DELINQ'UENCY AREAS IN THE._ .
I _ CITY" AND‘COUNTY - -. .:
_ OF' JACKSON, MICHIGAN

THESIS TOT THT DTTTTT 0T M T ' . 1
Wllham Hamilton Sewell '- ' A - ’
1934 H‘f ‘ 7fl3.

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DELINQUENCY AREAS IN THE CITY AND COUNTY
OF JACKSON, MICHIGAN

by

WILLIAM HAIILTON SEWELL

A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in
Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of
MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Sociology

   

:.proved:
‘,

    
 

 

Dean STICraduateISchooI

EICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE
1934

THFQIS

 

 

ACKNOWLEDGEIENT

/
The writer wishes to express his appreciation to

Thomas Lovitt, Sheriff of Jackson County, for the use
,of the records of his department, and to Mr. Carl Waltz
for assistance.nith the maps.

He is indebted to Dr. Eben Xumford, and to Dr.
Charles R. Hoffer, of the Department of Sociology,
Nichigan State College, for their guidance in the

writing of this thesis.

T.

Fa
Mr!
3? a
#4:
I‘ ‘Q.
T. .

CHAPTER I

CHAPTER II

CHAPTER III

CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER Y

CHAPTER VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

A HISTORICAL, ECONOHIC, AND SOCIAL
DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY AND COUNTY
OF JACKSON, MICHIGAN.

ANALYSIS OF JACKSON COUNTY JAIL
COHHITHENT RECORDS FOR 1935

DELINqUENCY RATES IN JACKSON COUNTY

DELINQUENCY AREAS IN THE CITY OF
JACKSON

SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPI

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a)

go

15

30
43

53
78

82

Map

Map

Map

Map

Map

LIST OF EAPS
I. Birth Place and Residence by States of Persons
Committed to the Jackson County Jail in 1933.

II. Birth Place and Residence of Michigan Persons
Committed to the Jackson County Jail in 1933.

III. Commitment Rates by Townships for Jackson
County in 1933.

IV. Place of Residence of 627 Persons Committed
to the Jackson County Jail in 1933.

V. Place of Residence by Wards and Enumeration
Districts of 627 Persons Committed to the
Jackson County Jail in 1933.

VI. Commitment Rates by Wards for the City of
Jackson, 1933.

VII. Commitment Rates by Enumeration Districts
for the City of Jackson, 1933.

LIST OF TABLES

Table I. The POpulation Distribution in Jackson County.

Table II. Average Age and Commitment Rates According

to Sex and Race of Persons Cowmitted to
the Jackson County Jail in 1933.

Table III. Marital State According to Sex and Color

of Persons Committed to the Jackson County
Jail in 1933.

Table IV. Occupations of Persons Committed to the

Jackson County Jail in 1933.

Table V. Classification of Commitments to the Jackson

County Jail in 1933 by Types of Offense.

Table VI. Commitment Rates and Pepulation Composition and

Distribution for Townships in Jackson County
in 1933.

Table VII. Commitment Rates and.P0pulation Composition by

Wards and Enumeration Districts for the City
of Jackson in 1933.

44

54

56

57

58

19

35

38

39

4O

46

59

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Whenever and wherever there are groups of humans the group
regulates the social activities of its members. In primitive
societies custom governs behavior. In more advanced cultures
customs are formulated into regulations or laws by the legis-
lative groups within the state and are enforced by the state.
A crime is committed when those laws are broken.

Clayton J. Ettinger defines crime in these words:

One might define crime in the United States as an

act or omission forbidden by law, punishable upon con-

viction by death, imprisonment, fine, removal from office,

disqualification to hold office, or other penal dis-

cipline. (l)

The definition offered by John Lewis Gillin concurs with
the foregoing one, but is stated in somewhat more general terms.
Gillin defines crime in this way:

From the legal point of view any action by an
individual in contravention of the law is a crime.(2)

It may either be the commission of an act forbidden by

law or the omission of an act demanded by 1aw.(3)

Crime is often.divided into classes according to its
seriousness. Grave crimes such as murder and.robbery armed are

called felonies while drunkenness and assault and battery are

called misdemeanors.

 

(1) Clayton J. Ettinger, The Problem of Crime, p. 4.

(2) John Lewis Gillin, CrithOIOgy_and Pen010gy, p. 11.

(3) This definition is used"inifhis thesis since the data
used is based upon the legal concept of crime.

 

 

In a discussion of crime it should be remembered that it is
not static but dynamic since it is based upon customs, mores,
and beliefs of the group which change to meet the new conditions.
Acts‘which were acceptabletand even approved by a group several
years ago may now be contrary to the written laws of the group
and be classed.as criminal or acts which were formerly regarded
as crimes may no longer be considered.as such.

While crime is universally found in all societies, there
is no set agreement as to what actsmare criminal. .The final
Judgment depends entirely upon the social situation of the group.
Thus, we see that in one culture polygamy is accepted as the
proper form of marital relationship while in another it is
contrary to the law.

Crime is not only universal but has been in existence ever
since the emergence of the most elementary forms of group control.
Westermark and others find evidences of violation of law and
custom in the most primitive of ancient and modern societies.(4)
That crime has'been.a social problem of importance fer a long
period of time is demonstrated by the vast amount of theory
which has grown up about it. A brief review of this theory from
the earliest recorded beliefs to the present theories of crime
follows.

Theory of Crime

The theory of crime began with the early belief that

crimina1.acts:resulted from the innate depravity of the

(5)
individual or the instigation of the devil. About witchcraft

 

(4) E. Westermark, The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas,
vol. 1., chap. VIII.
(5) E. H. Sutherland, Criminology, p. 43.

-3-

there were built up many criminal beliefs. It seemed logical
since the devil was the enemy of righteousness to employ corporal
punishment to drive him out of the bodies of the unfortunate
mortals who were suspected of harboring him. In primitive
societies and even down to the time of the Salem Witchcraft days,
scourgings, beatings, and other vicious physical punishments were
inflicted on criminals. 6

The Egyptians believed that the soul could be cleansed of
sin by magical ritual. They were the first to hold the utili-
tarian viewpoint that man should do good because it was profitable
to him to do so. They felt that the approval of human society
was what motivated humans to act in a socially acceptable manner.7)
The Babylonians believed in "lex talionis" or "an eye for an eye
and a tooth for a tooth." This doctrine was incorporated in the
code of Hammurabi ( about 1927 B. 0.).

The Early Greeks believed crime to be an offense against
society and that the community should punish the individual for
his criminal acts.(8) Socrates identified crime with ignorance.
Plato held that man was free to choose the direction of his acts
but acted.crimina11y because he believed that he would receive
more pleasure and less pain than from socially acceptable acts.
The Stoics believed that the criminal was not prOperly adjusted

to nature and reason. Epicurus claimed that the criminal

deliberately broke the social contract intended to restrain men

 

(6) H. Oppenheimer,The Rationale of Punishment, p. 73.

(7) E. G. Ettinger, o . cit., p. 40.

(8) George M. Calhoun, Tfie Growth of Criminal Law in Ancient
Greece, chap. 1.

- 4 -

from harming one another and.to save them from being harmed. The
Romans believed that religious offenders should merit violent
punishment by the community so that the Gods would not wreak their
vengeance upon the whole group.

The medieval theories of crime were greatly influenced by
the introduction of Christianity. The New Testament fostered the
belief in rewards and.punishments for sins on earth. The
individual was held to be publicly accountable for his transgress-
ions. The doctrine of free will wasaaccepted by most of the
thinkers of this time. Duns Scotus, Thomas Aquinas, St. Augustine,
and Pelagius all believed in the individual's right to choose
whether he would.act morally or sinfully. Since the sin was
committed against God, it was of public concern.and the sinner
should be punished publicly.

In the latter part of the 18th century, the Classical School
arose. It was a reaction.against the penal system based upon
repression. A mid-path between determinism and freedom of the
will was advocated. Beccaria, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and
Voltaire were the leading classicists with.Beccaria as the
outstanding member of the group. In 1764, he wrote, I'Crimee
and Punishments". This book protested against cruel and inhuman
punishments of criminals and the arbitrary power of Judges to
set sentences. Beccaria believed that criminals were free moral
agents who chose to do evil.rather than good, but that they
should be Judged.according to their acts rather than their intent
or the circumstances under which the acts were committed.

The Rec-Classical School arose as a protest against the

impracticability of the classicist'stheory. Rossi, Carroud,

-5...

and Joly were leaders in this new school of thought. They
retained the belief in the theory of freedom.of the will, but
recognized that certain persons were unable and incapable of
exercising free will. They contended, therefore, that children
and persons who were mentally'defective should not be held
responsible for their criminalTacts.

The Positive School, under the leadership of Cesare
Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, and Raffaeli Garofalo, was the first
school of thought to break away from the standards of the
Classicists. Lombroso was the one who first eXpressed.the
beliefs of this group. He believed that criminals are by birth
a distinct type. This type could be recognized by physical
stigmata. He contended that these stigmata resulted.from
reversion to a savage type or from degeneration. Since the
criminal possessed these physical deficiencies, he could not
keep from committing crime unless his environment were very
favorable. He did some work on prisoners and found what he
called I'criminal types". From this work, he offered a classi-
fication of criminals. Charles Goring, the English criminologist,
disproved the existence of a criminal type of his research on
English prisoners and control groups. However, Lombroso's work
was a.great contribution in that itiwas the first attempt at
research to determine the causes of crime and in that it placed
the emphasis on the individual committing the crime rather than
on the crime itself.

The French School seems to have been a reaction.against the
biological and.anthropological theories advanced by the Positive
School. Cornwale, Tarde, and others believed that crime was the

:resultant of the complexity of’social forces Operating on the

- 5 -

individual. Tarde, especially, insisted that imitation of the
higher social classes by the lower classes was responsible for
crime. Since those in the lower classes have neither power nor
means they are apprehended and convicted while their more
fortunate rich brothers go free.

Modern criminal theory has probably been influenced more by
the teaching of Lombroso than by any other man.(9) It should
not be thought that all modern criminal theory leans toward the
belief in a criminal type, however. Sutherland maintains that
modern criminal theory can, according to its emphasis, be
classified as: (l) biological, (2) personality, (3) primary
socia1.groups, and (4) broader social processes.(10) The
biological theories emphasize heredity, physical structure,
endocrine glands, and inherited mental traits. The personality
theories stress the mental deviations, impulses, limitations
and drives. Some of these theories recognize the influence of
social situation upon the individual personality while others do
not. The theory based on the primary social group places the
emphasis on the home and the neighborhood. The broader social
processes theory is built on the belief that crime results from
conditions wrought by the inadequate social and economic organi-
zation behind our institutions. This theory is stated in terms
of cultural lag, social disorganization, and mobility. It is

quite probable that no one of these theories or points of emphasis

is the correct one when taken alone. Perhaps some theory taking

 

(9) C. J. Ettinger, o . cit., p. 57.
(10) E. H. Sutherlan , PrInciples of Criminology, p. 48.

.. -7-

cognizance of all of these approachesxwould come nearer to the
truth.
The Approach Emphasized In This Study

In this study there will be no attempt to attack the
problems of crime from any one of the four points of view set
forth by Sutherland. But, since this is a sociological study,
the last two theories stated by him will be emphasized most.
There will be an attempt, however, to give adequate attention
to the individual in his proper relationship to the group,
i.e. as a member of the group.

The individual functions only as a member of the groups
to which he belongs. He is dependent on one or more groups for
his very existence. The behavior patterns that he learns, the
habits that he forms, the philosophy he embraces, the religion
in which he believes, the political doctrines he follows, in
short, everything he does is conditioned by the groups with
which he has contacts. Therefore, it seems legical that a study
of the nature of the factors influencing these groups would be

fundamental to the understanding of the individual delinquent.

Purpose

It is the purpose of this study to determine the number,
kinds and distribution of adult delinquency in the city and
county of Jackson, Hichigan, for the calendar year 1933 and
to attempt to find the causes of the delinquency in relation
to the nature of the physical, social, and economic conditions
within the various areas of distribution. The apparent
factors influencing delinquency, such as type and location of
neighborhood, types of homes, average rents, age, color, nativity

and sex of pOpulation, and religious, educations, and recrea-

- a -

tional facilities, will be briefly summarized. There will be no
attempt to make a detailed survey of any of the above mentioned
factors or of the many others which influence delinquency, such
as standard of living, financial condition, organization member-
ship, and education. No doubt such a study would be interesting

and of great value in explaining areas, but it lies outside the

scape of this thesis.

Method

The method used in this thesis is primarily ecological,
supplemented by the historical, statistical, and survey methods.
The data for the study were secured from the Jackson county Jail
commitment records for the year of 1933. (January 1 to December
31). For this period there were 1,204 commitments. The records
gave the name, address, occupation, place of birth, marital state,
sex, color, and age of each person incarcerated, the date of
commitment, the nature of the offense, the court committed by,
the conditions of commitment, and the department making the
arrest.

This source seemed to be better suited to the purposes of
this study‘than did the records of the City Police: first,
because it provided data on both urban and rural peOple; second,
because the information on the record.cards was more complete
and.more applicable to the problem to be studied; and third,
'because the county Jail records showed.fewer commitments for
‘violations of ordinances and minor offenses.

The use of these records may be criticized from the stand-
;point of the fact that many commitments to the county Jail are

:for minor offenses which are of insufficient importance to be

- 9 -

classed as crimes. However, it is the writer's belief that such
offenses as drunkenness are of<zonsiderable social importance:
first, because they often lead to more serious offenses; and
second, because a person who becomes sufficiently intoxicated to
necessitate confinement in Jail is a menace to the well-being of
his family and of his neighbors.

