102 488 THS S Q? ‘E‘i‘fifi uZA‘MS ER 3% MEGA 1‘5’ELEKEA 533C but; CENTMi .L’; (,1 a D t l r . 111313133 5'9: (".18 39;: Q a- '. a ’ g. l :‘o 's. - J o 4 -.' t‘ s 1 " ‘ 1Q“ 1; - v- .1 t 1153.5 (.1 "iii," :13; 2V ;‘ 1 ‘ 'J '. . .r-_;x ".5 (a? graft-3.4.. 13313:. 1161391.. \ :a-k .3143." «1 ..“.':r_“;-V i,” Tr ~1- " - ~ u. SSSSSS | IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 1171111!11!11:1211uum1111111111111 3 1293 00079 0901 1,139.4. R Y N35 $1133.11 3:1”1'0 Uz‘zivcz :10; L . THE PARx‘xSITES OF THE CRAYFISH IN THE CE NTRAL MICHIGAN AREA By Donald Francis Blake AN ABSTRACT Submitted to the College of Arts and Sciences Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Sci- ence in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE _ Department of Zoology June, 1959 a] h {ftv'rfi . (1 Ah Andi“! HT proplquus, G. rusticus and Camharas hartoui robustns. The Entocytherinae are ostracods with only one genus, Entncythere, and it is found closely associated with crayiish. Their teeth and leg structure seem well adapted for a parasitic way of life. There is little known information concerning the transfer of the ostracod from host to host. Narshall (1903) Stated that this transfer took place during the tire of copulation, but a lack of host specificity seeas to indicate that this transfer occurs at tines other than just during copulation. Also, the fact that the older crayfish are highly infected while the younger crayiish are rarely infected could be indicative of the fact that the transfer of the ostracod from host to host is a complicated one. The taxonomic characters oi the Branchiobdellidae are very good, and they can be readily identified. In a comparison of Augusta Creek with the Red Cedar River, the branchiobdellids appear to have an affinity for warm water. There has been much discussion as to whether the Entocytherinae and the Branchiobdcllidae are parasitic or free living organisms. Neverthe- less, there seem to be certain morophologieal evidences which would warrant reiering to them as parasites. True, they are not obligatory parasites in the same sense as are the Platyhelminthes and the Sporozoa, yet they might still be classed as at least facultntive parasites. Internal parasites were found in crayfish collected from all of the collecting areas on the Red Cedar River and in one area on Augusta Creek. They were trematodes of the family Allocreadiidae and they can be easily identified by the six oral papillae. These trematodes use the crayfish calong with several other crustaceans and aquatic insects as a second intermediate host. In all of the forms discussed, there were no real indications of host specificity. Host specificity has been reported to occur in the Branchiohdellidae, but my observations Suggest that the distribution of these forms is a case i geographic isolation caused by a physical barri— ’3. er rather than host specif city. ( THE PARASITES OF THE CRAYFISH IN THE CENTRAL MICHIGAN AREA By Donald Francis Blake A THESIS Submitted to the College of Arts and Sciences Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied sci- ence in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MKSTER 0F SC IE NCE Department of Zoology June, 1959 4‘ Wat/“Ki Acknowledgements I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . II. Methods and Materials . . . . . III. Key to the Forms Found . . . . IV. The Allocreadiidae . . . . . . . V. The Entocytherinae . . . . . . VI. The Branchiobdellidae . . . . . VII. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . IX. AppendiXOQOOOOOOOOQQ A C K N 0 W L E D G E M.E N T S . This work was done under the supervision of Drs. T. Wayne Porter and David T. Clark to whom I am great- ly indebted for their encouragement, suggestions, and constructive criticisms. I am also thankful to Dr. M. Max Hensley for critically reading this manuscript and to Dr. Walter F. MDrofsky for much sound advice and the loan of equipment. I would also like to express my gratitude to the other members of the staffs of the departments of Zoology, Microbiology and Public Health, and Fisheries and Wildlife at Michigan State University who aided me in innumerable ways. And last, but in no wise the least, I would like to thank my beloved wife Vera, for her effervescent spring of encouragement and for typing this manuscript. I N T R 0 D U C T I O N While working with the decapod crustaceans in the invertebrate zoology class at Michigan State University, I became quite interested in the fauna which was found living in close association with the crayfish. It was this interest that provided the impetus for this survey. From the time that parasitology became a distinct and definite branch of the sciences, much thought and writing has been given to de- veloping a definition of a parasite. Although many attempts have been made to formulate an accurate definition of a parasite, none of them have been