GUIDELINES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A REGIONAL. TRAILWAY NETWORK Thesis Io: the Degree of M. L A. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Gary G. Robinefie i963 ”M a -:_-_ _.__—_———-—_ ‘|" ,. ,. m...' , O ~‘£:. .fi ,- ~o‘. ' v. C' ' .-. =-. I, F o»., “. ‘- :-, . ‘FH I . ‘chI‘ I. s “a ,_ ‘ h... “it: ~' ABSTRACT GUIDELINES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A REGIONAL TRAILWAY NETWORK by Gary 0. Robinette America is a maturing nation and with this maturity come many new problems. One of these is that we are in the midst of a nearly unprecedented growth rate of pOpulation. Also, in contrast to a history of abundant land we are now faced with a monumental demand by industry, commerce, and the new technology for more of the available land. This same new technology, plus a new attitude on the part of society, has given the American peeple a new freedom from long hours of work. As a result of this there is a desire for outdoor recreation that is unparalleled in the earth's history. It is nearly impossible to solve the problem thus incurred with a limited land area, a burgeoning p0pulation, and a greater need for new outdoor recreational facilities, exclusively by means of the traditional methods of providing these facilities. New answers must therefore be found. To do this a reappraisal was made as to what is the essence of outdoor recreation. Other nations have been studied to find the ways that they have used to solve the same problem. A prOposal is then made to satisfy man's need for intimate contact with the indigineous environment by means of providing a system or network of trailways through the Gary 0. Robinette countryside, which is kept in private ownership and the ex- isting land use, to be used by hikers, horseback riders, bicyclists, and casual strollers and walkers. This is an unusual concept in American recreation practice and as such has been used very little. There are many problems that would arise in the implementation or effectuation of such a proposal. Guidelines for the solution of some of these problems are covered in the final chapter of this paper. One of the first problems to be solved in this regard would be to deter- mine the location of such trails. These possible routes may be determined by a study of the location of the existing rec- reational areas-~since these trails are to be but a part of the recreational system, and the location of the present and future population-~since these peOple will be the potential users of any such trails. In addition to these a number of other studies are suggested as to possible routes of the trails. Some of these concern surveys of land ownership, possible jurisdictional boundaries and natural and man-made features that would indicate potential trail location. The preceding plus the possible methods of financing such a development are con- sidered before the problem of actual site and route locations are considered. After this the methods of land or access rdgmts, design, and maintenance and administration problems are considered- The access rights acquisition methods able t I Gary 0. Robinette to be used for trail routes could be the various methods of acquiring full rights. These methods include acquisition by gift, by exercise of the power of eminent domain, or by nego- tiated purchase or the methods of acquisition of rights of less than full ownership, such as easements, rights, leases, licenses, salebacks and leasebacks. Regulatory devices such as zoning or cluster development and assessment policies may be also used to obtain trail access right across public land. Encroachment regulation must be instituted to protect the continuation of the use of the path and its environs for the use of the public. The many practical and concrete problems of design are then considered. Some of these are the means and con- siderations of physical layout, vista establishment and the minimum.standards desirable for trails of this type. The integration of this network into urban areas and existing recreation areas, plus recommendations on methods of trail marking, rest area development and mapping, and recording and compiling of guidebook data, round out the study on de- sign requisites. Various methods of handling the planning, design, administration, and maintenance aspects of such a system are finally eXplored, showing the part both public agencies and private organizations can play in this. In short, the aim of this thesis is to justify and demonstrate the steps and methods of implementation of an area-wide or regional trailway system from park to park, Gary 0. Robinette from city to park and city to city. This would be in effect the bringing into being of a missing link in the recreation pattern in the United States. This would not supplant new park land acquisition or park and recreation area develOpment but would supplement existing and proposed recreation facil- ities and tie them into an overall fabric penetrating all of the regional land area rather than leaving them as a series of isolated spots of parkland served only by the expressway or highway system. GUIDELINES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A REGIONAL TRAILWAY NETWORK By Gary 0. Robinette A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE School of Urban Planning and Landscape Architecture 1963 .5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In a study of this type there seem to be but a select few pe0ple thrOughout the world who have the necessary infor- mation to guide in undertaking and completing such an inves- tigation. It is indeed fortunate that these few are as gracious and conscientious as they are. To a large degree it is because of them that I was prompted to make the study and was able to collect the available data. First and fore- most among these is Dr. Lewis Mumford whose writings alerted me to the possibilities of such a trailway network, and who directed me to his two friends Mr. Benton McKaye of Shirley Center, Massachusetts and Dr. J. T. P. Bijhouwer of the Netherlands both of whom had many excellent words of direc- tion for me. I wish also to express my gratitude to Professor D. Newton Glick, my faculty advisor, in this undertaking and to the other faculty members in the School of Urban Planning and Landscape Architecture at Michigan State University who guided my thinking and research in this paper. Associate Professor Sanford S. Farness and Department Chairman Profes- sor Myles G. Boylan have been especially helpful and more was learned from them than will be shown in this paper. For the hours of time and for the wealth of informa- tion that they have given me I am thankful to many recreation ii agency directors and administrators in the State of Michigan and throughout the Midwest. Lastly and with due appreciation I acknowledge and am grateful for the encouragement of my wife, Margaret, and for all of the many ways in which she has made this paper and what it stands for possible. 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii LIST OF TABLES . . . . . .'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x LIST OF APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter I. THE PROBLEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Population Growth.in the United States . . . 9 Amount of Predicted Total Growth in the Populat 1011 o o o e o o o o e e o e o o 9 Regional POpulation Growth . . . . . . . . 13 Urban Population Growth . . . . . . . . . 18 The Potential Land Shortage in the U.S. . . 21 The Heritage-~The Legacy of the Land . . . 22 The Present--Competitive Demands for misting Land O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O 24 The Prospect--Teohnologio and Economic Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 The Demand for Outdoor Recreation . . . . . 29 Institutionalized Leisure . . . . . . . . 30 Shorter Work Hours . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 High Wages and Paid Vacations . . . . . . 31 Increased Education . . . . . . ... . . . 32 Longevity and Pensions . . . . . . . . 32 Changing Economic and Social Status . . . 35 Increasing Urbanization . . . . . . . . . 36 Time-Distance Factor Between Pepulation and Recreation Areas . . . . . . . . . . 37 II. Tm PROPOSAL o o o o o e e e e o o e e e o o o 59 .A Look at How Other Nations Solve the Same PI‘Oblem o o o o o e o e o o o o o o 59 A Neglected Segment of Recreation Planning in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . 51 A Trailway System Pr0posal . . . . . . . . . 54 iv Chapter Page III. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSAL . . . . . . 70 Location of Existing and Proposed Rec- reational Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Municipal o e o o o o e e o o o o e o o o 71 County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Regional 0 o o e o o o o o e o o o o e o o 75 State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Location of Population . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Regional 0 O O O O O O O I O O O O O O 0 O 84 misting o o o o o o o o o e o o o o o e 86 Projected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 I003]. O O O 0 O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O 87 EXiSting o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 91 PrOJGCted e o o o e o o o e e o e o o o 91 Location of Potential Trailway Routes . . . 92 Survey of All Publicly Owned Land . . . . 95 Survey of Existing Water-ways . . . . . . 100 Survey of Existing Utility Rights-of-way . 102 Location of Lands Suitable for Recreation U80 0 e o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 104 Determination of Watersheds . . . . . . . 108 8011 survey 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 111 Ecological Survey . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Population Travel Routes or Termini Study 117 Survey of Geological Features . . . . . . 118 Survey of Historical Features . . . . . . 122 Survey of Horticultural Features . . . . . 127 Survey of Archeological Features . . . . . 129 Survey of Topographical Features . . . . . 131 Survey of Existing Roads . . . . . . . . . 136 Econ0m1°8 0 O O 0 O O 0 O O O O O O O O 140 Establishment of Enabling Budgetary Legis- lation by Governmental Units . . . . . . 140 Relative Costs of Various Potential Sites. 142 Extensiveness of the DeveloPment Budget . 144 Governmental Unit Fiscal Responsibility . 148 Potential Economic Assistance Available . 149 ROUte or Site Selection 0 o o o o o o o o o 152 Land Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Acquisition of Full Rights . . . . . . . . 163 Gift 0 o o o o o o e o o o o o o o o o O 164 minent Domain 0 o o o o e e e e o o o o 167 NGSOtiated PurChaSO o o o o o o o o o o 170 Acquisition of Rights Less than Full Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Easements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Rights 0 O O O O 0 0 O O O O O O O O I O 180 Leases O 0 O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O 181 Licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Chapter Page III. . Salebacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Leasebacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Excess Condemnation . . . . . . . . . . 185 Regulatory Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 ZOning o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 187 Cluster Development . . . . . . . . . . 189 Assessment Policies . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Preferential Assessment . . . . . . . . 194 Tax Deferral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Encroachment Regulations . . . . . . . . . 196 13081811 0 e o e e e e o o o o o o o o o o e 199 Physical Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Vista Establishment . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Minimum Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Relation to Motor Traffic . . . . . . . . 215 Integration into Urban.Areas . . . . . . . 217 Integration into Existing Recreation Areas 219 Trail Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Rest Area Development . . . . . . . . . . 225 Mapping, Guidebook Data and Reco ds . . . 227 Maintenance and Administration . . . . . . . 230 Jur13d10tion o o o o o o o o o o o o o 237 Planning Responsibility . . . . . . . . . 241 Maintenance Responsibility . . . . . . . . 244 The Governmental Role in Development and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 The Private Role in Development and maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 vi F .l . .i. u . __ .... ‘ ... a“ .4 a "I." Ida rnu .‘u .u T» vhh (I O .1.- .. I . o I.“ I.“ a ..n 9 ‘ .o: O a“. ..n a» no ..I» ..5 .1 . 7.» any I? ‘3 1..“ I... a. . .. ... ..u ... a .14 ... a. n4 “In I .1 n... .3 Ma a. a. m. . Ln.— hd c. ..-. hh 11 c. ._ . i... .h. V. s C «J ..V a. D P P fun. In P P P WV l .\U nfii HI 8 Adv ‘1‘ 1* I I I I I C I III.— llu I In Ila In» law I It. 71.7... h. Gr 0.4 1%. rm um . q . . nu.|y\:..» \l‘ pH (a 3.12.. n» .55. 7.. any 9. 01 v. 14 n.» Ab .Hv P ....U \I.‘ u '1’: Table A-1 A-2 A-6 A-7 A-B A-lO A-ll A-13 LIST OF TABLES Judgment projections of households in the United States, 1976 and 2000 . . . . . . . Judgment projection, size of household, 1976 and 2000 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Judgment projections of the U.S. population, byStat61976t02000.......... U.S. population by census divisions as per- cent of total p0pulation, 1920-60, with alternative projections for 1976 and 2000. Percentage distribution of U.S. population by urban-rural residence, 1900-60 . . . . Projected population by place of residence, 1970'20000000000000000... Age and sex distribution of the population . Actual and estimated percent of consumer units in each income class, 1947, 1957, 1976, and 2000 O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Population density in 6 countries and U.S.A. Percentage of labor force in agriculture . . Percent of population 12 years and over par- ticipating and number of days per person for selected outdoor activities, by age, 48 contiguous States, June-August 1960 . . Total days participation and days per per- son in 17 outdoor activities by family in- come, for the population 12 years and older, 48 contiguous States, June-August 19 60 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Percent of persons 12 years and over partic— ipating and number of days per person for selected outdoor act. by family income, 48 contiguous States, June-August 1960 . . . vii Page l2 l2 14 17 2O 21 34 35 42 47 62 63 64 TaJJJHS Ik-IA £\-15 A-16 B‘Zol 3-2 02 3-2.3 B‘204 Page Percent of persons 25 years of age and over participating and number of days per per- son in selected outdoor.activities by no. of years formal schooling, 48 contiguous States, JuneeAugust 1960 . . . . . . . . . 65 Percent of adults engaging one or more thnes during a year in selected activities ac- cording to rating of Opportunity to engage within day-use range of the residence of respondent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Actual and estimated number of occasions (millions) by persons 12 years and over re- siding in large standard metropolitan areas, by selected recreation activities and major region, 1960, 1976, and 2000 . . 67 Percent of persons 12 years and over partic- ipating, days of activity per person and days of activity per participant during June-August 1960 for the U.S. and major regions by activity . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Bicycling: Percent of persons 12 yrs. and over participating, days of activity per person and days of activity per partic- ipant during June-August 1960 for the U.S. and major regions by selected socioeconom- ic characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Hiking (0n Trails With Pack): Percent of per- sons 12 yrs. and over participating, days of activity per person and days of activity per participant during June-August 1960 for the U.S. and major regions by selected socioeconomic characteristics . . . . . . 278 Horseback Riding: Percent of persons 12 yrs. and over participating, days of activity per person and days of activity per partic- ipant during June-August 1960 for the U.S. and major regions by selected socioeconom- ic characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Nature Walks (To Observe Birds, Animals, Plants, Etc.): Percent of persons 12 yrs. and over participating, days of activity per person and days of activity per par- ticipant during June-Aug. 1960 for the U.S. & regions by sel. socioec. characteristics. 284 viii Table Page B-2.5 Walking for Pleasure: Percent of persons 12 yrs. and over participating, days of activity per person and days of activity per participant during June-Aug. 1960 for the U.S. and major regions by selec- ted socioeconomic characteristics . . . . 287 B-3 Participation in preferred activities (1st. 2nd or 3rd choice) by persons 12 yrs. and over by preferred activity and family in- come--summer period 1960 . . . . . . . . . 290 8-4 Participation in preferred activities by persons 12 years and over with some pref- erence (lst, 2nd or 3rd choice) for se- lected activities, summer 1960, by activ- ity and sex 0 e e e e o o o e o o e o o e 294 B-5 Percent of persons indicating preference for selected activities by order of preference and time available, summer period, 1960 . 298 Figure 1. 2. 5. 4. 5. 6. 7. 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. LIST OF FIGURES The Penine Way-~A Section of One of the Long Distance Routes in Great Britain . . . . . . The Appalachian Trail--Maine to Georgia . . . The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal . . . . . . Map of the Minneapolis Park System . . . . . . Major Parks in Metropolitan Cleveland . . . . Iowa County Conservation Boards . . . . . . . Percent of Total State P0pulation, by County 1960 . Percent of Total Population Urban, by County 1960 O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O 0 Percent 65 Years of Age and Over, by County 1960 Percent 65 Years of Age and Over in the Rural Population of Counties 1960 . . . . . . . . Michigan--Counties, Places of 25,000 or more and Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas National Park Parkways and Proposed Parkways That May Well Affect Tourist Movement in IlliflOis o o o e o o o e e o o o o e o o o o Map of the Waterways of Michigan . . . . . . . Linear Ribbons with Quality Resources for Recreation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soil Use Capability Diagram-~Sangamon River Valley, 111113018 0 e e o c o o o o e o e e 0 Michigan Drainage Basins . . . . . . . . . . . Agricultural Soils--Sangamon River Valley, IlliflOiS O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O 0 Evergreen Trail Map--Morton Arboretum . . . . Page 49 53 57 74 76 85 88 89 90 97 99 105 110 112 115 Figure Page 137. Important Trails To and From Michigan . . . . . I21 IlEB. Illinois History Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 1&9. Identified Archeological Sites--Illinois . . . . 130 20. California Riding and Hiking Trail System . . . 135 21. Mississippi River Parkway Map . . . . . . . . . 139 22. Pacific Crest Trail--Washington Section . . . . 200 23. Design for Horseback Trail Marker--Proposed by the Michigan Department of Conservation . . . 224 524. Foot Trail Map-~Michigan State Forests . . . . . 240 25. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service-- National Forests North Central Region . . . . 246 26. Wisconsin Proposed Scenic Easements . . . . . . 248 27. The National Parks, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty and Approved Long Distance Routes—- Great Britain 0 O I O O O O O O O I O O O O 0 343 28. San Diego County, California Riding and Hiking Trails e e e o e o o o o o o o o o o o e e e o 544 29. Butte-Plumes County, California Riding and Hik- ing Trails 0 O O O O O O I O O O O I O O O O O 345 30. San Bernadino County, California Riding and Hik- ing Trails O O O 0 I O O O O O O O O O O 0 0 O 346 31. Los Angeles County, California Riding and Hiking Trails O O O I O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O 0 34,7 32. Santa Clara County, California Greenway PrOposal map 0 I O O O O 0 O O I O O 0 O O O O O O O O 3 48 33." Santa Clara County, California Greenway Per- spective O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O I 549 34. State of Michigan Department of Conservation-- Typical County Map; Part 1 o o o 0 O o 0 0 I o 550 35. State of Michigan Department of Conservation-- Typical County Map, Part 2 o o o o o o o o o o 35]. xi Appendix A. B. C. D. E. LIST OF APPENDICES The Social Function of Open Spaces . . . . . Long Distance Routes-~Some Questions Answered 0 e o o c o e o o o o o o o e o e The Hoch Bill I O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O 0 California Riding and Hiking Trail Project . Notes on the Early Indian Trails of Michigan C O I O O O O O O 0 O O O O O 0 0 Selected Characteristics of Some of the Users of a Trailway System . . . . . . . . Condensation of Michigan Laws Pertaining to Recreational Land Acquisition . . . . . . Preliminary Suggested Michigan Trail Ease- mentOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOOOO Wisconsin Conservation Easement--Trails, Roads, Access Ways . . . . . . . . . . . . The Trail--A Description by Enos Mills . . . The Appalachian Trail Agreement . . . . . . xii Page 301 310 314 316 319 326 329 334 335 337 340 INTRODUCTION A statement of Recreation Policy for the state of Michigan: 1. The Government of the State of Michigan recognizes that: (a) The desire for leisure time is a natural and ‘worthy human desire. Throughout history leisure time 'used for creative and regenerative purposes, and to encourage the virtues, has been essential to the full development of each individual. Today, as a result of the technological and productive achievements evolved through man's ingenuity, greater opportunities exist for the pursuit of meaningful leisure time activities. Leisure time has become an accepted part of daily life. (b) Recreation is necessary for the continued refreshment of the body and mind throughout the life- time of the individual. Recreation encompasses a wide range of activities such as the cultural and creative arts, social and family activities and individual pas- sive recreation. The range of recreational pursuits is limited only by the individual's choice of activ- ities which are meaningful to him. Recreation is a human need, contributing to human happiness, essential to the well-being of peOple and as such the public wel- fare is promoted by providing Opportunities for whole- some and adequate recreation. It seems axiomatic that soon after the mention of the word recreation is made and the need for it is estab- 1iahed, the realm of planning moves out-of-doors. Granted, a great many leisure time activities take place indoors, yet \ f0 1Louis F. Twardzik, "Statement of Recreation Policy Paihgthe State of Michigan," Unpublished paper prepared for 1 Management, Department of Resource Development, Mich- gan State University, 1961. nearly any public agency that is concerned with recreation eventually concerns itself with setting aside land for rec- reation use by its inhabitants. This does not seem unusual to twentieth century American man, since in any culture re- laxation is found through diversion from the realm of the usual cycle of activities. The high degree of technology anti industrialization achieved in.our civilization has had as an attendant evil a highly artificial urban living envi- Trornnent. Therefore the most satisfactory recreation is forund in a return to a more natural environment. The evalua- ticnn of man's move to the city, but residual yearning for the Open countryside, is shown more clearly in the following quotes from Glikson: We have little evidence of specifically recreational land use and facilities for preindustrial periods, be- cause they represented a wholly integrated and there- fore unrecognizable ingredient of environment. 1. Large numbers of peasants and peasants' sons gave up their ancient relationship to the soil and village, leaving their rural environment to concentrate in towns and seek employment in industries and services. Over- night, small urban or rural settlements grew enormously, both in area and in density of habitations, so that huge tracts of the surrounding landscape underwent urbaniza- tion. 2. The still increasing urban population, compressed in quarters where unhealthy conditions prevailed, remote from the open country, began to sense what it had lost and raised a demand for temporary environmental compen- sation. The rural and indigenous environment became for the urbanite a recreational environment. 3. Pressure of vacationers on the remaining r ral and indigenous places and on newly established res rts be- came violent. This very pressure destroyed these places as true resources for restful recreation. In the attempt to escape overcrowding and noise and to rediscover land- scape, holiday-makers were driven ever farther away from o- l‘ . .... ...... .- ua‘ .«r‘O 5 r, ’2 onv n-vb ~. ..',.t.,. -... vast-Jud ...-' ‘If‘ .“".'.I.‘ 3.5. val. -. .- MVIQL.-\’ - ."1 '... r ‘:.A "lax.- I\‘p6.£ L ' .'I I"... a.- ... § .1 .. - . i t." V“: ‘nul ... .‘ s. Rayon“: V..¢I¢.yl ‘ ““62" ‘n fi'via ...‘u... ‘ -'...ct . ~ :u"..-t‘.- 9 I5 I: ... ‘ v5.3'r‘42slaI 9)- .W ' we a" c ’1‘. A ' It" t‘v‘ t “I V.- . Art, 5046 v, . r -, ."e ova... era-m , ~'.=I" E‘c , u; u" ‘1':— 1 e v | :‘an n“; ac ‘A u. H 5d 1 i ‘9‘ A“ ‘hd E‘C‘I . '1 ’Ae‘. ‘ .“v‘. u?! y. c" \ N “as b I... 'iw‘agli ~ ‘ . AA 'VI-w ...d‘ I‘ ‘ c, ‘fi 4;; .p,‘ "‘d * '0 ’1 .: .fj .- ”:er It‘Vn fall . ‘ ‘ i \\ 75 ‘ t.;$‘ dag .Ce u 1“. . ~H the cities. The recreational movement should be considered as be- longing to the wider contemporary phenomenon of pop- ulation movement to and from the big centers--of spa- tial contraction and expansion of resources and com— modities, of people and ideas. The most obvious and well known of these phenomena is the tremendous con- centration of population and produce from the most distant regions in metropolitan and other big-city centers. In the dynamics of city life the demand for recreation represents a reaction against the psycho- physical complexity of life introduced by centraliza- tion and industrialization and reveals a tendency to reverse the prevailing spatial relations. It is an attempt to balance the centripetal concentration by centrifugal diffusion--by a temporary escape back to the places of natural and historic origin of the peo- ple: to the indigenous and rural landscape, the ham, let, the little town bypassed by modern develOpment-- in the hope of restoring, or 'rgcreating," health, energy, and mental equilibrium. From this cause and this beginning we now have in America a national problem. A swelling population, a land hungry technology, and an ever greater need for open space t0 Which the urban dweller can "escape" have given us a di- lemma as to how all of these may be accommodated on a lim- ited land area. In the past any solution to a recreation PPOblem has been somewhat simpler since it merely involved Obtaining more and larger areas of land. In the future, as La obvious, this will not always be possible. Due to this factzit is incumbent upon present day planners of future rec- reaiuon facilities to survey possible alternatives to the \— 1 2William L. Thomas, Jr., editor, Man's Role in Chang- FEELjhe Face of the Earth (Chicago: University ofzfihicago I'Sss, 1956), pp. 896-897. traditional patterns of man's relation to his natural envi- ronment for recreation purposes. That is why it is good for the mind to go back to the beginning because the beginning of any established ac- tivity of man is its most wonderful moment. For in it lies all its spirit and resourcefulness, from which we must constantly draw our inspirations of present needs.3 Possibly the most potent approach to this problem would be to return to the basic elements involved and begin again in the delineating of the needs and the problem. From this it may be possible to arrive at new answers that may have a bearing on man, his natural environment, and the in- teraction between the two. This may suggest some way in Which.more people may use less land with greater benefit for all. The great pioneer park planners and builders in America had no great difficulty in defining a park. The term then had a definite technical and functional connotation. Eliot defined parks to be '1ands intended and appropri- ated for the recreation of the people by means of their rural, sylvan, and natural scenery and character.' 