Jail commitment records may also be criticized because the
persons committed may give false information concerning themselves.
Those committed may often give misleading information about their
place of birth, residence, marital state, and occupation. This
is especially true of the more experienced.and professional
criminals. However, the information concerning age, color, and
sex should be reliable since these facts can'be checked by
observation. Moreover, the date of arrest, reasons for com-
mitment, nature of sentence, court committed by, and department
apprehended by, should also be accurate since they are matters
of court record. In this connection, it should be stated that
the reliability of Jail commitment records is often questioned
since untrained persons frequently do the recording. The
criticism of inadequate recordscioes not apply to the county
studied since those records are kept by a trained record clerk,
whose duty it is to personally fill out all commitment cards.
The cards are intended to be used for the identification.and
apprehension of criminals rather than for sociological research
data.

The data were collected by means of index cards and were
later transferred to master sheets to facilitate the compilation
processes. The facts concerning birth place, residence, sex,

color, age, marital state, occupation, and type of crime were

 

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- 10 -

formulated into tables and maps in order to see how the facts
concerning delinquency in Jackson county compared with the
findings of other studies.

Maps were prepared by plotting the home address of each
delinquent on base maps of thecity of’Jackson. On these maps,
each individual was represented by one dot regardless of how
many times he was committed. The plotting was done by street
and number, with each dot placed on or as near the exact address
as possible.(ll) Spot maps were not prepared for the county
since the places of residence of persons outside of the city were
given only by townships. However, the number of delinquents in
each township was tabulated.

The next step was to compute the ratio of offenders to the
total papulation of similar'age in the different areas of the
county and city.(12) This ratio, based on the number of de-
linquents per 1,000 persons over 15 years of age, will be
designated.as the commitment rate. In the county the commitment
rate was determined for townships, and in the city for wards
and enumeration districts since pogulation data were available
for the county and city in these divisions. As the commitment
rates are in no case based on any area with a pOpulation over
15 years of age of less than 500, they should be fairly reliable.

The findings of this study are shown on spot maps, rate
maps, and zone maps as well as by tables and discussion. The

Spot maps show the exact geographical distribution of delinquents

in relation to such physical features of their environment as

 

(11) See Map 55 .

(12) Throughout this study pOpulation data from the U.S. Census was
used for all computations. Corrections for population changes
were not made since it was assumed that these would be uniform
throughout the city and county during the three year period
from 1930 to 1933.

 

‘dl

'. '- '. it}

- 11 -

railroad tracks, the river, industrial and business areas, churches,
schools, and parks. These maps are important since they show the
degree of concentration of delinquency in the various areas of the
city and the relation of these areas to one another. ‘

The commitment rates for both.the county and city are
presented on small outline maps, called rate maps, showing the
actual boundaries of the areas used in calculating the rates.
These maps make it easy to observe the actual rate in each area,
to compare the rates of the smaller divisions with the larger
areas (as township with county, enumeration district with.ward,
and ward with city), and the marked variations of rates of
division. In some respects, these maps.give a more reliable
picture of the delinquency situation than do the spot maps since
they are based on the ratio of delinquents to pOpulation rather
than upon the geographical distribution of delinquents.

Zone maps were used to show the variation of delinquency
rates and differences in geOgraphical distribution of delinquency
in relation to the distance of the area from the business center
of the city. These maps were constructed by drawing a series of
concentric half-mile circles, using the center of the business

district of the city as the focal point.
Other Studies
There has been considerable work done by sociologists during

the past few years on delinquency'areas.( A)pioneer effort was
13

made by Breckenridge and Abbott in 1912. They constructed spot

 

(13) S. P. Breckenridge and E. Abbott, The Delinquent Child and the
Home, p. 150. _

maps for the city of Chicago showing the place of residence of
Juvenile delinquents. They found a concentration of delinquency
appearing in certain areas of the city. Clifford Shaw's study,

DelinquencygAreas, appeared and is the best known and probably

 

the most significant of the ecological studies of Juvenile
delinquency. This study, published in 1929, was made for the
city of Chicago. Shaw, working from spot maps along selected
radials on the relation of natural areas to behavior, found that
(l) the rates of delinquency vary widely in different neighbor-
hoods; (2) the rates are usually higher near the center of the
city and decrease with the distance from the center of the city;
(3) the areaS'which have high rates of truancy also have high
rates for all Juvenile Court cases, for-adult delinquency and
for boy's court cases; (4) the areas which had high rates in
1920 had high.rates in 1900 even though the national composition-
of the pOpulation changed completely; and (5) the delinquency
rate for a particular national group shows the same general
tendency as the delinquency rate for the entire pOpulation.(l4)
later studies in Philadelphia, Richmond, Birmingham, Cleveland,
Denver, and Seattle, made by Shaw, McKay, and assistants
verified these conclusions.(l5)

Norman S. Haynor studied delinquency areas in the Puget
Sound region.and.found that (1) rates for Juvenile delinquency

varied widely between.specific areas in large cities, small

cities, and counties; (2) high rates have persisted over a

 

(14) Clifford Shaw, Delinquency Areas, chap. 16.

(15) Clifford Shaw, Radial‘Variations of Rates of Juvenile
Delinquency in Several’American Cities, Publications
of the American Sociological Societ , 26:I30, I932.

 

 

 

 

period of 18 years for central areas in Seattle; (3) concentra-
tion of residences of Juvenile delinquents was found near

central business districts and near basic industries; (4) I
Spokane and Bellingham showed high.rates in outlying areas; A
and (5) in small neighborhoods, a single personalityémay be an

important factor in the prevention of delinquency. «

In 1930, Andrew W. Lind made an ecological study of com- a ,

 

munity disorganization in Honolulu. Not only Juvenile delinquency 1‘ 3
but several other indications of community disorganization were
studied. His conclusions were practically the same as those of
the other studies, except that in the heart of Japanese colonies
few cases of Juvenile delinquency were found. In areas where
the Japanese were thrown in with other nationality groups the

(17 )
rates for Japanese Juvenile delinquency became very high.

 

In 1931, Mary Pheleger Smith and E. H. Taylor made an
ecological study of Juvenile delinquency and dependency in
Athens county, Ohio. They found that (l) the rates of delin-
quency were higher in urban than in rural areas and (2) for the
rural portion of the county, the rates of delinquency were
highest in mining areas and lowest in the agricultural areas.(18)

D. R. Taft in his work on delinquency areas in Danville,
Illinois, found that the residences of’adult criminals Were

mainly concentrated near the center of the city, but that few

of them had been reared in that area. He concluded that areas

 

(16) Norman 8. Haynor,“Delinquency Areas in the Puget Sound Area? ,
American Journal of Sociolo , 39: 314-329.
(17) Andrew‘W. Lind, "Some EcoIOg¥cal Patterns of Community
Disorganization in Honolulu”, American Journal of Sociology,
. 36: 206-221.
(18) mary Pheleger and E. A. Taylor, "An Ecological Study of
Juvenile Delinquency and Dependency in Athens county, Ohio”,

Publications of American Journal of Sociology, 26: 144-149,
1932.

 

 

 

oili-

of’delinquency not only produce delinquency but act as selective
forces attracting delinquents.and.predelinquents.(lg)
There have been several other studies made of Juvenile i
delinquency in which the ecological method has been used
together with the case study and statistical method. Robert
Harvey &nmer made such a study in Charlottesville and Albemarle
V county, Virginia. The conclusions as to delinquency areas are

(20)
in general the same as those of the other studies.

 

1.... . zfidfl-‘h

In all of the above studies, excepting that made by Taft,
the emphasis has been on Juvenile delinquency. Both Shaw and
Barkarincluded maps showing adult Jail commitments in their )
studies, but used them only for comparison with Juvenile
delinquency areas. The emphasis in this thesis is on adult

delinquency areas. Only in this respect does it differ from

 

most of the other ecological studies of delinquency.

 

(19) Donald R. Taft, "Testing the Selective Influence of Areas
of Delinquency", American Journal of Sociology, 38: 699-712.

(20) Robert Harvey Barker, A Social Study of Juvenile Delinquency
in Charlottesville and Albemarle county,‘Virgini_a_L
unpubliShed thesis, University of”Virginia,’l934.

- 15 -

CHAPTER II
A HISTORICAL, ECONOMIC, and SOCIAL DESCRIPTION OF 3
THE CITY AND CO NTY 0F JACKSON, MICHIGAN ‘
In a study of delinquency it is especially important to i
understand the social situation in which it occurs. The obJect
of this chapter will be to give the reader a general knowledge

of the city and county to be studied so that he may more fully 1 )

 

understand the data given in the chapters which are to follow.
In the main the chapter will be descriptive. There will be

an attempt to portray the historical deve10pment and the present
social and economic picture of the city and county.

Location and Geography of Jackson County

 

Jackson county is located in the south central portion of
the Lower Peninsula of Michigan.(l) The area of the county is
720 square miles, measuring 30 miles from east to west and 24
miles from north to south. The city of Jackson is the county
seat and is located within one mile of the exact geographical
center of the county. The tOpography of the county is character—
ized by smooth plains, low rounded knobby hills, lakes and swamps,
and broad glacial drainage valleys. About eightyzper cent of

the land is available for agricultural purposes.

Early History of Jackson

 

The early history of the county is closely interwcven with
the history of the city of Jackson, since the city was the focal

 

(1) See Map 2, chapter 3, p.3..
(2) Soil Survey of Jackson County, United States Department of
Agriculture, p. 28.

 

-16....

point for county development. The city'was founded on July 4,
1829, by Horace Blackman and Captain Alexander Laverty. These
men had left Ann Arbor several days before to locate a site for
a new settlement. An Indian guide 1ed.them to the Grand River,
or "Washtenaw Sepe" as it was then.called. They camped at the
Junction of several Indian trails leading to St. Joseph, Detroit,
and other important points. At this place, the river was
fordable and the banks of the riverwwere high enough to provide
adequate drainage. Blackman, especially, was pleased with the
site and chose it for the establishment of the village.

Blackman and Laverty returned to Ann Arbor and there were
no further developments until the following year. During the
winter of 1829, Blackman returned to New York state to interest
friends in the new settlement. In the spring of 1830, he returned
with several other New YOrk families and.began the actual work of
settling the new village, at that time the only white settlement
west of Ann Arbor. Thirteen log cabins were built, and, on
January 18, the town was christened Jacksonburgh in honor of
President Andrew Jackson. With the immigration of new settlers,
several families settled.at outlying points now known as Grass
Lake, Brooklyn, Spring Arbor, and.Leoni. Others settled in the
area adJacent to the village and.began clearing the land for
agricultural purposes. The village was plotted late in the year
and still retains practically the same plan. According to the
census of the county taken near the close of the year, the pOpu-
lation was found to be 147. Of these persons, 123 lived in the

(5)
village of Jacksonburgh.

 

(3) Col. Deland, The History of Jackson County, p. 65.

 

 

In 1831, the roads to Detroit, Ann Arbor, and Monroe, as
well as several local roads,were begun. The county attracted
many new settlers, and by the end.of the year there were over
100 families in the county.(4’ A school was begun with Miss
Silence Blackman as teacher. In 1833 the first school building
was erected where the West Intermediate now stands. In this
same year, a mill and several business enterprises were begun
along the main street. The territorial committee, in 1832,
definitely established the'boundaries of the county and made
Jacksonburgh the county seat. Three other villages - Spring
Arbor, Grass Lake, and.Napoleon - had grown up. At first these
settlements offered.strenuous competition to Jacksonburgh for
leadership in the county, but the natural.advantages of Jackson-
burgh and the fact that it was the county seat tended to make
its growth more rapid during the ensuing years. By 1836, there
were ten villages in the county: Jacksonburgh, Concord, Grass
Lake, Hanover, Leoni, East Portage and.West Portage, Spring
Arbor, Napoleon, and.Sandstone. During the next ten years,
Parma, Rives, Liberty, Springport, Pulaski, Tompkins and
Columbia were added, and.East and West Portage were replaced
by Henrietta and Waterloo respectively.

In 1837, it was announced that Jacksonburgh was to be the
seat of the Michigan State Prison; the following year it was
built. The name of the town was changed to Jackson in 1837.

 

(4) Ibid.

 

It was incorporated.as a village in 1845 and.as a city in 1867.

The first newspaper begun in 1837 was a weekly known as the
Sentinel. Several other weekly papers followed it, and in 1861
the first daily paper was published. This was called the Daily
Citizen. The Jackson Daily_Patriot was established in 1868.
These two papers later merged to form the Jackson Citizen Patriot
which is now the leading newspaper of the city.

Churches played an important part in the development of
Jackson. The first church services were held in the homes of the
settlers. These meetings were quite informal and usually were
held.without a minister. In 1830, Jackson.was placed on the
‘ Ann Arbor Baptist circuit and a minister came each Sunday for
church services. In 1883 a First Methodist Church was founded.
This pioneer church.was soon followed by Baptist, Roman Catholic,
EpiscOpal, and other denominational churches.

The urban and rural p0pu1ation of Jackson county, along with
the population of its townships and incorporated places, is,
shown in Table 1. Of the county's 92,304 inhabitants 55,187 or
59.8 per cent are classed.as urban, and 37,117 or 40.2 per cent
as rural. The table shows that all of those classed as urban
live in the city of Jackson. Of the 37,117 classed as rural
12,955 or 34.9 per cent are rural farm and 24,162 or 65.1 per
cent are rural non-farm people. The rural non-farm people live
in the suburbs of Jackson and in the villages of the county.

There are six incorporated villages in the county. Their p0pu-

lation ranges from 375 for Hanover to 804 for Grass Lake. Much

of the urban non-farm population is found in the three most highly

populated townships of the county. They are Blackman (7,583),

Summit (6,754), and Leoni (4,794).

- 19 -

These townships all border

on the city of Jackson and portions of them serve as its suburban

areas.

