5 9

0 .1 8 2

0 .0 8 6

0 .7 1 0 ®

1 .0 0 0

0 .0 9 0

0.0 4 9

0 .3 8 5

0 .0 7 7

P b irch

-0 .1 4 2

-0 .1 4 2

-0 .1 6 4

0 .1 7 3

0.1 4 6

0 . 123

-0 .0 0 7

0 .0 9 0

1 .0 0 0

0 .1 2 5

0 . 113

0 .3 4 6

0 .2 1 9

-0 .1 9 9

0 .3 2 6

0 .3 0 6

-0 .0 6 7

-0 .2 7 8

-0 .1 1 2

0 .0 4 9

0.125

1 .0 0 0

-0 .2 3 2

-0 .1 7 0

Age
RA s c o r e

-0 .6 2 5 * -0 .4 8 1 * - 0 .3 7 8

-0 .4 9 5 *

0 .5 4 2 ®

0 .8 4 9 ®

0.3 0 0

0 .3 8 5

0 .1 1 3

-0 .2 3 2

1.0 0 0

0.845*

N m1n

-0 .6 5 0 * -0 .3 9 0

-0 .5 2 6 *

0.698*

0 .7 9 4 ®

0 .1 6 2

0 .0 7 7

0 .3 4 6

-0 .1 7 0

0 .8 4 5 *

1 .0 0 0

-0 .3 3 4

• C o r r e l a t i o n s g r e a t e r th an o r equal

to an a b s o l u t e v a lu e of 0 .4 0 4 a r e s i g n i f i c a n t a t a ! p h a = 0 .05 f o r n=24.

184
sp ecies

w ere

asso ciatio n s

not

significant.

among v a r i a b l e s ,

rank c o r r e l a t i o n ,

A n o n -p aram etric

th e

S p e a rm a n 's

in to

the m ineral

distu rb an ce

was

p articu larly

deer

general

so il

ap p aren tly
and w ild

at

due

increased

co efficien t

of

occurred

sam pling

the

tu rk ey ,

in te n sity

th e

site s.

actio n

of

a n d may h a v e

along

evenly

resu lts.

t h e Oe l a y e r w a s t h i n

many o f

to

t r e n d o f Oe a c c u m u l a t i o n

D isturbances

of

w as a l s o p e r f o r m e d w i t h s i m i l a r

At th e tim e o f sam ple c o l l e c t i o n ,
and m ixed

te st

th e

site

throughout

w ould

lik ely

an im als,

obscured

a

o rd in atio n .

site s,

not

The

so

an

have a f f e c te d

t h e outcom e.
W eights

of

F ig ure 3 .11 .

new

litte rfall

(O i)

are

T h i s l a y e r was u n d i s t u r b e d a t

were c o l l e c t e d

from t h e

so r e c e n tly .

T h e w e i g h t o f new l i t t e r

was

2,887

kg h a ” 1 .

1972),

flo o r,

reported

3,419

O ther s t u d i e s

1,749

it

had

som e o t h e r

kg h a ” 1 a t

sites

stu d ies

H ubbard Brook

i n New B r u n s w i c k

(Gosz

(M a c L e a n a n d W ei n 1 9 7 7 ) .

i n t h e G r e a t L akes R eg io n r e p o r t e d v a l u e s more

2,413

kg h a ” 1 f o r

an

aspen

o v ersto ry

kg

ha” 1

for

a

black

and

3,726

in W isconsin

(C ro w

oak-w hite

oak

o v ersto ry ,

3 , 1 7 9 kg h a ” 1 f o r a s u g a r m a p l e - r e d o a k o v e r s t o r y ,
kg h a ” 1 f o r a s u g a r m a p l e - b a s s w o o d o v e r s t o r y
low er M ichigan
related

fallen

averaged over

for

in

th e tim e sam ples

because

kg h a ” 1 f o r a m a p l e - b i r c h - a s p e n o v e r s t o r y
1978),

d isp lay ed

3 , 8 5 8 kg h a ” 1 i n O h i o , a n d 9 , 5 1 0 kg h a ” 1 f o r a

younger o v e rs to ry

com parable:

forest

V alues

were h i g h e r , a v e r a g in g
et al.

also

( Zak e t

reg io n a l tren d

a l.

1986).

in l i t t e r

in n o rth w estern

T h e r e may b e

prod u ctio n .

and 2,624

a

clim ate-

185
I n my s t u d y ,

litte r

m ixed o a k - n o r t h e r n
ha”1 .

The

o v ersto ry

hardwood o v e r s t o r i e s ,

amount

significantly

w e ig h ts w ere g r e a t e s t on s i t e s

of

o ak -n o rth ern

g reater

group

as

th an

ev alu ated

L itter

w eight

site s,

2 , 8 2 6 kg h a ” 1 o n s i t e s

and

2,547

th a t

averaged

2,773

kg h a " 1 on p i n

t-te sts

ha”1

p in

oak-black

d ifferen t.
r = 0 .40

(T able

3.9).

a lp h a= 0 .05,
variables

but

examined,
with

a sso ciatio n
co m p o sitio n .

sites

litter

were

b lack

may

w eights
a

t h a n was b a s a l

n o n -sig n ifican t

cor re la te d
co rrelatio n

with

o th er

correlation.

at

sig n ifican t

at

found

sp ecies

was a l s o

sp ecies,

a

with

w ith

w eig h ts

having

non-

The b a s a l a r e a

co rre la ted

Oi

for

meaningful
th an

w eig h t.

h ig h ly

site s,

area

only

co m p o sitio n

area of oth er

Oe w e i g h t s ,

basal

correlation

p ro d u ctio n

was m ore

oak

sig n ifican tly

not

the

L itter

Oi

r = - 0 .33,

are

p o o rly

non-significant

of r= 0.29.

N utrient

concentrations

com pared

to

deciduous

fo rests

(T able

oak

red

to ta l

is

be

H ow ever, s p e c i e s

and p in

a lp h a= 0 .05.

site s.

not

w ith

s i g n i f i c a n t l y c o r r e la te d w ith l i t t e r
of

oak

n o rthern

highest

and

other

red o a k ,

co rrelated

the

was

d o m in a te d by n o r t h e r n

T his c o r r e l a t i o n
is

any

kg

hardwood

oak-black

oak

W eights a r e

on

litte r

by
at

3,276

n o rth ern

w e i g h t s on n o r t h e r n hardw ood s i t e s ,
and

hardw ood

produced

by
kg

averaging

w ith

3.10).

th at

rep o rted
by G o s z

A nalysis

et

in

of

o th er

a l.

m ethods

autumn

stu d ies

(1972)
w ere

litte r f a ll

and

of

northern

Boerner

com parable

are

(1984)

am on g

th e

186
stu d ie s,

follow ing

c o n cen tratio n s
sites

in l i t t e r

a r e much g r e a t e r

F o rest,

or

in

n o rth eastern
are

Likens

likely

low er

Ca i n

so ils

reflects

th at

The

with

som e c a s e s .
g lacial

w h i c h w a s m ov e d t o

Bormann
flo o r

may b e
Ca,

of

of

from th e

lim ited
of

d o lo m itic

n o rth .
of

lim esto n e

and

forest

O hio
study
(B o e rn e r 1984)

N;

Oi
Oe

0.92
1.48

1.196
1.86

0.815
----—

P:

Oi
Oe

0.107
0.108

0.079
0.116

0.083
———

C a : Oi
Oe

2.05
1.93

0.790
0.634

0 .958
——“

Mg: Oi
Oe

0.173
0.530

0.129
0.060

0.169
———

K:

0.239
0.139

0.456
0.077

0.479

- n-

S

_

_ ppm

by

M ichigan

< ---------- —

Oi
Oe

in

C o n cen tratio n s

litte r

H ubbard Brook
study
(Gosz
et a l.
1972)

so ils

ecosystem s

be

T h e Ca c o n c e n t r a t i o n

the are a

M ichigan
study

H ubbard Brook

n atu re

a n d may e v e n

d ep o sitio n

Ca

l a y e r s o n my s t u d y

resp o n sib le;

T able 3 .1 0 .
N u trien t co n cen tratio n s
f lo o r la y e rs a t th re e stud y s i t e s .

N u trien t,
lay er

(1970).

fo u n d on t h e

calcareo u s

M ichigan

satu rate d

excess

and f o r e s t
than

O hio.

and

-

Zn: Oi
Oe

46.8
77.2

137.5
151.6

__—

Mn: O i
Oe

1829
254 9

2456
1630

—_ —
------

——

187
o f N, P , K, Mg, a n d Mn i n l i t t e r
comparable

among

co n cen tratio n s
study;

are

the

ax is

o f ground f l o r a
3.14).
( Mg)

th is

at

of

autum n

d isso lu tio n

of

a re as.

Zn

H ubbard Brook

than

my

litte rfa ll

are

of s ite s

( K)

dry ashed

P otassium c o n te n t

content
sam ples

determ ined

are

shown

in

from

acid

F igure

2 .13.

i s d r a m a t i c a l l y g r e a t e r on P o r t H uron t i l l

tren d

is

evident,

These h ig h

lev els

am ounts

litte r

but

of

less

of n u trien t
produced,

m ag n itu d e,
return

w ith

a

are

A sim ilar

for

Mg a n d

asso ciated

sig n ifican t

b irch ,

sig n ific a n tly

w ith

r= 0 .54.

asso ciated
re su lts

w ith

with

P o tassiu m

c o rre la te d w ith b a sa l a re a of paper

S pecies

n u trien t

rep o rted

P.

c o rrelatio n

r = 0 .81 b e tw e e n Oi w e ig h t and Oi K c o n t e n t .

co n ten t is

3 .1 3 ,

( P ) c o n t e n t , and m agnesium

w hich s u p p o r t oak and n o r t h e r n h a rd w o o d s.

of

d isp lay ed

(F igures

site s,

of

in

w h i c h u s e d RA

ranked co v er-ab u n d an ce v a lu e s

potassium

lay ers are

different

from o r d i n a t i o n

K je ld a h l phosphorous
and

the

flo o r

d ifferen ce are u n c le a r,

co n ten ts

first

in

muc h h i g h e r

reasons fo r

N u trien t
along

studies

and f o r e s t

com position

co n ten t

by P a s t o r

et

of

a l.

on

th ese

litter,
(1984)

sites

agreein g

and

is

w ith

Zak

et

a l .

Ca c o n t e n t

of

the

(1986).
F igure
litte rfa ll

3.14

sam ples.

from tre n d s
relativ ely
w ith

the

C alcium

disp lay s

K jeld ah l

N and

Trends along th e s i t e

o f P , Mg, a n d K c o n t e n t .

co n stan t,
basal

retu rn

area
is

although i t
of

basswood,

g reater

on

is

o rd in atio n d iff e r

Nitrogen

sig n ifican tly
w ith

sites

r=0.74

w hich

return

is

asso ciated

(T able

support

3.9).

n o rth ern

188

F ig u re 3 .1 3.

P h o s p h o ro u s , m agnesium , and p o ta s s iu m c o n t e n t
o f autum n
l i t t e r f a l l for s ite s o rd in ated
by
r e c ip r o c a l a v e ra g in g o f ranked ground f l o r a
s p e c ie s cover-abundance v a lu e s .

I

Kg/ha

20

189

6

T H L

V W X
RA ordered sites
TKP

IH

Mg

K

190

F ig u re

3.14.

N itro g en
and
calcium
c o n t e n t o f autum n
l i t t e r f a l l
for
s i t e s
o r d i n a t e d
by
r e c ip r o c a l a v e ra g in g of ranked ground f l o r a
s p e c ie s cover-abundance v a lu e s .

Kg/ha
120
M i l

I

::::

....U s!!!:!!:

I jllfiiii! |

iiiiiiiiii

IIliiillil

191

U s : i f : i ji
iiiiiliii

uiuuiu

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
RA ordered sites

111 TKN

SHU Ca

I

192
hardwood o r mixed n o r t h e r n
to

oak

s i t e s .

significantly
RA,

w ith

of

sugar

C alcium

correlated

r = 0 .83

significant

areas

of

r = - 0 .49,

m aple

and

site

3 .9 ).

w ith

correlations

respectively
of

oaks,

and

of

from

w ere

also

and b a s a l

r =0.76

and

negative

litte r

nutrient

produced, w hile

the overstory.

r =0 .7 5 ,

correlations

(r=-0.69).

Ca c o n t e n t

re d o a k , were

sites

content
by g r o u n d

in

autumn

flora

a n d Mg wa s a s s o c i a t e d m o s t c l o s e l y w i t h

a s s o c ia te d with

area

Poorer,

with

basal

r = - 0 .48

and

(Table 3 .9 ) .

the o rd in a tio n of

P,

is

scores

return

litterfall

species

c o v e r -a b u n d a n c e v a r i e d d e pending on t h e n u t r i e n t .
K,

opposed

l i t t e r f a l l

litterfall

re d maple b a s a l a r e a

and p i n

as

C orrelations

bassw ood,

significant
black

of

ordination

There were s i g n i f i c a n t

A ssociations
w ith

with

(T able

o f Ca c o n t e n t w i t h
still

c o n te n t

b e t w e e n Ca c o n t e n t o f

respectively.

but

hardwood o v e r s t o r i e s ,

ranked

Return of

t h e amount

of N and e s p e c i a l l y

of

Ca w a s

t h e p r e s e n c e o f s u g a r maple and basswood

in

193
CONCLUSIONS
The o r d i n a t i o n o f u p l a n d f o r e s t e d s i t e s
l o w e r M i c h i g a n b y RA o f
values

was

ground

asso ciated

en v iro n m en ts, w ith

flora

w ith

in n o rth e a ste rn

ranked cover-abundance

g la c ia l

some s p e c i f i c

depos i t io n a 1

f e a t u r e s , and a l s o

w ith

o v e rs to ry sp ecies composition.
S ites
ordination
w ithin

at

one

occurred

m orainal

of

extreme
on

sands

areas.

in

the

f ir s t

localized

These s i t e s

axis

of

outwash

the

features

had low o v e r a l l

soil

n u t r i e n t c o n t e n t , high abundances of Vaccinium a n g u s ti f o liu m
and

Pteridium

supported

aquilinium

black

and

pin

p r o d u c t i o n wa s l o w e s t f o r
Sites
till

which

inclusions,

soil

the

oaks

in

herbaceous
the

on

outwash

on t h e f i r s t

These s i t e s
had

overstory.

sand

on i c e - d i s i n t e g r a t i o n

nutrients,

layer,

and

L itter

these s i t e s .

occurred

to outwash sand s i t e s
ground f l o r a .

in

with

ice-rafted

topography,

were n ext

axis of the o rd in a tio n of

contained interm ediate le v e ls

lower

abundances

of

V accinium

of
and

P t e r i d i u m , a n d w e r e d o m i n a t e d by r e d oak i n t h e o v e r s t o r y .
Sites

l o c a t e d on two d i f f e r e n t

P o r t Huron d e p o s i t i o n ,
of

ground

flo ra.

northern

hardw ood

abundances

of

Port

sites.

Bruce

northern
chilensis,

o f P o r t Bruce and

were d i f f e r e n t i a t e d

by t h e o r d i n a t i o n

Port

also

Huron

sites

o v ersto ries,

Prenanthes

hardwoods,
and

tills,

Sites

alba

and

on P o r t

supported
and

contained

Smilacina

Bruce

mixed

till

contained

high

had V io la

canadensis

higher

racemosa

than

supported

only

abundances
in

oak-

of

the

Osmorhiza
herbaceous

194
layer.
to

D ifferences

be

due

to

in

overstory

differing

composition

conditions

at

the

were

believed

tim e

of

stand

establishm ent.
S oil

phys ic a l

overstory

types,

hardwoods,

were

were

and

oak-northern

compared

associated

w ith

estab lish m en t.

The

differences
fragment
Mg

the

may

till,

have

species
and

been

only

some

soil

with

nutrients.

intensity

and

differences
The
ground

t i l l

soil

of

the

B horizon,
increased

rates

of

It

the

sites

and

textures,

or

not
with

ma y

have

of

and
in

coarse
possibly

the

solum

M ineralogy
fragments
w ere

not

presence

others

the

been

species

were

the

on

them

supply

is
of

of
not

major

particularly

fire

responsible

for

in species establishm ent.

first
flora

dim ensional
was

also

ordination

significantly

RA o r d i n a t i o n

species,

a n d t o PCA o r d i n a t i o n s o f s o i l
These

association

any

coarse

that

C lim a te and s i t e h i s t o r y ,
frequency,

northern

proper tie s

appears

two

sig n ifican t

vegetation

be

the

overstory

to

sim ilar

d a ta .

whether

in

fa c to r ? th ese

red

associated

and

composition d i f f e r e n c e s .

i n my s t u d y .

on

of

s ta tis tic a lly

Mg ma y

investigated
oak

hardw oods

differences

weathering
a

proper tie s

determine

thickness

although
to

to

attributable

content,

due in p a r t
of

not

content,

chem ical

sites

ground

in dicate

flora,

by

correlated

which used o v e r s t o r y

correlations

among

of

field
that

overstory

basal

RA

w ith
area

of
a
by

and l a b o r a t o r y
there

is

com position,

an
and

195
soil properties.
The o r d i n a t i o n
cover-abundance
during

im portant
studies
1980,

sites

values

anaerobic

correlated

of

wa s

with m in eralized
because

Powers

1980,

of

present

incubation,

and

the

has

m ineralized

from

This

been

RA w e r e

finding

found

in

1984,

greatly

require

(Keeny

Pastor

rate

et

from

a l.

field-

sim plify

field

is

other

productivity

M ellilo

procedures

species

its

sam pling,

and l a b o r a t o r y a n a l y s i s .

significantly

lower

hardwood o v e r s t o r i e s
the

r= 0 .845.

w ould

N

scores

m ineralization

data

N m ineralized during

though

N at

flora

with

with o v ersto ry

Aber

vegetation

estim ation;

S ite

N m ineralization

Prediction

observed

be

associated

incubation.

t o be a s s o c i a t e d

1984).

by r a n k e d g r o u n d

soils

or

in

available

If

overstory

had

anaerobic
on

than

sites

on

w ith

levels,

com position
then

so

may

Add i t i o n a 1 s t u d y

of

fire

needed;

if

mixed

northern

no s i g n i f i c a n t

nutrient

d isturbance,

incubation

differences

with

the

sites,
in

are

d i s tu rb a n c e

is

a cause-effeet

estab lish ed ,

N m ineralization

rates

to

even

texture

exception

of

Mg.

related

to

N m ineralization

m ineralization

found

oak-northern

hardwood

differences
be

wa s

le v e ls.

e ffe c ts

on

relationship

could

be

used

forest

floor

N
is
to

ev alu ate long-term e f f e c t s of d istu rb an ce.
Weight
( Oe )

sampled

somewhat

of

the

partially

in

late

October

lower

than

the

Hubbard Brook F o r e s t

decomposed
wa s

19 , 3 0 0

11,747
kg

kg

ha- 1 ,

ha**'5' r e p o r t e d

(Gosz e t a l . 1 9 7 6 ) .

layer

a

figure
on

Other f o r e s t

the

floor

196
weights

reported

Oi,

a n d Oa l a y e r s

Oe,

litte rfa ll
than

in

are

also

were

to

here.

not

are

not

sampled

be low er

in

perhaps

in

forest

the G reat

forest

D ifferences

associated

w ith

floor
in

floor

litte r

the

lack of d ifferen c e are u n c le a r.

at

higher

noted

elevations,

(Gosz e t a l . 1 9 7 6 ) .

a

ecosystems

compos i t i o n ,

expectation

not

that

Reasons

litte r
and

N

forest
for

the

Other s t u d i e s of th e f o r e s t

greater

where

was

production,

f l o o r d o n o t make c o m p a r i s o n s a mong e c o s y s t e m s ;
Hubbard Brook s t u d y

region

accum ulations

a mong

w e i g h t s w o u l d vary among e c o s y s t e m s .

as

Since

Lakes

there

weights

species

raised

levels

comparable,

separately.

Mor e u n e x p e c t e d l y ,

trend

m ineralization
floor

literature

northeast,

le ss.

discernible

quality

the

appears

the

studied

in

however, the

accum ulations

clim ate

slowed

of

m aterial

decompos i t io n

A dditional study of the f o r e s t

floor

is

needed.
W eight o f autumn l i t t e r f a l l
my s t u d y
northeast
Ohio

a l.

acting
on

mixed

northern

al.

lower

1972,

than

com parable

( Cr ow 1 9 7 8 )

and

northwestern

litter

may b e

production.

oak-northern
hardwood

sites

a

L itter

site s,

lo w e s t on b la c k o a k - p i n oak s i t e s .

red

in

the
in

reported

in

Michigan

( Zak

influence

were

greatest

interm ediate
oak

for

and

clim atic

weights

northern

1977)

that

lower

regional

hardwood
and

to

kg h a - 1

reported

Ma c L e a n a n d We i n

but

There

2,887

those

1984),

1986).
on

figure

(Gosz e t

(Boerner

Wisconsin
et

sites, a

averaged

site s,

on
and

197
R eturn

of

significantly
the

n u trie n ts

correlated

nutrients

P,

Mg,

with

and

particularly

Ca wa s h i g h l y

sugar

m aple

and

agrees

with

other

litter

quality

Zak e t a l .

basswood
studies

and s p e c ie s

1986).

in

autum n

amount o f

especially
correlated
in

the

which

l i t t e r f a l l
litter

K.
with

overstory.
found

composition

produced

Return
the

of

This

et

for

N and

presence

associations
(Pastor

was

of

result
between

al.

1984,

198
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f o r p o s t f i r e ja c k p i n e and hardwood s u c c e s s i o n p a t t e r n s
i n New B r u n s w i c k .
Can. J . F o r . R e s . 7: 5 6 2 - 5 7 8 .
McNa bb, O . H . , K. C r o m a c k , J r . , a n d R . L . F r e d r i k s e n . 1 9 8 6 .
V a r i a b i l i t y o f n i t r o g e n and c arb o n i n s u r f a c e s o i l s o f
s i x f o r e s t ty p e s in th e Oregon C a s c a d e s .
Soil S c i.
S o c . Am. J . 5 0 : 1 0 3 7 - 1 0 4 1 .
M e l i 1 l o , J .M ., J . D. A b e r , and J . F . M u r a t o r e .
N itro g e n and l i g n i n c o n t r o l of hardwood l e a f
decom position dynamics.
E c o l o g y 63? 6 2 1 - 6 2 6 .
Moon,

D.E.
1984.
F o re st land
B r i t i s h C olum bia.
p 66-81.
F o r e s t Land C l a s s i f i c a t i o n :
Perspectives.
Proceedings of
W i s c o n s i n , March 1 8 - 2 0 , 19 84 .

19 8 2 .
litte r

resources in v entory in
In J .G . Bockheim, e d .
E xperiences, Problem s,
t h e symposium.
Madison,
276 p p .

M u e lle r-D o m b o is, D ., and H. E l l e n b e r g .
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Methods o f V e g e t a t i o n Ecology.
John Wiley
New Y o r k , N. Y.
547 p p .

Aims a n d
and S o n s.

M y r o l d , D . D.
1987.
R e l a tio n s h ip between m ic r o b ia l biomass
n i t r o g e n and a n i t r o g e n a v a i l a b i l i t y in d e x .
Soil S c i.
S o c . Am. J . 5 1 : 1 0 4 7 - 1 0 4 9 .
O v e r l e a s e , W .R., and E.D. O v e r l e a s e .
1976 .
A study of
s p r i n g h erb aceo u s ground cover as an i n d i c a t o r o f s i t e
c o n d itio n s in mesic m orthern hardwoods, Benzie County,
n o rth w estern Michigan.
P r o c . P e n n . Ac a d e my S c i . 5 0 :
173-178.
P a s t o r , J . , J . D . A b e r , C.A. M c C l a u g h e r t y , a n d J . M . M e l i l l o .
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Aboveground p r o d u c t i o n and N and P c y c l i n g a lo n g
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E c o lo g y 65: 256-268.
P f i s t e r , R .D ., and S .F . A rn o .
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C lassifying fo rest
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P i e l o u , E.C.
1984.
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263 p p .

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Powers, R.F.
1980.
M in e r a li z a b le s o i l n i t r o g e n as an index
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S o c . Am. J . 4 4 : 1 3 1 4 - 1 3 2 0 .
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1982.
The u s e o f g r o u n d
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1984.
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n and
c o m p a r iso n o f u p l a n d hardwood and c o n i f e r e c o s y s t e m s o f
t h e C y r u s H. M c C o r m i c k E x p e r i m e n t a l F o r e s t , u p p e r
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Can. J . F o r . R e s . 14: 3 6 2 - 3 7 5 .
P r e g i t z e r , K. S . , B.V. B a r n e s , an d G.D. Lemme.
1983 .
R e l a t i o n s h i p of topography to s o i l s and v e g e t a t i o n in
an Upper M ic h i g a n e c o s y s t e m .
S o i l S c i . S o c . Am. J . 4 7 :
117-123.
P r e g i t z e r , K . S . a n d C. W. Ramm.
1984.
C la s s ific a tio n of
f o r e s t ecosystem s in M ichigan.
p 114-131.
In J.G .
Bockheim, ed.
F o r e s t Land C l a s s i f i c a t i o n : E x p e r i e n c e s ,
Problems, P e r s p e c t i v e s .
P r o c e e d in g s o f t h e symposium.
M a d i s o n , W i s c o n s i n , March 1 8 - 2 0 , 1 9 8 4 .
276 p p .
Rowe, J . S .
1956 .
Uses o f u n d e rg ro w th
forestry.
Ec o lo g y 37: 4 6 1 -4 7 3 .
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plant

species

in

J.S.
1984.
Forestland c la s s if ic a tio n :
lim itations
of the use of v e g e ta tio n , p 132-147.
I n J . G . Bockheim,
ed.
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P r o c e e d in g s o f t h e symposium.
Madison,
W i s c o n s i n , Ma r c h 1 8 - 2 0 , 1 9 8 4 .
276 p p .

S a h r a w a t , K . L . , D.R. K e e n e y , a n d S . S . Adams.
1985.
Rate of
a e ro b ic n itro g en tra n sfo rm a tio n s in s ix a cid clim ax
f o r e s t s o i l s a n d t h e e f f e c t o f p h o s p h o r o u s a n d C aC O ^ •
F o r e s t S c i . 31: 6 8 0 - 6 8 4 .
SAS I n s t i t u t e I n c .
1985.
Statistical
P e r s o n a l C o m p u t e r s . C a r y , NC.

Analysis

System

for

S m i t h , J . L . , B .L . McNeal, E . J . Owens, an d G.O. K l o c k .
1981.
Comparison o f n i t r o g e n m i n e r a l i z e d un d er a n a e r o b i c and
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Commun. i n S o i l S c i . P l a n t A n a l .
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S p i e s , T . A . , and B.V. B a r n e s .
1985 .
A m ultifactor
e c o l o g i c a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e n o r t h e r n hardwood and
c o n i f e r eco sy stem s o f S y lv a n ia R e c r e a t i o n A re a, Upper
P e n in s u la , Michigan.
Can. J . F o r . R e s . 15: 9 4 9 - 9 6 0 .

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1980.
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6 33 p p .
U r b a n , D . L . , R .V . O ' N e i l l , and H.H. S h u g a r t ,
Landscape ecology.
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Jr.

1987.

V i t o u s e k , P.
1982.
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efficiency.
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use

Waring, R .H ., and J . Major.
1964.
Some v e g e t a t i o n o f t h e
C a l i f o r n i a c o a s t a l redwood r e g io n in r e l a t i o n to
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n u trie n ts ,
lig h t,
and
tem perature.
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1986.
R elatio n of M ichigan's p re s e ttle m e n t
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Ecology 67: 1548-1559.
W h i t n e y , G.G.
1987.
An e c o l o g i c a l h i s t o r y
Lakes f o r e s t o f M ichigan.
J . E cology 75:
Zak,

of the G reat
667-684.

D . R . , K.S. P r e g i t z e r , and G.E. H o st.
1986.
Landscape
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Can. J . F o r . R es.
16: 1258-1263.

CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS
Previous
sites

along

chapters
a

gradient

com ponents,

and

of

summar i z e s

s o ils .

by

A lso,
w ithin

important

conclusions

on

part

of

d i s c u s s e s ways i n w h ic h t h e s e

number o f

soil

variables

investigations.

Field

im portant

in

related

texture,

soil

to

in

previous

results

te x tu re of these la y e r s .
t h i c k n e s s , and o v e r a l l
in

distinguishing

depositions.
variables
others.
which
In

from f i e l d

la y e rs with in creased s i l t

displayed
Rather,

summarized

PC A 's

of

depths

most

to

the

the

large

laboratory

which were most

sites
to

and

were

those

accum ulations

of

a n d /o r c la y c o n t e n t , and th e

Coarse fragment c o n t e n t , E h o riz o n

t e x t u r a l a v e r a g e s were a l s o
tills

of

im portant

two d i f f e r e n t

n u t r i e n t among l a b o r a t o r y d e t e r m i n e d

a greater

there

and

variables

between g l a c i a l

No s i n g l e

chapter

system.

obtained

particularly

This

summarize

betw een

the

ecosystem

may b e a p p l i e d

2 to

d ifferentiating

of

ch ap ters,

C hapter

determined

o v ersto ry

a n d among t h e
my w o r k .

of

ecosystem

flo ra ,

d evelopm ent o f an e c o l o g i c a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
PCA's w e r e u s e d

ordination

exam ination

of

the

the

separate

herbaceous

variables

c o m p o n e n t s wa s a n

focused

expressed

inclu d in g

compos i t i o n ,
associations

have

were
of

laboratory

amount of

horizon

the

204

groups

variability

data

v ariability

w hich

or
in

depth
the

included

than
ranges

data

set.

organic

205
h orizons,

n utrient

em phasized

over

layers

content

that

were excluded

of

the

of

nutrient

less

from t h e

variation

s u ms o f

n utrient

sums

overall so il

D e p t h s ums o f

described

upper

such

a

n u trien t contents

respect

wa s

to

glacial

agreement

the

lab o rato ry

first

depositional

nutrients

except for

those

150 cm s o i l

depth.

large

component

size

of

These
of

interpretations

H o r i z o n summed d a t a p r o v i d e d

formed

ice-rafted

among

data

ordinations

with

different

soil

several

groupings

environments

were

not

loamy

till

of

site

Site

based

on

contradicted

by

formed i n l o c a l i z e d outw ash on i c e -

topography
in

most

sets.

Sand s i t e s

disintegration

were

till.

distinctly

Sites

inclusions

separated

formed

were p la c e d

in

was u s u a l l y
till

effective
sites

separation

was

correlations
laboratory
of

from P o r t
not

site

Huron

alw ays

among

data
a

in d is p la y in g

sets,

resu lts
it

is

1Names a r e a c c o r d i n g t o B u r g i s

till

possible

from

obtained
1981).

of

although

Because

to

from
with
two

Th e s e c o n d PC

sites1,

obtained

(1977,

these

a separation

d is tin c t.

from more e a s i l y

outwash

betw een

extremes along the prim ary a x is of the p l o t s .

status

content

soil

t h a t no o t h e r

two P C s

and f i e l d

th e s e PCA's.

Bruce

was

When o r g a n i c

nutrient

th a n h o r i z o n sums,

the e n tir e

layers

interpretations.

There

sites

soil.

analysis,

c o u l d b e d e r i v e d f r o m t h e PCA.
better

organic

m ineral

t h e B h o r i z o n wa s e m p h a s i z e d .
exhibited

the

infer
field

of

field

Port
the
the
and

nutrient
data.

It

206
is

also

soil

evident

there

are

t e x t u r e and s o i l n u t r i e n t
Soil

to

that

variables

test

for

Comparisons

were

g ro u p s were s i g n i f i c a n t
variables
sites

compared

outwash

individually

sig n ifican t

sand

sites

for nearly a l l

exam ined.

among g r o u p s

d ifferen ces.

and

all

other

com parisons

formed in sandy outwash w ith t i l l

betw een

Sites

formed in t i l l

fr o m P o r t B ru c e an d P o r t Huron g l a c i a l d e p o s i t i o n s ,

respect
tills

to

a

few

different

variables.

into d ifferen t

from each o t h e r
Thus,

depositional

environment

ranked
species

of

sites

cover-abundance
composition,

b y RA o f

values

of

the

first

ordination

axis

soil

nutrient

angustifolium
layer,

and

and

c o n t e n t , high

black

with

pin

not

species

overstory

S i t e s a t one extrem e
in

localized

These s i t e s

abundances

aquilinium
and

is

two

depositional

o c c u r r e d on s a n d s

Pteridium

supported

flora

way w i t h

outwash f e a tu r e s w ith in m orainal a r e a s .
overall

groups

ground

e n v iro n m e n ts and s o i l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

these

data.

wa s a s s o c i a t e d

and i n a g e n e r a l

however,

except with

separating

c o m p l e t e l y s u p p o r t e d by a n a l y s i s o f s o i l s
The o r d i n a t i o n

site

i n c l u s i o n s and s i t e s

were s i g n i f i c a n t .

were n ot s i g n i f i c a n t l y

of

n u t r i e n t and t e x t u r a l

L ik e w is e , most

f o r m e d i n loamy t i l l

gradients

s t a t u s on t h e s t u d y s i t e s .

s ta tis tic a lly

between

corresponding

in

oaks

in

of

h ad low

Vaccinium

the

herbaceous

the

overstory.

with

ice-rafted

L i t t e r p r o d u c t i o n was l o w e s t o n t h e s e s i t e s .
Sites
till
along

which

inclusions
the

first

occurred

on

were

located

axis

of

the

outwash
next

to

sand

outw ash

ordination

of

sand

ground

sites
flo ra.

207
These s i t e s
had

lower

contained interm ediate le v els of s o il
abundances

of

Vaccinium

and

nutrients,

Pteridium ,

and

were

d o m i n a t e d by r e d oak i n t h e o v e r s t o r y .
S ites

located

on

tills

of

Port

Bruce

and

Port

d e p o s i t i o n w e re w e l l d i f f e r e n t i a t e d on t h e f i r s t
ordination

of

ground

flora.

Port

m ixed

oak-northern

hardwood

higher

abundances of

Prenanthes

than
only

Port

Bruce

sites.

northern

Osmorhiza

chilensis,

herbaceous l a y e r .
believed

to

be

and

to

supported

and

contained

and S m i la c in a

on P o r t

contained

also

had

D ifferences

due

alba

axis of the

sites

overstories,

Sites

hardwoods,

Huron

Huron

racemosa

Bruce

till

high

abundances

Viola

supported

canadensis

in

of
the

in o v e r s t o r y co m p o sitio n were

differing

conditions

at

the

time

of

stand establishm ent.
S oil

physical

overstory

types,

hardw oods,

were

asso ciated

and

oak-northern
compared

w ith

estab lish m en t.

The

among

were

fragment

and p o s s i b l y

Mg,

only

variables

hardw oods
determ ine
in

not

of

and
if

of

till

sites

and

w ith

soil

tex tu res,

not

C lim ate

on

The p r e s e n c e

others
or

and

w ith
site

is

of

apparently

the

supply

history,

were

species

sig n if icant

attributable

thickness

two

northern
they

to
the

a l t h o u g h Mg c o n t e n t may b e d u e

differences.

the

oversto ry

s ta tistic a lly

content,

vegetation

nutrients.

to

proper t ies

d iffe r ences

differences
coarse

chem ical

vegetation
B horizon,
in

re d oak
not
of

part
on

to

some

associated
m ajor

so il

p articularly

fire

208
intensity

and

differences
The

frequency,

ma y

have

been

responsible

for

in species establishm ent.

firs t

dim ension

site

scores

and

ranks

o r d i n a t i o n by g r o u n d f l o r a wa s a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t l y

from

correlated

w i t h a s i m i l a r RA o r d i n a t i o n w h i c h u s e d o v e r s t o r y b a s a l a r e a
by

sp ecies,

and

to

laboratory data.
an

PCA o r d i n a t i o n s

These c o r r e l a t i o n s

association

among

ground

of

so il

indicate

flora,

field

that

overstory

and

there

is

com position,

and s o i l p r o p e r t i e s .
The o r d i n a t i o n
cover-abundance

anaerobic

linear

cor re la tio n

to

be

is

by r a n k e d g r o u n d

wa s

associated

incubation.
w ith

Site

1984,

Prediction

of

w ith

Pastor
the

et

overstory
a l . 1984,

significantly

lower

hardwood o v e r s t o r i e s
though the s o i l s

disturbance

as
be

on

than

sites

on

RA h a d

r =0 .8 4 5 .

a

This

as

used

to

to

evaluate

Powers

and

1980).

field-observed

incubation
w ith

identical

inherent

from

(Aber

these s i t e s .

northern

N m ineralization

well

rate

anaerobic

had n e a r l y

levels.

p o ssib ly

N at

species

m ineralized

from

Keeny 1 9 8 0 ,

m ineralization

N m ineralized during

nutrient

N

productivity

v e g e t a t i o n d a t a may b e p o s s i b l e f o r

be

with

scores

m ineralized

flora

i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e N m i n e r a l i z a t i o n h a s b e e n shown

associated

M ellilo

sites

values

during

finding

of

mixed

was

found

to

oak-northern

hardwood

sites,

even

t e x t u r e s and a v a i l a b l e

l e v e l s may b e
site

related

quality,

long-term

and

to

could

e ffe c ts

of

disturbance.
Weight

of

the

partially

decomposed

forest

floor

layer

209
was

11,747

reported

kg

in

litte rfa ll

ha- 1 ,

the

a

figure

northeast

appears

to

somewhat

(Gosz

be low er

et

in

lower

al.

