THE TRANSLOCATION OF
RADEOPHOSPHORUS THROUGH A

LOTEC ECGfiYSTEM

Thesis for “an Dogma of M. S.
MICBEGM STATE UNWER‘SEW

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This thesis is the culmination of the efforts of many
people. The writer is particularly indebted to Dr. Robert
C. Ball for his guidance and encouragement both during the
field work and the preparation of this thesis. Appreciation
is also expressed to Dr. Frank Hooper of the Institute for
Fisheries Research for his aid as co-investigator of the over-
all project; Dr. W. Carl Latta, director of the Pigeon River
Trout Research Station and his staff for their willing cooper-
ation, help and facilities; Richard R. Bennett, C. Peter McRoy,
and Thomas A. Wojtalik for their aid in the field and labora-
tory work; and a special thanks to both the Ball and Hooper
families for their helpfulness and many courtesies. And
finally, the writer wishes to thank his wife, Marie, for
her invaluable assistance in proofreading, typing and draw-
ing graphs.

The overall project was sponsored by the Atomic Energy
Commission. The study was made possible by a Graduate
Research Fellowship from the Institute for Fisherfes Research

of the Michigan Department of Conservation.

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. ‘ ‘ ~ ~- 1' ‘ ~~ w'
:eo'ove. Counts were Po“”ecte ”OT bfiCVéZOth
'TV‘IF: ,4 fi,f‘\f yo

.. 4 ‘44", 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

Cont “WOu? t ‘17 woter acti it: at collectit'
”‘”*‘CKL 8, 17 ”V“ l' “o" J l ‘ "W* July 7:
j(;"‘. . 9 Q o o a o s s ‘ . , ‘ I O O O O 0
To“ EFTO ”We“*‘*7', fie??? oolgfl“?“ or“ isorfiw=3
fie5‘14fon fumi particulo‘e “V1ff’ ”13*??05
“wow ‘}w.:fiq"wvnir;to" bf Willipore filter.
fipw,lg Wfi"9 pflmurp fig for hanqround qrd finéfig.
“@111 pqu watch qc+ivlt.199 it th? VHFEOUR eta-
fi3nvr. Conntq Were cor“eoted For backerUKfi

9’; 7‘9“A:'o o o o o o o o o o c o o o o o o o o

~o*‘”izy o? venioqvton at Station: 7 an. 9.

The euhrtratee “etoireu in the water ”urini

: St". 5‘9 f n ‘31-“;3‘3-1'fn0'1t. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
antivlty of heel ohyton at Station“ 1? Qnfl 13.
Ton substrates r emai ed in the vane? durirr
finpfnfin +n,§'_.+mny~*‘

'Jl v‘ --A'J0 O D O O O 0 O O O O C O 0 0

Comrfirison of tho mornitude o? retaiflefi Qni
vereneretei raiioohon horus to the initial motiv-
It? o? the ?iret oolleo'in: fiey et Ttat i.n 9.

Th” QCth5 y C? tne pi“°t follentipr qnv 1 ~

0“,”. ‘l’iQY‘O'i +0 be 100??) o I o o o o o o. o o o o

‘J \'

ComFQWEPon a? 'ne WQCHEtUdQ of retained and
a
I"

4
U
rerenevetei *ei

. iopnospuorus to the initial
activity of the firot collectihr 41v qt Staifoc
l“. The flotivity o? the éirst oojmecticr 4<v

I ‘ '~' ‘ r 9““ 1- Y‘rl': + ‘9‘ 13E? 1.9-)(“1‘ o o 0 I O O O o O o o

I‘- c.
L)- . ‘1

\\,"
1)

—\]

le
\)

{NF}

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

COFfifirivnn o. fier1333tnn antivi+r At St3513r3
Q n ’
-_; find 1!”. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
A ’ . - r . ‘ v - - ‘
notixitp of vergnnyton at 8335103 9. 733
. p ‘ -5 “ ,+!
"=r atlon 0- the sussqmnles w; n n "OUuLnP
. 0 , '1 1 4-
3333193 13 .mlnxn. The routine samn¢e Con31313
a _ fl _ . 1 .
or a set 0: four san3twates. . . . . . . . . .
d- 1“ m
AC 1vit V of perinnpton at Station 14. 1he
J0r13‘*fin a? 139 Rubsem)l,s wit‘in “oufine
" 2
Paxnlefi is shown. The routine sample con3;3ts
0 4— - -

0; 1'1 '29u- OP FOLI" Q'Ibfitf‘a 1399.. o o o o o o o o o
- v '4— D 3“ .. 4. $- (‘4- L- :2 C‘ -
Afitifluf )1 on 133113 an 39211333 ,, f, l? 334

H r r ‘L‘t‘ ‘ * I W
H , 10? the ort.rn Stuiy perion. . . . . . . .
I
. 9 4- '2 n
Antivity o1 C1~1°fia av Stations ,, 9, 1r ““6 lfl
’fi ‘ ‘L‘ 1 r\" ' 2
-01" A? “-1.118 .7) bUdu-r TC‘BT‘LOd. o o o o o o o o o
'1 ,0 0 ¢\ ‘ I :2 A
mCtll' Lty -0: ntimn otcn at Stations ,, , 1w
(inf-1 la for 19 (“Ht '1Y‘9 It“? 7:7 flfifi‘ 010 o o o o o o
+. . a 4. 4 1 ~+ ° '- Q
Activi * of ;33 u" inn at agatzons b, ,, l? and
1A , (‘1‘; tide eat/ire S Vii} er‘lg'Ao o o o o o o o
' + 2 ~ 1 + +- (34—. t . Q r
AvtiV1uy for ongocnae.es av “3191033 , V, 12
" I
Eng. 1L. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
-L! ‘4- C‘ I“ "¢- 4-1
ACuLley c. nfimmqwug at ..;uxnn IA. . . . . . .
A , 1 f w 0 P, +.
Activity of the “at-031118, 1'1“OT931CQ, 39
1 . H
". a.» ‘ “
tif‘fifi: ‘., 8, 19 {1.1.31 LA. 0 o o o o o o o o o o
A 1:. .' -. 1‘. ‘ ‘1 ‘r1‘ .9 . '3: M‘ "' 1.. '3‘ .4» . n
act #13, .or b¢333 I;e:, ngJL. 3, a >,33‘Fr;
., d V . 1,
f", ' , 1:.) 131d 1 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
fl3‘ivitv c? thp haetii mqv1.v “312%, Frhnr~w~lfia
U A" '- .1 ’ --.« 'qm
‘ 4 4 "4- 4-8 1 .' --.- "W ~ ' .
qr,"1‘n.0~, ‘3‘. -_, ‘ 'uq Jl(\‘: C} , '11:, 1 ~" "_/;'1 .A.‘," o o o o o o
‘ w . r I‘ 4“ q ‘ ‘ r . ~- ~ ". 1‘ tr 7‘ p‘ "v ' '-,-\- 1
hetirwt} 0* ,13 ngetia 333?]; atlzd, --:~ n1¢3
‘ \r I 2 v r r' ‘ I " “ m (- -: ,3) .1 ’ 1' ‘1 fi‘ 7 1" '
1. {J : ’ 3|11L.I,l 'h..t ’ " . f-'t | '. o 0 o O
i~‘§”vi*nk of ‘nvw ‘Qmilie3 C? edu‘t 1339 t3
”'1 ..L .
r\_’.l‘! “”254 by“ .11.?” 4 Til“ o o o o o o o o o o o
'3*’"‘*v no can Dfiw3 qt tfié 233+"efiw ”f tfvrs “
i 33’ at ”he 3’wn31303m ?‘qt1033 i? "r1 )3. . .
73333103' inn 3 radioth03rhofiur v13 C3
1 a
531.1%” . o u a o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0
...fi ii

9.:

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Figuve Page

0

9

I
§

;. -Translocation and removal of radiophosphorus from

the 3.0th eC Sb’Stemo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 1:")
’ . 4" '1 4- ‘ ‘ «L fl 3
99. Iron content 0; cnelated meter for Etetlsqe 3,

11 3rd 1?. Th ehelqte enterei tfip stream at

F4
4 F.)

0:00 r.n. 03 L

Lily 7, lgéco o o o o o o o o o 0 1C

\Jl
(D
0

fr‘

.0 i 1 ehelqted water for Stations 1? an?
11. Chelute entered at 10:00 p.m. on July 7.. . 111
content of ehe1eted water

. - ‘1 :
For btzthon1 8, 11 and 1?. . . . . . . . . . . . 114

.‘

. . 4. 4. u 0 .
3?. A comtarieon 01 tote] phosnhorus, 1ron, ana
. .9 4 1 ‘ 4.. - .
: etion 1? dflrtng tne enela e flow.

3’ '2 n - +- i - ‘
: . U comhqnlsoh of vote] phosphours, .rcn, aflfl
’ O .- ‘n (’1 -‘ ~ _. ‘ M _‘_ 1" I\ " f ' [‘1 ' T
actlvit; .or ntetioa 14 durlng 935 one etc 110 .
F“ u I .. L1 . "I "N f‘ v 1 '3:
13e ”Letute unt red vne stream a 13:t0 3.x. . . 11,

F 1
r

-. ...:-
f variode organ18L

{5 r“ 1. T3 :1.

-v* NH .13.! +: '4. . :‘ . 1.; - .-.. ..i m...
3 , . «v ’ 1 fjfi T , I: Q 7 \ (3} O
‘ ‘0 . :1 - u) ‘9 ‘AL ‘. J.C nA-K U‘Lw'v' 1 «J O- brim-1'. ..LO 91‘ 01 :EIIJ-J-L 04.»:
« o *1 ~. 3 . 1 4. 4 "‘1 2
Q‘ A. .o J- . .v- /‘ vv f + '~ c... \ 1r , '1' 0"
d'A“i_2~.» [11/10 L‘ll l‘kb“ Ii {)1 \111 IA tLlF‘; g; JIJJAU‘ . A 1.18 l .-‘\_-
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1,4

‘,__1

INTRODUCTION

The study of physical and biological radioisotope trans—
location supplies information concerning several problems of
civilized societies. The knowledge of nutrient cycles of
streams and rivers supplies the information needed to ascertain
the feasibility of increasing fish populations by applications
of fertilizers. The pathways of radioisotope translocation
gives information concerning the effects of environmental man-
ipulation. As nuclear power plants are being installed,
greater knowledge about radioactive effluent translocation
will be necessary for the survival of man. Through the study
of introduced isotopes, man may obtain the knowledge necessary
to alter or retard the movement of radioactive contaminants
by the manipulation of ecological factors

Therefore, information on the ability of biological pop—
ulations to concentrate radioactive materials from the water,
and the role of these populations in redistribution of radio-
active materials, may enable man to adjust his environment to
preserve his species.

The information obtained from radioisotope translocation
is also important in ascertaining feeding habits, food habits
and food chains. The organisms can be related to their posi-
tion in the trophic levels by noting the position and time
of their activity curves, i.e., the time interval between

initial isotOpe entry and their peak activity.
The purpose of this paper is to contribute information

on 1) physical and biological modes of transfer, removal,

accumulation and translocation of radiophosphorus; (P) the

position of organisms in the trophic levels within a StTGaT

0
us

(3) the methods of translocation of nutrient materia

}_J
U)
$3
"5
y)

(4) the effect of chelates on the nutrient cycles of r

aquatic environment.

RN

Descr ption of the Study Area

 

The West Branch of the Sturgeon River is a moderately

rapid, cold water river, having its origin in Hoffman Lane,

f

O

a marl lal e of approximately 128 acres. The West Branch
the Sturgeon River flows through sections of Cheboyran, Otsego
ani Charlevoix Counties, Michigs an (T. 35 N., R. 3 W), joins the
main Sturgeon River at the town of Wolverine, Michigan, and

empti into Burt Lake in Cheboygan County

(D
U)

The Rest Branch of the Sturgeon River flows in a north-
easterly direction, through a narrow valley with steep glacial
morainic hills. The vegetation of the valley is primarily
birch, aspen, cedar, balsam, fir and tamaracm. The veg eta-
tion alonj he stream margin proper is cedar, aspen, tag

alder, tamarack and ninebark.

F3
:3
,5
d
a)
"5
(+-
co
3
’d
(D

rature throughout the summer remain:
i o o ‘
etween 90 F and 5: F. The river temperature remain: low
i

n: and the inflow of tributa Ml and

The rate of stream flow in the study area has a mean

1

.L
value of 43 .75 cubic feet per sec nd. The water level, as
measured by two gauges, remains approximately constant throurh
out the s “mer. Due to heavy rains, sharp changes in the

water level occur, but the level descends to the average value

in just a few hours

Courtes v of Carr & Vannote, l,

\f“
\Jr1
\0

The stream wat

linity and total ha
a total phosphorus
(Borgeson, 1959).
through turbulence

The length of
Station 14 is 32(”
composed of sand,
the periphery.

The biota is t

includes beds of Ch

 

gravel and

er in the study area has a to
rdness of 131 p.p.m. (Bryant,

concentration of approximately

ntrations are

High oxy;en cone

and low temperatures.

the study area from Station

1"

The stream bottom is

~
'—
O

marl, with many

ypical of cool, fast streams.

'1“::

the water moss,

195G)

tal

'3 1 1r" If: -
.A . . 4-

silt beds

.
"l“ .1
_~4-'

in.

1 through

nerally

 

o
9

Hippuri s vulgaris

 

1'?“ Is, '0‘ "
|_, {a \z

 

8’

tape-gras

Vallisneria

O

V

sp., and some spare

 

Batracr estermun

mon
includes
sli

4. ..
CQSVBTT‘.

.
are tne

mottled sculpin,

the typical cold wet

Cottus

ilif orme and Oedoronium

C'r‘
..‘u.

or The

\45

Cott

nat‘r

CO?“

3-.

my sculpi n,

4
V0.

bairdii: brown trout,

h

o
v

mats of

..- F.
water cress,

 

 

rainbow trout,

Salmc

riirdnerii

A.

(.17’;‘.““Y“
‘_Vy-; A4.

 

 

D
i 1’1

0 tinalis and the

 

lamottenii. The aq

by ‘followinr

the

Trichoptera, Cole

‘I

C ner

ml

t invertebrates

pelecypods.

Sixteen stations

‘
O T‘ (1

optera,

American broek

.
.‘Nrr‘r‘r‘nvv
\’.I\ k p

l

f‘

n.1-

 

U)

in.

uatic

"S

'2‘?
CD
0

Opt

8 TS;

Diptera, Megaloptera

present are ann lids,

within the

‘31".‘1

aastror

'v
H
$

.€:‘

078

'1 ‘ . .2
.. 1x :3 rr 7“ fl r-
.‘_. I '(i ~‘KAQ ‘ L' L ‘1

represent

tr"

AA.

ed

y-

(.3
\1

.m J»

y‘
1"1‘3

{'3
A

r.

.LA.

were established. Stations 3, 8, 12 and 14 were the sites of
weekly collections of aquatic plants, periphyton and aquatic
invertebrates. The other stations were used for water samples
during the flow of the isotope. The location of the stations
is shown in Figure 1 and the descriptions of the stations

where routine collections were made are as follows:

Station 3

 

This station is 900 yards below the isotope entry site

which is designated Station 1. tation 3, thus, is the

U)

nearest station to the isotope entry at which collections

were made. The station is 100 yards long, as are all the
collections stations. The average water depth at this station

is 1?.8 inches. The average width is 25 feet. The streal bottom
is mainly sand with smaller areas of gravel and silt.
vegetation is sparse, with a total mean wet-weight of 7?
grams per 100 yards. The floral composition is as follows:

A77
1‘0

‘7‘: ~ . ‘0 ,4, '1 +9 ‘11 I .' _ —!*:1’.'
:otamogeton rectinacus, 5e Penczna. s antiryreiica, 350:

I

 

 

1 1 - 1 s ’ _‘ u
and Chara sn., 14%. Tne area is rn:_>avi1'r snaded by cedars and

{low is retarded at this si

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0
ya
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o
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2
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d
<0
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L

Station 8

 

tation 8 is 900 yards downstream from Station l,the

‘ m

isotope entry site. The downstream portion of this area is
crossed by a bridge which is 1050 yards below Station 1.
This bridge serves as a dividing line, subdividing the com-

plete study area into an upstream and dow.stream portion.

mpflm use

ComaLSum

an Assam
goceam secs

.2:

m

 

w|__$_

 

 

 

 

, cozsm 053.com To

., 895225500 89885
.>> mix ..2 mm ..._.
wanna; _ <mm< mqezmziwdxm

    

7/

 

 

II

I ,

 

 

 

 

RD

L).
(D
Ll.

Thus, Stations 1 through 8, above the bridge, are consi' re

t

D"
(D

tation 8 ha

U)
U)

to be the upstream half of the study area.
greatest average depth of the sampling stations. Its average
depth is 17.2 inches. The average width is 26 feet. This
relatively narrow and deep run supports a luxurious aquatic

plant crop. The vegetation represents a total mean wet

(3

weight of 546 grams per 1 0 yards. The floral composition

rfi"? 77f
/ I

includes filamentous algae, 51%; Pontinalis antirvretica, exp;

i

 

 

 

Elodea sp., 5%; Potamoseton pectinatus, 4%; and Chara sp.,
0.1.10.

Station 12

 

Station 12 is 2540 yards below Station 1. The sampling
area includes a long, straight run at the upstream portion and
a sharp bend at the downstream portion. The average water

depth at this station is 15.3 inches. The averare Width 1

U)

w

3 feet. The principle bottom type is gravel with silt beds

along the periphery.

