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A5Pl=RATEONS OF MARRIED. STUDENT HUSBAND!»
AND THEIR. WIVES

Thesis for the Degree of M. A;

MiCHl’G‘AN “ATE UNNERSETY

Chandlee Lloyd Savant.
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ABSTRACT
ASPIRATIONS 0F FARRIED STUDENT HUSBANDS AND THEIR WIVES
by Chandlee Lloyd Stevens

This study explored the aspirations of a group of families to
determine if their aspirations could be identified and described, and
to determine where these families thought they stood in terms of
attaining these aspirations. The study also attempted to find out
if the families studied were engaging in activities that would lead
to the achievement of the aspirations which they verbalized.

The sample consisted of 100 randomly selected married male
students and their wives with the following qualifications: the
husband was an undergraduate student enrolled at Michigan State University,
and the couple was living in Michigan State University married student
housing.

Husbands and wives were interviewed in separate but simultaneous
interviews. The Self Anchoring Striving Scale was used to obtain in-
formation about the aspiration, fears and ratings of where the husbands
and wives thought they stood in relation to their best and worst
possible lives. An additional question elicited information about activities.

Husbands mentioned a‘total of 1:00 aszLrations and 257 fears. The
leading aspiration of husbands, mentioned by sixty-twee percent of the
husbands, was to have an improved or decent standard of living. The

leading rear, mentioned by forty-twee percent of the husbands, was

Chandlee Lloyd Stevens

deterioration in or inadequate standard of living for self or family.

Wives mentioned a total of 393 sepirations and 236 fears. Fifty-
two percent of the wives expressed aspirations related to a happy family
life, and fifty-two percent of the wives expressed aspirations related
to adequate opportunities for their children. The leading fear, mention-
ed by sixty-three percent of the wives, was ill health, accident, or
death to members of the family.

The hypothesis that husbands‘ aspirations will be more related to
careers, wives' aspirations to the home was supported. Husbands
expressed more'aspirations in occupational categories than did wives,
while wives expressed more aspirations in family categories than did
the husbands.

The second hypothesis, husbands and wives will have congruent
family aspirations was partially supported. Husbands and wives did
have the same kinds of aspirations for the family but differed in the
percentage expressing them.

The third hypothesis, husbands and wives will be engaging in
activities which are directed toward the attainment of aspirations,
was partially supported. Almost all husbands and wives were able to
nane at least one activity which was helping them to attain aspirations.
The activity mentioned most often by both husbands and wives was the
attendance of the husband at college. The concern about the health
of the family which was amassed as an aspiration and a fear by the
husbands and wives was not supported by activities directly related to
health. .

Chandlee Lloyd Stevens

The average rating on a ten point scale, of where the husbands
and wives thought they were at present in relation to the best and
worst possible life which they could see fcr themselves was 5.95
for husbands and 6.30 for wives with ten being the highest rating
possible. The average ratings for husbands and wives for ten years
in the future was 8.31; for the husbands and 8.81 for the wives. There
was no correlation between the ratings aven by individual husbands
and wives for either the present or future.

This study explored the aspirations of husbands and wives in
their own terms, rather than in the terms of the researcher. It
elicited the aspirations which they held as individuals toward the
various aspects of their daily lives.

ASPIRATIONS 0F MARRIED STUDENT
HUSBANDS AND THEIR WIVES

By

Chan dlee Lloyd Stevens

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirenents
for the degree of

MASTER G’ ARTS

Department of Home Management and Child Development

19614

ACMGWIEDCMEN TS

The writer wishes to express gatitude to the many people who
gave help, interest, and encom'agement: to Dr. Beatrice Paolucci,
for assistance and guidance, to Dr. Jean Davis Schlater and Dr. Jay
Artie, for advice, to Dr. Hadley Cantril and his associates, for
permission to use the Self-anchoring Striving Scale, to Carolyn Thanas
for assistance in interviewing and coding the data, to John Stevens,
her husband, for assistance in preparation of the data cards, and to
the students and their wives who cooperated in the study.

I.

III.

IV.

V.
VI.

LITERATURE CITED
BIBIIOCRBPHY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

HRODUCTIONoooooooo

Goals DGfiDBd o o o o o o

Purposeofthestudy...

Operational Definitions .

Objectives of the Study .

Hypotheses . . . .
Assumptions . . . .
HEW OF LITERATURE .
METHODOLOGY . . . . .

Method 0 o o o o o o o o 0

Developing the Instrument

Pretest o o o o o o o o o

The Sample 0 o o o o o o 0

Collection Of Data 0 o o 0

Analysis Of Data 0 o o o 0

DESCRIPTION OF has 5mm .

Selection 0 o o o o o o o

The Sample

FmDmGSOOOOOOOOO.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

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PAGE

’3 ’3 t3 -4 Ch (5 \n \n \n to )4

pa
h)

533

15
15
16
26
143
50
53

TABLE

1.
2.
3.
h.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

1o.

12.
13.

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

20.

21.

LISTOFTABIES

Number of children . . . . . .
Agesofchildren.. . . . ..
Number ofyearsmarried . . .
Ages of husbands and wives . .
Educational level of husbands

Present occupation of husbands . .

Expected kind of work for husbands

Educationofwives........

Present occupation of wives .
Family income

Sources of income

0.0.0...

Largest sourceof incane . . .

Total number 'of aspirations expressed

Leading aspirations expressed

Categories in which no aspirations were expressed

Number of fears a worries expressed

Leading fears or worries expressed

Categories in which no fears were expressed

Present and future ladder ratings of husbands

and wives

Difference in present and future ladder ratings

Paired comparison of the ladder ratings of

individual husbands and wives

-iv-

0......

PACE

17
18
18
19
19
20
21
22
23
at
214
27
29
3o
31
32
3h

35
36

37

TABLE PAGE

22. Reasons given for support of the present
ladderratingOOOOOOOOOooooooo 39

23. Activities expressed which were aiding husbands
and wives to reach future ladder ratings . , , ha

21;. Aspirations expressed by husbands and wives . . . 57

25. Fears and worries expressed by husbands and wives, 59

.v-

APPENDICES

APPENDIX

I. I Table 2h.-- Aspirations expressed by husbands
andwive8.................

Table 25»— Fears and worries expressed by

hquandsandViVGBOOOQOOOQOO

II. Code for Questions (A) and (B) .
III. Code fcr Question (D) . . . . .
Iv. Code for Question (F) . . . . .

V. Intefliew SCthUleS o o o o o 0

PAGE

57

59
61
68
69
70

CHAPTER I
IN'fltODUCTION

Home management is defined as the setting of family goals and
the attainmnt of these goals through organizing and utilizing family
resources. The goals maybe long range or short range, vague or
specific. The long range goals are equated in this research with
aspirations. Short range goals are equated with activities.

If the family is going to manage sane aspects of its daily living,
it must exercise control rather than let circumstance and chance operate
in making its decisions. There must be recognition of the ends which
are sought. To the degree that the mnagonont is done without thought
and recognition, that management is limited. If the family does not
haveaclear ideaofthe goals it istryingtoreach, ifthegoalsare
obscure or undefined, making intelligent decisions to reach goals is
difficult if not impossible. Decision making has been called the
crux of managanent. (10) If this is so, goals beccne even more impor-
taut, because decidtn cannot take place until there is some and toward
which decision is aimed.

Thefamily isalways emposedoftwoormorepersons. Eachpersm
inthefmlyislilcelytohaveindividnalaswellas groupgoals. The
question arises as to the degree to which there is cosmonality of goals

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sithin the fails. First, can the goals of each member be identified?
Can the husband and wife recognize the individual goals shich they '
hold for themselves as individuals, as members at a family, and as
members of society? Are the goals each holds sinilar or different,
complementary or conflicting sith the goals at his marriage partner?
Do they know the goals which the other partner has toward various '
aspects of the mrriage? The answers to these. questions are relevant
to has successful management sill be in a particular has.

melon states, "The level of aspiration must be realistically
set uith an eye to the expectancy of the group in its particular situa-
tion.‘ (25:90) The study or small groups, (1’ shich the rain is an
ample, has presented theories or has the group can survive as a group
when directed tosard cannon goals. Burma (1) found that the f-ilistic
interests md goals tended to support continuity of the fanily group,
while individualistic interests or goals often split the group.

' Goals Defined

There are many and varied definitions of goals. Gross and
Grandall define goals as specifics, 'smething definite tosard shich
one mks.” (10:36) Malone and Malone define goals as "the things so
set out to accomplish. They may be smething tangible we sent, a mark
to be reached, or a purpose to be achieved.” (19:30) Fitssimons em,
"Goals are an and toward shich design is directed." (7:69) Parsons calls
goals, that tosard which "behavior is oriented.- (22:53)

 

 

 

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Nielson views a goal as‘a 'condition not yet attained such an
indi'Vidnal is trying or could try to attain." (21:12) "Goals are
established as specific says of realizing values one holds”- is the say
in which Goodyear and nehr refer to goals. (9:10) siphon and Dorsey
say that ”a goal calls up a mental. picture at something the individual
or funily wants "1111 wk to bring about.” (20:11:) The comon
element in these definitions is thatfthere iaa striving on the part of
a coup or individual to attain scale end.