01m- sted, Sr., stated the nature and function of a true park as 'a place where the urban inhabitants can to the full- est extent obtain the genuine recreation coming from the peaceful enjoyment of an idealized rural landscape in rest giving contrast4to their wonted existence amidst the city's turmoil.’ This gives a basic and (by present standards) some- what primitive definition of what landscape architects and \ B 5Vincent Scully, Jr., Louis I.Kahn (New York: George I'QZiller, 1962), pp. 115-115. 4L. H. Weir, editor, Parks: A Manual of Municipal §E§1§ounty Parks, Vol. I (New Yerk: A. S. Barnes and Company, 928), p0 11x. other recreation planners should try to create. The cultural and intellectual context in which this is to be done is shown in the following quote. The picture is not always a pretty one. The human race has not been at ease at home, it has been the aggressive, often surly, restless, questing youngest member of the family of Earth dwellers. It has treated its home like a mine rather than a garden, as rightful spoil to exploit and plunder. Regarded thus, as a destructive latecomer, humanity has little claim on its self assumed role as having been created in the divine image. But man can also love and know, and can transmute his loving and his knowledge into art, so that they may both be shared. Consequent to this general callousness toward the earth are further refinements used to subtantiate and effec- tniate this way of thinking. Some of those and their end results are shown in the following quote. Our technology, cities and landscapes in addition to their positive aspects, are now producing such negative conditions that the adequacy of our understanding of ourselves and nature are becoming critical daily ques- tions in even planning offices. Professionals in the field are aware of this--they are hampered and in some cases desperate because of the lack of guidelines. Others less aware apply the primitive concepts of nat- ural science and threat communities as complicated mech- anisms or systems--sort of organized social factories for the production of goods and services-~subject to the automatisms, uniformities, and predictabilities of nature. It is such technological and economic rational- ism appearing in some modern city planning, urban re- newal, and architecture that has raised the recent hue and cry against barren, inhuman and 'purely functional' design. Such planning and design is based upon the conceptual equipment of inorganic science-~mathematics, space, time, motion, and various assumed regularities-- which produces almost literal forms with a minimum of symbolic depth. It is all 'outside' with no 'inside.’ It is engineering raised to a fine art. The same 5 A. C. Spectorsky, editor, The Book of the Earth (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts,' I'nc., 195'7"fi p. viii. quantitative rationalism is at work on the farm today via the impulses underlying some agricultural economics and agricultural engineering. If applied to America with the relentless logic of the pure rationalist the end results of technological and economic rationaliza- tion will be a uniform, automated culture with a few thousand corporation farms situated between seven or eight giant metro-urban concentrations. The social and human effects of this are too harrowing to con- template. It represents one side of the double-edged sword of human intelligence. We have seen some of the basic relationships between man and nature, how they have been destroyed, and the ideol- ogy that has supplanted them. In this context of the basic tfliinking of modern man we have in contrast the basic park concept. The purpose of this paper is to show how a rela- tively unused (in America at any rate) recreation idea may 136 able to give some of the additional desired access to the land even in a crowded continent. The current and projected physical and cultural sit- nation in America is shown in the early section of this pa-. Der. A study then is made as to how other nations in a sim- ilar situation have solved their recreation problems. One 8Olution, unexploited to any degree by recreation planners Previously in the United States, is found to stand out. This then is proposed to be adopted in our own country and the re- II“Blinder of the paper is devoted to the methods of doing this, Efilysically, economically, administratively and legally. \ 6Sanford S. Farness, "Man --Environment Problems in anUrban Age and the Role of Universities," Unpublished Paper, School of Urban Planning and Landscape Architecture, Michigan State University, 1963. <14 This paper is not written to advocate an either-or position toward this type of recreational activity or these facilities as Opposed to other types of recreational facili- ties. Rather its purpose is to show the need for this in addition to other existing and prOposed activities and facil- ities. A need for new types of facilities which will spur new activities exists in America. Current recreational types of activity cannot always be projected into the future. fume situation in which the United States finds itself at Present is new to us and we must find new ways to solve our Prxiblems. This proposal is for a capillary-like system.of trwails or paths to be injected into the body of the American landscape so that this great heritage can be more easily s(Ben, appreciated, intensively used, and fully enjoyed. We need all types of recreation planning but this is a type that has been neglected and has great potential to give Wanted, needed, and enjoyable recreation in a densely pOpu- lated America. It is to that end that the following methods 017 implementation are given. These methods of weaving a pro- POsal of this type into the fabric of American law, land and I‘ecsreational planning, economics, and administrative machin- ery, are of necessity varied and complex. This paper is for the guidance of any one, layman or Prcfiessional, public or private agency, who wants to lay out a regional riding or hiking trail network. It is felt that certain encouragement and guidance is needed to do this prop- eI'ly. The need is shown to exist, most of the tools to do the job are available. When the volition is exerted guidance should be available as to the right tools to use and the meth- ods of choosing the most effective routes. This is the pur- pose of the paper. CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM Population Growth in the United States Amount of Predicted Total G_rowth in the Population "It is estimated that if present trends continue, the POpulation of the United States will reach a peak of approx- imately 158,000,000 about 1980. A plan of outdoor recreation must consider this coming pOpulation.":L Any projections made concerning future population growth must be considered in the 11gh‘l: of this one made in 1941. We see the present population of the United States in 1963 at nearly 185,000,000 or twenty- two million over the estimate of time 17 years from now. It 13 not surprising that America's recreational facilities are taxed to their limit and new recreational areas are sometimes proposed in a hasty manner, and that very few types of alter- r18Wives to the traditional recreational patterns are able to b° proposed. Existing recreational experts and planners are pushed to their utmost to care for as well as they do to the increased leisure time of an exploding population. There is \ 1United States Department of the Interior National :firk Service, A Stud of the Park and Recreation Problem of wits: Sta——Tthes ashington, D. 0.; U.S. Government Trint- ing Office, 194D, p. 5. ...‘AA ‘0‘ u ‘ u ' - I.» re. p . _ 0'... a. 0 ._i | 0 ya»:.. ,‘. ~. ...“... ...e ' I . ‘, .m, . , A: '“h (.1 .. .~ “c- ... vs-.._‘\.‘ I;'; I‘al ‘.. no. 5 vol.-‘.‘. .“‘»'-U s - b . “"ivu‘L e --.. c ; c, lazy.‘h 5. ._‘I‘I~_q ."' h ' (’4; 0| ... ‘l‘ "as... 1" ,: I 'I' w a.--“ ,'D V" .O L '0 (r- V. " p 9. 10 not sufficient time to always arrive at new concepts of pro- viding for man's recreational needs on a shrinking usable land area. This is by way of prelude to the following judgment projections of United States pOpulation in the next fifteen and thirty-five years. The pOpulation projections of recreation planners in the late 1930's and early 1940's were woefully inadequate, and possibly the following are as inaccurate. This should be kept in mind throughout their Presentation. If they are low, however, the need is all the more urgent to push for new means of using the land more ef- fectively and efficiently. In the event that the estimates are high we will have the time and the ability to apply some 01' the newer concepts to land areas that have necessarily been planned and develOped during the time since 1946. In a recent report very similar in nature to the one qu°ted above, new judgment projections are made. The pOpula- tion of the United States as a whole, of the regional areas, and 0f the states themselves were predicted for the years 1976 and 2000. These figures are shown in Table A-3. Briefly these show nearly a doubling of the total population by the year 2000. This is a phenomenal fact in the history of any nation, though in America we have come to expect such a Situation. As mentioned previously, these figures may be as wDefully inadequate as those made in 1941 as they may be far- beyond what may exist in actuality. Generally the United States has a history of great gains in population in a short perioc of time as shown in the following quote. 11 In the 170 years since the first census, United States pOpulation has shown uninterrupted growth. Total pOp- ulation has increased from under 4 million to about 180 million in 1960. The decennial growth rates from 1790 until nearly thg close of the 19th century were 30 percent or above. Since the early colonial days the growth rate of the Lnopulation has shown many fluctuations for a variety of rea- sons: restrictive immigration, falling birthrates, wars, depressions, smaller families, lower infant mortality rates, iricreased life span. All of these have entered in over the years to cause population growth rate variations. The post World War II "baby boom" caused the burgeoning that was un- eJOpected by the seers in 1941. These are all very real factors to be considered by tlle planner of the future recreation needs and facilities. Ehswever, what is of more concern to him than what has hap- Pened in the past is what is happening today and what will happen in the future. The situation today remains one of high growth and high growth potential. Birth rates in the United States have fallen slightly in the last 2 years, but most demograph- ers are cautious in taking this as any indication of a downturn in the trend. Nearly all projections of future United States population take for granted a'continued 5 growth. The only question is how much and at what rate. As mentioned before, Table A-3 gives their judgment pr‘Ojections. These figures preclude the effect of any \ c 2Prolections to the Years 1gp and 2000: Economic I'Owth Po-ulation Labor Force and Leisure and Transoorta- w. "“" uy 'epor ‘o. ”as in on, . .: ”11 e. tHates Government Printing Office, 1962 , p. 9. 3 Ibid. .... — 4..._Pw..~ ..S H ......k C~.o...~n.\lr_:.— \HLG—Zwan anJaufiu ave-.0 ...n\..o.d Q..~o.t -m 01:. (.2 ~. In... a. p~_.:\..~- -§.bA.c ..-».u r-_- (one. < - WV-I.V~% 19... .w r .n u .2 3.1%- .xflwh <~.ZLI h..oh..N fl. A .h—e.~.w.~.-.,-~.b ...— mw n..~..< L 3;; ru I,-.|,N V n-~.\-c._-.w~ Oh... Ck etc. Im1-~fi~ 744: pennie- I .§ C..\hiaw. ~.~ O nutuw.-...l.\hv-Nv .ll 0 N 12 .e .o ..can e oo.n see.onn enn.so steamers ooom we.» oao.onm omo.oo passwone pend mn.n nun.oea Hmo.nn .Hoopea coma Aaumc oaonomsom nofipdazoom moao£0nsom OH oaooom no acnasz deuce Hopes Amonmmsonp QHV eooom one need .oaoeoeson ho ones .doneeonono pnosmope--.m-< memes .mnofiuoonono cmmmo “Hood ..0 .G .QOpwcanmmB .ooaoESoo mo acospsmoon .m.D .mSmnoo can mo smoasm eases :Szm .m.D .mOHpmHaoposaeno nofiuwflsoom Homecoo ‘i‘l‘ eno.e meo.e een.n ean.m ,1 onEom cams ‘77 '3 .‘.!I‘ mamsofi>fiodH hamedam mofiaasmm mamsaam .ommH "soapsazoom ho noncoo .m.D "moonsom n Ifiti.s-&9- :-eII noo.m mem.m sem.ne enn.cm ocosmosn ooom noe.n ooe.a cec.oe omo.oe ecosmose mesa ................ Hmo.nn Heroes coma cams passes econ oama.noeeo sens-oesonsm Hepoe ooom mew whoa .mopmwm woven: esp Amocmmsonp QHV ca ncflosonsou go mzofipomwoaa pzmsmfizwun.m.q.mqm3a 13 external factors such as war, depression, or a disturbing of tlie social, cultural, political or economic status quo. Therefore any planning for future needs must neces- sarily take into account at least somewhere near this total aunount of inhabitants upon the existing land surface of the fifty states. Certain basic changes in the characteristics of the people making up these statistics are discernable in other projections. Variations in the population distribution pat- tern according to age are noticable. These may be very im- portant in adjusting planning for recreation for the differ- ent age groups. These estimates are contained in Table A-7 and may show either greater or lesser need suggesting possi- ble facilities for different age groups. The alignment of the present and future population into their respective households is of importance'since par- t”olcipation in a large number of recreational pursuits is en- gaged in as a household unit. The number of these that may. exist is shown on Tables A-1 and A-2. 52$}onal Populat ion Growth All of the peOple mentioned above are not scattered evenly over the face of the territory of the Union. This is quite obvious from observing a listing of the states and re- 810:13 with their pOpulation variation. Cert‘ain areas of the country have traditionally contained a larger proportion of the inhabitants than others. This will continue to be true 14 TABLE A-3.--Judgment projections of the United States popula- tion by State, 1976 to 2000 (Includes Armed Forces stationed therein, but not abroad) (In thousands) Actual Projected ___ 1960 1976 I 2000 United States . . . . . 179,525 250,019 550,477 New England: mains . . . . . . . . 969 1,069 ‘ 1,494 New Hampshire . . . . 607 710 1,022; Vermont . . . . . . . 390 377 510 IMassachusetts . . . . 5,149 5,487 7,759 Rhode Island . . . . 859 1,056 1,511 (Bonnecticut . . . . . 2,535 3,141 4 869 Total . . . . . . . 10,509 11,840 17,165 Middle Atlantic: New York . . . . . . 16,782 19,859 28,964 New Jersey . . . . . 6,067 8,013 12,451 Pennsylvania . . . . 11 320 12 814 17 989 Total . . . . . . '| 341,169 401,686 45917454" East Nerth Central: Ohio 0 e e o o o o o 9’706 12,902 20,108 Indiana . . . . . . . 4,662 6,214 9,596 Illinois . . . . . . 10,081 12,894 19,322 Michigan . . . . . . 7,823 11,615 4, 18,745 Wisconsin . . . . . .‘ 5,952 5,151 7,644 Total . . . . . . . 36,224 48,756 75,415 West North Central: innesota . . . . . . 3,414 4,297 6,293 0W8........ ,2758 3266 4514 Missouri . . . . . . 4:520 5:005 I 71015 North Dakota . . . . 632 695 890 South Dakota . . . . 681 796 1,083 ebraska . . . . . . 1,411 1,719 2,368 nsas . . . . . . 2 179 2 592 3 727 Total . . . . . . . "—1'5’5, 95 mixes—4%, Eait South Central: Tentucky . . . . . . 5,058 3,363 4,459 ennessee . . . . . . 3,567 3,943 5,537 giabama . . . . . . . 3,267 5,575 4,866 Eisissippi . . . . . 2,178 2 169 2 682 \Total . . . . . . . 12,050 1%", "W, _ 15 TABLE A-3--Continued -“M—n 'M-“C‘A Actual Projected _ 1960 1976 2000 South Atlantic: IDelaware . . . . . . 446 780 1,309 Maryland . . . . . . 5,101 4,490 7,555 lDistrict of Columbi 764 904 1,286 Virginia . . . . . . 5,967 5,551 8,241 West Virginia . . . . 1,860 1,905 2,374 North Carolina . . . 4,556 5,598 8,054 South Carolina . . . 2,383 2,969 4,256 Georgia . . . . . . . 3,943 4,659 6,671 Florida . . . . . . . 4 952 8 587 14 629 Total . . . . . . . 25,972 :5‘65 1 4T “"54. ,LISE‘ West South Central: Arkansas . . . . . . 1,786 1,406 1,469 Louisiana . . . . . . 5,257 4,114 6,204 Oklahoma. . . . . . . 2,528 2,541 2,874 Texas . . . . . . . . 9,580 13,281 20,130 Total . . . . . . . 16 951 21 142 51 277 Mountain: PIIIgntana . . . . . . . 675 908 1,551 aho o o o o o o o o 667 828 1 221 Wyoming . . . . . . . 550 595 '578 Colorado . . . . . . 1,754 2,580 4,101 New Mexico . . . . . 951 1,255 2,084 grizona . . . . . . . 1,502 2,144 5,859 63:: - - - - - - -- 22 2’53 a O O O O O O 0 Total . . . . . . . 6,855 9,9"8""2 "6‘2‘9‘1 , 5 Pacific: Washington . . . . . 2,855 5,844 6,224 gregon . . . . . . . 1,769 2,415 5,920 Aiiifornia . . . . . 15,717 25,744 41,272 44421;? : : : : : : : 2‘32 33‘: 1323 \ 213198 51‘0‘6—“3 W55, 8 Our-gee : 1960 . Number 51b1do’ pp. 5-60 of I United States Census of P0pu1ationé “habitants, 223.3333, ORRRC projections. 1 u.' “- Avvn.‘ .- ..,‘ ' ~ ('t (I) I“ ' i (7' 4 rf‘rv I I) J h ‘. 9 . r "« -r s ‘4 fl' ,. :V ‘4 . ~..c : v ‘ . I ‘t. _p.~ .... i .. . L. . r. 'n h .9 f... i‘- _ ’ ‘x. e I: .. L‘ 1 r. 1‘... .. . h . ... ..- .“-\Q‘ v . Q . _.Il . - .-' -.. a I O I“ ‘ 3 c -. Q . I a ‘ ' .h. I . '7 r- ~ t .- ._ ... .v‘ I». .-~- . o ...?- ' Q *v-l. ‘ ' r -‘§.‘ ' s. E“ ~_- .r L. .‘l r ...: ..., < r a- .' H. o - ., .‘. A r-l 41‘; . “. e A 7“ ‘39.- M. ‘-.“". V a ‘ ‘ ‘ -,‘C ‘- A P § ‘ '3. '7 V . v .2 v 5“qu- ‘4 ‘fl ., \.‘ ‘ '. l “41 ~ ’I s s‘ h § V- fi"‘l -.‘ § a. i. do /_ irl the future, though with some divergences. Some of the ‘bsickground for this is shown in the following quote. It is an interesting fact that the geographic cen- ter of population of the United States has been moving steadily westward since 1790, along the 39th parallel, and presently lies in south-central Illinois. This has been the major continuing trend in pOpulation re-distri- bution in the United States but in the last several dec- ades, other subsidiary trends have develOped which will probably continue for the next several decades. Three of these trends can be noted: (a) a generalized move- ment out of rural areas and small towns and into large cities. This trend is complicated by the fact that as the large cities grow larger and their area of dominance spreads further and further into what had been open coun- try, many of those persons whose economic and social roots are in the large cities, may, nevertheless, take up residence in rural areas or small urban places dis- tant from the central city; (b) a movement out of the Southeastern States, especially by nonwhites, into the large industrial cities of the east-central and eastern- midwest industrial belt; (0) the continuing trend of pOpulation away from the New England and upper-midwestern areas and toward the far west and southwest. The first of these three trends leads to migration occurring within States as well as across state lines and is best analyzed in terms of the growth of metr0politan areas. The last two types of migration mentioned are of great importance in projecting future state and regional LPOpulation totals. Any projections must begin with these trends.6 These trends will undoubtedly do something to change the Zland use patterns in each section of the country where thePEB is a variation between what exists and what is eXpected. In airy given area these trends must be taken into account. If time population is predicted to decline this affords the possfilbility that the land use pressure may not be as great and ~the recreational facilities may be eXpanded. thus giving \ 61bid., p. 11. _ .u .v .i-Kus . a. 1.4.1 h n l . .u--\ ....»be.» . a or a. e n. -. Rik. » \aflw. at. ~_-.. A . u..4..h.ae.~.,~. up! ..ka/N .9 X. . 4 H 1.1.. 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' n lf‘u’nflr , h ~ ., . . ‘IIA—v-c- o ' .5 . -v~ . ~og.'.l I F...‘ v “-3. . w... .7 H '5‘ 7 , 0‘ “.8 . e Vla_’ . a ‘ r . :‘n c' I “ In... b “"AL . 0 v V. .“I- ‘ I‘ “Q:- ”A N .7». Cilfie ._ , «u 4 I‘ ,1 3"6 l "E. V Y‘F" . “ Li: L': '1 ‘h. - o . ‘ J "Va" I I. an ‘1“. B ’4 ’ ‘L. 18 zn()re amenable living to the remaining inhabitants. If the gnopulation of the region is to grow by any degree it would Ire advisable to act promptly to acquire recreation lands and gyrovide facilities for the increased number of citizens. Urban Population Growth In the colonial and pioneering periods of American Inistory our country was largely an agricultural nation of laurel inhabitants. The population balance was still non- lrnban until after the Civil War. From that time forward a mnaller number of farm residents have been able to support larger and larger numbers of urban inhabitants. Consequently vwe have a further predicted increase in city-dwellers facing 1“: in the future. This history is traced as follows: The United States has been in the process of a rapid and continuing urbanization ever since the begin- ning of this century. In the period 1900 to 1960 the urban p0pu1ation of the United States has grown at an average decennial rate of about 25 percent compared to an average rate of 15 percent per decade fer the total 'United States. The United States was about 40 percent 'urban in 1900 and is over 60 percent urban today. In the most recent decade, 1950 to 1960, urban pOpulation increased by about 27 percent compared to Ian overall increase in United States p0pu1ation of less 'than 19 percent. Much of this growth has'been due to 118w areas qualifying as "urban" as well as because of growth in exisging urban areas due to natural increase and migration. These are not superfluous facts or predictions for the 'Dne who is to plan for the future recreation needs of sucil a population. This serves to point out what was \ 8Ibid., pp. 28-29. ‘ .q r : ..,.o..'~ ' “7...--.“ ‘ _-... f" -. r‘ 6"— l ‘- -.-.-.-O--', . ) ;.‘~— LII—o. v ;... - a, ., u. t \ 1 . - ."" V’r~;r‘ ‘ - _. "' .0vtseu-na :-”:'Pr'l.;p\‘ . .67.. '.-_‘ ‘.. 1 i: 'o- r 8"” ."'."‘ . .... r I “ ”."l AP -... ’ --—"V|.. ‘_‘"‘\f ’ c“ t. .‘dg. .A ~ '- lI .' E 'r '1 ‘“‘~ “‘5 a U ‘ e u. -9 . .... a 6 'e 5 't-L 1 I“. ‘~‘ 2 - e .. ‘~ M a O ... ’C. r“ ..ad.- :_£ - v 5. N. - \ U-“--_‘ "u ‘. : " H a *4: ‘0 ‘ ' he. - c. "r.‘| ."< Ar “' ~.. 2- ‘ “-\ 4 I ’D 7" I ‘9... ‘ ‘r‘ 5 ~. .‘.G ‘v' ‘4 . ‘ Q .‘:~~.‘e ."“ -"p‘ H‘ a M v..-“ ‘ .g‘ 6 "-L '1 f: .- "") "'10-! . ’--A .“ t '6‘ ..“r 3 '0‘ ‘Q ‘5». ~. C.- 6‘ ..I 'M Q I y e ‘ . §~ .‘ A. \ ‘.‘. 'I e. ‘61:: t ‘ U~ C - :6 l v G ‘A ’~ ~ 't~ 1h , t‘ . 3 “~66- - \. e n v ‘ . 5;. I “6'." . H u». t 'r ' 19 mentioned as a general concept in the introduction. Man generally, and in our case American man in particular, has drawn away from ahabitation close to the land in a rural environment and placed himself in a highly artificial urban environment. This then requires a distinctive type of rec- reation planning and different facilities than for a rural population. A more complete explanation of the importance of such a study of p0pu1ation distribution is shown later in this paper. The percentage of change in p0pu1ation location in the past is shown in Table A-5 while the predictions for the future are shown in Table A-6. Clearly by the year 2000 America will be overwhelm- ingly a nation of urbanites. This cnange in population location should be reflected in a comparable change in think- ing in the matter of recreation planning. The older, more traditional ways which applied in a largely rural nation may not automatically be superimposed upon a larger population whifi‘vh is preponderantly urban in character. 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COprHSQOQ .m .D fHO COHHSDHHHmfiU mmwhcoofimmll.©l¢s mqmgm “.-.-Q. 0.“- JA". 0 . I ‘3 ‘1!" ":-D’L~r| O I .‘v. 1!:.. .CJE D ‘. v. VI,- 6 II'K‘. "v1" 1 ".oh‘ 1 21 TABLE A-6.--Projected population b8 place of residence 1970-20001 _,1 jgssumptions) ——7 Mod. Urbanization High Urbanization and Metropol- and MetrOpol- 171306 of itanization (%) itanization (%) 363mm“ 1970 1980 1990 2000 1970 1980 1990 2000 SMSA . . . 65.4 68.0 70.8 75.4 68.7 74.7 77.8 80.8 INoanMSA . 54.6 32.0 29.2, 26.6 31.5 25.6 22.7 19.7 Large SMSA 36.4 38.9 41.5 43.6 40.1 46.2 49.2 52.5 Urban 1/ 65.0 67.0 69.1 71.1 67.7 J 72.6 75.1 77.6 Tmural 35.1 53.1 31.0 28.9 52.3 27.4 24.9 22.4 1/ Old urban definition. Source: ORRRC projections. The Potential Land Shortage in the United States Gutkind in dealing with conflict and adaptation on earth enumerates four stages in the changing attitudes of man-‘toward his environment. These stages are: The first stage is one of fear and the longing for €3ecurity--of fear of the unpredictable and unknown forces (bf nature and of protection against these forces and the llostility of men. The second stage is one of growing self-confidence *ind increasing observation, leading to a more rational adaptation of the environment to differentiated needs. IElementary protection develops into purposeful reshap- idmg of the environment, and displacement of nature is followed by replacement . \ lolbido, p. 330 Q . 9‘ . . ... ‘ I ' ‘ ..., c ‘ Us.“ .5 .‘ O. Q,‘ ; 'i -o.. .. ‘ ’t ...4 . ""0"'_V‘. "-~....I -‘ b ' 1 |'\= ,‘.. “hu- .._h ~ -'-.--I. ' I . ~:"“.\ .-1 k “¢v -, , v1 _ Ora I'J‘p; '. . u. .n-u_\‘ ~) .: ..,.~" I “ C I" 5 " In 5 . r;“n ‘Pc a"! ~ “'.' 7“” bus- I'l.a .pa ' 15‘ I! P - :"“ 6.5.: ~~1 ‘ ' "’:“A'I ...“ C H ' -‘ .‘v ‘ 5.- . I .. ‘9. ‘ ‘ I. L. P H s... 3 ‘l - ... . 0 :?"§ r , -,._u" Cr». . .L.“.r' .- 1 "65* \r‘ r- .6‘ . PI . _ 1 A.‘..‘ J 1:1. t “W. :6“...:_\-: I 6“ \ i. Q. 3‘ d. K. a:. ‘i 6 ‘3‘ n “‘55 C‘ ‘ .‘ y'- ...c I I“ Iv \ "1 w ‘5“ '5 ._. 0 L her“ . ‘k I. .’ ‘ LEI.» s v“. '.' h Lab“. u ‘1“th ‘\_‘\‘ v \\~ 1‘ s. ‘ I ’ " '-." . 'l '-. 7‘ 4 .‘ "._ L" . ‘ . i“ .-. ‘\ -..~ .‘L‘A \“. w; '1. J 1- . 22 The third stage which has led to our present situa- tion is one of aggressiveness and conquest. Adjustment to the environment develops into eXploitation. The fourth stage of the interaction of man and envi- ronment is slowly taking shape. Faintly the outlines of this new epoch are discerniblfi It will be an age of re- sponsibility and unification. The continent of North America and the land areas of the United States, being discovered quite recently in the earthls history, thus underwent a very accelerated period where the first two attitudes were prevelant. The third gfluase has been the principal way of thinking all during Anuarica's history. This has led to a ravenous exploitation of the land resources so abundantly available. The past, Present, and future may be examined to discover trends, po- tential problems, and possible solutions. E6 Heritage--The Legacy of the Land The history of America has been filled with stories or Ilioneers moving from one area of the country to another toclaim and cultivate the abundant land ever available. T8161: of the exploits of Alexander Henry, Alexander MacKenzie, Lewis and Clark, Zebulon Pike, John C. Fremont and a host of Ounelus sent to survey the unsettled lands of the west have been_ taught to nearly every school child in America. The adventures of the wagon trains moving toward California are \ __. Ch 11William L. Thomas, Jr., editor, Man's Role in_ $36 the Face of the Earth (Chicago: University of Chica- IPess, 1955), pp. 21 and 27. 