J

Chara sp. is the most abundant aquatic plant in this
area. -he total mean wet weight of the vegetation is 526

1 r1”. ,.
grams per 100 yards. Chara sp. represents 92p of this mass

 

 

‘ '1 ,. r (7’ «£- . , _ ‘ -‘ r , -1 .-. A
algae for 2s. Pocamogeton pectinatus patcnes are tery spires

 

{mid contribute cxflgr(l.l% of the tin/fil‘wet weight.

 

The site of this station is 3110 yards below Stating l.
The sampling area is a rapid riffle area having the least

depth of the collectinj stations. This shallow area has ar

KO

average water depth of 12.2 inches. The width of the sampling

area, however, is the greatest of the collecting stations;

)

*- ‘ " u- (‘1 V‘*
3 wide and EnAJlCW run

7 I

4
L-

the avera:e width being 29 feet. T

b

+ ¢' m‘

of water supports the heaviest aquatic plant growth. The
total mean wet weight for the aquatic plants is 339.0 grams
per 100 vards. The principal constituents are:

”fitiPVTQtiCQ. 35.(%; Chara sp., 25.1%; Flcdea sp., 16.1%;

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nasturtium officinale, 13.1%, filamentcus algae, .7i; 1"firir’t‘
«f -

vulsaris, 1.7%; and Potamoseton pectinatus, ”.7c. Th1? statiov

has the lar“est stands of water cress, fiasturtium officirale,

 

1 H- 4 "u r' .' Y r u ' ' ‘ .‘ ' 4‘ * t“ '7
alon.3 the tunes. filter czess is quite sparse at tre uzsureau

statiors and seems to prefer the shallow, silted sites.

PHI
(“N

NETHODS’ AND PP1C EDUPE

:03

Biomass astimate

(3

chrilde,

 

Aoratic Plants

 

On August 23 through August 30, 1960,

study was_made of the aquatic plants in
the Sturgeon River.

he entire stream was divided into

the

transects

3 yards apart. The transects were, in turn, subdiv

horizontally into 5-foot sampling spots

of the transect. In order to sample ea ch

.

for the entire

Ht tion, es

yaris "'rrt, it was decided that three transects of
wcu11 r collected. Thus, for Station 1,

1?, 2C, and 90 were collected. The tr an
selected randomlv to eliminate bias.
The samples were collected starting

of the survey area and proceeding downrst

Q

U

transect n‘

ect nurbers

L ‘: ..
at the uppe

in. The collection

was meie with the Surber square-foot sampler, placed

' &

.foct 7-"evrva137rtlcnr tlmz'transectu 'The entdrwa plant

tion encompassed Ly the Surber sampler was removed.

szxfles were then refrezated into taxonomic types anc

types inependently weished for each transe

,‘ . P. 3 .. . .
reccrz-c'J rom the e‘m ba aice was desis
1.1.4. ,1 4‘. | , A. '
wei r; ut the plant sample. The weights

percerttses are tresented in Appendix I.

 

e wesrei in the strea n to remoxe dehris.

O
(—4?
o

t
(D

and composi

(u jr‘fl

An insect biomass estimate was obtained .or lot

a quantitative

West Branch of

ided

W ‘3 I" 63

r erd

Q ‘- ‘. ("l 7‘ L5. 1".

L;
lKlell

The

’ (3
1 4‘ 7's .‘3
.. AL \

tion

\
wfi‘fi‘ )‘I'V 4‘
I -. .5 -.,
',

which were

9—
)—

F1
uJ

the experimental area. In order to {reserve specimens at

A

the radiological collectin5 stations, the estimate Jas taken

at Station 11. The area as divided into five transect s

which were, in turn, 8L bdivided horizontallv. The transects
and the samplina sites on the transects were picked randomly.
The entire insect population encompassed by the Sur ber square-
foot sampler was removed. There were four random sampling
sites on each transect and a total of five transects collected.
The samples were weighed and the pounds of insects per

section was .?3 acres.

m

acre were computed. The area of thi

cm; i

H

The numerical composition was calculated by Knight (

:3

was not repeated in this study. The bicrias s es ti ate was
obtairei for com: aris son with that of pre-ious years. A table
comparing the invertebrate biomass f the West Erarch of the

Sturgeon River for the years 1958, 1959 and 1960 is presented

in Appendix II.

Fish

A fish biomass estimate wa s taken For Stations 3, 3, l?
and lb. At each station a 100 yard section was sampled. A
fine-mesh screen was installed both above and below the sampli*
section. The screen was periodically brushed to prevent
collapse from debris accumulation.

Electrical shocking was Used to collect the sairles.

1

The unit vas a ?PO volt, DC generator mounted in a small,
flat-bottomed skiff.

The fish samples were captured, clipped, and returns a to

:3;

the stream. The number of clipped fis recantured save an

I?
estimate of the percent recovery. The collecting procedure
was continued until no further fish were captured. The lowest
percent recovery was at Station 12 where only 25% of the

clipped fish were recaptured. The fish biomass estimate is

presented in Appendix III.

Radiological Technioues

 

The isotope employed in the present study was radiophos-

‘2
phorus (P’E) which is a beta ray emitter with a maximum energy

'\)

of radiation of 1.70 mev. The P3‘ is produced by the S(n,p)P
reaction in the uranium pile at Oak Ridge, Tennessee at the

Oak Rid:e Yational Laboratory (Kamen, 1957). No appreciable
gamma radiation is observable and the beta emission intens ty
can be cut to half-value by 0.5 mm aluminum foil. Radiophos-
phorus is a desirable tracer because it possesses a satisfactory
half-life of 14.3 days, it is not danserous in minute quantities
'to the aquatic organisms, and because of its low volatility

‘

and loss under heat. The low volatilitv is desirable because
J

32 .
P' in the disestion procedures.

there is no appreciable loss of
The phosphate anion was dissolved in weak hydrochloric

otope on July 5, 1960 was

Ho
0)

acid. The assayed value of the
23.29 1 3 percent millicuries. The isotope entered the
West Branch of the Sturgeon River on July 5, 1960 at 9:30
a.m.

Borgeson (ibid.) and Clifford (1959) have described the
method of isotope entry into the West Branch of the C‘tursieon

River. The method consists of diluting the 3.1 ml. solutior

of P32 with 50 gallons of stream water in a 55-SflllOfi drum.
This solution is siphoned from the drum by a polyethylene
tube. The isotope enters the stream at a constant rate for

a 33-minute period. The flow of the stream at Station I is
approximately 38 cubic feet per second and this figure com-
bined with the rate of isotope entry gives the calculated
concentration of the isotope in the water. The calculated
value is approximately 1.92 x 10"5 microcuries per milliliter.
The amount of isotope used is in keeping with the maximum
permissible amount which may be used in water according to
the National Bureau of Standards (1953). The National Bureau
also states that permissible concentrations of radioactive

7

materials beyond the control area in water should be 10'

microcuries per milliliter.

Measurement of Activitv

The beta emissions were measured with a Nuclear Measure-
ments Corporation Internal Flow Proportional Counter, FCC-10A,
which was coupled to a decade scaler (Model PC-lA). Each
morning a 50-minute background count was made using an empty
counting chamber. The background varied from approximately
48 to 51 counts per minute with a mean value of 50 counts
per minute. Samples were counted for a minimum of three

minutes or until a count of 1,000 was reached.

Correction Factors

(1)

(4'

DJ
0

The actual counts obtained are meaningless unle:

1A

can be compared with activities of other organisms. To con-
vert the actual counts to an absolute value of corrected counts
per minute, several correction factors are applied to the raw

counts. The correction factors are given by Robeck t al.

 

(1954).

Background: The raw counts are affected by a certain
level of activity due to cosmic radiations or radioactive sub-
stances in the counting room. The mean background value of 50
counts per minute was, therefore, subtracted from all raw
counts to correct for the radioactivity recorded from sources
other than the sample.

Volume factor: Due to the variability in sample size,
comparable counts must have some constant value. To arrive
at this constant, the recorded counts per minute, minus back-
ground were divided by the weight of the sample in grams, or,
as in the case of water, by the volume in milliliters.

Decay factor: Due to the decrease of one-half of the
radioactive atoms in a.sample in 14.5 days, counts must be
corrected for radioactive decay. Tables for calculation of
radioactive decay are available from isotope suppliers.

The comparable corrected counts were arrived at by the
following method; where BG : background, VF : volume factor

and DF : decay factor:

Corrected counts per minute 2 (cpm - BG) x {VF‘X (DFi

It may be desirable to present the results in terms of

o $.

microcuries. The calculation outline from Fobeck, et al.

(ibid.} is as follows:

(c) 10

l microcurie (no)

1 curie 5.7 x

-—.

:: :Lo0

1 dpm l/2.2? x

The conversion factor

...
—-..

Microcuries (cpm -

U)

tame and Rainfall

The fluctuation of the

of the Sturseon River

summer project.
level

water level remained

rises of short duration can

'I
(A

the data for r inf

presents
Excess water entering t

a few hours, and in cases 0

4
V.

g

was not detected as «ater 1

+1 ,
one

followin: morning.

in Collect

Field Procedures

3.
2.-

__

was recorded
The depth variations were
gause located two yards below Station

constant with
rill

f night rainfall,'the excess w

15

10

disintegrations per second (dos)

x 104 dps

6
x 10 dpm

-7
10 ‘

7
a?
4. x ‘pc

4.5 x 10‘

( )

7

(VP) x D? x

water level of the

for the duration

. "‘ 4
lead from a water

Q b

"5

,
the

sed by heavy 2

and water level fluctuation.

he system is carried through in just

9
(A

tar

VA-

 

Primary small samples.

dye was released at the iso
approximate arr val time
stations. It was assumed t

water currents in

stations maintained for wat

tope entry point to determ

a similar manne

evel change on th gauie reading
ion of Water Samples
On July 5, l960 a fluorescein

1 V“ g) t

4-1L».

,
{18

of the isotope at the individual

hat the dye would react to the
r to the isotope. The
er-activity samplinr were Stations

aure P. Comparison of th
vel for the summer of 195

e
n.
\J .

rainfall and

water

l7

 

fiwspwzd % if:
dd ma 0 H mm Om ma 0H qa AH OH m

< a O a

\‘ f)

~Jja .14-
/.. ..

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hamwcfimm

 

 

 

 

 

utea JO sauoul

A
l H
L1

5, 5, 8, 1?, l4 and 15. Three stations, 8, 11 and 12, were
the sites of automatic water sampling devices constructed by
Dr. n. C. Ball.

Five minutes before the isotope release at Station 1,
the fluorescein dye was released to indicate to the collectors

that the isotope flow was approaching. At each collecting

station additional dye was added to insure that the green
color would be visible at the lower collecting stations.

At the upstream stations, i.e., Stations 5, 5 and 8,
the water samples were collected at five-minute intervals
after the five-minute delay following the fluorescein dye
flow. The duration of the sampling time at the ‘pstream
collecting stations was eighty minutes. The samples were
collected in clean, labeled 140 m1. polyethylene bottles.

Each bottle was immediately capped and the collection time
was recorded.

At downstream Stations 1?, 14 and l6, the primary samples
were collected at ten-minute intervals. The duration of the
collecting time at Stations 1? and 14 was eighty minutes.

The duration of the collecting time at Station 16 as 160
minutes. Station 16 was the check station to measure the
radioactivity that left the experimental area. The sampling
of the downstream stations followed the same method as that

of the upstream stations, with the exception of the collection
time intervals.

Single large samples. When the peak of the isotuze Tlow,

as calculated from previous years, reached the station, a

liter bottle was submerged, filled, capped, and labeled.

19

Plankton samples. At Stations 8 and 1?, a plankton
sample was collected. The sample permitted determination of
radiological transportation in particulate matter. A fine
mesh plankton net, No. 90 bolting silk, was washed in the

4.‘

stream before the dye reached the station. .hen during the
isotope flow, ten two-quart'jarr c: strean water were poured
through the net. Five of these were taken before the al-

culated isotope peak flow and five were taken after the cal-

culated peak.

Automatic pump samples. Three automatic water-sampling

‘3

devices were installed at Stations 8, 11, find 1.. The units

\

f

frame, a 12 volt battery, a 120-110 volt inverter, a timer,
and a small submersible pump. The apparatus was so designed
that when the first bottle was filled, the water would he
routed into the second bottle, and so on until all six were
filled. In this way, the water was pumped into the bottles
at prescribed times. During the isotere flow, the pumps

were synchronized and collected water samples at fifteen-
minute intervals. The four-liter polyethylene bottles were
capped and taken to the laboratory for radiological analysis.

7 fl

nahoratorv Processin: of Water Samrles
The preparation of the samples for radiclosical analysis
follows a modified version of the methods suggested ly Pobeok,

Eta-1.. (ibido\o

 

Primary small samples. Three milliliters of concentrated

nitric acid was added to the lAO milliliter sample nettle.

so

The bottle was then shaken thoroughly, a BC ml. subsample mea-
sured into a 150 ml. beaker. The water in the ieaker was
evaporated on a hot plate until the sample just covered the
bottom of the beaker and was then poured into a stainless
steel counting planchet. The 150 ml. better was washed with

?N nitric acid. The sides of the beaker were scraped with a

U)

rubber policeman and the remaining drop removed with a

medicine dropper. The contents of th

{0
trj

lanchet were evapor-
ated to dryness on a hot plate, then placed in a covered
aluminum pan and transferred to the counting room where the

ruined.

(‘0

vi

activity of the sample was det

A 500 ml. subsample was taken

H
(D
"I
O

Sinale large samp
from each of the liter bottles collected at the calculated
peak activity flow. The 500 ml. subsample was filtered
through an HA, 47 mm. Millipore filter. The filtrate was
then placed in a beaker and evaporated until only a thin layer
was left on the bottom of the beaker. The contents were
then emptied into a planchet and the beaker was washed with
O.lN nitric acid. The weenings were also emptied into the
planchet, evaporated to dryness, then placed in a muffle fur-
nace at 72500 for two minutes.

The original suhsample (minus the filtratel, with the
filter intact, was then washed with 0.13 nitric ac d. 'his
was done to remove the adsorbei activity. 1h? asserts“
activity differs from biologically incorporated activi'“ 11
that it adheres to surfaces and is not incorporated into the

. 0 4- ¢ + - - 4 a - ~r~~ .u
organism. The seetn liltrate was then placed n a eeperl

The filter pad containing only the olid particles from

U)

the water was removed and placed in a planchet. Due to th

(D

rem oval of adsorbed activity, these solid particles possesse
only biologically incorporated activity. Concentrated nitric
acid was added to the filter pad in the planchet which was
placed under a heat lamp and additional acid added until
the filter pad was completely digested. The planchet was
then placed in the muffle furnace, heated, and then counted.
Plankton samples. The plankton samples were evaporated
until little residue remained in the bottom of the beaker.
The material was then transferred to a planchet, muffled
and counted.
Automatic pump samples. Twenty milliliters of concen-
trated hydrochloric acid were added to the four-liter poly-
ethylene bottles and the bottles thoroughly shaken. A 500
ml. subsample was removed and filtered in the Millipore filter.
The filtrate was placed in a beaker and evaporated until only
a small amount.of sample remained. The contents were then
trans? erred to a planchet, the beaker washed and scraped and,
the washing a Md d to the planchet. The contentv of the

planchet were evaporated and mu.Ile(i.

Periphvton

 

Vertili7a

J L1 ‘

("9'

ion

 

In preliminary investigations of the stream in 1053

(Clifford, ibid.) the periphyton growth was slcw to oeco.e

established on the artificial substrates. In an effort to in-

C F951

U)

e periphyton growth, an inorganic fertilizer was added
to the stream to provide a sufficient arowth for radiological

‘4

examination durin: the 1959 experiment (Knight, ibid.‘.

 

Durin: the 19 O investigation, fertilizer axain was added.
Between June P3 and June 29, 2&0 pounds of diammon‘um phos-
phate had been added to the experimental area. Qne-half of

the Fertilizer was added at Station 1 and the remaining 120

' '63

curds was added just above tation 7.

 

?ield Procedures in Collection of Perirhvton
The periphyton was collected by means of plexiglass
plates which served as substrates upon which periphyton could

grow. This save a base of known area which could be removed
easily from the stream and from which the attached material
could be removed, weighed and examined for the presence of
the isotope. Six plates 7 millimeters thicn, with an area of
1.4 decimeters (2" x 5") were attached to a horizontal cross-
bar which was in turn attached to a steel post and lowered
into the water.

The periphyton growths were started two weeks prior to

3

the isotope entry. The stations used as collecting sites
’were i, p, l? and 14.
Stations 3, 8, l? and 14 each had a rack of la plates
in the water when the isotope passed through the :ystem.
in, substrates which experienced the direct lSOtOie flow were

The "in" units were collected Four hours

0
a)
r-’
H
(D
D.
H
:3
:1
:3
H
('f
U)
0

after isotooe entry and weekly thereafter on Mondays.

‘J
c H

A control procedure was utilized by placing one rack of

16 plates at Station 8 and at Station 12 approximately nine

\

nad pa ed

U)
U)

hours after the water mass containing the isotope

L

which were not

r...
:3
d
LT
(D

U)

through the system. These substrate

M 9?

isotope flow were designated out units. The "out"un ts
were collected 24 hours after the isotope entry and weekly
thereafter on Wednesdays. Stations 5, 8, l? and 14 thus had

a rack of 15 plates desL gnated as "in" units. ttations 8 and

12, in addition to the "in" units,each had a rack of 16 plates
4_H

esignated as "out units.

cross-bars at each

:1)

Two plates were removed from th
station and were in lediately replaced by new ones for later
collections. Insects and other aquatic in ertebr ate s were
removed from the plates, then the substrates were wrapped in
polyethylene sheeting and taken to the laboratory.
Laboratory Processing of Peripgyton

The per phyton was scraped off the plates and into a
beaker with a polished glas _s slide. The wet weight of the
periphyton was determined as follows: the wet weight of a
n7 mm membrane filter was firs t obtained by pouring PO ml. of
distilled water into the filtera apparatus with the vacuum
pump running; the ramp was a1 .1owed to run for 1% seconds.

