w M W (H WWI I h. — — — — Z: _ : — g :— — : THE EFFZZ‘T" OF. A C"! " W F5174: 33H ACC FRASER l'\‘ 1-1:“ I“. .L“ “ |~itJFL§ L11 ‘v.:|\l v ‘izj w: x 1" ~ m :‘,""zr'\:“ 15‘: F313: FF F3 U ‘ véiglgdj WC? } 1% {WM “Y :13 TE 3.} Pi i‘FERSE'FY EUANE 3373231" AHLFQ; F5Agfil AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA \\\\\FF\\\\\\\ FFF‘FFF F F ES FF FFFF FF FFF FFFFFFFFFFF 1Q /HF;7,O VJ 4 1 ":3 3 i . «- 9' PM; i LIBRARY gig}. I Stat: University ABSTRACT THE EFFECTS OF A COLD HIP BATH ON ACCURACY IN BASKETBALL SHOOTING by Duane Conrad Milne The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a cold hip bath on the accuracy of basketball shooting. It was hypothesized that since a cold hip bath had been shown to have beneficial effects upon depth perception, there would be sufficient improvement to affect accuracy in basketball shooting. Fifteen college males with basketball backgrounds were used as subjects. All shots were taken one-handed, and directly from the side of the basket at a distance of 15 feet 7 inches, so that the backboard could not be used as a means of Judging distance. The study was designed to have each subject shoot three times to complete a series. A series was made up of one free control day, one bath or experimental day, and one placebo control day (dextrose capsule announced as a potent drug). On any one particular day the subject would shoot 75 times, take a 15-20 minute break during which he would either take a hip bath, a placebo, or,a free rest. A second series of 75 shots were then taken and the Duane Conrad Milne difference calculated in per cent gained or lost. A total of 60 free control days, 60 experimental hip bath days, and 60 placebo control days were recorded. Mean values and their standard deviations re- spectively for the averaged scores were: free control 2.28% t 3.82; experimental bath 5.53% i 6.68; and the placebo control 3.68% i 5.05. A one-way fixed-effects model of the analysis of variance detected no significant differences between the control day, the hip bath day, and the placebo day at the .05 level. A two—way mixed-model analysis of variance de- tected no significant differences between the three groups at the .05 level but did detect a significant difference among the subjects at the .05 level which was expected with men ranging in basketball skill from average to expert. The power of the F-test on the one-way fixed—effects method was calculated to lie outside the .10 level and the outcome may then be placed in the reserve judgment region. If there is improvement in depth perception due to the cold hip bath as reported in the literature, the pre- sent study would indicate that any such improvement cannot be demonstrated in improvement of accuracy of basketball shooting within the limitations of this study. THE EFFECTS OF A COLD HIP BATH ON ACCURACY IN BASKETBALL SHOOTING By Duane Conrad Milne A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation 1967 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer would like to sincerely thank Dr. H. Steinhaus for his invaluable guidance and deep interest in this study. The assistance of my colleague, Jean Claude Brisson, in data collecting and the many subjects who gave con— siderable time in the performance of the tests is greatly appreciated. I am deeply indebted to my loving wife, Mary, whose sacrifice and encouragement inspired my accomplishment. I sincerely thank my parents whose assistance made everything possible. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . ii LIST OF APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . iv Chapter I. INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . 1- Limitations of the Study. . . . . . 2‘ II. RELATED LITERATURE. . . . . . . . 3 III. RESEARCH METHODS . . . . . . . . . 6 Experimental Design . . . . . . 6 Statistical Treatment of Data 8 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . 10 Results . . . . . . . . 10 Discussion of the Results . . . . . 11 V. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . 13 Summary . . . . . . . . . . 13 Recommendations. . . . . . . . . 1A LITERATURE CITED. . . . . . . . . . . . l6 APPENDICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 iii LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A. Changes in Shooting Performances of 15 Subjects Expressed as the Average Percent Difference of the After Test Over the Before Test in all Series Performed by Each Subject . . . B. Changes in Shooting Performance of 15 Subjects in a Total of 60 Series Expressed as Percent Difference of After Test Over Before Test . . . C. Howard-Dollman Peg Test for Depth Per- ception Improvement of After Test Over Before Test Expressed in Millimeters iv Page 20 22 . 