Goals are also defined as having different levels of ilportanoe.
Generally this refers either to the tine span involved, as the “long
run, intermediate, or short run goals," shich Helene and Halone‘use,
(19:31) or to the pervasiveness of theaction which is covered hr the
goals. In general, longrange goals coverasideraspect or thebe-
haviorandneybessdeupofmshort range, incidentalorleans goals.
lichen and Dorsey divide goals into those which “are immediately
attainable, those held in view fa.- attainment in the near futm, and
others that are sought over a long paiod of life.‘I (20211;)

Goals are smetins referred to as objectives or levels of
aspiration. Helm states, “it the most fundamental level, the term
level of aspiration, indicates that one or acre persons are oriented
tosard a goal.‘ (12:7) The concept of level of aspiration III introduced
by babe in 1931. meal levels sithin one goal structure nor include
a high dream goal, a eeaeahat acre realistic tiah goal, the level the
person expects to reach shen he tries to Judge the situation objectively

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and a low level he might hit if luck were against hill." (18:335) . The
. goal which one chooses is a "selection of one among the alternative
behavior levels that are possible." (12:7) The individual may have
"a range of aspirations...and the uhole range may vary according to
whether he is concernedwith his goals for the immediate future or for
some more distant time." (12:8)

Values have been called the motivators of action; goals are the
directors (1 action. Parsons' theory of action, "the analysis of be-
havior of living organisms.” (22:52) contains roar dimensions. The
first pertains to goals. “BohaViar is oriented toward the attainment of
ends or goals or other anticipated states of affairs." (22:53) Nielson
says, I'Goals provide a basis for choice in a behavioral situation."
(21:12) Ihe level of aspiration concept and the sequence of action
proposed by Lenin (18) further describes the role of goals. "finest
any set of psychological problems especially those in the field of
motivation and personality, inevitably involves goals and goal directed
behavior.“ (18:333) They'list four steps in the sequence of action, '1)
the past performance, 2) the setting of the level of aspiration, 3) the
execution of the action, and h) the reaction to the level of attainment."
(183331;) The setting of the goals or the level of aspiration is an
essential part of the sequence. If the goals are directors of action,
their achievement gently affects the fails. Blood and Wolfe say,
”The about to thich a fully achieves its goals profoundly affects
the degree on: satisfactions the members feel." (2:77) “Goals and

 

~5-
satisfactions do not remain static throughout life...levels of aspira-
tion rise as previous goals are achieved or fall as they appear more

and more hopeless." (2:77)

Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study was to determine if the aspirations
of a group of families could be identified and described, as well as
where these families thought they stood in terms of attaining their
aspirations. The study also attempted to find out if the families
were engaging in activities that could lead to the achievement of
aspirations which they verbalized.

Operational Definitions
Aspirations are the long range goals of the couple as verbalized
during the interview.
Activities are the short range goals which respondents verbalized

as means being used to attain aspirations.

Objectives of the Stuchr
The objectives of the study were:
1. To describe the aspirations and fears of married lmdergraduate
husbands and their wives.
2. To compare the aspirations and fears of husbands and wives for

similarities and differences.

3.

1.

2.
3.

1.
2.
3.

.6.
To compare the aspirations and fears of married undera'adnate
husbands and wives with the activities which they state are
directed toward the attainment of aspirations.

mpotheses
The hypotheses formulated fa: this study were:
Husbands' aspirations will be sore related to careers, wives!
aspirations to the hone. '
Embands and wives will have congruent family aspirations.
Husbands and wives are engaging in activities which are directed
toward the attainment of aspirations.

Assumptions
In this study it was assumed that:
The respondents would be able to verbalize their aspiraticns.
The levels of aspiration of each individual could be compared.
The responses about activities engaged in are a valid description
of V1181? occurs in the heme.

CHAPTERII
WOFIITERATUBE

In home management there has been a limited amount of research
which has been directly concerned with goals. However, hams ”segment
literature discusses goals and their relation to management, and some
of the research implies the presence of goals.

moss and Zeoner (11) in an early hone usage-lent stuck asked
about plans, both long and short range. The presence of goals was
inferred from these plans. Recent value studies (6, 16) imply the
presence of goals throng: the mediation of values in the day to day
living of the homemaker. Studies of overall magement (26) attempted
to identify goals through viewing the use of resources.

Schomalcer (23) in a study or financial decision asking, (fiscussed
goals in relation to decision. She found that the fuilies had goals
which they could verbalize. The most frequmtly mentioned goal, as
elicited by open ended question was, 'isproving or building new farm
buildings." (233101) Eighty-one percent of the faailies had taken
steps toward «having one or acre of their Inju- goals.

Halliday (13) studied goals of students taking a course in has
management. Ber purposes were to explon the home mag-nut goals of

-7.

‘Llr‘illllrill

 

 

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the students, and to develop an instrument for comparing the relative
ranking of the goals by the students. She identified four goals which
seemed to be important to the students. She also concluded that the
instrument developed, a forced choice technique using tetrads, was
better for analytical than for descriptive purposes.

Honey, Britton, and Hotchkiss (15) studied the financial goals of
252 families. The couples were asked to state their goals for the
future, the progress they were making, and the blocks to attainment
of the goals. Forty percent of the wives and thirty percent of the
husbands mentioned financial goals for the current year. Almost
half the couples mentioned goals for the next ten years. Fifty-eight
percent of the wives and sixty-eight percent of the husbands mentioned
progress toward goals.

Echoes (1b,)studied farm families to learn the extent to which
the fmilies could recognize and express their goals. She also
examined the relationship of several factors, including the stage in
the life cycle, to the goals the families expressed. Open ended questions
were used to elicit the goals which were subsumed under several broad
categories, family, farm, financial, housing, facilities and equipment,
and cannnmity participation. She concluded that families thought more
clearly in terms of short rather than long term goals.

Nielson (21) found goal orientations among farmers. In response
to an open ended question about their goals as the head of the family,
nineteen different family goals were mentioned, "Having a comfortable

~9-
hme or having modern conveniences ," was the most frequent. After a
five year period, ninety-three percent of the farmers reported sane
progress in achieving their goals.

Peycholog has contributed to the theory of goals througl its
concept of level of aspiratim. may studies are related to the
“observing of goal levels occurring in the coune of a relatively
specific activity." (18:333) Wrist and Gantril (17) amended the
level of aspiration concept to a self anchoring striving‘scals using
levels of aspiration to serve as anchoring points on the scale.

Methodologically, our problem has been to
develop a techniqm which would permit us to learn

about the concerns of individuals in their own
terms yet in such a way that differen

groups of individuals, and societies could be
cmpared in meaningful ways. (3:7)

They took the position that the scales sure psychologically comparable,
that is, the scale level selected by one person can be specifically
said to be higher, lower, or equal to the scale level selected by another
because the frames of reference are similar. Ills Institute for Inter-
national Social Research has used the scale as'a means of discovering
the spectrum of values a person is preoccupied filth, and by means at
such he evaluates his own life as he pa-sonally conceives it." (3:8)
This scale was administered to cross sections of the general public in
several nations, to identify the principal hopes and reel-s for self and
country of the inhabitants of the various areas. (3,10

Heller and H.114!!! (12) constructed snOccupationsl Aspiratim Scale
to stoop levels of occupational aspiration. This was an applications:

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the concept of level of aspiration to a specific goal area, occupation,
but is broader than many psychological studies which are concerned uith
only one small activity. The purpose of the study was primarily
sethodologicsl, "to develop a reliable, valid, and simple instrument for
measuring level or occupational aspiration." (12:6)

Blood and Wolfe reported that, ’

Marriage goals include such specifics as a certain kind

of hale, children, and an ichal pattern of love, and con-

;(lglzlignship. l'o achieve these goals requires tangible effortle-
i'hey studied hmemakers in an urban setting, and obtained data “about
their homes, families, and marriages. The framework vhieh Blood and
Wolfe used for analysis is one of family functions but the research
also has implications for stuiw of the goals of the family.

There have been several studies of the married, undergraduate
college student which have included some questions on aspirations.
Foreman (8) attempted to discover whether a differential pattern of
aspirations was present in the mderg'aduate student population in terms
of marital status. Responses to closed ended questions indicated that
married men and women were more certain of their future objectives
than were single students. Among those married and single students
who had future objectives there was no difference due to marital status
as to what these goals were. Married males generally possessed higher
aspirations than single men in the areas of acadanic, vocational, and

life goals. Single men possessed higher aspirations regarding material

-11..
assets. The pattern of differences between married and single wauen
was not as marked as for the males. Chilman and Meyer (5) found that
the married males in their sample valued graduate education to the
same degree as single men. However, single men saw their education
as vocational training more often than did married mu. The Chilnen
and Meyer study was primarily concerned with the current situation or
the married student rather than with future aspirations and with
educational rather than general aspirations.

CHAPTER III
l‘lEfl-IGDOLOGY

Method
The interview method was used to gather data about the family
backgmlnd, aspirations, fears and activities of the families.

Developing the Instrument

An interview schedule was developed to obtain background informa-
tion abalt the family. The self-anchoring Striving Scale developed by
Cantril and associates (3) was used to elicit information concerning
the hopes and fears for the future of both the husband and wife. The
scale included questions to obtain a rating of where the family umber
believed he stood at the present time and where he hoped to be in ten
years relative to attainment of his aspirations. Two motions were
added to the scale to probe what the couple was doing to realize their
aspirations. These were, "Why do you think that this is where you are?"
and "What are you doing that will help you to reach rung __?a (the ..
answer elicited in the previous questim) .

Protest
The completed schedule was protested on eight gaduate student
couples living in harried student housing to test the clarity of the

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-13..
questions, the general work-ability of the schedule for recording of
answers, and to determine the length of the interviews. Changes were
made in several questions to increase clarity and to obtain more exact
information. The modified schedules for males and females is included

in Appendix V.

The Sample
The sample consisted of 100 randanly selected married couples
who filled the following criteria.
1. The husband was an Imdergraduate student enrolled at
Michigan State University.
2 . The couple was living in Michigan State University married
student housing.

Collection of Data

Data were collected from both the husband and wife in simultaneous
but separate interviews.

A telephone contact was made with each student or his wife to
secure cooperation in the study, to make an appointment for an interview,
and to explain the conditions desired for interviewing, that is, that
the husband and wife would be interviewed at the same time but separately.

