The current study emerged from the need to address student behavior issues in town-gown communities and the practical need to know more about off-campus students as central actors in these behaviors. Off-campus students have long been labeled as commuter students because of limited recognition of the known diversity within the commuter population (Dugan, Garland, Jacoby, & Gasiorski, 2008) and an absence of town-gown scholarship focused on college student residents of the local community (Kemp, 2013). The current study sought to remedy the little attention given to off-campus students through the exploration of their sense of belonging to the local community, and in turn, how sense of belonging influenced behavior in the town-gown context. An American college town was the town-gown context chosen for the current study because of its capacity to showcase the unique influence the university has on the character of the town (Gumprecht, 2008). Using a stratified random sampling, the sample (n = 645) was drawn from the population of undergraduate students living off campus in the City of East Lansing, Michigan. Strata were determined based on residential density levels due to an interest in assessing how residential environments of varying densities influenced sense of belonging in off-campus students. The current study utilized sense of belonging and town-gown literature to guide the selection of exogenous and intervening predictor variables relevant in the town-gown context. These predictor variables included demographic characteristics (e.g., age, sex, race, year in school) and density categorization along with intervening variables such as environmental perceptions, social interactions, and behavior participation. Criterion variables included sense of belonging and positive and negative behavior participation. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to determine the extent these demographic and community factors influenced sense of belonging, as well as how sense of belonging influenced participation in positive and negative behaviors in the town-gown context. The study concluded off-campus students were a unique cohort in the student population, warranting future attention from scholars and practitioners. Sense of belonging was not predicted by demographic and density characteristics, but was positively influenced by perceptions of community (e.g., reliability, friendliness) and positive behavior participation (e.g., attending community events, utilizing city services). Number of roommates, semesters lived off-campus, and residential density associated with houses were positive predictors of behavior participation, both positive and negative. Environmental and social relations constructs were positive predictors of both positive and negative behavior participation. Sense of belonging was a positive predictor of positive behavior participation, but was not a predictor of negative behaviors. The discussion offers insights and direction for town-gown administrators tasked with creating policy and practical interventions aimed at supporting off-campus students, while also addressing the unique challenges stemming from student behaviors in the local community.
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