2A CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Kneipp therapy* has been used for many years in Germany as a form of hydrotherapy for physical ailments as well as a conditioner for factory workers to postpone fatigue. The German Luftwaffe used the cold hip bath during training of their air crews for improved perfor- mance during World War II. Steinhaus and Kelso (10) reported the first study in the United States in 1943 on the effects of the cold hip bath. They found a temporary improvement in visual acuity, depth perception (stereopsis), visual efficiency, lateral eye muscle balance, critical fusion frequency, as well as improved psychomotor functions. Shooting directly from the side of the basket has always been, percentage wise, one of the most difficult shots in basketball. This shot requires a keen depth perception. Rarely does the ball go in after hitting the rim. Shots that are taken from nearer the front of the basket have the advantage of gaining assistance from the backboard if the shot is too long, as well as giving * Kneipp therapy--a cold water therapy developed by German monk, Sebestian Kneipp. l assistance in depth perception. Most players shooting from the side of the low percentage of successes and often around the center shot. Since depth perception had been porarily improved by a cold hip bath, coaches frown on their basket because of the fashion their offense shown to be tem- this study's re— search hypothesis was to determine whether there was sufficient improvement in depth perception and other visual functions to affect the accuracy of this difficult side shot in basketball. Limitations of the Study 1. Many factors will affect accuracy in basketball shooting such as strength, skill, motivation, mood, background noise, etc. 2. Time and facilities in this study did not permit measurement of the lasting effects of the hip bath over a period of 2-3 hours as was done by Steinhaus et al. (10,11). 3. The study was not conducted under game conditions which would have a tremendous effect. CHAPTER II RELATED LITERATURE No previous studies of the relationship of the ef- fects of a cold hip bath on the accuracy of basketball shooting were discovered. The original study of the effects of the cold hip bath by Steinhaus and Kelso (10) which has already been cited, found a temporary improvement in visual acuity, depth perception (stereosis), lateral eye muscle balance, critical fusion frequency, tapping rate, and 'eye to leg muscle' reaction times. Their data recorded improvements noted over a span of 2 1/2 hours but were also able to show an improvement lasting up to six hours if no meal was taken during this time. Steinhaus and Wendhut (ll) reported in a later study that the cold hip bath slowed the resting pulse rate in reclining and in standing positions, increased the differ- ences between the systolic pressure in reclining and in standing, and reduced the increase in the pulse rate that normally occurs when a reclining person assumes the stand- ing position. An increase in visual efficiency was demon- strated in performance on a driving test in subdued light. Happ, Tuttle and Wilson (4) found that when cold ice packs were applied to the abdomen there was facili- tated recovery from strenuous work, a decrease in basal metabolic rate, the amount of oxygen required to perform a given amount of moderate work was decreased, an in- crease both in resting diastolic and venous blood pres- sures, and a decrease in the resting and recovery pulse rates. Rosen (8) applied a cold abdominal spray in which the temperature of the water, 709 F., was gradually lowered in five minutes to approximately 45° F. and maintained for five minutes. He found that the average time for the 16 subjects was faster for the second 400 yd. race on the day when a 10 minute cold abdominal spray was applied than for the second A40 yd. race on the non-spray day. In some in- stances it was found that the average fall off in time for a second HAO yd. race was less after a cold abdominal spray was applied between races than when a cold spray was not used between races. Sills and O'Riley (9) found that physical performance as measured by spot running was improved more by cold spray applications where the water was applied to the abdomen for 8 minutes at a temperature between AA—A8° F., than by either rest or exercise. The cold applications were also found to be more effective for the recovery of fatigue than either the rest or the exercise period. Robbins (7) using over-all cold shower baths on high school students found a body