25 barely over a century old. Therefore with this sort of a background it is difficult for.Americans to imagine a time or situation when land is not limitless and abundant. Free land and freedom itself were two of the primary magnets that pulled the "huddled masses” from the cities and ghettos of Europe toward this new land. This has been so firmly and completely inculcated into the American mind that it is with difficulty that land planners of the present day are able to imagine a situation other than that which has existed in the past. This heritage is shown in this quote: The outdoors lies deep in American tradition. It has had immeasurable tnpact on the Nation's character and on those who made its history. This is a civiliza- tion painfully and only recently carved in conflict with the forces of nature-~farms from unbroken prairie and cities from wilderness. The epic of American life is the tale of the pioneer, edging his was westward in the face of unending danger and hardship. When an American looks for the meaning of his past, he seeks it not in ancient ruins, but more likely in mountains and forests, by a river, or at the edge of the sea. The tale is one of discovery, of encounter, of hard-won settlement. But there is more to the legacy than the land. From the beginning, one of the strongest currents in American thought has been the idea that the outdoors is a right of Americans--not only something to be enjoyed bu v al to our spirit. The idea was born in an agrarian society, for though the outdoors was then all about, some feared that it would not always be so. 2 12Outdoor Recreation for Amerigg, Report to the President and to Congress by the Outdoor Recreation Resources FMview Commission, Primary Report (Washington, D. C., U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962), p. 13. ’ 1’ . .5 7; r"u':;-' 0 ...: 1......- -.---H i. ‘ .e' . Y' I. ... ‘4. u |-.‘ 6“: WP ~ ‘At. 0 I: q q . o.,.le‘ C“. . «...... 59.... ‘. “ - 1 H: nfil DAL...‘ "" 1V...‘4 .- _q . "t ”‘"‘ '0 2 . -‘~--J .1 . ' - . Y ,.'* If. n A ‘ .‘ua "a: 'F— 3: r 9 '- - v-A n.‘-..“\ ‘8‘.“ I, ‘ its. - "-4. :5: '7 U. 'u C. u ‘6‘?! O h . N ’ ‘h ‘ .l t 'I ‘ ‘ H |"r ...; *6 g. h “anus As " " H ' G, "Cu-5} ‘1' ‘4‘“ a |d.‘ ..a ‘- "-u '“h o; C“. ' L s.._ ‘t ' r ‘.:-‘I ‘41. PM. A b. ‘1. | n ‘t ‘ “1‘" fr i “Q7; c - " .v .\ 65‘ " . vr "H‘rfl‘ 'V‘Cé‘y JJ : T», s“ I" .‘F‘ .cfii“ Jf] ,. 24 The Present-Competitive Qemands fer Existing Land The hard absolute and real fact that America has a finite and limited land area has apparently not dawned upon the collective consciousness of a large portion of the gen- eral public as well as professional land planners. Once this land has been shorn of its grain and timber, emptied of its iron, coal and oil, and covered with the impervious skin of asphalt and concrete it is only with great difficulty that it may be of benefit to mankind aesthetically and recreation- ally. Today there are a great many conflicting and grasp- ing hands for nearly every square mile of land in the nation. Great quantities of the American earth's surface are being used for the growth of cities, their suburbs, their industry and the transportation arteries linking them. New commercial, agricultural, industrial, and residential interests are con~ stantly tearing up the American landscape for development. With a doubling population by the year 2000 this situation is not going to decrease to any degree. This has not caused concern in the past, since more land has inevitably been available and the man-land ratio was low enough not to cause alarm. Further, none of the land needs were as extensive as they have come to be and will continue to be with an increased technology and economy. In addition to these other land demands, outdoor rec- reation has also increased and therefore more land is needed ‘ I AD;V. A ."' .... Av .. r Q FL ‘y-y o ”8 L\.a! ~ recent :1 O 'fl-OI‘IEOI‘ :.....- -1 cities--: that 39:1 leaflets ! ttr -’ 1 he: fl‘f".l .1 4. ‘I‘EE; k.¥‘ ‘ Ha" (H. l ”‘ , G5. r- ‘u :v.‘. t Brew ‘ ‘ L I s. a spa L N :EI-u. it: ‘ . (.A t»... ‘ \J Aug A y “‘QN Y“ "« “ES no 3‘“. V‘ “ 1:}- ~.; Vega 5“ 25 for this purpose. The recent evolution of this type of land demand is shown below. While the outdoors has been very much a part of the American past, and making outdoor recreation available has long been a concern of the Nation, this problem in recent years has taken on new dimensions. The growing population--with more leisure time and living largely in cities-~has brought about problems different from those that were solved by the action of even the most farsighted leaders in the past. These factors have changed the na- ture of American society, and they have brought about a new challenge for the provision of outdoor recreation. The seeds of the problem were sown in the early 1920's when,after the first World War, the work week was short- ened, personal income increased, automobiles came into general use, and the highway system was expanded. For the first time in our history, people generally had lei- sure time, could find ways to get from one place to an- other, and could afford to do it. Many types of recrea- tion--boating, for example--became, for the first time, available to the average man. Public recreation areas-- many of them ill suited to mass use--were unprepared for the wave of enthusiasts. Of all forces contributing to the difficulties of the present and future, none is more central than the concen- tration of p0pu1ation in the great metropolitan areas, where almost two-thirds of the Nation now live. Over 200 of these areas presently contain 63 percent of the popula- tion, living on less than 10 percent of the land area of the United States. Moreover, this concentration is ex- pected to increase in coming decades. By the year 2000 some 73 percent of all Americans will live in metropolitan areas. This in-gathering of population since the turn of the century has had a profound impact. The problem posed for public policy can be simply stated: there is a striking contrast between the demand for outdoor recreation on the part of the urban p0pu1ations and the limited supply of land and water resources readily accessible to them. Partly this is a matter of inherent lhmitations of space, and partly it is the basic problem of establishing prior- ities for use. A huge population generates such an enor- mous demand for nonrecreation as well as for recreation uses of land and water that recreation may never get its full share of space. Overcrowding at local parks and beaches may persist. This pressure, however, should be a discipline. It puts a premium on a more efficient use of the land that is available--for recreation as well as 26 for housing or for industry--and it is in this respect that the failure has been conspicuous.1 The Prospect-~Technologic and Economic Projections The United States is maturing as a nation. Despite the romanticism of television, screen, radio, and paper- backs, it no longer has unclaimed wide open spaces. No longer is there a western frontier to absorb the overflow from settled society--whether they be the poor and ambi- tious immigrant, the hot-blooded youth, or the adventure- some pioneer. Human nature, however, has shown little change since our Declaration of Independence. The great wave of pop- ulation that swept westward in this country was composed largely of peOple who sought to better their situations. POpulation growth did not stop when the extensive fron- tier for settlement was overrun. Nor did the needs of the peOple for satisfactions change. People have ebbed and flowed backward and forward across the country, glean- ing opportunities bypassed by their predecessors, adjust- ing their outlook to changing times, and often developing new enterprises that have helped to make this a leading industrial nation. This restless drive, this searching spirit, this visionary hopefulness pushed people up the mountainsides, into the deserts, and deep into the forests. They claimed and discarded likely-looking lands along the way. Some lands have been selected and rejected repeatedly by suc- ceeding waves of settlers. The remnants from these selec- tions now represent the bulk of our remaining public do- main. It is the present major repository of publigly controlled land resources for outdoor recreation. To support a doubled population with an increased standard of living and nearly unlimited mobility the present land area will be used. We have no other choice; this will be the land area that will support possibly one-half billion lslbid., pp. 21-22. 14Potent1gl New Sites for Outdoor Recreation in the Egrtheast, ORRRC Study Reportlg 8 (Washington, D. C}: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962), p. 2. «II A'IPII -. . ,~ Y "U'bvovd . ‘fl. 'Ib -? .. ....| (4‘ 1‘ ‘ r r. y s.( - 1 t “a ,u" 'V C II fl V! n (”V s 27 people before the death of children now being born. This,of course, is barring war, pestilence, famine or some other catastrophe. What kind of technology will be in existence within a century no one living today is able to accurately predict. That more land area will be required for it is almost self- evident. Waste product disposal from newer forms of power production will be a continually greater problem. The price paid by the earth for a present and future standard of living is shown in the following quotation. A modern industrial society is characterized by the production of enormous quantities of goods which, for various reasons, people want to own. In order to produce these goods, raw materials are needed. Machines are needed to transform the raw materials into other machines, into secondary materials, and into finished products. Machines are needed to transport the diverse materials and goods which flow through the complex network of mines, factories, farms and cities. Energy is needed to power the machines which extract, produce, and transport. The continuation of these Operations is ultimately dependent upon the extraction of materials from the earth, the at- mosphere, and the oceans. In order to produce the multiplicity of goods con- sumed by society, we mine iron ore, convert it into pig iron, and then mill it into steel. We produce copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, and a variety of metals from their ores and blend and shape them to suit our needs. We mine phosphate rock, fix the nitrogen of the atmosphere, evap- orate sea water, and quarry rock. We transport vast quantities of sand, gravel and clay; manufacture cement; and mine sulfur, gypsum, and pyrites. For every person who lives in a highly industrialized society, many tons of material must be moved, mined, and processed each year. From the time that coal was first linked to iron, the per capita flow of goods in the industrialized part of the world has steadily increased; associated with that increasing flow we see an increasing per capita demand for raw materials. By 1950 the yearly per capita demand for steel in the United States has reached 1,260 pounds; demand for OOpper had reached 25 pounds; demands for stone, 28 sand, and gravel had reached 7,300 pounds; and demand for cement had reached 520 pounds. In order to power the industrial network, energy demands had risen to the equivalent of over 8 tons of coal per person per year. It must be stressed that these per capita demands are still rising.15 This is followed by a prediction as to what a ten fold increased population will do to the earth's resources. A p0pu1ation of 30 billion persons would consume rock at a rate of about 1,500 billion tons per year. If we were to assume that all the land areas of the world were available for such processing, then, on the average, man would "eat" his way downward at a rate of 3.3 millimeters per year, or over 3 meters per millenium. This figure gives us some idea of the denudation rates which might be approached in the centuries ahead. And it gives us an idea of the powers for denudation which lie in mankind's hands. 6 The ravishing of the earth to gain its treasure will have profound effect upon the balance inherent in the natural communities and thus destroy much of the recreational value that now exists in the outdoors. Any future economic or technologic exploitation of the natural surroundings must take into account the end result of the present tendencies. Along with the dispersion of other human activities and land demands outdoor recreation's needs will increase with the population and the multiplication of leisure time available. This is shown in the following citation. In any event, most Americans face the prospect of more leisure tine in the future, and thus the challenge of using it for their own enrichment and development as individuals and as citizens. This is precisely the 15Thomas, Op. cit., p. 1023. 16Ibid., p. 1031. 29 contribution that outdoor recreation can make. For at its best outdoor activity, whether undertaken lightly or with the serious intent of the perfectionist, is essentially a "renewing" experience--a refreshing change from the workaday world . . . . Today's challenge is to assurivall-Americans permanent access to their outdoor heritage. Along, then, with a greatly enlarged p0pu1ation will be an intensified land demand. These two have now been cou- pled with the many components which at the same time will in- crease leisure time with its need for outdoor recreation, and thus be another agent desiring a share of the scarce land. The Demand For Outdoor Recreation This refers not only to the total increase of leisure time of the population for the following reasons listed, but is also a selective survey of who or what group participates in certain activities. As the age, income or education of various groups change they will take on some of the character- istics of the present participants in that activity. That is, if a larger percentage of the population will be in the educa- tion category of 1-3 years of college than is at present, we may expect a larger number of participants in the activities of that group than is now the case. Therefore planning for these particular enlarged activities should be considered along with general recreation planning. The overall accre- tion of all recreation facilities proportionately with the 1'7Outdoor Recreation for America, op. cit., pp. 22-24. 30 increased population and leisure time is not only not possible but is also not practical since the needs and wants of the in- creased p0pu1ation may not be the same as the existing p0pu1a- tion. Accordingly the effect of each of the components that make up the general increased demand for outdoor recreation will be assessed briefly to ascertain whether this will change the character also of the recreation demanded. Institutionaligpg Leisure This is the extremely general aspect of this whole syndrome. The very fact that leisure time is a widely rec- ognized necessity leads to its increase. The wide-spread granting of increased tune away from a productive occupation tends to make it more firm and able to multiply in our soci- ety. The granting by government, industry, and commerce of the various leisure time concessions listed below has made recreation a firmly institutionalized facet of our society. Shorter hours, paid vacations, retirement benefits, and high- er wages are all outward manifestations of the fact that our society accepts the fact that leisure time is necessary and recreation is beneficial. This has little effect upon any one type of activity or facility but generally increases the use-pressure upon all. Shorter Hours As mentioned before, the work week at the turn of the century was sixty hours per week. In 1960 it was quite wide- spread at forty hours per week, indicating that it may fall -... .3 un' \ .4‘g.-l-~ l .Flt ar‘ \ o‘ O . a; a .4 a" L.’ has 0‘. . fie- h :t" :I' 51 to as low as thirty hours a week in the future. This will vary, of course for different trades, occupations and pro- fessions. More complete projections and statistics are avail- able in the National Recreation Survey (see bibliography) in Chapter I (Estimate of Decrease in Hours Worked, 1960-2000). The effect of this upon future outdoor recreation will be two-fold beyond the primary factor of increasing total leisure time. This added time for rest and refreshment may be in shorter hours per day, thus allowing more time each day for recreation at the end of the day. In this case more facilities would be needed for 2-3 hour activities than are available now. The other alternative is to have an extra day off per week, which would increase the need for facilities 'Which would be able to have a high weekend usage. Eiigh.Wages and Paid Vacations 'With a period of from one to four weeks of time with fWJll pay allowed away from the place of work it is not un- Iisual that many families travel or spend more time participat- ing in outdoor recreation. This is a new situation in the na- tion and one that is being emulated by other nations and Onltures. This coupled with high wages that are able to be 8aVed for an extensive trip have added to the vacation travels 0f the family group. An increase in size and numbers of National Parks, National Forests and other large reservations awayfrom p0pu1ation centers has been prompted by this factor. »-“ ...”... t. ' x. _, ' 'afi. I d .o o It». ‘ 1 l . a... eL a. C A . a e F. m. 4c. . a 1 a- .4 . S .. .. .C ... a a cc 1 x r.. a: a s a . «L M. «f. ..-. s p c 41 e 1" no t AL (V a: 0 r9 G v 8., ‘ Cu ‘1. m... 0.» hi. hi. .1 U \C t. . e .. 5. rd sky 6 9. O r.» e an . tr :5 no “ J i x . r-.. ..u. W. ..i c. 3 .i. at. E +L N no . .. P .C ht Ab C.» M I N. g .1 A u. ; ...: Vt. h... c» a& p be .01 r .. is c . CL C this I. ~ V e I ts h e ...- . .s\ Q; .~ g: t .. .h.» .\ v s .fn l t. v. Q 'h and - :.:‘.a.‘:.: u 11...; . ”Tu... W 6;- u.- s. ..‘I J- “d v :""—V 5" . w ' :mu......;b . -. .- y'vflV. “n‘c ..r‘. 2".“I ‘ “'4 _.AJ '1! -1. ' ...“J‘ #15 A f-u;¢.~1u . ’ u ' .n‘d' I ab..‘ ”-0 “a ‘V .H w -J ‘._r ‘ ‘ \— \ Til ‘ .0: h- 1nfilg’.r . «xv ,; *V. _‘ NJ! . ~.. ‘I . v»..~s 36,-?“ V .';’~' .- v ‘. n. _- - . "--. Li“ (I 3, a. ‘5'. 9 q ‘ 1‘07: 1. . Q n r*:.». ‘95;, u‘ a ‘pr. ... " ta. .3 0". . at ”1:5 1%,; WW ,. ‘2‘ ..._ , s n t! ‘1‘: 00“ ' (I «5..-, . ~'.. ‘ ‘.l 'o. ‘, . ”by L” . . ““33 (v I.‘ -c v. V, V ‘ecfilcg. . Q . 4 ‘u 38 does lead, at times of peak demand, to the crowded p0pu1ation of cities escaping to overcrowded recreational facilities on highways jammed bumper-to-bumper with others trying to ac— complish the same end. This is a definite consideration in total demand for outdoor recreation. These factors cited above have served to point up some of the new and projected problems facing recreation planners in America now and in the future. These are basic underlying elements in modern and future considerations for planning for leisure time facilities. These trends and their importance may not be noticed by the designer of a small park or playground. They do, however, exist and should be recOg- nized by regional planners and others concerned with large scale decision-makers. Three main centers toward which the problems seem to gravitate have been identified above. To- getheq'they form a new problem that exists and will continue to grow in America. A suggestion is given in the remainder or title paper as to one possible way the recreation needs of this Ipopulation could be met in this crowded land area. Be- fore IDutting forth this prOposal it has been necessary to 311°" Why it has validity in the context of the American land- scape aliin.the face of twenty-first century problems. This is the reason for the necessity of so forcefully pointing up t“Problems that gave rise to this suggestion for a new type 01' recreation facility in our countrY° CHAPTER II THE PROPOSAL A Look at How Other Nations Solve thg Same Problem With the doubling of population, the tripling of lei- sure time, and the resultant demand for recreation of all types, including outdoor recreation and its attendant need for new facilities, America is facing a new situation~~a new situation, however, only for America. As indicated above our nation is a maturing country. The early colonial and Pioneering days when land was cheap and plentiful are gone forever. The unprecedented population explosion in the world and especially in the United States, coupled with the in- creased demand for space by modern society and technology, brinésing with them the gifts of increased leisure and a higher standard of living, have given America's physical and I"wreational planners a herculean problem. In the matters of living standards and technology we have no reference mints in history with which to orient ourselves, but in the “fitter of the accommodation of large masses of peOple upon 11mJ-L‘ted goegraphical areas, we have a vast heritage and source of information upon which to draw. The major nations 39 40 of past world power have the background of a high population inhabiting a confined or unexpandable portion of the earth's surface. The Netherlands, which is the most densely populated of the nations of Europe, has 879.5 inhabitants per square mile. If the United States had a p0pu1ation density of this scale the entire p0pu1ation of the world (3.1 billion) could inhabit its land area. If the United States had the average per square mile p0pu1ation density of France it would have to support 751,300,000 peOple, or more than the entire pop- ulation of Communist China. This however, carrying the above p0pu1ation predictions beyond the year 2000, is very possible within the expanded lifetime of children now being born. The physical planning of all but the most pessimistic has to take these sobering facts into consideration. Therefore we must take into consideration a physical p0pu1ation pressure on the Anaerican landscape that has been experienced by other nations 01‘ the world, in addition to a phenomena that has never be- fore happened in world history. This consists of increased 1°n86vity, staggering technological advances, previously un- h°ard of income, potential leisure time on a new scale, edu- cat1 Onal possibilities at an all time high, and fast nation- wid" transportation facilities. The degree and scale of this is uniquely American. We can, however, learn much in the way of land use economy and high density land utilization from some of the more densely pOpulated nations of the world. It is acknow- ledged that America early took the lead in setting aside and O 1 ‘3' 0! VI “ "WI‘ “:35. um: 4‘ - .‘ r s - , Q '- flv‘ Wf ‘_..‘ HI tde ‘Jeoae 1‘4 i . "g actna‘151. r bed-AM; '. , ...! - .‘l .921 mint c- .5 ~- 03? new 21:1 :5: look to t: it: . Wm a cor.- 41 preserving large masses of the natural landscape as wilder- ness and for recreational uses. Nevertheless, this smacks of the characteristic American insensitivity to the land and its potential. The land and its products have traditionally been thought of as commodities to be bought, sold, exploited, and cast aside for virgin areas. This, due to the lack or absence of a continuing supply of such land, has ceased, and a new approach or approaches must be considered. For concepts and attitudes necessary in a re-approach to our new situation as a soon-to-be "land poor" nation, we inust look to the thoughts and deeds of natiohs to whom this has been a continuous problem. In Table.A-9 we see six other nations of the world with their land area, gross p0pu1ation, and p0pu1ation densities, compared to those of the United States. Since each of the countries-~Japan, Denmark, France, West Germany, the Netherlands, and Great Britain-~has and ‘W111.be faced in the future with a land shortage and p0pu1a- ticnl increase much greater than even that anticipated by the United States in 2000, we can learn something from each of thenl in the way of more effective and sensitive utilization of the landscape under their political control. Generally, each of these nations has experienced an 1nareased post war demand‘for new and more pervasive recrea- t"10118.1 pursuits and facilities. In many cases pro-war rec- reatiJDnal as well as other facilities were destroyed by the devastation attendent to the participation of the respective co‘mtl‘ies on one side or the other during the war. However, 42 e .a .xmeoa .eeaamm mcaecama ecoscaoeoe possum eapmeson co Ho>eaa cwaeaom mo poemmm ens unsound Moon <..caaamz copuaaam hanem .oowM:HnnoB~ mm .02 aaoaom honMIbmmmbp .mowmwoooo HHMuoH compmonoom noompmb mo obnam madam a one ocupsoaeom AOOOpso H .coflumawae .vaa \w noon»«3_\m .mooaom wnuoaaona ncnodneono wnausaexme\m .ndaaem who: wadoaaoxm.\m . . . ooo.ooo.rmm n.oe ooo.oeN.NmH ems.moe.n . . . . . .<.n.p .Hoe s accuses ooo.ooo.ae «.mom ooo.omm.se ens.mam . . . . . sonata ecsaecH «\H ooo.ona.n n.nem ooo.mmn.e eea.ea . . . a\maassseo somoao ooo.ooa.em m.ane ooo.nHm.Hn nom.na . soemcaa eeaacp doweao 060.com.en e.nen coo.Heo.eh emo.no . ._\macsssoe .3 cheese: ooo.ooo.ooa\w H.ene ooo.ooe.oe mom.meH . . . . . cease nonsense .m m\a ooo.oam.ea e.oem coo.eoo.aa eHe.mH . . .eoasflaenaoz amend .HE .om pom. . . canoaaaaoo enowwmwnoam anomaom coapoasaom :Mzsoww .hnunooo has: seesaw \m ”panacea Ll O O O h H.\W < m D was moaapnaoo w 2“ canoe nausea nofiuuazmomun.mn<.mqmJPt says concerning the traditional patterns of recreation Old habits and cultural patterns as they apply to recreation are influential, but they, too, are changing. Tfiae bicycle which has long been the dominant means of Errivate transportation in all countries studied, though a"Jill ubiquitous, is gradually giving way to the motor; 3d? not motor cars--at least motorized bicycles, motor a<=Ooters, and motorcycles. Even in Denmark and the Netherlands (where there is one bicycle for every two people), inroads are being made by motor vehicles. The British still like to walk and garden and holiday at the seaside, but the spread of automobile ownership has given rise to a form of recreation called caravaning. The urban German or French worker's family still takes off to the woods for a day-long picnic but is also likely to spend a week or two of the summer at a holiday camp in the mountains. The Japanese still flock to cherry groves at blossom time. They also pack the echrsion trains to ski resorts throughout the skiing season. It is interesting to note how the traditional pat- terns are being changed by modern technology, but it is more interesting to see what the trends are in the new demands for recreation. The same publication states under Kinds of Recreation in Demand a number Of types of recreation that have not been exploited to any great degree in the United States as yet. These are underlined in the following quota- tion: Cycligg, strolling, rambling, swimming, picnicking, hiking, mountain climbing, camping, touring, sightseeing, and lazing in the sun are high on the list of most- favored outdoor recreation activities in every country. .Motoring is a most pOpular activity with car owners, especially first-time car owners. Canoeing and rowing are favorites; small boat sailing and motor boating are gaining popularity. Our survey indicates that the kinds of facilities listed below are among the most needed in each of the Countries . Playgrounds, playing fields, and recreation centers Ifiar young people especially in urban areas. \ Go 3A Look Abroad (Washington, D.C-: United States Vernment Printing Office, 1962), Outdoor Recreation Re- sources Review Commission Report No. 18, p. 7. 47 TABLE A-lO.--Percentage of Labor Force in Agriculture4 Denmark . . . . *1/24 percent Great Britain . . . . . . . . 4 percent France . . . . . . . . . . . 9 percent West Germany . . . . . . . 14 percent Netherlands . . . . . . . . 12 percent Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 percent U. S. A. . . . . . . . . . 6 percent l/Of employed workers. Outdoor recreation facilities such as campsites, ‘tent villages, and mountain shelterswar oun eo 1e. 3511s need goes hand in hand with desire to provEde in- cxreased Opportunities for young people of all economic levels to use such facilities. More youth hostels to accommodate domestic users and to meet increasing demand by foreign tourists. Extension and cataloging of cycle paths, trailsL and walkways, and overnight accommodations along them for Sfiigliits, hikers, and ramblers. Some of these functions mentioned are Of the type that <3an easily be combined in multiple land use situations. This 21n.time to come will be a vital requisite for any recé reat1011811 facility. We see that "In Holland, all land serves as many functions as possible."6 It also seems that a re-assessment of the basic pur- pose (Dr recreation is necessary in America since we must use all or our land to serve the best needs of an enlarged popula- tion. Once again Glickson says, _.___~_¥ 4Martin, 02. cit., p. 6. 5Loc. cit. 61bid., p. 16. 4'23 To come in touch with different types of environment belongs probably in the same category of desires'as the physical demand for a variegated nutrition and the psychic demand for variegated social contacts. 