Two interviewers conducted the interviews, one interviewing the
husband in the living room of the apartment, and the second, interview-
ing the wife in another room. The interviews were usually conducted
on week nights with a few during the afternoon and on one Saturday, to

suit the convenience of the couple. The average length of interview

~114-
was one-half hour, with the shortest being twenty minutes and the longest,
one hour. Data were collected during November, 1963 and January and
February, 1961;.

The interviewers asked the questions on the schedule and recorded
tie responses. However, to expedite the interview and to give the
respondent an opportunity to see as well as hear the question, the
respondent was handed a mechanical device consisting of several cards
on a ring which could be turned for reference in answerim some of the
questions. The choices for questions 3, hb, 20, 22, and 21;, as well as
a drawing are ladder were placed on the cards. The respondent was
asked to refer to a particular card at the appropriate time.

Analysis of Data
Data were coded by the interviewers according to the codes in

Appendix II. Each interviewer coded independently, then checked with
the other interviewer. Disagreements were resolved by a third person.
The coded data were punched on m cards. Colums were counted and
cross tabulated by data processing machines. Where averages were
desired, the calculations were performed ty hand.

CHAPTER IV
DESCRJI’TION OF THE SAMPLE

Selection

The pOpulation consisted of married, male, undergraduate students
enrolled for the fall term, 1963, at Michigan State University, and
their wives. All were living in married student housing. There were
no requirements for the inclusion of the wives other than the fact of
their marriage.

The student directory served as the source for locating these men,
as it furnished the class standing, marital status, and the address of
every student enrolled for the fall term, 1963. A random sample of the
pages of the directory was taken and every student fitting the criteria
of being a married, male, undergraduate, living in married student
housing, on each of these pages was selected for telephone contact.

The number of eligible students on each page ranged from none to six
names. We hundred twenty-six names were drawn in the sample before
100 interview appointments were made.

Families were eliminated by 1) no answer to telephone call
after several attempts, 2) the student selected had left campus,

3) the student had attained graduate status, or b) unwillingiess to
cmperate in the study for various reasons. Because husbands and wives

were to be interviewed simultaneously, some couples indicated a lack

-15..

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of time when both would be available. Other reasons were lack of time
by one member of the couple or no interest in being a part of the study.

The Sample

All families in the sample lived in one or two bedroan furnished
apartments in one of the three villages operated by Michian State
University. The rents paid were $81; and $90 per month respectively
hr the one or two bedroom unit. The rent included utilities and
telephone.

All families included a husband and a wife. Fifty-three families
had no children; the largest family had three children. Distribirtim
of the number of children is shown in Table 1.

Table 1.-- Ember of children

——
i — ‘-

Number of Number and Percent."
Children of Families -
o 53
l 33
2 ll
3 3
Total 100

i ‘—
w -—— — —

*N - 100 Therefore the figure for umber and percent is the same.

There were sixty-four children in the sample. Only the ages of
the oldest and youngest were obtained. Therefore, ages of three of the

middle children are not shown in Table 2. The average age of the
children was slightly under two years.

Table 2.-- Ages of children

fi __._ _ __ w
u

"v— — ———

‘g" Gm" "33°32: $3332? on
Under 1 year 18 28
1 you lo 16
2 years 17 27
3 - h years 7 11
S - 6 yea-rs 7 lo
7 - 9 years 2 3
Total 61 95

The length of marriage is shown in Table 3. Fourteen percent of
the couples had been married less than air months. Fifteen percent of
tle couples had been married over four years. This was the first
marriage for all couples. .

Table 3.- Number of years married

‘——— ____ ‘— — w ‘—
)— — _-

.—
_— ‘1 — '— —— —-v

Number of Tears Number and Percent of Couples
Under 005 1h
0.5 - 009 19

-l.8-

Table 3.-- Nuinber of years married - Can't.

“—

‘— i

.—

Number of Tears Number and Percent of Couples
1.0 - 1.9 22
2.0 - 3.9 30
h.0 - 15
Total 100

The ages of the husbands and wives are shown in Table 1:. None were
under eighteen or over forty years of age. Forty-six percent or the men
were twenty-four a.- older. Fifty-four percent of the M were twenty-
two or older.

Table hw- Ages of husbands and wives

#— __ L‘— A .-

—— w

Age Group Number and Percent Ember and Percent
(years) or Husbands of Hives

18-19 ' ‘ 2 ‘8

20-21 29 38

22-23 23 28

2h-29 11h 23

30-39 2 3

Total 100 100

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The educational level of the husbands is shown in Table 5. Only

three percent or the men were freshmen, sixty-two percent were seniors.

Table 5.» Educational level of the husbands

—.__ A. L—
— — 1‘.—

Class Standing Number and Percent
of Husbands

Freshman ' 3

Sophomore 7

Junior 28

Senior 62

Total 100

Table 6 shows the present occupation of the hust. Ninety-six
percent or the husbands were enrolled as full time students at the time
at the interview. More than he]: (58%) were working either full (1'
part time; Sumner employment was not included.

Table 6.-- Present occupation of husbands

——
—-— ——___+—'———— '— ‘i v
—
h! m— _
w ——

Occupation Number and Percent of Husbands

Full time student 96
12 or more credit hours

—-v—w

Part time student h
under 12 credit hours

Full time paid worker 5
to hours per week

~20-

Table 6.-- Present occupation of husbands - Con't.

“hi — _-
v—i ——
h— - ‘___ _A—‘—‘

_r__—_' —_
w—vw—Vfii

w— i— v—— “—~ —- —v

Occupation Number and Percent of Husbands

Part time paid worker 30
_ under 15 hours per week

Part time paid worker 23
15-39 hours per week

—_.——-

~Totals are not meaningul because the—respondent could—be both a
student and employed.

The kinds of work Tor which the husbands were training varied.
The largest group expected to be employed in the field of education.
Occupations which were classified in the "other“ categcn'y were generally
service oriented jobs for which the husband was getting college training.
These included police administration, forestry service, trafl'ic manage-
nent, packaging, urban planning and accounting. (Table 7)

Table 7.-- Expected kind of work of husbands

__......_ M _._._._ A... H M __-___ I
— w —_
—_ .L — —___ _ _ _

‘— ——v__ ’— ___ —

Occupation Number and Percent or Husbands

Skilled Craftsman 1
Sales 8
Managers 13
Professions 19
Education 26

Other 33

-21..
The educational level achieved by the wives varied from canpletion
‘ or grade school to gaduate work. The two wives who had only a grade
school education were foreign born women. Four wives had canpleted

some form or graduate work beyond a college degree.

Table 8.-- Education of wives

—-— ——

last Tear Completed Number and Percent of Wives
Grade School 2
l - 2 years High School 1
3 - 1; years High School 31
l - 2 years College 31;
3 - )4 years College 27
Graduate work 1;
Other 1
Total 100

The wives were asked to classify thenselves as to their present
occupations. (Table 9) Twenty-eight percent ma themselves full
time lawmakers. Twenty percent were either full a part the students.
new of the part time workers were baby sitting in their homes.
Sixty-rive percent of the women were engaged in em kind at work for
payeitherinoroutofthehome.

-22..

Table 9.-- Present occupation of wives

Occupation Number and Percent of Wives
Full time homemaker 28
Part time homemaker 55
Full time student 12
12 or more credit hours
Part time student 8
under 12 credit hours
Full time paid worker ’49
Part time paid worker 16

 

Totals are not meaningful because the wives could choose
more than one category. ‘

The amount of income for the families ranged from below $2000 to
above $8000. Fifty-three percent had incomes between $h000 and $6000.
The inccme reported was the estimated gross cash income from July 1,
1963 to June 30, 19614. There was a slight variation between the incomes
reported by the husbands and wives. The figure given by the husband is
tabulated (Table 10) because information Obtained in another question
indicated that the husband generally kept the accounts and it was thought
his estimates might be more accurate. The variation between the answers
given by husbands and wives was generally under $500, but the difference
scmetimes put the couple into a different income classification. The
financial resom-ces of married students ($3528 a year) as reported by
Shaffer (21;) were lower than the income reported by this sample.

-23-
However, the Shaffer report was based on thirty-seven weeks of the
academic year, 1961-62. The incomes reported by the husbands in this
study were for a twelve month year. Also some of the students in this
study were graduating before June, 19614 and would be earning full time
wages for a part of the year for which they were estimating incom.

Table 10.-- Family income

 

 

 

-_

 

 

Income Level Number and Percent of Families
Under $2000 2
$2000 - $2999 5
$3000 - $3999 19
$1.000 - @999 30
$5000 - $5999 23
$6000 - $7999 134
$8000 - $9999 7
Total . 100

 

Student fuilies get money from a variety of sources. These sources
are shown in Table 11. Sources in the ”other" category included GI
benefits, ROTC allotments, bonus money (Le. baseball plq'ers) and issue
Iran real estate, stocks and bonds.

-2h.

Table 11. - Sources of income

‘

Source Number and Percent of Families
Employment of wife 79
Employment of husband 77
Sumner jobs 57
Gifts, his parents 3!;
Loans 28
Savings 28
Other 22
Gifts, her parents 19
Scholarships 11
Gifts, other than parents 3

The source of income providing the lm-gest amount of money was the
deployment of the wife. Two husbands refused to five the sources of
their income. (Table 12) I

Table 12.-- Largest source of income

Source Number and Percent of Families
Employment of wife ha
haployment of husband 29
Gifts n'om parents 5

Savings 5

-25-

Table 12.-- Largest source of incane - Con't.

 

 

 

 

Source Number and Percent of Families
Loans 1;
Summer jobs 14
Other 3
No Response 2

CHAPTER V
FINDINGS

The Self Anchoring Striving Scale elicited aspirations which were
coded according to the code constructed at the Institute for International
Social Research (3) (Appendix 13:). One category of the code,"'happy
family life,‘ was subdivided for this research, into two categories,
-1) happy marriage, love within the fmnily, and 2) have children, hus-
band, or wife. Using this coding, the aspirations were sorted into
categories.