1976).

the G reat

t h a n i n t h e n o r t h e a s t , and p e r h a p s f o r e s t

w eights

ecosystem s

litter

production,

com position,
result

and

litter

here.

quality

i n v a r i a t i o n among f o r e s t

forest

floor

D ifferences

associated

N m ineralization

region

flo o r accumulations

T h e r e wa s n o t r e n d i n d i f f e r i n g
studied

that

Autumn

Lakes

are also less.
among

than

levels

with

were

in

species

expected

flo or w eights.

to

Reasons fo r

the lack of d iffe re n c e are u n c le a r.
Weight
figure

of

lower

autumn

than

litterfall

those

averaged

reported

in

the

2,887

kg h a ” 1 ,

northeast

(Gosz

a
et

a l . 1 9 7 2 , Ma c Le a n and We i n 1 9 7 7 ) a n d i n O h i o

(Boerner 1984),

but comparable to th a t

( Cr ow 1 9 7 8 )

re p o rte d in Wisconsin

n o r th w e s te r n lower Michigan
a

regional

L itter

clim atic

influence

w e ig h ts were g r e a t e s t

s i t e s , interm ediate
re d oak s i t e s ,
R eturn

nutr ie n ts

noted

in

litter

hardwood s i t e s

P , Mg,

Ca wa s

litte r

and

other

studies

a u t umn

especially

highly

quality

in

w i t h amount o f

su g a r m aple and basswood
betw een

on

production.

on mixed o a k - n o r t h e r n

on n o r t h e r n

correlated

nutrients

particularly

acting

T h e r e may b e

hardwood

and n o rth e rn

an d l o w e s t on b l a c k o a k - p i n oa k s i t e s .
of

significantly
the

( Za k e t a l . 1 9 8 6 ) .

and

correlated
in

the

et

litter

K.
with

al.

the

of

for

N and

presence

of

A ssociations

com position
1986,

was

produced

Return

overstory.

and s p e c i e s
(Zak

l i t t e r f a l l

have been

Pastor

et

al.

210
1984).
An e c o l o g i c a l
could

be

classification

developed

descriptions,
com ponents
distinct.

using

to

based

the

sites
size

adequately describe a l l
s o me s t e p s

on

s ite

com binations

identify

Although

system

of

these

sites

o rd in a tio n s
different

w hich

of

for

are

my s a m p l e

and

ecosystem

ecologically
is

too

t h e g ro u p s which e x i s t

small

in

the

to

area,

t o w a r d d e v e l o p i n g a n e c o s y s t e m c l a s s i f i c a t i o n may

be d e s c r i b e d .
My s t u d y

has

demonstrated

c o r r e l a t i o n s among f i r s t
ground
basal

flora
area

there

is

cover-abundance
and

p ro p erties.
the

there

dimension s i t e

by s p e c i e s ,

determ ined
sim plifies

ranked

that

on

values,

soil

field

Such d e c i s i o n s

are

inherent

in

on

and

among

procedure;

not a g re e m e n t, an a r b i t r a r y

in

b a s e d on
overstory

laboratory

ordinations

instances

decision

most

significant

ordinations

A greem ent

classification

are

must

where

be m ade.

classification

systems

{ Wi c k w a r e a n d C o w e l l 1 9 8 5 ) .
Analysis
good

basis

of

for

environm ents,
m ater i a l

from

appear

nutrient

has

Huron

have
from

to

content,

of

glacial

kinds

betw een

be s i m i l a r

to

although

sample

a

few

them.

till

of

separating

only

size

is

is

in
too

a

surf ic ia l
S oil

data

Port

Bruce

variables

A lso,

sites

there

depositional

a c tiv ity .

justify
as

that

different

different

t i l l ,

different

indicated

sites

not e n tir e ly

Port

significantly
sites

which

does

data

separating

resulting

analysis
till

soils

are

lacustrine
texture
small

and

w ithin

211
this

group

However,

to

be

soil

analysis

depositional
area:

certain

that

it

does dem onstrate

environm ent groups a re

site s

form ed

in

outw ash

d e p o s i t i o n on i c e - d i s i n t e g r a t i o n
outwash

sand,

flow t i l l

should

containing

i n loamy t e x t u r e d t i l l

that

at

of

separated.
least

three

the

study

in

from

topography,

localized

sites

formed in

ice-rafted

topography,

on m o r a i n e s .

be

present
sand

inclusions

on i c e - d i s i n t e g r a t i o n

not

till

and s i t e s

or

formed

S i t e s on o u t w a s h p l a i n s

and i n l a r g e g l a c i a l d r a i n a g e s were n o t i n v e s t i g a t e d a s p a r t
of

my

study,

and

w ill

likely

com prise

another

group

of

ecosystem s.
These

depositional

groupings
glacial
the

do

not

landforms

scale

of

distinguish

correspond
as

mapping

different

surficial

physical

and

w ith

identified

localized

ecosystem

environm ent/surficial

used

in

deposits

chem ical

by B u r g i s
her

deposits

of

is

surficial

have a l a r g e

and

boundaries
(1977,

study

properties

fu n c tio n ,

mapped

as

sm all

to

m aterial.

influence

be

of

1981),

too

believed

m ust

deposit

The

on s o i l

im portant

re c o g n ize d

in
in

classification.
F loristic
groups

w hich

environm ents
exhibited

c o m p o s i t i o n ma y b e u s e d

to

subdivide

w ere

on

depos i t io n al

and

developed

soil

based

properties.

a close

association

between

herbaceous

flora

and o v e r s t o r y

flora

correlation

of

site

scores

in

RA;

The

24

the
as

study

sites

com position

evidenced

however,

site

divisions

by

of
the

based

212
on f l o r a

should use herbaceous

species

because

of

the

plants

relatively

rather

rapid

than

overstory

stabilization

of

p l a n t communities fo llo w in g d is tu r b a n c e .
S oil

data

an aly sis

separation

of

these

groups

site

ground

Port

flora

differed

m in e ra liz a tio n .

m icrobial
soils

m icrobial
causal

Because

very

activity

factor

substantially

le v e ls with

are

com pletely

com position,

decomposition

which

not

of

in

and

the

may
much

may b e

be

a sso c ia tio n

a

These

result

of

in

t h e y may o r may n o t

flo ris tic

area

should

different

separate

a classification

sites

formed

the

the

effect

of

compensating

deposi tio n a l

outwash w ith

environm ent

loamy t i l l

and a

in

which

fourth

O rdination

in
of

in

a

related

system must
in d icate

an
are

s y s t e m i n my s t u d y

loamy

till

but

having

sandy

in ecosystem c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

factors.
group

inclusions.

which i s e x tr e m e l y s an d y ,
another

be

be

composition.

Another problem to c o n sid e r
is

can

or

in land p o t e n t i a l even though s o i l s

reason,

floristic

N

differences

recognize

For t h i s

of

on

In any e v e n t , a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

alike.

N

different

to disturbance.

im portant d ifferen c e

of

(Myrold 1 9 8 7 ),

succession,

com m unities

and

lev els

substantially

alike.

However,

overstory

in

m ic ro b ia l biomass

in succession;

that

ju s tify

B ruce and P o r t Huron s i t e s .

species

m ineralization

did

Site
of

K belongs

sites

Th e s i t e

formed

has

to
in

one pedon

one which h a s sandy loam t e x t u r e s ,

clay

loam t i l l

which

till

is

soils

places

located
this

is

near

deep

site

in

in
a

the

surface,

the

profile.

borderline

213
location
firm ly

w ith

till

together

overall

with

nutrient

and

cycling

the

inherently

sites;

of

till

in

study

the

the

t i l l

or

on

sites

places

respond

through

root

to

it
the

absorption

litterfall,

sites

f 1 ow t i l l
areal

so

that

the

classification

to

may

quantify

sites

to

system,

In

have

be

placed

would

cam psites,

my

ice-

to

be

v ariab ility .

not

than p ro d u c tio n ,

and

and

outwash w ith

up d e p e n d i n g on t h e

other

tra ils

in

layers.

extent

The a l t e r n a t i v e , w h ic h

the

of

soil

formed

scale

s ite .

management o b j e c t i v e s

and

the m ic ro site

in clu sio ns

s h o u l d be s e t
in

outside

litter

interm ediate

developm ent

site

flora

may

overstory

these

in

Flora

captured

surface

an

m aterial

require

in

group of

Separate groups
till

a

of

l e s s p r o d u c t i v e m i c r o s i t e s w i t h i n a n a r e a may

accumulated

subdivided

of

nutrients

by n u t r i e n t s

ra fte d

sites.

capital

be e n r i c h e d

area,

ordination

or

of

would

w ith

till

accommodate
such as

more

the

exotic

o p e ra tio n s such as w etlands a m e lio ra tio n .
Another
site

classification

P , w hich

substratum
above

apparently

with

th e

formed

in

sandy

origin

of

the

from t h o s e

a

water

w ater

D epositionally,

establish.

question

the

clay

table

ta b le
site

outwash

under

formed

in

a clay
present

are

till

to

above

site

loamy t i l l ,

deep

in

the

group

is

to
the

Textures

e n t i r e l y

table
is

respect

i t .

inclusions,

the w ater
the

with

layer

alm os t

belongs

with

F loristically,
sites

has

arises

of

sand.
sites

although

the

difficult

to

not

distinguishable

but

it

would

likely

214
respond

very

differently

to

certain

There a r e examples of s i m i l a r s i t e s
and f a i l e d
surface

to

regenerate

were

too

harsh

Cleland,

personal

problem s

and o th e r

classified

communication).

the d e p o sitio n al
such as

these,

conditions

seedling

the

sandy

establishm ent

(D.T.

Because

at

of

regeneration

management c o n c e r n s , s i t e

together with t i l l

soils.

environm ent

although

P cannot

be

Another s u b d iv is i o n of

group

their

techniques.

which have been c l e a r c u t

because
for

management

is

areal

required

extent

is

for

sites

likely

to

be

sm all•
I n summary,

there at le a s t

my s a m p l e , a n d a t
groups

not

large

sampled

sandy

because
sites

are

glacial

undisturbed
w ill

plains,

least

likely

six groups i d e n t i f i e d w ith in

one more o u t s i d e
restricted

drainages;
examples

be

could

divided

and ones which o c cu r

to

outw ash

these

were

not

into

on

my s a m p l e .

be

ones

sloping

plains
not

which

and

sam pled

located.

areas

The

These

occur

leading

on
into

drainage v a lle y s .
Group

1,

within

the

(1977,

1981).

outwash
as

the

on

as

identified

boundaries

hilly

m elting

It

of

moraines

consists
terrain

glacier

among

of

my
as

sites

resulting
rem ained

study

a

occurs

identified

by

formed

localized

from
in

sites,

in

Burgis

ice-disintegration
stagnant

p o sition.

O v e r s t o r i e s a r e com prised m ain ly o f b la c k and p i n o a k s ,
a

component

of

northern

red

oak.

The

herbaceous

with
layer

c o n s i s t s o f h ig h abundances o f Vaccinium and P t e r i d i u m , w i t h
o n l y low r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f o t h e r

species.

S i t e s T , H, a n d L

215
comprise t h i s group.
Group 2 c o n s i s t s o f s i t e s
pockets

of

inclusions

loamy

till

or

flow

as

formed i n o u tw a sh ,

which were
till.

transported

These

sites

as

have

red o ak , w ith

component.

have a component o f w h ite

would

likely

logging

dim inished

contains
less

be p r e s e n t

in

abundant.

Group

3 is

depositional

abundance.

1,

and

table
of

other

subdivision

present

northern

beech.

S m ilacina,

a

environment

hardwood s p e c i e s
and

sites

had

The

red

maple

oak,

not

which

selective

herbaceous

species

are

layer

slightly

S i t e s Q, V, W, X, R, a n d M a r e among t h i s

Group

consists

a sizable

hig h abundances of V accinium and P t e r i d i u m , b u t

than

a w ater

its

on more

ice-rafted
overstories

d o m in a te d by n o r t h e r n
Some s i t e s

containing

and s o i l
in

red

the

present.
areal

and

and

a

flora

w ith

of

The

m ixture

include

group.

the

same

but

with

overstory

of

basswood,

M i a n t h emum;

Site P is

extent

2,

characteristics,

in c lu d in g sugar maple,

V i b u r n um,

d a t a , and th e

Group

substratum .

oak,

R epresentative

Pteridium are

of

more

northern
white ash,

Prenan the s ,

no V a c c i n ium

or

t h e o n l y e x a m p l e a mo n g my

this

group

is

lik ely

to

be

sm all.
Group 4 i s
same d e p o s i t i o n a l
till

subdivision

environment,

m aterial present as

group.
the

another

but with

inclusions

B ased on a s m a l l s a m p l e ,

areal

extent

of

till

of

it

Group

a greater

than

is

be

w ith

the

amount

average

is d iffic u lt

which s h o u ld

2,

for

of
the

to estim ate

required

for

this

216
classification,
over

half

sim ilar

of

to

present.

but

soil

that

it

is

borings

The h e r b a c e o u s

Group 5 s i t e s
most have a t h i n

deposition,

or

flora

during

surface

layer

common

northern

N, a n d 0 a r e

to

to

location

northern
sugar

is

wind

hardwood

m aple.

Osmorhiza i s
Prenanthes,

may b e

Group

in t h i s group is
till

areas

3,

K.

on m o r a i n e s ;
sandy

of

loam.

Port

Huron

and occur

f r o m t h e g l a c i a l A u S a b le V a l l e y

of

w ill

like

have

to be

im plem enting

O verstories

consists

that

the

consist

hardwoods

of

on m o r a i n e s .

Bruce d e p o s i t i o n ,

prevailing

to

is

of

of

in

addressed
ecological

a m ixture

varying

Group

4.

of

amounts,

Sites

I , J,

r e p r e s e n ta tiv e of t h i s group.

subjected

th eir

phase

flora

near the su rfa ce ,

not

m aple

sim ilar

loamy

a ll

question

system.

Group 6 a l s o

Port

red

in

overstory

o f loamy s a n d o r

r e d oak and n o r t h e r n

and th e ground

of

this

mapping

classification

that

also

in

The

t h e y may b e d i s t u r b a n c e - r e l a t e d

system ;

the

is

formed

must be p r e s e n t

a site.

except

only w ithin a fix ed d is ta n c e
drainage

it

Th e o n l y s i t e

are

may b e

site s

that

within

o f G roup 3,

b u t may i n c l u d e G a l i u m .

These

likely

or

frequent
w ith

may o c c u r

the

to

The
and

ground

pyric

and

most

sites

flora,

Smilacina

o n l y a t v e r y low a b u n d a n c e s .

in

loamy

sites
as

a

to

till

which

were

result

contains

of
and

only

are

dominated

by

high

abundance

of

abundant
are

a

till

ecosystem s

overstory

p r e s e n t , and Galium i s
Viburnum,

on

disturbance

respect

species,

formed

I t may b e r e s t r i c t e d

fire

p atterns.

Among

sites

on m os t

often

Viola canadensis

sites.

present,
is

but

restricted

217
to

sites

due

to

in

of t h i s group.
the

lateness

identifying

represent

of

this

this

S p r in g e p h e m e ra ls were n o t o b s e r v e d
sampling,

group.

but

Sites

may a l s o
A,

B,

D,

be

im portant

E,

P,

and

G

group.

L a c u s t r i n e s i t e s C a n d U, l o c a t e d w i t h i n t h e b o u n d a r i e s
of

Port

Bruce

till,

are

likely

A nalysis of s o ils

and f l o r a

any

im portant

differences

management p r a c t i c e s
silt

content

in s i t e s

of

soils

depositional

O ther

both

o b jectiv es.
ecosystem
additional

mapping,

in

Group

an

6.

t h e r e were
them ,

but

The

high

considered.
operability

in

soil

which

a

problem

s u b d iv is ion

are

statistically

properties.

Subdivisions

to

succession

in

an ticip atio n

silvicultural

groups
but

w ill

w ill
be

of

have

d i f f e r e n c e s which a r e

for

The

be

that

separate

represent

groups

im portant

subdivisions

practices,

result

id en tified

differences

factors

to

to

of

origin.

b a s e d on f l o r i s t i c

due to

enough

have

environment

significant

become p a r t

did not in d ic a te

may

of lacu strin e

The g ro u p s

are

w ill

to

and

provide
refined

s u b d i v i s i o n a s more s i t e s

are

believed

to

be

and p r o d u c t i v i t y .

for
a
and

of

management
m ultiple-use

fram ew ork
likely

for

undergo

investigated.

218
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J . D . , and J.M . M e l i l l o .
1984.
N utrient cycling
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Bockheim, ed .
F o r e s t Land C l a s s i f i c a t i o n : E x p e r i e n c e s ,
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M a d i s o n , W i s c o n s i n , March 1 8 - 2 0 , 1 9 8 4 .
2 76 p p .

Boerner, R .E.J.
1984.
N u t r i e n t f l u x e s i n l i t t e r f a l l and
decomposition in four f o r e s ts along a g ra d ie n t of s o i l
f e r t i l i t y in s o u th e rn Ohio.
Can. J . F o r . R e s . 14: 7 9 4 802.
B u r g i s , W. A .
19 7 7 .
Late-W isconsinan h i s t o r y of
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Ph.D. d i s s e r t a t i o n .
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I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Ann A r b o r , M i c h i g a n .
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1981.
L a te -W isc o n s in a n h i s t o r y of
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In B u r g i s ,
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P l e i s t o c e n e 3 0 t h A n n u a l F i e l d C o n f e r e n c e , May 2 9 - 3 1 ,
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110 p .
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1978.
Biomass and p r o d u c tio n in t h r e e
contiguous f o r e s t s in n o rth ern Wisconsin.
E c o lo g y 59:
265-273.
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1972.
N utrient
c o n te n t of l i t t e r
f a l l on t h e H u b b a r d B r o o k
E x p e r i m e n t a l F o r e s t , New H a m p s h i r e .
E c o lo g y 53: 7 6 9 784.
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1976.
Organic
m a t t e r and n u t r i e n t dynamics of th e f o r e s t and f o r e s t
f l o o r i n t h e Hubbard Brook F o r e s t .
O e c o l o g i a 22: 3 0 5320.
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19 8 0 .
P r e d i c t i o n of s o i l
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a v a i l a b i l i t y in f o r e s t ecosystem s: a l i t e r a t u r e review.
F o r e s t S c i . 26: 1 5 9 - 1 7 1 .
M a c L e a n , D . A . , a n d R.W. W e i n .
1977.
N u trien t accum ulation
f o r p o s t f i r e ja c k p i n e and hardwood s u c c e s s i o n p a t t e r n s
i n New B r u n s w i c k .
Can. J . F o r . R e s . 7: 5 6 2 - 5 7 8 .
M e li1 l o , J . M . , J . D. A b e r , and J . F . M u r a t o r e .
N itro g e n and l i g n i n c o n t r o l of hardwood l e a f
decom position dynamics.
E c o log y 63: 6 2 1 -6 2 6 .

19 8 2 .
litter

219
M y r o l d , D. D.
1987.
R e l a t i o n s h i p between m i c r o b i a l biomass
n i t r o g e n and a n itr o g e n a v a i l a b i l i t y index.
Soil Sci.
S o c . Am. J . 5 1 : 1 0 4 7 - 1 0 4 9 .
P a s t o r , J . , J . D . A b e r , C.A. M c C l a u g h e r t y , a n d J .M . M e l i l l o .
1984.
Aboveground p r o d u c t i o n and N and P c y c l i n g a lo n g
a n i t r o g e n m i n e r a l i z a t i o n g r a d i e n t on Blackhawk I s l a n d ,
W isconsin.
E cology 65: 256-268.
& S o n s , New Y o r k .
263 p p .
Powers, R.F.
1980.
M in e r a li z a b le s o i l n i t r o g e n as an index
of nitrogen a v a il a b ili ty to fo re s t tr e e s .
Soil Sci.
S o c . Am. J . 4 4 : 1 3 1 4 - 1 3 2 0 .
W i c k w a r e , G. M. a n d D. W. C o w e l l .
1985.
F o re s t Ecosystem
C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of th e Turkey Lakes W atershed, O n t a r i o .
E c o l o g i c a l L a n d C l a s s i f i c a t i o n S e r i e s No. 1 8 .
Lands
D irectorate,
Environm ental
C onservation
Service,
E n v i r o n m e n t C a n a d a . 33 p p .
Zak,

D . R . , K.S. P r e g i t z e r , and G.E. H o s t .
1986.
Landscape
v a r i a t i o n in n i t r o g e n m i n e r a l i z a t i o n and n i t r i f i c a t i o n .
Can. J . F o r . Res.
16: 1 2 5 8 - 1 2 6 3 .

APPENDIX

Table A.I.

V ariab le

Soil variable comparisons for site groups based on depositional environment and surficial deposit.

G roups
1st

2n d

Mean

S.D .

Mean

n

<-------1 s t g r o u p --------- >

S .D .

n

<-------2nd g r o u p --------- >

F

df(n ) d f(d )

df

(c a lc .)

<- f o r F ->

t

Pooled
s

A pprox.
df fo r t

t
(c alc.)

ABRAYP

1

2

4.6 8

1 .4 0

3

7 .5 8

3.6 7

8

7

2

9

1 .5 3

8 .8

-1 .8 9 7

ABRAYP

1

3

4 .6 8

1 .4 0

3

22.74

22.25

6

252.583*

5

2

7

9.1 2

5. 1

-1 .9 8 0

6 .8 7 2

ABRAYP

1

4

4.6B

1 .4 0

3

14.77

4 .0 4

5

8 .3 2 7

4

2

6

1 .9 8

5 .3

-5 .0 9 8 *

ABRAYP

1

5

4 .6 8

1.40

3

5 .4 7

0 .8 2

2

2.915

2

1

3

0 .9 9

3 .0

-0 .7 9 4

ABRAYP

2

3

7.5 8

3 .6 7

8

22.74

2 2 .2 5

6

36.756*

5

7

12

9 .1 8

5 .2

-1 .6 5 2

ABRAYP

2

4

7 .5 8

3.6 7

8

14.77

4 .0 4

5

1 .212

4

7

11

2 .2 2

8 .0

-3 .2 3 2 *

ABRAYP

2

5

7.5 8

3 .6 7

8

5.4 7

0 .8 2

2

20.031

7

1

8

1.42

7 .9

1.4 8 5

ABRAYP

3

4

22.74

22.25

6

14.77

4.0 4

5

30.332*

5

4

9

9.2 6

5 .4

0.861

ABRAYP

3

5

2 2 .7 4

22 .2 5

6

5 .4 7

0 .8 2

2

7 3 6 .262*

5

1

6

9 . 10

5 .0

1.897

ABRAYP
ACA

4

5

14.77

4 .0 4

5

5.4 7

0 .8 2

2

24.2 7 4

4

1

5

1.90

4 .7

4.901*

1

2

90.51

52 .7 2

3

376.26

459.16

8

75.854*

7

2

9

165.17

7 .5

-1 .7 3 0

ACA

1

3

90.51

52.72

3

1551.37

5 74.09

6

118.579*

5

2

7

236.34

5 .2

-6 .1 8 1 *

ACA

1

4

90.51

5 2 .7 2

3

1 5 48.26

765.91

5

2 1 1 .059*

4

2

6

3 4 3 .8 8

4.1

-4 .2 3 9 *

ACA

1

5

90.51

5 2 .7 2

3

741.72

229 .9 0

2

19.016*

1

2

3

165.39

1.1

-3 .9 3 7

ACA

2

3

376.26

459.16

8

1551.37

574.09

6

1 .5 6 3

5

7

12

2 8 5.10

9 .4

-4 .1 2 2 *

ACA

2

4

376.26

459.16

8

1548.26

765.91

5

2.782

4

7

11

379.05

5 .8

-3 .0 9 2 *

ACA

2

5

3 7 6 .2 6

459.16

8

7 41.72

2 2 9.90

2

3.9 8 9

7

1

8

2 2 9.74

3 .5

-1 .5 9 1

ACA

3

4

1551.37

5 74.09

6

1548.26

765.91

5

1.780

4

5

9

415.03

7 .3

0.0 0 7

ACA

3

5

15 51.37

574.09

6

741.72

229 .9 0

2

6 .2 3 6

5

1

6

2 8 5.23

5.1

2 .8 3 9 *

ACA

4

5

1548.26

765.91

5

7 4 1 .7 2

2 29.90

2

11.099

4

1

5

379.14

5 .0

2.1 2 7

AHBUF

1

2

1 .7 0 E -4

4.37E -5

3

1 . 17E -4

7 . 14E -5

8

2.670

7

2

9

0 .0 0

6 .2

1.485

AHBUF

1

3

1 . 70E -4

4.3 7 E -5

3

1 . 29E -6

7.4 9 E -7

6

3 4 0 4.08*

2

5

7

0 .0 0

2 .0

6.686*

AHBUF

1

4

1 .7 0 E -4

4.3 7 E -5

3

7 .99E -6

6 .56E -6

5

44.377*

2

4

6

0 .0 0

2.1

6 .3 7 8 *

AHBUF

1

5

1.7 0 E -4

4.3 7 E -5

3

4 .8 6 E -6

6 .63E -6

2

4 3 .4 4 5

2

1

3

0 .0 0

2. 1

6.435*

AHBUF

2

3

1 . 17E -4

7 . 14E-5

8

1 . 29E-6

7.4 9 E -7

6

9087.26*

7

5

12

0 .0 0

7 .0

4.583*

♦Significant difference between groups at alpha=0.05.

Table A.i.

V ariab le

(continued).

Groups
1st

2nd

Mean
<------- 1 s t

S.D .

n

Mean

g r o u p — —>

<-------2n d

n
S.D .
g r o u p — —>

F

df (n) d f (d)

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

Pooled
s

A pprox.
df fo r t

t
(c a lc .)

AHBUF

2

4

1 . 17E -4

7 . 14E -5

6

7 .9 9 E -6

6 .5 6 E -6

5

118.465*

7

4

11

0.0 0

7 .2

AHBUF

2

5

1.1 7 E -4

7 . 14E -5

8

4 .8 6 E -6

6 .6 3 E -6

2

1 1 5 .976

7

1

8

0 .0 0

7 .4

AHBUF

3

4

1-29E -6

7 .49E -7

6

7 .99E -6

6 .5 6 E -6

5

7 6 .7 0 9 *

4

5

9

0 .0 0

4.1

-2 .2 7 1
-0 .7 6 0

4.209*
4.368*

AHBUF

3

5

1 . 2 9 E -6

7 . 49E-7

6

4.8 6 E -6

6 .63E -6

2

7 8.354*

1

5

6

0 .0 0

1 .0

AHBUF

4

S

7 .99E -6

6 .5 6 E -6

5

4.8 6 E -6

6.63E -6

2

.1.0 21

1

4

5

0 .0 0

1 .9

0 .5 6 6

AK

1

2

2B .34

4 .6 0

3

4 2 .0 2

27 .8 1

8

3 6.550*

7

2

9

10.18

7 .9

-1 .3 4 3

AK

1

3

2 0 .3 4

4 .6 0

3

4 8 .7 8

8.7 2

6

3 .5 9 3

5

2

7

4 .4 4

6 .8

-4 .6 0 2 *

AK

1

4

2 0 .3 4

4.6 0

3

7 7 .9 3

3 5 .7 6

5

60.4 3 4 *

4

2

6

1 6 .2 1

4 .2

-3 .0 5 9 *

AK

1

5

2 0 .3 4

4 .6 0

3

35 .8 4

5 .6 3

2

1.498

1

2

3

4.7 9

1 .9

-1 .5 6 7

2

3

4 2 .0 2

27.81

8

48.78

8 .7 2

6

10.171*

7

5

12

10 .4 6

8 .7

-0 .6 4 6

AK

2

. 4

4 2 .0 2

27 .8 1

8

7 7 .9 3

3 5 .7 6

5

1.6 5 3

4

7

11

18.77

7 .0

-1 .9 1 3

AK

2

5

4 2 .0 2

27.81

8

35 .8 4

5 .6 3

2

2 4.400

7

1

8

1 0 .6 1

8 .0

0 .5 8 3

AK

3

4

4 0 .7 0

8 .7 2

6

77.93

35 .7 6

5

16.818*

4

5

9

16.38

4 .4

-1 .7 7 9

AK

3

5

4 8 .7 0

8 .7 2

6

35 .8 4

5.6 3

2

2 .3 9 9

5

1

6

5 .3 4

2 .9

2 .4 2 3

AK

4

5

77.93

35 .7 6

5

35 .8 4

5 .6 3

2

40 .3 4 4

4

1

5

16.48

4 .4

2.554

AMG

1

2

16 .9 8

4.3 6

3

4 5 .8 3

3 9 .4 4

8

81.8 2 8 *

7

2

9

14.17

7 .4

-2 .0 3 6

AMG

1

3

16 .9 0

4 .3 6

3

89 .3 3

17 .3 6

15.854

5

2

7

7 .5 2

6 .1

-9 .6 2 0 *

AMG

1

4

16 .9 8

4.3 6

3

1 5 0 .5 1

7 2 .5 4

6
£

276.8 1 0 *

4

2

6

32 .5 4

4 .0

-4 .1 0 4 *

AMG

1

5

16.98

4.3 6

3

5 2 .6 5

25.28

2

3 3.619

2

3

18.05

1 .0

AMG

2

3

4 5 .8 3

39 .4 4

8

89 .3 3

17.36

6

5.1 6 1

1
7

5

12

15 .6 4

10 .1

-2 .7 8 1 *

-1 .9 7 6

AMG

2

4

45 .8 3

39 .4 4

8

1 5 0 .5 1

7 2 .5 4

5

3.3 8 3

4

7

11

35 .3 1

5 .5

-2 .9 6 5 *

AMG

2

5

4 5 .8 3

3 9 .4 4

8

5 2 .6 5

25.28

2

2 .4 3 4

7

1

8

2 2 .6 7

2 .5

-0 .3 0 1
-1 .8 4 2

AMG

3

4

8 9 .3 3

1 7 .3 6

6

150.51

72 .5 4

5

17 .460*

4

5

9

33.21

4 .4

AMG

3

5

8 9 .3 3

17.36

6

5 2 .6 5

25.28

2

2.121

1

5

6

19.23

1.3

1.908

AMG

4

5

1 5 0 .5 1

72 .5 4

5

5 2 .6 5

25 .2 8

2

8.2 3 4

4

1

5

3 7 .0 4

5 .0

2.642*

•Significant difference between groups at a1pha=0.05.

222

AK

Table A.i.

V a riab le

(continued).

Groups
1st

2nd

Mean

S.D .

Mean

n

<-------1 s t g r o u p --------- >

S .D .

n

<-------2 n d g r o u p --------- >

F

df(n) df(d)

of

(c a lc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

P ooled
s

A pprox.
df fo r t

t
(c a lc .)

2

9

20 2.79

8 .3

-0 .6 8 3

15.638

5

2

7

192.39

6.1

-5 .9 7 3 *

19.400

4

2

6

230.33

4 .6

-4 .1 5 8 *

220.887

2

1

3

6 5 .0 0

2 .0

-1 .1 5 7

1.5 0 0

7

5

12

2 6 4.09

11.9

-3 .8 2 6 *

1 .2 0 9

7

4

11

2 9 2.88

9 .3

-2 .7 9 7 *

7

1

8

192.23

7 .0

0 .3 2 9

4

5

9

2 8 5.78

8 .2

0 .6 7 0

3 4 5 4 .3 3 ®

5

1

6

181.23

5 .0

5.925*

4 2 8 5 .1 3 °

4

1

5

2 21.09

4 .0

3.991*

2

7

9

20 .3 8

3 .2

0.5 7 9

1

2

83 4 .2 4

1 1 2 .2 1

3

9 7 2 .7 8

543.51

8

1

3

834.24

1 1 2 .2 1

3

1983.30

443.74

6

ATKN

1

4

8 34.24

1 1 2 .2 1

3

1791.89

4 9 4 .2 3

5

ATKN

1

5

834.24

1 1 2 .2 1

3

90 9 .4 7

7 .5 5

2

ATKN

2

3

972.78

543.51

8

1983.30

4 4 3 .7 4

6

ATKN

2

4

9 7 2 .7 8

543.51

8

1791.89

4 9 4 .2 3

5

ATKN

2

5

9 72.78

543.51

8

909.47

7 .5 5

2

ATKN

3

4

1983.30

443.74

6

1 7 91.89

4 9 4 .2 3

5

ATKN

3

5

1983.30

443.74

6

909.47

7 .5 5

2

ATKN

4

5

1791.89

4 9 4 .2 3

5

909.47

7 .5 5

2

ATKP

1

2

8 1 .4 0

31.28

3

6 9 .5 9

2 6 .7 2

8

1.370

23.461

5182.28*
1 .2 4 1

ATKP

1

3

81 .4 0

31 .2 8

3

2 7 4.27

131.95

6

17.794

5

2

7

56 .8 2

6 .0

-3 .3 9 5 *

ATKP

1

4

8 1 .4 0

31 .2 8

3

191.84

4 3 .5 0

5

1.934

4

2

6

26.54

5 .6

-4 .1 6 1 *

ATKP

1

5

81 .4 0

31 .2 8

3

76 .7 9

3 .1 4

2

99.237

2

1

3

18 .2 0

2.1

0.2 5 3

ATKP

2

3

6 9 .5 9

26 .7 2

8

2 74.27

131.95

6

2 4.386 ®

5

7

12

54 .6 9

5 .3

-3 .7 4 3 *

ATKP

2

4

6 9 .5 9

26.72

8

191.84

4 3 .5 0

5

2 .6 5 0

4

7

11

2 1 ,6 3

5 .9

-5 .6 5 3 *

ATKP

2

5

6 9 .5 9

26 .7 2

8

76 .7 9

3 . 14

2

7 2.413

7

1

8

9 .7 0

7 .6

-0 .7 4 2

ATKP

3

4

2 74.27

131.95

6

191.84

4 3 .5 0

5

9.201

5

4

9

5 7 .2 7

6 .3

1.4 3 9

ATKP

3

5

2 7 4.27

131.95

6

76 .7 9

3 .1 4

2

1765.87®

5

1

6

53.91

5 .0

3 .663*

ATKP

4

5

191.84

4 3 .5 0

5

7 6 .7 9

3 . 14

2

191.920

4

1

5

19.58

4. 1

5.876*

BBRAYP

1

2

215.85

53.31

3

211.56

113.22

8

4.511

7

2

9

50 .4 9

8 .0

0.0 8 5

BBRAYP

1

3

2 15.85

53.31

3

242.85

2 47.17

6

2 1.497

5

2

7

105.50

5 .8

-0 .2 5 6

BBRAYP

1

4

215.85

53.31

3

245.57

2 71.11

5

25.863

4

2

6

125.09

4 .5

-0 .2 3 8

BBRAYP

1

5

2 15.85

53.31

3

3 3 5 .6 9

431.55

2

65 .5 3 1 ®

1

2

3

3 0 6 .7 0

1 .0

-0 .3 9 1

BBRAYP

2

3

2 11.56

113.22

8

2 42.85

2 47.17

6

4 .7 6 6

5

7

12

108 .5 6

6 .6

-0 .2 8 8

•Significant difference between groups at a1pha=0.05.

i

223

7

ATKN
ATKN

Table A.i.

a rla b le

(continued).

G roups

Mean

S.D .

n

Mean

S .D .

n

F

d f ( n ) d f (d)

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r ' F ->

t

Approx.

P ooled

df fo r t

t
(c a lc .)

1st

2n d

BBRAVP

2

4

2 11.56

113.22

8

245.57

271.11

5

5.7 3 4 ®

4

7

11

127.68

4 .9

-0 .2 6 6

BBRAYP

2

5

2 11.56

113.22

8

3 3 5 .6 9

431.55

2

14.528®

1

7

8

3 0 7.77

1.0

-0 .4 0 3

BBRAYP

3

4

2 42.85

2 47.17

6

245.57

271.11

5

1.203

4

5

9

157.74

8 .3

-0 .0 1 7

BBRAYP

3

5

2 4 2.65

2 4 7.17

6

3 3 5 .6 9

431.55

2

3 .0 4 8

1

5

6

3 21.40

1 .2

-0 .2 8 9

<-------1 s t

g r o u p ------->

<-------2nd

g r o u p ------->

s

4

5

3 2 8 .3 6

1.3

-0 .2 7 4

7

2

9

1604.63

7 .1

-1 .7 9 0

6

1282 .4 3 *

5

2

7

3 4 23.55

5 .0

-6 .2 9 8 *

5

1392.11*

4

2

6

3 9 0 6 .6 9

4 .0

- 4 .5 4 7 ®

4

5

2 4 5.57

271.11

5

3 3 5 .6 9

431.55

2

1

2

2 02.40

2 33.99

3

3 0 7 5 .3 0

4 5 2 2 .4 7

8

BCA

1

3

2 02.40

233 .9 9

3

217 6 3 .6 9

8 3 7 9.42

BCA

1

4

2 02.40

2 33.99

3

17966.94

8730.39

2.534

BCA

1

5

202.40

2 3 3 .9 9

3

6 8 7 3 .6 7

165.55

2

1.998

2

1

3

178 .7 6

2 .9

-3 7 .3 2 0 *

BCA

2

3

3075.30

4522.47

8

217 6 3 .6 9

8379.42

6

3 .4 3 3

5

7

12

3776.11

7 .2

-4 .9 4 9 *

BCA

2

4

3 0 7 5 .3 0

4522.47

8

17966.94

8 7 3 0.39

5

3 .7 2 7

4

7

11

4219.07

5 .4

-3 .5 3 0 *

BCA

2

5

3 0 7 5 .3 0

4 5 2 2 .4 7

8

6873.67

165.55

2

7 4 6 .2 6 5

7

1

8

1 6 0 3 .2 1

7 .1

-2 .3 6 9 *

1.086

BCA

3

4

21763.69

8379.42

6

17966.94

8 7 3 0.39

5

4

5

9

519 0 .9 9

8 .5 ,

0.7 3 1

BCA

3

5

2176 3 .6 9

8 3 7 9 .4 2

6

6 8 7 3.67

165.55

2

2561 .9 4 *

5

1

6

3 4 2 2 .8 9

5 .0

4.350*

BCA

4

5

17966.94

8730.39

5

6873.67

165.55

2

2781 .0 5 *

4

1

5

390 6 .1 0

4 .0

2.8 4 0 *

BHBUF

1

2

3 .09E -4

9 . 18E -5

3

2.9 2 E -4

1.0 4 E -4

8

1.283

7

2

9

0 .0 0

4. 1

0.2 6 4

BHBUF

1

3

3 .09E -4

9 . 18E-5

3

1 .5 1 E -4

1 .2 3 E -4

6

1.795

5

2

7

0 .0 0

5 .4

2 .1 6 4

BHBUF

1

4

3 .09E -4

9.1B E -5

3

7 .9 4 E -5

3 .6 3 E -5

5

6 .3 9 5

2

4

6

0 .0 0

2 .4

4.142*

BHBUF

1

5

3 .0 9 E -4

9 .1 8 E -5

3

9 .7 6 E -5

3 .85E -5

2

5 .6 8 5

2

1

3

0 .0 0

2 .8

3 .548*

BHBUF

2

3

2.9 2 E -4

1 . 04E -4

8

1 .51E -4

1 . 23E-4

6

1.399

5

7

12

0 .0 0

9 .8

2.266*

BHBUF

2

4

2.9 2 E -4

1.0 4 E -4

8

7 .94E -5

3 .6 3 E -5

5

8 .2 0 8

7

4

11

0 .0 0

9 .4

5.289*

BHBUF

2

5

2.92E -4

1.0 4 E -4

8

9 .7 6 E -5

3 .85E -5

2

7.2 9 7

7

1

8

0 .0 0

5 .4

4.249*

BHBUF

3

4

1.5 IE-4

1 . 23E -4

6

7 .9 4 E -5

3 .63E -5

5

11.481®

5

4

9

0 .0 0

6 .0

1 .3 5 7

BHBUF

3

5

1.51E -4

1.2 3 E -4

6

9.7 6 E -5

3 .85E -5

2

10.207

5

1

6

0 .0 0

5 .8

0 .9 3 5

BHBUF

4

5

7 .94E -5

3.6 3 E -5

5

9.7 6 E -5

3 .85E -5

2

1.1 2 5

1

4

5

0 .0 0

1.8

-0 .5 7 4

♦Significant difference between groups at a1pha=0.05.