The filter was placed in a clean planchet and weis ed. The
periphyton was poured into the filter apparatus whi h contain-

ed the previously weighed filter paper. The filter praratus

was rinsed with 5 ml. of 0.0lN hydrochloric acid. This was

F
{'3
...Jo
')
.r
F“
[—1
VJ
.0
ill.
51
)u
(P
“D
1
0
"xj
H
”3
I

followed by a second rinse of 5 ml. of

teen seconds after the filter was observed to be free of water

94

the pump was turned off. The filter was removed and placed

1

in tne same planchet and this unit was wei.3 ed. The original
planchet and filter weight was subtracted, *ivi”. the wet

s m‘med to be the "live

a

weigit of the peripnyton. This was
weisht of the periphyton.

The sample was digested by adding 15 ml. of concentrated
nitric acid, and heating the beaker on a hot plate. The
evaporated contents were then placed in a planchet. The

pl anehet was heat ed on the hot plate until dr and then

placed in the muffle furnace.

111.0112— Mic P121:flv.q

 

Field Procedures in Collection of Anuatic Plan nts
The collecting sites for aquatic plants were Stations 3,
5, 8, l? and 1A. Station 5 was used as the collecting site

(I.
A

for Nasturtium of icinale as it was not present at Station 3.

 

The plants used in the study were Chara sp.; the pondw eed,

 

’0

¢ '* I’ ' l 4" w - i ‘ ‘ D ‘ s I
ctamoLeton rectinitus; water cress, Nasturtium e.ficinale;

 

 

 

and the water moss, Fontinalis antinvretica. The four aquatic

 

ple nts were collected at each of the stations with the excep-

tion of water cress.

were removed from the samples by washing them in the strea“.

The roots were discarded d only the leaves and stem i re useC

U)
.4
(J

for radiological analysis. Samples were placed in coll~otina
bottles with dilute formalin and taken to the laboratory.

aboritor y Proces side of Agustic ?.ants

The plants were take from the sample bottles and allrw-

J}

n
ed to dry on paper towelling for five minute , then placed in

U

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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I__ \

The sugar flotation method was found to be Very effective
in collecting cligochaetes. This )rocess consists of placing
a handful o? detritus in a white enamel pan. Water and susar
are added. It was found that a few drops of dilute formalin
facilitated the rrocess. The orsanisms wirgle to the surface
and can be easily collected. They were placed in collecting
bottles containins dilute formalin and transported to the
laboratory.

. o a f ‘ ,_ .
uabcratcry ?roccss1cr Of :nvertebrates anc Lartal Insects

 

DUI‘Q
A ‘>‘- \z.

The samples were first processed in a centri
Screens were washed with distilled water and set in place in
the centrifute. With the centrifuge turned to full speed,
'they were spun For 10 seconds, then allowed to come to a stop.
The centrifuge screens were then weighed. The insect samples
were then added to the centrifuge screens and sutjected to

q

u. - .4. . 1-. ‘4» m x + ‘04
the sen ,regtnent as the emrty screen . -he weight 0; the

U)

insects was then computed by subtractins the known weight of
the screen From the combined weight.

Atter weighing, the insects were transferred to a planch-
covered with nitric acid and placed on the not plate. when
the sancle was completely digested, 10 drops of concentrated

nitric acid were added to the planchet, evaporated to dryness

and muffled to red heat.

' -‘~~,"+ Iv.r‘or~‘q
...A_A-- v ,.-..\.. It
,-

’J‘

.ield ?rocedures in Collection o? Adult insects

 

On July 1?, July 95, and August 2, lQEO, between tie

hours of 9 p.m. and ll p.m., collections of mature insects

w"

a
w, 0‘4 ,\ -,u- C .. I: J.
%.\v. 2,3ilghln ‘t ,ne
f‘“ Y. o , 'x 1 ’ r" - 1+ 4 _‘
y x f ‘x V. f‘) , - P- ‘fi "r- w
- h" . A. L . A ; (p " o. .I ‘1 ( . J \‘ Vk-‘ . "- ‘1 e
"V“ W 4 1 t 4 .
rs \ . l r Kn r \ r‘
1. -nc' (‘CJ.:.PCV.-- , .kaTP CC. -
I: 7"” 7‘ w» . ' )Y‘ " no "r ‘m 1‘ w
A c. ,4 C .1 ‘- .1
‘ ‘ I. 1‘ \-' ‘L 4 \ A
r 7- ‘ " ‘ r ‘
m 1r *7 ' - — ‘ ~v ‘ r f-
1.: V I L 1., p it-ll p)". , u 1.1; () v0

 

13H? lfrrvvt*ovfi°-Lhz ~w:pvirevw: ed.
inertbrx "000 95rg¥of Ad? 1 Twnnnan

The "m‘ure in"ec‘9 wewa Lirs* 86*reWELFj Lahonnx:hallv.
9 knnwr rur?cr inacots was aaded go 1 rganrhet of Lhowr
weight and welquau gt a Mettler balance and the weféht c?

139d Fy subtractih:

the Plfihfihet weirht

completelv

 

 

 

 

 

co"ered with CC eutvutrd n1 F30 301% and piano” on P h=t
:Iqte. finer t} cantents tu Jed t3Q0P 9n fifiiifiofiiw l?
irnrs of thn ac wnfia "icfi and Evapohntnd to firVfiosr. The
rlflnchpt war tho“ muffled t red hFQf.
371$:

Firli Tr"?0"ur°° fn Pb7lnhti“r CF Fisk

The -asteru Filmy Sfiu1A n, Crftv" Onganurz tha rorfihnrn
m tiled Spfllrifl, Cmfituv hairdii, and the Americqy krhfix lQm’TCY
EnfOPTFnrus qusftigii were collected Tericdically, hrlm~r13y

T

as a Czecg on the dfita 0‘ rrevious yearr. 730 TE:? wr“w
coller‘IV? kg mrwrw;/r? «Trntrio "flvmVrinq. ”he ‘1H?‘ wec
genereféi b: % ° "rzf ”.7. vrvritnr "wrte" in q artil,
flat-botthxec :~ 57. “mm fW IIENEFC FTefir' in .‘rrrl ktttfo~

f‘

containinfi dilute formalin and tram ported to the laboratory.

 

ifi¥0rfificrv ”fio“¢¢¢ifir Ff ViwA
O 1 O -.‘ ~
The samples WPve welhned, and nlaced 1n ne¢xers, tnen
. . ~ , .',~ - ..., -., .L -v,-, L. 2'. .
covered with no“cen FQtQQ @911 and niJnnw‘ ‘J dianu. Jnen

" \ ‘ .. W 1 ‘. 1 4. ,1 V, "
tne contents 0: tan bugger mad evancra an to a SLQJl volume,

 

 

all miterial was transferrei to a filfinhhet. The beaker wan
webbed 7%t: i13u+¢ n fiv‘o acid ans thv washifirs added to 230
rlanchet. “Tea tne §17fl0hut wag c mhletely "ry, 10 drab” c?
'",;centritefi Lftrfir::réii*ne"0 “fiiei and fifljxxnui L0 0V3?‘Tfit€
Th, planc%et was the“ m‘ffled.

(“n _'? n+1p-n

'..'_. .A.w4- \!..-.J.L
:‘gr-‘r; :‘aaanjr:‘] nr.rfi 3w r‘r‘:‘1-T(;(\J'_”)"\Y‘ db p‘v‘ 1““‘0 :T‘WTV‘T‘j. r:

L ...L A: . l a; x -- I ~' A -. ... ..‘..-_ ~. .- A.‘2.- k: . ~.--\.,.;- ._ \, A.‘ A..._._;'.A_ a- .2
3:: iror r“ “:“t\,:r=: intwmyfijbd" EJJMJ tie (HJTCFLYKHILR¢

EWQQ on Injy 7, 1337, L9 hfiu“: after the isctnrn trea went.
The iron chnlute U12 allawed to flow into the stream ”or a
’k-hour t9r5g4. Ts“ ?helqte was aidni it ‘ha Rifificn 3 L?‘"
Th“ ’ron oneufitn 120i w2° Oadfum N-hyéboxyethylethyleie-
Liaminthiaée’ate {Y2?07?FTA‘. The CERCPKt“Rt1C3 Ff tan 0L9-

‘ J— 7 .‘ . A ‘ ~ A. . - . 4. 4. .1 4
3‘,01 1T”HI 4“ ”‘ T JYVY“EVZP 3hrr011"©.aibr one TWVHJ’T,“ M- 11

~ ‘~ - ;. ~J‘L‘v I. -.. 1v D‘A" .1 L. n. _‘ J. 1' _L.

'T.~ 4. ‘ u . ._ u .1 J- ‘ V ‘1. .1 A.‘ “ '1-.. w“ H w‘ u 4.

. f‘r n Y- A:-‘ «H vs 7“." nY‘. ‘.- I f1 ‘ ‘. f q. ' fl

”hwy?” . Wu”. _ (Tu n“. C ”(’ICf‘uQ‘; t -' l.~~..._.-. AWN: {‘0‘ .~ 4.~.'au. g,i‘,

‘ ‘ ur
v~-~~-~~m m-‘d """Y"; n ’1‘, (‘fl‘ % "F'W‘W\1 (3“ "n'v‘Q L“:"(‘I‘:‘ 1"" 1,4 I: W1
‘ ‘r ' r. ‘ ‘ l, I! a, , I‘ ‘ - u , ‘- x
‘ wiy‘ ' . . - i . t; - . L.. l - \l C .. .A- ". \.» Ll ,, '.A K‘(‘~.L. .5 . ' ll \- ., 21 t‘A ‘. .- ll. . ' -l._l .

.5 - fl 0 J. S
“(‘qf'ef-AA'W own n(\*“."‘, (an 0+ "i'U’O-WW‘Y‘.“+€§ 4 +.~~1rq o Thn p. '1 ,-r-. .
i ‘.' A v (. si. 1.7 -A. \ld‘ .> ’x ,r J J.‘ L! .... -l a _ ‘n K, ‘1A1.|LM U a... \J VA \‘ "‘4.'~ ‘1 . A ---u I‘/ .1 .¢_ ..4 a! '-l A.

I l-

_ 4.,— r 4.1 . y "t"“ . '1 ..K WI
F‘.c” .nr :Pese fiwnrles “are w’ap Jrfi .9 n‘a A”.

‘ I
M‘ ~ 4 ' ' 3 n --‘ r: M w" - .-1 '..’ ° '3 n 7.7 n ., -\ fin *' " n ‘ C ‘7 a“ + 1 "a" ('3
41:11 a ‘~;:J'.'(31L.“1.II -L L,» E_“.,~£AK f/J. in.“ ‘.J C. 'u’ ‘1 ‘1 t ‘1‘ I! D. O .I [,1 [,- Jet] ~ '.1 L a A L: L , _;, ~J
1" . ‘3, a": Ti'xo 1;.1 4“ ‘--." 1 (‘u ‘,‘ P‘T‘r‘ 4' Wf‘fi' CHIH‘ ignr‘x ‘f‘fnvvrwm ‘.1 . L1" Q
-1-.. (L . .L.’ Q - -. , V.~L1~—( ... L; ...x h yl-ll~ {7 '4‘.\ 1 ' ' l. .A. x, k u. a ‘J-J ,
r
.7 O f‘

P9

Laboratory Processino

;L_

of Chelate Samples

The 140 ml. hand-collected samples were thoroughly mixed
and a subsample was removed and sent to the Institute for
Fisheries Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan for iron ana.ysis.
The remainder of the sample was processed for counting, the
methods for which were described earlier.

The four-liter samples obtained from the aut matic sampl-
ing devices were shaken thoroughly and 25 ml. of concentrated
hydrochloric acid added to each. A subsample was removed
and sent to the Institute for Fisheries Research, Ann Arbor,
Michigan for iron analysis. The remainder of the sample was

processed for activity as described earlier.

Total Phosphorus

 

Water

7‘

rield Procedures in Collection of Total Phosphorus

--4

Tater Samples

 

Water samples were collected for total phosphorus analysis,
by hand and by the automatic sampling devices. The hand-
collected samples were taken on July 7, 1960 at five-minute
intervals for a period of two hours. These samples were taken
simultaneously with the chelate samples. The collecting
stations for these samples were Stations 12 and lfi.

The automatic sampling devices collected water samples
from July 5 to July 8, 1960. The devices were located at
Stations 8, 11 and l2. ,

Laboratory Processing of Total Phosphorus Water Szmjlns

 

The 140 ml. hand-collected samples were mixed thoroughly.

A subsample was removed and sent to the Institute for Fisheries

1\JJ
0

Research in Ann Arbor, Michigan for phosphorus analysis. The

. '2 ?
remainder of the sample was analyzed for trace P“

phosphorus
by the same methods used for water hand samples.

The four-liter samples obtained from the automatic
sampling devices were shaken thoroughly and 95 ml. of con-

centrated hydrochloric acid was added. Approximately two

liters of this sample was removed and sent to the Institute

Y

'r-“

for F ieries Research in Ann Arbor, Michigan for phosphorus

C"
L)

L

analysis. The remainder of the sample was analyzed for
radiophosphorus by the same methods used for water hand

samples.
Biota

Field and Laboratorv Procedures for Total Phosphorus Piota
q qrqrfl c
k A. t 4‘ ..J

 

Representative specimens of the biotic community were
collected from Station 14. The specimens were placed in
dilute formalin aid sent to the Institute for Fisheries
Research for phosphorus analysis. Appendix IV presents the

analysis.

The fauna specimens included: Ephemerella oorruta,

 

themerella needhami, fiydropsyche sp., Gammarus sp., Hera-

—A

 

 

genia sp., Atherix varieeata, Simulium sp., Prachycentrus sp.,

 

 

 

Pteronaroys sp., Physa op., Cottus coenatus, galvelinus

.-I
L

 

 

fontinalis, Chauliodos 93., and Entospnenus lamottenii. The

 

 

 

flora samples included: Chara sp., Pentinalis antipyretica,

 

 

natus, and Nasturti m officinale.

L—Jo

Potamogeton pent

FES’LTS AND DISCUSSION

Padiological

 

When a radioisotope is released into a stream, its trans-
portation follow«s the phys sical and biological path3m ways of
that stream. The current, pools, and riffles direct the
translooation of the isotope at a fairly rapid rate through
the stream. However, detectable amounts of the isotope remain
in the lotic system for an appreciable length of time. Much
of the isotope is immediately accumulated by the stream biota.

Fresh-water organisms may accumulate isotopes in three
ways: through adsorption to the surface a: ea, through absorp-
tion from the surrounding medium, or through i.7es.ior as food
(Krumholz and Foster, 1957). . ~

The E ical and biological factors of the stream will be

‘0’

U)

\"
described in the following section. The physical influence
will be presented in the section dealing with water. The

bio lo gi aOl e fect ts of radioisotope translocation will be pre-

sented in the sections concerned with population col cry.-
Water , -

Current is one of the m st important factors concerning

life in a stream. Th s, many of the nutrient elements are
derived from the headwaters and entering tributaries. Some
of the nutrient eleIHent however, are derived from attolytio

or bacterial decomposition of organic debris. Bar es (195?!

found that bacterial decomposition of orraric debris was a

factor in returnins idorranio p1iosph rus to the upper waters

of the sea. In this connection, one could picture some of
the isotope flowing directly through the system and after a
time lapse, small amounts of the isotope would reappear after
having been biologically incorporated and then decomposed.

Figures 7 and 4 present the flow of the isotope tlrough
the system. There can be seen in the curves for the upstream
stations, i.e., Stations 5, 5 and 8, that there is a direct
time relationship between the arrival of the peak activity
and the station's distance from the isotope entry point. The
downstream stations, 1.a, Stations 1?, 14 and 16, show that
much of the radioisotope has been removed from the main
stream flow. Station 1?, which is 9540 yards from the isotope
entry point, shows that at least 64% of the original amount
of the isotope has been removed from the water flow. Evidence
will be offered in the followin: sections indicating that much
of this removed isotope is biologically incorporated.

Figure 5 presents the data gathered from the continuous
automatic sampling devices. The counts are recorded as
corrected counts per 500 ml. to avoid the confusion of using
fractional counts.

I? the isotope had remained in pools or other diversions
as free activity in the water rather than in some other form,
the curves in Figure 5 would be expected to show greater
fluctuations. The variability of the curves in Plrure 5 are

placed in perspective by noting that the awtivity is expressed

in counts per 500 ml. in opposition to the water activities

0
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Figure 3. Total water activity at u

ing Stations

’2
/"

5 and 8 during the p

All counts were corrected for back?"

r
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Station 12

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activity decrease occurred in the samples obtained from the
sampling devices. It is belieVed that the drastic loss of
isotope From tne main stream of isotope Tlow is due
logical incorporation or adsorption.

The adsorption Factor can account for much of th, lost
isotope. Figure 6 shows the soluble isotope, the adsorbed
isotope, and the isotope that is incorporated within particu-
late matter, such as diat ms or bacteria. These small organ-
isms may be inaested by other animals or may settle to the

1

bottom, thereby removing the activity they carry from tne

water flow. The adsorbed value for Station 19 was greate

'3

than the total water activity for Station 12 in Figure 7.
This difference was probably due to sampling error as the
peak total water activity sample was not,in this case, from
the same sample that was used for determination of solids.
The plankton samples had extremely low activities. ine

activity was in the thousandth count per ml. ranse. The

to
O

(f
V.

vities may have had different ranges if the samples were

:3
4

processed for solids determination rather than evaporati

the samples and computing the activities on milliliter has} ,.