The following Open ended question was used to elicit aspirations.

All of us want certain things out of life. When you

think about what really matters in your own life, what are your

wishes and hopes for the future? In other words, if you imagine

your future in the best possible light, what would your life
look like then, if you are to be happy?

The total number of aspirations expressed by the husbands was
hOO. The number of aspirations husbands expressed ranged fran one to
eleven. The average number expressed was h.00. The total number of
aspirations expressed by the wives was 393. All wives expressed at
least one aspiration, one wife mentioned nine. The average nmher of

aspirations expressed was 3.93. (Table 13)

-26-

-27-

Table 13.-- Total ntmiber of aspirations expressed

W

Number or Number and Percent Number and Percent
Aspirations or Husbands of Wives
1 h 3
2 12 1h
3 29 25
h 21 29
5 17 13
6 9 ll
7 S 1
8 2 3
9 - 1
10 l ..

Total 100 100

The leading aspirations are shown in Table 11;. The aspiration
most frequently mentioned by husbands was to have an improved or decent
standard of living for themselves or their families. Sixty-three percent
"or the men expressed this aspiration. Examples of the kinds of state-
ments which were included in this category were:

To earn a living for the family,
getting along economically,
to be secure financially,

to be materially comfortable,
to make enough money to buy the necessities.

-28-

The most frequently mentioned aspiration of the wives fell into
two categories. Fifty-two percent of the women aspired to a happy
family life and fifty-two percent desired adequate opportunities for
their children. Examples of statements which were categorized under
happy family life were:

To have a closely knit family,
to have a happy family,
to have a good marriage.
Statements which were placed under adequate opportunities for
children were:
A chance for the children to go to college,
hoping that the children grow up right,
to give ow children independence early enough, but not
to have them feel neglected or unloved,
to put children on the right path,
to have children lead prodmtive lives.

To be classified as a leading aspiration, it needed to be mentioned
by ten percent or more cf the husbands cr wives. For a complete
table of aspirations and the number of husbands and wives expressing

them see Table 2b in Appendix I.

.29-

Table lh.-- Leading aspirations expressed

W

Aspiration Number and Percmt Number and Percent
of Husbands of wives

Own personal character

Self development or 10 1h
self improvement
Acceptance by others 18 12

Achieve a sense of aw
own personal wtrth 10 .—

Porsonal economic situation

Improved a.- decent 63 39
standard of living

Have own house 35 33
Have modern conveniences - 10
Job or work situation

Good job, congenial work 1:8 27
for self or spouse

Success in one's work 22 17
Other references to self
Recreation, travel, 15 1h
leisure time
Other references to fuily
Happy fanily life 12 52
Health of the family 18 27
Children, Adequate
Opportunities for than 25 52
Have children 25 31
Cmcern about relatives .. 17

Concerned about other people,
commity, or nation 10 .—
Desire to be useful to others

 

 

.30..

It was possible for one person to have more than one aspiration
under-the broad classifications of the coding; however, by use of the IBM
cards it was possible to detemine the amber of husbands and wives as
did not mention any aspirations in a general category. (Table 15)

There were similar nno mention" patterns in two of the categories.
About'the same number of husbands as wives did not mention aspirations
in the categories "own personal characteristics" and 'concern about other
people, cammmity or nation." Differences between husbands and wives
appeared in three categories. In the categca'y, "personal econclio situa-
tion, “twenty-one more men than women expressed aspirations. floaty-four
more men than wmen mentioned aspirations about the job or wet]: situation.
In the category, 'fnily,‘ the reverse was true, twenty-two lore wales
than men expressed aspirations which referred to the faily.

Table 15.»- Categories in which no aspirations were expressed

-—.
‘ i —

—— _— w w

Category timber and Percent Number and Percent
of Husbands of Wives
Own personal character 62 614
Personal econanics
situation 15 36
Job or work situation 21; hB
References to Family 26 h

Concern about other people,
cammity, or nation 89 89

~31.

Fears and worries about the future were elicited by the question,

Now taking the other side of the picture, what
are your fears and worries about the futm-e? In other
words, if you imagine your future in the worst possible
light, what would your life look like then?

Husbands expressed a total of 257 fears, wives expressed 236.

(Table 16) The highest number of fears expressed by any husband was

eight. Five husbands mentioned no fears or worries about the future.

The average umber of fears and worries named by men was 2.57. The

rangeoffears naunedbythewiveswaszerotofive, flthanaverageof

2.36 per wife.

Table 16.-- Number of fears or worries expressed

L‘—

W'—

Number of
Fears or Ferries

O

«amt-utop-

Total

——‘ w ——v

Number and Percent Number and Percent

of Husbands of Wives

‘ S 2
16 21

30 33

28 28

13 15

5 1

2 .-

1 e...

100 100

-32-

The leading fears and worries expressed by the husbands and wives
are shown in Table 17. Fear of an inadequate standard of living or
financial worries was mentioned most frequently by the men. Ways in
which forty-three percent of the husbands expressed this fear were:

Income below what I would like it to be,

not to be able to give the family the necessities,

not to provide for my family adequately,

to be forced to a lower standard of living from what I
had planned.

The greatest fear or worry of the wives appeared to be sickness
or death in the family. Sixty-three percent of the wives expressed
this fear. The way this fear was most often expressed was:

Something happening to (husband (r children),
sickness,

cancer,

crippling or death.

Leading fears or worries were considered to be those which were
mentioned by ten percent or more of the husbands or wives. A complete
listing of fears and the number of husbands and wives expressing them

can be found in Table 25. (Appendix I)

Table l7.-- Leading fears or worries expressed

W

Fears or Worries Number and P cent Number and Percent
of Husban of Wives

No self deveIOpment or
improvement 12 ..

Deterioration in or
inadequate standard of 1:3 36
living for self or family

-33-

Table l7.- Leading fears or worries expressed - Con't.

'

__ _.‘.-
__._. i—i _ w
j
._ _4_ A __

i __ —— it “—7 it

Fears or Worries Number and Percent Number and Percent
of Hmbands of Wives

Job or work situation
Poor job, uncongenial work 21; 21;
for self or spouse

Unemployment ll --
Failure in work for
. self or spouse 33 11;

Other references to self
Ill health, accident of 11 --
death to one'. self

Other references 'to fufly

Unhappy fanily life 17 29
Concern about relatives 10 11;
Ill health, accident, or

death to members of the 39 63

fully
Inadequate opportunities
. for children 12 19

The umber of husbands and wives espressing no fears or worries in
each or the major categories was tabulated. (Table 18) Twelve percent a:
the wives did not aention fears or worries about their families while
thirty-five men did not express fears relative to the family. Only six
percent of the wives appeared to be cmcerned about their own personal
characters ilile twenty-four percent of the husbands expressed worries
in this category. Only twenty-seven percent of the husbands did not mention

-3h-
fears about the Job or work situation whereas fifty-three percent of the

wives expressed no such fears.

Table 18.- Categories in which no fears were eocpressed

k..— _‘

Category Number and Percent Number and Percent
of Husbands of Wives
Own personal character ‘ '{6 91;
Personal. Ecmoluic
situation 52 6).;
Job or work situation 27 53
References to family 35 12

Cmcern about other people,
enmity, or nation 86 86

The responses to "Where on the ladder do you personally stand at
the present time?" are‘shcmn in Table 19. The ladder was a ten point
scale with ten being the best possible life that the respondent could
see for himself and zero being the worst. Two percent of the husbands
felt that they were at zero on the ladder, that is, they thought that
they were at the worst possible life which they could see for themselves.
The lowest ladder rating given by the wives was two. Two percent of the
husbands and two percent of the wives felt that they were at the top,
at ten. The average ladder rating for husbands was 5.95, the average
rating for the wives was 6.30, a difference of 0.35.

-35-

When asked, IWhere doyouthinkyouwillbe onthe laddertenyears
from now?" twenty-one percent of the husbands and thirty-nine percent of
the wives thought they would be at ten or at the top. The lowest future
ladder rating for the husbands was five, for wives six. The average
futm‘e rating fur the husbands was 8.31;, for wives 8.81, a difference of
0.10.

Table l9.-- Present md future ladder ratings of husbands and wives

Step on ladder“ Number and Percent Number and Percent
of Husbands of Wives
Present Future Present Future
0 2 .. .. ..
1 .. .. .. ..
2 3 -- 1 ..
3 6 - 2 .-
h 8 - 15 ..
5 19 1 17 ..
6 17 h 19 2
7 26 16 19 10
8 1h 30 15 23
9 3 27 10 25
1o 2 21 2 39
cannot say -- 1 -- 1
Total. 100 100 100 100

‘__L_._. .k —A___

*o is the lowest rating, 10 1: ti; males? rating'

-36-

Table 20 shows the differences in the present and future ladder
rating for the husbands and wives. Ten percent of the husbands and ten
percent of the wives felt that there would be no change in their ladder
rating of the present and the rating which they gave for ten years in
the future. One percent of the husbands and four percent of the wives
felt that there would be a six step difference between their present
uni their future rating. No husbands or wives thought, however, that
they would have a lower ladder rating in ten years than tiny had at

present.

Table 20.-- Difference in present and future ladder rating

 

v _... fl
-: w

 

———_7 w

Ember of Steps Number and Percent Number and Percent
Difference* of Husbands of Wives
0 10 10
l 19 13
2 21 23
3 27 26
h 15 17
5 6 6
6 l 1;
Ho future rating given 1 1

Total 100 100

“here rating minus the present rating

 

.37..