224

1

37 3 .557*

BBRAVP
BCA

Table A.I.

V ariab le

(continued).

Groups
1st

2nd

Mean

S.D .

Mean

n

<-------1 s t g r o u p ---------->

S.D .

n

<-------2nd g r o u p --------- >

F

d f(n ) d f(d)

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

P ooled
s

A pprox.
df fo r t

t
(c a lc .)

BK

1

2

62.77

11.59

3

281.79

396.82

8

1172.25*

7

2

9

140 .4 6

7 .0

-1 .5 5 9

BK

1

3

6 2 .7 7

11.59

3

827.89

3 99.85

6

119 0.2 2®

5

2

7

163 .3 8

5 .0

-4 .6 8 3 *

BK

1

4

6 2 .7 7

11.59

3

1037.60

2 76.10

5

5 6 7 .5 0 0 ®

4

2

6

123.66

4 .0

- 7 .8 8 3 ®

5

62.77

11.59

3

5 98.97

1 .4 1

2

67 .5 6 6

2

1

3

6 .7 7

2. 1

-7 9 .2 5 7 *

BK

1

BK

2

3

2 81.79

3 9 6 .8 2

B

827.89

3 9 9 .8 5

6

1.0 1 5

5

7

12

2 1 5 .2 4

10.9

-2 .5 3 7 *

BK

2

4

281 .7 9

3 9 6 .8 2

8

1037.60

276.10

5

2 .0 6 6

7

4

11

186.89

10.8

-4 .0 4 4 *

2

5

2 8 1.79

396.82

8

5 98.97

1.41

2

3

4

8 27.89

399.85

6

1037.60

2 76.10

5

7

1

8

140.30

7 .0

-2 .2 6 1

5

4

9

204.68

8 .8

-1 .0 2 5

BK

3

5

827.89

399.85

6

5 98.97

1.41

2

BK

4

5

1037.60

2 7 6 . 10

5

5 98.97

1 .41

2

8 0 4 1 8 .5 ®

5

1

6

163 .2 4

5 .0

1.402

3 8 3 4 3 .8 ®

4

1

5

123.48

4 .0

3 .5 5 2 *

BUG

1

2

45.12

47 .8 3

3

6 43.25

1 1 4 1 .0 1

8

5 6 9 .0 8 6 ®

BMG

1

3

4 5 . 12

47 .8 3

3

2 207.65

1265.69

6

7 0 0 .2 5 1 ®

7

2

9

4 0 4 .3 5

7 .1

-1 .4 7 9

5

2

7

5 1 7 .4 5

5 .0

-4 .1 7 9 *

7 9 2 0 4 .3 ®
2.097

BMG

1

4

4 5 . 12

47 .8 3

3

3 291.20

798.29

5

2 7 8 .5 6 1 ®

4

2

6

3 5 8 .0 7

4 .0

-9 .0 6 5 *

BMG

1

5

45 .1 2

47 .8 3

3

1 3 4 0 .6 1

513.90

2

115.440*

1

2

3

3 6 4 .4 3

1 .0

-3 .5 5 5

BMG

2

3

643 .2 5

1 1 4 1 .0 1

8

2 2 0 7.65

1265.69

6

1.230

5

7

12

65 5 .5 4

10.2

BMG

2

4

643.25

1 1 4 1 .0 1

8

3 2 9 1 .2 0

7 98.29

5

2 .0 4 3

7

4

11

538.69

10.7

-4 .9 1 5 *

BMG

2

5

643.25

1 1 4 1 .0 1

8

1 3 4 0 .6 1

513.90

2

4.9 3 0

7

1

8

542.94

4 .1

-1 .2 8 4

BMG

3

4

2207.65

1265.69

6

3 2 9 1 .2 0

7 9 8 .2 9

5

2 .5 1 4

5

4

9

628.05

8 .5

-1 .7 2 5

BMG

3

5

2 207.65

1265.69

6

1 3 4 0 .6 1

513.90

2

6.0 6 6

5

1

6

631.70

5 .0

1.373

BMG

4

5

3 291.20

7 98.29

5

1 3 4 0 .6 1

5 13.90

2

2 .4 1 3

4

1

5

509.41

3.1

3.829*

BTKN

1

2

1380.56

2 23.86

3

2079.58

1006.35

8

20.209

7

2

9

378.55

8 .5

-1 .8 4 7

BTKN

1

3

1380.56

223.86

3

5 2 8 5 .1 6

657.39

6

8 .6 2 4

5

2

7

297.88

6 .7

-1 3 .1 0 8 *
-9 .2 9 0 *

-2 .3 8 6 *

BTKN

1

4

1380.56

223.86

3

4360.15

656.37

5

8 .5 9 7

4

2

6

320.73

5 .3

BTKN

1

5

1380.56

223.86

3

3 5 9 1 .3 9

560.06

2

6 .2 5 9

1

2

3

416.58

1.2

-5 .3 0 7 *

BTKN

2

3

2079.58

1006.35

8

5 2 8 5.16

6 57.39

6

2.3 4 3

7

5

12

445.67

11.9

-7 .1 9 3 *

♦Significant difference between groups at a1pha=0.05.

225

BK
BK

Table A.I.

i/a rlab le

(continued).

Groups

Mean
<-------1 s t

S.D .

n

Mean

g r o u p ----- - >

S .D .

n

g r o u p ----- - >

F

d f(n ) df(d)

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

Pooled

A pp ro x
df fo r t

t
(c a lc .)

1st

2nd

BTKN

2

4

2 079.58

1006.35

8

4 3 6 0 .1 5

6 5 6 .3 7

5

2.351

7

4

11

46 1 .2 6

10.9

-4 .9 4 4 *

BTKN

2

5

2 0 7 9.50

1006.35

8

3 5 9 1 .3 9

560.06

2

3.2 2 9

7

1

8

5 32.38

3 .0

-2 .8 4 0 *

BTKN

3

4

5 2 8 5 .1 6

657.39

6

43 6 0 .1 5

656.37

5

1.0 0 3

5

4

9

3 9 7 .7 3

8 .6

2 .3 2 6 *

BTKN

3

5

5 2 8 5 .1 6

6 57.39

6

3 5 9 1 .3 9

5 60.06

2

1.378

5.

1

6

47 8 .3 9

2 .0

3 .5 4 1 *

BTKN

4

5

4360.15

656.37

5

35 9 1 .3 9

560.06

2

1 .3 7 3

4

1

5

4 9 2 .9 5

2 .2

1.560

BTKP

1

2

7 9 5.78

167.90

3

1 0 76.57

7 96.22

8

2 2.489

7

2

9

297.73

8 .3

-0 .9 4 3
-5 .6 1 6 *

<-------2nd

s

BTKP

1

3

7 9 5.78

167.90

3

3502.52

1156.37

6

4 7 .4 3 4 *

5

2

7

481.94

5 .4

BTKP

1

4

795.78

167.90

3

3128.50

1477.15

5

77.4 0 1 *

4

2

6

667.68

4 .2

-3 .4 9 4 *

BTKP

1

5

795.78

167.90

3

2464.24

1898.03

2

127.792*

1

2

3

1 3 4 5 .6 1

1.0

-1 .2 4 0

2

3

10 76.57

7 9 6.22

8

3502.52

1156.37

6

2.1 0 9

5

7

12

549.65

8 .4

-4 .4 1 4 *

2

4

1076.57

796.22

8

3 1 2 8 .5 0

1477.15

5

3 .4 4 2

4

7

11

718.08

5 .5

-2 .B 5 8 *

BTKP

2

7 9 6.22

8

2 4 6 4 .2 4

1898.03

2

5 .6 8 3

1

7

8

1 3 7 1 .3 1

1.1

-1 .0 1 2

3

5
4

1076.57

BTKP

35 0 2 .5 2

11 56.37

6

3128.50

1477.15

5

1.632

4

5

9

8 1 1 .9 5

7 .6

0.461

BTKP

3

5

3 5 0 2 .5 2

1 1 56.37

6

2 4 6 4 .2 4

1898.03

2

2.6 9 4

1

5

6

14 22.72

1.3

0 .7 3 0

BTKP

4

5

3 1 2 8 .5 0

14 77.15

5

2 464.24

1898.03

2

1 .6 5 1

1

4

5

1495.88

1.5

0.4 4 4

CASUM

1

2

61 4 2 .2 9

44 6 7 .9 5

3

16206.79

10661.37

8

5 .6 9 4

7

2

9

4567.53

8 .5

-2 .2 0 3 *

CASUM

1

3

6142.29

4467.95

3

36664.01

14961.42

6

11.213

5

2

7

6630.35

6 .4

-4 .6 0 3 *

CASUM

1

4

6142.29

44 6 7 .9 5

3

4 3 4 9 2 .6 4

14240.23

5

10.158

4

2

6

6871.03

5. 1

-5 .4 3 6 *

CASUM

1

5

6142.29

44 6 7 .9 5

3

240 8 9 .2 2

13905.86

2

9 .6 8 7

1

2

3

10165.66

1. 1

-1 .7 6 5

CASUM

2

3

16206.79

10661.37

8

36664.01

14961.42

6

1 .9 6 9

5

7

12

7177.43

8 .6

-2 .8 5 0 *
-3 .6 8 7 *

CASUM

2

4

16206.79

10661.37

8

4 3 492.64

14240.23

5

1 .7 8 4

4

7

11

74 0 0 .3 3

6 .8

CASUM

2

5

16206.79

10661.37

8

240 8 9 .2 2

13905.86

2

1 .7 0 1

1

7

8

10530.65

1.3

-0 .7 4 9

CASUM

3

4

36664.01

14961.42

6

43492.64

14240.23

5

1.104

5

4

9

8824.07

8 .8

-0 .7 7 4

CASUM

3

5

36664.01

14961.42

6

240 8 9 .2 2

1 3 9 05.86

2

1 .1 5 8

5

1

6

11575.57

1.9

1.086

CASUM

4

5

4 3 492.64

14240.23

5

24089.22

13905.86

2

1.0 4 9

4

1

5

11715.09

1.9

1 .6 5 6

•Significant difference between groups at a 1pha=0.05.

226

BTKP
BTKP

Table A.i.

V a riab le

CBRAYP

(continued).

Groups
1st

2nd

1

2

Mean

S.D .

Mean

n

<-------1 s t g r o u p --------- >

181.92

3 7 .4 6

S.D .

n

<-------2 n d g r o u p --------- >

3

104.13

53 .1 1

8

F

d f(n) d f(d )

df

P ooled

(c a lc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

s

2 .0 1 0

7

A pprox.
df for t

t
(c a lc .)

2

9

2 8 .6 4

5 .3

2 .7 1 6 *

22.11

2 .2

7.540*

CBRAYP

1

3

181.92

3 7 .4 6

3

15.18

11 . 3 0

6

10.990*

2

5

7

CBRAYP

1

4

181.92

3 7 .4 6

3

3 3 .7 4

21.88

5

2.9 3 1

2

4

6

2 3 .7 4

2 .8

6 .242*

CBRAYP

1

5

181.92

37 .4 6

3

45 .0 8

26 .7 3

2

1.9 6 4

2

1

3

28.72

2 .9

4.764*

2

3

104.13

53.11

8

15 .1 8

11.30

6

22.0 9 0 *

7

5

12

7 .8

4.600*

CBRAYP

2

4

1 04.13

53.11

8

3 3 .7 4

21.88

5 '

5 .8 9 2

7

4

11

21 . 17

10.0

3.324*

CBRAYP

2

5

104.13

5 3 . 11

8

4 5 .0 8

2 6 .7 3

2

3.9 4 8

7

1

8

26.64

3 .5

2 .2 1 6

CBRAYP

4

15. 18

11.30

6

33 .7 4

2 1 .8 8

5

3.7 4 9

4

5

9

10.82

5 .7

-1 .7 1 6

CBRAYP

3
3

5

15. 18

11 . 3 0

6

4 5 .0 8

2 6 .7 3

2

5.5 9 6

1

5

6

19.46

1. 1

-1 .5 3 7

CBRAYP

4 •

5

3 3 .7 4

21 .8 8

5

4 5 .0 8

2 6 .7 3

2

1 .4 9 2

1

4

5

21 .2 8

1.6

-0 .5 3 3

CCA

1

2

5 710.76

4 3 8 1 .7 3

3

12522.89

8 9 2 3.80

8

4 . 148

7

2

9

4044.02

7 .7

-1 .6 8 4

CCA

1

3

5 7 1 0.76

4381.73

3

13006.72

10966.67

6

6.2 6 4

5

2

7

5142.42

6 .9

-1 .4 1 9

5 .9

-3 .6 4 9 *

CCA

1

4

5 7 1 0.76

4381.73

3

2366 3 .7 8

9 4 3 4 .9 3

5

4 .6 3 6

4

2

6

4919.70

CCA

1

5

571 0 .7 6

4 3 8 1 .7 3

3

15996.15

13926.60

2

10.102

1

2

3

10167.35

1.1

-1 .0 1 2

CCA

2

3

12522.89

8 9 2 3 .8 0

8

13006.72

10966.67

6

1.510

5

7

12

547 7 .1 3

9 .5

-0 .0 8 8

CCA

2

4

12522.89

8 9 2 3.80

8

236 6 3 .7 8

9 4 3 4 .9 3

5

1.118

4

7

11

5268.57

8 .2

-2 .1 1 5

CCA

2

5

12522.89

8923.80

8

15996.15

13926.60

2

2.4 3 6

1

7

8

10340.67

1 .2

-0 .3 3 6

CCA

3

4

13006.72

10966.67

6

23663.78

9434.93

5

1 .3 5 1

5

4

9

6152.09

9 .0

-1 .7 3 2

CCA

3

5

13006.72

10966.67

6

1599 6 .1 5

13926.60

2

1 .6 1 3

1

5

6

10817.57

1 .4

-0 .2 7 6

CCA

4

5

236 6 3 .7 8

9 4 3 4 .9 3

5

15996.15

13926.60

2

2.179

1

4

5

1071 3 .4 8

1 .4

0.7 1 6

CHBUF

1

2

1 . 08E -4

5.1 9 E -5

3

6.9 8 E -5

4 .5 7 E -5

8

1 .2 9 0

2

7

9

0 .0 0

3 .3

1.1 2 2

CHBUF

1

3

1.0 8 E -4

5 . 19E-5

3

5.2 6 E -6

6.6 9 E -6

6

6 0 .1 6 4 ®

2

5

7

0 .0 0

2 .0

3.4 1 5

CHBUF

1

4

1.0 8 E -4

5.1 9 E -5

3

7 .8 6 E -6

B .07E -6

5

4 1 .3 6 1 *

2

4

6

0 .0 0

2.1

3.3 1 8

CHBUF

1

5

1 .08E -4

5.1 9 E -5

3

1 . 50E -5

1 .4 2 E -6

2

1335 .8 5 *

2

1

3

0 .0 0

2 .0

3.1 0 2

CHBUF

2

3

6 .9 8 E -5

4.5 7 E -5

8

5.2 6 E -6

6.6 9 E -6

6

4 6 .6 6 4 *

7

5

12

0 .0 0

7 .4

3.939*

•Significant difference between groups at alpha=0.05.

227

CBRAYP

19.34

Table A.I.

/arlab le

(continued).

Groups

Mean
<-------1 s t

S.D .

Mean

n

g r o u p ---- —>

<------- 2nd

S.D .

n

g r o u p -----—>

F

d f(n ) d f(d)

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

P ooled
s

A pprox.
df fo r t

t
(c a lc .)

1st

2nd

CHBUF

2

4

6.9B E -5

4 .57E -5

8

7 .8 6 E -6

8.0 7 E -6

5

3 2 .0 6 9 ®

7

4

11

0 .0 0

7 .7

CHBUF

2

5

6.9B E -5

4 .57E -5

8

1 . 50E-5

1 .4 2 E -6

2

1035.75®

7

1

8

0 .0 0

7 .1

CHBUF

3

4

5 .2 6 E -6

6.S 9E -6

6

7 .8 6 E -6

8.0 7 E -6

5

1.455

4

5

9

0 .0 0

7 .8

-0 .5 7 4

CHBUF

3

5

5 .2 6 E -6

6 .69E -6

6

1 .5 0 E -5

1 .4 2 E -6

2

2 2.196

5

1

6

0 .0 0

5 .9

-3 .3 4 7 *

CHBUF

4

5

7 .8 6 E -6

B .07E -6

5

1 . 50E -5

1 .42E-6

2

32.298

4

1

5

0 .0 0

4 .5

-1 .9 0 6

CK

1

2

88.91

2 8 .9 6

3

3 4 0 .2 4

138 .6 6

6

2 2.925

7

2

9

51 .8 0

8 .3

-4 .8 5 2 *

3 .7 4 1 ®
3.385*

1

3

88.91

28 .9 6

3

2 22.36

2 68.45

6

85 .9 2 7 ®

5

2

7

110.86

5 .2

-1 .2 0 4

1

4

88.91

28.96

3

570.38

267.97

5

8 5 .6 2 0 ®

4

2

6

121 .0 0

4 .2

-3 .9 7 9 *
-3 .5 1 8 *

CK

1

5

8B.91

2 8 .9 6

3

450.19

143.29

2

24.481

1

2

3

102.69

1.1

CK

2

3

3 40.24

138 .6 6

8

222.36

2 6 8 .4 5

6

3.7 4 8

5

7

12

120.06

7 .0

0 .9 8 2

CK

2

4

3 40.24

138.66

8

570.38

267.97

5

3 .7 3 5

4

7

11

129.48

5 .4

-1 .7 7 7

CK

2

5

340.24

138.66

8

45 0 .1 9

143.29

2

1.068

1

7

8

112.56

1.5

-0 .9 7 7

CK

3

4

22 2.36

2 68.45

6

570.38

267.97

5

1 .004

5

4

9

162.40

8 .6

-2 .1 4 3
-1 .5 2 6

CK

3

5

2 2 2.36

2 68.45

6

450.19

143.29

2

3.5 1 0

5

1

6

149.25

3 .7

CK

4

5

570 .3 8

2 6 7.97

5

4 5 0 .1 9

143.29

2

3 .4 9 7

4

1

5

156.93

3 .9

0 .7 6 6

CMG

1

2

2 7 5.85

156.86

3

1286.62

8 26.33

8

27.751

7

2

9

3 0 5 .8 7

8. 1

-3 .3 0 5 *

CMG

1

3

275.85

156.86

3

9 3 3 .4 4

1235.97

6

62 .0 8 6 ®

5

2

7

5 1 2 .6 5

5 .3

-1 .2 8 3

CMG

1

4

2 7 5.85

156.86

3

2742.50

1158.58

5

54 .5 5 4 ®

4

2

6

525.99

4 .2

-4 .6 9 0 *

CMG

1

5

2 75.85

1 5 6.86

3

2 3 1 6 .3 7

2109.96

2

180.936®

1

2

3

1 4 9 4 .7 1

1.0

-1 .3 6 5

CMG

2

3

1286.62

8 2 6 .3 3

8

9 3 3 .4 4

1235.97

6

2.237

5

7

12

5 8 3 .0 6

8 .3

0 .6 0 6

CMG

2

4

1286.62

826.33

8

2742.50

1158.58

5

1.9 6 6

4

7

11

594.82

6 .6

-2 .4 4 8 *

CMG

2

5

1286.62

8 2 6 .3 3

8

2316.37

2 1 0 9 .9 6

2

6 .5 2 0

1

7

8

1520.30

1.1

-0 .6 7 7

CMG

3

4

9 3 3 .4 4

1235.97

6

2742.50

1158.58

5

1.138

5

4

9

723.23

8 .8

-2 .5 0 1 *

CMG

3

5

9 3 3 .4 4

1235.97

6

231 6 .3 7

2109.96

2

2 .9 1 4

1

5

6

1574.98

1.2

-0 .8 7 8

CMG

4

5

2 742.50

1158.58

5

2316.37

2109.96

2

3 .3 1 7

1

4

5

1579.38

1.3

0 .2 7 0

•Significant difference between groups at a1pha=0.05.

228

CK
CK

Table A.I.

V ariab le

(continued).

Groups
1st

2nd

Mean
<-------1 s t

n
S .D .
g r o u p — ->

Mean
<-------2nd

S.D .

n

g r o u p ----- - >

F

d f(n ) d f(d)

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

P ooled
s

A pprox
df f o r t

t
(c a lc .)

CTKN

1

2

5 81.97

9 8 .2 8

3

1277.38

5 53.73

8

3 1 .7 4 4

7

2

9

2 0 3.83

8 .0

-3 .4 1 2 *

CTKN

1

3

5 81.97

9 8 .2 8

3

94 4 .8 4

1021.90

6

108.115®

2

7

4 21.03

5 .2

-0 .8 6 2

CTKN

1

4

5 81.97

9 8 .2 8

3

2 18 1 .6 6

1618.97

5

271.361*

5
4

2

6

7 2 6 .2 5

4 .0

-2 .2 0 3

CTKN

1

5

5 8 1 .9 7

9 8 .2 8

3

2283.36

1965.52

2

3 9 9 .9 6 7 ®

1

2

3

1390.99

1 .0

-1 .2 2 3

CTKN

2

3

1277.38

5 53.73

8

94 4 .8 4

1021.90

6

3 .4 0 6

5

7

12

4 6 0 .8 4

7 .2

0.7 2 2

CTKN

2

4

1277.38

553.73

8

2181.66

1618.97

5

8 .5 4 8 ®

4

7

11

7 5 0 .0 3

4 .6

-1 .2 0 6
-0 .7 1 7

CTKN

2

5

1277.38

553.73

8

2283.36

1965.52

2

12.600®

1

7

8

1403.55

1.0

CTKN

3

4

9 4 4 .8 4

1021.90

6

2181.66

1618.97

5

2.5 1 0

4

5

9

635.62

6 .5

-1 .4 8 0

CTKN

3

5

9 4 4 .8 4

1021.90

6

228 3 .3 6

1965.52

2

3.6 9 9

1

5

6

1451.10

1 .2

-0 .9 2 2

4

5

2 1 8 1 .6 6

16 18.97

5

2283.36

1965.52

2

1

4

5

1 5 6 7 .1 1

1 .6

-0 .0 6 5

1

2

6 9 0 .6 7

11.20

3

1 2 0 7.94

446.87

8

1591.94®

7

2

9

158 .1 2

7 .0

-3 .2 7 1 ®

CTKP

1

3

690.67

11.20

3

1015.08

783.83

6

4 8 9 7 .8 8 ®

5

2

7

3 2 0 .0 6

5 .0

-1 .0 1 4

CTKP

1

4

690.67

11.20

3

2246.86

1091.06

5

9 4 8 9 .8 9 ®

4

2

6

48 7 .9 8

4 .0

-3 .1 8 9 ®

CTKP

1

5

690 .6 7

11 . 2 0

3

2300.10

1618.63

2

2 0 8 8 6 .2 ®

1

2

3

1144.56

1 .0

-1 .4 0 6

CTKP

2

3

1207.94

4 46.87

8

1015.08

7 83.83

6

3.0 7 7

5

7

12

356.88

7 .4 ■

CTKP

2

4

1207.94

446.87

8

224 6 .8 6

1091.06

5 .9 6 1 ®

4

7

11

5 1 2 .8 8

4 .9

-2 .0 2 6

1.474

0.5 4 0

CTKP

2

5

1207.94

446.87

8

230 0 .1 0

1618.63

5
2

13.120®

1

7

8

11 5 5.40

1 .0

-0 .9 4 5

CTKP

3

4

1015.08

7 83.83

6

2 2 4 6.86

1091.06

5

1.938

4

5

9

583 .5 1

7.1

-2 .1 1 1

CTKP

3

5

1015.08

783.83

6

2 3 0 0 .1 0

1618.63

2

4 .2 6 4

1

5

6

1 1 8 8.44

1.2

-1 .0 8 1

CTKP

4

5

2 2 4 6 .8 6

1091.06

5

2300.10

1618.63

2

2 .2 0 1

1

4

5

1 2 4 4 .2 1

1 .4

-0 .0 4 3

KSUM

1

2

196.23

40 .1 2

3

688.74

452.32

8

127.107®

7

2

9

161.59

7 .3

-3 .0 4 8 ®

KSUM

1

3

196.23

4 0 .1 2

3

1119.70

6 05.25

6

2 2 7 .5 8 7 ®

5

2

7

248.18

5. 1

-3 .7 2 1 *

KSUM

1

4

196.23

4 0 .1 2

3

1712.58

413 .4 1

5

106.179®

4

2

6

186.33

4. 1

-8.1 3 8 ®

KSUM

1

5

196.23

4 0 .1 2

3

1 1 1 2 .6 1

143 .9 5

2

12.874

1

2

3

104.39

1. 1

-8 .7 7 8

KSUM

2

3

6 88.74

4 5 2 .3 2

8

1119.70

605.25

6

1 .7 9 1

5

7

12

294 .3 3

8 .9

-1 .4 6 4

*S1gn1fleant difference between groups at alpha=0.05.

229

CTKN
CTKP

Table A.I.

V ariab le

(continued).

Groups

Mean
<-------1 s t

Mean

n
S.D .
g r o u p — —>

<------- 2 n d

S.D .

n

g r o u p — —>

F

d f(n ) d f(d)

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

s

4

11

2 44.45

9 .3

1

8

189.57

6 .4

-2 .2 3 6

5

4

9

3 08.60

8 .7

-1 .9 2 1

5

1

6

2 6 7.24

6 .0

0 .0 2 7

5

2 1 1.05

5 .0

2 .8 4 3 *

9

511.54

7 .6

-3 .2 1 4 *

1st

2n d

KSUM

2

4

680.74

4 5 2 .3 2

8

1712.58

413.41

5

1.197

7

KSUM

2

5

6 8 8 .7 4

4 5 2 .3 2

8

1 1 1 2 .6 1

143.95

2

9 .8 7 3

7

KSUM

3

4

1119.70

6 05.25

6

1712.58

413.41

5

2 .1 4 3

143.95

2

17.679

Poo 1e d

A pprox.
df fo r t

t
(c a lc .)

-4 .1 8 8 *

KSUM

3

5

1119.70

6 0 5 .2 5

6

1 1 1 2 .6 1

KSUM

4

5

1712.58

413.41

5

1 1 1 2 .6 1

143 .9 5

2

8 .2 4 8

4

1

MGSUM

1

2

349.78

1 9 2 .9 1

3

1993.97

1412.15

8

53 .5 8 6 ®

7

2

MGSUM

1

3

3 49.78

1 9 2 .9 1

3

3 2 5 1.19

2 3 50.27

6

148.431®

5

2

7

965.94

5. 1

MGSUM

1

4

349.78

1 9 2 .9 1

3

6209.01

1162.89

5

3 6.339

4

2

6

5 3 1 .8 5

4 .4

MGSUM

1

5

3 49.78

19 2 .9 1

3

3738.51

26 4 5 .5 2

2

188.067

1

2

3

1873.98

1 .0

-1 .8 0 8

MGSUM

2

3

19 93.97

1412.15

8

3251.19

2 3 5 0 .2 7

6

2 .7 7 0

5

7

12

1081.62

7 .7

-1 .1 6 2

MGSUM

2

4

1993.97

1412.15

8

6209.01

1162.89

5

1.475

7

4

11

720.93

9 .9

-5 .8 4 7 *

MGSUM

2

5

1993.97

14 12.15

8

3738.51

2 6 4 5 .5 2

2

3.5 1 0

1

7

8

1936.15

1 .1

-0 .9 0 1

-3 .0 0 4 *
-1 1 .0 1 7 *

3

4

32 5 1 .1 9

2 3 5 0.27

6

6209.01

1162.89

5

4 .0 8 5

5

4

9

1091.37

7 .6

-2 .7 1 0 *

3

5

3 2 5 1 . 19

2 350.27

6

3738.51

2 6 4 5 .5 2

2

1 .267

1

5

6

2 102.38

1.6

-0 .2 3 2

MGSUM

4

5

6209.01

1162.89

5

3738.51

2 6 45.52

2

5 . 175

1

4

5

1 9 4 1 .6 1

1.2

1.272

OECA

1

2

110.55

11 .7 3

3

188.97

37 .7 6

8

10.363

7

2

9

14.97

9 .0

-5 .2 3 9 *

OECA

1

3

110.55

11.73

3

2 63.86

6 3 .2 4

6

29.066

5

2

7

2 6 .6 9

5 .6

-5 .7 4 4 *

OECA

1

4

110.55

11.73

3

2 40.89

149.77

5

163.025*

4

2

6

6 7 .3 2

4 .1

-1 .9 3 6

OECA

1

5

110.55

11.73

3

4 01.18

70 .9 2

2

3 6.555

1

2

3

5 0 .6 0

1 .0

-5 .7 4 3 *
-2 .5 7 7 *

OECA

2

3

188.97

37 .7 6

8

2 6 3 .8 6

63 .2 4

6

2.805

5

7

12

29.07

7 .6

OECA

2

4

188.97

3 7 .7 6

8

2 40.89

149.77

5

15.732*

4

7

11

68 .3 0

4 .3

-0 .7 6 0

OECA

2

5

188.97

3 7 .7 6

8

4 0 1 .1 8

7 0 .9 2

2

3 .5 2 8

1

7

8

5 1 .8 9

1. 1

-4 .0 8 9 *

OECA

3

4

2 63.86

6 3 .2 4

6

240.89

149.77

5

5 .6 0 9

4

5

9

71 .7 8

5 .2

0 .3 2 0

OECA

3

5

2 63.86

6 3 .2 4

6

4 01.18

7 0 .9 2

2

1.258

1

5

6

5 6 .4 0

1.6

-2 .4 3 5

OECA

4

5

2 40.89

149.77

5

4 0 1 . IB

7 0 .9 2

2

4.4 6 0

4

1

5

83 .6 7

4 .3

-1 .9 1 6

'Significant difference between groups at a1pha=0.05.

230

MGSUM
MGSUM

Table A.I.

V ariab le

(continued).

Groups
1st

2nd

Mean
<-------1 s t

S.D .

n

Mean

g r o u p ---- —>

<-------2nd

n
S.D .
g r o u p -----—>

F

d f (n) d f (d)

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

P ooled
s

A p p ro x .
df fo r t

t
(c a lc .)

OEK

1

2

12.00

1.03

3

17.99

3 .0 1

8

8 .5 4 0

7

2

9

1.22

9 .0

-4 .9 1 4 *

OEK

1

3

12.00

1.03

3

14.44

3 .0 5

6

8 .7 6 8

5

2

7

1.38

6 .7

-1 .7 6 8

OEK

1

4

12.00

1.03

3

17.08

7 .6 5

5

5 5 .1 6 3 *

4

2

6

3 .4 7

4 .2

-1 .4 6 3

OEK

1

5

12.00

1.03

3

2 0 .1 6

2 .9 5

2

8 .2 0 3

1

2

3

2 . 17

1 .2

-3 .7 6 2 *

OEK

2

3

17.99

3.01

8

14.44

3 .0 5

6

1.027

5

7

12

1.64

10.8

2.1 6 7

OEK

2

4

17.99

3.01

8

17.08

7 .6 5

5

6.459*

4

7

11

3.5 8

4 .8

0 .2 5 4

OEK

2

5

17.99

3.01

8

20 .1 6

2 .9 5

2

1 .0 4 1

7

1

8

2.3 4

1.6

-0 .9 2 7

OEK

3

4

14.44

3 .0 5

6

17.08

7 .6 5

5

6.291

4

5

9

3 .6 4

5.1

-0 .7 2 5

OEK

3

5

14.44

3 .0 5

6

2 0 .1 6

2 .9 5

2

1.069

5

1

6

2.4 3

1.8

-2 .3 5 5

OEK

4

5

17 .0 8

7 .6 5

5

2 0 .1 6

2 .9 5

2

6 .7 2 5

4

1

5

4.01

4 .8

-0 .7 6 9

OEMS

1

2

8 .2 3

0 .8 3

3

13.65

1.87

8

5 .0 7 6

7

2

9

0 .8 2

8 .3

-6 .6 3 8 *

OEMS

1

' 3

8 .2 3

0 .8 3

3

15.64

4 .0 2

6

23.458

5

2

7

1 .7 1

5 .8

-4 .3 3 4 *

OEMS

1

4

8 .2 3

0.8 3

3

18.59

10.76

5

168.062*

4

2

6

4 .8 4

4. 1

-2 .1 4 2

OEMS

1

5

8 .2 3

0 .8 3

3

2 3 .2 7

3 .2 6

2

15.427

1

2

3

2.3 5

1. 1

-6 .3 8 8 *

OEMG

2

3

13 .6 5

1 .8 7

8

15.64

4 .0 2

6

4.621

5

7

12

1.77

6 .6

-1 .1 2 5

OEMS

2

4

13.65

1 .8 7

8

18.59

10.76

5

3 3.109*

4

7

11

4 .8 6

4 .2

-1 .0 1 7

OEMG

2

5

13.65

1 .8 7

8

2 3 .2 7

3.2 6

2

3 .0 3 9

1

7

8

2 .4 0

1.2

-4 .0 1 1 *

OEMG

3

4

15 .6 4

4.0 2

6

18.59

10.76

5

7.1 6 4

4

5

9

5 .0 8

4 .9

-0 .5 8 0

OEMG

3

5

15.64

4.0 2

5

23.27

3 .2 6

2

1.5 2 1

5

1

6

2 .8 3

2 .2

-2 .6 9 6 *

OEMG

4

5

18.59

10.76

5

2 3 .2 7

3 .2 6

2

10.894

4

1

5

5 .3 4

5 .0

-0 .8 7 7

OETKN

1

2

145.82

4.9 2

3

195.43

4 5 .0 6

8

83.8 7 9 *

7

2

9

16. IB

7 .4

-3 .0 6 6 *

OETKN

1

3

145.82

4 .9 2

3

143.82

3 8 .7 2

6

6 1.936*

5

2

7

16.06

5 .3

0 . 125

OETKN

1

4

145.82

4 .9 2

3

169 .4 0

102.88

5

437 .2 5 2 *

4

2

6

4 6 .1 0

4 .0

-0 .5 1 2

116.307*

-2 .6 2 6

OETKN

1

5

145.82

4.9 2

3

244.64

53 .0 6

2

OETKN

2

3

195.43

4 5 .0 6

8

143.82

38 .7 2

6

♦Significant difference between groups at alpha=0.05.

1 .3 5 4

1

2

3

37 .6 3

1 .0

7

5

12

2 2 .4 4

1 1.7

2.300*

Table A.I.

i/arlab le

(continued).

Groups

Mean

S.D .

n

Mean

g r o u p — —>

S.D .

n

F

d f (n) d f (d)

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r ■ F ->

t

P ooled

A pprox.
df fo r t

t

2nd

OETKN

2

4

195.43

4 5 .0 6

8

169 .4 0

102.88

5

5 .2 1 3

4

7

11

48 .6 9

5 .0

0 .5 3 5

OETKN

2

5

195.43

45 .0 6

8

244.64

53 .0 6

2

1.387

1

7

8

4 0 .7 6

1.4

-1 .2 0 7

OETKN

3

4

1 4 3 . B2

3 8 .7 2

6

169 .4 0

102.88

5

7 .0 6 0

4

5

9

4 8 .6 5

4 .9

-0 .5 2 6

OETKN

3

5

143.62

3 8 .7 2

6

244.64

5 3 .0 6

2

1.878

1

5

6

40.71

1.4

-2 .4 7 6 *

OETKN

4

5

169 .4 0

102.88

5

244.64

5 3 .0 6

2

3.7 5 9

4

1

5

59.37

4 .0

-1 .2 6 7

OETKP

1

2

9.4 7

0 .6 0

3

13.60

3.01

8

2 5 .167

7

2

9

1 .1 2

8 .2

-3 .6 9 0 *

OETKP

1

3

9 .4 7

0 .6 0

3

11.29

2.4 3

6

16.403

5

2

7

1.05

6.1

-1 .7 3 2

OETKP

1

4

9.4 7

0 .6 0

3

12.93

6 .8 4

5

129.960®

4

2

6

3 .0 8

4. 1

-1 .1 2 4

OETKP

1

5

9 .4 7

0 .6 0

3

17.57

4.6 9

2

61 .1 0 0 ®

1

2

3

3 .3 3

1 .0

-2 .4 2 9

OETKP

2

3

13.60

3.01

8

11.29

2 .4 3

6

1 .534

7

5

12

1 .4 5

1 1 .9

1 .588

OETKP

2

4

13.60

3 .01

8

12.93

6.8 4

5

5 .1 6 4

4

7

11

3 .2 4

5 .0

0 .2 0 7

<------- 1 s t

<------- 2n d

g r o u p — —>

1st

s

(c a lc .)