so completely anthropocentric as to be useless, according to Cameron (1956). Still others go so overboard in the other direction that they become either too comprehensive or insufficiently conclusive. Even today definitions of parasitism are given to suit particular needs or areas of study, e.g. physiological, ecological, morphological. To most people, and even to many biologists, a parasite is merely a smaller animal living within or attached to the outside of a larger ani— mal. Smith (1934) Quotes leuckhart as defining parasitism as the finding of food and lodgement by one organism in or on another. Cameron (1956) gives a definition which could be considered a little more conclusive. He defines a parasite to be an organism which in SOne stage of its life cycle requires some vital factor which it can obtain only from another living organism. Rather than a mere condition, parasitism, as interpreted herein, re- presents a complete mode of life and more essentially, a mode of obtain- ing nutrition in which the holozoic type of nutrition is eliminated in part or entirely. Parasitism, in its broadest sense, has become a very specialized way of life. The parasite, in its efforts to most efficiently pursue this very specialized mode of life, has adopted many morphological modi- fications. Many of the modifications have been of types which closely parallel those of free living sessile forms. Most of the forms discussed in this paper are of the type that fall into the ranks of the more debatable, those which might not be considered parasites. Both the branchiobdellids and the entocytherids have been classed as commensals as many times as they have been classed as para- sites. An examination of the tooth structure of both the branchio- bdellids and the entocytherids might be an indication of their parasitic nature. The teeth of these two groups are fitted for rasping and tearing. Therefore the possibility exists that these teeth could be used to rasp off the ends of the gill filaments and allow the parasite to obtain hae- molymph in this manner. After the completion of this survey and some study of the morphology of the animals found living in close association with the crayfish, it seems apparent that the two questionable forms, the Branchiobdellidae and the Entocytherinae are parasitic in nature. This is not to say that they subsist entirely on nutrients obtained from the crayfish, but rather feed intermittently on the body tissues of the host animal. METHODS AND MATERIALS This project was started by collecting crayfish from several areas in the vicinity of the Michigan State University campus and the W. K. Kellogg Biological Station. Several methods of capturing the crayfish were tried, and all but one proved useful. The most successful collect- ing technique was that of the electrical shocker as described by Haskell (1939). In this method a 110 volt AC generator powered by a gasoline engine was used. When the electrode was placed in the water where cray- fish were present, the electrical charge caused the crayfish to approach the electrode. Usually the light colored ventral side was up which ren- dered them very easy to see, and they were collected by scooping them up with a Turtox Indestructible Dip Net and placed in a bucket of water. Another successful method was the use of the seining net. However, the disadvantage to both of the above mentioned methods was that they both required two men and it was not always possible to secure a partner. Most of the crayfish were hand collected with the dip net. Whenever a crayfish was seen on the substrate of a lake or stream, the net was placed behind it, the animal activated, and it would swim into the net. From 15 to 25 specimans could be collected in an hour or so. Trapping was attempted but did not prove very successful although others (Andrews, 1907) had found it to be very effective. Both single and double cone nets baited with fresh pork and beef were tried. These traps were placed in areas that were known to have large populations of crayfish, but only a very few specimans were taken. This may have been due to the fact that "1‘. ,4 a .n r' L- . . , . C _. I _ .4 .i . w 4 o _ I .. . O u ‘ x.” I '1 . / ' _4 \ . v - . 7‘ fl . . i I . . ~ __. . , , a . A a . i .c i a ,, r " ' V a) a. . . f . - ‘ r" “‘ ’\ , - f f r w , . _J ._ _. -. i ‘ , x ‘ - a.» _ (a. ‘ c I ’ ,~ ,.. . _.~ l.——. . I - a yr. . -._ .._4. I a i a. . ‘. . La . N {’- r . ,n a. .. r . _.-..z . r A. - ' I 7‘1 ., - .... k/q . .\ ' . | _, ,. _ - _, r» . V . ”I _ ‘7. \ . A K ‘ ‘ v V r h I _ E c . . n o ' L e, , K - A . v a e ~_ (7’ . ,e I , J . I . .1 l . . .. ‘ a. -- . _ ‘ 4 ,‘ f ._ ) . i. i ' 'r ; a. . these areas had a very abundant supply of natural food. There were three Species of crayfish taken during the survey; Cam- baras bartoni robustus Girard, Orconectes rusticus, and Q, propinquus Girard. 