A comparison was made between the rating given by the husbands and
wives of each individual couple. (Table 21) An analysis of the ratings
using product moment correlation showed no correlation between the pre-
sent or future ratings given by husbands and wives. In five percent
of the couples the wivesorated themselves five steps higier than did
the husbands. Three percent of the wives rated themselves six steps
lower at present than did the husbands. when rating future positicn in
ten years, one percent of the wives rated themselves four steps higher
than did their husbands, and one percent of the wives rated thmselves
four steps lower. The average difference between the present ratings
of the husbands and wives was 0.16. This means that on the average,
the wives rated themselves 0.16 steps higher than their husbands rated
themselves. The average difference for the future ratings was 0.39,
that is the wife was .39 steps higher than the husband.

Table 21.-- Paired comparison of the ladder ratings of individual
husbands and wives

 

_-_

w __ ww—

llumber of Ste 3 Present Future
Difference

5 S -

h 3 2

3 12 8

2 ll 20

1 17 21

--38-

Table 21.-- Paired canparison of the ladder ratings of individual
husbands and wives - Con't.

Number of Steps Present Future
Difference*

0 1h 23
-l 11 8
-2 9 13
-3 11 2
-1; h 1
-5 3 ..

I
N

No future rating given

fl{life's rating minus the husband's rating—

In reviewing the responses to "Why do you think that this is where
you are”, there were optimistic and negative statements given as
justification for the ladder rating. Thus, the coding for this question
reflects the optimistic and negative aspects of the answer as well as
the aspiration category into which the reaponses fall. (Appendix III)

Thirty-five percent of the men and forty-nine percent of the women
gave as a reason for the ladder rating that they felt happy. (Table 22)
Examples of responses which were placed in this category were:

Because we're happy,

we have a happy marriage,
we're happy together.

Thirty-one percent of the men and twenty-nine percent of the wanen
expressed sufficient financial resources as a reason. SOme said:
We're certainly not poverty stricken,
we have a good income,
we have everything we need in the way of money,
I feel I'm giving my family the necessities.
Financial reasonsrwere also a leading negative reason for the ladder
rating. Twenty-one percent of the men and twenty percent of the
women expressed dissatisfaction with the amount of financial resources
they had available. Some of the ways in which this was expressed were:
We don't have much materially,

we don' have much money,
we're not where I want to be financially.

Table 22.---- Reasons given for support of the present ladder rating

 

 

Reason Number and Percent Number and Percent
of Husbands of Wives
We are happy I 35 ’49
Financial reasons 31 29
We are attending or
finishing school 33 13

We feel like we are
. moving up, we are 2).; 15
achieving goals

We are healthy 12 6

We have children and/ or
family 11 8

4.0-

Table 22.- Reasons given for support of the present ladder rating -

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Can't.
Reason Number and Percent Number and Percent
of Husbands of Wives

We like the living

situation 8 5
Our fears haven't been

realized - . 5 11
We are gating morally

or intellectually 5 h
We have modern conveniences .- 3
We don't have enough

money 21 20
We have a long way to go

in school 8 6
Our hopes haven't been

realized , 6 ll.
we don't have a house a:

modern conveniences h 9
we are not happy h 1
we «fit like living here h 6
we have no faily (children) 3 ll.
is are dependent on others I 3 3

f— v— —r_ v

In response to "What are you doing now that will. help you reach 1’"

(future ladder rating), ninety-five percent of the husbands and ninety-seven
percent of the wives could name at least one activity which was helping

-141-
them to achieve their aspirations. (Table 23)

Eighty-seven percent of the husbands mentioned attending school
as a means of attaining their wishes and hepes for the future. Seventy-
one percent of the wives saw the education which they or their husbands
were getting as a means to reaching their goals:

Going to school,

completing my education,

getting an education,

getting ny husband through school.

Fifty-f our percent of the wives as compared to twenty-two percent
of the husbands named activities related to achieving family aspirations.
Statements made by the wives which were included under family activities
were:

Starting our family,
learning to live with each other,
trying to be a good mother,
spending time with em: children.
Statements which men made were:
Adjusting to each other,
having children,
exploring the relationship between myself and my wife.

Twenty-two percent of the men were engaged in some activity re-

lated to job or occupational aspiration. These activities included job

interviewing and gaining work experience in a present job.

~h2-

Table 23.- Activities expressed which were aiding husbands and
wives to reach future ladder ratings

 

 

 

 

 

 

fi— : .2"; __2 m : _ :2
Activity Number and Percent Number and Percent
of Husbands of Wives

Educational 8? 71

Family 22 5h
Occupational 23 5

Social. 1h 2
Financial 10 19

General 6 )4
Religious 5

Working for any of the

, other categories 2 17

Health 1 1

No activities 5 3

CHAP'ER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

.Ttn'ee hypotheses were formulated for the study. They were:
1. Husbands' aspirations will be more related to
careers, wives' aspirations to the home.

2. Husbands and wives will have congruent 1&1in aspirations.

3. Husbands and wives will be engaging in activities which are

directed toward the attaiment of aspirations.

Because of the nature or the data and the method used to ”obtain
them, it was felt that equal weighting could not be given to every
aspiration and fear as there was no way of detemining the degree of
intensity. It also seemed unrealistic to equate numbers or amirations
our fears mentioned. For this reason tests of correlation could not be
applied to the aspirations and fears and the differences between husbands
and wives. However, the number and kinds of aspirations and fears
shared by husbands ani wives allowed one to make sane judgnents in
relation to the hypotheses.

The first hypothesis does seem to be supported. In all categories
related to job or occupation, husbands expressed more aspirations in
these categories than did wives. Forty-eiglt percent or the men expressed

4:3-

44t-
aspirations toward a good job and congenial work, while only twenty-
eight percent of the wives mentioned aspirations in this category.
Also many of the wives' aspirations were in terms of the husband rather
than thanselves getting a good Job. Likewise men expressed more fears
about occupation categories than did the wanen. However, under categories
related to the family mtre wives expressed aspirations. Fifty-two
percent of the wives mentioned aspirations related to happy family
life as compared to forty-two percent of the men. Women were more
concerned about the health of the family than were men, but men were
more concerned about their personal health. One explanation fa: this
may be that the men see their own health as related to the success they
will. have as a provider for their family. Fifty-two percent of the
women spoke of aspirations for their children as canpared to twenty-
five percent of the men. Thus, it would seem that mens' aspirations
were more related to their occupations and those of the'wives' were more
related to the family. I

Hen did express sane aspirations about the family. Seventy-six
percent of the men mentioned aspirations under the general category of
his family, but only four percent of the woolen did not. It was not
detemined if individual couples expressed the same aspirations about
the family, but in the aggregate, the aspirations were the same.

Product moment correlations of the ladder ratings of husbands and
wives yielded no correlation between the ratings chosen by individual
husbands and wives either for the present or for the future. In the

amegate, however, the average ladder rating for husbands aid wives

-15-
differed by .35 for the present and .h? fer the future. Otter similari-
ties were that all husbands and wives saw thmselves as at least
maintaining their ladder position. Ninety percent saw upward movement
of one to six steps on the ten point scale. The husband and wife of
the individual couple do not always see themselves in the one position
between their best and worst possible lives, but they do see themselves
moving in the same direction. The ratings for husbands were spread
fran zero to ten for the Recent, wives' ratings went frat two to ten.
But, in the future, the lowest rating be either husband or wife was
five. It was apparent that all view their future optimistically and
see an advance over their present state.

Thus the second prothesis, husbands and wives will have congruent
family aspirations was partially supported. Husbands and wives did
have the same kind of aspirations tor the £31in but differed in the
percent of husbands and wives expressing them. In addition, the ladder
ratings given by individual couples were not identical.

When considered in terms of what Cutril calls “the reality world"
(3:8) or the individual, the differences in the ladder ratings of the '
hmbands and wives appear to be the result of what constitutes their
different reality worlds. Husbands engrossed aspirations more in terms
of their Jobs, therefore, their ladder position is a partial reflection
of their feeling of advancement toward their occupatimal goals. The
wives! aspirations were more in terms of family, and their ladder rating
is a reflection of this.

4:6-

The instrument measured their aspirations and fears as individuals
in the context of their lives as married student families. The same
instrument achninistered to them jointly as a couple might yield different
results because discussion between them might result in a joint rating
of their position between the best and worst possible life as a family
group, rather than as individuals.

The third hypothesis that husbands and wives will be engaging in
activities which are directed toward the attainment of aspirations was
supported in sane areas. Almost all husbands and wives were able to
nuns at least one activity which was helping them to attain aspirations.
However, the aspirations were long range in nature and were not specific.
he kinds of activities which were named as a means of reaching these
aspirations were gross rather than specific short term, day to day
activities. The question can be raised, as to whether or not individuals
or fanilies can construct their thinking to verbalise .all and specific
activities in terms of long range goals a: aspirations. The question
regarding activities was open ended to determine whether the respondents
saw an relationship between their present activities and the position
onthe ladderthattheyhopedtoattain intenyeers.

Only a few of the respondents named any specific activities. Many
men could name only one thing which they were doing to reach their
aspirations; getting an educatim. One m said, "If I can get this,
everything else will fall. into place.‘ 1 traendous reliance sened to

be placed on education, as a means to-the achievement of aspirations.

-m-
Fifty-four percent of the women named activities which were related
to the family. These were gross kinds of activities such as:

Learning to live together,
building personal relationships in our family.

Women saw their husbands' education as a means to a secure income,
which in turn was a means to a happy family. They didn't want large in-
canes necessarily, but sufficient to provide the necessities plus adequate
opportunity for their children.