2

5

13.60

3 .01

8

17.57

4.6 9

2

2.428

1

7

8

3 .4 8

1 .2

-1 .1 4 0

OETKP

3

4

11.29

2 .43

6

12.93

6.8 4

5

7 .9 2 3 *

4

5

9

3.2 2

4 .8

-0 .5 1 0

OETKP

3

5

11.29

2 .4 3

6

17.57

4.6 9

2

3.7 2 5

1

5

6

3 .4 6

1 .2

-1 .8 1 4

OETKP

4

5

12.93

6 .8 4

5

17.57

4.6 9

2

2 . 127

4

1

5

4.51

2 .9

-1 .0 2 8

0 1 CA

1

2

28.07

4 .3 0

3

43 .3 8

11 .8 7

8

7.6 2 0

7

2

9

4 .8 8

8 .9

-3 .1 4 0 *

0 1 CA

1

28 .0 7

4 .3 0

3

78 .3 6

7 .0 8

6

2.711

5

2

7

3.81

6 .4

-1 3 .1 9 9 *
-6 .9 4 6 *

OICA

1

3
4

28 .0 7

4 .3 0

3

7 2 .7 8

13.28

5

9.5 3 8

4

2

6

6 .4 4

5 .2

01 CA

1

5

26.07

4 .3 0

3

76 .4 9

14.17

2

10.859

1

2

3

10.32

1.1

-4 .6 9 1 *

OICA

2

3

4 3 .3 8

11.87

8

78 .3 6

7 .0 8

6

2 .8 1 1

7

5

12

5 . 10

1 1 .6

-6 .8 6 5 *

OICA

2

4

4 3 .3 8

11 .8 7

8

7 2 .7 8

13.28

5

1 .252

4

7

11

7.2 7

7 .9

-4 .0 4 3 *

OICA

2

5

4 3 .3 8

11.87

8

7 6 .4 9

14.17

2

1.425

1

7

8

10.86

1.4

-3 .0 4 8 *

OICA

3

4

7 8 .3 6

7 . OB

6

7 2 .7 8

13.28

.5

3 .5 1 8

4

5

9

6.61

5 .9

0 .8 4 5

OICA

3

5

7 8 .3 6

7.0 8

6

7 6 .4 9

14.17

2

4.0 0 6

1

5

6

10.43

1.2

0 .1 7 9

OICA

4

5

7 2 .7 8

13.28

5

76 .4 9

14.17

2

1.139

1

4

5

11.65

1.8

-0 .3 1 9

•Significant difference between groups at alpha=0.05.

232

OETKP

Table A.i.

V ariab le

(continued).

S.D .

Mean

n

d f (n) d f (d)

A pprox.

Pooled

t

s

7

2

9

0.9 6

7 .9

-2 .5 8 7 *

1.284

2

5

7

0 .6 9

3 .6

-2 .9 1 0 *

5

4 .0 0 0

4

2

6

1.09

6 .0

-4 .9 5 5 *

0 .6 0

2

2.890

2

1

3

0 .7 3

3 .0

-4 .4 7 8 *

6 .2 3

0 .9 0

6

5 .6 5 4

7

5

12

0.8 4

9 .9

0.5 4 7

9.5 9

2 .0 4

5

1.100

7

4

11

1.19

9 .0

-2 .4 4 7 *

8

7 .4 6

0 .6 0

2

12.721

7

1

8

0 .8 7

7 .1

-0 .8 8 8

6

9 .5 9

2 .0 4

5

5 .1 3 8

4

5

9

0 .9 8

5 .3

-3 .4 1 6 *

0 .9 0

6

7 .4 6

0 .6 0

2

2 .2 5 0

5

1

6

0.5 6

2 .8

-2 .1 9 2

9 .5 9

2 .0 4

5

7 .4 6

0 .6 0

2

11.5 6 0

4

1

5

1.01

5 .0

2.1 1 7

3 .6 0

0.31

3

4 .6 1

1.17

8

1 4 .245

7

2

9

0 .4 5

8 .8

-2 .2 4 1

3 .6 0

0.31

3

5 .1 3

0 .7 0

6

5.0 9 9

5

2

7

0 .3 4

7 .0

-4 .5 3 7 *

3 .6 0

0.31

3

6 .2 0

1.04

5

11.2 5 5

4

2

6

0 .5 0

5.1

-5 .2 1 7 *

5

3 .6 0

0.31

3

5 .6 2

0.3 6

2

1 .3 4 9

1

2

3

0.31

2 .0

2

3

4.61

1.17

8

5 .1 3

0 .7 0

6

2 .7 9 4

7

5

12

0 .5 0

1 1 .6

-1 .0 3 4
-2 .5 5 4 *

g r o u p — —>

1

2

4.21

1.02

3

6 .6 9

2 . 14

8

4.4 0 2

OIK

1

3

4.21

1.02

3

6 .2 3

0 .9 0

6

OIK

1

4

4.21

1.02

3

9.5 9

2 .0 4

OIK

1

5

4.21

1.02

3

7 .4 6

OIK

2

3

6 .6 9

2.1 4

6

OIK

2

4

6 .6 9

2 .1 4

8

OIK

2

5

6 .6 9

2 . 14

OIK

3

4

6 .2 3

0.9 0

OIK

3

5

6 .2 3

OIK

4

5

01 MG

1

2

OIMG

1

' 3

OIMG

1

4

OIMG

1

OIMG

(c a lc .)

<- for

df fo r t

t
(c a lc .)

-6 .4 9 1 *

OIMG

2

4

4.61

1. 17

8

6 .2 0

1 .0 4

5

1.2 6 6

7

4

11

0 .6 2

9 .5

OIMG

2

5

4.61

1.17

8

5 .6 2

0 .3 6

2

10.562

7

1

8

0 .4 9

6 .6

-2 .0 7 9

OIMG

3

4

5 .1 3

0 .7 0

6

6 .2 0

1.04

5

2 .2 0 7

4

5

9

0 .5 5

6 .8

-1 .9 6 0

OIMG

3

5

5 .1 3

0 .7 0

6

5 .6 2

0.3 6

2

3.781

5

1

6

0 .3 8

3 .9

-1 .2 8 0

OIMG

4

5

6 .2 0

1 .0 4

5

5 .6 2

0.3 6

2

8 .3 4 6

4

1

5

0 .5 3

5 .0

1.0 9 4

OITKN

1

2

21 .1 5

2.81

3

2 4 .2 5

3 .4 9

8

1.543

7

2

9

2.0 4

4 .5

-1 .5 2 1

OITKN

1

3

21.15

2.81

3

26.75

2 .0 0

6

1.974

2

5

7

1 .82

3.1

-3 .0 8 3 *

OITKN

1

4

21.15

2.81

3

30 .1 9

5 .8 8

5

4 .3 7 9

4

2

6

3 .0 9

5 .9

-2 .9 2 6 *

OITKN

1

5

21.15

2.81

3

3 4 .1 4

2 .4 9

2

1.2 7 4

2

1

3

2.3 9

2 .5

OITKN

2

3

2 4 .2 5

3 .4 9

8

2 6 .7 5

2 .0 0

6

3.0 4 5

7

5

12

1 .4 8

11.4

-5 .4 2 6 *
-1 .6 9 0

233

OIK

<-------1 s t

<-------2nd

g r o u p ---- —>

2nd

• S i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e tw ee n g r o u p s a t a l p h a = 0 . 0 5 .

1

F

df

Mean

S.D .

n

F ->

Groups
1st

Table A.I.

V ariab le

(continued).

Groups
1st

2nd

Mean

S .O .

n

Mean

S .D .

n

<-------2nd g r o u p --------- >

<-------1 s t g r o u p --------- >

F

d f(n ) df(d)

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

P ooled
s

A pprox.
df fo r t

t
(c a lc .)

OITKN

2

4

24.25

3.4 9

8

3 0 .1 9

5 .8 8

5

2 .8 3 9

4

7

11

2.9 0

5 .8

OITKN

2

5

24.25

3 .4 9

8

34 .1 4

2.4 9

2

1.9 6 5

7

1

8

2 .1 5

2.1

-4 .6 0 0 *

OITKN

3

4

26 .7 5

2 .0 0

6

3 0 .1 9

5 .8 8

5

8 .644*

4

5

9

2 .7 5

4 .8

-1 .2 4 9

OITKN

3

5

26.75

2 .0 0

6

34 .1 4

2 .4 9

2

1.550

1

5

6

1 .9 4

1.5

-3 .8 0 8 *

OITKN

4

5

30 .1 9

5 .8 8

5

3 4 . 14

2 .4 9

2

5 .5 7 6

4

1

5

3.1 6

4 .7

-1 .2 4 8

OITKP

1

2

2.0 0

0.4 4

3

2 .6 8

0 .5 2

8

1.3 9 7

7

2

9

0.31

4 .3

-2 .1 6 8

-2 .0 4 5

1

3

2.0 0

0 .4 4

3

2 .0 9

0.2 8

6

2 .4 6 9

2

5

7

0 .2 8

2 .8

-3 .5 5 4 *

OITKP

1

4

2.0 0

0 .4 4

3

4 .2 6

1.00

5

5 .1 6 5

4

2

6

0.51

5 .8

-4 .3 9 4 *

OITKP

1

5

2 .0 0

0 .4 4

3

3 .5 8

0 .9 9

2

5 .0 6 2

1

2

3

0 .7 4

1.3

-2 .1 2 2

OITKP

2

2.68

0 .5 2

8

2 .9 9

0 .2 8

6

3 .4 4 9

7

5

12

0 .2 2

1 1 .1

-1 .4 3 2

OITKP

2

3
4

2 .6 8

0 .5 2

8

4 .2 6

1 .00

5

3.698

4

7

11

0 .4 8

5 .4

OITKP

2

5

2.68

0 .5 2

a

3 .5 8

0 .9 9

2

3 .6 2 5

1

7

8

0 .7 2

1.1

-1 .2 4 3

OITKP

3

4

2 .99

0 .2 8

6

4 .2 6

1 .00

5

12.755*

4

5

9

0 .4 6

4 .5

-2 .7 5 1 *
-0 .8 3 2

-3 .2 6 8 *

OITKP

3

5

2 .9 9

0 .2 8

6

3 .5 8

0.9 9

2

12.501®

1

5

6

0.71

1. 1

OITKP

4

5

4 .2 6

1.00

5

3 .5 8

0 .9 9

2

1.020

4

1

5

0 .8 3

1 .9 -

TKNSUM

1

2

2 9 6 3 .7 4

3 2 8 .8 6

3

4 5 49.42

1638.90

8

24.836

7

2

9

6 0 9 .7 5

TKNSUM

1

3

2 9 6 3 .7 4

3 2 8 .8 6

3

8 3 83.86

1412.19

6

18.440

5

2

7

6 06.98

6 .0

-8 .9 3 0 *

TKNSUM

1

4

2 9 63.74

3 2 8 .8 6

3

8533.30

1436.40

5

19.078

4

2

6

6 69.85

4 .7

-8 .3 1 5 *

TKNSUM

1

5

2 9 6 3 .7 4

328.86

3

7062.99

1342.35

2

1 6 .6 6 1

1

2

3

967.99

1. 1

-4 .2 3 5 *

TKNSUM

2

3

454 9 .4 2

1638.90

8

8 3 8 3 .8 6

1412.19

6

1.347

7

5

12

8 17.39

11.7

-4 .6 9 1 *

TKNSUM

2

4

4 5 4 9.42

1638.90

8

8 5 3 3 .3 0

1436.40

5

1.302

7

4

11

8 6 5 .1 0

9 .5

-4 .6 0 5 *

TKNSUM

2

5

4 5 4 9 .4 2

1638.90

8

7062.99

1342.35

2

1 .4 9 1

7

1

8

1112.07

1.8

-2 .2 6 0

TKNSUM

3

4

8 3 8 3 .8 6

1412.19

6

8 5 3 3 .3 0

1436.40

5

1 .035

4

5

9

863.15

8 .6

-0 .1 7 3

TKNSUM

3

5

8 3 8 3.86

1412.19

6

7 0 6 2 .9 9

1342.35

2

1.107

5

1

6

1110.55

1 .8

1 .1 8 9

TKNSUM

4

5

8 5 3 3.30

1436.40

5

7 0 6 2 .9 9

1342.35

2

1.145

4

1

5

1146.12

2 .0

1.283

•Significant difference between groups at a 1pha=0.05.

8 .3

0 .8 1 9
-2 .6 0 1 *

234

OITKP

Table A.I.

V ariab le

(continued).

Groups
1st

2nd

Mean
<-------1 s t

n
S.O .
g r o u p ---- ->

Mean
<-------2nd

S.D .

n

g r o u p — —>

F

d f(n ) d f(d)

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

s

P ooled

A pp rox
df fo r t

t
(c a lc .)

TKPSUM

1

2

1 5 7 9 .3 1

181.29

3

2 370.37

880 .1 1

8

23.5 6 8

7

2

9

3 2 8 .3 0

8 .3

-2 .4 1 0 *

TKPSUM

1

3

1 5 7 9 .3 1

181.29

3

4 8 0 6.16

1 4 5 7 .1 1

6

6 4 .6 0 1 ®

5

2

7

6 0 4 .0 0

5 .3

-5 .3 4 2 *

TKPSUM

1

4

1 5 7 9 .3 1

181.29

3

5584.38

1542.83

5

72 .4 2 5 ®

4

2

6

697 .8 7

4 .2

-5 .7 3 9 *

TKPSUM

1

5

1 5 7 9 .3 1

181.29

3

4862.28

281.94

2

2.419

1

2

3

225.17

1 .o

-1 4 .5 8 0 *
-3 .6 2 8 *

TKPSUM

2

3

2 370.37

880.11

8

480 6 .1 6

1 4 5 7 .1 1

6

2 .7 4 1

5

7

12

6 7 1 .3 3

7 .7

TKPSUM

2

4

2370.37

880.11

8

5584.38

1542.83

5

3.0 7 3

4

7

11

756.89

5 .7

-4 .2 4 6 *

TKPSUM

2

5

2370.37

880.11

8

4862.28

281.94

2

9.7 4 5

7

1

8

3 69.55

6 .4

-6 .7 4 3 *

3

4

4 8 0 6.16

1 4 5 7 .1 1

6

55 8 4 .3 8

1542.83

5

1 .1 2 1

4

5

9

911.00

8 .4

-0 .8 5 4

3

5

4 8 0 6 .1 6

1 4 5 7 .1 1

6

4 8 6 2.28

2 81.94

2

26.710

5

1

6

6 27.38

5 .8

-0 .0 8 9

TKPSUM

4

5

5584.38

1542.83

5

486 2 .2 8

281.94

2

29.945

4

1

5

718.20

4 .6

1.0 0 5

ATHICK

1

2

4.5 0

0 .8 7

3

3.91

1 .4 5

8

2.808

7

2

9

0 .7 2

6 .4

0 .8 2 9

ATHICK

1

3

4 .5 0

0 .8 7

3

5 .7 9

2 .1 6

6

6 .2 4 7

5

2

7

1.02

6 .9

-1 .2 7 2

5 .0

-0 .6 9 4

ATHICK

1

4

4 .5 0

0 .8 7

3

5 .5 0

3 .0 2

5

12.167

4

2

6

1 .4 4

ATHICK

1

5

4 .5 0

0.8 7

3

2.8 7

0 .8 8

2

1 .0 4 2

1

2

3

0 .8 0

2 .2

2.030

ATHICK

2

3

3.91

1 .4 5

8

5 .7 9

2 .1 6

6

2.2 2 5

5

7

12

1.02

8 .3

-1 .8 4 5

ATHICK

2

4

3.91

1 .4 5

8

5 .5 0

3 .0 2

5

4 .3 3 3

4

7

11

1 .4 5

5 .2

-1 .1 0 3

ATHICK

2

5

3.91

1 .45

8

2.8 7

0 .8 8

2

2.6 9 6

7

1

8

0.81

2 .6

1.275

ATHICK

3

4

5 .7 9

2 .1 6

6

5.5 0

3 .0 2

5

1 .948

4

5

9

1 .6 1

7.1

0 .1 8 1

ATHICK

3

5

5 .7 9

2.1 6

6

2.8 7

0 .8 8

2

5 .9 9 7

5

1

6

1.08

5 .0

2.6 9 5 *

ATHICK

4

5

5 .5 0

3.0 2

5

2 .8 7

0 .8 8

2

11.680

4

1

5

1 .4 9

5 .0

1.764

ETHICK

1

2

2.5 0

2.6 0

3

5.5 3

1.93

8

1.8 1 3

2

7

9

1 .6 5

2 .9

-1 .8 3 6

ETHICK

1

3

2 .5 0

2.6 0

3

2 .9 5

1.72

6

2 .2 8 4

2

5

7

1.66

2 .9

-0 .2 7 2

ETHICK

1

4

2 .5 0

2 .6 0

3

3 .6 4

2 .8 6

5

1 .2 1 2

4

2

6

1.97

4 .7

-0 .5 7 8

ETHICK

1

5

2 .5 0

2 .6 0

3

5 .4 0

1 .5 6

2

2 .7 8 9

2

1

3

1 .86

3 .0

-1 .5 5 9

ETHICK

2

3

5 .5 3

1.93

8

2 .9 5

1.72

6

1 .2 6 0

7

5

12

0 .9 8

11.5

•Significant difference between groups at a1pha=0.05.

2.6 3 1 *

235

TKPSUM
TKPSUM

Table A.I.

V ariab le

(continued).

Groups

Mean
<-------1 s t

S.D .

n

Mean

g r o u p — —>

<-------2n d

S .D .

n

g r o u p — —>

F

d f(n ) df(d )

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

P ooled
s

A pprox.
df fo r t

t
(c a lc .)

1st

2nd

ETHICK

2

4

5 .5 3

1.93

8

3 .6 4

2 .8 6

5

2.1 9 7

4

7

11

1.45

6 .3

1 .301

ETHICK

2

5

5 .5 3

1.93

8

1.56

2

1.538

7

1

8

1.29

1.9

0 .0 9 7

ETHICK

3

4

2 .9 5

1.72

6

5 .4 0
3 .6 4

2 .8 6

5

2.7 6 8

4

5

9

1.46

6 .3

-0 .4 7 3

ETHICK

3

5

2 .9 5

1.72

6

5 .4 0

1 .56

2

1 .2 2 1

1

6

1.30

1.9

-1 .8 7 8

ETHICK

4

5

3 .6 4

2 .8 6

5

5 .4 0

1 .56

2

3 .3 7 9

5
4

1

5

1.69

3 .8

-1 .0 4 3

BTHICK

1

2

4 5 .7 5

3 .0 3

3

6 0 .8 4

2 6 .3 7

8

7 5.703 ®

7

2

9

9 .4 9

7 .5

-1 .5 9 1

BTHICK

1

3

45 .7 5

3 .0 3

3

1 0 9 .7 1

18.53

6

3 7.362

5

2

7

7 .7 6

5 .5

-8 .2 3 8 *

BTHICK

1

4

4 5 .7 5

3 .0 3

3

80 .4 0

1 3 .8 1

5

20.764

4

2

6

6 .4 2

4 .6

-5 .3 9 7 *

BTHICK

1

5

4 5 .7 5

3 .0 3

3

87 .7 5

5 0 .5 6

2

2 7 8.218 ®

1

2

3

3 5 .7 9

1 .0

-1 .1 7 3

BTHICK

2

3

6 0 .8 4

26 .3 7

8

1 0 9 .7 1

18.53

6

2 .0 2 6

7

5

12

1 2 .0 1

12.0

BTHICK

2

4

6 0 .8 4

26 .3 7

8

80 .4 0

1 3 .8 1

5

3.6 4 6

7

'4

11

11 .1 8

10.8

-1 .7 4 9

BTHICK

2

5

6 0 .8 4

26 .3 7

8

87 .7 5

5 0 .5 6

2

3.6 7 5

1

7

8

3 6 .9 5

1.1

-0 .7 2 8

BTHICK

3

4

1 0 9 .7 1

18.53

6

80 .4 0

1 3 .8 1

5

1.799

5

4

9

9 .7 7

8 .9

BTHICK

3

5

1 0 9 .7 1

18.53

6

8 7 .7 5

5 0 .5 6

2

7.447

1

5

6

3 6 .5 4

1.1

0.601

BTHICK

4

5

80 .4 0

13 .81

5

8 7 .7 5

5 0 .5 6

2

13.399®

1

4

5

36.28

1.1

-0 .2 0 3

BSTHICK

1

2

41 . 9 7

6.6 6

3

3 7 .9 8

6 .6 8

8

1.007

7

2

9

4.51

3 .6

0.8 8 5

BSTHICK

1

3

41 .9 7

6.6 6

3

2 4 .0 7

12.30

6

3 .4 1 2

5

2

7

6 .3 2

6 .8

2 .8 3 1 *

BSTHICK

1

4

41 .9 7

6.6 6

3

4 .8 0

6.6 6

5

1.000

2

4

6

4 .8 6

4 .3

7 .6 4 4 *

BSTHICK

1

5

41 .9 7

6.6 6

3

2 8 .8 0

16.97

2

6 .4 9 6

1

2

3

12.60

1.2

1.045

BSTHICK

2

3

37 .9 8

6 .6 8

8

2 4 .0 7

12.30

6

3 .3 8 9

5

7

12

5 .5 5

7 .2

2 .5 0 6 *
8.729*

-4 .0 7 0 *

BSTHICK

2

4

37.98

6 .6 8

8

4 .8 0

6 .6 6

5

1.007

7

4

11

3.8 0

8 .7

BSTHICK

2

5

3 7 .9 8

6 .6 8

8

2 8 .8 0

16.97

2

6 .4 5 3

1

7

8

12.23

1. 1

0 .7 5 0

BSTHICK

3

4

24.07

12.30

6

4 .8 0

6.6 6

5

3 .4 1 3

5

4

9

5 .8 4

7 .9

3.300*

BSTHICK

3

5

24.07

12.30

6

2 8 .8 0

16.97

2

1.904

1

5

6

1 3 .0 1

1.4

-0 .3 6 4

BSTHICK

4

5

4 .8 0

6 .6 6

5

2 8 .8 0

16.97

2

6 .4 9 7

1

4

5

12.36

1 .1

-1 .9 4 1

•Significant difference between groups at a1pha=0.05.

236

3.001*

Table A.I.

V a riab le

(continued).

Groups

Mean

S.O .

n

Mean

<-------1 s t g r o u p ---------->

S.D .

n

<-------2 n d g r o u p --------- >

F

d f(n ) d f(d)

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

1st

2nd

BTTHICK

1

2

0 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

1.79

5 .0 6

8

BTTHICK

1

3

0 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

0.0 0

0 .0 0

6

BTTHICK

1

4

0 .0 0

0.0 0

3

3 7 .9 8

12.97

5

.

BTTHICK

1

5

0 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

15.50

2 1 .9 2

2

.

1

BTTHICK

2

3

1 .7 9

5 .0 6

8

0 .0 0

0 .0 0

6

.

7

BTTHICK

2

4

1.79

5 .0 6

8

3 7 .9 8

12.97

5

6 .5 7 9 ®

4

7

18.798®

2

5

1.79

5.0 6

a

15.50

2 1 .9 2

2

3

4

0 .0 0

0 .0 0

6

3 7 .9 8

12.97

5

BTTHICK

3

5

0 .0 0

0.0 0

6

15.50

2 1 .9 2

2

BTTHICK

4

5

3 7 .9 8

12.97

5

15.50

2 1 .9 2

2

CTHICK

1

2

99 .7 5

3 .8 5

3

8 7 .5 0

19.30

8

CTHICK

1

3

99 .7 5

3 .8 5

3

3 6 .7 9

14.32

6

CTHICK

1

4

9 9 .7 5

3 .8 5

3

6 4 .1 5

15.29

CTHICK

1

5

9 9 .7 5

3 .8 5

3

5 9 .5 0

CTHICK

2

3

8 7 .5 0

19.30

6

3 6 .7 9

CTHICK

2

4

8 7 .5 0

19.30

8

CTHICK

2

5

8 7 .5 0

19.30

8

CTHICK

3

4

3 6 .7 9

14.32

6

CTHICK

3

5

3 6 .7 9

14.32

6

s

7

2

9

1 .7 9

2

5

7

0 .0 0

4

2

6

5 .8 0

2

3

5

12

A pprox.
df fo r t

t
(c a lc .)

7 .0

-1 .000

4 .0

- 6 .5 4 9 ®

15.50

1.0

-1 .0 0 0

1.79

7 .0

1 .000

11

6 .0 7

4 .8

- 5 .9 6 4 ®
-0 .8 7 9

.

1

7

8

15.60

1.0

4

5

9

5.8 0

4 .0

-6 .5 4 9 *

1

5

6

15.50

1.0

-1 .0 0 0

2.857

1

4

5

16.55

1.3

1 .3 5 8

2 5.160

7

2

9

7.1 8

8 .2

1.707

13.8 4 9

5

2

7

6.2 6

6 .2

10.065®

5

15.7 9 0

4

2

6

7 .1 9

4 .8

4.9 5 0 *

4 9 .8 5

2

167.772®

14 .3 2

6

6 4 . 15

15.29

5 9 .5 0

4 9 .8 5

6 4 . 15

15.29

59 .5 0

4 9 .8 5

.

1

2

3

35.32

1 .0

1.817

7

5

12

8 .9 9

12.0

5

1.5 9 3

7

4

11

9.6 6

10.2

2

6 .6 6 8

1

7

8

3 5 .9 0

1.1

5

1. 140

4

5

9

9 .0 0

8 .4

-3 .0 4 0 *

2

12.115®

1

5

6

35.73

1.1

-0 .6 3 6

10.625

1

4

5

35.91

1.1

0 .1 2 9

7

2

9

0 .6 2

7 .0

0 .2 0 2

1. 140
5.642*
2.417®
0 .7 8 0

CTHICK

4

5

6 4 .1 5

15.29

5

5 9 .5 0

4 9 .8 5

2

ACLAV

1

2

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

4.8 7

1.75

8

ACLAY

1

3

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

11.67

1 .46

6

5

2

7

0 .6 0

5 .0

-1 1 .1 5 9 *

ACLAY

1

4

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

8.9 5

1.14

5

.

4

2

6

0.51

4 .0

-7 .7 6 S *

ACLAY

1

5

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

9.7 5

2 .1 2

2

.

1

2

3

1.50

1.0

-3 .1 6 7

ACLAY

2

3

4.8 7

1.75

8

11.67

1.46

6

7

5

12

0 .8 6

11.8

•Significant difference between groups at a1pha=0.05.

1.434

-7 .8 9 0 *

237

BTTHICK
BTTHICK

.

P ooled

Table A.I.

V a riab le

(continued).

Groups

Mean

S .D .

n

Mean

S .D .

n

F

d f(n) d f(d )

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

P ooled

A pprox.

t

1st

2nd

ACLAV

2

4

4 .8 7

1 .7 5

8

8 .9 5

1.14

5

2.3 7 4

7

4

11

0 .8 0

10.9

-5 .0 8 3 *

ACLAV

2

5

4 .8 7

1.75

8

9 .7 5

2 .1 2

2

1.465

1

7

8

1.62

1.4

-3 .0 0 4 *
3 .4 6 2 *

<-------1 s t g r o u p ---------->

<-------2 n d g r o u p --------- >

s

df fo r t

(c a lc .)

ACLAY

3

4

11.67

1.46

6

8 .9 5

1.14

5

1.655

5

4

9

0 .7 8

9 .0

ACLAV

3

5

11.67

1.46

6

9 .7 5

2 .1 2

2

2.101

1

5

6

1 .61

1 .3

1.187

ACLAY

4

5

6 .9 5

1. 14

5

9 .7 5

2 .1 2

2

3 .4 7 8

1

4

5

1.58

1.2

-0 .5 0 5

ACSFR

1

2

0 .1 7

0 .1 9

3

0 .2 5

0.21

8

1.240

7

2

9

0 .1 3

4 .0

-0 .5 4 5

ACSFR

1

3

0 . 17

0 .1 9

3

2 .2 4

1.27

6

4 5 .3 9 5 ®

5

2

7

0 .5 3

5 .4

-3 .8 8 8 *

ACSFR

1

4

0 . 17

0 .1 9

3

0 .8 4

0.6 0

5

10.154

4

2

6

0 .2 9

5 .1

-2 .2 9 1

ACSFR

1

5

0 .1 7

0 .1 9

3

0 .8 2

0 .5 3

2

7 .8 9 5

1

2

3

0 .3 9

1 .2

-1 .6 6 4

2

3

0 .2 5

0.21

8

2 .2 4

1.27

6

36 .6 0 0 ®

5

7

12

0 .5 2

5 .2

-3 .7 9 6 *

ACSFR

2

4

0 .2 5

0.21

8

0 .8 4

0.6 0

5

B. 187®

4

7

11

0 .2 8

4 .6

-2 .1 2 5

ACSFR

2

5

0 .2 5

0.21

8

0 .8 2

0 .5 3

2

6 .3 6 5

1

7

8

0.3 8

1 .1

-1 .5 1 2

ACSFR

3

4

2 .2 4

1.27

6

0 .8 4

0 .6 0

5

4 .4 7 0

5

4

9

0.5 8

7 .4

ACSFR

3

5

2.2 4

1 .2 7

6

0 .8 2

0 .5 3

2

5 .7 5 0

5

1

6

0 .6 4

4 .9

2 .2 0 6

ACSFR

4

5

0.8 4

0 .6 0

5

0 .8 2

0 .5 3

2

1 .2 8 6

4

1

5

0 .4 6

2 .2

0.0 3 3

ASAND

1

2

8 7 .6 7

4 .0 4

3

7 5 .6 9

2 6 .4 9

8

4 2 .9 6 3 ®

7

2

9

9 .6 5

7 .8

1 .2 4 1

ASAND

1

3

8 7 .6 7

4 .0 4

3

60 .5 0

4 .3 2

6

1.145

5

2

7

2.9 3

4 .4

9 .285*

ASAND

1

4

87 .6 7

4.0 4

3

60 .3 5

14 .4 8

5

12.845

4

2

6

6 .8 9

4 .9

3.968*

ASAND

1

5

8 7 .6 7

4.0 4

3

6 4 .3 7

11.84

2

8.5 8 9

1

2

3

8 .6 9

1.2

2.6 7 9

ASAND

2

3

75.69

26 .4 9

8

6 0 .5 0

4 .3 2

6

3 7 .5 2 6 ®

7

5

12

9 .5 3

7 .5

1.594

ASAND

2

4

75.69

2 6 .4 9

8

6 0 .3 5

14.48

5

3 .3 4 5

7

4

11

11.39

1 0 .9

1.347

2.3 9 0 *

ASAND

2

5

75 .6 9

2 6 .4 9

8

6 4 .3 7

11.84

2

5 .0 0 2

7

1

8

12.56

4.1

0 .9 0 0

ASAND

3

4

6 0 .5 0

4 .3 2

6

60 .3 5

14.48

5

11 .219®

4

5

9

6.71

4 .6

0 .0 2 2

ASAND

3

5

6 0 .5 0

4.3 2

6

6 4 .3 7

11.84

2

7 .5 0 2

1

5

6

8.5 6

1.1

-0 .4 5 3

ASAND

4

5

6 0 .3 5

14.48

5

6 4 .3 7

11.84

2

1.4 9 6

4

1

5

10.59

2 .3

-0 .3 8 0

•Significant difference between groups at a 1pha=0.05.

238

ACSFR

Table A.I.

V ariab le

(continued).

Groups

Mean

S .D .

n
Mean
S .D .
<------- 2 n d g r o u p — — >

n

<-------1 s t g r o u p --------- >

P ooled

A pprox.

t

F

d f(n) d f(d )

df

(c a lc .)

<- f o r F ->

t

s

2

9

2 .9 5

4 .6

0 .1 3 4

5

7

2 .6 1

3 .1

-7 .8 5 1 *

4

6

2 .6 0

3 .0

-5 .1 3 4 *

2

3

7 .2 6

1 .2

-2 .5 5 4

7

5

12

2 . 15

11.3

-9 .7 1 4 *

3 .9 0 3

7

4

11

2 . 14

10.8

-6 .4 2 5 *

2

3 .6 3 1

1

7

8

7.11

1.1

-2 .6 6 4 *

2.5 8

5

1.236

5

4

9

1.65

8 .9

4.335*

9 .7 2

2

11.470®

1

5

6

6 .9 7

1.1

0.281

14.175®

-0 .7 4 2

1s t

2nd

ASILT

1

2

7 .3 3

4 .0 4

3

6 .9 4

5 .1 0

8

1.5 9 4

7

ASILT

1

3

7 .3 3

4 .0 4

3

2 7 .8 3

2 .8 7

6

1 .9 8 2

2

ASILT

1

4

7 .3 3

4 .0 4

3

2 0 .7 0

2 .5 8

5

2.4 4 9

2

ASILT

1

5

7 .3 3

4 .0 4

3

25 .8 7

9 .7 2

2

5 .7 8 8

1

ASILT

2

3

6 .9 4

5 .1 0

8

27.83

2 .8 7

6

3 .1 5 8

ASILT

2

4

6 .9 4

5 .1 0

8

2 0 .7 0

2.5 8

5

ASILT

2

5

6 .9 4

5 .1 0

8

25 .8 7

9.7 2

ASILT
ASILT

3

4

2 7 .8 3

2 .8 7

6

2 0 .7 0

3

5

2 7 .8 3

2 .8 7

6

25 .8 7

df fo r t

(c a lc .)

4

5

20.70

2.5 8

5

25.87

9 .7 2

2

1

4

5

6 .9 7

1.1

1

2

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

6.7 5

3 .0 2

8

7

2

9

1.07

7 .0

-1 .6 3 8

BCLAY

1

3

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

15.92

5 .9 8

6

5

2

7

2 .4 4

5 .0

-4 .4 6 9 *
-2 4 .9 3 8 *

BCLAY

1

4

5.0 0

0 .0 0

3

2 0 .6 2

1.40

5

4

2

6

0 .6 3

4 .0

BCLAY

1

5

5.0 0

0 .0 0

3

12.43

5 .9 8

2

1

2

3

4 .2 2

1 .0 '

BCLAY

2

3

6.7 5

3 .0 2

8

15.92

5 .9 8

6

3 .9 3 8

5

7

12

2 .6 7

6 .9

-3 .4 4 0 *

BCLAY

2

4

6 .7 5

3 .0 2

8

20.62

1.40

5

4.6 3 3

7

4

11

1 .2 4

10.5

-1 1 .2 2 2 *

-1 .7 5 7

BCLAY

2

5

6 .7 5

3.0 2

8

12.43

5 .9 8

2

3.9 2 6

1

7

8

4 .3 6

1.1

-1 .3 0 3

BCLAY

3

4

15.92

5 .9 8

6

2 0 .6 2

1 .4 0

5

18.243*

5

4

9

2 .5 2

5 .6

-1 .8 6 7

BCLAY

3

5

15.92

5 .9 8

6

12.43

5 .9 8

2

1.003

5

1

6

4.8 8

1.7

0 .7 1 5

BCLAY

4

5

2 0 .6 2

1.40

5

12.43

5 .9 8

2

18.189®

1

4

5

4.2 7

1 .0

1.920

BCSFR

1

2

2 . 17

0 .6 6

3

5 .4 2

3 .5 7

8

2 9.377 ®

7

2

9

1.32

8 .1

-2 .4 6 7 *

BCSFR

1

3

2 . 17

0 .6 6

3

8 .7 9

8.51

6

167.003*

5

2

7

3.5 0

5.1

-1 .8 9 5

BCSFR

1

4

2.1 7

0 .6 6

3

2 .7 0

2 .1 2

5

10.404

4

2

6

1.02

5 .1

-0 .5 2 1

BCSFR

1

5

2 . 17

0 .6 6

3

1.95

0.4 2

2

2.4 1 1

2

1

3

0 .4 8

3 .0

0.4 4 7

BCSFR

2

3

5.4 2

3 .5 7

8

8 .7 9

8.51

6

5.685*

5

7

12

3.7 0

6 .3

-0 .9 1 2

•Significant difference between groups at alpha=0.05.

239

ASILT
BCLAY

Table A.I.

V ariab le

(continued).

Groups

Mean
<------- 1 s t

S.D .

n

Mean

g r o u p ---- ■->

<-------2 n d

S .D .

n

g r o u p ---- —>

F

d f (n) d f (d)

df

(c a tc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

P ooled
s

A pprox.
df fo r t

t
(c a lc .)