0f the three 9. propingpus was taken in the greatest abundance while 9. bartoni robustus was taken in the smallest numbers. 9. EIOEII- quus was found usually in small streams with clear, swift running water, and also in the larger streams and lakes. 9. bartoni robustus was found in fast moving streams hiding among the rocks, and was usually in the same general areas as was 9. prgpinquus. Q. rusticus was found in the larger streams, and permanent ponds. It was also found in the same areas as was 9, propinquus. “Q. rusticus and 9. bartoni robustus were never taken together. Approximately 140 man hours were spent in the field collecting specimens. Four hundred Specimans were taken of which 132 were examined for parasites.\ The crayfish were brought into the laboratory and kept alive until they were ready to be examined for parasites. Several methods were in- vestigated to determine how to kill the crayfish quickly and yet not dis- turb the parasites in or on the individual. Goodnight (1940) described a method of placing the crayfish in a solution of 85 parts of 85% alcohol, 10 parts of formalin, and 5 parts of glacial acetic acid (AFA), and after a time taking them out and collecting the Branchiobdellidae from the resi- due on the bottom of the container. Hoff (1942a) used a similar method for collecting Entocytherinae but used 95% alcohol instead of AFA, but unless each crayfish was placed in a separate container, all records of host specificity would be lost. In the early stages of this work it be- i .. . . i . _ r , a . ,. . , H o o I. a , — a \ _. 1 C A. n r x, 5 .1 .. . \ . ,4 y i a ., v . w . . ‘ o ‘ _ . . n) t .J .. . a A . , a ,1. V , .m \ r C . . . .— a— C i .x. . .c o ., _ C ., ‘ . _ u . n 1 __ w _ ,A . , r _. , .i J. . J r. . ’_ i v_ x H H , . ,. ._, . y. a . — .. , .. ll. _ _ u _ a J . i a . J m . t‘d I i... came apparent that killing the crayfish in any type of liquid media was not satisfactory because many of the parasitic forms were washed off. Attempts to freeze the specimans were also tried and while this killed the animal rather quickly, the parasites were also killed or their meta- bolic rates were slowed down so much that the movement which was a valu- able aid in finding them was markedly reduced. The method used most dur- ing this research was that of cutting through the cephalothorax immediate- ly posterior to the eyes with a pair of heavy scissors so that the nerve connecting the brain to the posterior part of the nervous system was severed. The animal died quickly and the parasites were not disturbed. The dissected animal was placed in a Petri dish and the internal organs and external parts were examined for parasites. he organs were kept moist with physiological saline solution. When the examination was finished, the animal was removed from the Petri dish and the forms that had been washed off or had drapped off were removed from the dish. All of the forms removed from the crayfish were preserved in vials of AFA. Smears were made of the contents of the gastric mill and the in- testinal tract. The smears were stained with the Jenner - Giemsa method. The metazoan forms were stained with a solution of glacial acetic acid, paracarmine and alcohol. Then the specimans were destained, dehydrated in alcohol series, cleared in xylol, and mounted in permount. Several attempts were made to stain the parasites in borax carmine. This stain penetrated the tissues of the specimans very well, and stained them quite well. However, due to the small size of the specimans and the darkness of the stain, many of the specimans were lost when trying to decant the excess stain. This method of staining was not used owing to this diffi- CUItYo 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. *Key to the Parasites of the Crayfish of the Central Michigan Area. *(Modified from Goodnight - 1940) Form found encysted in a capsule within the body cavity, metacer- Gui-88 With 81X 01°81 papillae..............A110creadiidae (Trematoda) Form DOC found enCYSted in a capsule................................2 BOdy‘ COVGIEd With a bi-valved 81181100000000...oooooooooEntocytherj-nae Body not covered with bi-valved shell;.};.,.,.....,.................3 Body with appendages on trunk segments II-VIII (see fig. 2).......... ooooooooooooooooooooooooooocooooooooooooooPterOdrilus diSCiChUS Moore BOdy without appendages (see fig. 3)....00000...ooooooooooooooooooool} Accessory sperm duct present; head much wider than anterior body seg- ments (see fig 1)..ooooooooo00000000000000.0000...00000000000000.0005 Accessory sperm duct absent; width of head approximately same as an- terior bOdy segmentS................................................9 Upper 11p (Ii-VidEdOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCCO000......6 Upper lip entire except for small median emargination...............7 Major annulations of body segments distinctly elevated over minor