The townships with.a low p0pu1ation; Waterloo (804),

Tompkins (877), Pulaski (725), Norvell (636), and Liberty (785)

are agricultural townships.

farm.

city to escape its suburbs.

Jackson Coungy

TABLE I.

 

Urban
Rural

-Farm
Nonfarm

Incorporated Places

 

Jackson
Brooklyn
Concord
Grass Lake
Hanover

Barma

Springport

in the county.

of which were males and 39,682 females.

92,504

55,187
57,117
12,995
24,152

58,877

55,187
755
505
804
575
515
552

 

(6)
Townshfps

 

Blackman
Columbia
Concord
Grass Lake
Hanover
Henrietta
Leoni
Liberty
Napoleon
Norvell
Parma
Pulaski
Rives
Sandstone
Spring Arbor
Springport
Summit
Tompkins
Waterloo

(5) See map 3 for location of these townships.
(6) Fifteenth Census of U. 8., Vol. 1,

92,304

7,585
1,830
1,594
1,559
1,242
1,050
4,794

785
1,204

555
1,055

725
1,198
1,251
1,075
1,212
5,754

877

804

The native white p0pu1ation was 82,499,

Their p0pulation is mainly rural

These townships are all located far enough away from the

(5)

THE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN JACKSON COUNTY,

1930. Rural

Farm

127955

634
830
674
711
618
705
799
699
622
507
720
616
972
859
732
678
508
706
565

In 1930 there were 48,836 malestand 43,468 females residing
42,817
Of these 82,499 native

-20...

white persons, 64,411 were of native-born parentage, 9,892 of
foreign-born parentagetand 8,196 of mixed parentage. There were
7,111 foreign-born whites, 2,481 Negroes, and 212 of other raceé?)

Of the 55,187 persons in the city, 24,255 or 43.9 per cent
were gainfully employed, 18,211 or 72.1 per cent of which were
umle and.6,044 or 27.9 per cent were females; 20,461 or 84.3 per
cent were native white, 2,897 or 11.5 per cent were foreign-born,
and 811 or 3.3 per cent were Negroes.(8)

Economic Description

Transportation and Communication

Jackson has been referred to as the hub of Michigan. It is
seventy-six miles west of Detroit, seventy-three miles northwest
of Toledo, two hundred.and nine miles east of Chicago, and ninety-
four miles southeast of Grand Rapids. There are paved roads,
railroads, trucks, and buses connecting Jackson with these cities
as well as with other important cities in Michigan. Four railroads -
the Michigan Central, the New York Central, the Grand Trunk, and the
Cincinnati Northern - pass through the city. There are several
truck lines offering passenger and trucking services to Jackson
and Jackson county. It is estimated by the Jackson Chamber of
Commerce that over 50,000,000 peOple are served by bus, truck,
direct steam connections, and air lines within a five-hundred mile

(9)
radius of the city.

Industry

In the city, there are one hundred.and.eleven manufacturing

companies that employ 9,400 workers, pay an annual wage of over ( )
10

$13,000,000, and produce goods valued at over $60,000,000 annually.

(7) FITteenth Census of U. S.

(8) Ibid.
(9) Economic Statistics, Jackson Chamber of Commerce, 1931, p. 2.
(1

0) InduStrial Statistics, Jackson Employers' Association, l93l,p.4.

 

 

‘r.

‘N

5‘

UV}

‘
,‘5

S

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{v1

(11}

- 21-

The picture might be quite different if figures were obtainable
for 1933, since several large plants have been closed and employ-
ment in general has been low due to national economic conditions.
The largest industry is the manufacture of automotive parts. While
no automobiles are assembled here the parts and accessories for
many nationally known motor cars are made in Jackson plants. “The
railroad sheps‘and roundhouse of the Michigan'Central are located
in the city and employ between 2,500 and 3,000 men. The radio
industry is next in importance, followed by several smaller in-
dustries such as candy making, pattern works, tool making, builer
works, machine, tool, furniture factories, and metal trades.

Wages in Jackson are low except in the highly unionized rail-
road industries. This is probably due to the fact that, until
recently, about ninety per cent of the factories have been Operated
as "Open shops".(ll) One large company has frequently imported
large groups of unskilled laborers from Tennessee and Indiana.
This has kept the labor market flooded and has tended to bring
competition between workers for Jobs. The result has been a low
average wage for unskilled labor. The National Recovery Act and
other relief measures have benefited Jackson industry and have
forced certain unscrupulous employers to improve wages and working
conditions. In general, the laboring conditions in Jackson
factories are good. Many of the buildings are old but most of
those in use have been modernized from time to time.

Agriculture
The main industry of the county, outside of the city and its

suburbs, is agriculture and those forms of endeavor dependent upon

 

(11) This term is used in the generally accepted meaning of being
anti-union.

é”
.Vd

 

a flu .
l“ ”‘1

12‘:
1.3)

I
f

By,”
CK.)

- 22 -

agriculture. General farming is carried on extensively, but there
is much truck and dairy farming, due to the fact that Jackson
provides a good market for such produce. There are 2,908 farms
in the county with an acreage of 362,083. The average acreage of
farms in the county is 105.5 acres. The average size of farms in
Jackson county is about the same as for the State as a whole and
for its neighboring counties. Its average acreage (105.5) is
higher than that of the State (101.0), Eaton county (97.8),
Hillsdale county (97.6), Lenawee county (98.7), Ingham county
(102.8), and lower than that of Calhoun county (115.9) and
Washtenaw county (114.6).‘12) The average value of farms and

farm'buildings in the county is $7,655.

Retail Stores

There are 757 retail stores in the city of Jackson doing an
annual average business of $41,563,931 and employing over 3,000
persons. Their combined annual payroll exceeds $4,725,000.(13)
Every type of merchandise and service conceivable is offered by
these retail establishments. Since the city is centrally located,
it serves as an excellent trading center for the whole county and

portions of surrounding counties.

BankinggFacilities

There are two banks in Jackson. The larger one is the oldest

banking institution in Michigan. It was established in 1836 and

 

(12) Fifteenth Census of U. 8., Agriculture, Vol. 1. pp. 274-290.
(13) Fifteenth Census of U. S.

-23..

has been open continuously since that time except for a few days
during the recent bank holiday. The other bank was founded in
1933 to take the place of the largest bank in the city Which had
closed. Half of its stock is owned by the Federal Government.

The total deposits in the two banks in December, 1933 were
$10,600,000. There is a Postal Savings Bank in the city with
savings deposits totaling $400,000. There are five building and
loan associations with resources of $21,276,000. Besides offering

loans on homes, they carry on savings bank functions.

Social Description

Housing

The average farm dwelling in Jackson county has a valuation
of 52,054. Of the 5,557 rural farm families but 2,558 or 75 per
cent are classed as owner families and.but 760 or 24 per cent
tenant families.(14) In the city there are 14,295 families,
8,564 or 60 per cent live in owned homes, while 5,612 or 40 per
cent live in tenant homes. The median value of the owned homes
is $5,452. Rent in the city seems to be about the same as in
other cities of similar size in Michigan. The median rental in
Jackson is $36.38, Lansing $38.96, Battle Creek $33.02, and
Kalamazoo $32.76. In Jackson there are 1,719 homes that rent
for $15 to $29 per month and 2,748 that rent for $30 to $49 per
month.(15)
Health

In the county there are several county nurses and a county

physician. It is their duty to aid indigent citizens and see

 

(14) Ibid.
(15) Ibid.

-24..

that health regulations are enforced. The Jackson City Depart-
ment of Health is composed of a health officer, two other
physicians, a sanitary inspector, nurses, and public health
laboratory technicians. It is the duty of this department to
enforce health regulations, to give medical services to needy
patients, and to Operate a laboratory and a dispensary. There

is a school doctor and a school dentist who take care of public
school students. At the present time, the County Emergency

Relief Commission furnishes medical aid to needy persons. Jackson
has adequate private medical services since there are 90 physicians
in the county, 70 of whom are located in the city. In Jackson in
1933 the death rate was 11, the birth rate 14, or a natural in-
crease Of 3. The infant mortality rate was 60. There are six
hospitals in the county all of which are located in Jackson. Two
of these hospitals are public and have a total capacity of over
four hundred beds. The larger one is a municipal hOSpital while
the other is a Catholic hospital. Both are modern in every respect
and are accredited by the American Medical Society. In addition
to these, there are a new 300-bed county tuberculosis hospital

and three small private hospitals.

Recreation

There are eight motion picture theaters in the city and one
in each of several of the villages in the county. There are
several dance halls located in the city and many scattered through-
out the county. Several.are at lakes and are Operated only during
the summer and the rest are to be found on the main highways near

the city. There are many beer gardens.and taverns in the city and

county. These places frequently Offer cheap entertainment. In

-25..

general, commercial recreational facilities are plentiful, even
though they may not be desirable.

The 120 lakes in the county afford good chances for swimming,
boating, camping, and fishing. The several parks which the county
has built at some of the more p0pular lakes are utilized by many
Jackson county people. There are six parks in the city, three of
which are very small and do not have playgrounds. The Loomis
Park, located on the east side of the city, has playground and
picnic facilities and covers some 26 acres. Sharp's Park, one
mile southwest of the city, is owned by the municipality and is
spread over 530 acres. Besides an 18 hole public golf course, it
has baseball diamonds, a football field, tennis courts, picnic
grounds. The William and Hatilda Sparks Foundation, a 465 acre
public park, is located northwest of the city. It is composed of
a public golf course, a water fall said to have cost $400,000, and
many flower beds. There are playgrounds at the schools on each
side of the city which are under supervision during the summer
months. The playing privileges at the two remaining golf courses
are for members only. The weakness of the city park system lies
in the inadequacy of park facilities on the east side of the city.

Many clubs and.churches throughout the city and county Offer
recreational facilities to their members. The Jackson County
.Athletic Association stages golf, baseball, wrestling, and boxing

contests. The programs are presented.at low admission prices

since there is no attempt to make a profit.

Education
There are 126 district 8th grade schools in the county, and

12 accredited 9 - 12 grade high schools. In the city of Jackson,

- 25 -

there are six parochial schools with an enrollment of 3,260
students, and twenty public schools with an enrollment of 11,357
students. Included in the city public school system, are the
Junior College, the High School, both fully accredited institutions,
two intermediate schools, a vocational school, and seventeen
grammar schools. Both of the two parochial high schools are fully
accredited. The total value of the public and parochial school
system is estimated at $4,430,265. Fifty per cent of the school
buildings are new. There is a private denominational Junior
college located.at Spring Arbor.

There is a great deal of interest in education in both the
city and the county. Several clubs offer educational programs.
Two business colleges are located in the city. There is a county
library which has proved very p0pular with peOple living in the
country. The City Library, containing 60,986 volumes, has a
branch located on the East Side for the convenience of persons in
this section of the city. During the past several years no new
books have been.added to the library and its budget has been cut
so much that many of its services have'been curtailed. The city

libraries are supplemented, however, by those of the high school

and Junior college.

Religion
There are 89 churches with a membership of 43,145 in Jackson

county, 54, with a membership of 20,038, are located in the city
of Jackson. The others are to be found in the villages and small
neighboring towns. These churches play an important part in the
lives of their members. They Offer educational, religious, and

social activities to their members. There is little religious

strife in the cOunty or city. Most of the Catholic p0pu1ation of

the county lives in the city. The Protestant.churches are
scattered throughout both the city and the county. The Jackson
County Ministers' Association takes an active interest in social,
economic, and religious matters and has done much to coordinate.

the work of the churches.

Newspapers

There are two daily and two weekly papers in the city and
two weekly papers in the county. The larger of the two dailies
is a Booth Syndicate paper and has a daily circulation of 20,000.
This paper is non-partisan. It has a large circulation in the
county and neighboring towns. The smaller one is a Republican
paper and has an average daily circulation of 7,000. Both of
the weekly papers are partisan. One is a labor paper and the
other Republican. The circulation of the two county papers,

both Republican organs, is not wide.

Protective Agencies

There is a County Sheriff Department, a detachment of the
Michigan State Police, and a City Police Department located in
the city of Jackson. The Sheriff's Department and State Police
function both in the city and the county, while the City Police
functions only in the city. There are eight full-time and many
part-time deputies. Several of the incorporated villages have
constables and deputy sheriffs. The City Police Department is
composed of sixty-two full time members and several special
Officers.

In the county there is a Circuit Court with two full-time
Judges, a Probate Court, a Juvenile Court, a municipal Court

in.the city of Jackson, and a Justice Court in each township.

- 28 -

The Justice COurts handle minor matters, while the Circuit Courts
have Jurisdiction over more serious criminal and civil cases.

The City Fire Department has 5 station houses, 17 trucks,
75 men, and two county pumpers. These pumpers, stationed in
Jackson, are available for use anywhere in the county and are

maintained by county funds.

Social Agencies

There has been a lack of public interest in social agencies
in both the city and county of Jackson. At times, civic leaders
and businessmen have aroused Open antagonism toward such agencies.
Lack of financial support caused the Y.M.C.A. and the Family
Service Agencies to close several years ago. The Red Cross and
County Tuberculosis Societies are practically inactive, and have
been for some time. The Volunteers Of America left the city
three years ago. One reason for this lack of interest in social
agencies grows out of the fact that the agencies have not been
closely enough coordinated to function efficiently.

The Juvenile delinquents‘are now handled exclusively by the
Juvenile Court Judge, the Probation Officer, and the City
Policewoman. The Juvenile Court has been an important factor in
the treatment of the problem of delinquency. Recently, the City
built a modern detention home for Juvenile delinquents. The
Florence Crittendon Home has been very active in its work with
delinquent girls.

The character-building agencies, except for the Y.H.C.A.
which is now closed, have been well supported. There are Boy
Scout, Girl Scout, and Girl Reserve organizations in the city

and in several villages of the county, while the Y.W.C.A. is

more active in the city than elsewhere.