temperature drop, a decrease in heart beat, a slight decrease in diastolic blood pres- sure, and a slight increase in grip strength and systolic pressure. Muido (6) found that cold over-all shower baths had detrimental effects upon swimming times (decrease of 3.6% to 6.3%) over times on control days. He felt that this was due to a decrease in body blood temperature. Michael (5) studying the effects of cold over-all showers (60° F. for 2 minutes) on circulation of con- ditioned and non-conditioned men, found that the con- ditioned group had lower systolic blood pressures after the cold showers, and in both groups the pulse rates de- creased with more significance in the conditioned group. Grose (3) found that immersion of the forearm in cold water 10° F. for 10 minutes decreased the initial strength 11 per cent without altering the observed fatigue level. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a cold hip bath on the accuracy of basketball shooting. It was hypothesized that since a cold hip bath had been shown to have beneficial effects upon depth perception, there would be sufficient improvement to affect accuracy in basketball shooting. Experimental Design Fifteen male college students ranging in age from 18 to 25 with a good basketball background served as subjects. Each subject shot at least one series (a series includes one free control day, one experimental day, and one placebo control day), while four of the subjects shot the series as many as seven times. Each subject shot 75 times and immediately after a 15 minute interval would shoot another set of 75 shots. All shots were taken directly to the side of the basket (right handed shooters from the left side and the one left handed shooter from the right side) at a set distance of 15 feet 7 inches. During the 15 minute interval the subjects would either rest (free control day), take a cold hip bath (experimental day), or take a placebo (control day). The subjects were not informed before their initial shooting as to what treatment they would receive during the interval. A complete randomization of assignment of subjects to the order of the three treatments was carried out. On the free control day the subjects rested for 15 minutes during the interval. On the experimental days the cold hip bath was self- administered as described by Steinhaus (10). The subject would sit on one chair, hips and knees sharply flexed and feet resting on a second chair. In this position the sub- ject would adjust the temperature of the water with his right hand while his left hand directed the water spray from a flexible rubber hose connected to the shower head. The water would be directed slowly back and forth from the side of one hip across the lower abdomen to the other side. Starting with body temperature, the water was gradually made warmer in 3 minutes to the point of maximum endurance with comfort. Then the water temperature was gradually decreased in A minutes to the point of tap coldness and then maintained at this temperature for 5 minutes. All subjects followed the same procedure with the total bath time being 12 minutes. The temperature extremes of the water for each subject was between 6A°-116°F, On the placebo control day a gelatin capsule con- taining 8 grains of dextrose was administered to each sub— ject during the interval. The subjects were informed at the time that the effects of the drug on accuracy in basketball shooting would be recorded as well. The difference in the number of successes between the before and after sets of shots was expressed in per- cent of the before set; A total of 60 free control days, 60 experimental days, and 60 placebo control days were taken from the 15 subjects. EL Each subject was administered the Howard—Dollman Peg Test in order to measure his depth perception. The subject would sit on the gym floor ten feet from the test— Bi ing apparatus which was at eye level on the table. Light- ing conditions were held constant. By pulling two strings he would attempt to align two pegs in the apparatus. His error in recording absolute alignment was recorded in millimeters for ten trials and the average taken. This was done before the first set of shots and immediately be- fore the second set of shots for one complete series for 9 of the 15 subjects. Statistical Treatment of Dataw Because the number of series completed by the 15 subjects varied from 1-7, the data were subjected to two different forms of treatment. To give equal weight to the performance of each subject only the means of all his scores were used for the first treatment which was a one- way fixed-effects model of the analysis of variance, to