0 O 0 O O C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O The need for recreation varies with the individual; it obviously depends on personal versatility as well as on the quality of his daily environment. To consider recreation as a human need in past, present, and future, we shall have to make a clear distinction between the normal demands for change of environment on the part of members of healthy communities and the abnormal recrea- tional instability of modern men living compressed in cities which are not planned to the human scale and which time and again compel attempts to escape.7 Some of the European facilities, as noted before, seem to provide more effectively for this variety of recrea- tional environments and an intimate contact or a meshing of the urban man with the remaining vestiges of indigenous en- Vironment available to him. To take the twentieth century technological man from his insulated automated environment and to allow him to move through the countryside in contin- nous contact with the sky, the earth, the natural vegetation, and in a relatively uncontrolled environment, is a recrea- tional need in America. Some of these afore-mentioned na- ti°n8 are immeasurable ahead of our own country in this re- gard: This then is one of the major areas in which America's recrefilttion planners may learn of the more sensitive arrange- ment of recreational facilities and of man's avenues of a _ °°°38 in the land that is available for this purpose. The \\ —_ the F 7William L. Thomas, editor, Man's Role in Chan in ace of the Earth (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, mm. 898. rowlmlm THE PENNINE WAY. Scolci—IO Miles THE 0"«1'51130 Cuihn Law ' '26 5’" I M— . ‘ Ridlget . .lrlmlflr -! : - _ I cum llJ'III'lIuIH' I .P ' Rfdndalr For"! i ‘\ allnu to 1 Inch.‘ ' O 'unu' lulu" II r , . r Sea I lawn mark (I Tundrrland and»!!! -. 'ullI-I dl" 5'“! _ . Adar ck (‘ullrrirk -\ Lampw Ea." O 1‘. ,. w' A! m- Al-‘¢L n . 17" fra‘ 1' Eu ay“ ¥. Sin» :4. k5~e Yr or «.1 I’Oi -.V, u‘. 4‘:l ”,3th t "A. Llat" tr. .Vln ‘f' f FT 2 m lkflf‘ m: ‘ t. 5&2 y 50 following quote illustrates this. In Britain, a survey of all footpaths and bridleways in England and Wales is currently being made by local authorities for a comprehensive national record of public rights of way. In some areas existing footpaths and bridleways are being linked to form long-distance routes which will become continuous rights of way for travelers on foot or on horseback. Responsibility for making proposals for long-distance routes rests with the National Parks Commission. Prepos- als for seven routes covering 1,028 miles have been ap- proved, and more routes of this kind are beind [the cor- rect spelling is being considered. The Ramblers Associa- tion provides informat on on walking tours in every part of Britain, including urban areas. The British Cycling Federation and the Cyclists Tour- ing Club have mapped the cycle paths of Britain from Land's End to the north of Scotland and provide itiner- arise and maps for their members. The 50 district asso- ciations of the CTC also arrange holiday and weekend tours as well as cycle tours and itineraries abroad. In West Germany, the German Cyclists' Association provides the same services for its members. Both West Germany and France have excellent networks of cycle paths as well as footpaths. There are marked routes for hikers 1n the mountain areas, and the various societies and walk— ing clubs publish detailed walking maps for all parts of both countries. Mountain climbing is extremely pOpular in both countries. The most-climbed mountain in West Germany, however, is not the country's highest. Some 3,000,000 visitors a year climb the Siebengebirge (Seven Iiills, altitude 1,066 ft.) opposite Bonn. Ski tracks-- both cross—country and downhill-toboggan tracks and bob- Sled runs are plentiful and increasingly used in both countries. In the Netherlands where there is one bicycle for every two people, an elaborate system of cycling roads entirely divorced from motor roads is planned. 01' course, hundreds of miles of such roads are already in existnece. The new plan calls for a new country-wide network of Simple roads. They may be specially constructed tracks, or rough country lanes improved and incorporated into the System. The plan is to connect the large centers of p0p- u1ation with various holiday centers. It is also planned to run the new roads close to large numbers of smaller 1Sowns and villages of historical or cultural interest. In mountainous Japan, hiking and mountain-climbing e 1 ua‘hl‘ ' L, a: o r“ Len re an t ,. 22118:; E009° ulati: ails 1‘. .eV' uhlh'v "“ . fibfie‘l IIQ-‘C. UI‘"~I 3 ,se ~ ..I“ ‘0 “any, ‘ a! rhv rub 51 attract increasing numbers of Japanese. There are well- marked trails in many mountain areas. Fuji alone an- nually attracts more than 10,000 climbers. Along the routes toBthe summit, there are stone huts where climbers may rest. A Neglected Segment of Recreation Planning;in the United States This segment of recreation planning has been greatly neglected in America in the past due to the abundance of available land, the relative nearness to most inhabitants, accessability of the natural landscape, the sparsity of p0p- u1ation, and the adequate job recreation planners have been able to do on the acquisition and design of large‘scale land Preserves. However for the reasons given above-~vastly in- creased population with its concomitant land demands and the increased ability and demand for leisure time activities-- some of the energies and imagination of those who provide and plan recreational facilities could well be directed toward the Possibility inherent in these trails or pathways, which are developed so effectively in EurOpe. As Mr. Leuris Mumford States The time has come in landscape design to conceive alternatives for the classic and romantic cliches of the Past, and for the even more sterile cliches of the mechan- eal "space eaters” who would destroy all the esthetic I'esources of the landscape in their effort to enable tens or thousands of peOple to concentrate at a distant point \ GOVe 8A Look Abroad (Washington, D.C.: United States scurrmnent Printing Office, 1962), Outdoor Recreation Re- cea Review Commission Report No. 18, p. 26. at the same time; and who, when their weekend tourists finally reach such a point, can only offer them the con- gested facilities and the banal amusements of the commu- nity that they have made such a desperate effort to escape. It is not be a mere quantative increase in the present park facilities, but a comprehensive change in the whole pattern of life that we shall Bealize to the full the social function of Open spaces.v Some beginnings of this type of thing in America have been made in such long-distance routes as the Appalachian Trail, and the Cascade Crest trail. In addition, there are many trails throughout parks, forests and recreation preserves. These can be used only as guides in trail layout design and construction since, contained within existing parklands, they are consequently unaccessible to the great centers of population, except by means of relatively long journeys by autos or by some other mechanized transportation. The need is rather that there be a network of interconnected trails -of various lengths, character, and destination spreading throughout the natural landscape, linking urban area to urban area, urban area to parks, urban parks to rural parks; and :mrmitting intimate contact with the natural, historical, and recreational areas of a region. 9 Sylvia Crowe, editor, Space for Living (Amsterdam, bhtherlands: Djambaton, 1961), p. 24. ‘\ \ ..L, C / O Y ...J "' MIR “‘2 M 0 Nil “95 9.... / ..\. t '0 '6‘""\—v.'——‘.g‘g_ Q lugs“ H»; ‘ ‘3 ‘.\ ‘\ V3?" 11“ . .;.J\r_.sl-C*:t:se,r : ‘Pw'ir‘a'. .- ° :19 I? . . .‘ $00 “ICHIGAN ¥,;c “-ILAEZEEJNQ7-- ... APPALACHzAN TRAIL 1-2 NEH ENGLAND DISTDICT 2-3 NEH YORK-NEW JERSEY DISTRICT 45-4 PENNSYLVANIA DISTRICT 4-5 MARYLAND-VIRGINIA DISTRICT. 5-6 UNAKA DISTQICT 6-7 SOUTHERN DISTRICT chlan ‘ (l (MAINE to GEORGIA ) d?’ l ”3;: m1... . ’-. ‘ feel: on ‘1, CMQM" """ M‘WMN "All. CONFIDE’N:I a _ THE APPALACHIAN TRAIL f "t ' MAINE TO GEORGIA r01 "3 _ (I) 54 A Trailway System Proposal This leads then to a proposal of the establishment of such a network of trails. . . . the task of the landscape architect will be to design footpaths, picnicking grounds, pedestrian pleas- ances along riverfront beaches and woodland groves in such a fashion as to give access to every part of the rural scene without undue disturbance to the daily round of life. One must think of continuous strips of public land weaving through the whole landscape and make it usually accessible to both nearby resident and to holiday visitors. There is the beginning of this new process of using the whole landscape as a recreational facility in the layout of bicycle paths in the Netherlands and there remains in certain parts of England, as a residue from a quite different era, a system of public footpaths over hill and dale, through field and wood, that needs only to be broadened into somewhat wider strips, no more than twenty or sometimes fifty feet to provide amply for pub- lic needs without encroaching too heavily on agricultural uses. Mr. McKaye says that "The basic achievement of plan- ning is to make potentialities visible. . . . The function or Planning is to render actual and evident that which is Potential and inevident."ll The potentialities for such a system or network exist in America and are generally self- evident. The methods of its implementation, it is hoped, Shall be made clear in the remainder of this paper. The need 01‘ 1t and the function it can serve in the future of America must f1I'st be shown. \ 10933., p. 25. of R llBenton McKaye, The New Exploration: A Philosophy Unive 1Onal Plannin (second editionffibana, Iflinolgg er3"1ty of llinois Press, 1962), pp. 147-148. 55 In connection with and subsequent to the above quota- ticnn by Mr. McKaye which is from his 1928 book The New Explo- ration a Philosophy of Regional Planning he goes on to say thaiz: There are two particular potential images and worlds lying within practically every region: these are the indigenous world and the metropolitan world. The contrast between them is obscure and inevident. The most important revelation to be made by the chemistry of the imagination, in our own particular problem of regional planning, is the rendering evident of this inevident contrast. The notion is dawning in the public mind, apparently, that something is wrong with the way in which our towns and countryside are being treated. The cry grows louder against "billboards," "hot-dog stands," and the "motor slum" which is pushing its way along the rural waysides. "Slum flow" is what a friend of mine has called it, a term.which we Tfight well use as a short name for "metro- politan flow." This was in 1928. Now, 35 years later, how much greater the problem! Mr. McKaye proposes to direct this urll‘egimented flow of the metrOpolitan into the indigenous by means of a series of "levees" or open-ways made up of the natniral land features of the region. Through, in, or on these levees would then be the Pedestrian ways, hiking paths, bicycle paths and bridle trails. These thoughts and this man proved to be the mid- wifka of the Appalachian Trail concept in the easter United States. This, then, coupled with Mr. Mumford's ideas as quoted above (which ideas, incidentally seem to have been Stimulated by Mr. Mumford's contact with Benton McKaye) form \ lzlbid., pp. 148-49. 55 the seed of this concept, to be spread across the United States and incorporated into national and state recreation plaxls, regional recreation proposals, and local development schemes, by various methods. The methods and implementation secixion of this paper will deal with processes of organiza- tiorl, control, land acquisition, design, etc. Before delving into the actual working out of such a s3f551:em, the use, need and demand for such trails or paths musi: be seen in the contemporary and future recreational pat t erns of America . The interest current in the United States at the Staart of the present decade in the physical fitness and vigor 0f"'the populace has taken many forms. The area most publi- cized by the popular press has certainly been that of hiking. The 50 mile hike and its attendant "hiking craze" is Widoly publicized in the daily newspapers and pOpular maga- 211133. As mentioned in the February 22, 1963 issue of EEEE. magaz ine , It was just one of those friendly office jokes, but in no time at all it got out of hand—-or foot. Marine Commandant David M. Shoup unearthed an old executive order sent out in 1908 by President Teddy Roosevelt that required all Marine Corps officers to be able to walk 50 miles in 20 hours. Then Shoup sent the curio along to another presidential believer in vigor, John F. Kennedy, ‘who wrote back wondering if today's Marines were fit enough to do it. Soon everybody in the country was taking an old fashioned walk of 50 miles more or less.13 \ N 13Robert Wallace "The 50-Mile Walk," Life, Vol. 54, 0- 8 (February 22, 19633, 72B. ""— LLOCAS 21,291 2.: GREAT FALLS PARKING AREA 70 P070140, '0, ..., C.&O. I AREA CANAL 3' /‘ MUSEUM I / Iob/ GREAT FALLS ,rPICNIC // TAVERNV/ .TRAILSIDE EXHIBIT '<— LOCKS I7, 78, 79. t 20 / CROPLEY TRAIL T0 GREAT FALLS VIEWPOINT FOOTBRIDGE ABOVE LOCK 16 / PICNIC AREA ' AC POTOM FOOTBRIDGE AT CROPLEY NOTE: INDICATES MILEAGE BETWEEN STARS / FOOTBRIDGE AT LOCK 10 APPROACHES TO TOWPATH ALONG m ‘ BROOKMONT PICNIC AREA C"; —/:i/:’ T, :;_:/4. 77/7 MARYLA‘CQ’ ‘ DRINKING WATER ff vIRT‘TN‘IA COMFORT STATION I ' FOOTBRIDGE BARGE LANDING FOOTBRIDGE AT GLEN ECHO FOOTBRIDGE AT SYCAMORE ISLAND FOOTBRIDGE AT LOCK 6 I FOOTBRIDGE AT LOCK 5 CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL. V1 STEPS AT CHAIN BRIDGE / no HAGERSTOWN . Hencoc , p Rh / Q :\ i] W wIIIIamspor: BALTIMORE e a . I} Q; , "0' 6“.” La. FREDERICK ~ r . UMBERLAND :3 I / 9"" MARTINSBURG I ¢ Cecepon _\ :QIIb/ug“ \——U ”Mp" HARPIRS‘” mm '0 l , : >7 _ “-7. ., [RRY 7:;1‘.” » (I [,07‘,‘ _ // OMAIJ Winchester 5 . 11A? Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Washington D.C.,to Cumberland,Md. Front Royal UNDERPASS AT FLETCHERS BOAT HOUSE .l_._._~__ I GEORGETOWN ROCK "\\‘V/ CREEK BARGE LANDING \130 \\ "1374. ROSSLYN V4 ..v-yfiv‘.” .\\ r. 2....“ ALA .7... ‘1 ...;- .—fl-.,r... x . ‘-£‘~\ '1. a. .15. ,-,., "-OCZAV Nialz J:-_d’_.i.“'=z..> .3» -- ’ . 58 The article continues giving medical Opinions on the healthful benefits of walking. (Dr. Paul Dudley White) White himself is in excellent shape“ and obeys his own maxims Of "an hour's exercise a day by not only walking wherever and whenever he can but by chOpping wood, bike riding, snow shoveling and skiing. "Walking is easiest," he explains. "Your don't need a lot of apparatus. Just shoe leather and good feet. It is better than using the arms, with their smaller mus- cles. Leg muscles are biggest in the body. YOu get most out of walking by going along briskly, swinging the arms and breathing deeply. It also helps promote the circula- tion of blood to the brain. The Greek philosophers prom- enaded astray philOSOphized." White philosophized.1 .J W113: the impetus of such articles and medical advice, general interest has been aroused in walking or biking as a form of recreation. The most common routes of these hikers have been existing roads, railroad rights-of-way, trails within exist- ing parks, and foot-paths within military reservations. How- ever the highly publicized hike of Presidential press secre- talfiy Pierre Salinger was along the old towpath of the Chesa- peEUKG and Ohio canal which goes through the District of Colum- biil and into Maryland, the map of which towpath is included it! this paper. This demand which is thus being created by new groups of walkers must be met by recreational planners “10 are to provide the walking or hiking paths and other f8fillities necessary to make these trips worthwhile for the individual, not only from the physical, but also the educa- tional, social and cultural aspects. To show the interest that exists at present in 14Ibid., p. 82. llu‘ 59 activities of this type and to predict what will in the future be the interest, desire, and demand that will gen- erated by publicity of this type, a number of studies have been made. These studies are precluded upon the facts that "participation in a given outdoor activity is predictable from the social and economic characteristics of the partici- pant," and "that the unfulfilled demand for an outdoor rec- reation activity is reflected in preferences for the activity, even though the person may not participate"15 (possibly due to the lack of facilities). The sex, income, education, age and amount of leisure time of potential recreation facility users will influence the desires and demands for certain types and forms of physical designs. "At present, it is the simple pleasures which Amer- icans seek most," such as swimming, sightseeing, walking 1‘3 Pleasure, fishing, boating and bicycligg.l6 Some are activ- ities primarily of the young; for example, swimming and hi- .10 01155. Some other activities tend to last a life-the; such as, camping, fishing, sightseeing and walking for plea- m- Yet others tend to become a habit after the early years. These include boating, hiking, horseback riding, nature walks and Water skiing. The only activity that recures with age is _\ Unit 15National Recreation Surve (Washington, D. 0.: rested Staires Governmentj’rinting O fice, 1962) Outdoor Rec- 10n Resources Review Commission Report No.19, p. 4. Unit 16W Recreation for America (Washington, D.C.: rested States Government Printing Office, 1962) Outdoor Rec- iOn Resources Review Commission Report, p. 36. walking for pleasure. These facts are all shown on the sta- tistics listed in Table A-ll. Family income has a bearing not only on total amount of recreation participated in, but also in the type of rec- reation chosen and enjoyed. These facts are shown in Tables A-12 and A-lS. Education is another factor that affects amount and type of recreational activity chosen. Since education creates interests and develops skills, participation in some activities will be associated with years Of schooling. One would expect that nature :fiifisigilisggngofg highly associated with education Table A-l4 shows this. The general educational level of the nation is predicted to increase so that in the future this aSpect will be of even greater importance in the providing 01‘ facilities. Opportunity to participate is a factor, but it is 8‘130 a determinate of desire, so that if the facility were available a greater desire might also be generated--Table A-15. Occupation affects amount of time available and as the Occupational make-up of the p0pu1ation will be changed in the fu ture due to technology, expanded economy, and increased educat ion, this must be taken into account in future plans. \ Unit 17National Recreagon Survey (Washington, D.C.: Ree ed States Government Printing Office, 1962), Outdoor reation Resources Review Commission Report No. 19, p. 5. “I w '. . w “in. :1... (“Nos I1.,. "v E.“ "w-: " .-‘AJ| In“; ' a ‘I...|.-e A a ~ ‘ ~ I".-. I“v . .2. In.“ . “3. I, u." .. "LR“! (7‘ (‘1 The projected picture of recreation demand in the year 2000 is shown on Table A-lIS. The areas of recreational activity that are proposed to be served by the trails and paths advocated in this paper are not the largest areas of demand at that future time, but totaled together they are significant. This is true in the light of the fact that present facilities are negligible, and prOposals for an exPansion of facilities of this type are even more difficult to find. The need for a physical route is tied to the partic- ipants and their needs and characteristics. Some of the at- tributes of the recreation users of these paths and trails through the countryside have been examined in the National Recreation Survey. The following quotes and references in the appendix then show who does what in these forms of lei- sure activity. There is a riddle of trails over the earth's surface. There are the trails of the first land creatures scrib- bling the rock that was once shore, the deep-dug trails of the hooved creatures moving with the undulations of caution towards the salt licks and the places of water, the paths of the Indian planted in the hoof grooves of antelope and deer and buffalo, the ways of the white man 0vermarching them all, lines at last of the machines, rd as asphalt, straight as steel. Trails are the script of life on the clay tablet of the earth. Splendid and sordid motives have etched the Pattern, search for water, search for minerals, for treas- ure, for the fountain of eternal youth, for the Sabine women, for the swords of conquest, for the Holy Grail, or places beyond persecution, for Opportunity, for space, or fame, for freedomlla \ pal 18Julia Cooley Altrocchi, The Old California Trail d‘TGIl, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, ma, 194$, p. 15. 62 TABLE A-ll.--Percent of the population 12 years and over par- ticipating and number of days per person for selected outdoor activities, by age, 48 contiguous States, June-August 1960 Horseback Water A e Bicycling Hiking Riding Skiing 8 % Rate 73 Rate % Rate % Rate All . . . . 9 1.75 6 0.26 6 0.42 6 0.30 12-17 . . . 41 10.02 18 .91 22 2.17 14 .93 18-24 . . . 10 .61 5 .18 8 .33 14 .55 25-44 0 e o 5 062 6 016 3 009 6 029 45-64 . . . 12 .12 2 .13 12 .15 (i) (g) 65 and over I I I2) I1) I2) . ( ) I2) ( ) I ) 1L Camping Swimming Boating Fishing 3° % Rate 7% Rate % Rate 4 Rate A11 . . . . 8 0.46 45 5.15 22 1.22 29 1.99 18-24 . . . -8 .55 65 5.75 28 1.08 39 2.43 25-44 . . . 8 .41 55 5.02 23 1.29 31 1.83 45-64 . . . 5 .35 122 1.88 16 .69 23 1.61 65 and over 1 .06 ( ) .42. 5 .25 10 .59 A Nature Walks Walking for Pleasure Sightseeing ge _~ % Rate % Rate % Rate All . . . . 15 0.75 33 4.34 42 2.20 12-17 g e e 28 1 e 64 53 7 029 52 2 071 153-24 . . . 16 .82 34 4.84 45 2.31 25-44 . . . 15 . .53 34 3.23 46 2.09 25-64 . . . 10 .67 25 3.57 40 2.37 5 and over 6 .44 22 5.36 23 1.37 \ :zurce; National Recreation Survey, Commission staff, ORRRC “d? Report 19. , \ 1Less than .5 percent 2Less than 0.005 days per person K \ 18Ibid., p. 214 .WHN .Q aofldflHOH .oEoocH no accommoanoc pcooaoa m.m HO omawoon adama how dBOnn assess on» on aspen no: on memmwao oaoeca son when aspen ohBH .mH phenom mozpm ommmo .mwdpm coanmaaaoo .Ho>nsm coauuoaoom Hanoapaz u endow 65 m.n m.m IIII IIIII . . . . . oouaoaoa uoz H.e m.n b.6e n.eom . . . seso one ooo.ofle o.HH n.m m.ee o.mme . . aae.eae op ooo.oae m.HH o.e e.me m.mee . . . eee.ee or ooo.me H.Hm m.oa n.oe o.nhm . . . aem.ee or 600.69 6.6m «.0m n.nn H.smm . . . mme.na or oon.ee m.mm o.sH h.nn s.eee . . . mee.ea op ooo.na m.mm m.mm m.ma o.mnn . . . ooo.ne seep mace e.onH o.ooa o.nn s.oon.e . . . . . . . . . . Has mmmmw tum”? ”flusfi ammmmmws 2.85 2%.. 28s.. eopesspem seen Heaoe I‘l. IIIIIII'I" IIII. -II'IIIITI‘I! .‘I. coma unswsfipom AOOOpso concedes 2H cornea mom made no 909852 one wcapaaHOfiuasQ Rope one owe mo ranch mm mcomaoa mo acooaomII.eHI< mnmea TABLE A-15.--Percent of adults engaging one or more times during a year in selected activities according to rating of opportunity to engage within day-use range of the residence of respondent Area Ratings for Outdoor Recre:ti.ojn‘ Percent of Respondents who Participated in Areas With-- Least Opportunity Best Opportunity __. 1 2 ' 3 4 5 Hunting . . . . . . 6 ll 17 22 25 Outdoor swimming or going to a beach 55 40 48 54 53 Picnicking . . . . 50 68 65 65 71 Camping . . . . . . 15 9 11 18 28 130ating & canoeing 19 26 31 ’ 28 30 Hiking . . . . . . 14 11 19 1'7 25 Skiing . . . . . . 5 4 11 '7 10 Horseback riding . 6 5 '7 7 5 Fishirn; . . . . . . 26 40 59 42 51 S’Ource: Eva Mueller and Gerald Gurin with the assistance of Margaret Wood (Survey Research Center, The University of Michigan), Participation in Outdoor Recreation, ORRRC Study 8.‘port 20, table 8. \ 221bid., p. 217. 67 .wo>o our nOOmaoa :OHHHHE H cowpeasqomas .OOms has powaoa nopSo>OzIaenEOpaom Scans you whence: smooxo .umsws¢I025h wedges mpa>apom 2a oomewco maOnaoa Scan; so made epsawaon no nonsszs m H e w HH ..Opo .mswao .mpaoocoe aOOOpso mcHOGOup¢ n H n 0 HH . . . . . . . . . . . . mcaowa MedQOmAOm n H n 9 NH 0 o e e e e e e e o e e o e wCHHUAm Hop“; 0 H n w «H e e o e e e e e e e e e e e e e e $3.“me N m o w ¢H e e e e e e e e e e e e o e e e mafipggm m N 0 fl PH 0 e e e e e e e e e o o e e o o wdfinmgdo w n HH . OH N.” e o e e e e e e e e e e o e mVH-HGB ofispaz o 0 ON em on . masseuse so madaamn asap posse wsapsom HH 0 WW ON mm o e e o 0 e 0 o e e e o e e e e mafifimflb m 0 mm ma on . . . . muco>o mpaoam accepso waspsouua NLH 0H OH ON HR. 0 e o o e o e e e e e e e o e mGHHOhOHm ma s on 05 00a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . weasoasoaa mm OH ®¢ Wm" mHH e o o o o o o 0 0 o o o e e wdfiommvgwfim on ma mm mm bma . . . . appear so meadm aooouso wdflhsam NW NW Hm; DHH OWN e e o o e o e e o e e o o o e 0 wGHEdHHBm me em as med cam . . . . . . . . ... ossneoaa sou weasaee mm hm mma soa mam . . . . . . . . . . earmwoaa you wcdbaan mmm 0nH ssh mam 000.H . . . . . . . . . . . seasassaoa Has pee; npsom Happcoo undo septum SPHOZ Ifivhoz Ompdcp h0d>auo4 9006950 coma “III nm000m one .msee .005H .soamos house one mofipfipwpoe coHuwcacoa wouoofion he #¢.nmoac neuaaoqoauoa pudendum omsdfi s“ wswtamoa ao>o one were» NH accuses he Amcoaaaaav senofimeoeo M0 senses emamsfipmo new mannequa.mauq.mqmaa m m b b om ..Opo .aadno .mppoocoo aooopso wchcmpu« W N 0 0 w.” . o o o o o o o o o o o o wCHCHH xoanmmfiom N. W m OH on o o o o o o o o o o o. o o mCHHVHD HOP“; OH n N. m mm o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o gfixfim m n m 0 H“ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o wcdpcgm HH H NH OH 0” cocooooooo.ooooomCHQ§O NH N- ON ¢N ”w o o o o o o o o o o I o o a ”fin—...“; Chgpaz nm HH mm mm OHH . wcfioocdo no mnaaaau gasp nonpo wchmom om 0H mm pm mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . meanmfim ma ma mm mm mm . . . . muno>m mphomm neonaso wcuocoupd om ma on om «0H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mafifloho«m mo ma pm om mud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wcHxOHcOHm aw mm vb om How . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mcaommpnmam mm 0¢ Hma OHH man . . . . mphOQm :o moadw noocpso waahaam maH mm mwa ova mmw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wCHESasm mm mm ona nma m¢w . . . . . . . . . . onsmmmaa no“ mcfixaag mm mm pmfl omH mom . . . . . . . . . . enamamflg you wcfipfina nmo own cum mam mm>.m . . . . . . . . . . . mofipfi>fipo« HH< pmos npsom Hmnpcoo ammo mopwpm Supoz usupoz nouanp hpa>fiuo¢ nooouso obmd IIH'I l‘ UmSCHHCOOIIQHI¢ mqmde O 0 Q0“ Hmm m oHanm .mcfiocson mo omsaoon depOu mopmpm copacp 0» com hflfinwmmoooc no: neon dampen chofiwom .nm oHnmu .ommmo hp condaapum noopaom CH mouaaaumo cacaomm hpacsunommo psonuasz on oanmmeEoo ma 0 wd ma aw ..oum .mfiwnc .mpnoocoo noocuso wcaocmpp< mm HH mm mm or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mcfidxm nova; Hm m bH 0H «0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 3.“me m m. NH O on cocooooooooooooo wadgcgm hm NH mm mm mm o o o o o o g o o o o o o o a o wCfiQSNU on ma mm mm wma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mxaas oaspwz no mo Hm mp mwm . . . . . . . mafiaflam camp Bongo meapmom N¢ HN WW n¢ @MH . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o WGflQmHm ¢¢ om Hm mw omH . . . . mpCm>o mpaomm hOOUpso wGHUCmup< mm an on mw mma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . meado»0Hm mm mv woa wo man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wcfixOHCOHm mad «a baa moa m0¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mcfioomunmfim Hmm moa mom Ham oam . . . . mapomm no moaww ROOUpso wcahmam 00m. O¢H 0”” mm” FOHQH o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o mcflggm onm ¢mH orm pom mam . . . . . . . . . . wasmaoam you mcfixaa; mom and ¢mn wmm «mm . . . . m . . . . . ogsmmeaq 90% mcfi>dnn van nmb bum.a mflw.H m¢>.m . . . . . . . . . . . mofipfi>dpoa HH¢ Haapcmo umwm mouwpm puma npsom suaoz -spnoz vegan: hpfipapo< gooopso ooom Gossapcoonloald mflmda CHAPTER III THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSAL Location of Existing and Proposed Recreation Areas Any trail system of consequence will encompass a large enough area to traverse numerous political subdivisions. Each of these is very apt to have a recreation program of its 0m- In turn each will probably have parks and recreation areas . The Smaller of these areas will be contained in suc- cessively larger areas of jurisdiction, which in turn will be contained in state or Federal overall plans and Jurisdiction. Recreation in cases has been felt to be a local problem and 38 Such parks and recreational facilities are developed in varying degrees by nearly all levels of government. All of these recreation areas of whatever size and Jurisdiction are °f 1l'lterest to the trailway planner for a variety of reasons. First of all since these trails or paths are not iso- lated phenomena but are part of an overall recreation plan, they will have to relate to other existing and proposed rec- reation areas. Secondly, some of the parks of a region will act as termini of the path network. It is logical to take peOple from or through urban areas to parks by means of these trail-8. Therefore in addition to locating the places where e p 0916 are, it is necessary to find present and future parks 7O ¥ '71 of all types. Many parks of various agencies may already contain trails of all types. These trails may suggest ex- tensions that could be made to increase their scape or ef- fectiveness. Broadening of the scope of trails that exist by connecting them by means of a trail network is certainly one of the purposes of this prOposal. Maps of trails that “il_l exist in recreation areas are included in this paper and in I the appendix to illustrate their variety and type. A know- ' ledge of what parks exist of all sizes, complexity, and type in a given region may suggest where trails are needed and L; what routes to choose to give continuity and cohesion to a regional recreation plan. This type of survey must be so coInplete as to contain an indexing of all open spaces and parks of all levels of government. Even in a case where com- plete indexing or cataloging is obtained, it may not always be possible to integrate all of these with a trail system, but a more full attempt may be made than with fragmentary or 1n°°mp1ete information. The range of the information that 1’ needed and the source of it for each Jurisdictional agency 13 an important consideration. This may be briefly covered in the following paragraphs though many more sources will suggest themselves in any given region and when the proposal is implemented in actuality. W In many cases cities of various sizes will be at ca 4. rtaMi termini or junctions of the trails. Due to this it is adVisable to locate, catalog, and assess all of the various ~ '72 areas under the authority of the municipal parks developments within the region where the establishment of such a trailway is being proposed. These parks may be in such a pattern as to suggest a linking trail system such as is true of the parks of Minneapolis on the accompanying map. The areas to be catalogued should be parks, playgrounds, school sites, public water frontages, arboretums, zoos, golf courses, for- est preserves and reservations, and all other municipally owned and operated recreational land and facilities. It is not necessary that all of these be unified by trails nor that they have a cohesion in themselves, though this is de- sirable. Some of these may be Joined to units of recreation 13nd outside the city and administered by county, regional, state, or Federal recreational agencies. Neither the need, localtion, nor purpose of a trail network can be decided upon by merely surveying the parks of a city alone. Since trails to be most effective on an overall basis should be designed for the region as a whole, the recreation places and plans of cities within the region should be considered first. This 13 ans to the fact that the cities have the predominant con- 36mmattions of p0pu1ation of the area and thus indicate the logical originating points of a path system. Co 41:14:; It is confusing to encounter a great number of gov- comment“ groups within an area that are concerned with the l Maui‘s time activities of the residents of that region. As '75 mentioned before, anything less than a regional trail system leads to greater problems. This is true since short, dis- connected trails contained within existing parks, arboreta, etc. have the effect of still requiring urban inhabitants to drive to the area- to use the trail. This has an aura of artificiality since the crowded highway--crowded park syn- drome which now exists would then continue, and trails would be tacked onto, as it were, existing cpen spaces. The trails Proposed in this paper would extend like fingers into the city and allow the residents to walk or ride (horses or bi- cycles) through the parks of the city and into the country- side itself. This necessitates crossing both political boundaries and private lands. Where possible, super-urban 3°V6rnments may be used to best advantage to accomplish this. in many standard metrOpolitan areas the county governments haVB undertaken to provide recreational facilities for the area. Los Angeles County, California, is a good example of this type of area or regional responsibility. This shifts the responsibility from the city upward, but there are more cases where the authority to provide recreation facilities has been passed from the state downward. The situation exists in Iowa where the state has given a major portion of recrea- tion planning authority to various county governments. The °°unty plan is then submitted to a central state coordinating agency which advises on modifications that would blend the System into that of surrounding counties. The actual imple- mentation of such programs is then left with the counties. ft SCALE IN FEET O f—‘ H H H H F .-— , , , I (4* I 0 5,000 IQOOO Jew 5 COLUMBIA E z ”1';ng NY *2. 5‘ ' I "m ‘ w '1’:- ouL'fgf. ~ ARK IL " ”QR ("#1) 3.: auqutou‘: ., g PARK g car '~ (QIYRDPI ( OW M“ ,_"-f'-' 950—10094: : i 3 503,1 ’5'"— Q I940— 97 95:. mm" 1‘“an ; i 1- A, _ a. '0 é a 5: NORTH DISTRICT 5 Loan; .' ‘5 ET I: 2 . ,, I WQ’ I! .35.- 6 pm ' K :21 “If. 4» ‘2 ”’3‘ m 5. cm ...“ a. ”13% . (IQ/(1 I m :5 ‘ ° '4. m Ham .1 z “is: 3 ~35: ”“1 NORTIIEAST-SOUTIIEA TDIST .‘_ ~. _ ,7 V850, - 93 557 . J ' 5 l“ 3 mo— 72858 - .. ~ . ”2‘.“ 1} 8'. f ~ Av b 5 ‘54 L T 5* ' 3 5 1‘3, 1 5 'g s pumping"I ,‘ .9: IA. '9‘ {k .' ‘9 ~ % I“ . nu‘m Uflmfwflmmrnkfi ./ Fl 0 CEDAR L FAITH Q FIELD , , 6‘ HLAK? mfifi'gsgfghg‘llg‘w“ n 5 Q .\ ‘- . I 4 I ,7 ‘ “I" ",1 " u I m 1 nu m a d w m ”I I3” ~ \ . . '5 ~ SOUTH- CENTRAL 0131 \x 5, 1m 5 IIRYANTL powotano H 1 W ' LAKE” _ ‘ ‘ AI' I950 — |4569I 134??) —- “212? 523] AL , A I'mo .— I37, on CALHOUN Ffl w > DARK SOUTHWEST DISTRICT ‘ 1 SOUTH DISTRICT; "W . 'l l .2 um I but PM P3 SIMEY ., ‘.~ m run out? 8 {EH : ,,. "“‘fiflri'fi. 1 m o n HELD i - " _, i C a .: Q a- I -- ILLS 5 ‘ 5 5 no 3 E I x mwamA " ATM II“ 0 i, L A K I" i z t h. k g g {7,4132% “MIT. M; 1 t L § 5 ° ' " I” {mm 55 5 W HARRIE‘T ‘ Li:— L | .‘-:~‘ A 1“” count , :I , I" "”1 PIII‘SIIIM “Q. “I W... " "f.“ ‘ . ‘ 1.", _.:" ”EWIII ““33; u 50., HA TI (1 5 JI‘EF § ’ 5 w ' c 4 4,,N ,' é’ , m u NIH . o mmmm 5 Mom [Y F I‘m ,. I 5 “tub I P T w 14' n \ 1.‘ . . $5 31" Y 37. ‘g‘ m ‘j ‘5‘ 1mm * pm .31 (MIL mun: u ., 35,35 3, ' ' —— .5 on , , g R ' 314mm us " ZMUNIUPAL TOTAL POPULATION cm: or “caucus I950 I940 52!.718 492.370 A DISTRICT MAD SHOWING THE BOUNDARIES OF THE DISTRICTS STUDIED IN PARK AND RECREATION SURVEYS BOARD OF PARK COMMISSIONERS MINNEAPOLIS MINN canonu- supcmmcuoc m1“. DI-IAININ-LAND. AQCH. ADM. KBRAYMOND-DIR. OF QECR IE. BRADDOCK“ ENGINEER IAUGUST I952 !DPAWN BY IDZ‘462. 1 EDMONDS -.. '75 In any of these cases, if there are inter-urban or county- wide facilities or planning, these recreation places should be located and added to those already gathered from the cities. These may include parks, fishing sites, picnic grounds, roadside parks, riverside parks, forest preserves, parkways, or any other recreation spot established and main- tained exclusively by a county organization. This should be done for each county within the region where the trail is PrOposed. Trails may already exist in these areas, such as they do in the Cook County Forest Preserves in the Chicago region. Special note should be made when a situation such as this occurs, as mentioned before. Many times when the county 1Wolf does not have a recreation plan, the region does. Therefore this inter-county group should be consulted where 1‘3 BXists . W With rapid urban growth and its attendant sprawl over City and sometimes county boundaries it is necessary and ad- visable to have regional planning. In some cases this work has included the establishment of recreation facilities. Where it has, these also should go into such a survey. The best form for a survey of this type is a large scale regional map which may include areas no matter how small, and yet be able to give an overall regional picture of route locational t‘fi‘aTTOI-s to be covered later. These facilities are of less than state-wide influence and of more than city 01' county- wi ' d9 influence. The regional agency may possibly be the KI maior parks in $ .2123. metropolitan cleveland 1 - metropolitan park system -meior municipal perks W _ - ”Bu---” ”\ GOO-IV ecu-s“ ' $‘V_‘l—‘ ‘1—L_L‘I— ~ I I .! ma: , t I j 3:... was“; Ilseuu ecu-n -L-----« ml. ........,,,,.,mm The Metropolitan Park System is an "emerald necklace” stretching throughout the county and even be- Yond county boundaries. In addition to this system, many municipalities have parks, also. Only a few of the larger municipal parks are shown on this map. __~. -.. -... 7'7 logical agency to plan such trail systems, than to coordinate them through an appropriate state agency. Many areas have developed extensive regional planning commissions and some have within them independent recreation authorities, such as the Huron Clinton Metropolitan Authority in the Detroit re- gion. Within most of the regional plan commissions there are, however, groups that plan and coordinate area-wide rec- reation facilities if they do not actually acquire land and ' develop the areas. Also included here may be watershed plan- ning groups or conservancy district governing boards who may have the authority to care for the recreational needs within their respective regions. Any such parks in planning or actuality should be considered and indexed into the outdoor recreation facilities of the area. Much of this may be along or around natural water bodies or be in the form of parkways, nature preserves, or other large or comprehensive areas that would be of benefit to more than either city or county residents alone. There may be an overlapping of these units, in that regional facilities have to be within a county and may be within a city. The agency responsible for each area should be kept separate since a future trail . they cross any of these and it would then be necessary to $ain permission from any of the groups responsible for a particular area . .3tate Every state in the Union has at least one, and many '78 times more than one agency that is concerned with the rec- reation needs of its people. Much land therefore in each state is devoted to recreational use. These areas are usually independent of the areas previously mentioned of the smaller units of government. Some unit of the state park system is located in nearly every region of every state. Therefore it is advisable for anyone surveying an area for a possible trailway need or location to determine the location, size and use of the existing parts of the state park system within the area. In all of the smaller governmental units there has . only been one agency, if even that, concerned with recreation. However, at the state level there is quite often more than one agency and many departments within one agency that are concerned with recreation and its resultant land areas. The division of each state and the subdivisions which 8we concerned with recreation are listed for each state in the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission report on ”Directory of State Outdoor Recreation Administration." (see bibliography) Also another booklet by the same group on "Public Outdoor Recreation Areas-~Acreage, Use and Potential" (See bibliography) shows something of this, though not the . 8Decif'ic location of the actual areas. In Michigan the De- partment of Conservation issues a series of county maps that Show the state and national areas within each county. These Riley be picnic sites, fishing sites, roadside parks, state Same areas, state. recreation areas and state forests. Also on these sheets are located some regional areas such as those 79 of the Huron-Clinton Recreation Commission. National wild- life refuges and National forests are, shown as are all of these other areas in both existing and proposed designation. Being of county size only, these maps are limited since they have to be pieced together to make a regional study of any scope . Though showing also all roads of the region, they do not show city or county facilities. The only other map Which might help in this regard is the official state high- way map since this is the only state-wide map to show public recreation areas. This has the disadvantage of not being large enough to show sufficient detail to be worthwhile ex- cept in a general way to determine public land in imrnediately ad Jacent areas to the region being developed. It lacks enough detail to be of any use to actually plan the trail network. There is an excellent map, with reference to public facili- t108, that was put out in the past by the Michigan Tourist council on the "Canoe Trails of Michigan" (see map list). This could be used to integrate the proposed land trails in an area with the canoe trails that now exist. This is men- ti(finned further on in this paper. It could add to the over- all effectiveness of any trail system. In this indexing of state recreation facilities in a region it is well to remember that state forests and state same areas should be noted, and not Just state parks because these also may be trail terminal points, or their land may be crossed by paths. Later in the paper lands other than “1°36 used for recreation purposes will be explored and so mentioned, but for this section of the study it will be enough to be concerned with the recreation lands alone. It must be remembered that probably no one map will contain all of the recreation areas of whatever jurisdiction within a region. Such a map, along with many of the other maps for study suggested in this paper, will have to be pre- Pared for any given region. Federal It seems that as the move is made up the hierarchy ' J °f governmental responsibility, the number of agencies that . haVe some concern with recreation multiplies. In cities only 0'16 or two groups are concerned with recreation; in the county it is merely a few; and in a region not many more. In the state the agencies proliferate, but in the National govern- ment they burgeon. Part of this trend toward multiplicity, ‘33-‘18 the reason for it, is listed in the following quote: In 1960 there were some 425 to 450 million recrea- tional visits to Government managed, financed, or 11- censed facilities but no agency of the Federal Govern- ment was established to provide recreation for the public. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was concerned with aids to navigation and flood control-~yet it enter- tained 106 million visitors in 1960. The Forest Service was established to conserve the forests, but it played . host to 92.5 million visitors. The Soil Conservation Service and the Agricultural Stabilization and Conserva- tion Service were created to improve and conserve farm lands, but in the process they have helped farmers and ranchers construct 1.7 million farm ponds which provide outdoor recreation for uncounted millions each year. The public Health Service was obviously not established to aid in providing recreational services to the public, but its water pollution abatement program may be of greatest benefit to fishermen. Even the National Park Service was not formed to provide recreation in the usual sense, but to preserve unique or exceptional 81 scenic areas. None of these, or any other Federal agency, started out to provide public outdoor recreation, but they have had recreation and recreationists thrust upon them. Recreation has been an incidental, and alm0st accidental, by-product of the "primary” purposes of Fed- eral agencies. Consequently there is no unified national policy on recreation, and few of the agencies have any real recreation policy. Agency practices have been established usually without adequate research and long- range planning and oftentimes as defensive measures against the recreationists. Lack of anything resembling a national policy is therefore at the root of most of the recreation problems of the Federal Government. But the recreationists exist even if a policy does not. A second major difficulty lies in the phenomenal growth of recreational use of Federal properties since World War II. Recreational visits to Corps of Engineers reservoirs grew from 5 million in 1946 to 106 million in 1960. Visits to the national forests rose from 18 to 92 million in the same l5-year period. Other resource- managing agencies experienced similar recreational grow- ing pains. In the words of one official, ”This thing is rolling over us." All of the recreation areas of each agency should be f°und for the given region. This may be difficult, for some °f the agencies do not list their lands primarily as recrea- tion lands, which is correct, though they do have recreational uses and potential. The Outdoor Recreation Resources Review ComEmission report on "Federal Agencies and Outdoor Recreation" 1'18 ts the following National agencies that have some concern '1th recreation in some form or place. The Corps of Engineers The Bureau of Reclamation The Tennessee Valley Authority The Federal Power Commission inae Conservation Agenicies sic. of the Department of Agriculture \________. D C lFederal Agencies and Outdoor Recreation (Washington: 0‘; '= United States Government Printing Office, 1962): door Recreation Resources Review Com. Report No. 13, p. 1. 82 sane Forest Service {Fiie National Park Service flflae Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife inns Bureau of Land Management 'Ilue Housing and Home Finance Agency flflhe Bureau of Indian Affairs The Coast Guard Inns General Services Administration flflae Small Business Administration Tune Department of Defense (Military Reservations) The Bureau of Public Roads 2 Tune Department of Health, Education and Welfare The location of the given Federal land and areas that may have a concern with outdoor recreation and therefore that could serve in some capacity in a trailway system is a Ponderous task. An excellent map of the Federal lands held by a number of agencies in the whole nation is available. It . 18 a less map from the United States Department of Interior Bureau of Land Management (see map list). This task may give 5 a great many returns not originally anticipated since it may - mean increased usage and possible routes and termini not h'15—‘tially contemplated . All of the above existing and proposed recreation 8LPeas should be placed upon one single map with appropriate ju1"184:‘iictiona1 designation. This will give some idea of the pfitter-n of facilities within a region. This may also suggest areas where trails are and where trails are needed. When 1‘ urther studies as to possible route locations are made, as suggested below, this will act as a master sheet, along with t he Depulation study, as to what the existing recreation \W x 2Federal Agencies and Outdoor Recreation, pp. viii, and x1. 83 \ situation and need is in the area under consideration. As mentioned before the value of this study is that any pathway system proposed and planned is only part, and a supplement at best, of the regional recreation pattern. This total pattern must be discovered and made evident before ef- fective future planning of the type suggested here may be implemented fu 11y - Location of ngulation The importance of this factor may be readily seen When it is realized that for any recreational facility to haVe value it is necessary for it to be accessible. The Suhaequent proximity of the facility to the large centers of population must be calculated in the planning stage. The location of the existing and proposed p0pu1ation is important for a number of reasons. First of all it shows where the people are or will be. This is of importance since a <3ertain amount of the recreation tMe available to the peo- ple is in short periods of time where it will be necessary to have recreation places near to the place of residence for maximum effectiveness. Then it also shows where the peOple must come from to get to proposed areas of outdoor recreation. This also shows the relative density of population in various areas of a region or locality. The approximate use-pressure may be calculated for a given facility by a knowledge of the pOpulauon density in a given area. A number of types of data are available on populations F; 31.1 In. 84 and their characteristics for any given locality. Re g1 onal This may mean the national or state region depending on the scale of the planning of the trail network. It may be the region of the state which is within the jurisdiction of the agency planning the trailway system. This could very well be the region of the nation in which the proposed paths would be located. These areas may be differentiated as Northeast, North Central, South, or West as are the broad ' y ‘!e divisions used by the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review CGimmission. In a more concise manner these may be referred , to as the New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, West North Central, South Atlantic, East South Central, West so11th Central, Mountain or Pacific groups of states. . The information that is available from the National Census gives many facts about the region in addition to the raw total number of inhabitants. These totals, though, are g:I-Ven for cities and counties and are classed as to place of res‘idence whether urban or rural. Under the heading of gen- era-1 p0pu1ation characteristics are listed the age, race, honSehold relationship, sex and marital status of the people in a given area. Under the general social and economic char- acteristics of the p0pu1ation are listed the ethnic origin, mlgration, families, income, education and employment of the residents. The detailed characteristics according to the census Bureau would include families, fertility, migration, .F exhomo ooczsmm xr m oezmmmvsaoz coarse. 8:23 oozmmréjoz wormom a. . O . . ...:u... 0.1.4 In d X o 1 .. .. V ere N c s 'e QI’IIP-I . Ensues o ..u Moon 4.. , , (J ad a; e e . . .. W W o r e spro 4o . é onwwo ease. ...- - . \II .. I . ,w/ Neg. . . LXI/V .1. W or) s a s can... a: soar no.2... cause an“ . fl coarseness rIJfltaq .‘ae . r I ,. . .- NE- O \ 03:3...“ F -... . -. I an. «no eeeeeea . . .W - .. I.r< .- ...-2| ,..r.. .... osrxoce M w . 3 u. .. ... .- scan. a I case r . / leaf new ...we «ole one .o ,. 0D..° P ERIN .0 In 40.4 or to. f 93‘ . «P.040l . . A (III/I ones. . . e: .elv sell I. 44 - .ee see on or roe" a men- s. g ... . .. . ...ane . .. .. case; 1 r Joell/r n Ice en;- .. . n i K v. . V Von s s «an; . / leg-es use; I ease woe-ca . erosional I . I , . . . I are p p; Z M. til w o 0 rec. u . . .... . . ,. . o , r , s N x\ .w - w .. 1.. I . , l 9 . use. 9 ore-an recon w. . , I arre enaqneeel ens-4 «seen ee.es i. . leween..,.. .. ..mwdfinmx 4.01.. eon: Q-on «oer.- ..=. .. I an. ... a . . 2.0.2.. . . .. . .. . ..o . _ a. . .....0...... L ...... ... a n ‘ . .. _ ...... ., ....a v . l - r ' h. C 86 employment, income, occupation and industry. There is a definite overlapping in some of these studies but in combina- tion they are able to be used to give a fairly complete pic- ture of not only the distribution but also the characteristics of the inhabitants of a region. These reports are assembled by states and are listed in the bibliography. Existing This is what is largely covered in the above mentioned reports. The population density for any given land area is cut importance since it indicates the intensity of use of the land and the amount of remaining land that is potentially use- ffial for outdoor recreation purposes. A number of other stud- ies have been made in this general nature such as the one on quarter-section population density in the lower peninsula of Michigan. This was done by Dr. A. K. Philbrick of the Geo- graphy Department at Michigan State University. A study such as tide is very helpful for showing the rural non-farm p0p- uleltion density throughout the whole of a region. Many city 01‘ :regional planning groups will have data on existing land Use density and population characteristics for the area of the Sr concern. A Michigan State University Agricultural Ex13eriment Station Bulletin (see bibliography) has informa- tiOn on Michigan Population of 1960. Pro jected This type of study is necessary for a region if the pI'Oposed recreation facilities are to be meaningfully placed for. future users. Past trends in regional growth do not 87 always indicate the direction of future growth. Therefore, it is advisable to find whether the judgment projections call for an increase or decrease in the total inhabitants of the area. The distribution of the residents may change by a movement away from the central city and toward the suburban areas, and this too is vital in future recreational planning. Any projected variations in the characteristics of the p0pu1a- tion have some value as indicators of future directions of rieed in planning. The Opportunity to thus locate the pro- ,jected regional p0pu1ation will reveal certain facets that should indicate the need for a trailway system and will sug- égest some termini where the paths may be most accessible to the inhabitants . Local Existing In this context "local" will mean that p0pu1ation thixfllis definitely within the area where the trails are pro- Posed. At times it may be advisable to ascertain the precise location of and density of the inhabitants in a city, village or rural section of a county. This will show certain needs 811:1 locational aspects with.more clarity for a limited area tilfiin will the regional survey. Selected characteristics for the inhabitants of some regions may be a decisive element in tile, need for a trail or a decision as to where it will be placed. These should possibly be studied for this reason if cytller information is indecisive. A cross-referencing of nu come—smog E owsego mo :ozesflmxo of £218 bosons—2: m< 4:859 cm 5.5 0.58 8 wszcsoEa EoEwom ~33 o5 3 22m woo—.2398 £9530; .8958 of mo 558-25 bouafimxoama 602 was 82 :33qu woczoow 83:58 om mo cozfismom 3:: 9E. .39Eoommoa £8on 95 was m: 3 v8.89 33-3 of war—5w woe—mam .98: Bio 05 :0 5:8an was 93er mo conflsmom 53.5 o5 moveoow 23 waist moczoov 83550 2 mo :ozedaom 555 BE. .3on bo> one 8 93/; 83:28 mo oozedomom ~83 o5 Sm was Am 935 83.58 mo cone—smog :35 2: SW owEEo mo 83a 5 moonetfir .83 £9.53 .3 .535 comes—.32— 132 no «:83.— .N as: ’3 \\ .0 s.nu \\\\ ”gnfi \\ in“ \\ o.~¢ 5n o.~w u¢.ns - and». «can. 9. o 5 883a :13- \\ 8563..» § «388.388 g .82 $3.550 .3 £525.32— BBn 132 go «Exxon— .~ no: ...... an; o .5 83.- gué § 3.3.... g ton-3.} S 8890»; i \\\\\\\\ \ . A33 as women? 35 .85 owaoow 9.: war—6 3392 0.85 «x 521: mu woman? now—«Egon mgwEom—z 4:32.53 “so @252“ a. . . .. . gauze... mo .l idiom 38. as E 8885 388% 5 Bahamas 2: 33.... V a. roam was Ohm~ :00an maobfianQ ~33 .355 5 «.363 Eat} gammhwwmm “0%“:wa Goouawmmn .2043 a mu .~ow.:.~o.:< new wotofioh 0.39% mugs 5332: mo morale”. wawtewew mm 822 3:3: s wonmaouooucao o ~BO :owiofla 5 @3258 :3 haw «Xv 00: new? . . age: h0>030£ 623.53: 0 . w 0:3 flan .0W6u0>a 725.56: an #03550 no camafisnca 7:3 05 5 ~95 ~05. on: a. 50.» ma 0:00.35 .2 9.2 \\ .5 \ \\\ \oI.