The Jackson County Emergency Relief Commission was organized
during the depression in accordance with state and federal emer-
gency regulations. A County Welfare Agency was organized to
provide relief to the needy of the city and county. Funds come
from the federal, state, county, and city governments. Food,
clothing, medical, and dental services are given to those in
need. The average weekly relief load in 1933 was from 3,000 to
3,500 families.

The Jackson Federation of Labor maintains a "soup kitchen"
where needy boys and men are fed free. During 1933, the organi-
zation served an average of 400 meals per day. All of the food
is donated or purchased by the organization; no money donations
are accepted. The City itself maintains a tramp house where
resident and transient men and boys may sleep.

The new Hichigan State Prison, located five miles north of
the city, was completed in 1933 and is the largest institution
of its kind in the world. Its walls enclose 200 acres and there
is an average inmate p0pu1ation of from 5,000 to 6,000 men.

Summary

The early history and deve10pment of the city and county
were greatly affected by their advantageous location and high
type of leadership. The economic and social conditions of the
city and county are closely interwoven and interdependent. The
present crime situation in the county is greatly affected by the
economic and social conditions within its urban and rural areas.
In later chapters certain descriptive material set forth in this
chapter will be used in.an attempt to explain and interpret the
findings of the study. The next chapter will be devoted to an

analysis of the Jackson county Jail commitment records for 1933.

.- '04.
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-30- i 1
CHAPTER III
ANALYSIS OF JACKSON COUNTY JAIL COKMITXENT RECORDS
FOR 1933 '

This study is based upon 1,204 Jackson county Jail com-

 

 

mitment records for 1933. From these records information was
available concerning the birth place, residence, sex, color, age,
marital state, occupation, and offense of the 1,038 individuals
committed.(1 This material has been summarized and is presented
in this chapter to show the general facts concerning delinquency
in this county and to make possible the comparison of these facts

with the findings of other studies.

Birth Place

 

Information regarding place of birth was available for 912
or 86 per cent of the individuals committed. Of this number,
830 or 91 per cent were born in the United States and 82 or 9
per cent were born in foreign countries. The number of birth
places by states reported by persons committed to the county Jail
is shown on Nap l. Michigan.was given as the place of birth for
495 persons or 54 per cent of those committed. These figures are
about the same as those for the Michigan Reformatory where 54 (2)
per cent of the inmates reported Michigan as their place of birth.
The neighboring states, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin,
were given by 117 persons as their birth place. The large number
of persons from these states can be explained by the tendency of

peOple to migrate back and.forth to nearby states. Tennessee, ,

Kentucky, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia were the birth places

 

(1) While there were but 1,038 individuals commited, some indivi-
duals were committed more than once thus bringing the total
number of commitments up to 1,204.

(2) Michigan Reformatory Statistical Report with Movement of POpu- _
Etion (Sept. 1933). Table concerning nativity, p.12. |_....._A‘

Hash handoo somaomn esp Op cmppHSSOU msomnom Ho mopmpm hp monogamom dam scram spasm .H as:

npnfin
mo woman
opmofleefi
measwam chm

assessmea
omeHesH
mopdwflm Momam

"snowmq

- 31 -

 

 

 

 

.mmma EH

 

 

 

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m; m
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-32-

of 72 of the persons committed. The large number from these
states may‘be explained by the fact that these persons were either
imported into Jackson by industries seeking cheap labor or were
attracted to Michigan by the automotive industry. Since little
more than half of the persons who were committed to the county
Jail in 1933 were born in Michigan, it would seem that mobility
may have been.a factor in their delinquency.

Data on county of birth were available for 365 of the 495
persons committed who were born in Michigan. The number of persons
committed reporting birth places in Michigan is shown by counties
in map 2. Jackson county was given as the birth place of 199 or
22 per cent of the persons committed. This fact would tend to show
that more than 75 per cent of the delinquent persons came into
the county.sometime after their birth and were not products of
the county. This is in keeping with the findings of Taft in his
study of adult delinquency in Illinois.‘5) Wayne county was
given as the county of birth by 22 persons, Kent by 15, Hillsdale
by 16, Calhoun by 13, Ingham by 12, and Eaton and Washtenaw by 9
each. That more delinquents migrated to Jackson county from Wayne
and Kent counties than from other areas of the state is probably
due to the location of the cities of Detroit and Grand Rapids in
these two counties, both cities being within 100 miles of Jackson.
The other counties referred to above all border on Jackson county
and migration is therefore probably quite frequent from one of
these counties to the other. The fact that the number of persons
committed to the Jackson County Jail residing in these counties

is greater than for other counties is no doubt a factor contri-

 

(3) Donald. Re Taft, Op. Cit.-

map 2.

 

 

Birth Place and Residence of Michigan Persons by Counties
Committed to the Jackson County Jail, in 1933.

p 1. Legend: Black figures indicate residence
Red figures indicate place of birth

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mean /
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q
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KALK K mam—W ALCONA
OENZ'E -- ”01’ must
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MANISTEE mxrono MISSAUKEE aoscowon (SEW—— 0
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OCEANA ammo m Isa-ELLA We
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OTTAWA IONIA W ““WAMI 3t
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m cm sum EATON mom» UV‘"°’T°" l .
3 9 10 4
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A» mu KALAMA CALHOUN JACKSON WAsHTENAW WAvm27
9 25 844 9 22
3 2 5 15 199 9
‘
:9 « er. Joscm unfit: mum—— ”°
'2 2 9 5
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buting to the high number of persons reporting them as their
counties of birth.
Residence

The place of residence was given by 1,007 or 98 per cent of
the persons committed. The number of persons committed to the
Jackson County Jail in 1933 according to residence by states is
also shown on Map 1. 0f the 1,007 persons committed, 960 or 95
per cent gave Michigan.as their place of'residence and 41 or 5
per cent states other than.Nfichigan. Ohio, Illinois, and New York
each were given by 7 or more persons as their place of residence.
All of those residing in New York and Illinois came from the
cities of New York and Chicago respectively. Those from Indiana
and Ohio can'be accounted.for by the fact that these states border
Michigan at a point within fifty miles of Jackson.

Of the 960 persons giving Michigan as their place of residence,
955 gave the county of residence. The distribution of these 955
places of residence by counties is shown on map 2. 0f the 955
Michigan persons giving county of residence, 844 or 88 per cent
were residents Of Jackson county and 627 or 67 per cent residents
of the city Of Jackson. Wayne county was given as the county of
residence by 27 persons; Calhoun by 25; Ingham by 10; and Eaton,
Washtenaw, and Hillsdale by 9 each. Inasmuch as Detroit is located
in Wayne county, the number from that county is naturally large.
The other counties mentioned above all border Jackson county.
Since their residents live near Jackson, they are more liable to

frequent the county than are the residents of counties located

farther away.

- 35 -

Sex,_Color, and Age

Data concerning sex, color, and age were available for 1,022
of the 1,038 persons committed. The average age and commitment
rates according to sex and race of persons committed to the county
Jail in 1933 is shown in Table II.

TABLE II. AVERAGE AGE AND CORRITMENT RATES ACCORDING TO

SEX AND RAGE OF PERSONS COMMITTED TO THE JACKSON COUNTY
JAIL: 1933 (4)

 

: :Number :COmmitments::Average Age
:POpulationzPersons :per 1,000 in:of Persons
:of County :Committed:POpulation :Committed

Total 87,742 1,022 11.2 54.5
Males 44,836 907 20.2 34.1
Females 43,468 115 2.6 32.4

White 86,279 877 10.2 33.5
Males 45,551 785 18.0 54.1
Females 42,728 92 2.2 32.6

Colored 1,455 145 99.1 55.5
Males 723 122 168.7 33.5
Females 740 23 31.1 31.6

 

The average age at the time of commitment of the 1,022 persons
on whom data were available was 34.3 years. The average age for
males was 34.1 and for females 32.4. The average age for both
sexes of persons committed was slightly less for colored than it
was for white persons. The average age for colored males was 33.5
and for colored females 31.6 as compared with 34.1 for white males
and 32.6 for white females. These figures on average age run

higher than most of the available figures from other studies.

 

(4) All population data used in this study are corrected for the
Michigan State Prison p0pulation.

- 36 -

waever, it should be remembered that they are based upon commit-
ment records of both Juvenile and.adult delinquents. The inclusion
of Juveniles no doubt brings the average age down considerably. If
it were not for this fact these figures would probably conform

more closely with those of other studies. Gillen found that the
age group from 25 to 35 is characterized by high commitment rates
for vagrancy, drunkenness, disorderly conduct and allied offenses,
non-support and other crimes against family, embezzlement, and
assault. Since the average age of persons committed to the

Jackson County Jail falls in this age grouping commitments for
these crimes should run high in Jackson county.(5)

Colored persons were committed to the county Jail at a
frequency ten times,greater than that for whites. This ratio
seems to be much greater than that for the country as a whole.
Gillette and Reinhardt's statement on this matter, based upon
statistics for the entire country, is, "that in proportion to
the p0pu1ation more than three times as many Negroes as whites
were committed to prisons and reformatories in 1933".(6)
Sutherland gives the same ratio, but points out that it is much
higher in the northern and western-states.(7) It should be
remembered that when comparisons of rates between colored and
white people are made that they not only involve different race

groups but also different economic, educational, and social

groups and different cultural levels.

 

(5) John Lewis Gillen, Criminology and Penology, 1926, p. 54.

(6) John M. Gillette and James M. Reinhardt, Current Social
Problems, 1933, p. 702.

(7) Eden H. Sutherland, pp. 213: p. 110.

Considering the entire group, males were committed at a
frequency about eight times as great as for females. White males
were committed nearly nine times as frequently as white females,
while colored males were committed but five times as frequently
as colored females.(8) Since Negroes are committed more fre-
quently than whites and males more frequently than females, those
areas having a high percentage of Negroes or a noticeable excess
of males over females might be expected to show a high commit-
ment rate.

Marital State

Information regarding marital state was available for 1,011
of the 1,038 persons committed. It is quite probable that the
data for single and divorced persons are not entirely accurate
since divorced persons are frequently recorded as single.
However, the data concerning married persons should be accurate
for all practical purposes. The number and percentage of the
1,038 persons committed to the countngail who were married,
single, or divorced are given.according to sex and color in
Table III. Of the 1,038 persons committed more than half (52
per cent) were single, 44 per cent married, and 4 per cent
divorced. While no figures.are available as to marital state
of persons committed to other county Jails these figures
correspond quite closely to similar figures for the Michigan
State Prison. The percentage of married prisoners in Michigan
State Prison in 1933(gts 36 per cent, single 60 per cent, and

divorced 4 per cent. A greater percentage of both the

 

(8) This ratio is in keeping with the usual commitment ratio of
males to females. See John L. Gillin, gp..g£y. p. 5', and
Edwin H. Sutherland, 22. cit. p. 111.

(9) Statistical Report Of MicHIgan State Prison, 1933.

-38..

colored.and white males committed were single than were

married. More of the females committed were married than single.
(10)
These facts are also in keeping with Gillin's findings.

TABLE III. MARITAL STATE ACCORDING TO SEX AND COLOR OF
PERSONS COMMITTED TO THE JACKSON COUNTY JAIL IN 1933

 

: SIngle : *Married' :‘Divorced :TOtaI:Per
:Num- :Per :Num- :Per :Num-zPer : :Cent
:ber :Cent :ber :Cent :ber :Cent: ‘

 

Total Persons

 

Committed 528 52.2 441 43.6 42 4.2 1011 100.0
Males 477 47.2 381 37.7 39 3.9 897 88.7

White 409 40.5 328 32.4 38 3.8 775 76.7

Colored 68 6.7 53 5.2 l .1 122 12.1
Females 51 5.0 60 5.9 3 .3 114 11.3

White 37 3.7 53 5.2 2 .2 92 9.1

Colored 14 1.4 7 .7 1 .l 22 2.2
Occupation

 

Data pertaining to occupation were secured for 572 or 55
per cent of the persons committed. So many occupations were
indicated that it was necessary to condense them into general
classes. These classes are shown in Table IV. Unskilled
laborers constituted the highest number of commitments (224 or
39.2 per cent) followed by those persons engaged in manufacturing
and mechanical industries (129 or 22.5 per cent) and those in
agriculture (64 or 8.0 per cent). The fewest commitments were
for those engaged in.c1erica1.and professional occupations or
only 5 and 3 commitments respectively for these grOups. It is

difficult to compare occupational figures of different studies

 

(10) John Lewis Gillin, g2, cit. p. 64.

-39..

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE IV. OCCUPATIONS OF PERSONS COMMITTED TO THE JACKSON
COUNTY JAIL IN 1933
Per Per
Total Cent Total Cent
Agriculture 64 11.2 Miscellaneous Laborers 224 39.2
‘Farmers 58
Gardeners 6 Housewives 31 5.4
Manufacturing and Trade 46 8.0
Mechanical Industry_ 129 22.6 CIerks 10
Bakers ”' 2 Retail Dealers 9
Blacksmiths 4 Salesman 25
Boiler maker 1 Other laborers 2
Brick Layers 6
Carpenters 6 Professional Service 8 1.4
Electricians 6 Show People 2
Engineers 2 Druggists 1
Firemen 2 Civil Engineer 1
Foreman 1 Lawyers 2
Moulders 7 musician. 1
Machinists 49 Teacher 1
Mechanics ll
Painters 17 Students 5 .9
Plasterers 1
Printers 1 Domestic and Personal 16 2.8
Plumbers 5 ‘Barbers 4
Other manufactur- Cooks 2
ing workers 8 Dry Cleaners 2
Housekeepers 2
Transportation and Janitors 5
Communication 46 8.0 Servants l
Cfiauffeurs and“
truck drivers 32 Clerical 3 .5
Motormen 4 oo eepers 3
Mail Carriers 1
Telephone
Operators 1
Other laborers 8 Total Occupations Given 572

 

since there seems to be no definitezagreement as to the occupa-

tional classification.

persons committed to Jails and prisons in 1910 were general

laborers and 6.2 per cent farmers and farm laborers.