an- nulations; lower jaw with several median and lateral denticles....... ......................................Qamharincgla‘chirgcephala Ellis Major annulations of body segments not distinctly elevated over minor annulations; lower jaw with several minute denticles on each side.... OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.000000000000000000W Rhiladelphia(1eidY) Major annulation of body segment VIII distinctly elevated over minor annulation (see fig. l)...............Cambarincola elevata Goodnight. Major annulation of body segment VIII not distinctly elevated over minor mnulation...OOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.0....0.00.00.00.00...0.00.00.0008 Upper jaw with 5 teeth; middle tooth is very long and prominent (see fig. 4).................................Cambarincola macrodont_a_ E1113 ~— — r, - r . Q - - -— , I . _J . 7 i it i . . _ , , ,. , . e f g , - _. J _ _l A s . . r 7 ~ a . — v . AK ----n r} z s so D . on o . no - ~a __., , - -7 a, ,).A d . ~a r- I l PQOOQODCQIC‘QIIto-IOCTICCCCCCDCD ' - .~ - . _ L -. ’ f ,5 ' - _- , 1.". . f n -. u < o 0 ca 9 o n o n as n o . o o a or a a __ - ,_. - ‘ ‘ - - r ( * OOQOOQIIO'AOQO‘. .'.,......,... . _ a . _ ' , u ("v ‘ v .I- L A 0.00.0.9! - ‘ .- . . . - _ It ‘ r' - 7 v r ‘l . . .. .. . v a no... on so an no 0 o no. a v - u 0 one. .- o.- I I no .0 lo I . _ _ . ' l 0.. I .Q. .0. I O. I O I I. Q. 0... I... O O I. Q .7 ‘ l .. ‘7 if _ - ‘ ‘ ' - - I '- ' v I. r l ‘ ‘s _ —— 4 ‘ .t. .4 _ i . . '. coon-anon:on09009-9040.90.9.0...noon-unvo-q-oo-oaco .i 1 4 . -.—. . ‘ - , . . i q . ,rr . . , ." « o , J , . . L _. '- i5 . __ i . . .t » a . . ‘ , f . coo-nacoo-aoIvonoloooonoooonoa-oacguano-o-ooooan ,i -4 J ,» a- . ODOOOOO‘OIIIO.9-Q0......DIG-VIOOIDOOOIIIQOQIOIOOI0v .7 . in. . - -. x H .— - , . . - ' can-uncoooatncr "-— z . » ‘ J ,J ‘ 4. u. w , _ ‘ ' _ '_ . , .,. . . r ‘ .I ' . . _. e , ! .‘_~ A, - vi 1 m. __l r \ h... a. ’ \ l I ' '~ —» -. - . ~ - . £ ‘ 0. II .I , —-4 ' - U I‘ . -_ A. _r . V -m '.. . . ‘ I ' r -. o _ , — - -‘ n" — >7 - ,, -‘ OIOOOIOOOOIOOOIOOIIIIOQOOOOOOIOIOIOIIO ~ . . r- m ' I y ‘ ' 1| I I " --. ' —- . . A 4U i i 1» --. ..... - ' J a .4 _i -. a '. ‘ > u I . e - - . ~. -, - u (- 'fi ' ‘ ‘ con J 7 _ ‘ J . .. .1 a _. . w . _ .- a. ,_ i, \ i .s —- , . \ ‘ ~ ,. ~ M '7» ~ ' ‘ _n I o o o o o t o o I o p s o o l o a I- a a I a 9 o o o o I o o n D n o I I - - . r ’ ’ < r. ‘ . I ' ' ‘ . i . 4 v - ' H ..;,,\_‘ ' - .4 -- -7 /—~ A a A - . my > v o I p on. I o .0. I O. O O , / r ~ —~ . ‘ . . - ~ . ,_ \ a ' - '44, / __.; —4<- ,— fi. 7. .. —4 - 4 J I ‘~ .— J > ' 0.39.1...OCII0C0000-DonooocofiqIOICIOIl-A-‘IOUDIOOOOO-‘ » ~ AJ ‘ - r ,. , ' .‘ , . . -; I _ ‘ a ‘ ,._ a | i -i—d .4 .. .4 —. I ' \ Ioonva0.09.Dov-.Q-onnananQ-gponnv\ of, 9. 8 Upper jaw with 5 teeth; middle tooth is only slightly longer than the other 4 (see fig. 5)........................Cambarincola vitrea Ellis With 4 - 6 teeth in the upper jaw; middle tooth of upper jaw longest if teeth are odd in number, and middle pair longest if teeth are even in number (see fig. 6)....................§irono§rilu§_fgrmgsug Ellis THE ALLOCREADIIDAE The Allocreadiidae of the order Digenea is a very interesting family of trematodes identified by their oral papillae. These papillae are pro— jections of the oral sucker and there are six of them. These papillae are made up of strong muscle fibers that are continuous with the sucker wall. Four of the papillae arise from the dorsal wall of the sucker while the other two project laterally from the sucker near the ventral surface. Little work has been done on the life cycles of the Allocreadiidae, therefore identification to genus of the immature forms is nearly impos- sible. As do many other digenetic trematodes, the Allocreadiidae have two intermediate hosts. The adult allocreadiids are found mostly in fish. The first intermediate host is usually a snail, and the second in- termediate host varies widely among the Crustacea and the Insecta. Some of the crustacean intermediate hosts are the crayfish, sends and fresh water shrimps. Certain aquatic insects are also known to serve as inter- mediate hosts. There are some species of the allocreadiids that use members of the Mollusca families Unionidae and Sphaeriidae as the second- ary intermediate host. Those metacercariae that parasitize the crayfish for the second in- termediate host in this area were found encysted in the body tissues in the cephalothorax. They were found mostly in the digestive gland in the males and in the ovarian masses in the females. The females of crayfish had a greater number of cysts than did the males. These metacercariae were found encapsulated in a small spherical cyst. The outer covering of the 10 cyst was brown and tough. It appeared somewhat like sclerotized protein or some similar substance. Within this tough outer covering was a thin, clear membrane which encased the parasite. For the most