‘ ‘0 spas ‘0 \\~ \\ \\\ ...n \\\ \ u s s“... \\\ \ \ \\\ \\\. .Ho.” :3 \ s \ \ ...n \\\ \\\ \\u\ o ssns\ \\\\\ \ \ \ \ ‘ \ \ o . ...n \m w \ \ 35.3.8 \ \ 338.33- § 85.63.: a 853.88. V.\\. Bun-8...!!— a \\ \\\ \\\ \\\\\\\\ \\\.Ooh\\\ \\A\\\ \\\\\ \\\ \\ 330330 0.8 0:30.. .830qu 002 .0908 003 03030 05 9:030 hear—00 mo 2830x055 .Sm ..qowoobooa on .m 030B 030.00%? an ._o>o_ 82 05 0:0 £50 0000308 7 VOJuQE 0.23 NO «3.5th Er... 60:0 amok :mnT: mesa ~w~=~ *0 MNQAN ”Emu :0 ~05 £0700 MO mush 0.: :0 6.13 040 «no Dayan: 320n— 00£30EOm 000=0~0~n~=~8 Qmezoouvm a ..G: bowfim ~03:ka .Uxmfl EQMQANDQJOE . m ée. s a: a: Eamofimgmsa§ 3% a .03 0.500 20:30 0.5.3 mac—.0 m 0:0 NO «Sousa VG.» 0.030403% Hflu‘> -.. _. ‘-'-..—.‘-—.__.- —_. Ho 0080 728302 05 .3 030—330 0608 380$ 305003800 0 -85: a com: 30.6 3&0 505 $5000.80 5 £00: @0505 "08000 0; “$.53 0.0.353 «5.3 38:8 0o “38:: 32 a 2 .o .3 060003 05 wfihfi «505 we 03:5: 05 T080003 @0508 63:3 0 «a 0030 05 8h .0303. 05 mars“. 00000003800 nowah 503 E @2635: 03E 3 @0833 0003 0030 05 mo 003850 9. -5080.— 0AH .w0wafiofi. "0050800 023 2 @0838 0.83 32 am "000.8%.— 0000 30500388 m >0 2 05 £023 8w 003550 08a. . 05 $2 a $8 2 $2 a $8 580 05092 0380 2: w. .83 .5550 .3 .0030 .050 oua mo 50.» av “380% .2 an: a flu... I 0:9. 03.6 313- g as, ...a E .3336 1300. g 00:26 :28.— B x \ \ \\\\\\\ \\ ‘c‘\ “ . \\\n.~\\ \\\\‘\\\ MICHIGAN— COUNTIES, PLACES OF 25,000 OR MORE, AND STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS . 1 2 3 4- 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1s 16 ‘1 1 U \B x 1 \ 1 \ \ 1 \ 1C \ \\ i \ \ \ . \ \ \ \ 0 F i Count I / I__ lunoutfit is l I occxmson | 1 I ,H 1 ! i 1. A1191 m: | 2. .l'MmGMm Irma-nu | 1. (As: DUDOIY 01:30";qu 0- IERNOAu' intsout 1 5- Custom cm 1 1 6. "mama V 'J '— HAzn max 1 '1 ' a room you? - uuo nu . , ! 9_ ‘N‘Sff. OTSIGO 1 “OQLNCV 1 I ‘°' "~COLN an L 1 ‘ - “VON“. I 1 f 8K "- Ada-015010 moms A ' ' cu ; 13. OAK pA'( sum 1 13:11:; nuns-u (auto-01 oscom 1 111.1: 1 :4. 'ONYIAC l 11 I l ‘ - 'OSEVIUE ‘1 - I L M” '0"! on ( i 7 :’- 5! (14,. Snow uwsvu wnro-o IISSAUIIC nosco-mon.‘ oat-Aw 103cc " sournnno I ' ‘ 19, Sourrgc." J Y I. 1 N. WA..E~ 1 IM 7‘. W‘NDOVTI IA$OI 1 Lu: osczou 1 Cult Gummy: _ . g 1 :4 . p‘ q A A “""I'Kz r Cm N ' Itcosu mu'uu l “‘OUWD 3'; '4 ‘ I ocuu 1 nuuvoo '- mmmo i 1 7' - K - _ V ' -__-.'.. ' .Mggsma. 1.310011 14516115] 1 __.1_ , o __.1 “MW LEGEN D . ' 1 I 5‘61le u~|L5c 1 \ aux-loo", 1 I AC'II H": 1 10 f\ '. :.1___1uo~YcAL-I onuo’ ”an" ‘ ‘. .' ., 1 J Places of 100.000 or more “US“GO-‘(D - .-., Mme-rv—fi“ j o 1 .. {‘1 E. :3.—Wm 'r-‘wn 5 O Pzaces 0150.00010 100.000 W 51 1 (A 1 mm 1 v cw- :. . 1I ., 1" ' v ' . '. 71 n DON [AP pIaCCS 0' 25.000 IO 50.000 on‘w‘ I- r: N g '°~IA :- CLIV.O.‘ :fiull'l‘St'l: G{:: :Y': ‘1 . 1'0.’ U ‘ W Standard Metropolitan :‘ USW‘D """5 i 7'. '31146 . ' .. ".="-"""' ' " I 9 NJ , wrc-wc 1 . ...-” 1 . ; ~ 1 V_ 0 _ A; - '1 -.J. -..- - _ ' : 5 in 1 Statusucal Areas . ,-« -——-—"“"“" -. 1mg,“ 1 an“: 1mm“ 1 . With 250.00 7 m f 1 ‘J‘ ‘5 \b 1 G10 :1 l0 ' 0 O 0 e auto”; 1111-" E cnox 1 15mm LIVWOSYO" f ~hcx: 5 “NJ 1 l ; i '. 1.2.44.3‘J‘Iz, . , I W» 100.000 to 250.000 'wxuzqoawn , 1 ...,L.....1...4... ________,- -:-_‘ "52-5"? ' . .. -- .- ’ I ' . I K. .-: 1 “one - ANN 4250: 13c“ t. 011111141000 1. 0 1mm (11:51; 9:1".51-‘1; . :1, 01710:? In ’ "4" '0'!" {nu-“1100'. “WW" “c, .505“, 1 "_".”;"::c,,- ' ..n. 5"}: . 5 1 1; '1 111.422., _~___.__~~_.. t 1 . ‘ ,. .114“, f L“ 1 ! IS scan ‘ a” V .1050" "“c” musmu I 1.00m“ - ’° ° '° '0 to no m1. 1 . . , 1 '1 I , 1 i I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 I3 14 15 '16 census data with other statistics, primarily those dealing with outdoor recreation may lead to some very worthwhile assumptions that may otherwise be overlooked. An example of this would be if in the census it is found that a county has a high percentage of non-white inhabitants. Then from sta- tistics in one of the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission reports the recreation needs and desires of this group is found and further facilities may be planned to meet their needs. This is an over-simplification, since other cisterminants would have to be considered also, such as income, (education, occupational types, etc. However, this serves to :3how how these census figures could be used not only for themselves alone but also to gain further relevant informa- t i on through interpretation . Projected Such projected data on a detailed area is very dif- ficult to locate but in many cases should be obtained or dfiaxdved where possible. This would in effect he the enumera- 1315-on, location, and analysis of the future inhabitants of the C3isty, county or region. This type of determination has been made, especially in the outdoor recreation field, to some ex- tent by the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commiss ion ‘11: least on a national and a broad regional scale. Local goVernmental and planning groups will have started and per- haps completed at least some work of this type and should be consulted. The value once again of these studies is to find the 92 location and amount of the existing and prOposed populations so that a trail system may be planned which will most benefit those inhabitants. The best way to do this would be to set out on a map the relative p0pu1ation densities of various regions within which the trail system is being planned. This graphic representation may be studied to record the land with a low number of inhabitants per unit area which might be more available for recreation use. This would also show where the greatest population density would be in an area and thus where the peOple would be that would use such a trail system. This would also show the regions of most congestion and therefore the ones most needful to be served by such trails. The order of approach in the implementation section 01" this paper is generally the one that is suggested in ac- tually putting such a proposal into effect. Therefore the location of this population would follow the location of the recreat ion areas . Steps in the Location of Potential Trailway‘ROutes This is probably the most important and difficult phase of the implementation of such a proposal. It is upon tkli-s aspect that the success of such a system is largely de- petitient. The land acquisition portion may have some weak- negses, as may the actual design of the trails themselves, without proving completely disastrous. However, if the trail is not located in such a manner so as to create sufficient 95 interest, variety, and recreative potential, the trail sys- tem is not successful. A study of the characteristics of the prospective users themselves, along with the judicious use of balance between the factors listed below should lead to a route location that would meet the recreation needs of a majority of the population. A summary of. the character- istics of the present and future users of such trails is found in the Appendix. More detailed information on these peOple may be found in the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission report from which these were taken, along with other of these reports. The examination of various sources as listed in the bibliography on the hobbies and hobbyists connected with such a recreational development Would be a valuable study prior to the implementation of a Preposal such as suggested here. Such a base may be helpful, Since a fundamental knowledge of the characteristics of peo- Ple and an intense and sensitive study of the land, both Primeval and exploited, may yet suggest other and possibly be tter solutions . The routes that such trails as prOposed here may take are myriad and at first approach to route selection may appear to be haphazard and accidental. Even the earliest lShown tracks of man through the primitive wilderness do not alvvays make apparent sense. This is so since we do not know wflat prompted the various individuals making the track to go from one terminus of the trail to the other. The seeming cotifusion of trail location is due to the lack of knowledge 94 on the part of the outside observer as to what conditions could and did dictate trail routes or potential trail routes. We may never know all of the determinants of the routes of early man but we are able to some extent to lay out certain guidelines that may assist in locating future routes most effectively. Some of these are taken up in greater detail in the following section. This is the portion or the phase of such a problem in which the landscape architect is most valuable and most needed. Other aspects of the prOposal and itts implementation may be best undertaken by planners, land management specialists, or administrators, but the matters cxf route selection and design are at the center of the realm Cfif the landscape architect and nowhere else. This matter <31‘ possible routes assessment and determination should be irnfluenced by someone well aware of and sympathetic toward the natural landscape and with the sensitivity of a designer. For this the landscape architect, by training and experience, shO‘uld be best qualified. A very careful study of these and ‘ytller factors should be made before any route selection is made and the voice of the landscape architect should be loud 111 any final decision. The advisory capacity of the landscape architect may b€5 'brought to bear on a land acquisition problem since the VELlue of the land as a resource may suggest the method of ob‘baining it as well as holding it. In time landscape architect may devise a method or sWatem for evaluating land for trails or paths. This would 95 at some future time prove a productive and beneficial re- search project. An assessment could be made concerning the qualities needed in the land to provide for good trailway routes. A study of trailways, their inherent characteristics, and those of their users, could be made to ascertain what lands would be most suited to path or trailway development. Survel of All Publicly Owned Land This is a logical step from the above points of the location of population and recreation areas. The publicly owned land mentioned here may be in addition to recreation land . This may be land owned or controlled by any municipal- 113V, county, or county-like area (this includes roads, streets, Watercourses, etc.), or controlled by a regional planning group, and any land in the ownership or under the control of the state or Federal government (this also includes roads, etc . ) . Even though these may not be used at present for recreational purposes, it is possible that small portions of them may be used to connect portions of an overall network or pa thways or trails where only unavailable private land . Otherwise could be used. The location of existing recrea- tion land will act as somewhat of a guide as to where people may 80 upon such trails or paths. These may be the termini or £001 of trails leading from urban or residential areas. The total picture of what land is at present or will be in the future in public ownership is one segment in the over- mosaic necessary to determine potential route location 96 and land acquisition policy. This should not be the only determinant but should act as one possibility and certainly be recorded along with the factors listed below. After all of these factors have been noted and overlaid on a map of a region and the consideration of economics applied to each potential site, a decision as to the best site can be made. Tine relative weight of each factor can be made at the time ()1? site selection but all of the potential influencing fac- tors must be indexed and recorded prior to this time. This survey of the complete spectrum of land ownership by public agencies of all levels of jurisdiction is one factor, then, in making any decision. All of the other determinants may be overlaid on a map of the public land ownership of a region. Such information is difficult or at least tedious to Obtain, due to the fact that it is never compiled in one Place or on one map. This may be due to many things, sane of which perhaps no one involved will admit. The reason gener-ally given, which is a plausible one, is that no map °°uILca be made large enough to show in detail all of the land owned by every level of governmental agency. As mentioned, this is true, though it is suspected that were all of this SeUnilered into one map the result would be arresting. The total amount of land area, owned or controlled by all levels 0 f government in America is staggering. This land in parcels o r all sizes completely permeates the landscape of our nation. 3°me statistics as to land ownership in the United States are available in the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review m><\$¥i<flh qmwalfiddk Qz< A1”\F<>>V§V\352: . M><3x¢2Q “2353 ...-III ><>>u¢ I' 0 ..j i 9 ° 0?? I - i z 4+ o1 I . RAND I 11“.wa I oscooa TRAV RSE ' CRAWFRDI ' L .I i I-I i-_.--—._..r. ooooo ,V‘ . WEXFORD ‘MISSAUK Q. | OGEMAW ' IOSCO ALCON A e u - ¥ l I 'Roscouuoui ._._ ‘ .... . 'T' ._1._._T MAso I . I LAKE 1 OSCEOLA . I ..... ‘ ._ _ _! ._._.- HURO,N OCEANA I I MECOSTA I uwmoo I 0 _Id . — ————— 1_ ’ ' ' . MONTCALM ...1.._.1 ....aaf' MICI-n NSHIVATION 100 times necessary for the integration of a number of regional trailway plans. There are, of course, many sources of this information, too many to be compiled or mentioned here, but it should be obtained, studied and recorded as a primary step in finding satisfactory routes for such trails. Survey of Existing Water-ways The purpose of such a survey is illustrated by a quote from Mr. Phillip Lewis' study on "Recreation and Open spaces in Illinois." In a look at other resources it becomes more clearly apparent that the Illinois landscape resources of good quality lie in relatively narrow ribbons cries-crossing he state. We have either a linear system of river and flood plains enclosed by the only significant topography and timber of the region or high linear ridges with distant ‘views and timbered lepes. These linear patterns com- .pose the recreational potential of Illinois. It may be said that it is an extensive and well distributed pattern and that its relationship to exist- ing p0pu1ation concentrations is in many respects ideal. The early settlers utilized the linear routes to penetrate the area and consequently settled nearby. As mentioned earlier, many landscapes are abundantly el'ldowed with structures and objects of historic and pre- historic significance. The Illinois landscape is no ex- ception. We see an outstanding number of Indian villages, camps and battlegrounds located near the river patterns throughout Illinois. Accepting these resources as po- tential recreation and tourism attractions we again enrich t\he already abundant resources within our linear ribbon .Qoncept. In looking at the extensive State park systems in Illinois we again see a most familiar linear pattern. is Perhaps the most significant finding in this report Ne strong evidence that the quality resource which is Mary for recreationL tourism, and open space does lie 1“Din this unique linear pattern. 101 Such evidence might well suggest that making detailed surveys of the landscape resources within these linear patterns is an essential State activity. It could be said that this area activity could be narrowed down to the linear landscape patterns most subject to disruption as a result of population expansion and technologic change. Urbanization, industrialization, canalization, reservoir flooding, and new transportation systems are all aspects of such change. This incidentally is an excellent study of the type 1:t1£1t should be made preparatory to such an appraisal of the J.£1r1d for a trailway system. This is one of the first and Iaeasst studies showing what the potential analytical power of 'bklia landscape architect can and should be. A map showing the major rivers of the state of Mich- Ilégein is included in this paper and can be used as a rough guide to what exists as to rivers and their characteristic dearidritic pattern. This latter is one of their most valuable at; tributes. They usually send fingers into the hinterland 01‘ £1 state or region, then regather themselves to empty into a large body of water. Near the mouth of this regathering as Well as where branches join is usually found a major city. This leads to a natural route of access from city to city. This access route on shore and in the water was recognized b3? tilie native Indians as well as the early explorers of the real on. The logic of using these passageways through the llirlélscape for potential trailway routes is readily apparent. \ 1. 3Phillip H. Lewis, Jr., Recreation and 0 en 8 ace Illinois (Urbana, Illinois: The University of Illinois, n 1961 ’ p. 63. vn‘ "mono! "06 0““ “ III-ICC. OI M "In“! 1 I”! l .LI‘NE .Qu lO 20 30 40 MILES AR RIBBONS WITH Amy RESOURCES FIG. 26 R RECREATION F0 “I 103 It is further possible to connect the footpaths of suggested canoe trails which already exist in the State of M1 chigan. Travel on these could be combined for a tour through the state. Trailside rest and picnic facilities could be combined for both the land and water "hiker." Land trails or portages may be developed to connect rivers and riv er systems to each other. This further provides in a sense a potential route in that the public has water rights on these rivers, though not as the law now stands do they have access rights along this water. In Canada the travel of the public cannot be impaired for a distance of ten feet on either side of a water body. The enactment of such legislation in our country would greatly facilitate the rapid implementation of such a pro- Posal as desired here. Some beginning on this has been ini- tiated in Wisconsin where increased tax rates are assessed aSail-rut land abutting public water bodies. This in effect recognizes that these property owners are benefitting from water that is not exclusively theirs. More will undoubtedly be cions along these lines as the p0pu1ation increases and mult 1ple use of land and water resources becomes more neces- 88. ry \Location of Utility Rights of Way This is another type of network that cries-crosses t he American landscape. The potentiality of using the ease- n; eFits of these utilities as trailway route locations has been 104 most dramatically put forth in Santa Clara County California where they have printed a small folder on the advantages and possibilities of "Greenways." The following is a quote from that publication. Greenways are utility easements transformed into park- like walkways. Along their tree-shaded paths children will walk to the school or the park, or gather for in- formal play close to their homes. Adults will find the Greenways a pleasant place to stroll and a welcome open space in a closely built-up urban neighborhood. A dramatic thing about these threads of green is that they can be spun from trash-collecting, weed-growing utility easements. Greenways offer a means of turning single purpose land which is often a4community liability into a multipurpose community asset. Therefore, in a community in which a pathway network is considered, the existing and prOposed utility rights of way must be indexed and studied as possible route locations. Location of lands Suitable for ‘Recreation There are in existence in nearly every community lands that are ill suited to farming and not well located for industrial, commercial, or residential uses. These lands should be noted and their location examined for possible con- version to recreation land. If there is a distinct pattern in these, and there may be, all or some parts of this land may be used for trailway routes. This land may be obtained by public agencies, or it may remain in private hands, and some 4Greenways (San Jose, California: County of Santa Clara Planning Department, 1961), (pamphlet). -£~ >ro-—-4—’~—.~.~.m F— FL r-.. P. . .. rrih PIL Pt... a j4\\\\\\\\ .~®$\\\.\x\.\\\\ . \ex. \\ \. ._\\\\ w \\\\\\ r ..\. ..M\\\ . \“V “\v \\ \\\\x . \e. «w\®\\.\\\m\ \ . . \ \\ .. ..m \ \\\\\ .. \¢\«W\,\\\\\\mo\\\xx\\x\\ V\\ Mus......\ \\\\ ..\. \\ \\r ..\\\ \ \\\.x \\\\\\1\\\\\\\\\\. \ \\\\\\\.\.\\. \. \ a. $§ .s\.v\.\\ xx\\w... . . \ \ Cass \ \ ..x. ..\\\ ... em..." \ \. .. . .. c\x \ _ SIS ...... \\ii-\ \ m . ..\ \xxm eel \V . \ "6. “no“ 43 M. w T m. M ‘ N A ' M I \ A a m. '- “m '00? MTNS "on CAMPING 6 PICNIC AREAS 70¢ mmmu or was was was nuancto m m mnouou Tn now“ no nous mama Assn“, won mt mmuous a canon 10: or me new». 1904 n mucosa. M 0.“ PLAIN“ WIT AC7" FIG. 44 “I“. WI suou sons 106 sort of public access rights obtained from the owner. Once again this is not something that can be used alone, but used in conjunction with other of these possible determinants, it might mean the difference between a complete and a spotty network of paths through the countryside. The most awkward aspect involved here is that the defining of land best suited for recreation is a very exact- ing process. Traditionally conservation and public recrea- tion has been given the choice of what land is left over. Many times this is fortunate since land of more picturesque- ness and character is obtained than would be if recreation planners had initial choice. It has not been possible to establish rigid criteria as to what land is most suitable for recreation, though since the above is true in an examina- tion of land classes in an area, the available land will usually start at the bottom of the scale or continuum. This then is closely tied to soil types and characteristics, though tepography and location enter in as well. An out-of- print publication on "Land Classes in Michigan" by J. O. Veatch explores to some extent this matter. Many studies of this type have been made by local agencies for the Specific region with.which they are concerned. An excellent pilot study of this type of thing is contained in the above-men- tioned report by Mr. Lewis. An explanation of the major lines of this study is contained below. As an aid to the use of the soil map, each soil unit is rated according to its suitability for use in agriculture and recreation. The suitability rating is 107 based primarily on the physical and chemical aspects of the soil-~other factors such as location, economics, politics are not considered. In other words, the rat- ings reflect the relative suitability of each mapping unit; an area rating "less favorable does not mean that the area in question cannot be used for that par- ticular use, but there are limitations due to the soil characteristics that interfere with any use. A five class rating system is used. The classes are described as follows: Class A--Most favorable. No serious limitations in use. Class B-—Very favorable. Some limitations exist but can be easily overcome. Class C--Favorable. Lhnitations exist but they can be overcome or corrected. Class D--Less favorable. Limitations are serious or severe. Class E--Unfavorable. Limitations are serious or severe enough to make usage unsound. The soil units have been rated for agriculture and var- ious recreational uses in Table 2 (in "Recreation and Open Spaces in Illinois"). Agriculture is concerned primarily with the produc- tion of livestock and crops. Recreation consists of various forms of activities each with a different set of desirable characteristics. For this reason, recrea- tion is subdivided into the following: Roadways-eincludes such uses as parkways, drives, and horseback trails. The roadways generally follow the contour of the ground and are designed for scenic beauty. Footpaths--trails or paths used by peOple afoot to enjoy scenic beauty [sic{] or exercise. Pond Development--includes the embankment and the shore. Under embankment, the fill or dam and the area under water is considered. Shore is the area extending ten to twenty feet landward from the water line. Golf Courses--are primarily concerned with the fairways. Good vegetative cover and trafficability are desired. Camping and Picnic Areas--include campsites, picnic sites and unsurfaced parking facilities. Areas that are mod- erately rolling and have good vegetative cover and the 108 trafficability are the most desirable. Service Facilities~-inc1ude service buildings, motels, swimming pools, gasoline stations and other buildings connected with recreational areas. For this use the soil unit should be well drained and have good founda- tion qualities. From these ratings for each soil unit, an area can be quickly judged as to its suitability or limitations for agriculture or recreational use.5 The accompanying illustrations show how this could be done. This method could be valuable in the location of land or routes potentially useful for trailways. Thus it should be included in any preliminary study, and should influence eventual route location. Determination of Watersheds ~ This determination of the outline boundaries of a watershed is valuable for a variety of reasons. It is pos- sible to use watershed areas as boundaries for a more suit- able and logical regional planning system. These units may not be just for the purpose of water and natural resource control but may be so structured and organized as to include recreation in the scOpe of their administration.‘ This has been done already in Ohio, and the Conservancy Districts Law of Illinois includes the scope of recreation though this provision is not now being utilized. Some of the new thinking on these regions is contained in the 5Lewis, op. cit., pp. 81, as. 109 following quote. The strategic importance of water resources as a man-nature problem now and as a critical factor in future develOpment raises to new prominence the watershed region. A watershed is the land area unified by a surface drain- age system. It is well known that in the arid western sections of the United States, the availability of“water determines land values and land use. There is now an awakening realization that the once adequate water re- sources of the eastern states are in many areas no longer adequate, without further deveIOpment, to meet the needs of the future. Solutions to present problems and develOp- ment of additional water resources require that the water- shed be studied as an entity susceptible to coordinated design along with the overlying socio-economic regions in a unified framework. A significant legal, economic, and biological com- munity of interest is created through the unifying character of surface water. It is the same run-off wa- ter that passes each section of the watershed and any changes in quantity or quality are the result of the use patterns and regulation throughout the watershed. In this framework, land and water emerge as closely related resources. Most human activities involve the use both land and water resources with varying effects. Water resources and land resources can no longer be meaningfully analyzed or developed in isolation from each other. Because water resources are more limited than land resources, watershed factors and water use decisions will play a leading role in determining future environmental health conditions and the most feasible settlement patterns.6 Furthermore these may be the logical units into which to break down trailway planning. Since the watershed is structured into a dendritic pattern which is fundamentally the same type of pattern desired for trailways, the similar- ity should be exploited. This does not imply that the trail 6Sanford S. Farness, "Man-Environment Problems in an Urban Age and the Role of Universities" (unpublished paper, School of Urban Planning and Landscape Architecture, Michigan State University, 1963), p. 11. ___J .T . . . .. , ____ ..-: IIIIISOTA L, O A I956 ;\ CID \< 'lflrl'ISN DOUION OF CANADA .01ij MICHIGAN DRAINAGE BASINS Prepared by WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION I—I—Igl—I-fi—u 4 \ 4- ° \ ’~ . c-s.ov0A-, \ :0. V '. 2 .. Illi .~ \ . II 3’ . \ . l—-— _L ___.. _= .. ' Io _ 1 ‘ I Q .....- I6 (so Inc-"0"" ..u- ‘ . 0 f I”, A o v I I \‘ 36 : .' : -‘ I3 I. it .~" —- ° o _:_.. I 1— ° V n unus- IAI'OI. AI.9 s c I4I s W/ S I) liver hein- ' r Lani-Peninsula \ In"- 0-|'“" ...1'. I... IIIIAUISI I. no". 