The actual counts per minute for Statiomtr and l? were 346
and 909 respectively. This low activity may have also been

due to the dislodaing of the adsorbed activity in the particu-

late matter when new samples are poured into the plankton net.

L

I - "1 + -9, ‘ 1? g ‘ ‘b 1 . +‘ ., J“~. ‘ +‘ '
N l V‘., v. . ' ‘ “1 ‘ _ a 1‘" -‘ 1 {1' , N
- he 5‘ “...:1. ‘3? n"? !‘P u‘ t. 9:1 . incnes .IC- Tilv the ”.4; 1 ire ‘11 will .5

also may have a limiting effect on the oapturins of the radio-

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Filter Pad (Solids)

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1013' WI 0?"! 019

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pegs/east)

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Illl‘..

14

 

 

 

 

 

 

a)

"8'3
r-‘. ( “

-.x. I; ; f1 1, 4 J?

12

Stations

Figure 7. Total peak water activities at the various
stations. Counts were corrected for background and

Qfi') ‘7'
» ‘-;\,!i~ 1 .
L

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1
1

11/

nempfiawaaas Log mosses has monsoo ropomppouv

5:

 

if:

ation

+u

S

active particulate matter.
The peak activities were expected to oimin sh as tne
isotope-bearing water mass traveled downs

activitya at Stat ion 8 (Pizure 73, however, was area

~
~ .

(Q.
H-J
Hl
)
rt
H
n
O

'54.)

H4

4- .4. 2 rr‘° ..- ‘
o 1. Station ,. inlS aterrancy may he cue, in

*3

(er

part, t sampling variability or error. For example, it was

0

found that the water mass in the center of the stream con-

tained more activity than the eddy areas of the side of tl-

stream. This fact was brought out in the taking of simu tane-
ous samples across the stream but the results of these findins»

could not be applied to these collections.

"1
(3
b1
,4.
C
:3"
L’.‘
(f

D
:3

 

Periphytor,or: u wuchs, are attached organisms which
cling to stems, leaves or other surfaces (Odum, lQSQl. Con-
siderable interest revolves around periphyton activities, as

they are key ore ani:o ms in the food chain. :The perip n"ton

C)
"’3

population on the artiiicial substrates in the West Branch

:31

t e Sturgeon River is composed principally of diatoms

(Clifford, ibid.l. According to Cliffori,.8vnedra ulna is

the most abundant form.

Periphyton is important not only For its niche in the
food web, but also for its isotope accumulatioh atiii‘ie“.
According to Donaldson (1959‘ radioactive materials are

quickly taken up by algae and these algae are capable of con—

‘ ‘ ' c + .fl. ' 1" ‘ w r" ‘
i. e materials more than a thous; c

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n5

Figures 8 and 9 show the rapid and larre accumulation

by perip hyton of the radiophosphorus. The periphyton data

for Figures 8 and 9, come from the periphyfon frcwths which

‘

‘N

were started tto weeks prior to the isotope e try. .he sub-
strates remained in the water during the isotope addition.

Station 1h, the furthest downstream station from the

5
)

,oint of isoto

"1

4 .v ~ 2 L .
e encty, :hows areater isotope a,c .mu ation

b

)»

than the intermeiiorv Stations 8 and 1? (Figures 9 and 9‘ on

the first collection day', i.e., the day of isotope entrance.

1

The radioisotope was present When it

A

issed stations 9 and l?

.71
Na

but it may have been adsorbed on particulate matter. This
adsorbed activity may then have equilibrated or exchan.ed
Pi? for the stable phosphorus and thus become available for
periphyton uptake at Station 14. A further explanation for
the uptake variation may be provided by the locations of the
periphyton collection apparatus. The \e'“p1rton stakes at
Station 14 were in riffle areas while the s akes at both
Station 8 and 12 were in pool areas. The current of the riffle
area may have induced particulate matter enuilibr tio on by
constant aeitation.

The general Tict ure , however, demonstrates the radiophos-
phorus accumulation abilities of peri phyton. The initial

counts ranged from 8,600 to 37,000 counts per minute per gram.

The counts after a 79-hour period ranged from l,400 to l9,600

counts per minute t

er' 57r¥1n1.

Exchanre and Regeneration

It was shown (Figure A} that 6 " of the orizinal amount

D‘
O‘\

Figure 8.
The subst
ment. Co

Activity of periphyton at Stations 3 qni 9.
tes remained in the water during 1° tote treat-
0 '1

a s".- O
unte were corrected for background ~nri decay.

‘

50,000

0
O
0

2n
./I b. ’

_,
0‘
.1

tion

Sta

AEMLm pmm

 

1,000

[ECO

O
6.,

mundoo mmpomLLoov

mpfi>flpo¢

100

'4

no

Virure 0. Antivlty 0;
V1

remained
Counts were corre

TLe substrates
"1

P

49

30,000

0 n t
0 Pt
0v nu

, ’
db 1
1...

henna Leg

,,000

---v
n.

mpzcfie

Lcfi

1,000

muczco

O
0
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wepcmpeccv

O
C
11

newewpee,

130

 

10

18

11

r?

L
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1.311? =

A1

Julv

L,

O

of isotope was removed irom the main water flow by the time
the water mass reached Station 12. Comparing the curves for
Station 5 (Figure 3) and Station 14 (Figure 4) shows that
approximately 80% of the original amount of the isotope was
retained in the samplin2 area. Approximately 90% of the

original amount of isotope was retained in the area between

C\

Stations 5 and 16. Figure presented a picture of the ad-

sorption of radiophosphorus from the water. The traceable
phosphorus, howeV.er, reappears throughout the summer. The
recurring radiophosphorus is believed to be regenerate ed
(re-cycled) phosphorus that leaves the biotic element and
re-enters the stream water after the origine l dosa2e. The

1

re-cvc lin2 of phosphorus was aopa rent in the activity curves

of several of the or2anisms collected throug hout the summer.

q

.' +l‘ 4' r‘r Q '
perimental plant LOT show-

L5
r?
(U

. 7 ' , !
Feripnyton 1s an excelle

‘11
I1

the regeneration of radiophor ph.0rus in the stream. In

‘riJo
I

:5
r-f'
D
H a
O
L.)
'1
'J
I

the section on periphyton methods, there was pres e

u go

ihg procedures For "in units and out" units. These pe i-
phyton units represent those substrates that were in contact
with the initial isotope-beari,2 water mass ("in" units)

and those that were placed in the stream after the isotope-
water mass had passed througi the stream ('0ut" units‘.
An analysis of the two different treatments of 00"l’fl”t0“

substrates indicates the efler ts of radio? hos phorus re3erera-

Fi jures 10 and ll present a comparison of the percent as: es
of activity, in counts per minute per 2ram, to the ir it al

collection activity. The activity of the first collectin:

C‘lGT‘Q 1386.

re 10. Comparis

t collect in3 day
t collecting day

on of the ma2nitude o: retained
r°diorocsrooras to the initial activ

4.
r v

writs

til
3...:

37t'ation 8. The aCtl‘J-lll't/
considered to be 193 .

‘r

+._.
“d

of

fr
D
01

the

th

5?

 

"In" Units
August

8
n
O
.1
t
a
..L
S

 

3

Au2ust

?7

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

O
P
2/
M 1
u
.1;
0 2c 0 no 0 no 0 0 no 0
A, 9 er 0 no so 4. 2
12 .l

awn mcapomafioo empfia exp Sosa mmcwso mpa>fipo< nepompsoo ac mumuseomma

July

U1

\j‘J

Figure ll. Comparison of the magnitude of retained and re-
generated radiophosphorus'to the initial activity of the
first collectin2 day at Station 1?. The activity of the
first collecting day was considered to be 100%.

cted Activity Change from the First Collecting Day

Feroenta2e of Corre

20

|

H
O

(D

 

(.D

 

 

 

Station 12
"In!

Units

 

 

 

ll ‘2 25 l 8 15
July August

"Out" Units

 

July Ausust

 

 

."
\J‘

-3

day was considered to be 100%. The first collectinr day for

99 u 0 - .., .
he in units was Jul? 5. Tne first collecting day for the

0

cut“ units was July 6. The activities of these units on
July 5 and Ju_y 6 was considered to he 100%, and the activities

of the units collected ater durine the study were compared

c+
: 3‘
:D
J)
(‘0

to the activities of the first collecting day. From

.-

0

figures, there appears to be some radiophosphorus rezener ted

}

throu2hout the summer. The percentage of activity is expected

.to decrease (with no increase), if there were no reaeneration.

There is a 2eneral decrease due to biological dilution, e.2.,

2rowth of cells, physical dilution and the loss of old cells.
However, Fi2ures 10 and ll show the there are some very
marked increases in activity throughout the summer. The
units For Station 9 snow an increase in activity of 5% on
Au2ust l, lQQO. The out units which were exposed only to

.44 -.-. .. + Jun ‘ - 4 to .
(ity, bhOw t.m=.<mn-siieraile anxun1.s oi re-

I
nt. The ’out" units at Station

I
”v.
V
"'
. I
,.
1
b-‘J
,_.
’1‘
v"
Ll
.,.{
2.
.1
"'x
,_J
id
I

4

C

l
J.
H
u
D
'0
(T)

< v P-“" 1" J- o ‘ T 1,- “A n,"(\
b show a ](-r activity increase on duly Kc, lyoc.
irure 1? represents a composite picture of the averared

u n

in" units and out" units of Stations 8

v | ‘ ‘- '_ ‘ _‘. . 1,. - 1 ‘ ‘ . “'1 . ~p . ‘
anc iv. The data .:r the individual sabstrates of rigure l?
A ‘ - P F. '. 7 .. -r it x . ~ .' ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ q ’
an: in units or otatltns , and la is presented in Appenoii
. f. . ‘ - ‘
IV. The in units 0? Station 8 had an increase as late as

Augus‘ l. "res these data there seems to be no upstreia-

4. r - t . . ~ . . ~ ‘ , .
downstream differentiation other than the expected overeat.

rv"
M
\
\J
».J
c" ‘
y.“
r‘
J
1
I
...J

Vita due to decay and

the ixiitial_'1cii 'lt,

‘2

“TC

.msooo use unseen
sacs; Low Uopcmssoo one: wpsdoo .mfi USm m csowompm
pm.mpn>fieom sopmzofisos mo momfistEco .uH oxzmfim

7...
r9

IOIOI mic: 20.30: «H
I’ll... min: .13: «a

------ WPHQD 2950: MW
II mPHGD :63... m

:ofipepm
soapmpm
cofipmpm
cospepm

Om ma

haze
ma

HH

OOH

com.

ooo.a

oocfi

ooc.cH

thntiov

s03)

einutm Jed squnoo pages;

I

V."
Cu.

‘I

at

There are, as yet,

initial hiqh act vities of

pin; ical and biological

.. ,1- i V 1,. . o o
worners. Tne mechanism ior

tion Lay to physical

cell metabolism (Coffin,

:0

“Vity may be adsorbed on

incorwmwwated irrto the wwtor

Correll (1961),

‘ "' '1 . A.
' ‘ Y?” I' f ‘
that SuiLl amoun.s

#0
0
E3
.3;

corrected

few concisive
the first collecting

factors ha

21

working with synchronized cultures

.5‘
Ci

a
o
.A

level out. Aside -rom

out to a nlatee u level

counts oer minute

A'

beyond

xplanations for the

day. Several

ve been explored by various

the initial uptake and accumula-

processes unconnected with active

1949‘. Thus, the initial

the sum-fcce of the cell and not

M sm (Odum, et al., 1958‘.

of Ana

-..—

O

radioactivity were found in

1.1;). (‘1' 7 ‘ -

.'
y

rhcsri‘,ee, A"“, A3? and orthonhocphate, Mihll the Jolyrhcs-
rtcte .ze "rs" ‘odioactive. Correll (ibid.i also concluded

rhoorrorus

A?

~ !
iornospnate.

- “ 1. ‘ 9
rolgrrosrnates and ha]: ort

:3,» 4- ‘) V‘
o iate oeclinec

wfryCT}

VA

.- 4,- - . - A ' -~ -‘- ' "
.zet»e r2, L. imnxr.11te.y

.‘ ¢. ‘ . W .\ J-
““0”1 thin or r h (é'nrcsent

o
O ,‘

. ‘ A
lnCOT‘l‘CJI‘f‘i

the cells was princitally hel?

(1“

The percent of

5 v
r-—’
'9

age.

be due to rhys1cal

phosphate ion
”he traceable orthor_

ted biologically

:is the cnfijic ophos

give some insi the re-

Ahosphate can be relca id

U)
V.)

death of the cell or cons+ ant

59

E3
(0
:3‘
H
:5
’40
:3
C4.
:3“
’ D
r)
C
S
J
a
’D
'3‘
C
L
0

its The biologically incorporated radio-

to!
0

ST

,.)
L5
( i”
\D
”l
r;
’ J
1
(‘7'
(3
DJ
} J.
O)
L 9-
”'1
3..»
C
(A.
D
:1
(’1‘
H‘
f0
’3
9.)
(+-
5‘
'
.‘Q
"5
Q
a
{3‘
‘0
‘D
:3
CL
“3
(D
:5
S
C)
l

duction. The rotive orthoreosrh te ” thin the cell ma" be

equilibrated or exchanged with the water for the stable ortho-
phosphate. The phosphate within the cells, in anr form other
than orth ouhos‘“~te, is rrotahly unavailable for direct release
into the system. This is due to the one gy required to

the susar-phosrhate bonds (Bonner ct al., lQFQi and these

compounds ar thus retained within the cell.

In order to determine to what extent the concentration
of radioohosrhorus varied among periphytcn samplés collected
at the same station anC at tne same time, a duolicate sear le
was taken. The activity curves shown in Figures 13 and 14
illustrate the variation of the duplicate samples. The data
obtained in Mic ted that some samples had large variations.

The ac tit

1
Ho

varied by more than 100 counts. The activity counts for the
two samnle s at Station 14 on Jul y 25 were both zero. This
date, July 95, which is go days after isotope ent1y, may be
the point at which the (”irirtl isotope retained has been
,avtan. The activities for other specimens
collected during this time indicate that the counting couip-
ment was Functioning correct l.3. The increases in activit’
after July ?5 may be due to regenerated activity;

Several factors may he resnonsible for the variation of
the perinhytcn sarfiles: l) The position of the substrates n

the stream. It was noted that the plates in the riffle areas

fi.
f1

?c',

‘(IA

ff“

vrif‘*':. V'x
- LLLILG.‘.

(T'

SHONE.

v‘".* .r‘
St.«_~v“ -.

yu

'1
I

..A

...
a
l

0

'u
a .L .

.r’ f‘
C) L)

Activity of periph

fl - ‘ ‘
OI iflfi

01‘ “hr:
N‘LAK/t

.' \J.

9 routine Q“

Conn

$

L;

r
s kw

YEDlES

O

‘ 1.: 1
mple cons

.-. ‘ ;
S were CCTTCCLG

(a
+

U

V

G

Vton

1 0
film

ist
f0

8
g of a set
h b3,k:roun

L
W

at Station
rmnmtine

2

;0,000

10,000

T

Aram)

0817';

r
k

Activity (Corrected counts per minute

     

1,000

500

\, 74
O
(3

100

 

J U :1. y

Maximum -_

Minimum H

Station 8

August

L 114.

‘

,atiox

C‘
of

.no

subst"”teu

FA~
S «l
u
P, 0
n O .
‘1'.
+0 «I.
U 0
O
... t
e
A. an

S S
at +0
1 S
C. .l
m S
~t~. “I.“
S 0
x0 \.
U

—L-\/

a!
G. T
‘0. A“
3714 w ¢
.1 n;
0..

HQ .
O at
.
r.
«(2.. cl
0 -T

(Corrected counts per minute per gram)

Activity

10,000

1,000

500

300

50

Station 1A

 

July

had larser Fer?.0 hyton growths. ;. nse and metato ism 0:
the sample. The substrates may also have differed in their

atic of young cells to old cells. It is known that younser,

more ranidly growing individuals accumulate reletively lsrser

A

L

q
A

amounts of P" than the older, more slowly metabolizins cells.

0

Althoush duplicate substrates were in the stream the same
length of time, their populations may have been metabolicallv
different. 3‘ Species composition. The metabolism of the

populations also may have varied due to di '.erent taxonom

types which comp JOSCd the individual samples.

Aduatic Plants

 

The aquatic plants differ irom the per ithyton hasicqllv
by the possession of roots or root-like ”tr cfures. Phsio-
logically, the aquatic plants differ from the perithgton by

the acquisition of nutrients throush the root strucfure as

I‘

well as the foliage The participation 0. e root-nutrient

method plays an impontant role in the radioisotore uptake.

’\ ‘ (I

Activity curves differing irom those 0. rerirhyton can he
expected due to the relationship of the roots and 5h? stream

bottom. Jitts (1959‘ found that silt s are capable of adsorb-

+5

ing very la rge 01 entities o;

‘hL A. ,‘ ° ....‘1
phosphates. At Conlressional

hearings in 1959 of the special sut commit tee on radiation 0:

J

the Joint Committee on .tomic En rsy, it was found that some

14’
“'0

+3 1".” n . I '01“ r}:
O- \'A;e elf-119' T"~u-LO-

...

bottom t3 nes can absorb as much as 6

nuclides. Carritt and Goodsan (lQSAi have demonsttited that

‘3

ph

, g .1 .,, ‘ w I“, ‘. .,
.te is adsorbed by silt in the staecs: the IL‘L 5.x;e

‘73]
5;

r.

0s
ein

U!

(H

temporary while the second sta xge is more termenent in

(35

duration. Jitts (ibid.) suggests that the second, more per-
manent adsorption is due to a arfdual phvsical penetration
of the phosphate ions into the lattices of the mineral con-
stituer nts of the silt.