Health was one aspiration which was not supported by activities.
Twenty-seven percent of the wives and eighteen percent of the husbands
said they hoped for good health of the family. Thirtybnine percent
of the men and sixty-three percent of the women worried about sickness,
accident, or death of family members. However, only one percent of the
husbands and one percent of the wives named any activities which could
be called directly related to the maintenance of health. One reason
might be that these were young couples who probably have few health
problems at present; the worry about future sickness is suppressed in
the pursuit of the education they are in the process of attaining.
Another explanation could be that health activities are reflected in
small, specific activities and were not the type of data obtained in
this study. Dyer (6) in studying a married student population in the
same geographical area, found that they rated health as a value, very

highly, and her data were based on day to day, small, specific activities.

448-

Implications

A fundamental question posed by this research is, how will failure
or success in achieving aspirations affect families? A follow-up study
of the same sample or a longitudinal study of another sample might
demonstrate how families adapt to achieving or failing to achieve their
aspirations. What are the costs, both mental and physical to the
nembers of the family, in working to achieve aspirations?

Home management same that there will be some commonality of
goals in the family. Just how important is it that the husband and
wife share goals or aspirations fcr the future? If their "reality
worldsa differ how do they reconcile these differences so that they may
achieve the aspirations which they do hold Jointly?

Are aspirations related to demographic factors such as age,
religion, sex, expected occupation, and length of marriap? Further
analysis of these data could reveal relationships between (iconographic
factors and the ladder ratings which the husbands and wives gave.

Hethndologically, it is important to discover ways of obtaining
information which can be statistically treated, as well as preserving the
characteristic of the self anchoring scale to elicit information in the
respondentt own terms.

Studies of other populations could be conducted to determine
similarities and differences in their aspirational patterns as compared
to this sample of married, undergraduate stuients.

Studies which would determine the hierarchical patterns of goals,

4,9-
with same goals as means to ends, are needed before it can be said
what the exact role of the long range goal or aspiration is, and how
important it is in the management of daily life.

1.

2.

3.

h.

S.

7.

8.

9.

10.

LITERATURE CITED

Benson, Purnell. "The Cannon Interest Myth in Marriage," Social
Problems, July 1955, 27-314. _

Blood, R. O. and Wolfe, D. M. Husband and Wives: The %ca of
Married Living. Glencoe, o 3: rec ress, .
Cantril, Hadley, and Free, Lloyd A. "Hopes and Fears for Self and

Country," The Anerican Behavioral Scientist VI October, 1962,
Supplement. ‘

Cantril, Hadley. ”A Stuck of Aspirations ," Scientific American
com No. 2,,February, 1963, hl-hs. - r ‘

Chillnan, Catherine, and Meyer, Donald. "Educational Achievement and
Aspirations of Undergraduate Married Students as Compared to
Undergaduate Unmarried Students, with Analysis of Certain
Associated Variables." Cooperative Research Project No. 961,
Syracuse University, Syracuse, New Iork, 1963.

Dyer, Doris M. "Students' Wives Values as Reflected in Personal and
Family Activities." Unpublished Master's Thesis, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 1962.

Fitzsimmons, Cleo. The Management of FamilLResources San Francisco:
Freeman, 1950. i

Foreman, Clyde M. "Levels of Aspiration and Marital Status on the
College Campus." Docotral Dissertation Series No. 22, 161;.
University Microfilm. Ann Arbor, Michigan. University of
Washington, 1957.

Goowear, Margaret R. and Klohr, Mildred C. Managg for Effective
Living. New York: John Wiley, 19514.

Gross, Irma and Crandall, Elizabeth, Mans cut for MOdern Families.
New York: Appleton-Century Crofts, Em, 1951;. “—

Gross, Irma and Zwemer, Evelyn. "Management in Michigan Homes."
Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin
196, June, 191m. '

Heller, A. O. and Miller, I. "The Occupational Aspiration Scale:

Theory, Structin'e and Correlates." Michigan State University
Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 288, 1963.

-50.

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.. 51..

Halliday, Jean Rowan. I'A Study to Explore the Goals of Students
Taking a Home Management Course at Michigan State University
and the Development of an Instrument for Canparing Goals
among Selected Groups." Unpublished Master's Thesis, Michigan
State University, East lensing, Michigan, 1960.

Holmes, Ema G. "Factors Affecting Farm Family Goals." Unpublished
Doctoral Dissertation. Purdue University, 1956. A

Honey, Britton, and Hotchkiss, "Decisionmaking in the Use of Family
Financial Resources in a Rural Pennsylvania Canmunity.a
Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 6113. University Park,
Pennsylvania State University.

Ketchum, F. N. I'A Stucw of HomemakersI Values as Reflected in Time
Used for Family and Personal Activities." Unpublidled Master's
Thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 1961.

Kilpatrick, F. P. and Cantril, H. "Self-anchoring Scaling: A Measure
of the Individual's Unique Reality Worlds." Journal of Indivi-
dual chholog. 1960, XVI, 158-170.

Lewin, Kurt, et a1. ”Level of Aspiration,” in Personality; and the
. Behavior Disorders. J. McV. Htmt, ed. New or :

r638 00, C
Malone, Carl C. and Lucile. Decision Makin and Mana ement for
Farm and Home. Ame, Iowa: Iowa me Comge grass, I958.
Nickell, Paulena, and Dorsey, Jean M. Mane agent in Familym vin.g

New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ,

 

Nielson, James. “The Fan Families, Their Attitudes, Goals, and
Goal Achievement.“ Michigan State University Agricultural
Emermwt Station Technical Bulletin 287, 1962.

Parsons, Talcott, and Shils, Eduard, ed. Toward a General The ,
of Action. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,

Schoemalcer, Pegg K. "Financial Decision-mung as Reported by
100 Fans Fauilies in Michigan ," Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. 1961.

Shaffer, James D. uFinancial Aspects of Undergraduate Student Life."
Office of Institutional Research, Michigan State University, 1963.

Thelen, H. A. "Engineering Research in Curriculum Building,” Journal
of Educational Research. m, 19148, 577-596.

-6-
J

26. Thorpe Alice, and Gross, Irma, "Managerial Practices in the Hanes
of Married Students at Michigan State College," Michigan
Aaicultural Experiment Station Quarterly Bulletin. Vol. 32,
No. 3 288-306, February, 1950. _

27. Weiss, R. F. "Aspirations and Expectations: A Dimensional Analysis,"
Journal of Social Psycholog. L111, 1961, 219-2514.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

NOKS

Allport, Gordon. Pattern and Growth in Personalit . New York:
Holt, Rinehart and Eton, 1951.
Blood, R. 0. and Wolfe, D. M. Husbands and Wives: The @amics of
Married Living. Glencoe, 013: ree ess, .
Fitzsinnnons, Cleo. The ManaEanent of Family Resources. San Francisco:
‘ Freeman and Company, .

Gross, Irma and Grandall, Elizabeth. went for Modern Families.
New York: Appleton-Century Crofts, c. , 19514.

 

Goocb'ear, Margaret R. and Klohr, Mildred C. Mensa?- for Effective
Living. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 0., 5h.

Ittleston, win-Lam H. and Cantril, Hadley. Perception: a Transactional
Aggoach. Garden City: Doubleday and US. Inc. , I955.

Iewin, Kurt, et a1. "Level of Aspiration” in PersonalitE and The
Behavior Disorders. J. McV. Hunt, ed. cw or : e on Press

E00 , 19M.

Malone, Carl C. and Lucile. Decision Makin and Mana ement for Fem and
Home. Amcs, Iowa: Iowa Eats CoIIege Pfiss, EEK

Murray, H. A. lorations in Personality. New York: Oxford University
Press, 19 8. ' '

Nickell, Paulena, and Dorsey, Jean M. Mansfient in Fuel]: Living.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., .

Parsons, Talcott and Shils, Edward, ed. Toward a General Theory of
Action. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ha_r7ar3 University Hess, I959.

 

-534.

\
g .
7
.
F
.
-
i a
\
.
a
' I

 

BUIJEI‘DVS AND PERIODICALS

Alexander, I. , Macht, L. B., and Karen, B. "The Level of Aspiration
Model Ap lied to Occupational Preference ," Human Relations.
III, 19 9, 163. """""""'""""""

Benson, Purnell. "The Common Interest mrth in Marriage," Social Problans,
July, 1955, 27-3h. ""' ""' ""

Cantril, Hadley. "A Stucv of Aspiration," Seientific American. CCVII,
No. 2, February, 1963. Ill-115. .- ‘ __

Cantril, Hadley, and Free, Lloyd A. "Hopes and Fears for Self and Country,"
The American Behavioral Scientist. VI, October, 1962, Supplement.

Chilman, Catherine, and Meyer, Donald. "Educational Achievanent and
Aspirations of Undergraduate Married Students as Compared to
Undergraduate Unmarried Students, with Analysis of Certain Associated
Variables, COOperative Research Project No. 961, macuse
University, Syracuse, New York. 1963.

Fitssinmons, Cleo and Holmes, Enma G. "Factors Affecting Farm Family
Goals, Indiana Agicultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin 663,

1958. .

Folsom, Joseph K. l'Value Analysis and Resolution of Marital Conflicts,"
Merrill Palmer _guarte_ly IV, No. 2. 1960, 105-113.

Frank, Lawrence, "Recent Studies of the Level of Aspiration,"
Psychological Bulletin. mm, 19in, 218-226.

Geismer, L. L. and Ayres, B. "Measuring Family Functioning," Family
Centered Project. Greater St. Paul Community Chest and Councils,
Inc. St. Paul, Minnesota, 1960.

Gross, Irma and Zwemer, Evelyn. "Management in Michigan Homes, "
Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 196.
June, 19%.

Heller, A. O. and Miller, I. ”The Occupational Aspiration Scale:
Theory, Structure and Correlates. Michigan State University
Agricultural Ebcperiment Station Technical Bulletin, 288. 1963.

Honey, Britten and Hotchkiss, "Decision Making in the Use of Fanily
Financial Resources in a Rural Pennsylvania Cannmnity,"Agicultm-a1
mperinent Station Bulletin 6&3 . University Park, Pennsylvania
State University.