23. mac 20\ / L 2. ”his 215. him-ter 't ' ' 3. 3:110 25. Pets Marduk“ - H b. Innis 26. Pigeon b 5.31.991. 27.Hu(8t.01au') .. u “""" 6. and: (hr: m) 28. m. (moods) .7. luck (mu: lens) 29. mm. \ I a. and: (sound) 30. sin. —'— "" ~9. scum 31. m 32 D 10. lane 32. “In. Q n. ”be,” m. a.. .“ A “ascent IIAOILLA II IILAII 11. Clinton 323. ’11!“ I s I c o 13. 11k 326. Ilia-um 37 1h. Grand 32:. linemen ' ‘ l 413. Ema 33. scum-u; - 16.me 330.3%.“th I“ 00"“" , 11'.an 3Iu.rum ... "I "‘ '° 18. mm 35. “on but I" ' 19. Lincoln 36. flu-Ill” an i: _.__i I — j as. Insist-e 37. um. I“ 21.th 3a. Inno- ‘ ' ' ' I "-W ‘ o '1': -Io-IA gin-'0'. Upon human ‘1 39. new; 52. W to. M 53. Gites-gen 51. m 510. “I. Q. Coder 55. Pom II). kneels: 56. Prague In. “I. MI 57. his #5. M 56. ”upon (Delta County) ‘6. lambs 59. uni-non (Imus acuity) b7. rat-II 60. humans US. fill. 61. M loaned I In. Ina-mu 62. um- 50. lamina 63. Intends 51. Neural I III I4 111 and river patterns have to be coincident. Trail networks from one watershed may be adjusted to mesh more perfectly with those of another. These natural boundaries may be more advantageously used by the designer than would artificial political boundaries. Quite complete information as to var- ious deciding factors might be available for watershed areas. Accompanying this section is a boundary map of the Michigan drainage basins. This shows the outlines of potential trail- way planning regions. Soil Survey This aspect is closely related to the above-mentioned factor of location of lands suitable for recreation purposes. Certain types of soils, as related previously, are best suited to recreation purposes and of those types some are better fitted for trail routes than others. This is not to say that recreation.should be given first choice of the available land in a region rather than last choice as it is now. Many times land with the character, variety and inter- est that is necessary in recreation land is ill suited to any other purpose. Perhaps this is fortunate, since because of this certain land is preserved from exploitation and re- mains accessible for recreation purposes. Also as noted be- fore, there is a hierarchy of soil classifications and re- sultant uses, going from soil that has the highest inherent value to that which has little or no value within itself. Certain types of soil will quite often be available ......C‘ swam . . .. .. x \ ?«\\\\ ... I. VI.“- 0 a O ‘ C . i\\\\§¢ , \ CLASS 'MMLAND 6 FLWDPLAIN on"... Al- I CLASS IAIMLAND . .5? GENERAL AREA commmus ecu c cuss IARMLAND D b E CLASS IAIMLAIID AREA SUIIEC‘I TO ILOODIM ‘ C. O a so I o I 0 - 1m” I 00 000000 0001 m 00 0000000000000\ 0 .o . 0. .\.. O‘\\\ . I. o I i . O 00 n! v I”. as Inc-nu :Q \ \ \ \ AGRICULTURAL SOILS FIG. 38 113 for recreation purposes and this may be found through the study of soil maps. Certain patterns of soil distribution may be discovered through a study of soils maps. This pattern in itself may suggest land uses or use relationship patterns. In some instances this pattern may be linear. When this is the case and the soil is suitable or available for recreation purposes, a trailway route may suggest itself. Some work is being done in regard to studying the possibilities of zoning according to soil type. This alone cannot be the determinant of route location, but it should be studied and considered as a factor. Both the engineering and agricultural character- istics of the soil must be included in an assay of its suit- ability for trailway use. Such information is obtainable in a variety of places and in a variety of ways. There are major soils associations maps of the state of Michigan such as some of those listed in the bibliography. For a particular region more detailed soils maps are published of most counties. In some cases the United States Department of Agriculture has made detailed soil surveys on aerial photographs of counties. These would be very effective in finding pattern and types in a region. What of value can be determined from a soils map that would assist in choosing a possible trailway route loca- tion? First the general character of the soil type and its origin, such as whether it is sand,clay, or organic soil may be found by an intelligent analysis of such a map. Then the drainage ability of the soil may be found, such as how well 114 it dries up in the spring and how soon it will stand early traffic. Then some idea of its fertility may be gained. This is important since highly fertile soil will rarely be available. Then the general degree of erosion and erodability may be uncovered from a good soils map. The gradient or slope of the land is also able to be found on this map. These last two factors have some relation to t0pography in that they show where the route might be too steep for trail traffic or where the trails can be worked into and around the land conforma- tions. Other possible uses of the soil survey might suggest themselves, but since most of this mapping is done, it gen- erally need only be analyzed and considered along with the other deciding points in possible pathway routes. Ecological Survey This is a science little understood and appreciated by the general public. Trails of the type prOposed here could be used as an educational media in which to bring this fascinating study to their attention. Before this can be done, though, the trails must be located in such places as to best observe the ecology of a region. A study of the ecology must then necessarily preceed the location of such trails. This is fundamentally the study of the inter-relation- ships between different organisms and their environment. There is much drama and excitement in a study of this science N: A... ... .a .I- ...-7 .....,.,,.u.I s. “a, ‘ g... «$95,. g‘gita‘zi‘mf‘mx :_ _; if; \ifi‘gfi‘f’uQfl, A EV E RC3 REE N TRAI L M AP and. WORK 5H EET ‘l H ‘7'" ‘. ;-: P‘TCHP‘INJQ . ‘ ‘ \ 1.11325}; p/an me d To accompany [foQGRff/V TIP/UL GU/OE book/ct .. .'.‘ x I O a .- * .2 3%.;JAP’ANESE Chat .1 ' ' 0 Lions “at; am.” Had”, no...” ,‘m gut“; ; ham? m... LAW? WW air/w me- She .-. ‘5 «ll-mime M J/ W thfifr ' M 7m CMW, (A: wdb fad afou/ Jr ;. egg, I.The evergreen with coral-red berries is D K, : AU‘y‘I’RIAN 2.The spruce with droopin twi 5 is..,_ - .. .. .. - . - C] ‘ " -, %’1~“‘.ij, 3.The evergreen that does not lgct‘along with hawthorns Is [I ‘ ' ‘ fié‘ LLThe 5-neeci1cd, pine of great value as lumbCI".---. . ---- -. D 5The ever reen with 0.11 its needles Hat and. overlappmg I5 -- 1:] Q. The Spruce. with the Ion est, stittest cone I5-.- --- 7. The tree from the QicIF'IC northwest with drooping iw‘Ién‘ijCJ 8The deciduous conifer From Europe is .--... _. --. -.--- D (I. The Spruce From northern Europe ISM. ..- - . D IQThe, evergreen. Planted In Iow,wet pIaces along This ‘LraII I5 D lLThe me, wmh orange bark on Its upper branches Is .--------. D 11. The pine with Shortest needles (‘5--,-_ __________________ D IiiThe eastern inc with 3 needles in each bundle Is -WD {LtThe deciau0u5 conIFcr From southern 5wamp5 I5 .............. C] 15. The evergreen From the North ’rhat makes the most tmgraat of Christmas tree5.m..... ... AMBER PINE‘jtf-J ‘ ‘ "ENE-1:1. '. "CHI ‘ 7‘3!)- ‘ {1:},‘5‘J .-;;v.-:‘..’-}‘ .1 , “ .. : £351.fo .. m1.“- 1;: _'".'_ . .’ ."--..--‘ - ‘ . .' 1“. .l W i}? 5PRUCE HILL, .. ‘4 ; . ~~—1.-- ‘ _, .... ‘ . .1",-',.4 . . ' -_ .Y V. I. ' .I .1 '-:..4J.‘ ALONG THE TRAIL EAastrian pine/QG} Labeled/n FI'r‘ W 9‘ @Carolinahemlocfiéefiifi LEA/bite pIne 4% 6" @white Fir W .9 @Earopean larch__..39f-.@ {Bred pIr'lC, 3' Erect Cedar 4%“ 4‘ Emountain. pine_-f<.-__© EchfrCy pine ‘ ‘5. [1:] False cypre$5 M ’: LE3.) pi’tch 'PIIIC,_:.-‘:’.=.'--© @arbor wide 1% ‘ 13".) Dough} fir . w *0 THE MORTON [EUQCK pine: < ‘9 QJNorway spruccw‘z’ mcommon JLLFUPCV'Q/«W J ARBORETUZQ @Iirnbcr‘ pInC é-“ @WLILTG. spruce“ 3" "ii-Japanese, yew/(«KKK (9 thponderosa pinc—‘afi LflJC010rado spruce w"- Lil‘rliodoandron «s94: _5C01'Ch pihc. a (‘3 Ejba’d. CZP?CQ€J~4—— nut-” I-» numbers m r . map -' “7:21.60: age.) 3: re Fer 1°~ eXP‘a",af’-O"5 x" lM/x’MA/GZ Ab. 2 ..i (14:._, «>J«A.-~4&,An --- ‘ .;‘ rewc— (..-..Jc. b..nAI<—.¢ i ‘.-v-.li 14--.. _--l._..- . ..-,I,‘ --._‘l_, .- 15‘ foils/ac L ments, giits. use-permits or purchases. lhe act speCihtally denied the right of eminent o I.“ ‘ ,-—-~ ........ . ‘ ' ‘ , . . . . ’ ’ . . . r ‘ . . I g 4" 435:4“, ",fjffgw MO domain to acquire property. lhe trail will pass through a variety oi areas, including \ f, .1131 /’*M,_‘,~.:iv»,’~::—~ HW _ , . . - .- , , . i 3’; //” ‘kxw rsouaw desert. coastline, high mountains up to 10,000 ieet, iorest, Chaparral, grassland and \' “11f- , '5 ',v;‘ if] ”‘ "VALLEY V j“ .¢r<.i;.c2:co !’ simmer» suburban developments. \\ t _‘X 3;), ) >AIAJN4I$$‘:_X‘ j?» "'aiviH .. . . . . . } _,_s.:lf;3;iii‘ez;;-&:§‘Toioa“ .3... " iii x DEVELOPMENT—Construction specmcations call tor a minimum tread-widti "ILNOUA C0 \ lb“ '1 ‘ .\ y f / .. , - J '- ‘ pim . . ' s . . F vr ‘ I l a ‘ - r - ”SEEN-toe \‘h-JQSV v. ’ fry-w“: \i‘, ,/“ w \ 01 50 inches to be built on a ZO-ioot right-oi-way. State iunds tinance both “Season—“k. ” ' fl ":5", / ,' A , C ‘ .J , . . . . . - . . .a': i3, \Qi... Gimme}; “I: ° “~/\.—i»g$g‘fi0~ ' budding and maintenance 01 the trail. ms = .Ts7:———>\\~ .. f ' ya ..u “”'/ 3 " ‘ ' , . , . ,, . - . - ' ~ -. c , - a .5.“ ‘ \:‘\. O / i W “f/ * \<\?\,-\J A system oi overnight Camps has been started,. units are to be spaced “x0 (”53:2 "J P {zl/tjwc'imm / ‘::\ L. 15 to 20 miles apart, With iaCilities consisting of stove, tables. \ / . \ ‘ ' . . . - t an r." I‘“\' /‘r' 1 C0 / \\\ . . - I 1 I :. h I ‘. n .lblllt Of the rider . :: Q / ‘fl ' WW“ C°- ->~-. water sanitation and corra. t is t e respo s y l~ III/'B’J -' / , / \\ wt. ‘ . t 3: mega +- » . ' “' “ ' ‘ ‘ " ‘ ‘ ‘ ' SWEWWZQ .....ro.i‘\ $1 "W's-7t 1; /Z/ to prOVide Iodder ior his stock. w [Augifiyfgi i ., {:Ruvtgmijy \< (1 /-~ L:j“l},'/'WE\ K: .-" \ 81/ ln l955. the Riding and Hiking Trails Act was amended to permit uthusztcn iii” 'iil‘c."\ijib) "k ~ Jan-MUN [ix/fa “$.45: ‘\ ./‘~"’ \ l3\ ,4 the establishment and the construction of secondary trails. ~rhese 33:753.“, ”oft, ,QCU/X;/§?M \:\(\ k .(‘E‘ \ 0 will provide better access to, and greater local use ok, the LA r1'3‘.'i.\:\ ("i ('1/ H J‘._§~-g34a7\’,_ {:‘Kiiiiiiisw \ 4 State Riding and Hiking Trails. ' Hamel? Or \C .l \ / ‘ _r . _, \ ,— . STAit Pki’ll'fi’ \ (*SRQ‘C'BH ‘C r ’ 4"— (/ ’/l —, S . 0.3 bAS'N .(‘a]\ 31);! \ \ ‘2 .)\_\ uUwu . ./ é) . ll ‘\ '7 \x l .tmoooi ~ \ \x \ , \ "\_/ “f "‘ W /) \ ,~\\ STATE pm I: .‘i‘ “47/ ~ , / / fix" 0: \ a «v ,;.~.,.-;h;.ri Pass , ~‘ \ "‘ rncsno co. \ ,5; ‘ 5‘".c%uz\to:\\\ ll - '_/\ A ,1. . .. ,B‘ivfifi‘ ‘ \‘é/D— 4L ’ 1. ”INF: HOWN VAL}; ”7.1“"? .. ' \ \ lifli’iElED lRillL MlLES \ . (i \'ClllC - - mm 1C5, other than those for emergency or mainte- '\ u ... . . s. . o liatcpsrifpom or those especially designated by the “7‘le {h Commission shall be permitted to use the trail, . trail trayerses a common right of way. ‘0 Pcfso - . 2M n shall molest livestock encountered along or J Cnt to the trail. (9) OODQrSOn . . , , I Shall ride any saddle animal in a manner that (10 with a greater quantity of information and a greater degree of accuracy. The Army Map service, or other Federal agencies have detailed topographic maps of certain sections. State or regional planning groups will also have accurate maps and further information as to what is available. Sgrveyof Existing and Proposed Roads These at first glance would seem to have little rela- tion to the prOposed trails, since they should be little used for non-vehicular traffic. They do tend, however, to act as dikes or levees for pedestrian, horse, or bicycle traffic. Each time one of these trails is required to cross a motor vehicle artery, provision must be made to separate the traf- fic so as to protect the trail and not interfere with the motor traffic. Due to this fact roads of all types will act as possible negative indicators of where trails ought not to go. This is one of the main purposes of a study of this type. The presence of numerous roads is inevitable in a pOpulous state such as Michigan. These roads are not absolute bar- riers except in some cases such as expressways or major re- stricted access highways. Roads should also be classified as to type, size, and amount of traffic. This will enable the planner to see which traffic routes will tend to restrict the trail locations and which will not. Some roads may be utilized to give motor access to a trail terminus of some interest. From that point the auto occupants may begin hiking on the trail network. This in 157 most cases is to be relegated to a minor position since the primary purpose of this trail network is to serve to bring people from crowded urban areas on the trails themselves. Another aspect that enters in under the general sub- ject of roads is the opportunity to use abandoned road rights- of-way as possible trail routes. In certain sections of Michigan unused logging, and existing fire or maintenance roads may have some further utility as trail routes. During a general survey of the roads of a region a check may be made as to what of this type exists in a region. It is also possible in this respect to survey the roads in an area to determine if any may have sufficient right-of-way adjacent to them for satisfactory trail loca- tion. Many parkways have scenic easements immediately on either side of them. These are quite often of sufficient size to be able to place a trail paralleling the roadway and yet be able to shield the pedestrian way from direct confron- tation with the omnipresent auto all along the route. An excellent Opportunity for this sort of thing is now present- ing itself in the 500 foot right-of-way on each side of the "Great River Road." This is a parkway system on either side of the Mississippi River from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. There is ample room in this system for a long distance trail which could serve as a major artery for the center section of America, much as the Appalachian Trail does for the East, and the Pacific Crest Trail does for the West. This "parkway- side" trail could give rise to or serve to encourage the 158 establishment of a system of subsequent "capillary-like" feeder trails connecting to it. In general, the neglect of a thorough study of the present and future roads in a region will act as a handicap in doing the best possible job in locating potential trailway routes. Usually state and local road maps are easily avail- able and these may yield the needed information. Occasionally it may be that parkway or area recreation authority materials may be studied for routes that are suggested by lands owned or controlled by these groups, and which now serve vehicular traffic only. All of the factors that would influence route loca- tion must be studied thoughtfully, thoroughly and sensitively before making any recommendations on this basis. These as- pects, along with the considerations of economics, population factors, and land acquisition feasibility, will have to be "fed" into the aesthetically sensitive computer mind of the one who is to make the decision as to the actual route. A neglect to study or a superficial study of any of these locational factors may result in an inferior, unused and unappreciated trail that would not meet the desired aim and would in effect waste any other time, money and effort ex- pended on all parts of it. { O iiiliiippl liiver‘l’a I’lleq Comism Ulie Story of frog res: efidf/“yfl 9dr," THE MISS IPPI RIVER VALLE IS RIC IN HISTORIC, SCENIC, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC AND REC EATIONAL VAL- UES which if interwoven into a definite Master Plan which will utilize these natural gifts and assets, using coordinated effort of all the states and provinces involved, something will be de- veloped that will be of lasting benefit not only to the valley but to the whole nation. 50 OUR MISSISSIPPI RIVER PARKWAY PLAINNING COMMIS- SION IS WORKING HARMONIOUSLY AND PI-IRSISTANTLY to develop the Great River Road on both sides of the river as the backbone to which will be attached many existing and proposed parks, historic places, magnificent and breath-taking lookout: and vistas, roadside parks and rest areas, public launching ramps for boats, wild life preserves, fine fishing and hunting, floral adornments, recreational areas, thousands of lakes, peaceful vistas of rural scenery, palms and pines, corn and cotton fields, beautiful cities and towns and many places where our people can lose themselves among nature's gifts and away from the tension and problems of life. ENCOURAGING PROGRESS REVEALS THAT CONGRESS created a Federal Aid Parkway or Great River Road by appropriating $250,000 for a complete study of factual information which when completed was presented to Congress and a second $250,000 was apprOpriated by Congress for detailed plans for each state and for supervision by the Bureau of Public Roads and the Na- tional Park Service. These plans show a recommended route through each section of land and provide for scenic easements andembellishments that will make our Parkway not just another road but something different and unique. THE TOTAL NECESSARY AREA, 300 feet wide on each side of roadway right-of-way from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, is equal to only 10% of the area of Yellowstone National Park. I THE CHANNEL OF PROCEDURE IS THROUGH THE FEDERAL AGENCIES, "the state legislatures and Highway Commissions of each state who utilize primary, secondary and urban money as it accumulates each year to work on an adopted plan. Other agencies, federal, state, county, city, Chamter of Commerce, Service Clubs and many other organizations are contributing their energy and finances to do their part. MANY OF THE STATES HAVE SELECTED THE PERMANENT ROUTES through their states and have marked it with Parkway Markers. Other states are either in progress or planning to fix permanent and temporary alignment' and mark the Parkway. A TABULATION OP FEDERAL REPORTS REVEAL 3,287 miles total in United States of which 736.4 miles will be new roads, 410.3 miles are local, 1,715.5 miles trunk highways, 336.5 miles interstate and 41 miles Natchez Trace Highway. The total population in the 10 states bordering the Parkway, in the 1950 census in 32,006,393 in the United States. About 60% of the existing highways in the United States are to Parkway Stan- dards except embellishments. Ontario and Manitoba in Canada have 360 miles of trunk highways suitable for Parkway Stan- dards and are energetically developing and marking them. THE MAP SHOWS THE LIMITS Ol' EACH DISTRICT, the officers of which are shown on the reverse side of this sheet. TEE MAP ALSO SHOWS THE HIGHWAYS ON EACH SIDE OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER, of which many sections and feeder roads have blossomed into completed stretches nnd many other sections are contemplated or in progress. THE MAP SHOWS AN OUTLINE 0! con comma WHICH WILL DEVELOP AND PRESERVE WA]. AND SCENIC VALUES- APARKWAYMEACHIDEO’TIE WP! RIVER, roa m PLEASURE AID CEREAL WELFARE OF OUR PEOPLE. COL. J. LESTER WHITE, Pilot - Baton Rouge, Louis“. J. W. CLARK, Pilot Pro-Tern - St. Pull l. Minnesot- CHARLES H. YOUNG, Pilot Emeritus - Mucontlnc, ion HAROLD E. OLSON, Scorctnry - St. Purl i, Minnesotn J. C. GILLESPIE, Treasurer - Dc Soto, Wisconsin J. A. SHERRETT, Co-Pilnt Dist. No. i - Kcncrn. Ontnrio, Cnnndn RAY ECKS'I'EIN, Co-Pilot Dist. No. I - Cucvillc, Wisconsin SEN. LILLIAN SCHLAGENHAUF, Co-Pilct Dist. No. I - Quincy, Illinois ROBERT W. DELL, Co-Pilot Dist. 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( .r'IYIYYI r 'l I ' no»: \ 140 Economics Establishment of Enabling Budgetary gagis lation by Governmental Units Enabling legislation will have to be instituted by the various governmental agencies to provide funds for proj- ects of this nature. This will not alone be for land acquisi- tion of all types, but also for study, planning, coordination, cOnsultation, design, administration, and maintenance. No one agency or group must undertake all of these duties and furlcz‘lzions simultaneously in one situation unless they so choose, but at various times, places and situations, most must; be willing and able to undertake parts of the implemen- tation of this prOposal if it is to be instituted. As it is a mosaic of locational factors, land acquisition methods, design and administrative responsibility, just so it is a fitting together of the economic responsibility of the var- i(3‘18 segments of government. Existing recreation funds, personnel and land acquisi- tion methods can be used in instituting what is here prOposed, in most cases only if the way is opened to it by legislative gr(whips. We see in California the passing of economic legis- lation of this type in 1945 along with the bill of prOposal. ThiS, in most cases would have to be an eXpansion of exist- ing legislation to enable it to cover the cost of develop- ments of this type. Any of this type would have to result fI'Oni an increase in funds to the existing recreation agencies 01' the establishment of a separate fund to cover the cost of 141 this . Such a fund could accept contributions from outside sou rces, with the governmental agency contributing the ad- ditional amount necessary to fill the required need. Basically there are two aspects to this approach. Various governmental legislative groups could recognize the need for such a trail system and appropriate additional money to existing agencies thus enabling them to bring it into be- ing - The other approach would be to pass laws to implement SUCh a program, and with it designate the source of the money. Also any budgetary regulation will have to allow for various me‘thods of rights acquisition and the procuring of these I'ights in a variety of places and sizes. It should also make pr'Ovision for cooperation with other governmental agencies of VELI'ious jurisdiction. C00peration with private groups for development, land acquisition and maintenance costs should be allowed and encouraged in any such law or provision. This a<31; does not have to be expensive or undertaken by any one level of government but the consent must either be eXpressed or implied to either provide enough funds or to cooperate with anyone else who will contribute a portion. An enlightened public that desires such a system is important in stimulating such legislative action. At times, 1:hough, recreation agencies should take some of the respon- sibility and propose such a system for the good of the public and their future recreation needs. Many states have recently passed large bond issues for land acquisition for outdoor recreation areas. It would 142 be EL travesty if after this happened in a state some of the land so obtained was not in such form as could be used for sucki trail routes. Once the need for such a project is shown to exist, decis :ively, by a large enough group of enlightened citizens and legislators, the necessary financial means of support Will usually be found. The initial guidance and concern is necessary and if it is not forthcoming from the interested Citizens, the responsibility then rests with the professionals Who may see more clearly the need and the potential for such a system. The only alternative to the establishment of enabling bU‘dgetary legislation by various governmental units would be to extend by administrative decision the scope of the present respective recreation agencies to include this type of pro- 8933411. This may be possible in some cases, though it may lead to confusion and later difficulties if additional legislation is not passed to cover the need, responsibility or budgetary cons iderations. Adequate provision in law should be a pri- mary concern at some stage or other in the implementation of this prOposal, no matter who the implementing agency or grOUp may be. gefigjive Costs of Various Potential \eg This will have a decisive influence upon eventual Site or route selection, so at this stage it should be stud- ied carefully and recorded accurately. The eventual methods 145 of route acquisition will be determined to some extent by the respective costs of the various individual sites. Long narrow strips of land such as needed for trail routes will be difficult to obtain in fee simple. Therefore the other less than title rights acquisition methods will have to be examined as to their economic consequences. At times it may be possible to acquire land for more than one use and thus par-e down the respective costs for any one purpose. Where a .land acquisition problem occurs or where excessive prices ”‘18 t for the land that would be used for trailways it may be that a park of a larger size or scOpe is proposed. In this case the land for the complete park may be acquired and the trail route be designed to traverse it, thus accomplish- 1'18 two purposes with the same piece of land. This would beau“ the respective costs of each of the uses. A study, recording, and mapping of. various land costs may yield definite patterns. A graphic indication of this type, which is seldom done, may be used by the eventual de- (31810:; maker to great advantage to weigh the several values or different sites. This cost factor of various areas of land is undoubtedly tied to many things, such as agricultural “Se, ease of access, and industrial, commercial or residen- tiEC]. potential of the land. These land cost patterns may suSgest possible route locations, though concern ought not aPilate if they do not, since costs for the many parcels along a trail route will vary. This is to be expected since the network should have branches into high land cost residential 144 and commercial areas as well as routes through the less - costly sections of the countryside. To make an effective route, the trails must go into these high cost areas no matter what the expenditure may be.” This brings up the final point in this section. Costs, per so, should not be an overwhelming consideration in site selection. The best routes should be chosen pri- marily for other factors, while keeping in mind the costs only as a pivotal item, which could swing an otherwise sus- Pended decision one way or the other. The best route or best land when thus chosen should be then acquired regard- less of the cost and by a variety of methods. Exte nsiveness of the Development m This is a definite concern in this section of the Study since it determines the overall costs, present and 1initiaire, and the degree of involvement necessary for various a‘getlcies. Since there is very little precedent for this tyDe of trail system, there is little information as to the °°8ts of various aspects of it. Where this has been done or prOposed in the past, it has been either absorbed into the budgets of the existing recreation agencies or has been financed separately. In the former the cost of this partic- ular program would be difficult to separate from that of other programs. However in the latter we have a number of precedents . The "Hoch Bill" (see appendix C) as entered in the 145 Horlsse of Representatives of the United States in 1944 and l948 proposed ten thousand miles of foot or horse trails in a rieition-wide network. The appropriation requested at this tiniea was $50,000 per year for three years "and such sums as 12 may be necessary for each fiscal year thereafter." In Great Britain we have no estimate of cost but a method of Preparing an estimate. What is the Cost? The commission submit to the Minister an estimate of 'the cost and they ask the assistance of Highway Author- ities in the preparation of that estimate. This estimate covers both capital and annual outlay for both existing and new paths, and provides for any necessary repairs and improvements, e.g. new gates and stiles, footbridges, stepping stones and signposts. The estimate of compensa- tion payable when new rights of way are created is made for the Commission by the District Valuers. It is most desirable that the simple character of these paths should be preserved. It would, therefore, be contrary to their character for any formal work to be done upon them. Nevertheless, a certain amount of work will need to be undertaken