Because of the important cen ral role of phosphorus in
the metabolic activities of the cell, it is imp ortant to
state that the uptake of the phosphate ions may not nec essar-

ily be com,letel_y in d6Pendent from other factors. Metabolic

phosphorus is involved in the transfer of energy for the

(h

’d

rocess of ion accumulation (Hagen,195

Some plant roots,
however, have what is_called "apparent free Skgce" in the
rOOtS (Boyer, 19553. This free space is a possible site

for simple ionic exchange. Howev r, the nndiorhosehcrus

exchange may not pass into and out of the cell as proportion-

f-J
3
1

as does water (Dainty and Hope, 1959‘. Painty, nope
and Denby (1960) found that some ionic exchanges show differ-
ences in the permeabilities based on th e concentrations of
other ions. In particular, the investigators found that the
amount of sodium incorporated within the cell wall of Chara.

’W

australis was a function not only of the concentration 0:

 

sodium but also of calcium concentration in the external
solution.

This the radiophos pho'us uptake oy aquatic pla ts is not
as simple as the ingestion method of the insects. There are
several loci for uptake; roots, stems ard leaves. entake

may be due to external adsorption, simple ionic exchange, or

enerav requiring ion accumula tion-—or any comnir ation of these

K-" L

Fontinalis antirvreti a. Fonti.r alis is the water moss

 

 

found crowing on the stream bottom, logs or calcareous cl umps.

It was frequezfi ly collected in dens e mats which were inhabited

(f-

by various larval insects. The upstream colle Hi a S ations
3 and 8, show a dramatic increase in activity on August 9?,

lQéO (Figure lhi. The other stations show a steady decline

(\3
:0
"7

f“

in activity except for several slight incre-
in activity are probably due to the accumulation of radiorhos-
phorus in the stream bottom or regenerated radiophosphorus.
There was no evidence of inaccuracy due to the counting equip-
ment as the activ ty of the stations varied for all samples
and there was no definite increase in activity for all samvles
on iujwot 9?.

Between Auaust 8 and Au“ fust 29, there were five recorded
rainfalls. This additional water may have disturbed the
bottom and the sci tation may account for the additional

activity ncreases; however, if this were the case the down-
stream stations would be expected to also show an increase

in activi y. The rather large increase in activity for the
upstream. : tations may have been iue to the chr aticn e:tec.
on the downstream stations, making the uystream an
appear hisher, or to the greater amount 0? isotope held in
the ups er portion of the samnling area.

Chara so. Chara is the predominant plant, 01 a oioaxss

 

 

basis, in the West Branch of the Sturgeon River. 't was
found growins in dense mats which were widely scattvred.

0

The activity curves (Figure léi are similar to those a,

CTN
“J

 

Fiqure 3?. Activity of Fontinalis a+
and 1A, for the entire study peritd.

q

p 3 "~ .
-or each round an~ decay.

lb.)

68

tation 3

1000
%00

Liu

 

F.
m
m
.4
Po ll
n n
O O
.1 .1
t to
a 1.
+.u ‘3,
no as vt
... 4
O O O O O C P) O C O 3 O 0 O
C C O C C 3 O O C O Q
0, O, 7- ..7 9a 1 5 A. . a _

u I! t

,Ech Lop o,zawm Lou anszcc rcpcsLLcuv mam>wpcd

.

. Activity of Chara at
ne entire study period.
Eqround and decay

L t W
.4,

.1.

O
O
,o

 

r
A;
,9

 

('4 CC}
O

n:

,Em;u Lea opzcwe Lou upczoo rouocssoov a4~>apo<

by

9.

C x
0;

r3

5

(1“1“! 1
I J. J

i
J

Eh

Julv

large peaks arrivinc lat

 

,ks, however, show no nos

. m i .
variation. ihe location of the Gears mats may

 

bln

AL ‘-J—J.

P.

‘
stud;

ar-downstream

A

resnonsicle

y} :3 r‘ n -1 ”’1

 

p.14 akin 1" {3 »1
.l . ..I- ,s‘_l\,.

For the activity curves at the resneotive stations. T
teisz~- “tatior£:'3 an” lJ+tdere in :aT‘11OJ r”:??ie 4
areas, while at Stations 3 and 1?, the beds were in do
water rear the riddle of the stream. The Coegg at Sta
and l? hai activitv curves which include at 3 not one

at wsica the corrected count was over 590 c.r.n.

had a ravimum coual 0? kid c.r.m. and Station

12;

Staci

3
:71"? ’31

I.“ ~-_ A .A 4.
’fl "fi/J n 1“” m “an riv‘ fa 7“ 'rV‘W‘
O a .L .l \x 'r‘ Let... ‘1 3 . "-1 . ILA... aLIdL J \..' _‘-’ e r g I ¢ 111- .
"x ‘ ~ 0 ‘ _ ‘ ’i - .
ro.anoretcn rectinatus. The poudweea, :otaro etch, was

 

 

Pv'"rvv , -‘ 1- .fl ‘ W ‘0 ‘A
iound :CAwinr or the bottom oi the stream, Una

current “rd or‘ncirally in the middle of the stream.

~a-‘l . ... AA A...

V\ 9 tr Q . - ' v 1
ilaril; 11:;rw1iel bottoziruwrus, it nifnt e

1 " _‘ ‘. _ .1 . -
tie radio aosrrorus bound by tne silt and debr

 

 

availarle to the Fotamgletgn. Little ? ' is held
(ihfliin. Vuvretcnv and Timofeev-Fesovsky, 19393.
a rosrible cvrlaaation ?or the activity curves oh
Firure 77 For ?c*aroceton which do not show the c
M’— .
irzriarility chvwn by Chara (Fiaure lG‘ which irhs
. ______ H

\

‘r‘ m - I‘ 1, - - ‘ "1
-be1:. Lne corrected counts .or rotamo.eton sandH

As

-ot exceed that o? the initial activity ooints

p _‘ ~ ... rs ' ‘2 ' fl - L. .
icind a. : "tion: 1 and l?. bince the rlants

:‘J ~

. ’ ' v D :‘ r« r‘ ~ - V ‘ .1 -. i -
tiins “are swund in craiel bottoms, c roe-1clc

J

. '0 . 4' II .‘
paw fn A Van 'C: it": tape-i nfir‘lf ' IIrNT'fi‘7ufl ‘
. \r A UL ‘ , - - », ‘ -_1 ~ ‘ k-“~ .. .; _z‘l . \ _

l
Q.

.

can: i r

‘ In t) 4.-

IJ‘ “ _ ,’

Y‘ r‘ t n .2
g _. £1 5

es collectei

r *r\

- L; A-
*l gr y‘

L 'A‘

.fl‘ .
. iwn .- 1
.‘ -- \1'13

 

7‘2". ... ', .; (a 2 C
17. activity For ~ctamcgeton as stations ,, a,
" ~i 4- .-‘- v. 2 .u 4 - 71"“ to“ 'r‘
19 and ls tor the entire SuUdj pe_iou. Coun-s wc_e co.-
‘_- ‘ 7v
rested for bacraroand and decaJ.

7 7
[J

300

200

100

 

0 AU AU 0
O C O
2/ 2 1
beach Loo spzcwe Lea mpczco umpomssoov

O

100
50

 

9? 29

15

Aurust

QV

'7 A

7.9 ‘21
exchange of P““ for P’ , would appear not to be a satisfactory

nition for Station 3. Station 3 is 200 varrs below the

m
”j
}_J
:3

site of isotope entry and, presumably, with the rapid current,
much of the activity of this upper area should have been re-

moved by July 25. However, the curve for Fo;Hti alis at Sta-

 

J.

tion ? (Fifure 153 shows t at there is a larre amount of

l

n the ups ream portion of the stream

:3)
x)
(t
H
H.

vity still present

')
Cf)

late as August 9?.

Nasturtium officine le. Water cress, Nasturtium, inhabit-

 

 

ed the silt and debris deposits. As water c,r es s was not found
at Station 3, most collections were made at Station 5, the

next closest station at which Nasturtium was found. The

 

 

activ1ty curv for Nasturtium show larte Fluctuation in tne
latter cart of the collecting eason ( irure lhi The perioos

between A gust 15 and August 29, WfliCA are removed from the

0

increases. With the excepti n of Station 5, the corrected
counts For Stations c, 12 and 14 during the latter teens 01
samplin: exceed the initial activities of these respective
stations on July 6. This latter increase in activities is

due probably to the radior hosphorus collection in the silt

and debris in which they are rooted. Further Indorration

}_J

C£o
’9

J

collected on the last day of sampling, Se: itember 5,

1

demonstrates that the accumulation of radiophosphtrus by the

Q.

O
(D
O
r ,2
Ct-
yr;
..J
(I)
,3
O
6*
Ho
‘ §
‘
.1
Ct

w . r. . . '. a m

stream bottom is an actual phenomer on. o
‘ '- ‘ \ -‘ a ‘ ' ‘ s . q . 6!“ ‘N ' V 77‘ . --
for detr_tus and stream bottom ran as niin as as c. .l. a»

the bottom materials do not concentrate this activity cv

~3
U}

 

Figure 18. Activity of Nasturtium at Stations 5, 3, l?
and 14, for the entire study period. Counts were corrected
for background and decay.

 

A00

600

200

 

O O O O C
O O C
I}, qr“ . l

,Emsm so; cusses pea mpszcc cepcesp

o 150

ov

 

O OO
O 5
l

sps>fipe<

h
1
n
O
i
t
a
t
S

900

 

100

r:

8

P5

18
Jilly

611

CF“

‘0

'9 an:
— A.

Y
Q. L

«20

I”, 77
I

a q _ ‘
ricicricel assimilation -s do ‘he caustic rlents +he onsets

9*“>'7c“siderwwi to be ijhitivelé’fber"e. 1' r ""cr in 'r r -
infidund recur‘.inr rhlrinri this: latfm r rem“: u“ :fiie etnriy :nj;]i
show larfe activities when the courts were correctm tor
decaf. A??endit Y Presents the data of Yasturiiuv 1" 70‘”"

 

.’ ~u“"- ~ ‘ ~-- ‘ ‘. ‘-, s
corrected for weight out not for decay and nscyrrogrfi.
l

._ 1 4. 1 4. ‘. 4. . .. ,2 . 1
dita snows that some of the larxe rears of activity 1Q the
4. L +.‘ ' " . . .4. . '1 ,- . 4. 3 a. .‘
louver stases of .nl stUiy were due e0 r :ct ac.;vioy, exile

others appear to be due to counties equipment error. ine

activity for Station 9 on Aurust /Q arrears to be due to - c
. £~ L , ' 4' A -.. L" f‘ I ,‘ 0 fl 1', A N +. A
plane activity anlp the activity .or Sta,:on i‘ on #W use u
. —.
appeqrg to be due to courtinc esuirmect cr"0r.
Tt sflioulti he rfifzted <Liair: thaii the rvriiotfuisrhorutz o?
1 ., , * c .‘ 0 ,. , ,_ fifl‘} . y ‘ . ,_ p n
the cottnm cenosits is also available later zq VS? SGQROL .o~
\
uptake by the aquatic slants.
Several other plants which could hot he sampled on a

- ' “ *. “ d- ” —.+ ‘ ,
routine schedule were sa‘plei in.erlittently and fiQSHST For

1‘- ‘m v.1 + .1," .": ‘ :‘x " \V‘ l ,. . ’. ‘l‘i .
PLnti‘Jr-L Li]. 4 he A1_Iqmen'10!13 Q,L: do, E'i'rlao": . LT‘FT'U ';.'Y.‘{'31~I‘9 ; Ir. ‘./.(J

l . . Q E ‘ V
‘Jest :rsrch a? the Sturreon Fizwn~<m1 kJrust lh, cad count:

 

CF AC c “... on September 5, 1905. he water weed Archer’s

~ 1 j 1 ‘ " ' . : . f f".
sr. als- had s enificantly nisn counts on Seetexher ,, lQ' .
fl ’ I

V . _ J. 1 ‘N ’y /\ L ._ ..fi _ _ . .-\ “ K
'c-ir counts were in the 9U-tw couhts ~er minute rue -ram

, . s

H" ‘ ‘- N - '\ *A ~ ‘ ‘ ‘ \ v w
Oligocuaetes. he olisccccn,es, or so he tea firm»
0 *5 ‘. . ,_ a," .- ,, —~. ‘ “. '- _-. ‘
OCCUFF e peculiar HlChQ in tee stream 9 some stem. 3‘, ;re

. - L! 31+ ~,. +1 - - .1 . r‘ e -
, . o r .-. .v‘ n V! v" (1 w "W. .l H - r‘ r .
found inhibiteus °‘-~. 12F.lp c 0L“ t M~ -..li. a .

bottom. he activity curves of these inxerte crates

U)
C+
' ‘3
(D
in
:3

should :ive a more accurate picture of the bound radiophos-
phorus of the bottom. Some of the radionnospoorus i.s loosely
bound to the silt and bottom materials and is quickly ex-
changed with the phosphorus of the water (Hutchinson and
Vaughan, 1950; and Jitts, ibidti. The exchangeable radio-
phosphorus and the bound radiophc csp who rus are incorporated in
the olicochaetes throush insestion of the detritus and silt.
The bound raiio osphorus is available for longer periods of

time for oligochaete insection than is the rapidly exchanged

'Z
“I ,' P

’f

.1

The activity curves for the oligochaetes (
sent data which probably reflect the accumulation of radio; hos-
phorus in the detritus in which they live. The activity
curves show that 1A days following isotope entry, the worms
had accumulated considerable amounts of activity.

Gammarus sp. The only station which supported a scud

 

population, ammiris, was Station 1h. The scuds are voracious
feeders, feeding on all kinds of plant and animal matter.

They rarely feed upon living animals (Fennak, 1955). The
activity curve for these omnivores shows that a considerable
amount of radioactive food materials was available (Figure Poi.
A maximum count of 1,31? c.p.m. per eram was recorded for
August 1, 1960. The collections on the dates of high activity
were composed of small individuals. Hevesy (1951i noted that
P32 accumulates in rapidly developing and Srowin; orgars.

These large peaks on July 18 and Au ust 1 may have been due

3,

m/nv

.1 .1

.1.
T. H
Y... O
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JV 1..“
Q P
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C n.
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9/. .IL.

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Assam hon mpzcfifi Log mpuzco noncoaaouv hue

C
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"pea

 

O

 

Obi-1L1 T118 t

July

4.

..\

“I
J.“ 0

1 “.1”.

A.

(“-r‘-
J

(3*
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Vfifl.r‘ r‘“(‘
....:;-‘~. U

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Q

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\nnyfirv‘fi.»
4&\,.\-——\A‘

l

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1,000

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MW

 

 

500
700
100

a aromas rep mezzoc meaceszccv

O O
5 2 ,.

aaa>asca

 

C.“

15

‘ 1“
all v 31 f:

(l)

\JJ

to the age of the animals collected. The peaks ma? also

A U
,.,. + “1-1.4.. ~. ‘ a. '9 1.. ("Ag 4 a, 4‘. 4-
represent iro.i _;.JL lroous as Jennan algal .3 SofiurS ”flat
“II.—

_‘ W x»\ .( '\ 1 1 x g r' ‘

‘Pan C“u ; Fr‘ 0 i5 Cticds in 19? days.
Y ' 3 92- fl ' 1‘. ‘ . “ ‘
rndrcrstcne on. The hydropsycnils attach their rets to

 

U)

. )

rocls, los , or large gravel and are seldom found in mud

-\
I "1}“

(Murray, l g)". e rets were found facin: directly into

\f

the current. Hvdronsvche st. eats a preponderance of plank-

Mk-M.‘

ton, sessile diatom growtiis and other small organisms (Poss,

1.92120 .

From the known feeding habits of ~vnrcr iche, the a;tiv-
/
ity curves (Figure fill may present a picture of the radio-

‘ v' ‘ u“ + If: ‘ v ' '
pnohphores of peripnyton an. 11inkt on 1u0\9meflt throu , sou.

¢...‘-. - .2-) l r’ - - s4 7.. .
the i.so; period. :ne activity curves show th'; lest CL the

”1
D'
O
S
D

ity occurred as late as Auzrst 22, which presumably

some counting equip :ment error during the latter part of the

am»ling period. This was deb onstrated i the comparison

.

U)

of Figure 16 with Appendix V for Nasturtium activities.

Simulium sp. The blachflies, Simulium, are similar to

‘

 

 

the Hvdrolgyghe in that both feed upon t-e moving particulate

 

 

matter of the stream. The Sim ulium do not use t}e net a- a
collectina device as Ices the fiydropsgchg, but instead use
anterior plankton strainin2:_ fans {Penna}, ibid.‘

Simulium was one of the most numerous insects in the

 

 

'1'".
.4 , 1" A ‘
L ICU .. t: L’ . ficti-‘f—itl‘” If t}' e )‘ " (are a? . <1 "' ‘
I‘— 9" A i ‘- ' ' Afie U-\»\_J"\ ’1 I 3‘ F“';'-"Y‘ 'Y‘N . .-
7, c + .L ,- , _, r‘ . V; - ., ... F. “J! p} a
3'4 k) VQQ‘LUI‘Q .. x Jr‘ ‘11“ ‘1). _ 4‘ ‘— \.,. ...l»’
J ‘~" '1 1, -.’ ‘#A;C I“. pd".“”"" "‘ r— r ’
. c, __,4‘. , [-‘t- ‘ i: it“ v-w{.f-.9 P.)
.— A . -(If “I — ‘

I
P
fl 3'. 1‘1 ff. ru- ‘
it. vacsarcund and sees

r?