detect significance at the .05 level. In the second treatment, in order to give equal weight to each series, a two-way mixed model of the analysis of variance was used to detect significance at the .05 level. CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a cold hip bath on the accuracy of basketball shooting. It was hypothesized that since a cold hip bath had been shown to have beneficial effects upon depth perception, there would be sufficient improvement to affect accuracy in basketball shooting. Results The one-way fixed-effects analysis of variance de- tected no significance between the control day, the experi- mental hip bath day, and the placebo control day at the .05 level. The results of this analysis together with each subject's average score are found in Appendix A. Results of the two-way mixed model analysis of vari- ance detected no significant differences at the .05 level between the control day, the experimental hip bath day, and the placebo control day, but as was expected, did de- tect significant differences among the subjects. The results of the analysis together with the data of all 60 series are found in Appendix B. 10 ll The Howard-Dollman Peg Test results for depth per- ception differences are recorded in Appendix C. Both the above analysis of variance tests as well as the depth perception test showed a marked improvement in the means in favor of the hip bath but not significant at the .05 level. Discussion of the Results The power of the one-way fixed-effects model analysis of variance was calculated to be below the .10 level. Since the data did in effect go in the direction predicted, the outcome should not be disregarded but placed in the reserve judgment region. The main assumption is that an insufficient number of cases were used in the test to de- tect significance of the hip bath in shooting performance. The Howard-Dollman Peg Test for depth perception pointed in the same direction but again the insufficient number of cases would not allow a proper analysis to be calculated. Examination of individual's data shows that seven subjects did show improvement in accuracy in basketball shooting with the hip bath, while five subjects showed im- provement with the placebo, and three with the rest. If, by chance, only certain subjects had been used in this study, results could have been either definitely in favor of or definitely against the effects of the cold hip bath. l2 Steinhaus (10) found depth perception changes in favor of the cold hip bath over an interval of 2 1/2 hours. It was not possible in this study, due to time and facili- ties, to retest the subjects 2-3 hours after the cold hip bath. The 15 minute interval in the present study did not allow sufficient time for possible fatigue on non-bath days to be contrasted with likely postponement of fatigue on bath days induced by the cold hip bath. Another possible factor that may have influenced the study was the temperature of the cold water. Steinhaus's study (8) used cold water temperatures of 45-65° F.; Rosen (7) used 45° F., and Sills (10) used 44-48° F. The coldest water available in this study was 62.6° F. The highest temperature of the hot water interval was ll4.8° F., which was similar to that used by Steinhaus. The slight improvement in the mean of the placebo control days, though not statistically significant, may be due to: (1) pure chance, (2) psychic effect of the Haw— thorne type, and (3) possible effect of the sugar on the functioning of the central nervous system as discussed by Christensen, Krogh and Linhard (2). Even though these men used much more sugar (100 gms.) compared to .7 gms. used in this study, we cannot overlook the possibility that even this small amount of sugar in a subject with little or no breakfast, may have produced a favorable blood sugar change with effects similar to those observed by these workers. CHAPTER V SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a cold hip bath on the accuracy of basketball shooting. It was hypothesized that since a cold hip bath had been shown to have beneficial effects upon depth perception, there would be sufficient improvement to affect accuracy in basketball shooting. Fifteen college males with basketball backgrounds were used as subjects. All shots were taken one-handed, and directly from the side of the basket at a distance of 15 feet 7 inches, so that the backboard could not be used as a means of judging distance. The study was designed to have each subject shoot three times to complete a series. A series was made up of one free control day, one bath or experimental day, and one placebo control day (dextrose capsule