part, the meta- cercariae were encysted singly, but there were several cases of two in a capsule, and two or three examples of three metacercariae in one capsule. In most sites, the infection of the crayfish with these metacercariae was rather light, approximately 35% with one or two cysts in each of the infected animals. In contrast, the Red Cedar River presented a much different situation. of those collected from this body of water almost every crayfish, approximately 97%, was infected. The males averaged five cysts while the females averaged eleven cysts. In Augusta Creek, a very puzzling, but interesting situation was found. There were three areas in the creek from which crayfish were collected. Site 1 was under a bridge at 43rd Street and B Avenue (NW k of the NW % of Section 10, Range 9w, Tier IS); site 2 was near the bridge at 43rd Street and C Avenue (SE % of the SW % of Section 10, Range 9w, Tier IS); and site 3 was in the w. K. Kellogg Forest (NW % of the SW % of Section 22, Range 9w, Tier 13) (see map in Appendix). The allocrea- diids were not found in the crayfish taken from any area collected except at site 2 which is located about halfway between the other two locations. One possible explanation of this distribution could be the fact that the stream is artificially stocked with trout for fishing and stocking is done from the bridge located at site 2. Thus trematodes may be intro- duced from snails that were taken from the hatchery ponds along with fish. 11 MOST AND LOCALITY DATA ALLOCRFADIIDPE Kalamazoo 23.: (Q. propinquus) Augusta Creek at C Avenue and 3rd Street, 7 July - 18 August, 1958. (9. 52251922) Augusta Creek at C Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 18 August, 1953. (il§2;11§1£fi§ barf-op}: onlufltlfi) Augusta Creek at C Avenue and Min] Street, 7 July - 18 August, 1958. lflihflfl.£3°: (i. propinquus) Red Cedar River at Zimmer Road, 1 Octo- ber - 15 November, 1958; Dobie Road, 1 October, 1958; ESE Campus, 1 October - 15 November, 1958. (Q. rusticus) Red Cedar River at Zimmer Road, 1 October - 15 November, 1958; Dobie Road, 1 October - 15 November, 1958. I‘ 1’) Ti ”5 EIN'I.‘UC.\"1‘££ER I RAE The Ostracoda are small bi-valved crustaceans which appear to the naked eye as a small seed, but with the aid of low magnification resem- ble minute clams. The small, rather interesting animals are difficult to identify since their shells are Opaque and proper identification re- quires some microdissection. The exact number of species occuring in the United States is not known. Each tine an investigator makes a new survey of some state or area, several new species are described. The subfamily Entocytherinae has but one genus reported from the United States, and it is always associated with crayfish. According to Hoff (1942a), species of the closely related genus Sphaeromicola de- scribed from EurOpe are believed to live in a definite coanensalistic re- lationship with 3032 isopods and amphipods. he further states that the relationship between the American forms and the crayfish has not been de- finitely established. Marshall (1903) described the entocytherids as being definitely parasitic and he based his statement on the grounds that the homogenous food masses found in the intestine of the ostracod were blood. The same type of food masses, however, have been found in the in- testines of the truly free living ostracods (Hoff, 1942a). Klie (1931) found Entocythere donnnldsonensis living unassociated with crayfish. Furthermore, certain structural adaptations (mouthparts, teeth, long exopodite on second antenna, all legs morphologically similar) found in this species are not found in a true rec-living form. A ceisideration of the mouthparts of the entocytherids would indicate that while they are 13 adapted for straining out particulate organic matter from the water, they can also be readily used for rasping off epidermal tissue as well as for the ingestion of mucus from the gills of the host crayfish. hoff (1942a) states that while he is inclined to believe that these ostracods are for the most part commensals, there exists the possibility that they are facu- lative parasites. Another problem existing in the relationship between the ostracod and the crayfish and one which needs more research is the method of transfer of parasite from host to host. Marshall (1903) stated that the transfer occurred during the copulation of the crayfish or when an ostracod leaves a host for some reason to find another host. Hoff (1942a) supported this idea by stating that the dark sheltered places in which the crayfish hide are well suited for the transfer of an ostracod from one crayfish to another while the crayfish are copulating. Nevertheless, the lack of host Specificity is some indication that the transfer of parasite from host to host occurs at times other than during the period of copulation. If the transfer occurred during copulation only, then there would be a greater diSplay of host Specificity. Also, there are some indications which tend to Show that the transfer of the ostracod from one crayfish to another crayfish is complicated. Older crayfish which melted very infre- quently were highly infected, the younger crayfish which molted repeated- 1y were rarely infected. Since they are found only on crayfish, the distribution of the Ento- cytherinae is solely dependent upon the distribution of the crayfish. 