O. \A

 

10,000

 

AEsLM

ls

 

Station

 

 

0 no 0 0 no 0
00 AU 0. no
0 C O O
R. .4 P. O

1

sea mwzufiE Lea meSOO cepcmLLocv mpfi>apc<

5,000

as
3

5

9..

k:

fillrfi131t

Fuly

Q!

stream. Th ir adaptations for the 10
filter dens aid a suoner at the poste

It is also sup

it attaches to

should the suc

flies were

A

-
5A.

(4*

cs lund.nc

The activ

aould present

*3

he mictive

T‘Qq
A’rlA

ylied

he"

found

with dev

an an norare which Ree

become detached

"C;

t W]

on lcgs1_a and

9
in swift current.

ity curves

aquatic

for Simulium,

O

&- ’ .l . ‘
tic life incltde t
0
° 0 ~ ' r
rior end To: attic

C‘
8)

ice; 3

it fron floatin

,
pl an and

 

a picture of the moving rarticu‘oce mutt
particulate matter also is an indicati

 

the radiophosphorus reg.neraticr. -Unlike the net-caddis
tivity curves the :_mulium curves (Fiiure ??‘ 8301 no
increases in the latter part op the s-udy period. Thus,
from the Sinul‘um act vity curves, it mifht be hypothesised
the t little re:enerated activity incorporated in the ”articu-
late matter (diatoms, etc.l naseri throufu the sy1tem. Hou-
cver, there is a major halite; di r‘Cflrmnvce between Simulium
and H drors"c?e. Sinulium populations are mcst abundant
alor: the stream par 'jins. Eg1fjlryche populations a~e host
abundart in deeper water ani :coated senerdlly rear tie cents
of the strear. Enizht (Etid.‘ has irdioated that ‘cere is
horizontal verirtio in water act 'ity alone a stream transeo
f so, it is liVelg'idrit the locations 0; the youula"onv,
as well as the oidferin‘ m “colism, aocctnts For t‘» fidecr-
ences in the activities of gimnlium and Eydrcgggohe. Tke
metabolic d1?”ercrces may vary with th, are c? the ‘mgled
DOIfll'atlfiflis. Time Hrqrdli’i‘vriiis run? rcwi c Iiifltih e: z'r; mu

 

 

 

 

 

~51 'Iv nnv‘rfi‘fh‘r‘ (‘-
14-11.:8 rn'd- '«4'Ilv vAJ.~¢’

were

€11".

7...?) Y“

1"

Activity (Corrected counts per minute per gram)

 

7,000

9,000

1,000

15,000
10,000

5,000

 

 

 

July Auqust

 

of a few months (Usinger, l956) while dipteran larval stage
may last for several weeks (Pennak, ihid.i. The Simuliun a
Hgdronsjche popula tions mav have differed in their respective
population ages. The increases in activity in the latter
part of the sampling period of h"dropegpne may have been due
to the population age and metabolism.

Eghemerella. The

 

themerella corruta and

 

naiad, Erhemerella noel

‘ O

nemi, was

( 1)
\‘O

 

two mayfly .imphs studied were

a

he ha

r‘.~.,:.
louno primarily

 

Pontinalis, and thus

 

rapid water moss-inhabi

1’18. 18'“? WEI"

TD

frequently
with the hettasw

current, but-they

 

fits

eid naiad Iron i

into Usinaer's classification

ting form. The

 

etid

in the moss,

of

 

found on sticks

. 7* °
so. the naiads

were in direc

I V

sheltered themselves from the current by

aquatic

es

io

staying behind the we ater moss or climbing in coveys in the
sticks and logs.

Usinger (itid.i compares the mavflv niche in the
communities to that of cattle or rahtitc in the terrestrial
communities. Burns (195fii also stresses the herbivorous
feedinr h hits 0? the mavfiliec. The nynrhs are herr ivo
or sca veneers, living on vegetable det: itus and microsccp
aquatic orrani ms:, _rinci rally diatoms (Burks, ihid.i.

The activity curves for the may flv nymphs (Ficure_ 2
and 24) are not as horizonta allv extended as are those ”or
figdrcirgche. Although the food consumed isefimilar in ‘et
oases, tre rrocurement of the food is ouite dif?erent. "

\- 1 -. 0' r. UV'KJY‘ T‘-r‘l‘.' ‘V.
C V4 Y‘ brg-I . I~‘ 1". 1 hi A a ‘ ‘ A y \r‘ A z p
— —~ A - i ‘ ~ l‘ .1 \I

 

of the samrlinq period.

Ir

have slight

_’ 1" 2 .1 a
teats in the l

These be a} s probably rerresen+

-

‘l "
Pluteg F

U)

‘3

L
O

+

~

-20

fl. - f‘ ‘ f 1 v‘ w ‘A 39‘ ‘ 4‘ -. .0
*7 . — A? 7 1r r + , Tvt‘.

r1391”? _ . ..w. U ,J.J o. nil“ lone _, i

r ‘ ’1"

M‘ —rs‘ t“. 0" 7'" ‘ 3 , i ‘ . I ,

.s, ‘.\.- s

 

f‘ , - . . . . ‘ “ _
counts: i‘.‘(’>"‘(-* CCV-f‘recjpg ff‘" {,1

.1 ~ a 4 .‘+- a - .‘ 2

f1 n(.(-v1\“fr, C4 ‘urlT.i(‘r'Si

.-.. -. ..
C.“ .~ ."ULlILLI

O
O
O
r?
1

10,000

 

A\ O O

C C C
O O O
Ax L nr
1

Leo opzcfifi Lo:

0

6,000

O
O
O

n/

 

?Q

15
Aurust

95

8

O 0 no r \ nx O
O C O F 0

C O O 0 no

awe “a“ ,m_ .ta ax

«J.

mussoo rewooapcov zgw>fiuo<

(I I] .1 3],

\O
I’D

Activity of the baetid mayflv

 

necdhami, at Stations 5, 5, l
corrected for background and ‘

+4 -

£0 :1 Ho

J

eram‘

counts per minute per

(,1

Activitv (Corrected

15,000
10,000

5,000

03

Station

 

 

8

 

 

In.-
"0",“
l \
AL 1.- 4

J
roratoo

..J

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l o d e

di

slod;

h 177"” 7“.”ny
1A.: .A‘ kln $0-7

4.. '\
‘aie up

3 . “hi ('3

A I; a...).

11"“

‘ (T. Y‘ ;“ Y'f: YT'
\4 A s - «Avon;

 

radiorhos

I.)
‘

71'

A

Enhemerel

orus of

O.
\—H

 

browse

radio

‘

Althourh numerous

L ‘.

1' fl r 7“
ll ngmuns

W

O

\4

present

re cclle

the

, however

9

moving--

91“"

n <1 10-
k, '.k L,
A

 

 

cted

._\ I

1 4“"
in SLL

'.

A

(Figure

, ni‘
kt» v

on

C

0+

‘

~ :
CMJQC Tip

..

'LJ

‘\.~

. L -

Ar.
\ b

V
v—

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fi
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- .

illit3? ?rvnr

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(‘1
).

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.J g'
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r cacxcround

Activities of four fan
allected by light trap.
and decay.

5C,OOO

Baetidae

 

0,000

7
,Ercu Lei

M

O O O 0
Ab O O O

“1.. AU 0 O

O r? a) 1

1..—

frinidae

L

G1

 

500

spa>apc<

71(410

.’

100

O.
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A}, ”5».
nu
A
5
Q.
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—. 1.
U
v u
9.
1

97

detritus and mud, and this is the browsing pasture For

 

‘F
\r

he

| -A.

for the ervironment include; divided compound eyes, flattened

.49 fl ~ 3 ~ ,,. , ,
-riuiea nihole s, and loni, hooked fore.

(a

:2
'1)
0

an oxvoen sunclv under the elytra. These insects were

ed only on two 0? the three collecting trir , but from

m ,- o" l ‘ .. ., \.\‘ o- 4“»
:he haetids or may lies are ncrcitcrcus SHDmest9
m" ‘ n. .‘ u ' . wfi F‘" ‘ ‘ ‘7‘ r _.
- e adults have activity curves (risure nai which axe a

‘3

> s *1 T V 1 s ’0‘ J» O
ent .r,m the nymphs (rigures P) and 2A3. The 8.1131019

.. .~ + ... T r f" 4» -. w
the a1ults on uuly l» were 90,000 counts per minute per

2. +'. - . "z i “ ‘1 0 r1 r1 \
tnllc the npmnis on July 1, were n the rah.e c, u,,C0
A no. 4. . 4 .. m ‘- 95‘ . '
l.,0 t counts rer minuue her gram. inc oi; erences in

t - x , ..t 4" 4. A 1.. 4. , 4» amp.-

itY HTQF C‘ ear 0 riei as ‘. ‘unctirr-‘19 we. kg «r1 Crm.hiz
‘ a Ix w y

”1" Q ~ - 4’ v 4- -« q I“? ‘n h, fifiY‘

.LC nymras we. Leirnt is determirer .1 .ne mutiin

,. ' p 5" 1 " ~ 7
the section on methods. The weiaht or the rv.p s, node

{

‘ 1 ‘ + 1 ‘ A'- .. ‘ .‘ I71 '3 . -
contains mucn more water than the TESCOCL‘VE acuit. To

t‘e weisht o? the adult is l,su, "ivir: a corresrcfl‘infi
crease in the 002*t1 “Pr Minute ‘0“ “ram.

T?‘- 2:i”l 01* 1“,:i'zitff 1‘eoc7cdeni VfltS L'“at '1? }l) ‘.v~~
The Kid‘s” [Tevti*eiiliel lad reccrfiec ‘ouuts ft' r'"rt
“ram 0? slixhtlv over Ah, 00. This sccat acoumilation

'r
\r
I

*1
L-..

r‘

O
1 f".

nll

p44

activitv is asain probably an effect of weisht determination

- ~ ... .. , . w p u g n‘ .... 1 ,
d9 mid es are heroixorous and seed CLie;iY on al,1e, higher

. t: a" 4-. 4— a .. 7'1 a. \, 1, 11-,
acuac-c “lanes, and detritus (:ean.”, it.d.,. Tie clan
0
activity LP? also 0e due to racid metabo ism.

a
(D
(...-I
:1.
J
'r..J

+
'JO
,3
L0
<0
0
ci’
U)
{,3
L\’

O
(D
:3
rs
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ha
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C+
:3“ r-J
"D
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"0
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4
,3
E .1
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L t
H
C)

I

phosphorus from the stream ecosystem, since great numbers of

‘ ‘\‘ ‘ -~v "4' ' Iv .' v v
tease 11sec s are leavin ' tn” system taroubnout the aura r.

 

ulthouxh a continuous sampling f the Fish was not nart

of the nresent study, some conclusions can be drawn from the

...).
3
4
‘ D
S
3
...tb
.—+
c+
(D
; ‘5
(‘9‘
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O
H
L4
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1,..1.
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(D
3
5.1
Q;
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}.J
(D

 

 

 

or sculrins, Cottus bairdii and Cottus cccnatus, were collect-
ed seven times throughout the summer. The muddlers lie on
the bed of the stream on loss or under rocks. Their food is
composed of entomastraca and small crustaces, with occasional
insects, stonefly larvae, m 1yfly nym“ds, triror1ruc and
Elf‘al_iug larvae (Cahn, 1927‘.

The variability of the activity curves (Pifiure 965 is
sim‘ ar to Thirht (ih d. . These curves retlect the error-

 

C+
C
C)
72‘.
,3
(+-
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activity is the ave. r:17ed data for Stations 3 and 8 and t,e

4'1 u " l o p \h + ‘ 1n ‘
downstreim activity is the avera sed data To: otacions la and

 

 

If)

- 4- 2 - -" v r I. ‘1 ’ r +‘ “I“ -‘ . _— -. r‘ \,‘ .‘ ‘- '
'Translrnrio;oo r210 Peswmrfii o. P ‘ thro) 1. rood (22:;1s fxil tie
ECOQFSEGE

‘ n . ‘1 0 . 1 - .1 .
As stated he ore, the translccztion o? the cadioynosrnu

n ‘ ‘0 a. " ' ‘7v.‘__- '2‘ . A. 4.
follcum1tne orvricil and OlOlelCfld tufiuuvtxs 0: -LB stream.

The biolotical transloca tion can 0e seen from a food 0

i I

. Activity of sculpins at the ups
and at the downstream Stations 1? a
for backsround and deofi .

U

'1m‘

I“ Y
A

g

y.
A

s Per minute pe

&
I

Activity (Corrected coun:

CO

, coo

O\

, 000

A fif‘ffi
/‘ _,

F \
‘

’3
O
O

9,710

O

townstredm

Upstream

 

A ‘ . 4
.“JL1:- If? \I

3--)
O
'r"

constructed from the food preferences rhd activi

the respective reoresehtatives. When reading the loci eha

(Figure 97‘ from bottom to top, it is arrareet t?

sradual shift also represents a picture of the ti

v

o . 4.1 - . o -.,
o- the stream. As bfle activ1ty oi tn” Terionlto

'd
ti

- w
"Y‘lj .«13111 IV,’
y.” ... ‘-M.A A-.~.L_-',u1

the activity of the eriphyton feede

‘1

The curves for thererella and Jammarus show u 7

£44.

 

trophic levels. Food chaih studies involvin: re.

p

cycles, rates, and in alerting us to possible da:

m.” 'r‘ a . via/'K- "\ ~ '. t rx -~ .1 w + . - f r‘ ‘1 1 ~ 7, ~r- '? - ‘~'/v~'
ihe Tngiie;hustuxjc,s {maxiuicuo1(\.icx_lcws utfl‘; ewl

"I

4- L ‘ r“ F‘ 1 '7/ ' r. .. a "
w-r} ‘ '11s ,\, Y \ _ '7‘ J,.l,.‘. ‘ ‘
." JDCT‘lzuo HOWE? Oi. tfd? l 1..) - JUN-”:1 (A

P).
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=ther rad»

(

P '
.

‘Ax; '_§v- A . A“.

o? the neiihborint “rrestrifi ¢10?3 5 3

FD
I ‘5
C)

radioactivity is lost due to removal or emerf

1 1 a , 4. .~‘ ‘ . . -. 9-. -' «..- ~«.
wnicn have accumulated radicrhcsguorus. :1 Are

. _ o ‘ a .1 +- ‘
n+31'14’1' h n 1M. 1r I 71 i 4 o. “Hr‘ m r-.
- u L ‘J L U ' 1 J . 911.0 1' ('3 1 I . CIT. h4.’.r3 {1:17.} Ufa... kit-

1W'1711' a
A.AA.~. '\ t

A
u

l

=1 ”.7 A 7‘ ‘
‘ ‘ J A

‘

«qr‘
.

...‘J.’ k

10?.

7:10

A
Q
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o
of the

A

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3;.

Lo

4 \

orrec

a

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‘1 gr.

'-,' F. “C4

0
t)

count

.331

Q
~_~

1

‘ nruwv

i

f.\

I".

firflml

ger

.7-
t

counts rcr minute

A
-J

f5

'1?

(CIJFTVFu

tivi ,

pm
.k.

t“
r

R,OOO

1,000

a co

.' , K.) .x- 4

 

Cottus

Hydrcpsyche

Periyhyton

1 T _ 7‘ v
SECQLTAKY

Gammarus

 

a1cqytarr-wfi
CD “MN15

1A‘I’A,'kJ;

?:““Ucv:~
A ’ ‘ ‘w \u A s ‘

QNSUNEP?
rsi

 

 

 

“I.

\l
O
I
F' ”run ’39 "PW": 1:11 Otipv‘ .-.~. “1"""°’l ”a “fin" '1“"f'\c*‘1 ~v~1~<~
T‘ZT‘A‘ .1 (”Li A - \>LI,.~.) OCLL JJL thol~ . t,‘l.(4 D ~~ C ‘ L‘-’\J D :«'-LA‘JNJ:’flU- “*3
ya ‘7 x 3 raw? t *7“ m. W‘z‘ '1 fl 1" 7.‘ Y‘ ‘L ,‘
p”OL ihe lctic so was em. .ce u‘Uu c-uhus were co.rectea

p ‘A ‘ ‘V'- \uA ‘
10F how-A". 9 " L4.’-fl {and dBCFZV.

v~J ‘ U

Tendipedids
N

s
‘s

Baetids

 

gram)

15,000

10,000

 

   

1...:
O
O
c

4
COTiXedS Bowfcx ACCUMUImi

\V—‘I'f V?’
Rifli‘j‘l F T'

A.

300
Nasturtium

a~ ,
' ‘ Oligocnaetes

—"

O ' o”"‘

TQRWSTflTfimTOW VFAM

FEGFXEPATIDN

Activity (Corrected counts per minute per

 

Fontinalis

 

”UC'ZT‘K'W‘ L‘L‘K’OL'A '
L.‘ A. .8- 4 “AAXI¥_ I

 

Chelaticn

 

Hinged structures formed by coordination of a a van

4

k‘.

'ci
1

2e,ie: at two roin s are called chelate rir2s. Chelatinq

LCJ

k1

arents are rin:1ed co.m plexes carable of stoichicmetric reac-

tion. with metals, resulting in the :crmation of a rinc ,n

’hicn the metal is held by coordinate valences (Stewart and

rD
a,

ona , 1956‘

Chelat in: of metals has been ser to overcome soil

fixation of plant HMIt ients (Stewart and Leonard, icid.‘.