1s t

2nd

BCSFR

2

4

5 .4 2

3 .5 7

8

2 .7 0

2 .1 2

5

2.8 2 4

7

4

11

1.58

11.0

BCSFR

2

5

5 .4 2

3 .5 7

8

1.95

0 .4 2

2

70.825

7

1

8

1.30

7 .6

2.673®
1 .6 9 1

1 .7 2 1

BCSFR

3

4

8.7 9

8.51

6

2 .7 0

2.1 2

5

5

4

9

3 .6 0

5 .7

BCSFR

3

5

8.7 9

8.51

6

1.95

0 .4 2

2

402.624

5

1

6

3 .4 9

5. 1

1 .961

BCSFR

4

5

2 .7 0

2.1 2

5

1 .95

0 .4 2

2

25.083

4

1

5

1.00

4 .7

0.7 5 3

16.051®

BSAND

1

2

8 9 .6 7

0 .5 6

3

83 .4 6

7 .3 8

8

171.723®

7

2

9

2 .6 3

7 .2

2 .365®

BSAND

1

3

8 9 .6 7

0 .5 6

3

6 1 .3 2

12.53

6

49 5 .7 5 7 ®

5

2

7

5 .1 3

5 .0

5.5 31®
8.875*

1

4

8 9 .6 7

0 .5 6

3

5 1 .7 2

9 .5 3

5

28 6 .9 1 4 ®

4

2

6

4 .2 8

4 .0

1

5

8 9 .6 7

0 .5 6

3

6 7 .2 9

18.30

2

1056.43®

1

2

3

12.94

1 .0

1.730

BSAND

2

3

8 3 .4 6

7 .3 8

8

61 .3 2

12.53

6

2.8 8 7

5

7

12

5 .7 4

7 .6

3 .8 5 5 *
6.350*

BSAND

2

4

83 .4 6

7 .3 8

8

51 . 7 2

9 .5 3

5

1 .6 7 1

4

7

11

5.0 0

7 .0

BSAND

2

5

8 3 .4 6

7.3 8

8

6 7 .2 9

18.30

2

6 .1 5 2

1

7

8

13.20

1. 1

1.225

BSAND

3

4

61 .3 2

12.53

6

51 .7 2

9 .5 3

5

1.728

5

4

9

6.6 6

9 .0

1 .441

BSAND

3

5

6 1 .3 2

12 .5 3

6

6 7 .2 9

18.30

2

2.131

1

5

6

1 3 .9 1

1.3

-0 .4 2 9

BSAND

4

5

5 1 .7 2

9 .5 3

5

6 7 .2 9

18.30

2

3 .6 8 2

1

4

5

13.62

1.2

-1 .1 4 3

BSILT

1

2

5 .3 3

0 .5 6

3

9.8 0

4.51

e

64 .0 9 2 ®

7

2

9

1.63

7 .5

- 2 ,7 5 2 ®

BSILT

1

3

5 .3 3

0 .5 6

3

2 2 .7 8

7 .4 9

6

3 .0 8

5. 1

-5 .6 7 7 *

BSILT

1

4

5 .3 3

0 .5 6

3

2 7 .6 6

9 .3 5

BSILT

1

5

5 .3 3

0.5 6

3

20 .2 9

12.32

BSILT

2

3

9 .8 0

4.51

8

2 2 .7 8

7 .4 9

6

BSILT

2

4

9 .8 0

4.51

8

27 .6 6

9 .3 5

BSILT

2

5

9 .8 0

4.51

8

20 .2 9

BSILT

3

4

22.78

7.4 9

6

2 7 .6 6

BSILT

3

5

2 2 .7 8

7 .4 9

6

BSILT

4

5

2 7 .6 6

9 .3 5

5

177.100®

5

2

7

5

2 7 6 .1 1 6 ®

4

2

6

4 .2 0

4 .0

-5 .3 2 3 *

2

47 9 .1 0 2 ®

1

2

3

8 .7 2

1 .0

-1 .7 1 6

2 .7 6 3

5

7

12

3 .4 5

7 .7

-3 .7 6 5 ®

5

4 .3 0 8

4

7

11

4 .4 8

5 .2

-3 .9 9 0 *

12.32

2

7 .4 7 5

1

7

8

8 .8 6

1. 1

-1 .1 8 4

9.3 5

5

1.5 5 9

4

5

9

5.1 8

7 .7

-0 .9 4 1

2 0 .2 9

12.32

2

2 .7 0 5

1

5

6

9.2 3

1 .3

0.2 7 0

20 .2 9

12.32

2

1.735

1

4

5

9 .6 6

1 .5

0 .7 6 3

•Significant difference between groups at alpha=0.05.

240

BSAND
BSAND

Table A.I.

/arlab le

CCLAV

(continued).

G roups
1st

2nd

1

2

Mean
<-------1 s t

5.0 0

S .D .

Mean

n

g r o u p ---- —>

0 .0 0

<-------2nd

3

11.47

S.D .

n

g r o u p — —>

8.2 8

F

d f (n) d f (d)

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r ■ F ->

t

8

P ooled
s

A pprox.
df fo r t

t
(c a lc .)

7

2

9

2.9 3

7 .0

7

4 .9 9

5 .0

-1 .9 7 3

6

6.21

4 .0

-4 .9 0 8 *
-2 .4 1 0

CCLAV

1

3

5 .0 0

0.0 0

3

14.85

12.23

6

.

5

2

CCLAV

1

4

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

3 5 .4 9

13.89

5

.

4

2

-2 .2 1 0

CCLAV

1

5

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

27 .1 4

12.99

2

1

2

3

9 .1 9

1 .0

CCLAV

2

3

11.47

8 .2 8

8

14.85

12.23

6

2.181

5

7

12

5 .7 9

8 .3

-0 .5 8 4

CCLAV

2

4

11.47

8 .2 8

8

35 .4 9

13.89

5

2 .8 1 2

4

7

11

6 .8 7

5 .8

-3 .4 9 7 *

CCLAV

2

5

11.47

8 .2 8

8

2 7 . 14

12.99

2

2.461

1

7

8

9 .6 4

1 .2

-1 .6 2 5

CCLAY

3

4

14 .0 5

12.23

6

3 5 .4 9

13.89

5

1.2 8 9

4

5

9

7.9 7

8. 1

-2 .5 8 9 *

CCLAV

3

5

14.85

12.23

6

27 .1 4

12.99

2

1.1 2 8

1

5

6

10.46

1.6

-1 .1 7 5

CCLAV

4

5

3 5 .4 9

13 .8 9

5

2 7 . 14

12.99

2

1.143

4

1

5

11.09

2 .0

0 .7 5 2

CSAND

1

2

9 0 .0 0

3

78.08

13 .8 9

8

.

7

2

9

4.91

7 .0

2.4 2 6 *

CSAND

1

3

9 0 .0 0

3

5 8 .3 4

20 .5 8

6

.

5

2

7

8 .4 0

5 .0

3.7 6 8 *

CSAND

1

4

90 .0 0

0. 00
0. 00
0. 00

3

42 .6 4

21.67

5

4

2

6

9 .6 9

4 .0

4 .888*

CSAND

1

5

9 0 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

5 6 .5 8

2 3 .4 5

2

1

2

3

16 .5 8

1.0

2.015

CSAND

2

3

7 0 .0 8

13.89

8

58 .3 4

20 .5 8

6

2.1 9 4

5

7

12

9 .7 3

8 .3

2 .0 2 9

CSAND

2

4

78.08

13.89

8

42 .6 4

21 .6 7

5

2.432

4

7

11

10.86

6. 1

3.263*

.

.

CSAND

2

5

78 .0 8

13.89

8

5 6 .5 8

2 3 .4 5

2

2.8 5 0

1

7

a

17.30

1.2

1.243

CSAND

3

4

5 8 .3 4

2 0 .5 8

6

4 2 .6 4

21.67

5

1 .1 0 8

4

5

9

12.82

8 .5

1 .2 2 4

CSAND

3

5

58 .3 4

2 0 .5 8

6

56.58

2 3 .4 5

2

1.299

1

5

6

18.59

1.6

0 .0 9 4

CSAND

4

5

4 2 .6 4

2 1 .6 7

5

5 6 .5 8

2 3 .4 5

2

1.172

1

4

5

1 9 .2 1

1 .7

-0 .7 2 6

CSILT

1

2

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

7 .3 2

3 .9 3

a

CSILT

1

3

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

10.14

6 .3 2

6

CSILT

1

4

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

21.87

8.1 0

5

CSILT

1

5

5.0 0

0 .0 0

3

16.27

10.46

2

CSILT

2

3

7.3 2

3 .9 3

8

10.14

6 .3 2

6

•Significant difference between groups at a1pha=0.05.

.
.
.
2.591

7

2

9

1 .3 9

7 .0

-1 .6 7 0

5

2

7

2.5 8

5 .0

-1 .9 9 2

4

2

6

3 .6 2

4 .0

-4 .6 5 9 *

1

2

3

7.4 0

1 .0

-1 .5 2 4

5

7

12

2.9 3

7 .8

-0 .9 6 3

Table A.I.

V ariab le

(continued).

Groups
1st

2nd

Mean
<------- 1 s t

S .D .

n

Mean

g r o u p ---- —>

<-------2nd

S.D .

n

g r o u p ----- - >

F

d f(n ) d f(d)

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

P ooled
s

A pprox.
df fo r t

t
(c alc.)

2

4

7 .3 2

3 .9 3

8

21 .8 7

8.1 0

*5

4.2 4 9

4

7

11

3 .8 8

5 .2

CSILT

2

5

7 .3 2

3 .9 3

8

16.27

10.46

2

7.088

1

7

8

7 .5 2

1. 1

-1 .1 9 0

CSILT

3

4

10.14

6 .3 2

6

21.87

8.1 0

5

1 .639

4

5

9

4 .4 5

7 .5

-2 .6 3 7 *

CSILT

3

5

10.14

6.3 2

6

16.27

10.46

2

2.735

1

5

6

7 .8 3

1 .3

-0 .7 8 3

CSILT

4

5

21.87

8 .1 0

5

16.27

10.46

2

1.668

1

4

5

8 .2 3

1 .5

0.6 8 0

OEWT

1

2

1100 3 .5 6

764.57

3

1290 2 .9 2

2249.91

8

8 .6 6 9

7

2

9

9 0 9 .7 4

9 .0

-2 .0 8 8

OEWT

1

3

11003.56

76 4.57

3

11002.00

1485.69

6

3.7 7 6

5

2

7

750.16

6 .9

0 .0 0 2

OEWT

1

4

11003.56

764.57

3

10455.27

4131.21

5

29.1 9 5

4

2

6

1899.54

4 .4

0 .2 8 9

OEWT

1

5

11003.56

76 4.57

3

13705.83

1718.98

2

5.0 5 5

1

2

3

1293.18

1.3

-2 .0 9 0

OEWT

2

3

12902.92

2249.91

8

11002.00

1485.69

6

2.293

7

5

12

1000.32

11.9

1.9 0 0

2

4

12902.92

2249.91

8

10455.27

4131.21

5

3 .3 7 2

4

7

11

2 0 1 1 .5 0

5 .5

1.217
-0 .5 5 3

OEWT

-3 .7 5 2 *

OEWT

2

5

12902.92

2249.91

8

13705.83

1718.98

2

1.7 1 3

7

1

8

1452.66

2 .0

OEWT

3

4

11002.00

1485.69

6

10455.27

4131.21

5

7 .7 3 2 *

4

5

9

1944.55

4 .9

0 .2 8 1

OEWT

3

5

1100 2 .0 0

1485.69

6

13705.83

1718.98

2

1 .3 3 9

1

5

6

1358.43

1 .5

-1 .9 9 0

OEWT

4

5

10455.27

41 31.21

5

13705.83

1718.98

2

5 .7 7 6

4

1

5

2 211.52

4 .7

-1 .4 7 0

OIWT

1

2

2 5 4 7.89

3 2 7.35

3

2969.54

3 9 7 .8 0

8

1.477

7

2

9

2 35.58

4 .4

-1 .7 9 0

OIWT

1

3

2 547.89

3 2 7.35

3

2766.22

2 5 2 .9 9

6

1 .6 7 4

2

5

7

2 1 5.38

3 .3

-1 .0 1 4

OIWT

1

4

25 4 7 .8 9

3 2 7.35

3

3137.87

3 9 7 .1 8

5

1.4 7 2

4

2

6

2 59.37

5.1

-2 .2 7 5

OIWT

1

5

2 5 4 7 .8 9

3 27.35

3

2 7 9 4 .1 7

3 5 9 .4 5

2

1.2 0 6

1

2

3

3 16.73

2. 1

-0 .7 7 8

OIWT

2

3

2969.54

39 7.80

a

27 6 6 .2 2

2 52.99

6

2.472

7

5

12

174.49

11.8

1 .1 6 5

OIWT

2

4

2 9 6 9 .5 4

3 97.80

8

313 7 .8 7

3 9 7 .1 8

5

1.0 0 3

7

4

11

226.56

8 .6

-0 .7 4 3

OIWT

2

5

29 6 9 .5 4

39 7.80

8

2 7 9 4 .1 7

3 5 9 .4 5

2

1.2 2 5

7

1

8

2 9 0.48

1 .7

0.6 0 4

OIWT

3

4

27 6 6 .2 2

252.99

6

3137.87

3 9 7 .1 8

5

2.465

4

5

9

2 0 5.47

6 .6

-1 .8 0 9

OIWT

3

5

2 7 6 6 .2 2

252 .9 9

6

27 9 4 .1 7

359.45

2

2 .0 1 9

1

5

6

274.35

1 .4

-0 .1 0 2

OIWT

4

5

3137.87

3 9 7.18

5

2794.17

3 59.45

2

1 .2 2 1

4

1

5

3 1 0 .0 8

2.1

1 .1 0 8

•Significant difference between groups at alpha=0.05.

242

CSILT

Table A.i.

V a riab le

(continued).

Groups
1st

2nd

Mean

S.D .

Mean

n

<-------1 s t g r o u p ---------->

S .D .

n

<-------2 n d g r o u p --------- >

F

d f(n ) d f(d )

df

(c a lc .)

<- f o r F ->

t

P ooled
s

A pprox.
df fo r t

t
(c a lc .)

DEPLS

1

2

406.67

161.66

3

140.37

155 .1 7

8

1.085

2

7

9

108.26

3 .5

2 .4 6 0

DEPLS

1

3

406.67

161.66

3

338.33

250.45

6

2 .4 0 0

5

2

7

138.44

6.1

0.4 9 4

DEPLS

1

4

406.67

161.66

3

191.20

2 31.04

5

2.043

4

2

6

139.24

5 .7

1.547

DEPLS

1

5

406.67

161.66

3

6 0 .5 0

64 .3 5

2

6 .3 1 2

2

1

3

103.83

2 .8

3 .3 3 4 *

DEPLS

2

3

140.37

155.17

8

3 38.33

2 5 0 .4 5

6

2.6 0 5

5

7

12

116.03

7 .8

-1 .7 0 6

DEPLS

2

4

140.37

155.17

8

1 9 1.20

2 31.04

5

2.217

4

7

11

116 .9 8

6 .3

-0 .4 3 4

7 1 .2 7

4 .6

1 .121

2

5

140.37

155.17

8

60 .5 0

6 4 .3 5

2

5 .8 1 5

7

1

8

DEPLS

3

4

3 38.33

250 .4 5

6

191 .2 0

2 31.04

5

1.175

5

4

9

145 .3 6

8 .9

1 .0 1 2

DEPLS

3

5

3 38.33

250 .4 5

6

60 .5 0

6 4 .3 5

2

15.150

5

1

6

1 1 1 .9 1

6 .0

2 .4 8 3 *

DEPLS

4

5

191.20

231.04

5

60 .5 0

64 .3 5

2

12.892

4

1

5

112 .9 0

5 .0

1.1 5 8

DEPSCL

1

2

500.00

0 .0 0

3

286.12

186.12

8

7

2

9

65 .8 0

7 .0

3 .2 5 0 *

DEPSCL

1

3

5 00.00

0 .0 0

3

80 .6 7

35.01

6

.

5

2

7

14.29

5 .0

29.337*

DEPSCL

1

4

500.00

0 .0 0

3

5 6 .8 0

8 .0 4

5

.

4

2

6

3 .6 0

4 .0

123.206*

DEPSCL

1

5

5 0 0 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

112.50

102 .5 3

2

.

1

2

3

7 2 .5 0

1.0

5 .3 4 5

DEPSCL

2

3

286.12

186.12

8

80 .6 7

35.01

6

2 8.257*

7

5

12

67 .3 4

7 .7

3.051*

DEPSCL

2

4

2 86.12

186.12

8

5 6 .8 0

8 .0 4

5

535 .3 9 2 *

7

4

11

65 .9 0

7 .0

3.480*

DEPSCL

2

5

286.12

186.12

8

112 .5 0

102.53

2

3 .2 9 5

7

1

8

97.91

3 .0

1.7 7 3

DEPSCL

3

4

8 0 .6 7

35.01

6

5 6 .8 0

8 .0 4

5

18.947*

5

4

9

1 4 .7 4

5 .6

1.619

.

DEPSCL

3

5

8 0 .6 7

35.01

6

112.50

102.53

2

8 .5 7 6

1

5

6

7 3 .9 0

1.1

-0 .4 3 1

DEPSCL

4

5

5 6 .8 0

8 .0 4

5

112 .5 0

102.53

2

162.481*

1

4

5

7 2 .5 9

1 .0

-0 .7 6 7

DEPSL

1

2

5 00.00

0.0 0

3

218.25

150.42

8

.

7

2

9

5 3 .1 8

7 .0

5.298*

DEPSL

1

3

5 00.00

0 .0 0

3

29.17

2 0 .7 8

6

.

5

2

7

8 .4 8

5 .0

5 5 .503*

DEPSL

1

4

500.00

0 .0 0

3

2 2 .2 0

6 .2 6

5

.

4

2

6

2 .8 0

4 .0

170.643*

DEPSL

1

5

500.00

0.0 0

3

126.00

22.63

2

.

1

2

3

16.00

1.0

23.375*

DEPSL

2

3

2 18.25

150.42

8

29 .1 7

2 0 .7 8

6

7

5

12

5 3 .8 5

7 .4

3.5 1 1 *

•Significant difference between groups at a1pha=0.05.

5 2 .4 0 6 *

243

DEPLS

/e n a b le

(continued).

Groups

Mean
<-------1 s t

Mean

n
S .D .
g r o u p ---- - >

<-------2nd

S.D .

n

g r o u p ----- - >

F

d f(n ) df(d)

df

P ooled

(c a lc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

s

A pp ro x
df fo r t

t
(c a lc .)

1st

2nd

DEPSL

2

4

216.25

150.42

8

22 .2 0

6 .2 6

5

577 .2 2 1 *

7

4

11

5 3 .2 6

7 .0

DEPSL

2

5

218 .2 5

150.42

8

126 .0 0

22.63

2

44.193

7

1

8

5 5 .5 4

7 .9

1 .6 6 1

DEPSL

3

4

2 9 .1 7

2 0 .7 8

6

2 2 .2 0

6 .2 6

5

11.014®

5

4

9

8 .9 3

6 .1

0 .7 8 0

3 .6 8 1 ®

DEPSL

3

5

2 9 . 17

20 .7 8

6

126.00

2 2 .6 3

2

1.1 8 6

1

5

6

1 8 .1 1

1 .6

-5 .3 4 7 *

DEPSL

4

5

22.20

6 .2 6

5

126 .0 0

2 2 .6 3

2

13.061®

1

4

5

16.24

1 .1

-6 .3 9 0

DEPTEX

1

2

5 0 0 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

146.25

7 7 .2 6

8

7

2

9

27 .3 1

7 .0

12.951®

DEPTEX

1

3

5 0 0 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

5 8 .0 0

3 2 .8 3

6

5

2

7

13 .4 0

5 .0

3 2 .9 8 1 *

DEPTEX

1

4

500.00

0 .0 0

3

4 3 .8 0

4 .5 5

5

4

2

6

2 .0 3

4 .0

2 24.2 1 0 *

DEPTEX

1

5

5 00.00

0 .0 0

3

1 0 0.00

111.72

2

1

2

3

79 .0 0

1 .0

5 .0 6 3

DEPTEX

2

3

146.25

7 7 .2 6

8

5 8 .0 0

3 2 .8 3

6

7

5

12

3 0 .4 3

1 0.0

2.9 0 1 *

DEPTEX

2

4

146.25

77 .2 6

8

4 3 .8 0

4 .5 5

5

7

4

11

27.39

7 .1

3.740 ®
0 .5 5 3

5 .5 3 9
2 8 8 .3 4 7 ®

DEPTEX

2

5

146.25

77 .2 6

8

100.00

111.72

2

2.091

1

7

8

8 3 .5 9

1.3

DEPTEX

3

4

5 8 .0 0

32 .8 3

6

4 3 .8 0

4 .5 5

5

5 2 .0 5 8 ®

5

4

9

13.56

5 .2

DEPTEX

3

5

5 8 .0 0

3 2 .8 3

6

100 .0 0

111.72

2

11.583*

1

5

6

8 0 .1 3

1 .1 '

-0 .5 2 4

DEPTEX

4

5

4 3 .8 0

4 .5 5

5

100.00

111.72

2

6 0 2 .9 9 5 ®

1

4

5

7 9 .0 3

1 .0

-0 .7 1 1

TEXC

1

2

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

16.25

9.7 5

8

7

2

9

3 .4 5

7 .0

- 3 .2 6 3 ®

TEXC

1

3

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

26.17

8.4 0

6

5

2

7

3 .4 3

5 .0

-6 .1 7 2 *

TEXC

1

4

5.0 0

0 .0 0

3

3 0 .2 0

3 .1 9

5

4

2

6

1.43

4 .0

-1 7 .6 4 4 *
-7 .5 7 1 *

1.048

TEXC

1

5

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

3 1 .5 0

4 .9 5

2

1

2

3

3 .5 0

1 .0

TEXC

2

3

16.25

9 .7 5

8

26.17

8 .4 0

6

1.347

7

5

12

4 .8 6

11.7

TEXC

2

4

16.25

9.7 5

8

3 0 .2 0

3 .1 9

5

9 .3 2 1 ®

7

4

11

3 .7 3

9. 1

-3 .7 3 8 *
-3 .1 0 4 *

-2 .0 3 9

TEXC

2

5

16.25

9 .7 5

8

3 1 .5 0

4 .9 5

2

3 .8 8 0

7

1

8

4 .9 1

3 .4

TEXC

3

4

26.17

8.4 0

6

3 0 .2 0

3 .1 9

5

6 .9 1 8

5

4

9

3.71

6 .6

-1 .0 8 6

TEXC

3

5

26 .1 7

8.4 0

6

3 1 .5 0

4 .9 5

2

2.8 8 0

5

1

6

4 .9 0

3 .2

-1 .0 8 8

TEXC

4

5

3 0 .2 0

3 .1 9

5

3 1 .3 0

4 .9 5

2

2.4 0 2

1

4

5

3 .7 8

1.4

-0 .3 4 4

•Significant difference between groups at alpha=0.05.

m

Table A.1.

Table A.I.

/arlab l e

(continued).

Groups
1st

2nd

Mean
<-------1 s t

S.D .

Mean

n

g r o u p -----—>

<-------2nd

S.D .

n

g r o u p ---- —>

TEXS

1

2

9 0 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

5 0 .8 8

2 2 .5 0

8

TEXS

1

3

9 0 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

5 0 .5 0

2 0 .1 0

6

TEXS

1

4

9 0 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

4 2 .8 0

2 1 .0 8

5

TEXS

1

5

9 0 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

3 3 .5 0

33 .2 3

2

TEXS

2

3

5 0 .8 8

2 2 .5 0

8

50 .5 0

2 0 .1 0

6

F

d f(n ) df(d )

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

P ooled
s

A pprox.
df f o r t

t
(c a lc .)

7

2

9

7 .9 5

7 .0

4 .9 1 9 *

5

2

7

8 .2 0

5 .0

4 .8 1 4 *

4

2

6

9 .4 3

4 .0

5.008*

1

2

3

23.50

1.0

2.404

1.253

7

5

12

11.43

11.5

0 .0 3 3

.
.
.

2

4

5 0 .8 8

2 2 .5 0

8

42 .8 0

21.08

5

1.139

7

4

11

12.33

9.1

0 .6 5 5

2

5

5 0 .8 8

22.50

8

3 3 .5 0

3 3 .2 3

2

2.1 8 2

1

7

8

24 .8 1

1.2

0 .7 0 0

TEXS

3

4

5 0 .5 0

2 0 .1 0

6

42 .8 0

2 1 .0 8

5

1.100

4

5

9

12.50

8 .5

0 .6 1 6

TEXS

3

5

5 0 .5 0

20.10

6

33 .5 0

3 3 .2 3

2

2.7 3 5

1

5

6

2 4 .8 9

1.3

0 .6 8 3

TEXS

4

5

4 2 .8 0

2 1 .0 8

5

33 .5 0

3 3 .2 3

2

2 .4 8 6

1

4

5

2 5 .3 2

1 .3

0 .3 6 7

TEXSI

1

2

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

32.88

17.37

8

7

2

9

6.1 4

7 .0

-4 .5 3 8 *

TEXSI

1

3

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

2 3 .3 3

16.02

6

5

2

7

6.5 4

5 .0

-2 .8 0 3 *

TEXSI

1

4

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

2 7 .0 0

17.89

5

4

2

6

8.0 0

4 .0

-2 .7 5 0

TEXSI

1

5

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

3 5 .0 0

28.28

2

1

2

3

2 0 .0 0

1 .0

-1 .5 0 0

TEXSI

2

3

3 2 .8 8

17.37

8

2 3 .3 3

16.02

6

1.176

7

5

12

8 .9 7

11.4

1.063

TEXSI

2

4

3 2 .8 8

17.37

8

27.00

17.89

5

1 .060

4

7

11

10.09

8 .4

0 .5 8 2

TEXSI

2

5

32 .8 8

17.37

8

35 .0 0

28 .2 8

2

2.6 5 0

1

7

8

20.92

1.2

-0 .1 0 2

TEXSI

3

4

2 3 .3 3

16.02

6

2 7 .0 0

17.89

5

1 .247

4

5

9

10.33

8 .2

-0 .3 5 5

TEXSI

3

5

23.33

16.02

6

3 5 .0 0

28.28

2

3.117

1

5

6

2 1 .0 4

1.2

-0 .5 5 4

.

TEXSI

4

5

27 .0 0

17.89

5

35 .0 0

28.28

2

2 .5 0 0

1

4

5

2 1 .5 4

1 .3

-0 .3 7 1

BIC

1

2

0 .6 7

0 .3 8

3

2.91

1.24

6

10.523

7

2

9

0 .4 9

9 .0

-4 .5 6 7 *

BIC

1

3

0 .6 7

0.3 8

3

4 .7 9

0.3 3

6

1 .3 2 1

2

5

7

0.2 6

3 .6

-1 5 .9 3 5 *

BIC

1

4

0 .6 7

0 .3 8

3

4 .9 0

0 .2 2

5

2.917

2

4

6

0 .2 4

2 .8

-1 7 .4 8 6 *

BIC

1

5

0 .6 7

0.3 8

3

4 .7 5

0 .3 5

2

1.167

2

1

3

0 .3 3

2 .4

-1 2 .2 5 0 *

BIC

2

3

2 .91

1.24

8

4 .7 9

0 .3 3

6

13.898*

7

5

12

0.4 6

8 .3

-4 .1 1 2 *

•Significant difference between groups at alpha=0.05.

245

TEXS
TEXS

Table A.I.

i/a riab le

(continued).

Groups
1st

2nd

Mean
<-------1 s t

n
S .D .
g r o u p — —>

Mean
<-------2nd

S.D .

n

g r o u p ---- —>

F

d f (n) d f (d)

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r • F ->

t

A pprox.

P ooled
s

df fo r t

t
(c a lc .)

BIC

2

4

2 .9 1

1.24

8

4 .9 0

0 .2 2

5

3 0.692*

7

4

11

0 .4 5

7 .7

-4 .4 3 8 *

BIC

2

5

2.91

1.24

8

4 .7 5

0 .3 5

2

12.277*

7

1

8

0 .5 0

7. 1

-3 .6 5 6 *

BIC

3

4

4 .7 9

0 .3 3

6

4 .9 0

0 .2 2

5

2 .2 0 8

5

4

9

0 .1 7

8 .7

-0 .6 4 3

BIC

3

5

4.7 9

0 .3 3

6

4 .7 5

0 .3 5

2

1.132

1

5

6

0.2B

1 .6

0 .1 4 6

BIC

4

5

4 .9 0

0 .2 2

5

4 .7 5

0 .3 5

2

2 .5 0 0

1

4

5

0 .2 7

1.3

0 .5 5 7

CLT150

1

2

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

11.38

1 0 .4 1

8

7

2

9

3 .6 8

7 .0

-1 .7 3 3

1

3

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

2 6 .1 7

8 .4 0

6

.

5

2

7

3 .4 3

5 .0

-6 .1 7 2 *

1

4

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

2 7 .4 0

6 .0 7

5

.

4

2

6

2.71

4 .0

-8 .2 5 7 *

CLT150

1

5

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

2 0 .0 0

21 .21

CLT150

2

3

11.38

1 0 .4 1

8

2 6 . 17

8 .4 0

6

CLT150

2

4

11.38

1 0 .4 1

8

2 7 .4 0

6 .0 7

CLT150

2

5

11.38

1 0 .4 1

8

2 0 .0 0

21.21

1

2

3

15.00

1 .0

-1 .0 0 0

1.534

7

5

12

5.0 3

11 . 9

-2 .9 4 1

5

2 .9 4 2

7

4

11

4 .5 7

11 . 0

-3 .5 0 6

2

4 .1 5 6

1

7

8

15.44

1 .1

-0 .5 5 8
-0 .2 8 2

2

.

4

2 6 . 17

8 .4 0

6

2 7 .4 0

6.0 7

5

1.918

5

4

9

4 .3 7

8 .9

5

26 .1 7

8.4 0

6

2 0 .0 0

21 .21

2

6.3 7 7

1

5

6

15.39

1.1

0.401

CLT150

4

5

2 7 .4 0

6 .0 7

5

2 0 .0 0

21 .21

2

1 2.228*

1

4

5

15.24

1. 1

0 .4 8 5

SLT150

1

2

9 0 .0 0

0.0 0

3

77 .7 5

15.36

8

7

2

9

5 .4 3

7 .0

2.256

SLT150

1

3

90 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

50 .5 0

20.10

6

5

2

7

8 .2 0

5 .0

4.814*

SLT150

1

4

90 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

44 .6 0

20 .4 0

5

4

2

6

9 . 12

4 .0

4.976*

SLT150

1

5

90 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

46 .5 0

5 1 .6 2

2

1

2

3

3 6 .5 0

1 .0

1. 192

SLT150

2

3

77 .7 5

15.36

8

5 0 .5 0

CM

6

1.712

5

7

12

9 .8 4

9.1

2.7 7 0 *

SLT150

2

4

7 7 .7 5

15.36

8

44 .6 0

2 0 .4 0

5

1.765

4

7

11

10.62

6 .8

3.122*

SLT150

2

5

77 .7 5

15.36

8

46 .5 0

5 1 .6 2

2

11.294*

1

7

8

36 .9 0

1 .0

0 .8 4 7

SLT150

3

4

5 0 .5 0

2 0 .1 0

6

44 .6 0

2 0 .4 0

5

1 .0 3 1

4

5

9

12.27

8 .6

0.4 8 1

o

3
3

o

CLT150
CLT150

.

SLT150

3

5

5 0 .5 0

20 .1 0

6

4 6 .5 0

5 1 .6 2

2

6 .5 9 7

1

5

6

37.41

1.1

0 .1 0 7

SLT150

4

5

4 4 .6 0

2 0 .4 0

5

4 6 .5 0

5 1 .6 2

2

6 .4 0 0

1

4

5

3 7 .6 2

1 .1

-0 .0 5 1

•Significant difference between groups at alpha=0.05.

246

CLT150
CLT150

Table A.1.

V ariab le

(continued).

Groups

Mean

S.D .
n
g r o u p — —>

Mean
<------- 2n d

S.D .

n

g r o u p — —>

F

d f (n) d f (d)

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

P ooled

A pprox,
df fo r t

t

1st

2nd

S I L T 150

1

2

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

10.88

7 .3 0

8

7

2

9

2 .5 8

7 .0

S I L T 150

1

3

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

23.33

16.02

6

.

5

2

7

6 .5 4

5 .0

-2 .8 0 3 *

S I L T 150

1

4

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

2 8 .0 0

18.57

5

.

4

2

6

8.31

4 .0

-2 .7 6 9

<-------1 s t

S I L T 150

1

5

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

3 3 .5 0

30.41

2

S I L T 150

2

3

10 .8 8

7 .3 0

8

2 3 .3 3

16.02

6

S I L T 150

2

4

10.88

7 .3 0

8

2 8 .0 0

18.57

S I L T 150

2

5

10.88

7 .3 0

8

3 3 .5 0

30.41

s

(c a lc .)

-2 .2 7 7

1

2

3

21 .5 0

1.0

-1 .3 2 6

4 .8 1 8

5

7

12

7 .0 3

6 .6

-1 .7 7 2

5

6 .4 7 7 ®

4

7

11

8 .7 0

4 .8

-1 .9 6 9

2

17.356*

1

7

8

2 1 .6 5

1.0

-1 .0 4 5

3

4

2 3 .3 3

16.02

6

2 8 .0 0

18.57

5

1.3 4 4

4

5

9

10.57

8 .0

-0 .4 4 1

3

5

2 3 .3 3

16 .0 2

6

33 .5 0

30.41

2

3 .6 0 2

1

5

6

22 .4 7

1 .2

-0 .4 5 2

S I L T 150

4

5

2 8 .0 0

18.57

5

3 3 .5 0

30.41

2

2 .6 8 0

CGT150

1

2

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

21 .0 0

10.78

8

.

1

4

5

23.05

1 .3

-0 .2 3 9

7

2

9

3.81

7 .0

-4 .1 9 7 *

CGT150

1

3

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

29.17

2.8 6

6

.

5

2

7

1.17

5 .0

-2 0 .7 1 4 *

CGT150

1

4

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

31 .6 0

3.51

5

.

4

2

6

1 .57

4 .0

-1 6 .9 6 0 *

CGT150

1

5

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

2 5 .0 0

14. 14

2

1

2

3

10.00

1 .0

-2 .0 0 0

CGT150

2

3

2 1 .0 0

10.78

8

29 .1 7

2 .8 6

6

14.239*

7

5

12

3 .9 9

8 .3

-2 .0 4 8

CGT150

2

4

21.00

10.78

8

31 .6 0

3.51

5

9.454*

7

4

11

4 .1 2

9 .1

-2 .5 7 1 *

CGT150

2

5

2 1 .0 0

10.78

8

2 5 .0 0

14 . 14

2

1 .7 2 0

1

7

8

10.70

1.3

-0 .3 7 4

CGT150

3

4

2 9 . 17

2 .8 6

6

3 1 .6 0

3.51

5

1.5 0 6

4

5

9

1.95

7 .8

-1 .2 4 5

CGT150

3

5

2 9 . 17

2.8 6

6

2 5 .0 0

14. 14

2

24.490*

1

5

6

10 .0 7

1.0

0 .4 1 4

CGT150

4

5

3 1 .6 0

3.51

5

25 .0 0

14 .1 4

2

16.260®

1

4

5

10.12

1 .0

0.6 5 2

SGT150

1

2

8 7 .6 7

4 .0 4

3

46 .5 0

22 .2 5

.8

3 0.297

7

2

9

8 .2 0

8 .1

5.018*

SGT150

1

3

87 .6 7

4 .0 4

3

49 .1 7

19.19

6

22.541

5

2

7

8 .1 7

5 .8

4.710*

.

SGT150

1

4

8 7 .6 7

4 .0 4

3

3 3 .4 0

2 3 .5 0

5

3 3.814

4

2

6

10.77

4 .4

5.041*

SGT150

1

5

8 7 .6 7

4 .0 4

3

15 .0 0

7 .0 7

2

3.061

1

2

3

5 .5 2

1 .4

13.170*

SGT150

2

3

46 .5 0

2 2 .2 5

8

49 .1 7

19.19

6

1.344

7

5

12

11.10

1 1.7

•Significant difference between groups at alpha=0.05.

-0 .2 4 0

247

S I L T 150
S I L T 150

Table A.1.

/arleb le

(continued).

Groups

Mean
<------- i s t

S.D .

Mean

n

g r o u p -----—>

<-------2nd

S.D .

n

g r o u p -----—>

F

df(n ) d f(d )

df

(c a lc .)

<- f o r F ->

t

P ooled
s

A pprox.
df fo r t

t
(c a lc .)

1st

2nd

SGT150

2

4

4 6 .5 0

22.25

8

3 3 .4 0

2 3 .5 0

5

1.1 1 6

4

7

11

13.13

8 .3

0 .9 9 8

SGT150

2

5

4 6 .5 0

2 2 .2 5

8

15.00

7 .0 7

2

9 .8 9 7

7

1

8

9 .3 2

6 .4

3.380*

SGT1S0

3

4

4 9 .1 7

19.19

6

3 3 .4 0

2 3 .5 0

5

1.5 0 0

4

5

9

13. 11

7 .8

1 .2 0 3

SGT150

3

5

4 9 .1 7

19.19

6

1 5 .0 0

7 .0 7

2

7 .3 6 3

5

1

6

9 .2 9

5 .4

3.677*

SGT150

4

5

3 3 .4 0

23.50

5

15.00

7 .0 7

2

11.046

4

1

5

11.64

5 .0

1 .5 8 1

SIGT150

1

2

7 .3 3

4 .0 4

3

32 .5 0

18.32

8

2 0 .5 5 4

7

2

9

6 .8 9

8 .4

-3 .6 5 5 *

1

3

7 .3 3

4 .0 4

3

21 .6 7

16.33

6

16.327

5

2

7

7 .0 6

6.1

-2 .0 2 9

SIGT150

1

4

7 .3 3

4 .0 4

3

3 5 .0 0

2 0 .0 0

5

2 4.490

4

2

6

9 .2 4

4 .5

-2 .9 9 3 *

SIGT150

1

5

7 .3 3

4 .0 4

3

6 0 .0 0

7 .0 7

2

3.061

1

2

3

5 .5 2

! .4

-9 .5 4 5 *

SIGT150

2

3

3 2 .5 0

18 .3 2

8

21 .6 7

16.33

6

1.2 5 9

7

5

12

9.3 0

11.5

1. 165

SIGT150

2

4

32 .5 0

18.32

8

3 5 .0 0

2 0 .0 0

5

1 .1 9 1

4

7

11

11 . 0 4

8 .0

-0 .2 2 6

SIGT150

2

5

3 2 .5 0

18.32

8

60 .0 0

7 .0 7

2

6 .7 1 4

7

1

8

8 .1 8

5. 1

-3 .3 6 1 *

SIGT150

3

4

21 .6 7

16.33

6

3 5 .0 0

2 0 .0 0

5

1.5 0 0

4

5

9

11.16

7 .8

-1 .1 9 5

SIGT150

3

5

21 .6 7

16.33

6

6 0 .0 0

7 .0 7

2

5 .3 3 3

5

1

6

8 .3 3

4 .7

-4 .6 0 0 *

SIGT150

4

5

3 5 .0 0

20.00

5

6 0 .0 0

7 .0 7

2

8 .0 0 0

4

1

5

10.25

5 .0

-2 .4 4 0

CLAV450

1

2

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

2 1 .0 0

10.78

8

7

2

9

3.81

7 .0

-4 .1 9 7 *

CLAV450

1

3

5.0 0

0 .0 0

3

2 9 .1 7

2.8 6

6

.