announced as a potent drug). On any one particular day the subject would shoot 75 times, take a 15-20 minute break during which he would either take a hip bath, a placebo, or a free rest. 13 14 A second series of 75 shots were then taken and the differ- ence calculated in per cent gained or lost. A total of 60 free control days, 60 experimental hip bath days, and 60 placebo control days were recorded. Mean values and their standard deviations respectively for the averaged scores were: free control 2.28% i 3.28%; experimental bath 5.53% i 6.68; placebo control 3.68% i 5.05%. A one-way fixed effects model of variance detected no significance between conditions at the .05 level. A two-way mixed model of the analysis of variance detected no significance between conditions at the .05 level but did find significance among the subjects which was expected with men ranging in basketball skill from average to expert. Due possibly to certain differences in the experimental design this study found no significant temporary improvement in depth perception due to a cold hip bath as reported in the literature. These differences are discussed. Recommendations Future research into the effects of a cold hip bath either on depth perception and/or accuracy in basketball shooting should be directed along the following lines: 1. The time interval between the first and second tests should be at least 2 hours to disclose any possible fatigue postponing effects of the bath. 15 Because of large individual differences, a larger number of subjects should be used. The cold water temperature should be kept at approximately 45° F. or 7.2° C. LITERATURE CITED l6 10. LITERATURE CITED Carlile, F. "Effect of Preliminary Passive Warming on Swimming Performance," The Research Quarterly, Christensen, E. H., A. Krogh and J. Linhard. "In- vestigation on Heavy Muscular Work," Quarterly Bulletin of the Health Organization, League of Nations, Vol. 3, No. 3, September, 1934, pp. Grose, J. E. "Depression of Muscle Fatigue Curves by Heag and Cold," The Research Quarterly, 29:19-31, 195 . Happ, W. P., W. W. Tuttle and M. Wilson. "The Physio- logical Effects of Abdominal Cold Packs," The Research Quarterly, 20:153-169, 1949. Michael, E. D. "Effects of Cold Showers in Circulation of Conditioned and Non-Conditioned Men," The Research Quarterly, 28. 38— 49, 1957. Muido, J. "The Influence of Body Temperatures on Per- formance in Swimming," Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 12:102-109, 1946. Robbins, A. C. "The Effects of Hot and Cold Shower Baths Upon Adolescents Participating in Physical Education Classes," The Research Quarterly, 13:373-380, 1942. Rosen, M. "The Effect of a Cold Abdominal Spray Upon a Repeat Performance in the 440 Yard Run," The Research Quarterly, 23:226-230, 1952. Sills, F. D. and V. E. O'Filey. "Comparative Effects of Rest, Exercise and Cold Spray Upon Performance in Spot Running," The Research Quarterly, 27:217- 219, 1956. Steinhaus, A. H. and A. Kelso. "Improvements of Visual and Other Functions by Cold Hip Baths," War Medicine, December, 1943, Vol. 4, pp. 610- 616. 17 18 ll. Steinhaus, A. H. and G. Wendhut. "Pulse Rate, Blood Pressure and Vision After a Cold Hip Bath," Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 5, No. 11, May, 1953, Pp. 677-682. APPENDICES l9 APPENDIX A CHANGES IN SHOOTING PERFORMANCES OF 15 SUBJECTS EXPRESSED AS THE AVERAGE PERCENT DIFFERENCE OF THE AFTER TEST OVER THE BEFORE TEST IN ALL SERIES PERFORMED BY EACH SUBJECT 20 21 Subjects Free Control Cold Hip Bath Placebo R.M. 3.75 6.65 - .45 S.H. .88 -1.57 1.33' D.J. 2.86F .17 2.83 R.H. -4.6l - .19 1.71 R.M. 3.98 3.98 6.45 R.K. 3.03 5.34 - .97 T.D. 5.77 4.87 4.43 D.A. 0.00 8.24 6.38 E.D. - .65 13.60 —4.65 R.F. 7.95 -2.65 6.00 M.B. 8.00 24.00 16.00 B.P. 1.30 8.00 4.00 R.G. 5.30 2.15 —2.00 J.B. 1.33 .43 4.87 W.S. -4.65 9.95 9.30 Total 34.24 82.97 55.23 Mean 2.28 5.53 3.68 o 3 82 6.86 5 05 One-Way Fixed-Effects Analysis of Variance Sum of Degrees Mean Source Squares of Freedom Squares F F(.95) Total 1300.70 44 29.56 Test 79.66 2 39.83 1.38 3.24 Error 1221.04 42 29.07 APPENDIX B CHANGES IN SHOOTING PERFORMANCE OF 15 SUBJECTS IN A TOTAL OF 60 SERIES EXPRESSED AS PERCENT DIFFERENCE OF AFTER TEST OVER BEFORE TEST 22 23 O ,0 MMOKOMKOOOMMOOOOMMMOMOOOOWKOOWOKOO a) o I o o o o o o o 0 o o o o o o o o o a o o o 0 O MHQCCIr-ICCIN-‘Jr—Imz-Z'OOr—IHH:LCN-ZTCIDKO-U'OKOOZ’OOQ CU HI I I H r-II INI I H H H H H I I £14 H (U ‘5 GE) \D\OO\DOMMOOMWMMMOOOWOMOOOMMMOOKOM 'r-I ON:NCDMLON\OO\\Ot—It—II\KO:TON:TMCDQ'CDQLONJ-Z'mr—I :4) r—IIII r-Ilr—Iu-I I r-Ir—IIr-I HT ("\J Iu-I r-Ir-I I Q. 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