 

Ch latinq agents are used to supply the micr nutrients iron,

zinc and mancenese to plants (Wallace, 1060‘, and s.ne o

' ~ - .. ‘ u... “xxx. x ".31" .i
the delet‘n“ agents h.4e procuced auxin-l-ne f ects ,Nallac:

{ :3

F“
”35‘

id F

 

in an effort to determine the eftecus 0
on the nutritional vc le, or the cf: ects" an actirity disclace
ment, an iron chelate was added to the stream at Station 9 on

July 7, 1060. The concentration of the iron chelate IaFeFEP

Chfililte (n1 t‘m3 iifini in iflie sgneteng Tim? autmnmititt ruxnw:
located at Stations 8, ll and l? sampled the area. The
cielate entered the stream a l“'“” a.r. on Jrly T. "1e
aut,matic s..rlin : device at Static? 7 x,s ctcrxei b'tt~e tn
entrance of the chelate. This was done to chtain data en th

n- a . L 1‘ ‘ r . :~ .. V . . 7 A ,
natural iluct1 bivu oi the streim tc.ore chelate entrv. .n
' . . " ~ 7 fl K‘s u A \ v ~ 1 .1
curat on and fluctuation of the iron curte (ri;1re r9 will

rw' - 3 + P‘ + a ‘ '2
live an inaication of natural varizbi

‘\ ‘7 ‘ 4'" v.- , .‘ .1 .-: ‘ 2' ‘fi 7r , ‘7' V‘ 4' 1 ’9
scdium n-hydrotyetngletnyieneciamine‘ his aphrolimatel

r"
C)
‘3

F1~Jre 99. Iron COM. ert (‘if‘ C‘I'Blfitod VV‘JatGr TO?" Elf/112102153
8, ll and 1?. The oh “la 9 entered the stream at 13:90

D.m. on July 7, 1960.

I‘

4

Lite

F0?"

N

.‘

m:

l
(

7‘

J

Milli?

A

’3\

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Station 19

m1 4‘ 4' ' . r‘ x v I V‘ 1" 7‘
inc eorcehurqtions of the iron exores:e" id willierxnx inc

. N . 1 ' g _ . q . A -.f‘ ,.
liter .anazi slight ”Yni‘rossiol; ijwrin tTiCQUt rrvr ‘no :.‘~

('7‘
:3‘
(D
C)
L)”
'3
,_.l
,J
4
CD
CD
13
(4'
' ‘5
“A
“Q
a
55
’ D
,0
’)
('9‘
Ho
(4
‘9
H
('4’
’J
D
L)
C)
* ”‘3
’ 7.1
H
=33
’ ‘3
(D
J
2)
‘Z 3'
>3
f
, 3
5
1

if 1
:3
O
.0
d
C)‘
O
1
.24
J
3‘
(I)
' *3
O
’ S
\D
53‘
(I)
,.)
if
a)
1...:
w
(+
(D
5‘

:2
U)
in
c2;

D
AL

'0

p
P"
L— J

D
:N

J

‘3
1 ¢
1.

J

r‘ ‘0‘» 7r) ‘ - t + n 1 n' . w *- 1~ -
0; 11.1.}??? ,‘x SHOW of.“ T1310.“(‘.-‘:~;f'fl\’_3"‘US {igtef‘ aflf? C‘Ilfiifl .1" V737:

A

F

”died. From Figure 5, it is noted that Station 11 he: 2
co1nt of 15 counts per minute oer 33o m=

L
A.

~‘ 1" N- ’2 f a '1 '7 (N w‘ P n:— vn ,-
a.m. on July 7 while nrom FiaJre ,J a llew 9.“. o. tee yam

V ‘ ‘ 1 ‘ fl ‘ ‘ ~ v . r,‘ ' 4- ,. ~ g , ‘- . A

gay and qut ore hour alter the coelate was inorooacei, one
. . f 1," , O .D 4. .4. -. L 4. -‘ t "V _..

count was 20 c.p.m. nowewer, the eliects at boaolbh l» ire

somcwhat negated by the comparison of Station 1? in .Erures
5 and ?O. The counts were over ?to at ?:o0 a.m. on JulJ (,
while at 19:00 noon, just two hours after the chelste was
introduced, the corit was 13 C.F.m. It was hotel that .he
chelate-containinz water samples lopeared to have 24 unusual

+ . i ..A ..‘ ,_‘o 1 "q.
and sometimes violent effect upon the steislers steel 11;;-

chets when treated with concentratei acid qni heatei: some-

times turning the planehet black, and sometires cretfirr e
black foam which bubbled over the sides of the yliro'3*. 731‘
may have eFFected the counts.

From an onslysis of the phosrhorus center: o? ‘ho wmter

t Stations 8, ll and 1?, little conclusior about the ohelef

,0

(D

ffect can be drawn. There were slight ircreeses in the con
centrations of rhosphorus immediately effieé the ohezete wee
introfluoed, but in light of the niturel variitioo so yresres
in the data of Station 8, the curves for Stations 1] end 1?

may only show natural fluctuatioc.

a.
..i

x

r E. 1.9. -,i 0. as

f0

1
..
8

ate
C“

corre
1

re
.d

P. a:
W u .
Cu ...b
t m...“
n .
u
no 9
PM .. t...
11.
o e
.1. .5

lll

Station

 

lO

8

,mtmpfififififiso

6

l4

Or.

a 00m pen

0

6 .4
2 2

mpzqfis L

ll

Station

2
. 2

on

O

2
mpqdoo

-.IT

0

at 16:00

n
.1

. e
t
a
1
e
h
C

r0
1

"V C on

\V

9

 

.4
l

 

2 O

l 1

wopooppoov

Noon

10 ll

mpwbwpo¢

July 7

J
1.4
0

v, v. ,‘ 4‘- 1 .1 7? i ‘ g ‘~ 0v 0 - .
H" ' .-"' 3“ P1 . - _ 7Y1 , 7 5 ,. h v r‘ n (a
.¢ 5".1'l -~/ (311-183-, Lit-(TL Sillkl :«'.L 88 TI“ 8 I e thLen A‘JIA‘L‘. I: 0. l- 5 9:1” '- . + D ‘1 ‘.P:

p 4" . m - an.“ 1 .1 w
o. bfle cnelete. -he se-olcs were t-neh on NJJJ ,,

H
I.)
(.‘.) \
'3

+-

1
cf

etion l? at five -mir ute interrels stertinr at

K. 5' l p .1 ,0 J. , | . 4 A ,
13:90 a.m. -or the .irsu hour and then at ten-minuoe i ter-
.‘.m "“ .-‘ -" ‘ ‘1). .

Vfilm. .ne some trocedure was followei at Station lw with

etion of llzCT 2.x. o? the some

(1'
5 1
(D
I '1
C“
,0
3
»+
r-“
‘ 3
7?}
5+
H.
a
’D
m
(H
(7*
cf
5
y.»
'1)

1

The 1&0 ml. samples were analy"e for total roosrhor's,
iron content, and activity. There seems to be little con-

, “- + a...ov_ I?! ... -‘,\ ‘,‘1’ .01 2"
sistehcy in toe respective cu. es 1 igorer ,; all _ .

.Tv 1.,u.7. .n.s activity may have been due to e release

‘l‘rinrfl f“, \ ‘1'.) O f. I: ,r‘. “T“‘ .7. Y1 .- ‘7’“ n1” t" '1'” .7 .3 +_ ‘ *r,r) f‘ (‘3 Y‘ fit.
.. ,._ .I;A . J (. . '_"»~ -;.s.;‘;_ ."1 ,A‘. L Li’C’; 1JA¢1QAl ‘.L.e (4‘16..4. ’~ ’J‘C: .‘.C~ ';A.: (J - . PL. u.

It seems thet there is little *roi cal ‘e su-x with
’)
o- .: -‘.-,.. 1- ‘ &. IJ- . 4.°-.. . » & f7 '- .
515.0ur nrre 2;obut t.£2ruielete fixmi lbs T932.1(WAfizi{ to . on

‘— ‘ i r‘ x ‘ H‘ ‘ \ - ~ ‘\ ‘ " ‘ . " ‘
even iron Telesee. inere seems to nave been «11; < sl1.rt
, ' ‘ ' \ . . 4 O _..' ., .‘. '0 .'2‘ - 1,. .‘d p-
increase 1L actitit» uue to the chele t r. “u0ibb. it i;

r2 '
‘iygwjrixihf Lc- sitHess: i}:e (“owsiid‘zrnlfle (iiFf‘ernoe (DFVW? "F*”1R

\-

4" ‘ , h C . 1 ’l ,
..cm .tatior o‘io"e to +¢tl0fi l~‘ bew.xeer 1e 0 eLut
or.r3 site -"i tke sampli.r staticre. A stetirr trove“ rm.

chelote entry toint may h Lve shown a Kore markefi can; 1e

 

 

fT‘ ,.'1 " . _ ‘ A 1‘ . - “ C‘ . .2 D! I! 4.1 1 +..
.0‘ u: :hofxuuitts o:m:.»rec. “ {h .' .t
———- A .h. J_a_
' N " -\ .’\ . -- . n o . , .- ' ~- —~ .-‘ ~. . . n
.o o‘“ or *‘ cc"TW1 e taie tTYfl slrwwztioh r5; “KC:!-'Lw:ffi or;
I. 4.? ‘2."1‘ . ‘0 ‘1. . .-.; 0 (1‘! 1 ‘L..
i: the 21.;erert blow o reoresertueives, a ereo..ic a in‘.g
.1 \ ‘ -°- - F" ‘ t‘ 4 ! A. H
r ‘ ‘Q ‘vv 0 1 —. ...
CiLr“.1-1'.~ticr. trig“ m'i’lf‘. -118 (3T6? .1? '2C4."'i:“, (‘1 f1? I- ‘ “:T

C‘ i.» wur ‘ .. 'n 7 r- Ci") *1? l. " ‘ ’ ‘ ‘
V . . : _.~. " ' '. '1 ' . r‘ . - ‘ ‘ ‘* V '- " '
‘1 V1.63 . 5.1. L- lO L). 1411*: C 4-111115 .' C‘ 27.12. 1|. I_.':~"E..;.,’,"T Jr. _.' _.1 7‘ -', . 1} -

F osphorus (
8, ll and l

D
.1.
P

ll?

.21)

~.+
CCEtnF‘IL V

(7 .

O

Der Billion

 

 

 

 

 

.E.m oonoa um Emeppo mop woempmo epefiogc
. 0 once awnocc

age .2ecev too c:20LemoeL Loo werooego
S. .ECmo opemcge egg mneszw um ceapwpm Loo mum>wpoo was
.QQLH .moeozgmoso Hence he mouwaeeéoc < .mw mgzewm

.1 l
1

llé

efio>popcw owzcaslomv coo: mm hmao>oopcw opSQHEImV .E.m CmuCH

Q

(\

 

 

0 ~
If: \\ ’ .\
t I I s
I § .
oos
CH
n. H o
.m
4H
mm
Q0
em solveem

 

 

HI

.1.
«l

4

.53..“ Chi)-.. 95 ”no???“ No.1: warhouge

e.C.r
age .macoc rec Tc::Lonr~ Loo cuyceytoc
fiscag opemmeficfiifik ucwxw;..wm Stwérpm ion
.CCLH .mzpcmumczo Honey no CcmeMoeoo <

WM rm. WW ...)»
kpwbwo

o. ..
VIN:

.

’t

C...

3LSC My

\

CA? .rC
rt“?

w. ....

t

O

r?

118

einutm 19

V

ow: 491

Ittlm

E

L.“

CH

ma

Cm

mm

on

mm

00

Amdwboo#:H mwzerIOHV Coo: ma

9

4

-‘.fit.

xofipeom

ozone”?

 

flmHm>pmqu owSQHEImV

.dmOr

C0,... .

101:1 Jed smtifittztw

he steoitic acti.ity calculations for

(microcuril es 0; :‘ were selected from the maximum activities

of the First collecting week, July 5 to July 1?, for the
various orien ems.

The sgeoific activities show much the same picture as
time chtd CEIHi r1 cu r1'es in i’igtu*e 2Y7. inlril_r :riir cvzrlgr s €L-€,
the “rochxcer and ,rjenisms which feef oirectly on he pro-
ducers have the oreatest specific activity. The range of
specific activities ran fr m ?,C“5 for geriphgtol, to leeo
thzr one For Cottoe and the trout. It lireers that ”Yflrotrvche

 

‘ <‘ ~~ or. - ‘ “ar 1' + 'V‘
on: the two no; 1v :yn--. util-4e perlthvton as a major oor-

A

"- .‘.. . 3": . ,. .L ‘ . 3 . 0 . p w, -
:1319e .3 compares the specific eotivit1:s o- the same

, . - '1 .‘l 3 _ j H" a
‘ e-‘r q W3. A 0‘ ‘\ «‘1‘ +" Y_‘ in if‘ ‘1 1Pwv‘ (- + n + 1 ‘ (an. 'r"
CT..-l.ir,l.qn.. pr: .1222 V1.3.) 31/, avfllCli .‘J “.1. CAlL.- ’3 4.118. off: 4.; '.. uOLC
~ ° ‘ m‘,‘ —.‘- r“ a -r + ‘ - . 1 . ‘. 4- ‘ m‘
entrg. .nze yo:- 3:3.3wu1o Chanfe is;tuie Cf ma3r.ituoe. irma

rothfn' thur ‘is tYW= tko‘cxumi . TEN? fi3"1”“Y'e “ttuéifio fmrfli”—
4.: ..~ 2 1 .. . L 1‘ ,_ ms 1 2 . . *
ioies anion ere greater than :ic. .ne bottom awellers have
, -‘ .0 _ 0 p 2 u .1.
alrc ire:et.e‘ .n 8:901:10 not iv t ies. AlbhOUgn the curve

b

For Fohtiiolis se no large, it should be pla ced ii

 

.. L! . LT..4 4‘- ‘- " L ‘ M ., ‘
bx no-.hf .:z” the octzel sreoitic activity has teen :eouced

Vifures SA erui;“3 is oresented i1} Worerdix V.

F11 an O I.1 J_ I ‘ {i + 1 s w ‘ _ 1 x O ‘ ‘ ‘v
. .-nx1 n ”A; Y' fir“ '5‘ Y‘V\\ n 4.qu ')Y\ 1 'V'Y“!' r rs,
A :;€ S k. C .‘.. A 4 \~ (1 U L! i V l L i. L r.) 4' C . v (At.' : - C (1.114 V Er ‘ 3..) K—‘K-Ap ‘. f A A .-.11 .. 'i

V! \V W‘s) war. v_~,3 yen .‘2; .‘."; r. ‘ 7", r‘ t ‘(flo i‘. “(‘I ‘r‘ r~ 7‘4 ’fl 1’ ”n .. : ..fi‘L (’7 "
COlw)k‘1-1 I) II’... . ..l-§~$1 2111. 11,15, 1;... .. _. .‘--1 m"..‘ LI 0.. IJL~.. .4-‘~_,J .nL.

LJ
’)

1 0' a - n ..— . ° -.
3e speciiic activity 0. xiticus oryunfems
, _ + ,3 1,. p w ‘4. 1 .9 »
rs. ween OJ the study. Tne lectope entered
J. . -1 ,_ ,— ,.
the values are for 7-3-00 to T-lfl-cO.

p-)

8° Of “’” “a" Chev d” P

‘J ~ ‘~’ ‘-‘ - v~ .¢ -‘-A.A ‘\ ‘

i
O 100 900 300 500 1000 150C 4300

PRODUCELS

 

 

 

 

gar/3 r‘ x'r‘.01vr-“,u
‘ J (. . .‘.y' '«_,,4ke

a

 

1. c0?7rlta

 

 

 

BOTTOM *vuaercanws

§ d‘std-n

n . ,. z
519:17'1L16‘n l3

Cli3cchaetes

' ‘VPVV. 'flr‘."
‘ (‘0 i-\.|T' t4 4 i
‘ J‘.’ n.

k
.n\ \l.~s-.

.Tulir R tflirc ;+h AHA]
L .

 

.1

A (

l") 0

CI)

IN -“‘

activity c”

I

+1» _V
VA-

r

.4
~_Ar

y"

-

J

1; V

«.r

PRODUCERS

 

 

Potamcqeton

Q
I

Cnaca

PRIMARY CONSUMEPC

 

14er ref/Viral. p
o'xl.) ‘Vb'! VA’IU

 

BOTTOM INHABITAHTS

 

Hexagenia

 

-' ‘0' v. .f‘r".
I ' (‘Q‘C‘WR’~-"W
..' I AIL. \-A.. A.\
f

' " ‘ '“ ’I a 4‘
Drown ircu.

.&4

U
'x
f)

‘Ok chut

Ccttus

August 15

 

study period. But 41 days later (Figure ?5‘, the specific

. 1‘ i F. a ~ v 1 , ‘ . .,
activities 0; t e proqucers and primary consumers cropped

n - «p . .3 . ~, _" o -. .; ,-‘ s 2 A ‘1. .,‘ 1‘ _‘ ,2 Q s"
:rom th, crinlnal value by one thirn do OLU anU'HQLX‘Chuh

" L‘. , "_ J» 2 .2 .' D '3 ‘2 P7- .. ‘., ‘ 1 Pi
o: the strci‘ic a ulViulCS o: :ifiure ,A. .;uc, the spflc . 0

activity curve changed with time, and the bottom dweller »nd

. .‘ 4. . .'1 2, 4.: . :91
iwe cceucer rcl+s ‘- .“e -recli c

3)
7')
73
(D

1 ,fl.‘
cery consumers rec

activity picture.

n???ai'g av
J
DU 9;. '

q. '9 '1' ”A 4. , 4‘ 9" . S , 1‘ :
H uu.y 5, lklo, FnV5-thrce m_ilicucieo t. red_ozoti‘e
7’3
.‘ ‘ “.'f v 4" TA ‘fi . ‘ “I 4‘ O... .w
phosphorus (: \ Jere adde d to the Jest :rercn o: the otu“gECH

River, Cheboyecn Co uht; , hicni,ih. The physical and biolo3i-
col n'thw1ve of the stream ecosystem were studied
the fate of the radiophosphorus.

fl

The p“; sicul pathways include current and .ncrttio“

The current is the pnincip a1 source of radiophoephorus dis-

S
(D
[C
C"
(D
“5
{J
0
r,-
Flo
+-

°+ 7 V‘X'O c“ Y. ‘1'“‘4' ‘ fi“‘Y‘T‘a +
V1, v.) CU. J VS Clio" E. (i VJ. .10 one cu . . 9r. t.
‘ ~ 4" W r— ": 'Av . " '1
carrieo the isotoce to dist ences greater nan ,,?o0 terms

below the entry point. 3v comoarinz the upstream activitv

u ., e 1

J

A n P ‘2' ‘- - ~- ‘ I? "'
OI otctioi , to tnet of the downstream Station lfl, en 00%
activity loss was recorded. It is believed that the activity
removed from the current is held within the exterimehtel area.