 

(11)

(11) John Lewis Gillin, pp. cit. p. 66.

The

Gillin reports that 33.3 per cent of all

-40..

greater prOportion of the population engaged in the former types
of occupation together with their inferior economic, social,
educational.and political standing, probably explains the fact
that the maJority of persons committed were from those occupa-
tional groups.
Types of Offense

The total number of commitments to the county Jail in 1933
was 1,204. For each commitment there was an offense charged.
These offenses have been tabulated according to the classification
scheme recommended by the Committee on Uniform Crime Records of
the International Aesociation of Chiefs of Police,(12) and appear
in the table below (Table V).

- TABLE V. CLASSIFICATION OF COMMITMENTS TO THE JACKSON COUNTY
JAIL IN 1933 BY TYPES OF OFFENSE

 

*Per cent‘ ‘Per Cent
of Total of Total,
Commit- Commit-

Typc of Offense Number ments Type of Offense Number ments

Felonious Homicide 2 .2 Violation of Drug
Rape 12 1.0 Laws 2 .2
Robbery 22 1.8 Driving While
Aggravated Assault 12 1.0 Intoxicated 21 1.7
Burglary 48 4.0 Violating Liquor Laws 17 1.4
Larceny 143 11.9 Drunkenness 322 26.7
Other Assaults 66 5.6 Disorderly Conduct
Forgery and Counter- and Vagrancy 13 1.1
feiting 12 1.0 Gambling 7 .6
Embezzlement and Fraud 28 2.3 Violation of Traffic
Weapons, Carrying, etc. 1 .1 Laws 12 1.1
Sex Offenses (other Other Offenses and
than rape) 84 7.0 Investigation 272 22.6
Offenses against Family
and Children 119 9.9 Total I720?

 

(12) International Association of Chiefs of Police, Committee on
Uniform Crime Records. A Guide for Preparing Annual Police
Reports, New York, 1930, pp. 11 - l4.

-41..

From Table V it will be seen that Of the 1,204 commitments
332 or 26.7 per cent fell in the general classification of
drunkenness. All cases of intoxication, habitual drunkenness,
and drunk and disorderly conduct are included in this group.
Other Offenses and Investigation constituted 274 cases or 22.6
per cent of the commitments; included in this class are all
offenses not otherwise classified such as arson, malicious
destruction of prOperty, and violation of parole. Larceny
ranked next with 143 cases or 11.9 per cent of the total commit-
ments. Included in this group are all cases of theft. Offenses
Against Family constituted 119 cases or 9.9 per cent of the
total commitments. Included in this classification are all cases
of non-support, desertion, non-payment of alimony, abandonment,
and the like. Sex Offenses (other than rape) constituted 88
cases or 6.9 per cent of the total commitments. Included in this
classification are adultery, prostitution, Operating and fre-
quenting a disorderly house, and indecent exposure, and bastardy.
In general, commitments for crimes in the more serious classi-
fications were fewer than for those of less seriousness. There
was but one commitment for Felonious Homicide; 22 cases, or 1.8
per cent of the total commitments for Robbery; 12 cases, or 1
per cent of the total commitments for the general classifications
Rape and Aggravated Assault.

The distribution of commitments seems to be in keeping with
the distribution for various offenses as summarized by Gillin.(13)
It is in general agreement with the statement regarding types of

offense made on page seven of this chapter. The only disagreement

 

(13) John Lewis Gillin, pp. cit., Table I, p. 53.

is the low percentage of commitments for Vagrancy (1 per cent).
This may be explained by the fact that many of the commitments
for this offense may have been listed as Investigation by the
record clerk.

Summary and Conclusions

Since the findings of this chapter are important to the
understanding of this thesis, they will be briefly summarized.

Of those reporting place of birth, 91 per cent were born in the
United States, and 9 per cent in foreign countries. Of those

born in the United States, 54 per cent were born in Michigan, and
22 per cent in Jackson county. Of those reporting place of
residence 95 per cent were residents of Michigan and 5 per cent of
other states. About 85 per cent of those who gave their place of
residence by county in Michigan were residents of Jackson county
and 67 per cent were residents of the city of Jackson. The
average age of all persons committed.was 34.3 years. The rates

of commitments per 1,000 p0pu1ation for races were: 11.6 for

all races, 10.2 for whites, and 99.1 for Negroes. The rates by
sex were: 22.2 for males, and 2.6 for females. Of the persons
committed, 52 per cent were single, 44 per cent married, and 4
per cent divorced. Concerning the occupations reported by persons
committed, the greatest numbers were: common laborers 39.2 per
cent; those in manufacturing.and mechanical industries 22.5 per
cent; and those in agriculture 8 per cent.

The highest percentages of‘commitments were for the classi-
fications of Drunkenness, 26.7 per cent; Other Offenses and
Investigation, 22.6 per cent; larceny, 11.9 per cent; Offenses
Against Family, 9.9 per cent, and.Sex.Offenses, 6.9 per cent.

These findings are in agreement with those of other studies

Of commitments. With this in mind, the next step will be to point
out the areas of delinquency within Jackson county.

- 43 -

CHAPTER IV
DELIEQTENCY RATES IN JACKSON COUNTY

The studies of Shaw, Hayner, Phelger, Taft, and others have
shown that there are wide variations in the concentration of
homes of delinquents among Specific areas in large cities, small
cities, and counties. It is the purpose of this chapter to
determine whether such variationszire to be found among areas in
Jackson county.

In order to show which areas of the county revealed the
greatest concentration of delinquency the place of residence for
all of the 217 persons committed to the county jail who lived
within the county was determined. Since it was not possible to
locate the exact place of residence of those living outside of
the city of Jackson, tabulations were made on the basis of resi-
dence in townships. The commitment rate for each township was
figured by determining the number of commitments per 1,000 p0pu-
1ation over 15 years of age. These rates, and the numbers on
which they are based, are shown on the rate map 3. From this map
it can be seen that there is a rather marked variation among the
commitment rates of several of the townships. Rates are found
to range from O for Pulaski township to 13.3 for Summit township.
Since the rate for the entire county exclusive of the city is 9.3,
it is apparent that there are 4 townships with commitment rates
higher and 15 with rates lower than the rate for the county. The
4 townships having rates higher than the county rate were:
Summit, 13.3; Blackman, 13.2; Napoleon, 10.8; Parma, 10.2. The
15 townships which had the same or lower commitment rates than

did the county were: Leoni, 9.1; Liberty, 8.8; Rives, 8.2;

 

44 -

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- 45 -

Springport, 7.8; Columbia, 7.3; Henrietta, 6.6; Norvell, 6.6;
Spring Arbor, 6.5; Hanover, 5.6; Waterloo, 5.2; Grass Lake, 5.0;
Sandstone, 4.5; Concord, 3.0; Tompkins, 1.6; and Pulaski, 00.

Having shown the variations in commitment rates between the
rural areas of the county, the next step will be to briefly
discuss the more apparent reasons for these variations. Data
concerning p0pu1ation composition were available by townships
and were formulated into Table VI along with the number of
commitments and the commitment rates. This table and the writer's
knowledge of the general situation in the townships will be used
in describing them and attempting to explain their rates.

The commitment rate for Summit township is 13.3. Its p0pu-
lation is 6,754. Its percentage of persons of foreign stock is
22.7 which is not unusually high. The percentage of Negroes (.1)
is very low. Only 4.6 per cent of its p0pu1ation are classed as
rural-farm. The high rate in this township may be partially
explained by the fact that over one-half of the suburban area of
the city of Jackson is located in this township. The suburbaél)
area of the city as wellzas the village of Vandercook Lake, which
might well be classed as a suburbn of Jackson, are in this town-
ship. Although rates for these suburbs of Jackson are not
available, Map 4 shows a concentration of persons in the areas
adjacent to but outside the city limits of Jackson. It has been
shown by other studies that suburban areas often have higher
commitment rates than do the urban or rural areas. Reckless
explains this by saying that the suburban.areas with their cheaper
rents and less rigid enforcement of law attract resorts of vice,

criminals, and lower class people. These peOple not only add to

 

(1) All of the suburbs to the south and approximately one-half of
those to the east and west of Jackson.

 

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-47-

the delinquency directly,‘but also have a demoralizing and
disorganizing influence on the neighborhood.(2) The concentration
of delinquency in the village of Vandercook Lake was a major
factor in.the high rate for the township since 15 cases or 25
per cent of the total commitments from the township were from
this village while its portion of the population was about 12
per cent.(d) This village is located on a lake three and one-
half miles from the city and not only serves as one of its
suburbs but also as a cheap resort for Jackson peOple. The
influence of these two features probably account for much of the
social disorganization.apparent in this community.

Blackman township had the next highest commitment rate with
13.2. Its p0pu1ation is 4,722; 5 per cent are Negroes and 28.1
per cent of foreign stock. There are 107.3 males to every 100
females in the township. Only 13.4 per cent of the population
are in the rural-farming class. This township borders the city
of Jackson and serves as its suburban area. There are no villages
in this township. Probably the most important reason for its
high commitment rate is that the suburbs in this district are of
a very poor type. The presence of several roadhouses in the

township and its high percentage of Negroes and persons of

foreign stock are other reasons.

The high rate found in Napoleon township (10.8) is interest-
ing because there seems to be no apparent eXplanation for it.
The township is not a suburb of Jackson and its only village,

(4)
Napoleon, is quite small. 0f its 1,204 inhabitants, less than

 

(2) Walter C. Reckless, Vice in Chicago, p. 120.
(3) Estimated p0pu1ation of:750.
(4) An unincorporated village.

- 48 -

.1 per cent.are Negroes. In comparison with the other townships
in the county, its percentage of foreign born (16.5) is unusually
low. About one-half (51.7 per cent) of its p0pu1ation is classed
as rural-farm. The village of Napoleon may be a contributing
factor to the township's high rate since it is a rather dis-
organized village. It is probable that some very good reason for
the unusual rate in this township could be found if it were fully
studied.

Leoni township has a commitment rate of 9.1. The p0pu1ation
of the township is 4,794, less than .5 per cent Negroes and but
19.2 per cent of foreign stock. There are 109.5 males to 100
females in the township. Less than 20 per cent of its p0pu1ation
is classed as rural-farm. Since the township is within two miles
of the city much of its area iatdevoted to suburbs. Michigan
Center, the only village in the township, is located on the
Michigan Center mill pond. It was formerly a resort village,
but is now a suburb of Jackson. Years ago it was one of the most
p0pular resorts in the county but it has declined very rapidly in
recent years. This village is not incorporated, but a very
liberal estimate of its p0pu1ation would be 800 or 16 per cent of
the total township p0pu1ation. In spite of that, it furnished
over 50 per cent of its commitments. It would seem that the
presence of this village and the suburbs of Jackson were the
major factors in the high rate of’this township.

The townships of Liberty (8.8) and Rives (8.2) have about
the same rate as the rate for the county as a whole. They are
located at equal distances from the city of Jackson on the south
and north boundaries of the county respectively. Both are mainly

agricultural townships; 89.0 per cent of Liberty'and 81.1 per cent

- 49 -

of Rives pepulation are rural-farm. There are no suburbs of
Jackson within their boundaries and.cnly one hamlet of any size
in each of the townships.(5) The percentage of colored people
is very low with less than .1 per cent in either township. The
percentage of persons of foreign.stock is 19.7 for Rives and 12.1
for Liberty. The figure for Rives is about average when compared
with the other townships of the county, while the figure for
Liberty is the lowest in the county.

Parma township has a rate of 10.2. Its p0pu1ation is 1,066,
21.3 per cent of‘whom.are foreign-born. There are no Negroes in
the township. The ratio of males to females is 118.4 to 100.
Parma is primarily an agricultural township. About 67.5 per cent
of its population.is listed.as rural-farm. The village of Parma
is located in the township. It is incorporated and has a p0pu-
1ation of 615. The village is situated about ten miles from
Jackson and is not a suburb of the city. It is about the same
distance from Albion. It may be that the rate of the townships
is influenced by its contacts with these two cities. The village
itself is located in a prosperous farming community. It has a
twelve-grade approved high school and two churches. Community
standards are high.and there appear to be no indications of
community'disorganization.

Springport and Columbia both have commitment rates slightly
below that of the county outside of Jackson. Springport, with
a rate of 7.8, and Columbia, with.a rate of 7.3, have a p0pu1ation
of 1,212 and 1,830 respectively. Both have low percentages of

-—_

(5) Less than 50 persons.

- 5o -

Negroes and persons of foreign-stock. The prOportion of males
to females for Springport township is 105.8 to 100, and for
Columbia, 100.7 to 100. Each township has about half of its
p0pu1ation living on farms. There is one incorporated village
in each township; Brooklyn, in Columbia township, has a p0pu-
1ation of 733, and Springport, in Springport township, a p0pu-
1ation of 562. Both of these villages are prosperous farming
towns. Neither is near enough to a large city to be greatly
influenced by it. There are twelve-grade high schools in both
towns. Community life centers about the schools and churches
of the'villages.

Concord.and.Grass Lakezire two of the larger townships
having low commitment rates. Their rates are 3.0 and 5.0
respectively. The population of Concord township is 1,394 and
of Grass Lake township, 1,659. Neither have any colored persons
and both p0pu1ations are composed of about 20 per cent of persons
of foreign stock. Each township has an incorporated village
with the same name as the township. Grass Lake has a p0pu1ation
of 804 and Concord a population of 603. Both of these towns
are located in the better agricultural areas of the county and
nearly all of the p0pu1ation of these townships outside of the
villages are farmers. Farms are of the better type. Community
activities for the township and village are centered about the
village high schools and churches. These factors probably help
to account for the low commitment rates in these townships.