5

2

7

1.17

5 .0

-2 0 .7 1 4 *

CLAV450

1

4

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

3 1 .6 0

3.51

5

.
.

4

2

6

1.57

4 .0

-1 6 .9 6 0 *
-7 .5 7 1

CLAY450

1

5

5 .0 0

0 .0 0

3

3 1 .5 0

4.9 5

2

1

2

3

3.5 0

1 .0

CLAY450

2

3

2 1 .0 0

10.78

8

29.17

2 .8 6

6

1 4 .2 3 9 ”

7

5

12

3.9 9

8 .3

-2 .0 4 8

CLAY450

2

4

2 1 .0 0

10.78

8

3 1 .6 0

3.51

5

9 .454*

7

4

11

4.1 2

9 .1

-2 .5 7 1 *

CLAV450

2

5

2 1 .0 0

10.78

8

3 1 .5 0

4.9 5

2

4.7 4 6

7

1

8

5.1 8

4 .0

-2 .0 2 9

CLAY450

3

4

2 9 .1 7

2 .8 6

6

3 1 .6 0

3.51

5

1.5 0 6

4

5

9

1.95

7 .8

-1 .2 4 5

CLAY450

3

5

29.17

2 .8 6

6

3 1 .5 0

4 .9 5

2

3.0 0 0

1

5

6

3 .6 9

1 .2

-0 .6 3 2

CLAV450

4

5

3 1 .6 0

3.51

5

3 1 .5 0

4 .9 5

2

1.992

1

4

5

3.8 4

1 .4

0.0 2 6

•Significant difference between groups at alpha=0.05.

248

SIGT150

I
I
I

Table A.I.

V a riab le

(continued).

G roups
1st

2nd

Mean

Mean
S.D .
n
<-------1s t g r o u p --------- >

S .D .

n

<------- 2 n d g r o u p --------- >

F

d f(n ) d f(d )

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

P ooled
s

A pprox.
df fo r t

t
(c a lc .)

SAND450

1

2

87 .6 7

4 .0 4

3

4 6 .5 0

22.25

8

30.297

7

2

9

8.2 0

8.1

5.018*

SAND450

1

3

8 7 .6 7

4.0 4

3

4 9 .1 7

19.19

6

22.541

5

2

7

8 .1 7

5 .8

4.710*

1

4

87 .6 7

4 .0 4

3

3 3 .4 0

2 3 .5 0

5

33.814

4

2

6

10.77

4 .4

5.041*

1

5

87 .6 7

4 .0 4

3

33 .5 0

3 3 .2 3

2

67.622*

1

2

3

23 .6 2

2 .2 9 4

SAND450

2

3

4 6 .5 0

22.25

8

49 .1 7

19.19

6

1.3 4 4

7

5

12

11. 10

1 -C
11.7

-0 .2 4 0

SAND450

2

4

4 6 .5 0

2 2 .2 5

8

3 3 .4 0

2 3 .5 0

5

1.116

4

7

11

13.13

8 .3

0 .9 9 8

SAND4S0

2

5

4 6 .5 0

22.25

8

3 3 .5 0

33 .2 3

2

2 .2 3 2

1

7

8

24 .7 8

1 .2

0.5 2 5

SAND450

3

4

4 9 .1 7

19.19

6

3 3 .4 0

23 .5 0

5

1.5 0 0

4

5

9

13 . 11

7 .8

1.203

SAND450

3

S

4 9 . 17

19. 19

6

3 3 .5 0

3 3 .2 3

2

3 .0 0 0

1

5

6

2 4 .7 7

1.2

0 .6 3 2

SAND450

4

.5

3 3 .4 0

2 3 .5 0

5

3 3 .5 0

33 .2 3

2

2 .0 0 0

1

4

5

2 5 .7 4

1 .4

-0 .0 0 4

SIL T 450

1

2

7 .3 3

4.0 4

3

3 2 .5 0

18.32

8

20.554

7

2

9

6 .8 9

8 .4

-3 .6 5 5 *

SIL T 450

1

3

7 .3 3

4.0 4

3

21 . 6 7

16.33

6

16.327

5

2

7

7 .0 6

6 .1

-2 .0 2 9

SIL T 4 50

1

4

7 .3 3

4 .0 4

3

3 5 .0 0

2 0 .0 0

5

24.490

4

2

6

9 .2 4

4 .5

-2 .9 9 3 *

SIL T 4 50

1

5

7 .3 3

4.0 4

3

3 5 .0 0

28.28

2

48.9 8 0 *

1

2

3

2 0 .1 4

1 .0 '

-1 .3 7 4

SIL T 4 50

2

3

3 2 .5 0

18.32

8

21 .6 7

16.33

6

1.2 5 9

7

5

12

9 .3 0

11 . 5

1.165

SIL T 450

2

4

3 2 .5 0

18.32

8

3 5 .0 0

2 0 .0 0

5

1 .1 9 1

4

7

11

11.04

8 .0

-0 .2 2 6

SIL T 450

2

5

32.50

18.32

8

35 .0 0

28.28

2

2 .3 8 3

1

7

8

2 1 .0 2

1.2

-0 .1 1 9

SIL T 450

3

4

2 1 .6 7

16 .3 3

6

3 5 .0 0

2 0 .0 0

5

1.5 0 0

4

5

9

11.16

7 .8

-1 .1 9 5

S IL T 450

3

5

21.67

16.33

6

35 .0 0

2 8 .2 8

2

3 .0 0 0

1

5

6

21.08

1 .2

-0 .6 3 2
0 .0 0 0

SIL T 450

4

5

35 .0 0

20 .0 0

5

35 .0 0

28.28

2

2 .0 0 0

1

4

5

21.91

1.4

PF

1

2

5 .3 3

2 .31

3

4.7 5

1.49

8

2 .4 0 9

2

7

9

1.43

2 .7

0 .4 0 7

PF

1

3

5 .3 3

2.31

3

4.6 7

1 .2 1

6

3 .6 3 6

2

5

7

1.42

2 .6

0 .4 6 9

PF

1

4

5 .3 3

2.31

3

4.8 0

2 .4 9

5

1.1 6 2

4

2

6

1 .74

4 .6

0 .3 0 7

PF

1

5

5 .3 3

2 .31

3

7.0 0

0 .0 0

2

2

1

3

1.33

2 .0

-1 .2 5 0

PF

2

3

4 .7 5

1.49

8

4 .6 7

1 .21

6

7

5

12

0 .7 2

11.9

0 .1 1 5

•Significant difference between groups at a1pha=0.05.

.
1.5 1 0

249

SAND450
SAND450

Table A.I.

V ariab le

(continued).

Groups

Mean
<-------1 s t

n
S.D .
g r o u p — —>

Mean
<-------2nd

F

S.D .
n
g r o u p — —>

1st

2nd

PF

2

4

4 .7 5

1.49

8

4 .8 0

2 .4 9

5

PF

2

5

4 .7 5

1 .4 9

8

7 .0 0

0.0 0

2

PF

3

4

4 .6 7

1.21

6

4 .8 0

2 .4 9

5

PF

3

5

4 .6 7

1 .21

6

7 .0 0

0.0 0

2

PF

4

5

4 .8 0

2.4 9

5

7 .0 0

0 .0 0

2

d f (n) d f (d)

df

P ooled

A pprox.

t

4

7

11

1.23

5 .8

7

1

8

0 .5 3

7 .0

-4 .2 7 7 *

4

5

9

1.22

5 .6

-0 .1 0 9

.

5

1

6

0 .4 9

5 .0

- 4 .7 1 9 ®

.

4

1

5

1 .11

4 .0

-1 .9 7 6

2 .8 0 0
.
4 .2 2 7

<- f o r

s

df f o r t

t

F ->

(c a lc .)

(c a lc .)

-0 .0 4 1

1

2

430.00

121.24

3

2 2 3.37

187.78

8

2 .3 9 9

7

2

9

9 6 .4 8

5 .9

2 .1 4 2

MOTTDEP

1

3

430.00

121.24

3

132.67

188.17

6

2 .4 0 9

5

2

7

103.93

6 .2

2 .8 6 1 *

MOTTDEP

1

4

430.00

121.24

3

159.80

195.59

5

2 .6 0 2

4

2

6

112.03

5 .9

2 .4 1 2

MOTTDEP

1

5

4 3 0 .0 0

121.24

3

234.00

197.99

2

2 .6 6 7

1

2

3

156.52

1 .5

1 .252

MOTTDEP

2

. 3

2 23.37

187.78

8

132.67

188.17

6

1 .004

5

7

12

101.53

10.9

0 .8 9 3

MOTTDEP

2

4

2 2 3.37

187.78

8

159.80

195.59

5

1.085

4

7

11

1 0 9 .8 1

8 .4

0 .5 7 9

MOTTDEP

2

5

2 2 3.37

187.78

8

234.00

197.99

2

1.1 1 2

1

7

8

154 .9 4

1.5

-0 .0 6 9

MOTTDEP

3

4

132.67

188.17

6

159.80

195.59

5

1.080

4

5

9

116.42

8 .5

-0 .2 3 3

MOTTDEP

3

5

132.67

1 88 . 17

6

2 34.00

197.99

2

1.107

1

5

6

159.69

1.7

-0 .6 3 5

MOTTDEP

4

5

159.80

195.59

5

2 3 4.00

197.99

2

i.0 2 5

1

4

5

165.08

1 .9

-0 .4 4 9

DRCLASS

1

2

2.0 0

1 .0 0

3

2.8 7

1 .3 6

8

1.8 3 9

7

2

9

0 .7 5

5 .0

-1 .1 6 6

DRCLASS

1

3

2.0 0

1.0 0

3

3.6 7

0 .5 2

6

3.7 5 0

2

5

7

0.61

2 .6

-2.712®

DRCLASS

1

4

2.0 0

1.00

3

4 .2 0

1.10

5

1 .2 0 0

4

2

6

0 .7 6

4 .7

-2 .9 0 5 *

DRCLASS

1

5

2.0 0

1.00

3

3 .5 0

0.71

2

2 .0 0 0

2

1

3

0 .7 6

2 .9

-1 .9 6 4

DRCLASS

2

3

2.8 7

1.36

8

3.6 7

0.5 2

6

6 .8 9 7 ®

7

5

12

0 .5 2

9 .5

-1 .5 1 1

DRCLASS

2

4

2 .8 7

1.36

8

4 .2 0

1.10

5

1.533

7

4

11

0 .6 9

1 0 .1

-1 .9 3 3

DRCLASS

2

5

2 .8 7

1.36

8

3 .5 0

0.71

2

3 .6 7 9

7

1

8

0 .6 9

3 .3

-0 .9 0 2

DRCLASS

3

4

3 .6 7

0 .5 2

6

4.2 0

1.10

5

4.5 0 0

4

5

9

0 .5 3

5 .5

-1 .0 0 0

DRCLASS

3

5

3 .6 7

0 .5 2

6

3 .5 0

0.71

2

1.8 7 5

1

5

6

0 .5 4

1.4

0.3 0 7

DRCLASS

4

5

4 .2 0

1.10

5

3.5 0

0.71

2

2 .4 0 0

4

1

5

0.7 0

3.1

1.000

•Significant difference between groups at aipha=0.05.

250

MOTTDEP

i

V ariab le

(co n tin u ed ).

Groups

Mean

251

T able A .I .

S.D .

n

Mean

<-------1 s t g r o u p --------- >

S.D .

n

<-------2 n d g r o u p --------- >

F

d f(n ) d f(d )

df

(c a lc .)

< - f o r F ->

t

P ooled
s

A pprox.
df fo r t

t

1st

2nd

(c a lc .)

ROOTDEP

1

2

154.33

29 .1 4

3

137.32

42 .1 3

8

2 .0 9 0

7

2

9

22.47

5 .4

0.7 5 7

ROOTDEP

1

3

154.33

2 9 . 14

3

118.33

1 7 .6 1

6

2 .7 3 7

2

5

7

18.30

2 .8

1.967

ROOTDEP

1

4

154.33

2 9 .1 4

3

132.90

15.90

5

3 .3 6 0

2

4

6

18.27

2 .7

1.173

ROOTDEP

1

5

154.33

2 9 .1 4

3

8 8 .0 0

7 .0 7

2

16.9 8 7

2

1

3

17.55

2 .3

3.779*

ROOTDEP

2

3

137.32

4 2 .1 3

8

118.33

1 7 .6 1

6

5 .7 2 0

7

5

12

16.54

9 .9

1. 148

ROOTDEP

2

4

137.32

4 2 .1 3

8

132.90

15.90

5

7.021

7

4

11

16.50

9 .7

0.2 6 8

ROOTDEP

2

5

137.32

4 2 .1 3

8

8 8 .0 0

7 .0 7

2

3 5 .4 9 6

7

1

8

1 5 .7 1

8 .0

ROOTDEP

3

4

118.33

1 7 .6 1

6

132.90

15.90

5

1 .2 2 7

5

4

9

1 0 .1 1

8 .9

ROOTDEP

3

5

118.33

1 7 .6 1

6

8 8 .0 0

7 .0 7

2

6 .2 0 5

5

1

6

8.7 6

5 .1

3.463*

ROOTDEP

4

5

132.90

15.90

5

8 8 .0 0

7 .0 7

2

5 .0 5 6

4

1

5

8.6 9

4 .5

5 .165*

•Significant difference between groups at alpha=0.05.

3.139*
-1 .4 4 0

252

T able B .l .

S o i l s d a t a , s i t e l o c a t i o n s , and d e s c r i p t i o n s
s i t e p h y siography.
D ata a r e o r d e r e d by s i t e .

of

253

S it e A. EES No. 87. Burgis landform: Maltfcy Kames.
L ocaticn: T. 24 N ., R. 3 E ., Sec. 17, SE o f SE.
General Descrip tion ; South-facing 20% slo p s a t edge o f moraine, lik e ly eroded. A t i l l
layer o f varied thickness i s present, u sually beginning a t a depth o f about 65 cm and
continuing for about 40 a n ., with lim estones. Surface s o i l i s losny sand, substratuns
contain layers o f a l l textu res.
S o il fa n ily c la s s ific a tio n :

Typic Fragiboralfs, coarse-lceroy, mixed.

D epositicnal aw ircm en t/fcareit n a teria l:

Port Brute t e a l t i l l .

S o il Baden Data:
Horizon D^jth
an
Subplot 1
A
0 -8
B
8 -2 0
Ex
2 0 -6 8
BEx
68-108
a
108-150
C2
150-183
Subplot
A
B
Ex
BEx
C

2
0 - 10
10“ 28
28- 35
35- 73
73-210

Subplot 3
0- 9
A
B
9 - 32
Ex
32- 50
EBx
50- 64
BEx
64-106
106-125
Cl
C2
125-133
133-150
C3
C4
150-160
160-213
C5,6
C7
213-229
229-244
C8
244-396
C9
0 .0 ,1 1 396-457

Texture Cs fr E5t
pH
fH
v o l % g/oc H20 CaOL2

TKN

TKP

<—;—

Ca Mg
— ng/kg

K

Bray's I

g r sl
s
Is

3.4
13.2
4.6
31.7
1.0
11.9

0.772
1.408
1.800
1.800
1.595
1.747

5.32
5.67
6.24
6.96
7.44
7.14

6.19
5.64
5.34
6.96
6.85
7.%

5000.2
462.2
160.0
372.2
147.4
308.0

636.2
252.2
113.1
185.0
84.7
170.0

31(H)
760
433
1565
320
1710

178 107.4
28
19.3
15
14.3
142
52.9
27
12.0
90
37.1

28.64
14.54
2.21
3.94
5.26
4.03

si
lfs
Is
v s ts c l
vgrs

8.7
4 .0
6.2
49.2
49.8

1.008
1.458
1.800
1.800
1.536

7.24
6.52
6.98
7.06
8.01

7.15
6.42
6.71
7.27
7.66

2726.2
319.0
152.6
874.2
51.0

546.1
171.4
108.6
459.7
149.6

4360
490
400
3880
1810

136
25
13
197
38

51.6
17.8
16.0
83.1
7.9

70.35
23.74
10.11
0.61
0.78

Is
Is
Is
g r ls
vgrsl
s
Is
grs
si
s
Is
s
s
lfs

2.4
4.5
5.2
28.7
43.2
12.4
1.2
32.4
6.9
0.1
7.5
0.2
5.0
0.2

1.145
1.499
1.800
1.800
1.800
1.638
1.580
1.557
1.740
1.757
1.770
1.775
1.792
1.805

5.64
5.22
5.88
5.82
5.77
7.73
8.10
7.95
8.38
7.02
8.47
7.16
8.02
7.79

5.60
5.55
6.20
6.29
5.77
7.50
7.57
7.40
7.69
7.38
7.75
7.52
7.57
7.47

1733.6
229.4
190.8
141.4
389.4
27.8
83.6
169.8
53.0
4.2
15.4
10.8
4.4
21.8

378.6
90.6
78.5
72.5
208.6
55.8
112.4
152.1
74.7
31.6
57.9
31.6
59.1
44.4

1574 110
247 20
300 27
380 34
2080 120
1700 38
2970 67
3480 65
2840 61
1590 26
3420 94
1530 32
1830 39
1880 34

61.2
11.5
14.2
13.9
27.2
6.2
11.1
11.5
10.8
2.9
10.6
3.9
3.6
4.2

33.76
4.92
2.55
0.84
0.11
0.09
0.84
0.00
0.23
0.00
2.65
0.00
0.16
0.00

2.9
2.4
3.2
6.1
25.4

0.919
1.425
1.800
1.800
1.800

7.26
7.35
6.96
6.26
7.52

7.18
6.95
7.03
6.69
7.43

3494.6
409.6
263.8
326.4
427.4

37.5
254.7
139.2
242.6
320.1

3050 63
1210 21
813 15
1530 42
2300 165

44.7
40.0
22.7
57.9
78.5

177.07
96.33
10.42
7.90
3.87

1
Is

Is

Sukplot 4
A
0- 9 f s l
B
9 - 28 l f s
Ex
28- 64 l f s
BExl
64-106 1
BEx2 106-150 g r l

254

S ite B ECS No. 88. Burgis landform: Maltby Kanes,
lo c a tio n ; T. 24 N ., R. 3 E ., Sec. 17, I® o f SE.
General Description; Nbrth-facing 16% slope above water-holding k e tt le featu re. A thick
t i l l layer i s p resort, usually beginning a t a d^ath o f about 30 cm and axrtiruing p a st a
depth o f 150 cm., containing limestones and s i l t y layers. Surface s o i l i s loamy sand or
sandy loam. Substratum were not saipled.
S o il fam ily c la s s ific a tio n :

Typic Fragiboralfs, fin e loany, mixed.

Depositional am rcraerrt/tarait material;

Port Bruce basal t i l l .

S o il Bedcn Data:
pH
Horizcai Depth ■texture Cs f r Efet BD pH
TKN
v clL %
on
g /oc H20 caci.2 <-----

aihplot

1

A,E
Bs
EBx
3/Ek
Bt
Bd
BC2
BC3

0- 4 f s l
4- 26 l f s
26- 42 l f s

Bray's P

---------- >

1.4
2.7

1
si
si
cl
cl
s il

0.9
1.2
2.1
0.7
1.3
0.7

0.420 5.66
1.385 5.47
1.800 5.92
1.800 5.32
1.800 5.37
1.488 7.51

6.14 10562.4
5.89
873.8
6.04
272.8
4.74
510.8
5.72
375.6
7.39
393.4

930.6
353.0
97.9
184.2
175.6
327.6

9280
958
537
1630
1130
4180

656
80
57
233
238
370

76.6
79.0

53.34
9.63
1.47
3.19
3.48
2.60

0- 2
2 - 11
11- 31
31- 55
55- 91
91-160

fsl
fsl
1
1
s ic l
scl

0.5
1.6
0.4
1.2
1.4
2.4

0
1
1
1
1
1

603
332
800
800
618
674

5.57
5.29
4.37
6.35
7.55
7.67

6.29
4.93
4.05
6.81
7.46
7.38

7215.4
740.4
314.8
405.0
335.2
335.2

995.7
289.4
104.1
289.0
382.7
352.5

4950
529
690
1570
3980
7800

342 193.0
52
41.4
149
78.1
236 103.0
408
94.3
576 136.2

34.68
14.34
2.29
5.38
2.50
2.59

Subplot 4
A
0- 4
B
4 - 15
E/Bx
15- 27
EyEx
27- 60
Bt
60- 98
BC
98-123
CL
123-140
C2
140-175

si
fsl
1
1
s id
si
s
scl

3.4
2.2
1.1
1.0
1.7
0.6
0.6
0.6

0.706
1.324
1.800
1.800
1.618
1.705
1.574
1.742

4.60
4.74
4.75
5.18
7.49
7.56
5.92
7.20

4.98
4.57
4.17
4.27
7.19
7.11
5.84
7.33

5797.2
771.0
364.6
405.6
475.6
335.6
100.0
357.8

586.5
434.6
217.9
249.9
391.6
246.3
124.2
281.0

2530
479
433
990
3340
1160
223
2140

236 108.0
63
44.0
78
56.2
265 102.5
560 121.7
253
48.9
53
17.1
393
79.6

31.32
63.18
13.75
13.09
2.12
4.76
9.87
3.53

42- 59
59- 94
94-105
105-145
145-160

Sjfcplot
A
BS
EBx
Q/Ekl
B/EXL
BC

2
0- 3
3 - 14
14- 26
26- 51
51- 86
86-155

Subplot
A
BE
F/Bx.
B/Ex
Bt
BC

3

fsl
s ic
scl
s il
scl

0.2
2.0

4.81
4.18
4.55
4.27
5.13
6.11
5.07
5.82

Ca Mg K
— mg/kg

0.570
1.340
1.800
1.800
1.618
1.678
1.501
1.739

1.5
2.6
4.0
3.7

5.45
4.26
4.86
4.92
5.38
6.53
5.24
5.92

TKP

7735.4
775.4
261.6
361.4
415.6
246.0
306.4
246.2

654.7
385.1
168.0
185.3
307.8
167.8
236.7
173.0

2970
390
254
835
1797
859
1280
933

282 158.0
48
44.7
39
23.2
192
87.7
490 123.6
206
45.3
336
68.5
217
50.2

13.35
2.19
2.54
2.49

361.6
55.5
29.3

111.0

43.41
37.77
4.99

2.22

255

S ite C ECS 1*>. 90. B urgis landform: Maltby Karnes.
Location: T. 24 N., R. 4 E ., Sec. 6 , N4 o f NE.
General Description: Nearly le v e l surface topography. S ite i s located on a plateau, cn a
h illto p . S ilt y layers are present below 150 an depths.
Surface s o i l i s loany sand.
S o il fam ily c la s s ific a tio n :

A lfic Ifeplorthotfe, sandy, mixed, fr ig id .

D epositicnal envircnnent/parent n a ter ia l:

Laojsstrine s i l t s .

S o il Pedcn Data:
Horiaon Depth
an
Subplot 1
A
0- 3
E
3- 7
BS
7 - 43
Ex
43- 58
E/Bn
58- 96
BC
96-135
135-229
a
C2
229-305

Itexture Cs f r Etet H) pH
pH
vol % g /o c HZ) C ad2

TKN
TKP
Ca Mg K
Bray's P
<-------------------- m g/kg---------------------- >

Is
Is
si
Is
scl
s ic l
si
si

0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.423
1.602
1.605
1.800
1.700
1.585
1.755
1.782

5.42
5.96
7.05
6.26
6.54
5.79
6.04
7.21

6.00 10483.8
5.84
84.6
7.15
359.2
6.29
473.0
6.13
168.0
5.07
345.6
5.95
268.8
6.92
222.6

727
94
347
133
206
391
460
492

Subplot 2
A
0- 2
AE
2- 6
6 - 25
B sl
Bs2
25- 43
B
43- 95
E/Bn
95-142
142-152
BC
152-305
C

Is
Is
Is
Is
s
s
s ic l
si

0.0
0.4
0.8
1.4
2.0
3.5
0.7
0.1

0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

802
243
429
507
539
700
582
772

5.91
6.09
5.30
5.67
5.78
5.75
5.37
5.74

5
5
4
4
5
5
5
4

384.5
223.2
332.4
287.6
119.2
129.2
228.5
344.9

Subplot 3
A
0 -2
AE
2- 7
B sl
7 - 25
Bs2
25- 46
E/Bn
46- 83
B/E
83-125
BC
125-168
a
168-198
C2
198-274
C3
274-335
C4
335-351
C5
351-381

Is
Is
Is
Is
s
Is
Is
s
Is
s il
scl
Is

1.8
1.7
1.8
2.8
3.6
3.9
3.5
7.0
2.4
0.3
0.0
6.0

0.744
1.265
1.403
1.511
1.700
1.629
1.512
1.755
1.775
1.790
1.796
1.799

5.66
5.15
4.78
5.20
5.85
7.11
7.63
7.60
8.35
7.49
7.51
7.80

6.05
4.60
4.94
4.84
5.89
6.57
7.36
7.60
7.67
7.44
7.53
7.20

581.7
265.8
286.0
153.0
88.8
120.6
108.4
97.3
101.8
141.3
290.9
61.9

52 4663.8
90 1162.0
99 404.0
96 283.0
42
73.2
27
75.8
14 240.0
19 250.2
5324.2
1048.4
490.4
282.2
98.6
93.4
65.0
41.6
32.2
50.6
103.8
17.6

7 8040
8
330
5
460
4
479
7 1010
6 1530
0 1950
1 2270

372.4
38.8
48.8
22.6
90.6
122.0
125.5
140.8

38.96
13.13
56.17
13.43
22.70
24.45
12.56
14.79

3560
780
296
151
117
140
1460
1770

240 238.0
64
37.2
25
25.9
15 19.4
19
19.7
21.4
20
171 109.0
229 138.0

22.58
13.11
71.32
92.43
18.27
37.76
20.98
21.68

1750
680
259
120
160
506
1860
2110
2725
2830
2830
2270

106
42
29
8
18
113
85
63
77
97
187
53

44.44
18.86
31.43
29.48
3.46
0.38
0.97
1.81
2.36
3.86
6.48
0.98

532
38
35
37
197
267
324
868

89.8
27.6
21.7
13.8
13.6
17.9
14.2
9.9
16.6
26.5
59.5
9.8

256

S ite C, cent.
Sutplot 4
Qa
0 -2
AE
2- 6
B sl
6 - 37
Bb2
37- 57
Bn
57- 98
iVBn
98-140
a
140-183
C2
183-274
a
274-381
rr^ib 320-323
C4
381-411

an
Is
s
s
s
si
scl
si
si
cemented
si

0.0
0.4
1.2
1.9
1.6
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
3.5

0.182
1.217
1.456
1.538
1.700
1.700
1.744
1.772
1.794
1.793
1.802

5.70
5.44
6.17
6.83
6.24
6.22
6.76
4.80
7.45
6.49
7.65

6.83 18489.3 1337.4
5.78 1301.6 312.8
5.77
272.0 508.6
6.80
186.8 213.1
5.81
127.8 132.8
5.84
75.6 140.9
6.34
96.4 159.3
4.59
200.2 344.4
7.40
167.2 400.4
6.78
252.4 909.2
7.56
62.0 158.8

10640
829
409
230
150
538
700
1410
3920
2272
2840

347 670.0
66
52.0
23
35.0
10
22.2
7 12.0
92
46.0
142
64.8
283 117.5
574 91.6
792
65.4
193
34.7

104.79
18.54
80.95
69.34
42.52
10.56
23.04
31.71
21.42
29.60
3.91

257

S ite D ECS l b . 91. ftirg is landform: Maltby Karnes.
L ocaticn: T. 24 N ., R. 4 E ., Sec. 8, ce n te r o f N h a lf .
General Description: Nearly le v e l surface topography. S ite i s located cn a plateau on a
ridgetcp. A t i l l layer about 50 an thick i s present, beginning a t variab le depths between
40 and 90 an, containing lirrestcnes. Surface s o i l i s sandy loan. Substratuns are sand
with gravel s tr a tific a tio n .
S o il fam ily c la s s ific a tio n :

A lfic H=pLorthods, aoarse-losty, moral, fr ig id .

Dqpositicnal envirarment/parent m aterial:

Port Bruoe basal t i l l .

S o il Fedcn Data:
Horizon Dqgth
an
Subplot 1
A
0 -4
Bs
4 -3 2
Eta
32- 42
Bt
42- 91
a
91-130
C2
130-183
C3
183-442

Texture Cs fr Est S ) pH
TKN
pH
H20 CaC12 < ~ —
vol % g /c c

TKP

Ca

Mg

K

ngAg

Bray's
---------- 5

si
si
Is
vgrsl
s
s
s

0.0
1.6
1.9
37.8
0.1
14.6
3.1

0.842
1.477
1.700
1.618
1.654
1.741
1.791

5.91
5.72
7.21
7.76
7.07
7.80
7.77

6.12
5.61
6.54
7.43
7.19
7.52
7.45

4246.6
425.4
106.4
219.8
24.4
33.2
15.6

541.5
139.1
63.3
111.4
51.4
437.6
33.9

3640
506
360
1530
748
1740
1635

Subplot 2
A
0- 3
AE
3 - 10
B sl
10- 26
Bb 2
26— 44
E/Bn
44- 60
B/E
60- 97
Bt
97-130
C
130-381

1
1
si
si
Is
s
g rscl
s

0.2
1.7
1.0
0.5
1.6
0.8
20.6
5.1

0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

815
166
475
503
700
601
618
780

7.11
4.96
6.95
6.91
6.78
6.72
7.35
8.08

6.75
5.42
7.07
6.77
6.84
6.92
6.85
7.58

4527.2
1601.4
723.4
529.6
135.8
35.4
222.0
15.4

580.6
345.5
299.2
220.8
80.9
43.7
126.7
125.8

3940 334
1128 92
3140 96
1090 28
470 12
259 10
1650 120
2010 39

146.2
30.2
33.7
22.7
19.7
9 .8
50.7
4.4

62.43
6.14
17.31
23.00
4.24
3.19
0.00
0.00

Subplot 3
A
0- 4
E
4- 6
4 - 28
Bs
Ex
28- 59
E/Efti
59- 74
E/B
74- 91
Bt
91-155
C
155-259
Gsuh 205-210

Si
fsl
fsl
fsl
Is
s
vgrsl
s
si

1.2
0.9
1.3
0.8
8.8
0.4
36.3
7.7
3.3

0.757
1.308
1.350
1.800
1.700
1.608
1.618
1.765
1.765

5.75
5.42
5.27
5.40
7.04
6.24
7.36
7.75
7.80

6.53
5.41
5.22
5.15
6.81
5.75
7.14
7.40
7.32

5177.8
841.4
742.0
120.6
146.6
43.4
304.2
11.2
165.2

732.0
259.2
606.8
78.9
95.3
45.4
224.4
28.2
150.0

4160
1130
838
630
670
170
2240
1340
3135

172
34
22
49
98
10
186
25
193

104.7
22.2
24.4
37.3
24.0
9.7
51.4
3.0
17.6

79.27
39.89
109.32
5.87
3.45
2.30
0.36
0.31
1.42

S ± p lo t 4
A
0- 8
Bsl
8 - 30
Bs2
30- 41
Ex
41- 54
EyBn
54- 68
Bt
68-130
C
130-168

si
si
si
si
Is
vcbsl
grs

0.5
4.3
3.1
7.8
3.8
42.3
22.8

0.729
1.393
1.427
1.800
1.700
1.618
1.505

5.74
5.21
5.25
5.68
5.26
6.99
7.58

5.38
5.69
5.02
5.03
5.31
7.16
7.54

5511.6
731.4
459.4
149.8
72.0
222.0
47.4

694.8
342.0
195.8
86.3
57.9
150.6
94.2

4120
565
420
522
486
1370
2540

312
51
27
33
31
170
52

151.6
26.3
23.6
25.8
20.9
32.1
6.1

38.33
18.90
8.57
3.12
1.84
0.21
0.00

256 137.0
17.2
32
18.4
9
108
27.5
36
5.0
39
8 .9
33
4.3

36.94
3.89
0.38
2.84
1.25
1.33
0.00

258

S it e E EES No. 94. Burgis larrifonn: Maltby Kanes.
Location: T. 24 N ., R. 3 E ., Sec. 9, LW c£ SW.
G eneral D e sc r ip tio n : G en erally w e st-fa c in g s i t e , average s lo p e o f 11%, lo c a te d on
imdulating topography in a saddle betweai two ridges. A t i l l layer o f about 30 to 40 an
th ick i s present, beginning a t a depth o f about 90 cm, containing lim estones. Surface
s o i l i s sandy loan. Substratum are gravelly sandy loan.
S o il family c la s s ific a tio n :

A lfic Haplorthotfe, a ic s e - lo s n y , mixed, fr ig id .

D epositianal en vircn reit/p areit n aterial:

Port Bruce basal t i l l .

S o il Psdcn Data:
Horizon Depth
an
SbbpLot 1
A
0 -4
AE
4 -1 1
Bs
11- 39
Bn
39- 58
E^Bn
58- 88
Bt
88-124
C
124-274

Uexture Cs f r B3t H) m
v a l % g /c c H20

re

1KN
<-----

TKP

Ga m
■— mg/kg

K

Bray's P
— ------->

si
si
si
Is
Is
scl
si

1.9
2.6
5.9
5.6
12.5
7.2
13.0

0.626 6.35 6.47
1.246 4.32 4.35
1.599 5.04 4.70
1.700 5.10 4.50
1.700 5.64 5.45
1.618 6.48 6.56
1.762 7.81 7.52

6873.6
1146.8
232.4
373.4
112.2
317.2
98.4

503.2
229.9
101.6
146.2
60.3
201.4
149.4

5440
830
175
279
275
1285
2950

450
72
19
31
28
209
103

151.4
26.9
21.0
23.5
20.4
69.2
33.5

26.15
11.27
3.47
4.29
0.65
3.64
0.00

si
si
si
Is
v stsd
s
Is

1.5
1.6
0.9
6.1
43.7
7.3
4.8

0.744
1.163
1.437
1.700
1.618
1.510
1.762

5.99
5.31
5.83
6.10
6.67
7.46
6.86

6.48
6.10
5.31
5.66
7.42
7.32
7.27

5327.8
1621.9
475.2
78.4
326.0
37.2
58.4

569.6
322.7
228.6
57.9
199.5
88.0
110.3

3700
1080
529
427
2200
1950
2960

246
92
45
41
254
48
84

160.0
44.3
19.2
17.6
56.0
8.9
19.4

27.49
7.94
15.55
1.78
2.74
1.57
1.21

Subplot 3
A
0 - 5 si
AB
5 -1 5 s i
Bw
1 5 -4 0 Is
Bd
4 0 -9 6 Is
BC2
96-140 Is
d
140-183 s i
C2
183-229 s i

2.3
1.2
1.3
7.5
9.2
1.5
13.6

0.751 6.14
1.192 5.15
1.447 5.58
1.560 5.80
1.645 7.65
1.744 6.83
1.765 7.83

6.30
6.03
6.08
5.80
7.27
6.93
7.31

5242.2
1448.8
349.2
181.0
209.8
134.8
78.8

677.9
440.0
182.9
124.0
218.1
178.2
142.2

4680
659
503
460
950
785
2970

260
60
26
17
119
110
94

169.4
40.2
22.2
18.4
41.5
33.4
48.4

35.06
7.69
8.46
6.83
5.37
6.76
0.00

Subplot 4
A
0 -7
AE
7 - 16
Bhs
1 6 -2 3
Bs
16- 42
Bn
4 2 -8 1
E/B
81-106
Bt
106-132
CL
132-183
C2
183-307

4.3
4.2
5.1
4.8
6.7
10.0
4.2
14.1
2.9

0.847
1.395
1.418
1.439
1.700
1.653
1.618
1.742
1.777

5.91
5.91
5.53
5.74
4.85
5.14
6.65
7.46
7.77

4188.0
503.0
571.6
543.6
123.2
185.2
233.2
99.2
57.0

392.2

3920
820
717
876
124
480
1330
3700
4000

174
30
32
29
10
66
211
116
106

76.0
0.0
21.0
23.8
12.4
38.8
53.9
35.2
25.5

22.10
8.76
50.14
35.31
2.78
0.51
2.22
0.00
0.00

Subplot 2
A1
0 -2
A2
2 -1 4
BS
14- 50
Bn
5 0 -7 6
Bt
76-134
a
134-165
C2
165-231

1
Is
si
si
s
Is
scl
si
si

5.95
5.61
6.07
5.84
5.11
6.20
6.94
7.51
8.24

no.2
391.6
372.3
61.3
77.4
170.0
154.6
111.3

259

S ite F ECS N3. 95. Burgis landfom : Maltby Kanes,
lo c a tio n : T. 24 N ., R. 3 E ., Sec. 15, JW o f NE.
General D escrip tion Sicpes average 8% cn s n a il undulating ridges cn a gen erally le v e l
marainal area. A t i l l layer 60 on or mere in thicknsss i s present, beginning a t depths o f
about 40 on, containing lim estones. Surface s o i l i s sandy loan. Substratura are sand,
loany sand, or sandy loan, with gravel str a tific a tio n .
S o il fa n ily c la s sific a tio n :

A lfic Hsplorthods, fin a -lca ry , miued, fr ig id .

D epositicnal envircmant/pjarent material:

Fort Brace basal t i l l .