The physical phenomenon of udsorptio“ eccouxts ior the

J

initial loss of activity from the c‘rrent. The re iophos-

phorus can rrobably he adsoroec onto anvthin3 whion it con-

. ‘ ‘ o W i a ,.. ’ ‘ r _ a v, v > ‘
ulute matter, biotic organisms an: the stream Lotto“. sittle
‘_ . n I, u
of the aosoroed radioohosphorus appears in the currert as

the water activities obtained from tie automatic semtline

{‘3

devices remained at low level. he adsorbed rediorhoe hero:

c‘f‘

‘\‘\

., - ,. . . , ¢. . ‘ '1 ' , . .. °n
me; te an iioizieh factor of biological iécumuletiun.
~ 0 V . ~ ’ ‘
The biological pathwe's of the stream incltcc Lze orgnh-
s' ‘\ fl ‘ . ‘ "‘ . r “ I ~ ‘ a
ism s Lluce in :coc one Ls e.d trorhic letele, the ha:itat
J

..° - ~ ‘ ' . ,
niche OCCUDLBG oy the or3° niszn, eno one €WH?;EEP3 o

rgeni. ms.

The trophio level translocation is ooserved fr‘m the
respective curves of producers, primary consumers and second-
ary consumers. For example, as the producer, periphyton,

loses activity, the primary consumer, ~"drorewche, sraduaelv

 

increases in activity. The appearance of peaks in the fictiv-
ity curves of the secondary con,umer s, fish, occur when the
activities of the producers and primary consum rs are reach-
ing low levels.

Variation in the trophio level activity shifts are due
to the position of the organism in the .ood chain, the habitat
niche occupied by the organism, and rexeoeration.

Gammarus has a variable position in the food chain. The
scuds are voracious feeders, feeding on all kinds of plant
and animal matter. Since they consumer food from Two trophic

levels, i.e., producers and consumers, the . tivitv curves

of Gammarus cannot concisely Show trophio level activity

The habit at niche occupied bv an crraris" also causes

variation in the trcp hio level activitv shifts. The oligo-
chaetes inhabit the mu 1, silt and debris of the stream bottom.

Because the materials of the stream cottcm can themselves re-

.10

tain radi or hosphori , the activity curves of the oligochaetes

U)

are not exclusively a function of their position in the trophi
level.

. . ‘ 3.,~ ._~. . a... e :
Water cress (lasturtiun' with its nienlx rali ie root

 

9 . f V 1 V ' ' ‘ . f"
sgstem lS anit er olse in which the activitv curve in cepenl-

ent upon the habitat niche. Water oress populations are

127

found primarily along the stream periphery and it is believed

f

4

that there are definite physical factors which influenc

a

29 . 1
horizontal P’t distribution. he act i ities cue to the

abitat niche of Km. turtium, then, include two physical

 

factors; activity of the mud, and horizontal variation, and
the biological inoorpor rat like other producers.
The fina 1 factors :hioh cause variation i trophi level

V

shifts are re-cycling and regeneration. Biological popula-

£0

ra iophosphorus ocumulation

rt
y.»
0
:‘S
U)
:3
"I
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o
Cl
r—J
’D
(4‘
O
0 tj
\,_D
’ 3
C“
H
0
H.
t,’
m
rt
(D
H
’25
. l a

the crth phos-

CT’
(‘4
Q
93
Q.
U)
0
*‘5
"d
(1'
p.10
0
:3
U)
F.»
B
r 71
H
(D
H.
O
:3
F“
O
’D
V.
O
y ‘_I
F.)
to
:5
A?
(D
U
4)
O
’2
O
{J
U)

phates; and accumulation via enersy transfer, e.3., 33 P013”
Phosphates. sugar :hosphates, etc. The QdFOTde radiophos-
phorus is accumulated externally. This external radiophos-

Phorus may be we shed into the current: the current rev rise

1.

0

receive rediop' ospnorus due to the simple ionic exchange o.
the P o.'lophospnate w th the surroundin: r" orthorhosprate.

This phenomenon is called rereneration.

nirq or filterinc primary corsure show the rceevrra2cd
diotdcsphorrs of the stream. Generally, these curves slov

platea is which are intermittently interrupted by slirht or

H
(f
p.
'1)
ET
'0
..J
...4.
D
A
*1
”D
L.)
(’9‘
3
'-
3
.D
,4-
,3
(f
D
'5
,1
)4.
,-
r?-
.9
:3
L r

sometimes large peaks.

‘7‘)

" u ' I 4' + “ ‘V‘ ' . 1 ~ I .

peaks are largelv due .0 one regenerated rrtiiOThC mirus.
r . . .L. L " . n ., ‘ . , , 4 j | .
that brinrs a;out the abrupt release 0. ,nosphorus -s unfincwn.

Q ‘ 1- ‘. -.1‘ Q a 1 a ‘ -\ 1
Re-cyoled ratiorhosnrorus is that wniéh nas teen biologi-

cally ir icorporated in a trophio level, and is available for

I‘V‘
C)
b 1’
.’.
3
"D
O
S
i
O
‘S
J.
)
i
o
“S
' k

translooation due to the deat;

U
A
‘1
3

-other organism. The ingestion of the organism is the

'5‘
CD

c+
n

he of trophic level activity shifts. The death of

d
:0
J:
H
O
a

.e
the orgem nism causes slight variations in the tronhic shifts,
and this adioph os chorus can be incorporated in the stream

bottom or in omniverous organisms.

The final state in biolnsical translocation cccurs when

~» “ + . u : 1 % a . a -p
insects emerge trcm the scream ant the bloicéicallg LQCQFpH"-
I o
-" (- O . . ‘3 - i w 3 I J "' ’- ‘ 'v ’ V A \' 0 ’ '
ated P 0; these emcr:in% insects is remor~a ."om the svntem.

Some of‘ their act1v1tv, ,rl()W‘3V{. r, may re—cnter in: egg
3_ O ‘ ‘ ~ 0'; .‘ A. ’| ~ A .‘ ' ~ .
the adult insects ire consumed cy secondary corsumers. -ne
a ‘ , - » a
adult insects may also die over the experimental area and

thus liberate their activity to the system.

On July 7, 1960 an iron chelate, ”a. eEFDT,, was added

1" ‘. ‘ ‘ . i. L
to the West srnnca of the Sturgeon Piver. The efiec. o
che Mtion is not conclusive. There wa. a:1 increase in iron

total phosphorus, and activitv; how ever, in light of the

U

(I)

nc seem to be insignificant.

W

8888

,‘J.

natural fluctuations the
Sam ling stations closer to the chelatc entry roint may have

shown a more marked chelation effect.

Th sp ecific ac ivities, 1.6., the ratio of P" to r ‘,

(D

were calculat ei from the activities and total {hosrhorus
determinations. The specific activities save the same seneral

trophic level shift as the activity curves.

‘1?

199

r, James, and Arthur W Galston. 1959. Princioles of

Plant ?hy37030*V. w. H. Fre eeman and Co., San Francisco.

490 no.

son, David P. 1959. The movement of radioactive phos-
1 ‘, ' 9 ‘ .

.corar €R”OH?D a stream ecosvst,h. Master s TRPulS,

MlcfllLQQ State University.

, T. C. 1956. The movemen+ of inor,anic solutes into
rlants as revealed by the u of "”ilO‘PtiV sctop es
in arriciltur e. U. S. AMi(fll Ene r:y Commission,
T I I? 751i}: fix? -3?l.

U
~o
.s \I

H.

l’f‘ ‘ O ‘1 a
196v. ovement of radiotncsfincrus
q

- 0
rtehrate community of a trout strea“. i-s "r s
hes s, Michigan .tate Ur iversity.

F. W. 195%. The mayflies

, . , or Fraemerort ra
Illinois. Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist

9
. Sur'ev Pb: 910 pm.

 

 

vfi f. f‘ + - .

t: 3- ".,and S. JOOdflelo 1954. Sorntioc reactions
aha some ecological implications. Deep-Sea yes., 1:
~. ' ~. "v
?9~-933.

. 1v 1 «w. —- -‘ '1 -, "~ -\v‘ < .
crq, ~W7h r. 1959. Response of rcrinngter tc ruc:gnoris
- v

lfit"“”lfinl into a Michi'an trout stream. Easter 3
r n - v: n. 7 - ,l .
Fera.r, ~icni an State Jniver itg.
T, F. T., S. V. hages, L. H. Jodrey, and S. G. Whitewiv.

’2‘: r '3‘ ~ ' ' A '5 I‘ .'
lywa. LKOhIHSQS or materials in a lane stuiied by the

" ‘ 1 L T t;

aiiition c: retroactive phosphorus. an. a. .es., D,

‘7 '\" f‘,.’
KIA: pix -L{K)po
1 '1 1‘ .- ’ ‘1. ’ fi‘» ‘ . 5‘ ‘ 3 c ‘ ‘
5' l , ”(LVfirj ‘.. l-~.)k::1. pt. s“ JdCIUJ 0. time T‘Lbo' Dilqlnic A311-

1 . p O '1 . 1‘. ." 7‘. ‘ “x 1 . fl
TfilpruSUhatQ comtlexes isolated Irom arr-in a is ariii.
- -.‘ r7 4 "I I“ ~ w I a
and svrchroniaed Chlorella rvrencicc 1. .oc oral heels,

[’2 1 N 4L ' ‘ -
m;cni an State tniversit;,
~ A ~ It 3 , YT ‘- ,\ a ‘ V'v‘ .‘ - I. . r 4"
Hint}, I..u:‘ e. L. were. 193”. e h1‘~” aermcatili*g or
a" i , ‘ n‘ , - V' N r‘ 1" ‘1 Cf .0 2
: L. . \- rt nastrali;. rW1t J. of “10;. u 12.7es,

 

 

T "a '. t: h” 4 .A ~ ‘ 7' r‘ “
Dainty, u., n. 3. ”ope,suc coristine 31:2,. 0 . Toxic
\nx v- 9 n n . L ~
relatiOns 0. cells 01 ohari queerslis. aunt. J. o:
7“. f“ ‘,_ 7 V." w -—1 "
:iol. QCiehCCS, l}: 29(-P(c.

Fonildron, Iruren r. lQoQ. Psdiotiolosicol stulies at the
Fniwetok test site and adjacent arees of the Hester.
Pacific. U. S. Dept. of Health, Eiucstion end Welfare,
Ect”rt A. Taft Sanitfiry Emrineerinr Center, Cieoinnflti,
Ohi . Techni011 Petort W 60-5.

Eighty-sirth Concress. 1959. Fell-out from nucleqr weapons
tests hearin2s, before t.e special s‘bconmittee on
redietion, of the Joint Committee on atomic Enersy.
Con“cess o” tr1e United States. United Strtes 31v.

Pr nting W?”ice, 1: 77-73.
Hagen C. F. 1936. vnos mate absorption by plant ro ts.

A conferero e on rsiioact ive isotopes in
8. Atomic Energy Comm ssion. T I ?

H
- G
O

4

HCVQSV, qQOwrQ. 10. unflioqc ivp indigafiorpo IKC:”§C‘OnfiQ
1 1 (V T ‘~ 1' r/ ‘4
furl "3r*9 133-, WQW YOTL. 553 PF.

* i)
f N)

O

‘ ’. ‘ r‘ .rx '.' A .
i stiiien in %rxec1ticm1t. IA. h OJQC'
p 1 7 1

p R x ' "
V oi the th sohorus cvcle

" vv- , ,\ ,-.o T' - O s '1 \
EIGlyn ,1nd Vauehqn T. semen. i
L

\J

pt.
h<+u1
.4 ‘
’A—
:3 .H o
a) H-
x:
{U f"
1
'vi 5.]

3

w

90 v- . _ ‘ P ." . ~‘ ~ ‘ '
titts, n. ~. lQHQ. The aisorttion oi tnostnate o; es.uerine
v p‘ I. ~ v-\ u ‘A "
tottom 1e?osits. Aust. J. 0’ Marine and rresowiter h0?.,
A ‘—? A
1: {-1.19

"r— 1'“ (x:- L 1 ‘ 0‘ 1‘0, A «.' A ’1, J
Pnjffll ..rfiip . . 1.43;. IF”)UOF1IT tT¢M‘g?: 1C l“1u»b.. 129-35TEiC
" v , I I,
*re23 Irc., R.V Eirk. “(a no.

- I N 1 Y- , f r? ‘ ‘ — . -‘ . ' ’

Knight, Allen J. -Jol. The I”R¢31082t100 o: r111 unospnorue
tor? :‘h an aquatic ecosgstem. Master's Thesis, Vicn‘MGn
:3+%3z? Uhi‘fe*t*itv.

.' u ..., " v >. § ' I “V _

kromnol , ohmis A., and Pichara F. Post r. 1937. Toenails-

'-g N _‘ , , . L .,
mrtion of radioactivitx From fine or rrc: to

tion and rete i . 1
sod oth riii emote rials by fr h-wqter orfatisms Us
« 1

pr-
Aoso Scie

.4 o

I
‘w- ...

nee - fiat. Fes. COJncil Pub]. No. “C

K

Murray, 3. J. 1359. A? ecolOfic1l siuiy o? the invertebrate
faure of some northern Tnditna streevs. Trvestirerions
o? Treieno Lakes dud Streams. Indiana Tet‘. o? Pou‘.
Fir. of Visa 1nd Game in Snorerotion witn the lei one
U.ivcrsity ,ioio2icnl S-etion, Indiuneroli:., l"Z-ll$.

~A.f\1

Y‘sy‘hvr‘r‘rqz‘r

NzltiOZ 1; Bureau of Standards. 195;. Kotimum tu.miu.itle
amounts of radioisotopes in tie human body and maximum
oermissiblo concentrations in air 323 water. T. 3.
Debt. 0? Commoroe. 5?: #5 pr.

Odum, Euqe”e P. 1955. Ecological aspect? of wast? d '08“
A oorforwnce on radioactive isotop s in agrivu tare.

U. 3?. Auomio Ehvrrzy Conmfistion. 7‘ I T 7%1:w i¥%-] 5.

Odom, Fusene P., E. J. Irieizler and C-‘is er .qwion 72" or
EILuIt. 1533V.t IhUtque ()f 33%? 2L;fi 'rfiignar"' rfwiiuc:t ‘fit;7
in marine we hic algae. Limnol. 0o.°”o*r., E: ‘uO-~!

Odam, Turnhé 3. 1350. Fund mentnls of ,olo H. F.
Sourder: 00., Philad elthia. 546 yr.

Ponh2F, Fooovt W. 1973. Fresh-water inver.e:"u‘ni of tLe
Vr€*oi Stotn". Fonamd Frans, flew tor 7L” *?.

"0'9“ , a. 9., C“orwoll HendO”so“ and Ralph T. ??linfc. 33;
Water quality 3t“dies on +ho Cu unbin :1 o“ I. ’. To
r? Fnclth, Ljuoation Mnd welfare, Pubiio r filth Servioo
Fohpwt A. Taft Sanita?" Enrineerin: Fonts“ C‘no‘rneti,
rum!“
1'...LLJ0

E033, Eavbert H. lqfifl. The CHiuiS Tliaj, or ."ioooriaro,
Iiii;oi . gull. Ill. Hat. Hist. Survey, fii: ??6 T?-

Stewfibt, T., and C. 7. Eeonfiru. 1935. fituiio: of ohr13*e“
bl“n* nutrients with radioactivo isotore? A no;?ernio
Jr rtdioaotive isotooos in asrioulturp. U. S. itomio
Enorfiy Commission, T I i 751?: PAS-9§1.

Usir*nr, éo‘ort 1. 1956. Atuot V insootr o? uqlifrori”.
Uri V7”?ity of‘fViiiTornii ?YT¢w:,’Fo“knloy “Tfi:/7? fio“9io
gq” CT. '

Walloon, A“t ”r. 195?. Use of syntactic chalfitirf o"€it9 i
r'wht nutrition find some f their of"eoto on 01? ‘fylzt
inf oix"mnn in b.2rts. Chelution Fhonum-no fihv" 9 o?
the You Eor? A921. of Sci., 33: 131-777.

anzfiiKL, V, T., S. I. Ehiznc=t.o"zand Ii. if Ti: ofén C-?T??P’”“ y.
1333 The "010 of vadioaotive iuo‘OTeu ‘x colv n‘ the
Pfiohlnw" of ~"*"ooiolo*v. Prooeedin 3 C? the EQoOKG
ifnitoti 27:;th .119 International Confer'wo or; the Fozaoot"fl11
V~es o? Atomic Ene.:f. Uuitni KitioUS. VDFRYZ. f7:
"x."‘u’-_ 5.1"”?

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ILvortebrate Biomass 01 the
Branch of the Sturseon river

for 1958, 1959 and 1960.

7 ~ 0 , &.
Rounds 0. interue-
bnetes per acre

 

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