Waterloo with a commitment rate of 5.2, Hanover with 5.6,
Henrietta and Norvell both with 6.6, are all mainly agricultural
townships. Their percentage of persons of foreign stock runs

low and there are no Negroes in these townships. In each town-

{'4

.1

.', ‘v
' kiln".

'k!

-51..

ship from 50 to 80 per cent of the p0pu1ation are rural-farm
people. None of these townships are near enough to Jackson to
be influenced greatly by its delinquency situation.

Spring Arbor'and Sandstone townships are located within five
miles of the city of Jackson. Their low commitment rates may be
partially explained by the fact that neither is a suburban area.
of Jackson. Both are mainly agricultural, and both have very low
percentages of persons of foreign stock. Neither are there any
Negroes in these townships. There is no village in Sandstone
township and only a small unincorporated town in Spring Arbor.

Tompkins and Pulaski townships have the lowest commitment
rates in the county, with 1.6 and .0 respectively. Both townships
have a very low percentage of persons of foreign stock. They are
Purely agricultural townships and are located at quite a distance
from the city. Tompkins has a rural farm p0pu1ation of 80.5 per
cent and Pulaski has a rural farm p0pu1ation of 85.0 per cent.

Summary

Commitment rates were computed for the county (exclusive of
the city) and for the townships within the county to determine the
differences in concentration of adult delinquency in these areas.
It was shown that the rates ranged from 0 in the township having
the lowest rate to 13.3 in the township having the highest rate.
With one exception, those townships on the boundary line of the
county and farthest from the city of Jackson had lower commitment
rates than that for the county exclusive of the city. Four of
the six townships nearest to the city showed rates considerably
higher than that for the county. The two townships having the
highest rates were those having certain undesirable suburbs of the

city within their boundary. In general, the townships having the

-52..

lowest commitment rates had the highest percentage of rural-farm
p0pu1ation. These findings conform with the findings of studies
of Juvenile delinquency.(6)

The next chapter will be devoted to a study of delinquency

areas in the city of Jackson.

 

(6) See mary Phleger and E. A. Taylor, 22. cit. p. 149.

-53-

CHAPTER V
DELINQUENCY AREAS IN THE CITY OF JACKSON

The commitment rate (15.1) of Jackson city is higher than
that for the county as.a whole (11.8) or for any of the townships
within the county. It is apparent that the city of Jackson is
the most important single factor influencing the commitment rate
of the county. That certain areas of the city furnish much and
other areas little of the delinquency in the city is common
knowledge. The members of the Police and Sheriffs' Departments
and even the private citizens of the city often refer to certain
areas as "bad" and can point out specifically the section of the
city from which most of the delinquency comes. It is the purpose
of this chapter to show, by means of spot maps based on the
place of residence of persons committed to the county Jail and
commitment rate maps'based on the ratio of commitments to p0pu-
1ation, the areas of the city in which delinquency tends to be
concentrated. After these areas have been determined they will
be described briefly and some of the factors influencing de-
linquency within their boundaries will be considered.

Map AI shows the place of.residence of each person committed
to the Jackson.county Jail in 1933.(l) The areas in which these
dots tend to concentrate are spoken 0f£18 delinquency areas and

it is apparent at once that these<ielinquency areas are found in

 

(1) Other information shown on Map 4 such as the portion of the
city devoted to business and industry, the location of churches,
schools, parks, railroad tracks, the river, the mill pond, and
the half-mile circles, the ward boundaries, and the enumeration
district boundaries will be used in connection with material
to be presented later in the chapter.

 

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Yellow areas indicate business and industrial IV
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Red squares indicate schools. (A ' ~»

Blue squares indicate churches. (

Green areas indicate parks. )

Blue spots indicate place of residence Xx ' ‘
of persons committed to Jackson u (V ’
county jail. »

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and.around the main business and industrial districts of the city,
near the railroad.tracks, and along the river and mill pond. In
general, the concentration of delinquency is greatest in the older
section of the city, east of Mechanic Street, and least in the
newer section of the city, west of hechanic Street.

When concentric half-mile circles are constructed from.a
point in the center of the business district it is evident that
the concentration of delinquents is.greatest within the first
one-half mile circle, and the next most concentrated area in the
third or outer half-mile circle.(2) Pepulation figures from the
Census are not available for the areas within these circles but
it is possible to calculate the number of cases per square mile
of area in each of these circles. There are 289 cases for each
square mile of area in the first half-mile circle, 92 for each
square mile of area in the mile circle, and 43 for each square
mile of area in the mile and one-half circle. This distribution
of delinquency is in keeping with.the studies of Park, Burgess,
Shaw, and others. Delinquency tends to decrease as the distance
from the center of the city increases.(3) Within the first half-
mile circle are the main business area of the city, several in-
dustries, cheap hotels, lodging houses, light housekeeping rooms,
and a few of the better class apartment houses. There are no
playgrounds, and but two small parks. The only recreational
facilities are those commercialized places usually found in the
downtown areas of a city.

Within the mile circle there are fewer industrial areas and

lodging houses. In the area to the east between Michigan Avenue

 

(2) The city is but three miles wide.
(5) See: E. W. Burgess, "The Growth of the City", Robert E. Park

et al The City, p. 53. Clifford R. Shaw, et a1, Delinquency
Areas: p. .

 

 

 

MAP V. PLACE F 3R3 TTN NB BY A’ARDS

AND “NTJERATION DISTRICTS OF 627
PERSON n0"”ITTVD TO TIIE JACKSON
COUNTY JAIL in 1935.

Legend:

Black lines indicate ward boundaries.

Red lines indicate enumeration district boundaries.

Black figu ures indicate ward numbers. A

Red figures indicate enumeration district numbeis.

Yellow areas indicate business and industria
sections.

Led Squares indies; te sonools.

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of oersons committed to Jackson
county Jail.

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-55-

and Francis Street are low rent and.Negro districts. The con-
centration of cases is most marked in this area of the circle.
The section between Francis Street and.West Michigan Avenue is
characterized by homes of'a better type. Rents are quite high
and there are several finezapartments in this section. The map
reveals only a few cases of’delinquency here. The area north
of Kichigan Avenue to the east and.west which is composed
principally of workingmen's homes, shows quite a concentration
of delinquency.

In the outer circle the area south of East Michigan Avenue
and east of Francis Street has the most commitments. In this
area are located the shops of the Michigan Central Railroad, the
largest single industry in the city, and several other industrial
plants. Part of thisriistrict is inhabited by Poles. The area
north of Michigan Avenue from Lansing Avenue north to the city
limits consists mainly of workingmen's homes. Here, rents are
moderate. The cases of commitments do not seem to be concen-
trated but are scattered at considerable frequency throughout the
area. The section north of West Michigan Avenue and west of
Lansing Avenue to the city limits is rather sparsely p0pu1ated.
The homes are those of persons of moderate means and there seems
to be no concentration of delinquency. South of West Michigan
Avenue and west of Francis Street to the city limits is the best
residential region of the city. Here are found the homes of the
very wealthy and of the more prOSperous business and professional
men. Few of the homes are rented.and.there are no industries.
Adjacent to this area are the two largest parks in the city.

Even though this district is thickly p0pu1ated it has very little

delinquency.

While, in a general way, the spot map shows quite clearly
the concentration of delinquency in certain portions of the city,
it does not relate the number of delinquents to the p0pu1ation
of an area, and, therefore, does not give an exact picture of
the delinquency situation within the city. This can be shown
fairly well by determining the commitment rate for each ward.and
enumeration district in the city.(4) These rates were computed
and are shown on the rate map number 6 by wards and on rate map
number 7 by p0pu1ation enumeration districts.(5) These maps
show the general boundary lines of the wards and enumeration
districts, respectively, and.the commitment rates of each.

Table VII shows the total p0pu1ation, the p0pu1ation over 15
years of age, the number of males per 100 females, the number of
delinquents and the delinquency rate, the number and percentage
of Negroes, and the number and percentage of persons of foreign
stock. This table and the maps will be referred to from time

to time in the discussion of the commitment rates of the wards
and enumeration districts which is to follow.

Since there is a wide variation between the commitment rates
of various wards and between the enumeration districts within
. the wards, each ward and each enumeration district will be dis-
cussed separately in an attempt to point out some of the reasons
for the difference in.commitment rates. The writer's knowledge

of the districts and such p0pu1ation data as are available will

be used in this discussion. The four wards (I, VI, V and VII)

 

(4) Ward and enumeration district boundaries were constructed on a
spot map showing place of residence of Jackson persons committed
to the county jail. The spots in each ward and enumeration
district were counted and the rates were computed. (See Map 5)

(5) POpulation data for enumeration districts were secured directly

from the Bureau of the Census.

57 -

 

CITY OF JACKSON

JéMILE

 

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13.2

 

 

 

7.3 g l
@ G)

 

29.4

26.8

 

 

 

 

 

 

Explanation:

Rates based on the number of
persons committed to the Jackson
county Jail during the year 1933
from each ward compared with the
total pepulation 15 years of age
and over for the ward.

 

Map 6. Commitment Rates by Wards for Jackson, Michigan - 1933.

 

- 53 -

 

CVPY OF JACKSON

I— A l

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' t 27.8 24.4 9.2 6.6
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."—19 {58-18 CUP-1?; "NJ-‘1‘)” .
5.0 52-3 53-27 55-29
1.9 5.5
21.1 24.6
e :e—ae 53-24
1.5 4.7 11.0

 

 

 

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t-» u - a.

22.1

 

 

 

 

 

Explanation:

Rates based on the number of

, persons committed to the Jackson
L4. county Jail during the year 1935

from each enumeration district

compared with the total popu-

lation 15 years of age and over

for the enumeration district.

 

 

Legend:

Red figures indicate
enumeration districts.

Black figures indicate
the commitment rate.

 

 

lWap 7. Commitment Rates'by Enumeration Districts for Jackson,
Michigan - 1933.

 

 

 

VII.

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AID POPULATION
ON DISTRICTS FOR T

CECSIIION

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:Populationzfiumber

:Iumber of:Commitment

 

 

 

District 58-54)
(b) E.D. - Enumeration district.

Total :over 15 :of Isles: foreirn :conmit- :Rate
° BOpu- :years of :per 100 ocx :ments
: 1ation g lFemales °
City of Jackson 55,857 6,242 98.5 50.9 .7 627 15.1
Ward I 5,044 2,287 101.1 54.7 .5 72 51.5
E D. 58-12(b) 1,660 1,55 95.7 27.7 .6 46 54.0
58-15 1,584 955 108.1 45.0 15.1 26 27.8
Ward II 7,560 5,594 95.5 24.6 .5 41 7.5
E. D. 58-14 2,647 2,116 90.5 29.6 .5 22 10.4
58-15 2,678 1,982 100.6 20.7 .5 12 6.1
58-16 2,055 1,496 96.5 24.9 .0 7 4.7
Hard III 8,124 6,254 87.1 27.7 .7 18 2.9
E. D. 58-17 2,555 2,101 77.5 28.7 .4 5 1.5
58-18 2,716 1,992 94.5 25.9 11 5.5
58-19 2,875 2,141 88.8 27.7 4 1.9
Hard IV 7,208 5,829 92.0 26.2 52 5.5
E. D. 58-90 2,076 1,845 94.5 25.9 5 7.0
58-21 1,444 1,208 82.1 54.5 6 5.0
58-22 5,688 2,776 94.9 24.2 15 4.7
hard V 6,899 5,189 100.4 27.7 59 26.8
E. D. 58-25 1,919 1,511 107.4 25.8 79 52.5
58-24 2,471 1,915 92.7 51.9 21 11.0
58-25 2,509 1,765 105.1 25.1 59 22.1
Ward VI ' 7,201 5,002 106.4 49.4 147 29.4
E. D. 58-26 5,021 2,201 106.7 46.8 95 42.2
58-27 657 579 115.2 69.7 8 21.1
58-28 1,665 1,284 104.7 25.7 18 14.0
58-29 1,887 1,158 104.6 69.2 28 24.6
Ward VII 5,925 4,492 108.9 27.5 104 25.2
E. D. 58-50 1,655 1,255 124.6 27.5 52 42.2
58-51 2,055 1,480 110.6 50.1 29 19.6
,__ 58-52 2,259 1,779 97.4 25.1 25 12.9
a
Ward VIII 8,067 5,615 102.7 50.6 74 15.2
E. D. 58-55 2,647 1,805 106.4 54.8 44 24.4
58-54 1,550 --- --- 56.4 -- ---_
58-55 2,756 1,847 102.5 54.9 17 9.2
58-56 2,684 1,965 100.1 24.9 15 6.6
(a)Corrected because Census data includes part of iichigan State Prison. (Enumeration

 

 

560-

having the highest commitment rates will be discussed first,
followed by the four (VIII, II, IV, and III) having the lowest
rates.
Ward I

Ward I, with a rate of 51.5, has the highest commitment
rate of any ward in the city. The boundaries of this ward are
West Michigan Avenue on the south; North Nechanic Street to
Ganson Street to the Grand Riveraand thence to the city limits
on the east; North Blackstone Street to the intersection of
Lansing Avenue, thence out Lansing Avenue to the city limits on
the west; and Brown Street on the north.(6) The p0pu1ation of.
the ward is 5,044, six per cent of whom are Negroes and 55 per
cent, persons of foreign stock. There are 101.1 males for
every 100 females in the ward. It is divided into two enumer-
ation districts: 58-15 and 58-12. Enumeration district 58-15,
the area from West Ganson Street north along the fairgrounds
and extending to the city limits is commonly known as Mutton-
zillgf7) The p0pu1ation of the district is 1,584 of which
Negroes constitute 15 per cent and persons of foreign stock,
45 per cent. There are 108 males per 100 females in this
district, and since males are committed much more frequently
than females, this no doubt increases its commitment rate. In
this area there are many Poles, Russians, and.Lithuanians of the
poorer class. These peOpleciepend mainly upon common labor and,

with laboring conditions as uncertain.as they are in Jackson,

they are forced to accept low standards of living. There is no

 

(6) See Map 5.
(7) Although the slaughter house which originally gave the area
its name has long been.gone, the name still persists.