14 HOST ALI) IMGALITY 1')A'I'A E ,-, topythe ri nae Eiljfffioo 60.: (fl. Digningygfi) Augusta Creek at B Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 18 August, 1958; C Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July — 18 August, 1958; Kellogg Forest, 7 July - 18 Aug‘st, 1958. Gull Lake, 15 July - 7 August, 1953. (2, Eypticus) Augusta Creek at B Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 18 August, 1958; C Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 18 August, 1953; Kellogg Forest, 7 July - 18 August, 1953. (g. bartoni robustus} Augusta Creek at B Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 I July ~ 18 August, 1953; C Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 13 August 1958; Kellogg Forest, 7 July - 18 August, 1958. Injhnm 00.: (U. proninquus) Red Cedar River at Zimmer Road, 1 Octo- ber - 15 November, 1958; Dobie Road 1 October - 15 November, 1958; MSU Campus 1 October - 15 November, 1958. (9. rusticus) Red Cedar River at Ziunnr'Road 1 October - 15 Novem- ber, 1958; Dobie Road 1 October - 15 November 1958; MSU Campus 1 October - 15 November, 1958. 15 THE BR; NCHIUEZDLLLIDA The Branchiohdellidae are unique in structure and habits and they are closely allied to the hirudinea. They are so closely allied to the leeches that they were considered to be a family in this class until their definite oligochaete characteristics were established about 1912. Accord- ing to Pennak (1953), the Branchiohdellidae form a morphological link connecting the typical Uligochaeta and the iirudinea. The Branchiohdellidae have body lengths that range from 1 mm. to 12 mm. The body consists of a head, trunk, and a highly muscular caudal sucker. The head is cylindrically shaped, and it may or may not be lobed. The trunk is posterior to the head and it contains eleven true segments. This region has many shapes in the different species and in some cases even genera can be identified on the basis of the shape of the trunk alone. The presence of sulci on the segments make the appearance of eleven true segments hard to define. Many of the segments are divided with a transverse sulcus and this gives the appearance of two rather than one sebuent. At tim*s the last three segments are indistinct and hard to define, and are somewhat fused into the base of the caudal sucker. Some forms have dorsal appendages found on the segments of the trunk. These appendages usually consist of round fleshy protruherances having ridges of transverse muscle fibers attached to them. The excretory system of the Branchiobdellidae consists of two pairs of nephridia, the anterior pair being located in segment III and the pos— terior pair located in segment VIII. 0 In the reproductive system, sore forws have one pair of testes and some have two pairs. Those with the single pair have them located in seg- ment V and those with the two pairs have them located in segment V and Vi. The sperm duct usually opens on the ventral midline of segment V and if there is a male genital pore present, it is located on the Ventral midline of segment VI. The female organs consist of a pair of ovaries located in segment VII. There are two Ventrally located fuvale genital pores. There are several good taxonomic characters in the Branchiobdellidae that are used in the preparation of the key. They are the shape of the trunk, the presence or alsence of a male genital pore, dorsal appendages, position of the caudal sucker, the number of testes, and the shape and arrangement of the jaw teeth. 7 I The distribution of the Branchiobdellidae is wholly depcnteut on the C distribution of crayiish and they have been reported from all regions where crayfish have been found. There were certain factors noted which indicate that there might be a possible correlation between the water H- temperature and the mother of branchiobdell d3 present. In Augusta Creek, a trout stream in Kalamazoo County, these forms were somewhat sparcc. 