S o il Fedm Data:
Horizon D^pfch
on
Subplot 1
Qa
0- 3
A
3 - 20
AE
20- 28
Eln
28- 47
B/E
47- 72
72-145
Bt
C
145-183

on
si
si
Is
scl
scl
scl

1.4
2.6
4.8
2.1
2.4
2.7
3.1

0.498
1.052
1.308
1.700
1.448
1.618
1.746

7.25
6.18
6.46
6.28
5.68
7.83
7.84

7.48
6.11
6.23
6.58
5.25
7.43
7.45

8978.2
2387.8
840.8
147.6
346.8
305.0
219.8

770.4
798,2
393.1
130.3
237.3
307.5
228.7

7440
2000
1010
448
1480
3820
3980

436
121
68
28
174
244
201

275.4
63.0
34.8
23.5
97.8
73.2
63.3

79.82
26.48
20.34
25.85
17.21
2.71
0.00

Subplot 2
A
0 -4
Bb
4 -2 0
Eln
2 0 -3 1
B/E
31- 50
Bt
50-103
a
103-140
C2
140-198

si
si
is
scl
d
s
Is

2.0
2.2
4.1
3.7
1.6
2.3
3.2

0.908
1.343
1.700
1.432
1.618
1.602
1.748

4.90
4.81
5.17
5.21
7.62
7.66
7.75

5.71
4.78
5.03
5.06
7.51
7.38
7.53

3600.4
715.8
159.2
388.6
351.8
92.4
81.9

510.1
348.0
81.0
208.6
337.8
104.8
80.3

1518
360
350
1265
4480
2870
2880

138 113.4
40
38.5
59
24.8
85.2
245
352
81.6
118
17.9
92
U .8

28.34
61.74
2.04
2.22
0.65
0.00
2.52

SUbplot
A
Bs
Eln
EyHn
Bt
C

fsl
fsl
fsl
fsc l
d
fsd

4.0
1.7
1.6
0.8
2.4
1.7

0.780
1.640
1.700
1.700
1.618
1.595

5.24
4.92
5.12
5.52
6.61
7.98

5.75
4.82
4.64
4.56
6.63
7.63

4909.0
206.8
277.0
326.4
362.8
172.0

529.4
102.0
117.4
131.2
270.9
235.2

1300
288
945
919
1660
4260

93
39
212
208
384
234

40.6
20.4
64.8
63.6
88.8
61.5

22.00
1.83
4.30
5.15
7.68
0.00

si
Is
si
Is
sd
s
Is
si
si
s

0.4
0.6
0.7
0.7
1.4
0.7
3.5
6.0
0.3
1.5

0.785 6.51 6.30
1.302 4.27 3.67
1.391 5.09 4.72
1.700 5.71 5.60
1.618 7.19 6.81
1.592 7.61 7.22
1.751 8.06 7.74
1.777 7.30 7.27
1.790 7.38 7.37
1.795 7.89 7.53

4850.6
870.2
507.0
139.2
266.4
36.8
43.8
164.6
103.4
20.4

454.1
188.9
306.5
106.5
232.3
57.1
65.8
160.5
92.8
54.6

4320
234
320
266
2010
707
1745
1250
918
1980

300
22
27
15
206
73
116
162
154
73

136.6
32.4
28.0
18.5
53.9
12.9
25.8
36.1
37.6
11.5

26.34
23.55
45.84
18.05
3.01
2.71
3.91
2.14
1.80
1.44

3
0 -5
5 -1 3
1 3 -3 6
36— 65
65- 95
95-168

Subplot 4
A
0 -2
AE
2 - 12
12- 32
&
Bn
32- 53
Bt
53-105
105-152
a
C2
152-198
C3
198-290
C4
290-320
C5
320-351

TKN
Ttexture Cs fr Est ED tH
pa
UCP
Ca Kg
vol % g /c c H20 fXTI2 <■——
—- mg/kg

K

Bray's

260

S i t s G ECS Nb. 96. Burgis landform: Maltby Kanes.
Location: T. 24 N ., R. 3 E ., Sec. 9, Sri o f EE.
G eneral D e sc rip tio n : Slcfpes average 7% on a bench on a n o r th e a s t-fa c in g m orainal
h ills ic fe . A t i l l layer o f varying thickness i s present, u sually about 40 an thick and
beginning a t depths o f about 70 an, containing lim estones. Surface s o i l i s sandy loam.
SubstratuTB are sard, Icany sard, sandy loan, sandy cla y loan, or s i l t y cla y loam, with
sane gravel s tr a tific a tio n .
S o il fa n ily c la s sific a tio n :

A lfic Haplorthocis, coarse-loany, ntbsd, fr ig id .

D epositicnal envircm m t/parent material:

Port Brace basal t i l l .

S o il Baden Data;
Horizon Dmfch
an
Subplot 1
0- 4
A
m
4 - 10
B sl
10- 38
Bs2
38- 58
E/Bn
58-114
Bt
114-168
168-2U
BC
C
213-231

pa
'torture Qs f r E st ro pa
val % q/toc H20 r a n ?

TKN
<—

OKP

Ga Mg
- — mg/kg

K

Bray's

si
si
Is
Is
Is
sol
si
1

2.4
0.8
1.1
6.3
0.2
1.6
1.8
2.3

0.799
1.260
1.501
1.559
1.700
1.618
1.759
1.770

6.28
6.01
5.03
4.42
5.90
6.30
7.18
7.46

4697.2
1074.8
235.4
216.6
77.4
145.2
165.2
156.8

565.2
417.5
208.4
221.3
67.8
145.0
49.5
188.5

3500
1050
287
189
360
1130
1100
3520

150 122.2
58
33.7
21
22.0
13
21.2
25
26.0
101
62.4
38.2
171
185
48.4

19.02
32.11
40.62
55.00
2.99
9.62
4.06
1.42

Subplot 2
A
0 -6
m
6 - 16
Bw
16- 34
E^Bnl 34- 48
E/Bn2 48- 70
B tl
70- 98
Bt2
98-130
BC
130-155
C
155-168

si
si
si
Is
Is
scl
cl
s ic l
si

2.6
1.2
2.5
2.5
4.2
1.4
0.3
0.3
4.9

0.956 5.89 5.58
1.348 5.83 5.05
1.490 5.58 5.47
1.700 5.94 5.33
1.700 5.54 5.13
1.618 5.98 5.45
1.618 7.78 7.53
1.583 7.47 7.50
1.744 7.63 7.55

3160.4
674.0
247.8
142.8
125.4
260.2
329.8
251.4
130.4

561.2
321.2
216.2
260.7
219.0
312.6
419.4
401.2
181.5

2200
667
341
320
575
1540
4780
4760
2300

114 100.2
32
21.2
28
24.2
27
45.0
57.4
65
322
98.6
476 113.4
332
84.7
203
40.6

31.34
46.75
48.44
59.30
22.00
9.93
2.80
0.00
15.37

Subplot 3
A
0 -7
AB
7 - 13
Bs
13- 52
E/Bx
52- 76
B/E
76-102
BC
102-145
a
145-183
C2
183-214

si
si
fsl
si
scl
Is
scl
s ic l

1.5
1.2
3.6
0.8
1.6
1.7
3.1
0.9

0.890 5.31 5.01
1.227 4.86 4.62
1.393 5.48 4.89
1.800 5.23 4.63
1.649 5.04 4.51
1.617 5.57 5.13
1.746 7.67 7.27
1.762 7.44 7.27

3766.0
1246.6
489.8
168.8
194.4
164.8
319.4
156.8

424.1
288.4
635.5
198.8
179.0
130.3
254.9
150.2

2640
814
355
330
770
490
4280
1465

152
45
46
57
110
80
436
243

94.6
26.3
31.6
42.9
58.5
27.5
85.2
44.3

22.55
15.25
224.05
69.30
12.27
7.83
3.94
3.69

Subplot
A
Bs
E/Bm
Bt
BC

fsl
fsl
1
cl
si

2.8
2.6
0.1
0.1
1.4

0.978
1.358
1.700
1.618
1.571

2973.0
528.8
300.8
349.4
107.8

387.3
527.2
249.6
325.4
164.5

2360
296
660
1040
3410

156
85.2
28
35.1
218 130.0
350 169.0
140
44.6

25.81
70.00
27.17
26.62
0.40

4
0 -5
5 - 35
35- 62
62- 83
83-183

6.32
6.08
5.40
4.67
6.45
6.89
7.03
7.21

5.90
4.83
4.44
5.20
7.91

5.95
4.51
4.23
4.54
7.65

261

S ite H EES No. 98. Burgis landform: Maltby Karnes.
Location: T. 24 N. , R. 3 E ., Sec. 5, ce n te r o f N h a l f o f NE.
General Description: Slopes average 13% cn a south-facing h ills id e in a r o llin g area o f
io e-d isin tegraticn topography. S o ils are sandy to a depth o f 450 cm.
S o il fam ily c la s sific a tio n :

Ehtic H^iLorthcds, sandy, mixed, fr ig id .

D epcsiticnal erRrircnrent/fcareit material:

Outwash sand.

S o il Pedcn Data:

Horizon Depth Texture Cs fr t e t ED
on

vol % q/ac

TOM
TOP
Ca Mg K
fh
H20 Ca£L2; <-----,
— mg/kg -

eh

Subplot 1
A
0 - 7 Is
EB
7 -1 5 s
Bs
1 5 -4 8 s
BC
4 8 -8 9 s
Q
89-244 s
C2
244-450 s

0.5
2.8
6.6
0.9
0.4
0.1

1.182 4.13 4.01
1.482 3.84 3.86
1.498 4.51 4.32
1.540 4.84 4.25
1.747 5.42 5.64
1.796 7.68 7.46

Subplot 2
AE
0- 6
Bsl
6 - 22
Bs2
22- 54
54- 85
BC
a
85-120
C2
120-320
C3
320-335
C4
335-366
366-442
Cj
06
442-457

Is
s
s
s
s
s
fs
cs
s
s

0.9
0.5
0.9
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.2
1.0
0.2
2.1

1.292
1.440
1.530
1.543
1.643
1.770
1.794
1.797
1.803
1.807

4.02
4.63
4.75
5.55
6.35
5.54
5.63
7.99
6.40
7.68

Is
s
s
s
s
s
fs
s
cs
cs
s

0.0
0.1
0.8
0.8
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.7
6.2
0.7

1.204
1.478
1.455
1.548
1.513
1.644
1.777
1.790
1.797
1.800
1.804

3.98
3.91
4.43
4.23
4.44
6.89
4.60
7.20
7.38
8.04
7.62

Is
s
s
s
s
fs
s

0.1
0.1
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.0
0.4

Subplot
A
E
Bsl
Bs2
BC
cl

C2
C3
C4
C5
06

3
0- 4
4- 7
7 - 36
36- 53
53- 77
77-213
213-274
274-335
335-366
366-381
381-457

Bray's

--------- 3

1503.2
263.6
209.0
104.4
28.6
16.6

127.5
45.3
136.0
34.9
48.5
30.6

460 48
13
5
13
3
9
1
70 12
1630 24

65.8
8 .4
3.4
3.3
3.5
3.8

8.34
2.69
35.98
7.95
2.73
0.00

3.65
4.05
4.63
5.09
5.20
5.32
6.18
7.40
7.27
7.01

914.6
273.6
151.8
82.2
33.2
27.8
51.8
15.2
15.4
21.0

110.6
181.2
121.5
77.7
31.0
26.6
60.2
40.8
33.8
58.2

36 14
2
15
2
9
4
16
26
8
70
7
189 22
1690 39
312 29
1740 38

25.4
9 .7
7.7
3 .7
4 .2
4.7
9.6
8 .6
7 .8
6.7

5.80
33.47
40.76
33.23
16.89
4.04
2.92
3.16
4.21
3.22

3.40
3.37
4.21
4.50
7.41
7.42
5.01
7.49
7.22
7.60
7.23

1373.8
273.0
275.4
138.0
51.0
11.0
117.2
13.8
19.8
24.0
12.4

128.0
42.5
54.5
120.1
56.2
24.3
28.9
21.5
36.9
76.6
44.5

162
16
8
9
10
11
15
400
384
2190
1740

40
7
3
2
1
3
5
30
27
46
33

49.6
8 .1
7 .6
4.2
4 .3
5.1
5.5
5.5
4.0
5.4
2.9

13.37
2.91
19.87
28.46
25.91
12.08
8.72
4.68
3.16
0.56
0.83

1.246 3.73 3.35
1.410 4.15 4.26
1.534 4.54 4.42
1.593 4.96 4.42
1.771 7.10 6.96
1.798 6.81 6.50
1.804 7.67 7.41

1143.4
378.6
182.4
106.6
22.6
41.8
17.4

122.6
166.3
182.2
95.5
31.4
89.6
41.5

122
9
7
7
103
185
1430

24
3
2
1
15
19
27

51.0
13.0
8.1
3.9
6.4
6.6
3.0

10.18
34.91
61.31
38.94
7.13
5.79
0.03

Subplot 4
AE

tel

Bs2
BC

a
a

C3

0- 5
5 - 26
26- 63
63- 94
94-351
351-366
366-457

262

S ite I . ECS fto. 106. Burgis landfiorm: Glennie moraine.
L ocation: T. 27 N ., R. 5 E ., Sec. 34, NE o f SW.
General Descripticn: Nearly le v e l area a t tap o f morainal h i l l . A t i l l layer o f varied
thickness i s present, beginning a t depths between 14 and 115 cm and cm tinu ing for about
50 a n ., with lim estones. Surface s o i l i s lcany sand or sandy lean; substratuns are mostly
loamy.
S o il fa n ily c la ss ific a tio n :

Typic Elitroboralfs, fine-lcem y, mixed.

D epositicnal em rcm isnt/parent material:

Port Horen basal, t i l l .

S o il Pedcn Data:
Horizon Depth
on
Subplot 1
A
0 -2
Eln
2“ 14
B/E
1 4 -5 4
Bt
54-137
BC
137-168
C
168-213

Texture CS fr ESt BD FH
EH
vol % g/ac H20 C3C12

TKN
<-----

TXP

CS Mg
— mg/kg

K

Bray's P
----------- >

Is
1
cl
cl
Is
s

0.0
1.5
0.3
2.2
1.1
0.3

0.552
1.700
1.635
1.618
1.739
1.759

6.17
5.24
5.01
7.16
6.82
6.33

8024.4
940.4
312.8
230.8
209.8
26.6

988.0
443.1
274.4
290.2
268.6
83.8

8840
1090
1232
2180
888
150

560 444 0
108
80 8
212 142 0
94 8
530
241
45 5
31
8 9

62.72
62.20
30.01
14.30
16.93
7.65

1
1
si
cl
s ic

2.3
0.5
0.8
0.1
0.5

1.044 5.32 4.55
1.394 5.72 4.72
1.700 5.40 5.12
1.618 7.00 6.89
1.653 8.07 7.31

2448.2
507.6
105.4
305.6
205.0

642.6
504.4
159.9
329.3
345.0

1848
440
240
2359
4310

190 105.6
46
73.9
32
32.1
776 139.6
292 102.0

49.82
104.20
36.46
12.61
1.58

Subplot 3
A
0- 2
Eln
2 - 18
B/Eftl
18- 57
BC
57- 74
a
74-110
C2
110-152

si
1
s ic l
scl
s ic l
g r sl

0.5
0.8
3.7
3.6
6.1
19.3

0.637
1.700
1.700
1.550
1.604
1.574

4.84
5.71
5.07
5.47
6.95
7.51

6714.2
317.0
856.2
203.6
329.0
92.0

683.8
317.4
861.9
233.6
316.9
211.5

4260
560
1250
1030
1892
2630

432
86
223
257
586
272

368.0
65.4
171.0
100.1
126.2
45.7

54.71
65.28
34.47
10.51
6.70
1.53

SUbplot 4
A
0- 3
E
3 - 10
B sl
10- 31
Bs2
31- 64
Etn
64-115
a
115-198
C2
198-244

Is
Is
si
si
Is
si
si

0.0
2.5
2.2
2.3
11.5
12.3
12.0

0.550 5.94 6.00
1.444 6.33 5.70
1.466 6.45 5.63
1.529 6.33 5.51
1.700 6.37 5.47
1.741 7.10 6.72
1.770 8.02 7.43

8053.2
357.2
451.8
333.6
159.2
230.8
89.6

697.8
147.3
573.1
451.5
161.1
187.8
166.8

3070
570
990
521
460
1685
3560

225
52
87
47
75
390
120

118.0
17.3
34.5
23.1
27.4
63.0
26.9

55.68
15.86
131.30
164.96
26.21
3.62
0.00

Subplot
A
Bw
E/Bm
Bt
C

2
0- 6
6 - 26
26- 49
49- 86
86-168

6.19
5.80
5.76
7.51
7.48
7.27

5.51
5.79
5.65
5.86
7.00
8.01

263

S ite J . EES No. 108. Burgis landform: Glennie moraine.
Location: T. 27 N ., R. 5 E ., Sec. 28, ce n te r o f N h a lf o f SE.
General Descripticn: East-facing 5% slope cn morainal h ills id e . A t i l l layer o f varied
th ic k n e s s i s p rese n t a t th re e o f th e four s u b p lo ts , b egin n in g a t about 30 cm where
present. The t i l l layer cen tim es in to the substrata® in two o f the su bp lots, and i s
about 30 cm thick a t the other. Hie t i l l Gcntains lim estones. Surface s o i l i s loamy sand
or sandy loan. Subatratuis where saipled are lo a iy sand and sand, w ith g ra v elly s tr a ta .
S o il fa n ily c la s sific a tio n :

Typic EUtroboralfs, fine-loamy, mixed.

D epositicnal enviroment/parent n a teria l:

Port Boren basal t i l l .

S o il Pedcn Data:
Horizon Depth
an
Subplot 1
0- 7
A
7 - 26
B sl
Bs2
26- 49
BC
49- 91
91-183
a
C2
183-274
C3
274-320

Texture Cs f r Ebt ED pH
pH
vol % g /cc H2Q G3CL2
Is
Is
Is
Is
s
Is
Is

6.9
14.0
9.8
2.3
1.8
8.8
0.7

TON
<_— .

TOP

Ca m
mg/kg

K

Bray's ]

0.744 6.55 5.98
1.426 6.19 5.36
1.491 5.93 5.14
1.570 5.88 4.95
1.552 7.59 7.10
1.772 8.10 7.29
1.788 8.27 7.68

5324.4
423.2
359.8
173.4
58.4
45.4
13.8

719.0
381.7
146.1
81.6
60.0
79.8
47.0

2720
468
283
170
525
2270
2410

214
52
32
23
118
74
63

69.0
34.2
18.1
13.2
11.9
11.1
6.7

34.76
145.73
9.38
7.69
1.98
0.70
0.00

Subplot 2
0- 2 s i
A
2 - 14 s i
AB
E/Bn
14- 27 s i
B
/E
hi 27- 77 c l
77-152 s c l
C

0.0
1.1
0.9
0.2
2.5

0.874
1.322
1.700
1.700
1.659

5.71
5.27
5.78
5.44
7.61

5.76
4.76
5.09
4.85
7.28

3918.2
782.2
289.0
296.0
229.0

544.8
257.4
141.3
225.9
262.4

2160
474
552
1357
1634

290 276.0
78
65.2
100
69.6
401 180.0
634
54.1

47.28
11.69
7.85
16.47
6.18

subplot 3
A
0- 3
E
3 - 8 Is
Bw
8 - 22 s i
E/Ehi
22- 43 s i
Bt
43- 95 s i c l
cl
95-135 s i l
C2
135-155 s c l

0.3
6.0
5.6
0.3
0.0
0.2
13.7

1.782
1.451
1.402
1.700
1.618
1.530
1.519

5.70
5.58
5.76
5.63
6.57
7.92
7.75

4.85
4.71
5.26
5.05
6.30
7.31
7.26

0.0
337.2
479.8
176.4
376.0
186.8
69.4

211.6
71.3
402.4
115.3
316.2
327.0
66.4

1706
340
568
697
2270
4140
2880

180
92.6
53
22.7
65
49.7
171
83.4
344 159.0
366
74.8
279
71.8

20.79
9.10
79.68
6.41
8.52
0.69
17.40

Subplot 4
A
0- 4
4 - 21
Bw
B tl
21- 30
EJ/Bn
30- 46
Bt2
46- 76
76-110
BC
a
110-168
C2
168-183

0.0
21.8
21.4
2.8
7.5
10.4
2.0
6.7

0.978 5.33 4.72
1.436 5.16 4.40
1.618 5.97 5.39
1.700 5.95 5.37
1.618 7.46 7.13
1.641 7.86 7.06
1.564 7.60 7.20
1.752 7.71 7.49

2972.0
377.6
428.4
245.4
386.4
152.2
161.0
69.2

305.9
180.9
158.9
92.1
311.0
126.7
142.4
84.2

2220
200
960
492
2300
660
1210
2090

166
32
225
131
650
233
362
144

33.12
23.78
9.02
1.71
2.18
0.00
0.00
1.68

1
cbl
grscl
si
scl
Is
si
s

143.0
44.8
103.5
41.3
193.0
61.6
61.6
19.6

264

S i t s K. EES No. 109. Burgis landform: Glennie moraine.
Location: T. 26 N ., R. 6 E ., Sec. 14, SE o f M¥.
General Description: Dissected topography featuring ro llin g ridges; slo p es average 8%.
S o ils are e x tr e ie ly variab le. One subplot has a t i l l layer rear the surface; another has
a t i l l layer between dqpths o f 137 and 187 on. Hie o tte r subplots have th in layers o f
lo a iy m aterial in the substratum. Surface s o i l i s loamy sand or sandy loan; substratuns
are s tr a tifie d sands.
S o il fam ily c la s s ific a tio n :

Typic EUtroboralfs, fin e-lo a ry , mixed.

D epcsiticral em ircm ste/p aren t m aterial:
reworked by flu v ia l action .

Oufcwash sand with ice-ra fted t i l l in clu sio n s,

S o il Redcn Data:
Texture Cs f r Ebt HD pH
pa
val % g/o s H20 CaCL2

Horiaon Depth
an
Subplot 1
A
0- 2
E
2- 8
Bsl
8 - 25
Bs2
25- 40
E/Bn
40- 82
a
82-122
C2
122-183
a
183-229
C4
229-290
C5
290-335
06
335-366

fsl
lfs
si
si
si
Is
fs
s il
s
s il
s

0.0
0.6
3.5
4.2
2.2
0.7
0.0
. 0.0
1.3
0.0
0.1

0.709
1.455
1.426
1.602
1.700
1.630
1.739
1.765
1.781
1.791
1.797

4.50
4.54
5.42
5.47
6.52
6.88
7.46
8.22
8.21
8.47
8.42

Subplot 2
A
0- 2
E
2- 8
Bs
8 - 40
Eln
40-137
B/E
137-183
Bt
183-244

si
Is
si
si
scl
scl

0.0
0.2
0.9
0.6
0.4
0.4

0.644
1.407
1.461
1.700
1.743
1.768

Subplot 3
A
0- 4
Bw
4 - 18
Bn
18- 28
E/Bn
28- 38
Bt
38- 68
BC
68-125
C
125-307

si
si
si
scl
scl
scl
s

0.0
2.9
0.5
1.3
1.2
0.4
0.1

0
1
1
1
1
1
1

482
492
700
700
618
683
768

Cs Mg
— mg/kg

TON
<—

TOP

4.24
3.64
4.86
4.99
5.57
5.05
6.40
7.48
7.12
7.44
7.56

5758.2
327.0
440.4
241.6
134.2
98.6
24.6
90.6
3.0
112.6
31.6

523.7
67.8
371.3
184.9
50.5
69.4
53.9
223.0
30.4
248.6
57.3

2020
68
338
180
292
423
127
3390
2050
3700
2280

380
23
66
27
62
92
33
149
50
192
63

4.36
4.46
5.01
6.07
6.82
6.24

4.17
3.78
4.60
5.40
6.88
5.79

6615.4
463.2
353.8
100.8
208.2
192.6

591.0
87.2
242.1
100.2
222.4
166.8

5.90
5.48
6.34
5.02
7.66
8.02
8.57

5.37
4.73
5.25
4.71
7.17
7.49
7.27

9276.0
243.6
179.2
266.6
400.2
262.4
28.2

625.6
127.4
123.6
115.2
260.2
257.1
74.8

K

Bray's 1

532.0
20.7
46.3
49.3
24.9
27.7
8.2
22.3
5.6
26.5
6.1

67.89
7.53
88.39
60.92
3.55
2.70
0.70
0.68
0.00
0.00
0.00

1696
113
220
350
1607
1120

260 386.0
31
40.1
38
48.8
74
45.5
478 133.0
318 109.5

60.00
9.47
62.63
9.05
2.31
7.77

5444
320
366
800
2780
4160
3392

523 615.0
40
19.6
59
29.7
151
74.5
708 175.0
337 106.0
89
9.1

104.48
42.01
17.82
6.67
2.97
0.00
1.38

265

Site K, cent.
Sutplot 4

Oa
E
BS
Bn

a

C2

a

C4

0- 5
5 - 13
13- 52
52- 76
76-135
135-160
160-307
307-450

an
s
Is
Is
s
v fsl
s
s

0.0
0.8
8.5
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.4
0.5

0.384
1.494
1.516
1.700
1.626
1.546
1.774
1.800

4.97
5.14
5.18
5.54
6.17
6.11
7.62
8.00

4.60 11394.2
4.49
238.8
4.90
245.8
5.03
114.4
5.04
61.0
5.24
210.4
7.14
47.4
6.91
24.0

624.6
42.5
195.5
109.8
65.5
221.6
43.3
36.4

5288
167
300
200
108
560
1530
1679

486 568.0
24
11.0
21.3
29
20
14.9
13
8.3
74
35.8
95
12.7
41
7 .1

71.60
6.10
68.90
56.79
15.63
9.04
2.46
0.65

266

S ite L. ECS No. 110. Burgis landform: Glennie moraine.
Location; T. 26 N ., R. 6 E ., Sec. 28, ce n te r o f E h a lf .
General Descripticn: Sloping area along sid e o f h i l l a t s n a il head o f outvesh topographic
featu re. S o ils are sandy throughout the ssipLed depth o f 450 cm.
S o il fam ily c la s s ific a tio n :

Efrtic Haplorttods, sandy, mixed, fr ig id .

Depos iticm a l a m r o ir sn t/fea ra it m aterial:

Outwash sand.

S o il Fedon Data:
Horizcn Depth
on
Sutplot 1
A
0 -4
B sl
4 -2 3
Bs2
23- 38
BC
3 8 -5 1
a
51-259
C2
259-450
C2-s
320-335

s
s
s
s
s
s
s

0.0
4.4
4.5
5.7
0.0
0.2
9.3

1.170
1.492
1.485
1.628
1.740
1.797
1.794

4.19
5.21
4.84
5.24
7.13
8.14
8.12

3.38
4.52
4.19
4.53
6.90
6.96
7.53

1576.2
105.4
243.0
62.8
29.0
40.6
97.2

194.4
135.2
158.8
49.7
42.9
50.8
84.3

108
5
11
9
331
2070
2640

34
1
3
1
41
53
66

79.0
6 .1
17.9
6.3
6 .8
7.7
12.9

15.87
61.31
52.03
23.62
4.36
0.80
2.02

Subplot
A
Bs
Bt
BC
C

s
s
Is
s
s

0.6
1.3
1.8
0.0
0.2

1.162
1.453
1.618
1.609
1.782

4.66
5.07
6.11
7.08
8.08

3.76
4.15
5.16
6.08
7.59

1630.2
246.4
132.0
17.8
20.2

190.3
93.6
86.3
47.5
34.3

200 36
34
7
333 71
141 37
2210 43

41.8
9 .9
15.4
7 .5
5.3

0.00
5.82
7.43
13.98
0.00

s
s
s
s
s
s

0.0
0.0
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.0

1.252
1.391
1.486
1.651
1.756
1.800

4.40
4.08
4.90
5.52
6.68
5.83

3.38
3.33
4.48
5.03
5.11
4.81

1112.8
517.4
203.0
47.0
24.0
28.2

127.9
70.5
174.1
60.2
35.4
48.6

260 40
52 12
5
1
0 0
30
6
77 15

45.6
19.5
8.9
4.9
6.9
8.8

12.18
5.99
54.86
32.11
6.09
3.24

0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
8.0
0.1
0.1
4.0

0.885
1.509
1.505
1.619
1.752
1.777
1.798
1.805

4.34
5.16
5.64
6.63
8.33
7.66
8.13
8.13

3.59
4.51
4.89
5.86
7.55
7.06
7.40
7.26

3810.6
145.4
89.8
28.8
76.2
33.8
14.4
100.6

452.4
134.0
57.5
27.3
75.9
45.9
35.9
59.3

207 27
11
2
7
1
51 17
1920 63
490 39
1870 43
2010 54

67.1
12.0
6.6
9.7
9.7
7.1
5.7
9.6

9.76
40.74
23.79
6.82
0.00
2.19
0.00
0.00

2
0- 4
4 - 28
28- 58
58- 83
83-450

S ± p lo t 3
A
0- 3
AB
3- 8
Bs
8 - 42
BC
42- 63
C
63-307
C
307-450

Texture Cs fr E3st ED
E«
v a l % g/oc H20 G3CL2

SUtplot 4
AE
0 -5 s
BS
5 -5 0 s
BC
5 0 -7 8 s
a
78-168 s
C2
168-183 CDS
C3
183-307 s
C4
307-411 s
C5
411-450 cos

TON
TOP
<-— -

Ca Mg
mg/kg -

K

Bray's I

267

S ite M. ECS ft). 113.. Burgis landfoon: Glennie moraine.
Location: T. 26 N ., R. 5 E ., Sec. 8 , DW o f JW.
General Description: Nearly le v e l area cn tench feature a t the south sid e o f morainal
h i l l . A water ta b le i s p r e se n t a t a depth o f about 145 cm. S u rface s o i l i s sand;
substratuns are s tr a tifie d sands, s i l t s , and cla y s.
A cla y layer in the substratun
r e su lts in perched water.
S o il fa n ily c la ss ific a tio n :

Typic Haplorttods, sandy, mixed, fr ig id .

D epositions! en viroiien t/p areit n a teria l:

Outwash sand over lacu strin e s i l t and cla y .

S o il Pedcn Data:
Horizon Depth
cm
Subplot 1
A
0- 2
EB
2- 7
7 - 33
BS
Ek
33- 52
B/Ex
52- 86
86-152
C

TOP

Ga Mg
— mg/kg

0.3
1.2
3.5
7.8
0.2
0 .0

1.014 4.12
1.434 4.31
1.459 5.61
1.800 5.95
1.800 6.66
1.615 7.95

3.52
3.75
4.66
5.39
6.00
7.49

2684.0
383.6
253.6
189.4
374.4
443.6

196.7
108.9
120.2
71.4
129.1
334.1

546
38
129
473
2010
5580

2
0- 6
6 - 11
11- 43
43- 58
58-137

s
s
s
s
s

0.0
0.2
2.9
2.9
1.4

1.152
1.456
1.383
1.541
1.626

4.31
4.46
6.04
5.95
6.91

3.42
3.62
5.11
5.69
6.25

1688.4
324.0
542.0
201.2
68.8

123.1
42.1
112.8
81.8
43.4

768
107
322
304
206

3
0- 4
4 - 12
12- 41
41- 54
54- 68
68-137
137-213

s
s
s
s
s
s

0.6
1.5
4.2
1.5
2.6
5.5
4.3

0.901
1.322
1.476
1.552
1.477
1.627
1.751

4.97
4.20
5.79
6.25
6.03
6.51
7.55

3.81
3.60
5.72
5.11
5.22
5.27
6.96

3664.0
781.2
243.4
145.6
71.2
59.2
95.2

331.7
82.8
167.2
129.1
98.6
54.3
77.1

182
41
75
40
42
56
380

0.0
0.3
0.1
0.3
20.1
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.868
1.455
1.455
1.700
1.627
1.469
1.742
1.755

4.14
4.34
4.86
6.95
6.70
7.79
7.75
8.10

3.68
3.50
4.54
6.05
5.91
7.54
7.33
7.31

3978.4
327.2
308.2
92.6
117.0
251.6
419.8
256.4

216.7
55.0
53.1
53.9
108.4
267.7
379.3
268.7

640
58
108
134
260
3610
4440
3560

Subplot
A
AB
B sl
Bs2
BC
C2

TON
<-----

s
s
s il
s ic l
s ic

Subplot
A
EB
B sl
Bs2
BC

a

"texture Cs fr EJst ED pH
pB
uol % g /oc H20 r u n ?

Subplot 4
A
0- 5
EB
5- 9
Bs
9 - 43
Ehi
43- 68
BC
68-112
a
112-140
C2
140-175
C3
175-190

s
s
s
s
g r ls
si
cl
si

K

110
81.2
16
12.0
30
20.3
74
19.0
389
84.7
622 134.1
136
20
44
43
38

B ray's P
15.44
5.48
24.18
0.25
1.90
0.00

49.4
9.3
13.8
11.8
8 .7

6.82
1.58
4.15
2.39
0.84

46.8
15.2
15.2
10.6
6.9
6.0
12.5

11.29
11.05
115.00
66.75
62.94
9.07
1.68

84
72.4
17
10.7
22
15.7
26
8.8
43
11.3
198
41.2
464 156.0
170
39.1

41.64
3.68
5.68
0.49
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.00

58
9
18
10
6
10
83

268

S i t s N. ECS No. 114. Burgis landfbrm: Glennie m oraine.
Location: T. 26 N ., R. 5 E .r Sec. 10, ce n te r o f SW q u a rte r.
General Description: Slopes average 9% along sid e s o f a small east-w est trending drainage
v a lle y among undulating h i l l s . A t i l l layer with hic^i s i l t ocn tait i s present a t a depth
o f about 30 cm. Surface s o i l s a r e loamy san d, sandy loam, s i l t loam , o r loam.
SubstratuiB contain varied textures.
S o il fam ily c la s s ific a tio n :

Typic Fragiboralfs, fin e-loan y, mixed.

D epositicnal a m r a ment/parent m aterial:

Port Horen basal t i l l .

S o il Bedcn Data:
TKN
<-----

TKP

6953.2
517.0
284.6
306.8
401.0
380.2
315.6
153.4

992.5
123.0
77.2
168.3
304.8
350.3
316.8
200.5

1446
780
935
1215
1250
980
1102
489

99.6
54.2
81.5
85.3
72.0
43.0
52.9
24.0

11.15
2.28
0.66
0.00
2.39
0.00
0.00
2.75

3.87
5.49
5.48
6.89
7.52

3891.2
379.4
148.2
403.4
339.6

308.0
135.8
60.9
268.9
324.1

1866 268 151.6
530 68
20.1
540 117
35.0
2010 616 100.3
4220 371
69.8

19.27
9.90
0.97
1.28
0.00

5.15
4.95
6.23
6.97
7.57

7952.6
351.8
468.6
537.8
290.6

528.9
244.3
193.6
321.7
340.4

5240 524 288.0
34.4
358 76
1700 326 156.5
2440 606 206.0
4660 349
95.1

33.72
42.33
17.40
10.53
0.00

0.702 6.22 5.93
1.525 5.95 5.19
1.8C3 6.39 5.28
1.618 5.76 5.12
1.487 5.79 5.22
1.739 5.94 6.02

5847.6
599.8
277.8
248.0
495.0
524.8

335.6
195.0
88.5
132.5
272.0
210.6

9480 1188
748 148
700 182
931 275
1468 428
526 72

58.56
17.28
1.48
4.83
4.16
37.13

Horizon Depth
cm
Subplot 1
A
0- 4
Bn
4— 20
E/Bx
20- 43
Bt
43- 70
BC
70-125
Q
125-198
a
198-259
C2
259-366

1
1
si
s il
s ic l
s il
si
lfs

0.0
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.621 6.28 5.98
1.700 6.41 5.81
1.800 6.17 5.89
1.618 7.21 6.75
1.587 7.25 6.65
1.744 7.41 6.82
1.772 7.21 6.73
1.791 7.37 6.53

subplot
A
Bw
Ey'BX
Bt
BC

Is
Is
si
s ic l
s

0.2
4.0
0.8
0.0
0.1

0.877
1.435
1.800
1.618
1.702

4.61
6.14
6.22
7.13
8.10

1
grl
s id
d
s id

2.0
19.0
0.2
0.0
0.1

0.557
1.446
1.800
1.618
1.600

5.46
5.71
6.34
7.23
8.12

an
s il
1
sd
s il
s id

0.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.0
1.0

2
0- 5
5 - 28
23- 50
50- 75
75-152

•nsKture Cs fr B st ED E«
pH
val % q /c c H20 CaQ2

Ca Mg
— mg/kg 266
120
178
252
226
168
202
86

K

Bray's I

Sutplot 3

A
Bw
B/Ex
Bt
BC

03223863-

3
22
38
63
152

SUbplot 4
Qa
0- 5
E
5 - 21
E/Bx
21- 49
Bt
49- 69
BC
69-122
C
122-183

524.0
49.9
75.4
69.1
71.3
38.3

269

S ite O. EES No. 116. a i r g i s lanrifnrm; West Branch moraine.
Location: T. 25 N ., R. 4 E ., Sec. 1, SW o f SW.
General Description: Slopes average 7% with a mostly SB aspect in an area o f ro llin g
rid g es. Surfaces may be eroded. A t i l l layer o f variable thickness i s present a t depths
o f about 30 on, ocntaining lim estones. Surface textures are sandy loan; substratuns where
sanpLed are s tr a tifie d sands and loany sands.
S o il fam ily c la s s ific a tio n :

Typic Fragiboralfs, fine-loamy, mixed.

D epositicnal envircrsnerit/fearent iraterial:

Fort Hircn basal t i l l .