- 61 -
school in the district and but two small churches. These
churches are located in old houses and are attended mostly
by colored peOple. Along North and George Streets, near the
fairgrounds, there are several houses of prostitution and vice.
The land beside the river is marshy and the homes there are merely
shacks. No doubt the fact that the river runs through this area
makes it an undesirable place to live. The city uses the river
for sewerage disposal. These factors all contribute to the
high rate of delinquency in the area.

The other enumeration district in this ward is 58-12 with
a population of 1,660, twenty-eight per cent are foreign stock
and less than one per cent are Negroes. There are but 95.7 males
per 100 females in this district. Approximately two-thirds of
the area of this district is devoted primarily to business and
industry since it is located within the,first half-mile circle.
of the city. The main branch of the Michigan Central Railroad
and the river both.run through this district. The homes of
delinquent persons tend to be centered in this business and
industrial area. Rents are low and.the homes are old and in.a
poor state of repair. many of them have been turned into
cheap rooming houses and light housekeeping rooms. There is
one large church and.a small park. The park is in the downtown
business district and has no playground facilities. The church
is located in this park, but, since it is one of the more
fashionable churches of the city, it is not attended by the
peOple of this area. No doubt the encroachment of industry
and business upon the residential portion of the area, tOgether
With the river, the railroad tracks, and the lack of playground

and church facilities have had a marked influence upon the high

-62-

commitment rate of this<iistrict. Since women are committed less
frequently than men the predominance of females in the area
should help to keep its commitment rate down.

Ward VI

Ward VI has the next highest commitment rate (29.5) of any
ward in the city. This ward is located on the east side of the
city between East Michigan Avenue and the mill pond.(8) The
mill pond, the railroads, the Michigan Central Round House, and
numerous businessesaand industries no doubt contribute to the
high rate of commitments in thiS‘wardJ These factors all make
the area less desirable for residential purposes and probably
serve as a selective influence in attracting less desirable
residents to the district. As Table VII shows, the population
is 7,208 composed of 50 per cent foreign stock and 7 per cent
Negroes, There are 106.4 males per 100 females. All these
are probably principal determining factors in the high rate
of the ward.

When the ward is divided into enumeration districts it
becomes apparent that the greatest area of commitments centers
within the triangular shaped district between East Michigan
Avenue and the Michigan Central Railroad tracks east to South
Elm Street. This is enumeration district 58-26. In this
district there are 5,021 persons, 47 per cent of foreign stock
and 7 per cent Negroes. There are 106.7 males to 100 females.
The commitment rate is 42.2. There are two small churches,
two missions, two schools, but no playgrounds in this district.

The Negro population is concentrated on East Avenue, Deyo Alley

 

(8) See Rap 5.

-63-

and Elizabeth Street. This Negro district is known as one of
the worst districts in the city. Houses are mostly in poor
condition and rents very low.(9) The sidings and warehouses
of several industrial and'business concerns which occupy a
large portion of the area make it an undesirable place of
residence. They facilitate the theft of coal and other articles
and in that way raise the delinquency rate of this slum area.
Enumeration district 38-29 has the next highest commitment
rate in the ward (24.6). Its p0pu1ation is 1,887, with 75 per
cent foreign.stock and 10 per cent Negroes. There are 104.6
males per 100 females in this district. This district contains
the Polish settlement of the city. There are two schools and
two churches but no playgrounds. Most of these peOple work in
the Michigan Central Railroad ShOpS'which divide the district
into two distinct sections. The delinquents are concentrated
principally directly across from the railroad shOps on Page
Avenue. Here are located the poolrooms, card rooms, restaurants,
and cheap rooming houses of the neighborhood. The smoke, noise,
and confusion of the railroad.make it a very undesirable place
for residence. However, the Polish people have made this area
their little Poland. The area behind the railroad shops is very
sparsely p0pulated since the land is poorly drained and con-
sequently very marshy. The unfavorable population composition
and location of this area probably tend to raise its commitment
rate.

The rate for enumeration district 38-28 is 21.1. The

 

(9) According to real estate estimates, from $7 to $15 per month.

 

-64-

p0pu1ation is 657. Seventy per cent are foreign stock and 10
per cent are Negroes. There are 115.2 males to every 100 females
in this district. This area lies on the south side of the ward
between the railroad tracks and the mill pond. Its eastern
boundary is South Elm Street. Only a small portion of the area
is used for residential purposes since it is mainly devoted to
industrial uses. There are no churches or schools. Its
location, its high percentage of Negroes and foreign stock, the
predominance of males and the lack of churches and schools are
factors contributing to its high rate.

The fourth enumeration district in the ward (38-28) is
located east of enumeration district 58-26 and north of enumer-
ation district 58-29 along East Michigan Avenue east to the city
limits. The commitment rate for this district is 14.0, the
lowest in the ward. The p0pu1ation is 1,665, with 24 per cent
persons of foreign.stock and no Negroes. There are 104.7 males
per 100 females. Although there are no churches or schools in
the district, there are three churches and three schools located
along its boundaries. Most of this area is located east of the
business district. Only about three blocks of the district are
devoted to industry. In the main, the residences are the modest
homes of workingmen. The section's freedom from the business
area, its low percentage of colored and foreign stock, and its
better types of homes have probably had a considerable selective
influence on its DOpulation and.account for its comparatively
IOW'commitment:rate.

Ward V
Ward V has a commitment rate of 26.8, the third highest in

the city. It runs south to the city limits from East Michigan

- 65 -

Avenue and Railroad Streets, and east from Mechanic Street to
the mill pond.(10) This ward has a p0pu1ation of 6,899, twenty-
eight per cent persons of foreign stock and 8 per cent Negroes.
For this ward, the ratio between males and females is nearly
equal (100.4 to 100). It is¢iivided into three enumeration
districts: 58-25, 38-24 and 88-25. Enumeration district 38-23
has the highest commitment rate (52.3) of any enumeration
district in the city. Most of this enumeration district lies
within the first half-mile circle of the city. Its boundaries
are hechanic Street on the west, the mill pond on the east of
Michigan Avenue, Railroad Street on the north, and Morell and
Bridge Streets on the south. The population of the district

is 1,919 of whom 27 per cent.are persons of foreign stock and
15 per cent are Negroes, and there are 107.4 males per 100
females. In this area there:are 7 churches and two schools.
The positive influences of these institutions on the delinquency
rate are probably negated by the influences of the gas works,
business and industrial activities, cheap hotels and rooming
houses, and the numerous houses of prostitution and vice which
are located in the district. The greatest delinquency concen-
tration occurs along Francis Street between Courtland and
Michigan Avenues within one black of the main business area of
the city. The area east of Francis Street along Milwaukee,
East Franklin, Wilkins, Belden, and Biddle Streets is p0pu1ated
mostly by colored people who constitute 15 per cent of the
p0pu1ation of the district. The concentration of delinquency
here is great. The rest of the area is characterized by old

—_

(10) See map 5.

-66..

houses that were formerly some of the better homes of the city
and have, with the encroachment of business and industry, and of
colored peOple, become less desirable places of residence.

Enumeration district 58-24 is south of enumeration district
38-25 to the Cincinnati Northern Railroad tracks. It has the
surprisingly low commitment rate of 11.0. The low rate may be
partially explained'by the fact that but .1 per cent of its
p0pu1ation is Negro, but 52 per cent persons of foreign stock,
and the proportion of males to females no more than 92.7 to
100. Industry covers only a small portion of the area and, in
general, the homes are moderately priced dwellings. What de-
linquency there is tends to concentrate along the railroad
tracks. There is but one church in the area and there are no
schools. The majority of the peOple living in this district
are of the "better class" laboring group.

Enumeration district 58-25, to the south of enumeration
district 58-25, has a commitment rate of 22.1. Its population
is 2,509, twenty-one per cent persons of foreign stock and 7
per cent Negroes, and for every 100 females there are 105.1
males. There are four churchesaand.one school in the district.
The Negro p0pu1ation is concentrated.along the Cincinnati
Northern and Nichigan Central Railroad tracks for several blocks.
The homes are cheap and badly cared for. Here is the greatest
concentration of delinquency in the area. The remainder of the
district south to the city limits is inhabited by members of
the highest class laborers. The conductors, firemen, and
brakemen working on the railroads make their homes in the
section. Homes are modern, and, in general, the neighborhood

is a prosperous one. The most important single influence on

- 67 -

the high commitment rate in this district is probably the
concentration of Negro p0pu1ation in the immediate vicinity
of the railroad tracks. here it possible to calculate the
rate for the district south of the Negro district, it would

perhaps be one of the lowest rates in the city.

Ward VII

 

Ward VII, with.a commitment:rate of 23.2, has the fourth
highest rate in the city. It is located on the north-east side
of the city, east of Iechanic Street between East Michigan Avenue
and East Ganson Street and extending to the city limits.(ll)
The p0pu1ation of this ward is 5,925 twenty-eight per cent
persons of foreign stock and less than one per cent Negroes.
Its sex ratio is 108.9 males per 100 females. The ward is
divided into three enumeration districts: 38-50, 58-51, and
58-52. Enumeration district 38-30 has the highest rate (42.2)
in the ward. This district is located entirely in the half-
mile circle of the city. It has a p0pu1ation of 1,633 twenty-
eight per cent of foreign stock and less than one per cent
Negroes. There are 124.6 males per 100 females in this
division of the ward. There is one parochial school and one
church. The Michigan Central Railroad and the Grand River run
through the southwest corner of the section and along Michigan
Avenue is a portion of the downtown business district. The
remainder of the area is composed of slums, cheap rooming
houses, and low class homes. Thirty years ago this portion of
the city was part of the better residential section. However,

when the city grew, the business district was extended into the

 

(11) See Nap 5.

- 68 -

area. With the encroachment of'business the area became less
desirable for residential purposes and the better classes of
peOple left for less crowded portions of the city. The area
degenerated until today it has become one of the poorest dis-
tricts in the city. While colored persons and foreigners have
not gone into the area in any great numbers, the white p0pu1a-
tion is migratory andIJnstable. There seems to be no outstanding
concentration of delinquency in any one portion of the area,
unless it be along the tracks:and Nichigan Avenue. The de-
linquency appears to be uniformly high throughout the district.
The location of the area, its unfavorable sex ratio, poor
housing conditions, and general social disorganization all have
contributed to its high ratio.

Enumeration district 58-51 has a p0pulation of 2,055 with
51 per cent of foreign stock:and.1ess than one per cent Negroes.
There are 110.6 males to every 100 females in the area which
extends east from enumeration district 58-50 to Nerth Elm Avenue.
It has no churches, but one school, and no industries. Although
the East Michigan Avenue business area is in this district is
does not extend north more than one block. It is one of the
older portions of the city. There are many fine old homes there
but the area is in the process of degeneration. In several years
it will probably shoW'a much higher rate of delinquency.

Enumeration district 59-52 has a commitment rate of 12.9.
Its p0pu1ation is 2,259 with 25 per cent persons of foreign stock
and no Negroes. There are but 97.4 males to 100 females in this
section. The area lies to the east of enumeration district 58-51
and extends to the city limits. Within-the district there are

(12)
two schools, a large park, and one playground. There is but

‘

(121 Toasted at East Michigan SChOOl.

- 69 -

one church within the district,‘but there are a number of
churches along its boundaries which many of these peOple attend.
The area is one of the finest on the east side of the city.

There are several fine old homes and modern ones of the better
type. Kany railroad.workers and east side business men live in
the area. Interest in community life runs high; the only com-
munity recreational center in the city is located in the district.
Delinquency is not concentrated but tends to be scattered. The
low percentage of Negroes and foreign stock, the predominance of
females, the absence of industries, the parks, churches, and
recreational center, and the distance of the area from the center
of the city are all factors vhich cause the comparatively low
commitment rate of the district.

Ward VIII

0f the four wards with a lower commitment rate than the rate
for the entire city, Ward VIII had the highest (15.2) The ward
is located on the northeast side of the city running east to the
city limits from the Grand Riveraand north to the city limits
from Ganson Street.(13) Its p0pu1ation is 8,067 with 50 per cent
persons of foreign stock and less than 1 per cent Negroes. There
are 102 males for every 100 females. The ward has four enumer-
ation districts: 58-55, 58-54, 58-25, and 58-57. (Enumeration
district 58-54 is the Michigan State Prison. As it is not a
part of the regular p0pu1ation of the city, it will not be dis-
cussed). Enumeration district 58-55 has a commitment rate of

24.4. The p0pu1ation of the district is 2,647, thirty-five

per cent of foreign.stock and l per cent colored. There are

 

(13) See flap 5.

- 7o -

106.4 males per 100 females in this district which extends north
to the city limits from East Ganson Street along the Grand River
and State and Waterloo Streets. The high commitment rate for
this district is interesting since the Michigan State Prison is
located in the area. Apparently the presence of the prison has
not had a strong deterrent effect upon its delinquency. A
considerable portion of the area is devoted to industry. The
section along the river and surrounding the prison is mainly
industrial. There is but one church and no schools. For the
most part, the homes are those of’workingmen who are employed
in.the industrial plants of the district. There seems to be no
concentration of delinquency in any one portion of the area. The
high.rate for the district cannot be easily explained since its
p0pu1ation composition, excepting for the unequal sex ratio, is
not unusual. Perhaps the industries, the prison, and the lack
of school and church.facilities account for this high.rate, but
it seems more likely that some more subtle factors influencing
the rate are in Operation in the<iistrict. It would be inter-
esting to determine what these factors might be, but such a
survey is beyond the scOpe of this study.