Kilpatrick, F. P. and Cantril, H. aSelf-anchoring Scaling: A Measure
of the Individual's Unique Reality Worlds." Journal of Individual
Psycholog. “1,1960, 158-170. . — ""'—

-51..

~55-

Nielson, James. "The Farm Families, Their Attitudes, Goals, and Goal
Achievement, ' Michigan State University Agricultural Experiment
Station Technical Bulletin 287, 1962.

Sewell, W. H. , Heller, A. O. and Stress, M. A. "Social Status and
Educational and Occupational Aspiration," American _§ociologica1
Review. XXII, 67-73. V *

Shaffer, James D. “Financial Aspects of Undergraduate Student Life."
Office of Institutional Research, Midligan State University, 1963.

Shelley, H. P. "Level of Aspiration Phenomena in Snell Groups,"
igullal of Social Psycholog. XL, 1951;, 1149.

Thelen, H. A. "Engineering Research in Curriculum Building," Journal
of Educational Research. XLI, 19148, 577-596.

Thorpe, Alice, and Gross, Irma. "Managerial Practices in the Hones of
Married Students at Michigan State College," Michigan AgricultIn-al
investment Station Quarterly Bulletin. February, 1950, Vol. 32,
NO. 3, 288“3%o

Weekstein, Richard S. "Welfare Criteria and Changing Tastes, American
Economic Review. March, 1962, 133-153.

Weiss, R. F. "Aspirations and Encpectations: A Dimensional Analysis,"
Journal of Social Pflchologz. LIII, 1961, 2119-251»

UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS

Dyer, Doris M. "Students' Wives Values as Reflected in Personal and
Family Activities, Unpublished Master's Thesis, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan. 1962.

Foreman, Clyde M. "Levels of Aspiration and Marital Status on the
College Campus, Doctoral Dissertation Series No. 22 , 1611.
Universéty Microfilms. Ann Arbor, Michigan. (University of Washing-
15m 19 7c

Halliday, Jean Rowan. “A Study to Explore the Goals of Students Taking
a Home Management Course at Michigan State University and the
Development of an Instrument for Comparing Goals among Selected
Groups." Unpublished Master's Thesis, Michigan State University,
E3513 LanSing, I'IiChj-gano 19600

-55.

Holmes, Emma G. "Factors Affecting Farm Family Goals ,* Unpublished
Docotral Dissertation. Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.
1956.

Ketchum, F. N. "A Stucw of Hommakers' Values as Reflected in Time
Used for Family and Personal Activities ," UnpubliShed Master's
Thesis. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. 1961.

Oppelt, Norman T. "A Study of the Relationship of Marital Status to
Selected Characteristics of Male Undergraduate Students at Michigan
State University. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan. 1962.

Schomaker, Peggy K. "Financial Decision-Making as Reported by 100
Farm Families in Michigan." Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation.
Michigan State University,.East Lansing, Michigan. 1961.

 

 

If [I ‘lIIIII‘I III. I 3'.

APPENDIX I

Table 21;.“ Aspirations expressed by husbands and wives

 

 

 

 

==1-___..-—=: W W
Aspiration Number and Percent Number and Percent
of Husbands of Wives

Own personal character

Enotional Stability and 6 6
maturity
Be a normal, decent, person 1 --
Self-development or
inprovelnent 10 1).;
Acceptance by others 18 12

Achieve sense of W own
personal worth 10 5

Resolution of one's own
ethical, spiritual or 2 6
religious problems

Personal Economic situation

Improved or decent standard 63 39
of living for: self or
family
Have own business 2 ..
Have own land or own farm 9 3
Have own house 35 33
Have modern conveniences 9 10
Have wealth S 1;
Job- or work situation
Good job, congenial work 148 27
Employment 1 1
Success 22 17

-58.

Table 2h.- ASpirations expressed.by'husbands and'wives - Con't.

 

 

Aspiration Number and.Percent Number and.Percent
of Husbands of'Wives
Other references to self
One's own health 1 . 11
Happy old.age 3 -
Recreation travel leisure 15 1h
Other references to family
Happy family life h2 52
Relatives 7 17
Health of the family 18 27
Children, adequate
opportunities 25 52
Have children 25 31
€- Political -. ..
Social
Social justice 2 1
Future generations 11 1

Religion, morality, public service
Desire to be useful to 10 6
others

Concerned about international

situation and world 1 1
peace
Better world 1 2

Maintain status quo 1 1

-59..

Table 25." Fears and worries expressed by husbands and wives

 

Fears and Worries
Own personal character
Enotional instability

No self-development or
improvement

Not be accepted by others
No sense of personal worth

To be a parsm without
character

Personal Econanic situation
Deterioration in (r in-
_. adequate standard of
living for self or family

Job or work situation
Poor job, uncongenial work

Unemployment
Failure
Other reference to self
111 health, accident,
. death to self
To be dependent on others

Other references to family
Unhappy family life

Relatives
I11 health, accident, death

Number and Percent
of Husbands

2h

33

17
10
39

Number and Percent
of Hives

36

16

N

29

63

-60-

Table 25.-- Fears and worries expressed by husbands and wives - Con't.

 

 

“w _ t _, +1. ~.—:-ll
Fears and Worries Number and Percent Number and Percent
of Husbands of Wives
Children, inadequate oppor-
tunities 12 19
No children 2 7
Political
Lack of freedom 1 1
Political instability l 1
Economic instability l 1
Social
Social injustice 2 ..
Future generations 1 1
Not to be useful to others 1 1
Concerned about international
situation and world 6 9
War
Militarism and armaments -- 2
Threat of aggression 2 1
Can't think of any fears
or worries h 2

 

 

 

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-67-

APPENDIX III

Code for Question (D)
Positive answers.

1. We're happy, our marriage is working well.

2. We are financially well off, we have what we need.
3. We have children and family.

h. We're in school or finishing school.

5. We like the living situation.

6. We have modern conveniences.

7. Our fears haven't been realized.

8. We feel like we’are moving up. We are achieving goals.
9. We are growing morally and intellectually.
10. We are healthy.

Negative answers.

1. We don't have enough money, finances are a problem.
2. We have a long way to go in school.

3. We're not happy.

14. We don't like living here. We feel unsettled.

S. We don't have a house a modern conveniences.

6. Our hopes haven't been realized.

8. We have no family.

9. We are sick.

10. We are dependent on other people.

-68-

1.
2.
3.

h.

S.
6.
7.
8.
9.
0.

APPENDIX IV
Code for Question (1?)

School - education for self or spouse.

Financial plans - savings, insurance plans.

Family plans - working relationships with wife or husband:
teaching children; doing things together as a family; having children.
Occupational plans - work experience directed toward:
occupational aspirations; job interviews.

General plans - respondent doesn't Specify.

Religious plans. -

Social activities - making friends and contacts.

Working at a job for the above activities accept (h) .
Health activities.

No activities given.

-69-

No. 8y Trme Date

Repeat? MALE

 

1. Education, last year completed 6.
(0) high SleOl

(l) 1 year college

“(2) 2 years college

:(3)3 3years college

w(h) other, specify 7.

2. Age of respondent
(O l? or under
18 or 19
20 or 21
22 or 23 8.
2h to 29
30 to 39
no to M9

occupation Of SELF
full-time student
part-time student
full-time paid worker
part—time paid worker
othe r, specify

 

Chm-PK») N F“
VVVVVVV

AAA/\AA

 

b0
0
"U
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CD
CD
CD
:5
C'-

A
O
V

 

AAAA
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VVVV

h.a. If paid worker, kind of work
P Specify 9.
(0) sales
educational
other professional
skilled craftsman
farmer
managerial
service worker
Operative
clerical 10.
other P

 

 

VVVVVVVVV

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

~0cn~aown$7unu+4

 

 

u.b. Expected kind of work for pay
after graduation
Specify
(0) sales
(1) educational
(2) other professional
(3) skilled craftsman
____Xh) farmer
(5) managerial
(6) service worker
(7) Operative
(8) clerical 10.
____fi9) other V

Do you tend to have more sympathy
with:
the Democratic party

the Republican party

Present occupation of FATHER
(O) full-time worker

(I) part-time worker

(2) retired

(3) other, specify

 

HI

FATHER'S kind of work for pay

Specify
(0 sales
educational

other pcofessional
skilled craftsman
farmer

managerial

service worker
Operative

clerical

other

 

AAA/\AAAAAA
\O CDxl O‘U'l-F—‘UJ NH
Vvvvvvvvv

Present occupation of MOTHER
(O) full-time homemaker
(l) part-time homemaker

) full-time student

) part-time student

) full-time paid worker
) part—time paid worker
) volunteer worker

 

a. If MOTHER paid worker, kind

 

 

sales

) educational
) other professional
) skilled craftsman
)farmer

3 managerial
)

)

)

 

service worker
Operative
clerical

other

 

 

 

 

1
L.
. v
..
I

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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ll.

12.

13.

1h.

15.

16.

If mother is a housewife, was 17.
she ever employed for pay out-
side her home after she was
married?
yes 18.
no

If mother was ever a paid worker
after marriage, what was her

 

 

19.

20.

Have you.been married before?

children

 

 

Age Of youngest and Oldest child
youngest
Oldest

 

Source and approx. amt. gross
cash income, July 1, 1963 to
June 30, 196h

(0) employment of husband

kind Of work?

Specif
(0) sales
(1) educational
(2) other professional
(3) skilled craftsman
(A) farmer

____f§) managerial
(6) service worker
(7) Operative
(8) clerical
(9)

 

Reli ious preference of SELF
%O) Protestant

(1) Catholic

(2) Jewish
(3) other, sp ec ify

(h) none

Religious preference Of FATHER
Protestant
____(1) Catholic
(2) Jewish
(3) other, qaecify

(h) none

Reli ious preference of MOTHER
Protestant

Catholic

Jewish
other,

 

qlecify
(A)

How long have you been married?
(P) less than 6 months

1) 6 months to 1 year

2) l to 2 years

3) 2 to h years

h) over A years

none

 

____j
____(
____(

(

21.