S o il Fecbn Data:
Horizon Depth
on
Subplot 1
Qa,A
0- 7
E
7 - 10
Bw
10- 20
Ek
20- 32
lyEst
32- 64
Bt
64-110
C
110-152
Subplot
A
Bw
Ek
Eytm
Bt
BC
C

2
0- 2
2- 9
9 - 18
18- 39
39- 68
68- 97
97-152

Subplot
ca
A
Bw
Ek
BC

3

Texture Cs fr Ebt ED EH
EH
vol % g /oc H20 CaQ2
am
fsl
fsl
fsl
scl
scl
s ic l

0.1
0.7
0.3
0.4
0 .2
0.6
0.8

si
si
si
scl
d
scl
grcns

0.0
1.1
1.1
0.0
1.0
2.4
25.0

TON
<-----

TOP

Ca Mg
— mg/kg -

K

Bray's 1

0.792
1.381
1.394
1.800
1.800
1.618
1.606

5.96
6.55
5.22
5.25
5.37
6.91
8.33

5.64
5.64
4.37
4.39
4.72
6.08
7.67

4777.0 389.6 4540 500
549.4 117.9
746 97
506.4 482.7
434 62
310.0 153.4
305 61
269.4 111.2 1075 281
96.6
198.0
468
56
169.8 240.7 3740 273

174.0
24.2
35.9
28.5
82.5
10.1
43.9

43.52
10.10
99.13
13.35
4.33
21.53
0.00

0
1
1
1
1
1
1

830
362
800
700
618
649
609

5.94
6.00
7.48
5.48
8.06
7.85
7.91

5.68
5.36
6.92
4.94
7.64
7.38
7.58

4364.8
618.6
39.2
447.4
364.8
236.2
32.4

384.4 5000 424
494 76
308.9
56.0
250 58
213.0 1410 311
285.3 3340 403
147.2 1145 300
53.0 1840
48

232.0
44.4
8 .5
78.0
64.3
40.0
6.2

46.14
37.24
3.20
15.78
1.36
1.75
0.94

3- 7
7 - 26
26- 47
47- 78
78-137
137-396
351-366

am
si
si
si
si
si
s
si

0.0
1.2
4.3
4.4
3.6
3.0
2.2
2.3

0.555
1.199
1.447
1.800
1.543
1.625
1.782
1.798

6.20
5.92
5.97
4.04
6.40
8.11
8.42
7.72

6.32
5.43
4.98
5.33
5.64
7.58
7.63
6.96

7984.8
1402.4
347.6
185.0
249.6
87.8
17.2
80.6

483.1 10560 899
223.5 2700 252
212.9
501 43
96.6
451
37
143.7
442 35
82.5
823 134
59.1 1686
56
58.4 1065
92

711.0
101.8
24.6
19.5
15.1
18.9
6.3
23.9

58.25
40.74
17.99
2.68
9.03
6.27
0.00
0.00

Subplot 4
Qa
0 -5
AE
5 - 15
Bw
15- 31
Eytm
31- 61
Bt
61-105
c
105-183

am
si
si
scl
scl
Is

0.0
0.9
0.3
0.4
1.4
1.1

0.595
1.361
1.433
1.700
1.618
1.526

6.39
5.96
5.79
5.33
6.87
7.40

6.13
5.29
4.93
4.68
6.35
6.46

7342.2
625.0
386.0
281.2
560.4
94.4

599.3 12560 1044 735.2
186.7
601 101
26.5
265.5
568 85
31.8
147.1 1065 235 72.1
373.2 1500 413
83.9
82.3
373 81
18.1

53.28
21.76
38.71
5.51
5.39
0.00

a

C2
C2-s

0 - 3

270

S ite P . ECS No. 118. Burgis lardform : Nest Brandi moraine,
lo c a tio n : T. 25 N ., R. 5 E ., Sec. 7, EM o f NE.
General D escriptiai: Slopes average 15% in a lower slope p o sitio n around th e U-shaped end
o f a snail v a lley f i l l e d with oitwssh sard. Aspect i s mostly south, but the v a lle y i s
narrow and shaded. A water tab le i s present a t about 194 on, ap pareitly due t o perching
above a d a y layer. Surface s o i l s are sandy, with wall-developed loany sard spodic B
horizons. SubstratniB above the water tab le are sandy.
S o il fam ily c la s sific a tio n :

Typic Haplorthods, sandy, mixed, fr ig id .

Depositicnal envirasnait/fcarent n aterial:
till.

Outoash sa id over lacu strin e d a y or clayey

S o il Bedon Data:
K

Bray's P

TKP

Ca

3813.2
117.8
363.8
342.4
149.8
209.6
34.2

150.0
4.6
191.4
81.6
51.3
124.4
104.4

1332
22
202
132
87
608
246

148 197.2
6
6.3
25
16.0
11.4
16
8 .2
7
25.9
100
8 .6
45

28.92
0.03
38.73
10.34
11.55
3.75
3.95

5.07
3.91
4.32
4.45
6.20
6.44

4581.2
236.6
421.6
391.6
207.2
125.0

281.0
34.3
67.4
69.9
88.6
58.7

3600
89
350
139
341
250

384 151.0
6 .0
18
49
16.0
16
12.9
32
10.0
21
7 .8

28.89
0.87
3.08
2.74
13.79
7.10

5.24
5.46
5.95
6.59
8.23

4.97
4.35
5.07
6.30
7.78

5613.8
193.4
260.4
92.0
100.0

407.7
18.9
131.0
80.1
159.8

6320 630
231 22
327 25
332 63
2490 147

5.60
6.39
6.89
6.77
7.17
6.82
7.81
8.20

5.00
5.64
6.93
5.82
6.35
6.06
7.14
7.62

2784.8
198.4
340.6
186.0
183.0
81.8
78.4
144.6

133.2
36.7
99.6
94.5
68.5
37.9
87.2
281.6

1814
370
867
468
329
192
361
3500

Horizon Depth
on
Subplot 1
Qa
0 -4
E
4 - 20
His
2 0 -2 5
EB
2 5 -5 2
BC
52- 82
Cl
82-183
C2
183-244

Ttexfcure Cs fr Est H) pH
EH
va l % g /c c H2Q rtef'19
an
s
Is
s
s
lfs
s

0.0
0.3
0.6
0.7
1.7
0.0
0.0

0.885 3.92
1.571 4.55
1.457 5.14
1.471 5.82
1.543 5.90
1.605 6.17
1.768 7.68

3.43
3.70
4.22
4.82
4.97
6.11
7.04

Sutplot
A
E
B sl
Bs2
BC
C

0 -5
5 -1 5
1 5 -2 7
27- 63
6 3 -8 3
83-105

an
s
Is
s
s
s

0.6
0.9
1.0
0.7
0.3
0.2

0.810 5.63
1.495 5.08
1.436 5.30
1.469 5.51
1.599 6.49
1.634 7.29

Subplot 3
A
0 -3
E
3 -5
Bs
3 - 69
BC
69-125
C
125-229

an
s
Is
s
fs

0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0

0.720
1.518
1.519
1.628
1.752

Subplot 4
A
0 -1 2
E
1 2 -2 3
B sl
23- 33
Bs2
33- 57
BC
5 7 -7 7
Cl
77-152
C2
152-198
C3
198-244

Is
s
Is
Is
s
s
Is
lfs

0.4
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.0
0.0

1.001
1.516
1.476
1.562
1.554
1.615
1.751
1.770

Mg

2

140
30
51
19
10
7
57
173

564.0
5.6
9 .6
18.4
21.4

62.65
1.32
20.35
5.12
0.09

42.8
4.6
9.1
7.1
7.0
6.5
14.3
32.7

12.12
1.05
9.98
29.98
14.46
10.08
0.47
0.00

271

S ite Q. ECS No. 122. Burgis landform: West Branch moraine.
Location: T. 26 N ., R. 3 E ., Sec. 22, IE o f IE .
General Description: Slopes average 15% along a SE facing bench cn a h il l s i d e formed o f
outwash sand overlying flow t i l l or ice-rafted t i l l in clu sion s. Surface s o i l s are sandy.
Textural layers o f lo a n / sand, sandy loan, s i l t y lean, and cla y loan are found a t various
depths in th e su b soil and substratum.
S o il fam ily c la s s ific a tio n :

A lfic Kaplorthods, coarse-loamy, mixed, fr ig id .

Depositicnal envircraent/fcarent rraterial:

Outwash sand with ice-ra fted in clu sio n s.

S o il Bedcn Data:
Horizon Depth
cm
Sutplot 1
A
0 -5
E
5- U
Bs
1 1 -5 4
BC
54- 71
CL,C2 71-168
C3
168-198
C4
198-229

Tbxture 03 f r Est 33 pH
vo l % g /o c H2Q

EH

TKN

TKP

Ca.

Mg

K

Bray's P

irg /K C |

s
s
s
s
si
s
cl

0.0
0.3
5.8
5.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

1.303
1.548
1.513
1.491
1.622
1.755
1.768

4.21
4.30
5.44
6.01
7.01
7.18
6.90

3.37
3.50
4.43
4.74
6.47
6.39
6.49

863.2
146.8
167.4
80.4
149.8
38.2
322.4

77.1
23.9
49.9
31.9
118.2
37.4
316.2

317
22
19
25
1293
155
3035

38
34.7
6 10.4
6 13.6
4
10.9
65.4
227
34
8 .8
656 218.0

4.85
1.83
7.22
10.94
0.32
0.00
6.74

Subplot
VE
B sl
BB2
C

2
0 -1 0
10- 25
25- 64
64-213

s
s
s
s il

0.1
0.7
5.5
0.0

1.490
1.469
1.563
1.506

4.98
5.63
5.83
8.15

4.00
4.67
4.93
7.57

247.0
204.2
90.2
228.0

31.1
49.2
58.9
311.2

116 18
89 13
49
8
5000 459

14.9
18.3
21.0
74.2

1.61
7.12
7.77
0.00

Subplot
A
B sl
Bs2
BC
C

3
0- 3
3 - 28
28- 54
54- 87
87-411

s
s
s
s
Is

0.0
7.4
7.9
3.5
0.6

1.003
1.464
1.550
1.548
1.778

3.94
4.85
5.26
5.20
7.67

3.29
4.27
4.47
4.47
7.27

2769.4
208.2
108.0
70.8
23.8

185.1
70.2
85.9
53.3
45.3

302 84
8 4
17
6
39 19
1263 40

143.6
13.5
14.4
19.3
9.0

30.80
9.75
36.03
22.20
1.13

Subplot
A
E
B sl
Bs2
BC
C

4
0- 2
2- 5
5 - 16
16- 48
48- 75
75^-450

s
s
s
s
s
s

0.0
0.2
0.3
3.4
8.6
0.8

0.867
1.454
1.453
1.510
1.482
1.781

4.01
4.21
4.65
5.16
5.59
7.92

3.27
3.45
4.01
4.50
4.50
7.45

3988.0
330.4
207.2
174.4
62.8
13.0

248.4
63.4
131.9
189.3
101.3
20.1

722 146
35 12
10
3
4
17
14 6
1600 37

216.0
16.1
13.5
16.9
14.7
8.5

23.57
5.58
58.25
76.07
49.56
2.41

272

S ite R. ECS tto. 124. Burgis landform: Glennie moraine.
Location: T. 27 N .f R. 5 E ., Sec. 31, c a r te r o f W h a lf o f IE .
General Description: Slopes average 16% along a N-facing slop e in a d erriritic network o f
ro llin g ridges. S o ils are sandy throughout the solun, containing gravel and cobbles.
Substratuis are s tr a tifie d sands with some loany textu ral la y ers.
S o il fa n ily c la s sific a tio n :

Qrtic Hsplorthcds, sandy, mixed, fr ig id .

D epositicnal envircm ent/parsrt material:

Outwash sand.

Soil Bedcn Data:
Horiacn Depth
on
Subplot 1
AE
0- 6
EB
6 - 19
Bs
19- 43
BC
43- 72
a
72-244
C2
244-307

0.0
0.3
5.4
0.1
0.0
0.0

1.314
1.500
1.507
1.593
1.742
1.784

4.26
4.97
5.67
5.33
6.35
8.55

3.54
4.26
4.68
4.81
5.30
6.83

818.2
226.8
176.6
93.2
14.2
138.8

92.2
108.1
97.1
67.2
68.1
240.2

2
0 -5
5 - 23
23- 54
54- 72
72-450

s
s
s
s
s

0.0
0.1
5.4
0.0
0.0

1.233
1.463
1.508
1.497
1.731

4.22
5.06
5.08
5.23
7.27

3.51
4.30
4.41
4.77
7.38

1213.8
199.6
223.8
50.6
14.4

126.7
102.2
214.5
111.8
29.6

3
0 -4
4 - 43
43- 75
75-157
157-450

s
s
s
s
s

0.1
3.4
5.9
4.4
0.0

1.371
1.479
1.601
1.673
1.790

4.24
5.31
5.35
7.06
8.43

3.87
4.55
4.59
6.75
7.40

587.0
212.4
85.2
274.0
26.4

0.3
0.9
17.9
0.9

1.247
1.549
1.530
1.775

5.17
5.13
5.85
6.17

4.25
6.07
4.71
5.45

1141.2
145.6
150.8
46.6

Subplot
AE
ES
BC
C2

TOP
TON
Ca Mg
<-----— mg/kg -

s
s
s
fs
fs
s il

Subplot
A
ESI
Bs2
BC
C

a

Itexture Cs fr Efet ED pH
PH
v d % g /cc H20 CaQ2

Subplot
A
E
B3
C

4
0- 5
5 - 15
15- 6 i
61-411

s
s
dbs
s

125 20
25
4
63
8
29
5
53 12
3335 232

K

Bray's ]

12.8
8.8
9 .2
8 .0
7 .5
18.3

5.79
27.30
24.13
27.51
14.65
0.97

36
3
2
1
25

28.0
7 .0
3.9
2.5
4.9

13.86
30.01
56.55
68.01
6.21

102.9
110.2
69.5
265.9
44.5

58 20
37 13
5
17
1756 530
856 36

31.1
12.7
7 .4
85.7
5.0

12.28
35.30
25.97
0.52
0.98

121.7
74.6
83.3
40.7

746 64
176 22
77 12
529 49

26.0
18.9
9.7
7.2

8.38
19.19
22.32
3.40

238
10
6
4
720

273

S ite S. ECS No. 126. Burgis landform: F le tc h e r Bond channelled uplands.
Location: T. 26 N ., R. 7 E ., Sec. 15, SW o f NE.
General Descripticn: Nearly le v e l area cn top o f morairal h i l l . A thick t i l l layer i s
present a t a depth o f about 35 cm and continues through the s d u n , containing lim estones.
Surface s o i l s are loany sand and sandy loan. aibstratm B were not satpLed.
S o il fam ily c la s sific a tio n : Tto pedons, Typic EUtrdooralfs, fin e-loan y, mixed; two
pedons, Typic E tagiboralfs, fin e-loan y, mixed.
Depositicnal envircment/fcarent n a ter ia l:

Port Bircn basal t i l l , p ossib ly eroded.

S o il Bedon Data:
Horizon Depth
on
Subplot 1
A
0- 9
HP!
9 - 15
Ex
15- 24
EyTk
24- 50
Bt
50-107
C
107-152
Shiplot
A
Bw
E'
Bt
C
A
E
Bw
Ek
E/Ex
Bt
C
Subplot
A
Bw
E
Bt
C

Texture Cs fr Efefc 93 pH
pH
vo l % q /cc H20 c a m

TKN
<— —

TKP

Ca Mg
—- mg/kg

K

Bray's I

si
si
fsl
scl
scl
s id

0.4
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.3

1.055
1.382
1.800
1.800
1.618
1.606

4.84
5.26
5.88
5.67
7.92
8.06

4.36
4.25
4.77
4.66
7.73
7.40

2365.6
546.6
176.4
253.4
282.2
180.2

187.1
161.1
81.9
90.8
300.1
258.1

1354
423
252
867
3420
4040

120
59.1
48
40.7
46
66.9
218 114.5
490
97.2
301
64.2

2
O- 10
10- 35
35- 63
63- 91
91-152

lfs
lfs
lfs
sd
s id

1.1
1.1
0.4
0.5
1.6

1.036
1.362
1.493
1.618
1.618

6.04
6.12
7.34
8.00
8.37

5.34
5.43
6.46
7.61
7.63

2505.8
618.4
240.8
268.6
142.4

156.3
153.4
133.6
288.4
228.4

2100
652
547
2370
3820

198
84
71
367
205

67.2
18.1
15.3
85.3
59.1

7.45
2.94
8.07
1.55
0.00

3
0 - 10
10- 17
17- 44
44- 58
58- 80
80-122
122-152

s
Is
si
fsl
sd
sd
s id

0.9
1.6
2.6
0.9
0.9
0.8
1.5

1.176
1.484
1.453
1.800
1.800
1.618
1.601

6.05
5.75
5.55
6.52
6.43
7.93
8.42

5.24
4.91
4.59
5.23
5.95
7.45
7.78

1542.4
260.6
331.6
84.0
213.0
249.2
177.4

127.0
50.3
131.5
62.4
135.9
294.0
279.2

1366
280
362
286
1183
3900
3840

102
31
48
51
271
375
255

33.0
12.5
30.3
20.6
78.0
87.8
72.8

10.75
6.15
3.64
0.88
1.07
0.00
0.00

4
0 -1 4
14- 21
21- 26
26- 98
98-152

si
is
si
sd
s id

1.4
2.0
0.6
0.3
0.6

1.100
1.460
1.495
1.618
1.621

6.12
6.84
4.96
7.81
8.24

5.91
5.80
4.32
7.35
7.40

2038.6
314.2
236.6
345.6
115.2

352.4
119.4
95.0
326.8
256.7

1804
390
480
3840
4180

86.4
178
52
32.2
86
29.8
414 111.0
242
65.4

23.05
5.51
1.90
0.04
0.00

13.83
33.80
10.10
1.41
4.75
0.00

274

S ite T. EES No. 127. Burgis landform: West Branch m oraine.
L ocation: T. 26 N ., R. 4 E ., Sec. 28, IE o f EOT.
General Description: Slcpffl average 10% on a ridgetcp with mostly S a sp ect. S it e adjoins
the AuSable River Valley; sand textures nay be a re su lt o f flu v ia l a c t iv it y from g la c ia l
drainage through the v a lle y . S o ils are sandy throughout the sanpled depth o f 450 cm.
SUbstratuiB contain gravel str a ta .
S o il family c la s s ific a tio n :

Typic Udipsaments, mixed, fr ig id .

D epositicnal sw iroriim t/parant n a teria l:

Qutrash sand.

S o il Bedon Data:
Horizon Depth
cm
Subplot 1
A
0- 4
4 - 11
B sl
Bs2
11- 48
48- 0)
BC
80-450
C

pH
Texture Cs fr Efet BD pH
vol % q/bc H20 r a n ?

TKP
im
<------

s
s
s
s
s

0.0
0.0
0.3
0.2
0.2

1.243
1.388
1.505
1.505
1.782

4.22
4.83
4.80
4.83
7.72

3.46
4.21
4.53
4.71
7.41

1160.8
393.8
174.0
52.6
16.8

114.4
69.5
81.2
32.5
42.6

Ca Mg
— ng/kg •

K

92 34
16 7
7
2
5
1
532 18

50.0
11.0
8 .5
5 .3
3 .8

7.93
4.60
19.58
20.14
15.27

29
5
3
2
0
39

50.9
12.2
6 .9
5 .8
3 .5
5 .1

7.00
7.91
17.33
34.94
25.01
4.03

Bray's P

------------ 5

Subplot
A
B sl
Bs2
Bs3
BC
C

2
0 -5
5 - 17
17- 31
31- 55
55- 79
79-450

s
s
s
s
s
s

0.0
2.3
2.7
2.7
0.2
0.9

1.053
1.394
1.481
1.545
1.538
1.782

4.19
5.02
5.25
5.26
5.24
8.29

3.54
4.25
4.41
4.64
4.80
7.55

2380.4
397.4
210.2
138.4
36.0
27.4

118.7
102.2
90.3
97.6
55.7
57.2

Subplot
A
B sl
Bs2
BC
C

3
0 -4
4 - 12
12- 46
46- 60
60-450

s
s
s
s
s

0.0
5.0
5.8
0.5
0.5

1.214
1.411
1.498
1.599
1.780

5.11
4.80
5.12
5.73
7.74

3.42
4.12
4.58
4.85
7.49

1316.8
324.8
191.2
87.0
16.8

89.2
69.0
141.0
99.8
25.3

52 32
16
5
14
2
1
11
573 25

65.2
14.7
8 .4
4 .5
3.6

10.35
24.47
50.52
44.62
3.48

0.0
3.1
3.0
1.7
0.1
11.0
3.1

1.345
1.459
1.530
1.517
1.753
1.791
1.802

4.53
5.22
5.35
5.23
6.07
8.50
8.75

3.83
4.45
4.67
4.78
5.25
7.20
7.57

684.2
218.6
147.2
38.0
34.6
65.6
18.8

60.3
59.5
87.8
37.1
30.6
62.7
37.9

59 12
2
7
1
7
1
1
20
6
1254 72
1660 46

30.3
11.0
7 .9
4.5
4 .2
5.2
5.3

2.78
5.21
18.72
10.55
9.38
0.00
0.65

Subplot 4
A
0 -3
B sl
3 -2 7
Bs2
27- 48
BC
4 8 -8 1
a
81-274
C2
274-351
C3
351-442

s
s
s
s
s
s
COS

114
19
9
5
0
1252

275

S ite U. ECS Ha. 134. B urgis landform: West Brandi moraine,
lo c a tio n : T. 26 N ., R. 2 E ., Sec. 22, NE o f Ntf.
General Description: Slopes average 5% cn a planar area sloping gen tly to the north rear
the edge o f the moraine a t i t s border with the AuSabl e river v a lle y .
S o ils have loam,
s i l t loam, and loany f i r e sand tortures in t i e sdian. Sufastratxsns are fin e sard and loany
fin e sa id .
S o il fam ily c la s s ific a tio n : Two padcns, Typic Fragiboralfs, f i r e - s i l t y , mixed; two
pedcns, Typic HapLorthcds, sandy, mixed, fr ig id .
Depositicnal sawirGrsnsnfc/parait n a teria l:

laorstrin a fin e sards and s i l t s .

S o il Bedcn Data:
Horizon Depth Texture CS fr

E&t ED pH
pe
val % g /o c m o CaCU

cm
Sabplot 1
AE
a- 8
E
8 - 16
B sl
16- 25
Bs2
25- 66
a
66-198
C2
198-450
Sutplot
A
Bw
B/Ex
Bt
BC

a.
C2
Sutplot
A
E
Bs
BC

a
C2

TKN
<—

H
C
P

Ca

4.44 1075.6 110.6

K

Bray's I

38.4
9.6
16.8
23.4
65.1
8.0

9.18
7.06
3.50
1.97
0.94
0.00

817
105
246
446
642
183
67

330.8
54.6
140.0
137.4
82.6
22.8
7 .9

35.44
11.05
1.62
6.89
6.62
0.00
0.00

381.1
28.6
189.2
123.9
109.8
92.5

4720 274
414 26
360 48
91
8
526 165
2380 57

206.0
16.0
29.9
13.8
16.6
6.7

31.34
0.78
2.72
16.06
0.68
0.00

459.9
167.8
92.8
176.3
276.1
231.2
88.3

7720
694
905
1610
1230
4000
2490

335.6
50.6
75.5
113.6
50.2
48.5
6.8

39.03
0.80
0.00
6.31
0.21
0.00
0.23

fs
lfs
fs
fs
lfs

0.0
0.2
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0

1.259
1.511
1.484
1.543
1.690
1.793

5.59
6.15
5.88
5.94
6.40
8.45

4.97
5.00
4.85
6.39
7.68

2
0- 2
2 - 12
12- 31
31- 60
60- 88
88-168
168-450

1
1
si
s ic l
s il
v fs
fs

4.2
13.9
10.0
0.0
10.0
0.3
0.0

0.489
1.330
1.800
1.618
1.526
1.618
1.791

6.73
5.42
5.14
5.08
6.80
8.73
8.61

6.42
4.83
4.48
4.55
6.23
7.67
7.47

9143.6
747.6
366.2
360.6
365.2
204.8
23.0

691.5
311.3
121.5
211.5
293.1
341.7
88.5

8520
60S
1003
1317
1610
3060
2550

3
0- 2
2 - 20
20- 37
37- 59
59-168
168-290

lfs
fs
lfs
fs
fs
lfs

0.0
0.0
0.4
0.3
0.0
0.0

0.687
1.453
1.401
1.486
1.623
1.773

6.78
6.95
5.49
5.91
7.61
8.37

6.21
6.14
4.58
4.78
7.47
7.70

6036.0
332.6
673.8
256.8
113.6
35.8

0
1
1
1
1

6.64
5.70
7.39
5.36
7.16
8.54
9.05

6.05
4.89
7.15
5.06
6.83
7.92
7.77

4330.0
608.2
391.4
409.0
381.4
183.6
24.8

lfs

M
g

-— mg/kg -

756 66
207.4 43.1 236 25
355.2 101.1 424 40
250.6 84.6
200 26
429.4 313.9 1494 380
71.4 2360 45
9.6

a ip lo t 4
A
Ex
Btx
BC

a
C2

0- 2
2 - 10
10- 27
27- 59
59- 90
90-107
107-450

s il
c h s il
s il
s id
s il
s id
fs

0.6
21.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.0

834
800
800
800
522
1 626
1 785

551
110
221
446
360
299
52

276

S ite V. ECS tto. 136. Rirgig landform: Eldorado Kanic Ridges,
lo ca tion : T. 25 N ., R. I N . , Sec. 1, NWo f SE.
General Descripticn: Slopes average 7% along a Mi-facing h il l s i d e . S o ils are sand with
loamy car g ravelly or ocbhly str a ta cxxurring throughout the saip led depth.
S o il fam ily c la s s ific a tio n :

E htic a id A lfic l^plorthocb, sandy, mixed, fr ig id .

D epositicnal swirorsnent/parent material:
in clu sio n s.

Outwash sand with

ic e -r a fte d or

flow t i l l

S o il Bedcn Data:
Horizon Dqoth
on
Sutplot 1
A
0 -1
E
1 -5
ESI
5 -2 2
Bs2
22- 37
BC
3 7 -5 4
a
54-122
C2
122-290
C3
230-381
Subplot 2
A
0- 2
E
2 - 11
Bs
11- 30
BC
30- 49
a
49-183
C2
183-320
C3
320-351
C4
351-450

TEN
<-----

TKP

1874.8
547.4
372.8
157.4
64.4
23.4
60.4
20.4

134.9
94.4
164.5
184.0
76.8
54.8
56.4
62.5

948 98 142.4
105 24
33.5
23 7
14.8
17
3
12.0
18 6
9 .5
33 15
7 .9
304 60
9 .5
3060 69
13.5

11 5530.4
76 306.6
46 330.6
87
96.0
45
48.0
56
43.6
62
84.8
95
14.8

347.9
77.0
327.6
125.2
33.0
68.8
118.5
78.2

502
24
23
61
182
300
953
2965

140
9
5
15
45
84
257
90

302.0
15.2
15.6
17.2
19.6
30.4
58.1
16.8

81.66
3.74
120.71
33.79
3.90
6.33
6.65
2.48

154.2
55.1
119.1
54.3
37.9
128.7
143.6
36.6
146.7
35.3

226
23
25
97
89
2340
3240
1493
662
1429

92
8
7
25
17
152
102
36
115
42

125.3
11.1
20.2
16.1
10.9
33.8
19.9
5 .3
29.0
5 .5

17.93
2.60
12.92
14.41
1.79
2.81
0.00
0.00
5.29
0.00

pH
Texture Cs fr Efet ED pH
vol % g /o s m o GjCL2

(±3
grs
s
s
s

0.3
2.3
18.5
19.0
17.3
0.2
0.7
3.2

1.124 5.73 5.08
1.382 4.64 3.86
1.407 5.00 4.35
1.510 5.18 4.45
1.626 5.69 4.66
1.652 5.91 4.61
1.765 7.12 6.96
1.795 8.55 7.68

s
s
Is
dbs
s
Is
si
&

0 .0
1 .1
4.0
23.6
5.8
0.3
0.2
0.2

0.727 3.85
1.464 4.53
1.463 5.31
1.590 5.94
1.615 6.40
1.779 6.19
1.795 6.20
1.803 9.20

3
3
4
4
5
5
5
7

2.2
1.0
16.9
11.2
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.0
0.0
0 .6

1.116
1.477
1.471
1.595
1.631
1.578
1.748
1.765
1.781
1.799

3.19
3.36
4.37
5.00
5.80
7.67
7.75
7.38
6.93
7.65

s
s

dbs

Sutplot 3
A
0- 3 s
E
3- 6 s
Bs
6 - 26 cfals
BC
26- 64 I s
a
64-107 s
C2
107-152 I s
C3
152-183 s
C4
183-229 s
C5
229-290 I s
06
290-450 s

3.81
3.82
5.05
5.87
7.33
8.53
8.50
8.85
7.38
8.09

1927.2
275.0
289.0
91.2
29.8
80.6
65.8
14.4
101.4
11.2

Ga Mg
— n g/kg

K

Bray's P
------------ 5
22.64
8.08
23.71
61.90
29.46
6.41
0.79
0.77

277

S ite V, a n t .
Subplot 4
A
0- 1
E
1- 2
B sl
2- 6
052
e - 66
66-11.4
BC
a
114-259
C2
259-290
C3
290-411
C4
411-450

s
s
s
s
s
s
Is
s
s

0.0
1.4
1.8
9.8
7.0
5.1
2.3
0.0
2.1

1.126
1.490
1.389
1.498
1.623
1.757
1.784
1.797
1.805

3.87
4.09
4.68
5.88
5.86
6.04
7.91
7.74
8.09

3.23
3.46
3.92
4.88
4.80
5.04
7.57
7.17
7.67

1862.8
246.6
365.2
237.8
48.6
32.8
16.8
9 .4
26.4

197.9
50.3
144.0
180.7
52.1
18.6
55.9
34.0
57.2

160 90
14
8
16
8
67 19
61 17
96 23
560 100
380 37
1530 33

242.0
14.7
16.8
21.7
17.9
14.1
17.2
9 .5
5.3

23.16
6.19
18.53
43.11
12.17
2.75
2.71
2.38
0.00

278

S ite W. EES No. 137. Rnrgis landform: Eldorado Kamic Ridges.
Location: T. 26 N ., R. 1W „ Sec. 25, NE o f SW.
General Descripticn: Nearly le v e l area within a p itte d outwash feature; slicfrit w estfacing slo p e, s o i l s are sand or lo a iy sand, with gravelly str a ta occurrin g throughout th e
sanpled depth.
S o il fam ily c la s s ific a tio n :

Ehtic Haplorthods, sandy, mixed, fr ig id .

nppTaifjor^i awircsnBitv^arent material:
in clu sio n s.

Outwa^i sand with ic e -r a fte d or flow t i l l

S o il Pedon Data:
Horizon Depth
cm
Subplot 1
A
02
EB
2- 11
11- 29
B sl
032
29- 56
56-137
a
C2
137-450

•texture Cs fr ESt ED E«
v a i % g /c c H2 0
s
s
Is
Is
s
s

0 .0
1 .6
1 1 .6

10.9
5.5
1 .0

EH
0302

TKN
<-----

0.976
1.428
1.459
1.561
1.633
1.788

3.92
4.10
4.78
5.49
5.65
8.28

3.23
3.57
4.31
4.52
4.93
7.61

2996.0
400.0
341.0
172.8
43.0

1.261
1.432
1.531
1.475
1.654
1.759
1.796

3.86
5.25
5.81
6.23
6.24
6.30

TKP

Ca Mg
mg/kg

1 2 .0

186.7
41.9
107.6
44.4
37.7
30.0

371
18
23
49
103
897

3.15
4.45
5.07
5.15
5.10
5.86
7.54

1069.0
290.2
172.4
93.6
26.0
33.8
2.4

6 6 .0

108.5
99.4
60.9
21.3
42.0
39.6

106
19
97
65
32
169
1173

1.193 4.21 3.44
1.457 5.19 4.34
1.532 6.04 5.14
1.624 5.94 4.96
1.608 7.94 7.12
1.794 8.50 7.20

1441.8
308.6
170.8

0.985
1.461
1.510
1.604
1.743
1.793

K

Bray's P

------------ 5

77 182.2
8
18.7
7
18.1
15
15.7
26
1 0 .6
47
6 .2

17.03
4.45
13.43
7.16
4.76
1.69

32
5
24
25

28.6
10.7
16.7
12.5
5.2
9 .6
5.0

8.32
18.25
37.86
16.73
8.25
3.22

54.2
15.9
12.7
14.2
1 0 .8

15.71
8.91
26.89
5.44
4.64

5.9

0 .0 0

180.0
19.8
23
13.8
26
13.5
5.9
33
39
8 .8

20.58
10.75
9.35
6.79

Sutplot 2
A,EB
BS
BC
O
C2
C3
C4

0- 5
5 - 21
21- 46
46- 75
75-137
137-244
244-450

0.5
6.9
6.3
5.1

S
s
Is
Is
s
s
s

Subplot 3
A,E
4 Is
04 - 25 Is
B3
BC
25- 41 Is
41- 6 8 I s
a
C2
68-213 Is
213-450 s
C3
Subplot 4
A,E
0 - 4 Is
Bs
4 - 28 I s
BC
28- 43 s
43-122 s
a
C2
122-198 s
C3
198-450 s

0 .2

2.5
0 .8

0.9
10.5
1 1 .0

-

4.4
9.8
0.3

0 .0

9.4
9.5
10.4
1 1 .2
0 .6

8 .1 1

4.11 3.39
4.68 4.42
6 . 2 0 5.24
6.41 5.38
8.32 7.30
7.30 7.07

33
36

6 .8

101.5
70.1
37.6
47.2

440 76
68
13
143 31
220
45
367 58
1040 34

2920.0
307.6
207.6
92.2
15.0
22.4

204.2
109.3
98.0
65.5
31.1
40.7

552
41
124
127
1406
254

6 6 .0

16.2

111.7

10

1 0 1 .8

122
10

0 .0 0

0 .0 0
2 .2 2

279

S ite X. ECS Ms. 138. Burg is landform: Eldorado Kamic Ridges,
lo ca tio n : T. 26 N ., R. 1 W., Sec. 21,
o f EW.
General Description: Slopes average 5% cn the tqp and s i t e o f a morainal h i l l w ith a
n o stly south asp ect. O s pedon has a 30 an thick t i l l layer; other pedons are sand or
loamy sand, with gravelly strata occurring thrcu^csit th e saip l ed depth.
S o il fa n ily c la s s ific a tio n :
pedcn, A lfic Fragiorthcsds,
sandy, mixed, fr ig id .

T*> pedcns, Entic HapLorthods,sandy, mixed, fr ig id ; one
coarse-lcany, mixed, fr ig id ; are p e t e , Typic Fragiorthod,

D epositicnal envircrment/fearent m aterial:

Outwash sand with ice-ra fted in clu sio n s.

S o il Bedcn Data:
Horizon Dgfth
an
Subplot 1
A
0- 2
2- 4
E
4 - 14
B sl
Bs2
14- 51
Bn
51- 64
Ek
64- 87
a
87-366
C2
366-427

Texture Cs f r EJst BD pH
pH
vo l % q/bc H20 OCH2

TKN

TK
P

<_—

Ga Mg
—-- mg/kg -

K

Bray's P

s
s
Is
s
s
s
Is
s

0.7
2.3
7 .5
7 .6
2.4
9.7
0.9
1.9

1.071
1.449
1.479
1.482
1.700
1.800
1.772
1.802

4.26
4.25
4.72
5.26
6.14
6.40
7.89
8.80

3.36
3.40
4.12
4.39
5.08
5.32
7.71
7.69

2245.8
343.6
202.8
267.2
111.4
155.8
32.2
8.6

202.6
57.0
98.2
141.9
60.8
124.1
52.8
33.2

572
85
21
58
96
130
725
2690

74
15
4
15
24
25
50
74

52.4
14.1
10.9
26.1
28.3
57.8
25.1
13.0

11.48
12.03
20.15
45.44
12.40
12.28
7.63
2.79

Subplot 2
A
0- 3 s
E
3- 6 s
6 - 20 I s
ESI
Bs2
20- 48 s
a
48-307 s
C2
307-450 I s

0.9
0.9
6.7
10.1
1.3
1.5

1.111
1.466
1.438
1.507
1.753
1.800

3.92
4.13
4.54
5.03
6.05
8.18

3.21
3.48
3.97
4.39
5.38
7.55

1964.0
300.4
358.6
197.6
18.6
18.2

153.8
38.9
121.3
90.8
42.0
54.4

178 48
19 7
14
6
4
13
187 43
3510 102

86.8
21.4
20.6
10.5
30.4
23.9

7.99
1.50
19.50
15.81
9.09
1.32

s
s
s
Is
s
s
Is
Is
Is

0.0
2.6
6.3
5.5
3.0
0.6
6.9
0.9
0.8

1.185
1.456
1.436
1.482
1.580
1.572
1.604
1.770
1.799

4.80
4.90
5.30
5.48
5.33
5.82
6.71
6.53
8.51

4.05
4.37
4.34
4.72
4.69
4.91
5.95
5.75
7.65

1485.2
325.6
347.0
288.6
107.0
53.0
53.2
23.0
25.0

179.6
90.0
205.6
163.5
82.1
51.1
37.5
34.6
65.3

685
187
57
105
47
39
173
219
1510

71.4
14.3
14.7
19.7
13.2
9.4
21.7
22.5
21.7

11.76
7.49
56.22
35.77
28.17
19.38
5.03
5.23
2.51

s
s
Is
Is
scl
si
Is
is

0.0
4.2
8.2
7.4
10.4
9.3
1.1
1.3

0.967
1.461
1.449
1.700
1.800
1.618
1.775
1.803

3.56
4.18
4.38
6.51
5.26
7.23
8.36
8.17

3.08
4.01
3.80
6.06
4.16
7.38
7.62
7.59

3067.8
312.6
345.4
208.8
193.8
66.0
13.6
29.2

179.4
37.4
152.5
89.1
64.1
60.7
36.5
52.6

456
35
32
29
363
1085
3020
2560

78 107.0
10
16.6
8
17.7
8 11.7
111
54.5
38.8
125
86
20.9
94
25.5

21.03
9.06
45.32
17.40
2.54
3.48
1.56
5.65

Subplot 3
A
0- 2
E
2- 6
B sl
6- 9
BB2
6 - 40
BC
40- 60
CL
60- 89
C2
89-152
C3
152-290
C4
290-450
Subplot
A
E
Bs
Etn
B/Ex
Bt

a
C2

4
0- 2
2- 7
7 - 25
25- 37
37- 65
65-122
122-351
351-450

88
19
10
13
7
5
34
45
58