1 This stream runs crystal clear, and during the time that crayf'sh were collected, the stream had an average tcnpcrature of 53 degrees Farenheit. Likewise Gull Lake, also in Kalamazoo County, is clear but with a some- what higher average temperature, 59 degcees F. to 61 degrees F. The collecting was done during the months of July and August. The number of branchiobdellids collected from the crayfish taken in these two bodies of water were very small in couparison to the number taken in other {W 17 areas, and they were usually found under the branchiostegites. The branchiobdellids taken from the external surface were usually found on the ventral side of the cephalothorax between the appendages. In the Red Cedar River in Ingham Co. large numbers of branchio- bdellids were found on the outside of the body as well as under the branchiostegites. Several crayfish were almost completely covered with the branchiobdellids. The crayfish taken from this river were caught during the months of October and November and the average temperature of the stream was 68 degrees F. to 70 degrees F. A review of the literature indicates that some study has been given to the possibilities of host Specificity. Except for the fact that those found in the United States on the western crayfish éfiEflEEfi have not been found on the eastern forms Cambaras, Precambaras, and Orconectes and visa versa, there has been no evidence of host specificity. The possibility exists that this one case of host specificity develops as the result of geographical isolation caused by a physical barrier which prevents the crayfish from expanding the range. Accordingly, the parasites would also be limited in their distribution. 18 III'FST AZID LOCALITY DATA Cambarineola chiroeoghala [flifl§§§39.§23: (9. Riflfliflflflflfi) Augusta Creek at B Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 13 August, 1958; C Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 18 August, 1955; Kellogg Forest, 7 July - 18 August, 1958. (Q. rusticus) Augusta Creek at B Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 18 August 1958; C Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 18 August, 1958; Kellogg Forest, 7 July - 13 August, 1958. (Bauharas bartoni robustus) Augusta Creek at B Avenue and 43rd Street " 7 July - 18 August, 1958; C Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - lo August, 1958. Ingham Co.: (0. tropinqurs) Red Cedar River at Eisner Road, 1 October - m 15 November 1958; Dobie Road, 1 October - 15 November, 1958. (O. rusticus) Red Cedar River at Zinmmr Road, 1 October — 15 Novem- ber, 1958; Dobie Road, 1 October - 15 November, 1958. Canbariucola philaflelwhica A— L Iuahnm 80.: (u. grupiujuus Red Cedar River at Zimmer Road, 1 October - 15 November 1‘58; Dohie Road, 1 October — 15 November, 1958. Csybarincola elevata Kalamazoo 00.: (Q. propinuuus) Augusta Creek at B Avenue and 43rd —--—-——— ,‘ h. Street, 7 July - 13 August 1950; C Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 13 August 1958; Kellogg Forest, 7 July - 18 August, 1958. Gull Lake, 15 July - 7 August, 1938. 19 (Q. rusticus) Augusta Creek at 8 Avenue and 41rd Street, 7 July - 18 August 1958; C Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 13 August 1958; Kellogg Forest, 7 July - 18 August, 1958. (Cambarus bartnni robustus) Augusta Creek at 8 Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 18 August, 1958; C Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 18 August, 1958; Kellogg Forest, 7 July — 18 August, 1958. luiham 22.: (Q. HERBEBEHHE) Red Cedar River at Ziummr Road, 1 Octo- ber - 15 November, 1958; Dobie Road, 1 October - 15 November, 1958; MSU Campus, 1 October - 15 November, 1958. (Q. Egstigus) Red Cedar River at Zimmer Road, 1 October - 15 Novem- ber, 1958; Dobie Road 1 October - 15 fiovember, 1958; MSU CaLpus, 1 October -‘15 November, 1958. Catharincola macrodouta n lialmiazoo Co.: (0. propinquus) Augusta Creek at B Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 18 August, 1953; C Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July — 18 August, 1958; Kellogg Forest, 7 July - 13 August, 1958. Gull Lake, 15 July - 7 August, 1958. (Q. Egsticus) Augusta Creek at B Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 18 August, 1958; C Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 13 August, 1958; Kellogg Forest, 7 July - 18 August, 1958. (Cambaras bartoni robustus) Augusta Creek at B Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 18 August, 1958; C Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 18 August, 1958; Kellogg Forest, 7 July - 18 August, 1958. Inqham C0,: (2. propinquus) Red Cedar River at Zinnwr Road, 1 Octo- ber - 15 November, 1958; Dobie Road, 1 October - 15 dovember, 1958; ."Q KSU Campus, 1 October - 15 November, 195o. r: \r' n 4“ x 20 (0. rusticus) Red Cedar River at Zlmmer Road, 1 October - 15 doveu- ber, 1958; Dobie Road, 1 Octouer - 15 dovember, 1958; HSU Campus, ~ 1 October - 15 November, 195?. anbarincola vitrea Kalamazoo 00.: (O. yroriuquus) Augusta Creek at B Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 13 August, 1958; C Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 18 August, 1953. (Jarturas bartOui ruhustus Augusta Creek at B Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - 18 August, 1958; C Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July — 13 August,1958. Inzhnm Co.: (u. propiuqyus) Red Cedar River at Ziruer Road, 1 Octow 1}, I; t” ber - 15 Eavemher, 1-56; Dobie Road, 1 October - 15 Novemher, 1958; MSJ CaLpus, 1 October - 15 November, 1353. (Q. rusticus) Red Cedar River at Zimmer Road, 1 October - 15 Novem- ber, 1958; Dobie Road, 1 October - 15 floveuher, 1953. X 113011061'1 lus foammsu s EalanaZJO Co.: (U. Bropiuauus) Au usta Creek at C Avenue and 43rd ‘(3 Street, 7 July - 13 August, 1958; Kellorq Forest, 7 July - 18 Or“, I“ August, 195a. (O. rusticus) Augusta Creek at C Avenue and 43rd Street, 7 July - --.. . — 18 August, 1953; Kello~~ Forest, 7 July — 13 August, 1958. \_";) 1 (Cerberus bartoni rofivstus) Augusta Creeu at C Avenue and 435d Street, 7 Jul‘ - 13 August, 1953. Ingham Co.: (0. Bfoprnenus) Red Cedar River at Zimmer Road, 1 Octo— _-_ __.11 ber - 15 NOVULbcr, 1958; Dobie Rose, 1 Octoler - 15 N vember, 1958. 21 ((_‘_. rustlcrs) Flt-d Cedar R ivcr at Zimucr Road, 1 October - 15 Novem- ber, 1958; Dobie Road, 1 October - 15 November, 1916. Ptetodrilus d7stichus Inghmzz (30.: (g. 1’1‘*)1=.1!1‘:!l’-S) Red Cedar River at Dobie Road, 1 Octo- ber - 15 November, 1958. k) I ‘J S U M M A R Y 1. While the true nature of the relationships between the crayfish and the Allocreadiidue and the Entocytherinae is in doubt there appears to be some indications of their parasitic nature. 2. The metacercariae of the Allocreadiidue parasitize the crayfish in great numbers in some bodies of water. 3. There were two genera and three species of crayfish collected during this survey. 4. ”here were three genera and seven Species of Branchiobdellidae collected. 5. There were numerous specimens of the ostracod genus Entoeythere spp. and the trematode family Allocreadiidae collected. 6. Little if any host specificity was noted in any of the parasitic forms. 7. iaps of the collecting areas, as well as an illustrated key to the forms identified are presented. B I B L I 0 G R A P H Y Andrews, E. A. 1907. "The Young of the Crayfishes of Astscus and Cnmharns." Smith- sonian Contributions to knowledge 33: 1-79. Cameron, howns W. 1956. Parasites and Parasitism. 322 pp. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York. Chandler, Asa C. 1935. Introductory Parasitology with Special References to the Para- sites of Mon. 9th Ed. 880 pp. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York. Furtos, E. C. 1933. "The Ostracoda of Uhio." Bull. Uhio Biol. Sur. 32: 413 - 42",; . Goodnight, Clarence J. 1940. "The Branchiohdellidne (Oligochaeta) of North American Cray- fiSll.?S." 111.. 131101. 110110. 1:]: 1 " 7E). Haskell, David C. 1939. "An Electrical Kethod of Collecting Fish." Trans. Aner. Fish. Soc. 59: 210 - 215. huff. C. Clayton 1942. ”The Ustracods of Illinois." Univ. of 111. Biol. Mono. 19: 1 "' 1(3)"). 19éfla. "lie Suhfamily Entocytherinne, a new subfamily of fresh water cytherid Ustracoda, with descriptions of two new species of the genus Entocythere." Am. Midi. hat. 27: 63 - 73. ------------”- 19443. "New American Soec es of the Ostracod Genus Entocythere." Am. 1 i Niel. Nat. 32: 347 - 35 . Hopkins, SeWcll H. 1934. "The Papillose Allocreadiidae." Ill. Biol. }bno. 13: 1 - 80. Klie, w. 1931. "Campagne Speologique de C. Bolivar et R. Jeannel dnns L' Amerique du Herd (1928 . 3 Crus 365$ Ustracodes." Arch. 2001. exp. gen. Zli. 333 - 34k. I o u - t‘ o u . - o a v v u ., -, .. u 0 I ~———-———‘-—-s-—- —__-g——--—.—«_-—.—— Lal’n-‘jn , (I. 1331. Parasitic Animals. 350 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cam- br 1'. (1.5:: . Marshall, William S. 1903 "Fwtovv'hurw cunh"‘ia (vov '3' Jt nov ‘ulr ) o ..1 gs. -L I «LL. 1 o {J‘wl‘o € ’0 15“..-. , a parasitic Ustr.cod.” Trans. Wis, Acad. of Sci. 14: 117 - 4%. Sars, G. 0. 1520. "Fresh hater Ustracods from Canada and Alaska." Report Cana- dian Artie Exp. 1913-1918, 22;; 1 - 22. Smith, Theobald. 1934. Parnsitism and Disease. 196 pp. Princeton University Press, Princeton, Sew Jersey. (fidtun, Ilu;n!ncz P. 1953. Fundarentals of Ecology. 332 pp. w. B. Saunders Co., Phila- delphia. Pennak, Robert w. 1953. Fresh Water Invertebrates of the United States. 770 pp. Ronald Press 00., New York. Williams , Austin B. 954. "Speciation and Distribution of the Crayfishes of the Ozark Plateaus and the Ouachita Provinces." Univ. of Ran. Sol. Bull. 33: 303 - 918. APPENDIX "J LIST OF AFPENDIXZS Iliustrutiunz; for the imy of ‘Uw ilifzmci'lioiu'elilituu. Composite list of the crayfish and the parasites C011t.‘CL("do CVK21W)S:.t;E CIJITIZ sizoyviin; [Axe dixutzLitzxtiAJn ()E tin: czrx CDNEICDKGJ cnfly cum? mrfiowumwv maawuvopmum mamofiuow CDX CDX CDX CDKG) MSHHHVOCOHHN xa; x69 (3% mmuuw> CDN (38 «Hoocwpmpfimo “Mqammmmwta «Hoocwumnfimo CDKB CDX CDK CDK mum>mflm «Hoocwumpfimu C>K9 CDKB CDXB CDXE CDX c>x c>x c338! cowsmAmcmHHAm mHOUCwumnEmo 1MMdam000pw£o mHOOCAumnEmo CDX CDX CDN muwmmumm cu CDKG) F4 CDNG) aegumum NM¢A mm>Hm mdamo 9mm MNHMO