22.

(1)
(2)
(3)
(k)

H

 

employment of wife
gift, his parents
gift, her parents
gift, other than

parents, Specify

loans
scholarships
savings used up
summer jobs
other, Specify

 

 

Family activitkas - who does
them and how much?

husband*

 

:Chlld care
1food_prep.

- Rum?!

H._H-l.p--ti.t )

care of houseij

 

 

 

 

keeping accts.

 

 

shop_1ng ‘ L
traggportatlon

SGWiQEl"-.J-NM J;,_qm,m_lv.lil
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—.—_--~*—-.—vmo - u. ._..

 

 

 

 

 

23. DO you envision that your wife

might have time for other than
homemaking pursuits?

MALE - no.

25.a. DO you think she might work

for pay outside your home
some time during her lifetime?

 

 

 

yes yes
no no
when? when?
2h.a. How would YOU hOpe that she 25.b. DO you hOpe she will?
would spend this available yes
time? (rank) no
(0) community activities why?
(PTA, hosp. aux., etc.)
~(l)cmmd1unk
:(2) go back to school 26. If 316 works for pay outside
:(3) part- time job for pay your home later on, what kind
:(h) creative personal Of work would you hope she
activities (painting, would do?
gourmet cooking, etc. Specif
(5) have another baby ____(0 sales
(6) full time job for pay (1) educational
(7) try to be a better (2) other professional
housewife (3) skilled craftsman
(8) broader social life (A) farmer
(9) sports(tennis; bowling) (5) managerial
(10) other, specify (6) service worker
(7) Operative
.____(8) clerical
mly? (unless paid employment) (9) other

27.Why do you think she might want
to work for pay later on? Choose
the 3 reasons that might be moat
important and the 3 reasons that
might apply least.
apply most apply least
a. a.
b. b.

C. C.

2).)..b. How do you think SHE might
want to use this available
time?

(0) community activities
(PTA, hosp. aux., etc.)
church work
go badc to school
part-time job for pay
creative personal

activities (painting,

gourmet aboking, etc.)28. How would the presence of
have another baby children affect her plans to
full-time job for pay work for pay?

try to be a better

housewife

broader social life

sports (tennis, bod.)

) other, specify

 

 

(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10

why? (unless paid employment)

A.

All of us want certain things out of life. When you.think about what
really matters in your own life, what are your wishes and hOpes for
the future? In other words, if you imagine your future in the best
possible light, what would you life look like then, if you are to be
happy?.....Take your time in answering; such things aren't easy to _
put into words......(What are your hOpes for the future? What would
your life have to be like for you to be completely happy? What is
missing for you to be happy? Use also, if necessary, the words,
"dreams" and "desires".)......Anything else?

Now, taking the other side Of the picture, what are your fears and
worries about the future? In other words, if you imagine your future
in the worst possible light, what would your life look like then?.....
Again, take your time in answering......(What would make you unhappy?
Stress the words,"fears" and "worries".)......Anything else?

Here is a picture Of a ladder. Suppose we say that the tOp of the
ladder (pointing) represents the best possible life for you, and the

bottom

C.

pointing) represents the worst possible life for you.

Where on the ladder (moving finger rapidly up and down ladder) do
you feel you personally stand at the present time?
rung

Why do you think that this is where you are? What makes you feel
that you are on rung ?

 

And where do you think you will be on the ladder ten years from now?
rung

 

What are you doing now that will help you to reach rung ?

No . By

Time Dat

9

Repeat? FEMALE

 

1. Education, last year completed
(0) grade school

1 or 2 yrs high school
3 or u yrs high school
1 or 2 yrs college

3 or M yrs college
graduate erk, specify
other, Specify

 

O‘U‘l-P’WNH

____(
____(
_____(
.____(
____(
____(

h.b.
P

h.c.

l.a. DO you plan to finish college?

yes
no

 

don't know

2. Age of respondent
O

 

)

) 18 or 19
) 20 or 21
) 22 or 23
) 2h to 29
) 30 to 39
) no to no

OWHFthJH

____(
____(
____(
____J
.____(
____(

P

h.d.

17 or under

3.a.If you had a choice what would
you be doing this school year?

(0) full-time

( part-time
full~time
part-time
full-time
part-time
volunteer

 

O‘U‘H—‘wml—J

____(
____(
____(

(

 

3.b

(o) full-time
part-time
full-time
part-time
full-time
part-time
volunteer

 

AAA/«AA
Gunfirunutd
vvvvvv

homemaker
homemaker
student
student
paid m rker
paid worker
worker

Present occupation Of SELF

homemaker
homemaker
student

student

paid mrker
paid worker
worker, specify

kind and amt./wk.

F
m

If paid worker,
Specify
(0) sales

'13

skilled
farmer

[\—

____(

____(2

(3

.____(L

(5

(6 service
(7

.___(8
(9

other

)
)
)
) managerial
)
)
)

kind of work

1 educational
other professional

craftsman

worker

Operative
clerical

P

Why are you working? Choose
the 3 reasons that most apply
to you and the 3 reasons that
least apply to you.
apply most apply least

a. a.

b. b.

c. c.

 

 

Of the 3 most important reasons
which is THE most important?
number

If you had a choice Of jobs,
would you keep your present
job or look for something else?
If so, what?

keep job

look for another
what?

Do you intend to keep on
working?

yes

no

don't know

If you are a volunteer worker,
why are you doing thiS?_Choose
the 3 reasons that most apply
to you and the 3 reasons that
least apply to you.
apply most apply least

a. a.

b. b.

c. c.

 

 

Of the 3 most important reasons
which is THE most important?
number

If you had a choice Of volunteer
work, would you try something
else? If so, What?

do same

different
what?

6. DO you tend to have more sympathy
with:

the Democratic party

the Republican party

 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

   

   

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11.

Present occupation of FATHER
full-time worker
part-time worker
retired
other,

 

HI

specify

FATHER'S kind of work for pay
Specif
(o

 

sales

educational

other professional
skilled craftsman
farmer

managerial

service worker
Operative

clerical

other

 

A
H

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full-time homemaker
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) full-time student

; part—time student

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part-time paid worker
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educational

other professional
skilled craftsman
farmer

managerial

service worker
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clerical

other

 

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b. If your mother does volunteer
work, What kind does she or

has she done?

If mother is a housewife, was
she ever employed for pay out-
side her home after she was
married?

yes

no
when and for how long?

12.

130

114-.

15.

20.

If mother was ever a paid worker
after marriage, what was her
kind of work?

) sales

educational

other professional
' skilled craftsman
farmer

managerial

service worker
Operative

clerical

other

(0) Protestant

(1) Catholic
____i2) Jewish

.____(3) other, specify

 

(u) none

Religious preference of FATHER
O) Protestant

(1) Catholic

(2) Jewish

(3) other, specify

(h) none

.Reli ious preference of MOTHER

O) Protestant

(1) Catholic

(2) Jewish

(3) other, specify

(h) none

Source and approx. amt. gross
cash income, July 1, 1963 to
June 30, 196M

employment of husband
employment of wife
gift, his parents
gift, her parents
gift, other than
parents, specify

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loans
scholarships
savings used up
summer jobs
other, specify

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22.

23.

2h.

Approximate total yearly income 25.

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$6000
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$10000

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Family activities - who does
them and how much?

giwife husband
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Do you envision that you might

have time
making pursuits?
yes
no

 

for other than home-

community activities

(PTA, hosp. aux., etc.)

) church work

) go back to SleOl
)

)

part-time job for pay
creative personal act.

(painting, gourmet
etc.)

cooking,

have ano ther baby
full—time job for pay
try to be a better
housewife
broader social life
sports (tennis, bowling)
) other, specify

Why? (unless paid employment)

 

26.

27.

FE‘ZALE " n00

DO you intend to work for pay
outside your home some time
during your lifetime?

YBS~

no

when?

 

 

If you might work for pay out-
side your home later on, what

 

 

educational

other pro fessi onal
skilled craftsman
farmer

managerial

service worker
Operative

clerical

other

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apply to you and the 3 reasons
that least apply to you.

 

apply most apply least
a. g.
b. b.
c. c.

How would the presence of
children effect your plans to
work for pay?

 

   

 

 

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A.

All of us want certain things out of life. When you.think about What
really matters in your own life, what are your wishes and hopes for
the future? In other words, if you imagine your future in the best
possible light, what would you life look like then, if you are to be
happy?.....Take your time in answering; such things aren't easy to .
put into words......(What are your hOpes for the future? What would
your life have to be like for you.to be completely happy? What is
missing for you to be happy? Use also, if necessary, the words,
"dreams" and "desires".)......Anything else?

Now, taking the other side of the picture, what are your fears and
worries abcut the future? In other words, if you imagine your future
in the worst possible light, what would your life look like then?.....
Again, take your time in answering......(What would make you unhappy?
Stress the words,"fears" and ”worries".)......Anything else?

Here is a picture of a ladder. Suppose we say that the tOp of the
ladder Epointing) represents the best possible life for you, and the

bottom

C.

pointing) represents the worst possible life for you.

Where on the ladder (moving finger rapidly up and down ladder) do
you feel you personally stand at the present time?
rung

Why do you think that this is where you are? What makes you feel
that you are on rung ?

And where do you think you will be on the ladder ten years from now?
rung

 

What are you doing now that will help you to reach rung ?

 

 

 

 

 

MICHIGAN STRTE UNIV. LIBRQRIES

 

Ill“! llllllllllllillil I lllllllljl "W |U||

12930066 24 7