Enumeration district 58-55 hasaa«commitment rate of 9.2.
Its population is 2,756 with 55 per cent foreign stock and less
than 1 per cent Negroes. The<iistrict runs east of enumeration
district 58-55 to Seymoure Avenue. Most of the district falls
outside the one-mile circle of the city. Four churches and two
schools are located within its boundaries. The homes are of the
better type and principally inhabited by workingmen. There is
no concentration of delinquency in the area. Its low rate may

be explained by the low rate of’colored and of foreign stock,

-71..

its adequate church and school facilities, the absence of business
and industry, the type of its homes, and by the fact that it is
located at some distance from the heart of the city.

Enumeration district 58-56 has the low commitment rate of
6.6. The p0pu1ation of the district is 2,684. There are no
Negroes.and only 25 per cent foreign stock. This area iseeast
of enumeration district 58-55 and is outside of the one-mile
circle. There is but one school and no churches in the area.
Much of the land is vacant. About three blocks of the district
are devoted to industryzand most of the delinquency seems to be
concentrated near the industrial district. The residences in
this portion of the city are mainly workingmen's homes, and,
since it is an outlying district, most of them have been built
during the past ten years. This is probably a decided factor
in the low rate of delinquency in the district.

Ward II_

Ward II has a commitment record of 7.5. The ward is located
in the northwest part of the cityy'west to the city limits from
Lansing Avenue and north to the city limits from Nest Michigan
Avenue.(l4) Its population is 7,560; 25 per cent foreign stock
and less than 1 per cent Negroes. There are but 87.5 males to
every 100 females in this ward. The ward is divided into three
enumeration districts 58-14, 58-15, and 58-16. Enumeration
district 58-14 has a commitment:rate of 10.4. Its p0pu1ation
is 2,647; 28 per cent foreign stock and less than 1 per cent
colored. The fact that there are but 90.5 males to every 100

females in this district is probably a.factor in its low rate.

 

(14) See Map 5.

-72-

The delinquency in the area seems to be centered about Van Buren
and Blackstone Streets one block on either side of the railroad
tracks. There is practically no delinquency in the rest of the
area. It is one of the oldest and'best residential sections of
the city. Many of Jackson's oldest families live in the district.
In.general, the homes are quite large and rents high. There are
several large apartment houses and better class rooming houses
in the area. Two churches and three schools are distributed
throughout the district. If it were not for the concentration
of delinquency in that part of the district along the tracks

it would likely have one of the lowest commitment rates in the
city.

Enumeration district 58-15 has a rate of 6.1. The popula-
tion of the area is 2,678, with 21 per cent of foreign stock and
less than 1 per cent Negroes. The sex ratio is nearly equal
with 100.6 males per 100 females. The district is located east
from enumeration district 58-15 extending to the city limits
between West Avenue and Lansing Avenue. It seems to have no
concentration of delinquency. Since it is one of the better and
newer residential parts of the city, is without industrial or
business districts, and has but a small percentage of foreign
stock and an equal distribution of sexes, the low commitment
rate in the area is not surprising.

Enumeration district 58-16 has a rate of 4.7 and a popu-
lation of 2,055. There are no Negroes and but 25 per cent foreign
stock. The ratio of males to females is 96.8 to 100. The dis-
trict is located outside of the one-mile circle extending east
of district 58-55 to the city limits. The one industry located

in this area has hot been in operation for several years. It is

-73..

one of the newer and more modern residential areas. Rents are
high, and there are no rooming houses in the district. There are
two churches in the area but no schools. School facilities are
to be had, however, in nearby districts. The low rate has
probably been.great1y influenced by its advantageous economic,
geographical, and social conditions.
Ward IV

Ward IV has a commitment rate of 5.5. This ward is located
south to the city limits:from Nest hichigan Avenue between
Mechanic and Francis Streets and First Street.(l5) Its p0pu-
lation is 7,208; 26 per cent foreign stock and less than 1 per
cent Negroes. There are three enumeration districts: 58-20,
58-21, and 58-22. The commitment rate of enumeration district
58-20 is 7.0. Its p0pu1ation is 2,076 of which 26 per cent are
foreign stock and less than 1 per cent are Negroes. There are
but 94.5 males per 100 females. This fact, no doubt, helps to
keep the commitment rate of the district down. Its rate is
quite unusual since it is located almost entirely within the
half-mile circle of the city between West Michigan Avenue and
West Mason Street. Although one-half of its area is devoted to
business, its rate is one of the lowest in the city. The low
rate of this<iistrict in comparison with other downtown districts
may be explained.by the fact that the area is devoted primarily
to better class rooms for light housekeeping and small apart-
ment houses. The high rents make it possible for only those
of means to live there. Because of this the transients and least

stable persons are not attracted to this area. There are two

 

(15) See reps.

— ‘ T —

schools and one church but no playgrounds in this district.

Enumeration district 58-21 has a commitment rate of 5.0
and a population of 1,449. There are no Negroes and 81 per cent
are persons of foreign stock. There are but 82.1 males per 100
females in the area. This district runs south of enumeration
district 58-20 for three blocks. It is a purely residential area,
much like enumeration district 58-20. Rents run high and but
few of the homes are low class. There are two churches and one
school in the area. The unusual rental conditions, the church
and school facilitieszand the greater number of females than
males in the district Operate to make the commitment rate low
in this district.

Enumeration district 58-22 has a commitment rate of 4.7.
Its p0pu1ation is 5,688 with one per cent Negroes and 24 per cent
foreign stock. There are 94.9 males for every 100 females in
the district. The district is located south of enumeration
district 58-21, and comprises over half of the area of the ward.
It is one of the best residential sections of the city. In the
main, its homes are those of business peOple and the well-to-do
workingmen. Rents are rather high. There are few apartment
or rental homes. Although there are no churches or schools in
the district itself; educational.and church facilities are to be
had within a short distance. The section borders on the city's
largest park where there are constructive recreational facilities.
No doubt the low rate of the district has been influenced by its
population composition, its'better housing conditions, and its
superior recreational facilities.
Ward III

Ward III has the remarkably low<3ommitment rate of 2.9, the

lowest rate in the city. The ward is located east of hichigan

-75..

Avenue to the city limits and south of First Street to the city
limits.(l6) Its p0pu1ation if 8,124, with 28 per cent foreign
stock and less than 1 per cent Negroes. There are but 87.1
males per 100 females in this ward. There are three enumeration
districts: 58-17, 58-18, and 58-19. Enumeration district 58-17
has the lowest commitment:rate in the city (1.5). Its p0pu1ation
is 2,555, with 50 per cent foreign stock and less than 1 per cent
Negroes, and there are but 77.5 males per 100 females in the
district. The enumeration district is located east of West
Michigan between First and Fourth Streets. The area is one of
the best residential areas in the city. The homes are modern
and rents are very high. The residents are principally business
and professional people. There are two churches and one school
in the area. The selective economic and.social factors of the
area along with its favorable p0pu1ation composition are the
greatest factors in its low commitment rate.

Enumeration district 58-18 has a rate of 5.5. Its p0pu-
lation is 2,716; 26 per cent foreign stock and less than 1
per cent colored. There are 94.5 males to every 100 females in
the district. This enumeration district is located west of
enumeration district 58-17. It, too, is in the better resi-
dential district of the city, and, since its social and economic
conditions are of the best, it is not surprising that the rate
is low. I

Enumeration district 58-19 has a commitment rate of 1.9.
Its p0pu1ation is 2,875; 28 per cent foreign stock and less than
1 per cent colored. There are 88.8 males to every 100 females

in the district. From the standpoint of area it is the largest

(16) See Map 5.

- 76 -

enumeration district in the city. It extends two miles south
of West Michigan Avenue to the city limits. This district is
composed of the homes of the very rich and the near rich and is
the "Gold Coast" of the city. There are two schools and one
church in the district. Nany of the residents belong to the
more fashionable downtown churches and participate in their
activities. There are no supervised public playgrounds, but
there is ample room for play since most of the individual yards
are spacious. Both of the two largest parks in the city are
adjacent to the district. Although the low commitment rate is
due to the favorable circumstances mentioned above, there is
little doubt but that the political and financial position of
persons in this area prevents their being committed to the
county jail for anything but very serious infractions of the law.
This factor should be considered in relationship to the unusually
low commitment rate of the district.
Summary

In this chapter it has been shown that there are definite
areas of delinquency in the city of Jackson. Delinquency seems
to be centered in those districts where social disorganization
is most apparent. Such physical factors as the encroachment of
industry and business upon residential areas, the railroad tracks
and the river, the predominance of old and run-down houses in
some areas, and the distance of residential districts from the
business center, all have a great influence upon the delinquency
pattern of the city. The more obvious of the social factors,
such.as the composition of the p0pu1ation from the standpoint
of sex, color, age, and nationality, and the type of recreational,

educational, and religious Opportunities, along with such economic

- 77 -

factors as rents, types of homes, and.genera1 occupational

class have been shown to influence the commitment rates of
various areas. It would have been interesting to survey the

more subtle facts, such as organization membership, standard

of living, average education, average value of homes, occupa-
tional distribution, and financial standing, as they are doubtless
related to delinquency in these areas. However, such a study

at present cannot be brought within the scope of this thesis.

SUHMARY

Crime was defined as any action by an individual in
contravention of the law. A brief survey of the theory of
crime was then presented. The purpose of the thesis was to
determine the number, kinds and distribution of adult delin-
quency in the city and county of Jackson, Michigan, as shown
by the records of the Jackson county jail for the calendar
year 1955 and to attempt to find the causes of the delinquency
in relation to the nature of the physical, social and economic
condition within the various areas of distribution including
such factors as composition of p0pu1ation and personal
characteristics of the individuals studied. The method used
was primarily ecological, supplemented by the historical,
statistical and survey methods.

It was found that 54 per cent of the persons committed
to the county jail were born in hichigan, but that only 22
per cent were born in Jackson county. About 88 per cent of
those reporting place of residence lived in Jackson county
and 67 per cent in the city of Jackson. The average age for
all persons committed was 54.5 years. The average age for
males was higher than for females, and the average age for
whites was higher than for.negroes. Colored persons were
committed at a frequency.nearly 10 times greater, in comparison

with their portion of the p0pu1ation, than were white persons.

Males were committed about 8 times as frequently as were females.
Of those committed, 54 per cent were single, 44 per cent married

and 4 per cent divorced. Unskilled laborers constituted 59.2

-79-

per cent of the total commitments, mechanical and manufacturing
workers 22.5 per cent, and persons in agricultural pursuits 8

per cent. The offenses classified under the general heading of
Drunkenness constituted 26.7 per cent of the total commitments
followed by Other Offenses and Investigation with 22.6 per cent,
Larceny 11.9 per cent, Offenses Against Family 9.9 per cent, Sex
Offenses (other than rape) 6.9 per cent. In general the findings
set forth in this paragraph are in keeping with those of other
studies of jail and prison commitments.

Commitment rates were calculated for the county, the city,
and the county exclusive of the city. These rates varied rather
-widely; for the county the rate was 15.5, for the city 15.1,
and for the county exclusive of the city 9.5. The commitment
rates for the townships of the county were determined. These
rates were found to vary rather widely, ranging from 0 to 15.5
for different townships. Nith but one exception the townships
having the lowest rates were located farthest from the city
of Jackson. Four of the six townships nearest to the city
showed rates notably higher than the county rate. The two
townships having the highest rates were those in which two
of the more disorganized suburbs of the city were located.

These townships also have a low percentage of rural-farm popu-
lation. The townships having the lowest commitment rates had
the highest percentage of rural-farm p0pu1ation.

Since the majority of the persons committed to the county
jail were residents of the city of Jackson, this area was
studied in greater detail. Spot maps were constructed showing
the exact place of residence of each person committed from

Jackson. From these maps it could be seen that the homes of

- go -

delinquent persons were concentrated in certain sections of the
city. When concentric circles were constructed upon the map,
using the center of the main business district as a focal point,
it became apparent that the concentration was greatest at the
center and tended to decrease as the distance from the center
of the city increased. It was shown that there were 289 homes
of delinquents per square mile in the first half-mile circle of
the city, 92 in the second, and 45 in the third.

The city was divided into wards and the commitment rate
for each ward was calculated. There were wide variations between
the rates of different wards. The commitment rates ranged from
2.9 to 51.5. The wards were divided into enumeration districts,
the rates of each enumeration district were calculated, and an
attempt was made to explain and interpret these rates. The
rates varied from 1.5 for the lowest to 52.5 for the district
having the highest rate.

POpulation data and the writers personal knowledge of the
intimate social and economic conditions within these districts
were employed in interpreting and explaining the rates found.
Such physical factors as railroad tracks, the river and mill
pond, business and industrial deve10pment, and housing, along
with such other factors as economic conditions and unfavorable
p0pu1ation distribution were shown to affect the delinquency
rates of various areas. The areas where social disorganization
seemed greatest showed the highest rates. In general, those
enumeration districts within or adjacent to business and
industrial districts showed the highest commitment rates, while

those in the purely residential areas showed the lowest rates.

- 81 -

In general the findings of this study were in agreement
with those of Shaw, McKay, Hayner, Lind, Taylor, Taft, Phleger,
and others and.are valuable in that they emphasize the fact

that crime is greatly influenced by the factors of environment.

-82-

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