as described above; and it is this minimum amount of necessary work which is covered by the estimate. Who pays the cost? The Minister is empowered to defray expenditure in- curred by a local authority in the payment of compensa- tion and for the construction, maintenance, or improve- ment of a way if that empenditure is incurred for the purpose of approved prOposals. The grant for this pur- pose is 100 per cent . . .13 (for remainder see appendix B) 15"What is a Long Distance Route? Some Questions Answered." (A mimeographed sheet received in personal ccIrrespondence from National Parks Commission, London, Eng.) 146 The cost of maintenance is borne by the local high- way authorities in England, who then may lay claim to an annual maintenance allowance of five pounds ($514.00) per mile from government funds. In California no exact figures are available as to the precise costs of their trail system since it has been integrated into their overall recreation system. To a large degree the complete costs of such a sys- tem v-Iill have to remain as a future problem of study and assessment. However, estimates may be made with great ac— curacy as to the actual costs in a specific area when the route and sites are decided upon. The agencies that can do this exist already and could be modified so as to be able to submit an accurate develOpment and maintenance budget for cons ideration. This should be done in a preliminary form to encourage the necessary enabling legislation, then, in a com- plete manner when the actual implementation is at hand. The degree of private participation in such a program shOuiid be anticipated and taken into account as a possible method of alleviation of certain parts of the financial bur- den of governmental agencies. The Appalachian Trail is a 800:1 example of this, since the Trail is available as a rec- reation resource in the states which it traverses with little or no burden upon the state recreation authorities. Private i “naividuals and groups formed eXpressly for that purpose have facilitated the layout and maintenance of the trail route, exCept in certain instances in National Parks and National 147 Forests. This relieves to a great degree the governmental financial responsibility otherwise necessary. Private con- tributions of this type and in the form of direct financial ass istance should be allowed for. The next problem that arises in this context is the seeps of what the development budget should cover. Planning, design, actual layout, land acquisition, construction, ad- ministration, and maintenance should all be considered. Some Provision should be made for each of these aspects. What I‘elative weight each should carry and who should assume it wi 11 have to be decided at a later time, but the total cost estimation should include all of the factors necessary to implement such a trail system. The direction of growth, centrifugal or centripetal, or such a program is of importance as a final consideration in this section. If the growth is from a public agency to the people, the degree of the total burden retained by the public group is greater than if growth is from the citizens toWard the government. Therefore as the numerous private gr'Oups associated with the Appalachian Trail Conference illustrates, the more efforts that come from the citizens the smaller is the necessary total public development budget. This encouragement for private citizens to take the lead in snob a project may pay sufficient dividends for recreation “eencies to explore its possible use. 148 Governmental Unit Fiscal Responsibility There are many levels of decision-making in the implementation of a proposal of this type. This section illustrates one of the initial and basic of these. Fiscal as well as jurisdictional and administrative responsibility must be decided at some point. Each level of government has some part to play in bringing into being a trail system as Preposed here. The necessary decision is to ascertain what Part each has to play and how they may best do it. In the light of existing governmental planning and orSatnization it appears that logical delegations of respon- - 3 1Virility ensue. This will be more completely covered in the section on jurisdiction, though certain delineations must be made also in the financial burden each must hear. The inter- a”Barley assistance each of them may receive from the other is covered in the next section. The regional planning agency in any state seems to 10% ically take the key role in the implementation of a trail- “as system. Trails, to be effective, as mentioned before, ““181: cover a regional area and the agency best equipped to plan, design, and lay out such a system is the regional plan- “ing commission in any area. Therefore the major fiscal responsibilities must be theirs also. This is not to say that it is theirs alone, but the coordination and requests from other agencies must be undertaken by them. Other larger and smaller governmental units may as‘iimme or be given various segnents of the economic respon- 149 sibility. City and county governments may assume the coor- dinating aspect and the Federal Government may advise, but the regional agency, through its recreation section, should propose and coordinate the overall project. The ideal type of group for such work would be a group such as the Huron- Clinton MetrOpolitan Authority. A unit such as this could assume the primary fiscal responsibility for the complete project, then obtain off-setting financial assistance from various other agencies above and below them on a hierarchy of responsibility. Some sources of this will be pointed out in the following section. {figgéii Economic Assistance The Federal Government through the publication of the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission reports has stimulated interest and encouraged certain types of plan- ning in outdoor recreation. This encouragement in various forms plus the study of various national facets constitutes an important phase of the Federal Government's share in the implementation of a proposal as suggested here. .Federal grantarin-aid may be used to finance some of the basic stud- ies or a region that could lead to identification of possible route locations. Grants of this type are also available for land acqvlisition and development of facilities, and more of these grants will become available in the future. The dona- tion or trail access rights on Federal lands of all types is anot her. way in which the National Government may help. The 150 dissemination of information and the experiences of other agencies will enable the United States Government to act as a clearinghouse which is needed between other recreation agencies. Direct financial assistance may be available from some of the myriad Federal groups concerned with recreation to finance various phases of the trail planning and develop- ment . The recreational potentialities in the P.L. 566 pro- gram have yet to be completely explored and it may hold great promise for Federal subsidization of private lands used in this way. The new Civilian Corps proposed recently could be used to deve10p and maintain such trails. The watershed recreation projects of both the Soil Conservation Service and the Rural Areas Development program offer many Previously unobtainable opportunities for public access to private lands in the countryside. The possibilities and methocis of making these lands available for trails of this type would be subject matter for a thesis in itself. An excellent resume of some of the new legislation passed by the 87th Congress in this regard is contained in the Decem- her 13 Sue of Parks and Recreation magazine (see periodical bibl i°8raphy) . Existing state agencies that are concerned with rec- reation already have the necessary tools to assist the pri- mary planning groups. These agencies could advise and coor- dinate the work of the various regions so that the systems would tend to create one unified state-wide network. Some stu dies done by the state for each area could be given to 151 the regional planning group to assist in various aspects of the implementation. The right of trail access to state owned lands should be granted to any system that proposes to cross them. Some state land acquisition may be necessary but should be avoided unless the local counties and cities are not able to make the rights available. Assistance in locat- ing necessary financing may be helpful, even if state funds would have to be used to underwrite borrowing on the part of the regional agency to effectuate parts of the trail system. Some parts of the actual development costs may be able to be borne by various state agencies, especially in parks, forests, or game areas already in state ownership. The central place of the regional planning group in the planning, study, and coordination of a trail program has been. Pointed out in some detail previously. The assistance that may be given by city and county agenc 168 is similar except in the matter of scope and extent. Cities usually have municipal parks departments, whereas county recreation is usually administered by an agency only moidentally interested in recreation. Both city and county may loan the use of their land for trail rights access across 117' Both may acquire land or rights for public access when trails are proposed within their respective'Jurisdictional areas ‘ Development and maintenance costs may be borne by them where the paths traverse the region under their control. All or these aspects carry with them a good deal of the fis- cal load since these two agencies will carry much of the 152 actual on site implementation problem. With the fiscal responsibilities of each of these interested divisions differentiated and allocated, the bur- den carried by any one is not excessive but the result ac- complished by the whole is effective in carrying out the desired purpose. Many of these economic decisions will have to be made and carried out in the field by the agencies involved when the actual implementation is undertaken. The broad economic guidelines are here set down in conjunction with the overall Jurisdictional and develoPmental plan. More study of this problem will undoubtedly be made in greater detail in the future. Route and Site Selection Taking into account all of the factors of existing recreational areas--existing p0pu1ation plus the various ”Ute locational factors, and the effect of the economic d°“°1"mf|.nantuthe decision as to definite route locations must be made. The obvious question then arises as to what individual, what group, or what series of groups should make any Such decisions. In view of the fact that the system proposed may traverse lands and recreation areas of many Jurisdictmnal agencies, it is advisable to establish an inter- agency coordinating comittee to work out various mu- tual problems and assist in making decisions. To the re- ion g a1 Planning commission will fall the major portion of 153 the decisions, but if its members could be advised by a group made up of representatives from each of the agencies directly involved, their work would be more effective and realistic. This council should have representatives from city, county, regional, state, Federal, and private agencies, with the power to approve at least some of the decisions that affect their respective areas. If this group does not make the actual decision, it should have the power and authority to advise and counsel so as to effect the best decisions. What relative weight each of the above-mentioned factors will have in the final decision is difficult to tell. Some are much more important than others, and involved are some absolutes, though not many, and some variables. To be able to differentiate which is which is difficult and may be the key to the best decision. A careful consideration of the POssibilities and factors of each area should be made “1119 keeping the overall view of the region in mind. One voice Of warning must be kept uppermost in the arena of practi<3al recreationupolitics. This is the small voice of future Americans. This voice has been heard by many people, some or them recreational planners, in the past. It was heard in the 1850's in New York City when reservations in thewco‘JLIltryside" were needed and Central Park was acquired. It Vag heard by a group of California citizens in the Valley of Yosemite which was consequently preserved for us, "the future Americans." This voice says many things, among them "Don' t be swayed too heavily by present 'practicalities' 154 alone. The long view is sometimes more pragmatic than the economic astigmatism in modern recreation planning." It revives old platitudes remembering the problem stated in Part One of this paper, "Economy now may be expense later, " and ”If you're going to do it, do it right!” The voice may seem too oftenwith us when faced with practical bargaining with an obstinate landowner or highway engineer, but the fu- ture success of a recreation plan will depend to some extent upon the amount of listening to and heading done that voice. Other questions also arise that may assist in adjust- ing the mind to make the best possible decision. Some of these are: where may trails be most effective in preserving the desirable qualities in the land while controlling the Smallest amount? What effect will a trail system have on the future uses 'of the surrounding landscape, will it be dedeter-ious or beneficial? Where will trails work and exist where Parks would probably not have a chance or could not be placed? What will happen to the areas not chosen? Will this be bad or good, and is there any other way to change this? Can routes be chosen on a continuum? That is, if number one is not acquired or able to be acquired then could number two, or number three, four or so on? Many tools not mentioned above may be able to be used ’ The trained eye of the photo-interpreter is to be consi(ier-ed an essential factor in assisting in the catalog- ing or factors with which to more carefully bring about a d60131 On. Some examples of how air photography may be used 155 are contained in the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission report on "Potential New Sites for Outdoor Rec- reation in the Northeast.” This, incidentally, is an excel- lent report and it would be of value in this section of this paper if works of this type were available on every section of the nation. The analogy may be drawn between the person or groups who make the decisions as to the correct trail routes, and the accomplished organist at the keyboard. The keys of the trail route decision-maker are: l) The many potential locations 2) The many economic methods of implementation 3) The many land acquisition methods 4) The many design possibilities 5 ) The many areas of planning and administrative responsibility. Th9 actual decision requires the skill and sensitivity of the true artist. The weight and strength of each of these "notes” must be decided upon and orchestrated in any partic- ular Situation in such a way as to produce a trail system and an implementation procedure that create the effect of an outdoor symphony upon the future trail users. 156 Land Acquisition After all of the factors of route location have been considered and assessed, and the route or routes have been chosen in accordance with the factors mentioned above, the actual implementation of a land acquisition program begins. This is necessary to maintain the routes of public access across the lands chosen. There must be some form of perpet- ual agreement with all concerned as to the continued right of the public to traverse the areas so chosen. This is nec- essary under the system of laws peculiar to the United States and is not the case in other nations. This difference is illustrated by a quote that explains the situation in the British Isles. For instance in Hampshire, one of the counties in the Vicinity of London, there are estimated to be 4000 miles 01’ public paths. You will appreciate that there is no such thing in 1Il'lis country as "public land” in the sense of land owned by the State. A public path is a public right of way 1 cs . a legally enforceable right of public passage on f0 01.: (in the case of a footpath) or on foot or on horse- back (in the case of a bridlepath) on a defined route Over land in private ownership. Until quite recently, no machinery existed for making an official record of wklich public rights of way exist, and in any case when the public's right was disputed, the matter had to be Se‘lttled by the Courts. One of the things for which this o(Biety campaigned for many years was the making of an authoritative survey and this is now being done (by gounty councils) under the provisions of the National aarks and Access to the Countryside Act, 1949. Local uthorities (parish councils, rural and urban district councils, borough councils and county councils) have ELIt’ious powers to repair and to prevent the obstruction 21‘ public paths which was conferred on them by legisla- 10n largely promoted by the Society. If the landowner permits the public to use a defined 157 path across his land for a period of at least 20 years, this gives rise to a presumption in law that he has intended to dedicate a right of way to the public: Thus new paths are still coming into existence. Once a public right of way has been dedicated, the public cannot be lost by non-user or by deliberate obstruction or oblitera- tion of the path, and the right of passage remains. Powers exist to create new public rights of way by agreement or if necessary by compulsion and these are relevant to the movement to establish "long-distance paths" in the wilder parts of the country or round un- developed sections of the coastline. An important consideration of our public path system is that the right which the public enjoy is a right of passage only and is confined to the width normally re- quired for this purpose. The preservation of these rights enables the public to traverse and to enjoy areas of farm- land, forest or coast over which no public rights exiiz and which would not otherwise be open to them . . . . The part of this excerpt concerning the long-distance Paths is of a more recent origin and more has been said and Will be said concerning these. The traditional ways in Amer- ica Of guaranteeing continued public rights of access across a Parcel of land is by means of land or access acquisition. However, the implementation of a prOposal such as suggested here Would have serious budgetary consequences since all of the land so chosen would be purchased outright by one single governmental agency. Therefore, just as a mosiac-like con- glomorate of varying parcels of land should be chosen to make the trails most effective, just so multifarious methods of ac quis ition must be used by many areas of governmental re- s o p “8 1bility to obtain this land most judiciously and with \— Open 3 14Letter from Miss B. K. Searle, Secretary, Commons, pebpu Daces and Footpaths Preservation Society, London, Eng., are 25, 1963. 158 inae least imposition of any one agency. The route proposal aflter being laid out must be brought into actuality, and one of? the most important steps in this is the acquiring of the ;pq?ivilege of perpetual public trespass over the route so cliosen. Certain methods have been recognized in the past as time standard Operating procedure for doing this. Certain more contemporary methods are continually evolving, and a «ccnnbination of these may be used by the inventive recreation Planner to achieve the desired public rights. This facet of the implementation of the concept of a network of pathways through the countryside is called by many Iwacreation planners and leaders the most thorny and problemat- 143 of all the steps toward achievement. Yet on closer exam- iJnation and in the light of recent legislation this is seen 1;0 be much less a problem, though requiring more imagination, 1Irventiveness and skill, than once was the case. Concerning this new legislation Mr. William H. Whyte says in his report t<> Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission on "Open s“Pace Action" Last year will probably go down as the breakthrough year in the saving of open space. Even the Optimists could hardly have foreseen the wave of legislation that was put through in 1961, and a notable quickening in the number of pilot programs indicates that the momentum is building up. The amount of land that has actually been secured so far is not particularly great; the importance of the new programs is in the groundwork they are laying for much greater efforts ahead. Here are the major develOpments: The passage of the first large-scale State open space programs in New York, New Jersey, and Wisconsin, combining direct acquisition by the State and grants-in- 159 aid to local governments. The passage of State enabling legislation strength- ening the power of local governments to acquire open space. The passage of State constitutional amendments to keep assessments low on open space land-~legislation that may Open Pandora's box but which seems likely to get in- creased support. is; The beginnings of a major shift in suburban land use: from the typical sprawl enforced by large--lot zoning to a more "clustered" pattern--houses grouped more closely, larger open spaces between. . Most important of all, the last minute passage of the ( $50 million Federal Open space grant program of the Hous- 5 ing Act Of l961--seed money that should be multiplied fivefold in State and local action. 5 The effect of this new legislation cannot be fully I’ealized, comprehended, or analyzed as yet, and shall be Orflty to a limited degree in this section of the paper. The net result of this legislation is however to heighten and bI‘tbaden the land use or public access, rights enumerated in tiliia paper. .All of these new possibilities should be con- 8tantly brought up to date and continually explored in the case of the actual application of a trailway proposal as con- tained herein. In the future many ramifications will un- doubtedly be found to the acquisition methods described here— irl. This serves to substantiate what has been said earlier 111 'hhe paper, i.e., that the proposal and a definite voli- ‘t143r1a1 act are of primary importance in bringing a porposal \ th 15William H. Whyte, ones Space Action, (Report to ‘8 Outdoor Recreation Resources Review COmmission, Washing- ;Cm, 13.0.: United States Government Printing Office. 1962). 160 of this type into being. Many of the tools exist and need only to be applied to this particular type of problem. This is not to say that all of the various tools have been ex- plored, examined and utilized to their fullest. This un- doubtedly will be a source of further investigation by the determiners of America's recreation facilities, potential- ities and needs during future studies. That which is pre- sented here is an investigation into the means that are now available, with a suggestion that these means he used to bring into being a new source of recreation by a more care- ful use and sensitive structuring of the American landscape for the good of its future citizens. ‘ The series of reports by the Outdoor Recreation Re- sources Review Commission are invaluable in this study of me‘thods of the acquisition of public rights-Of-way for these trails. The reports on "Outdoor Recreation for America" (Primary report), "Land Acquisition for Outdoor Recreation," (Report No. 16), "Open Space Action" (Report No. 15, and "Potential New Sites for Outdoor Recreation in the Northeast" (Report No. 8) are especially helpful, and present the most uI-'>“l:o-date thinking and methods available to guide in the processes of obtaining public access rights across land. The basic theory behind these procedures, along with some of the methods, can be presented here as a guide for more de- 1Zailed study for application at a particular time in a more Free 15o spot on the earth's surface. The fundamental legal tenets as to the determination 161 of‘ recreation as a human need, the providing for it as a pulalic responsibility, and the acquiring of land for this gnaxflpose as a public right will possibly be considered to be self-evident. Nevertheless they are quoted here only to :aezwve as an introduction and so that they will make the jtuflicial basis of later explanations more clear. Many authorities on the subject of public recreation ipljanhing and land rights acquisition begin with the work of state and local governments, and thence to the work of the Feederal governnent apparatus. To mention these in a given (Drwier does not dictate the order or degree in which they Shuall act. Therefore since much coordinating work has been <1Cuie in Washington, and the majority of this applies to the nation as a whole, the first consideration will be given to the overall rights of the national government and its agencies. Though neither the Constitution nor the Bill of Rights expressly states the need for recreation and the responsibil- ity and right of the government to provide it, these have 10€§1cally arisen through a series of interpretations of the erltiire scope of the nation's basic law. The basic right of land acquisition has evolved from the section of the Constitu- tion which gives the power: To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department 162 or Officer thereof.16 The power of taxation and spending later is coupled with land acquisition as shown in the following quote. If, however, the projects in question are in the inter- est of the general welfare, the power to tax "in aid of the general welfare" presupposes the power to condemn lands to carry out the projects. ' W Federal power of supremacy over inconsistent state | policies, and the finality of Federal judicial .decisions as ,r to public need and propriety of use, both serve to enlarge ‘ t, _ the national government's role in recreation planning deci- " Sions , as well as in other fields. The many public agencies or the United States government have, over the years, grown up as a result of these rights and powers. The government has now acquired a good many rights and agencies of land acquisition. Some of these agencies have been mentioned previously, and their power runs the full gamut of land acquisition capability. The needs, responsibilities and rights of other, less than Federal, government agencies is set forth in the follow- ing quotes. American State and local governments have the con- stitutional power--and, in most cases, the statutory authorityuto provide recreation facilities, in the form N“ Beer 16Norman Williams, Jr., Land Acquisition for Outdoor Won-Jinalysis of'Selected Legal Problems, (Report to Re Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission; Study Pri’ol‘t No. 16; Washin ton, D.C.: United States Government “ting Office, 1962 . p~ 10- 17Ibid., p. 11. 163 of parks or otherwise, and to acquire land needed for this purpose. And, of course, they have done so, ex- tensively, for many years. Few propositions of con- stitution law are more thoroughly settled than this one. C I O O O O O O O I O C O O O O O I O O O O O 0 O O O O The public purpose of adequate parks and recreation Jfacilities is now so clear that, understandably, there 21s no issue as to the fundamental legal power to spend Inoney for land acquisition, or to condemn land, for such Jprograms. Public parks and playgrounds, beaches, swim- rning pools, zoos,1§olf courses-—none presents a consti- ‘tutional problem. A "Digest of Laws Relating to Local Parks and Rec- I"Eation as of January 2, 1940," which is listed in the bib— 11C>€gzraphy is helpful but quite outdated by now. Therefore it is quite certain and plain that all of thes 6 rights do exist and exist at various levels of govern- ment . With this firmly in mind, an examination of some of the myriad methods of application can begin. ABEnggsition of Full Rights The methods are divided in many ways, but one of the firsatz one concerns whether the public agency acquires full r181113s and ownership to the land, or merely certain rights 0f less than full ownership. The obtaining of full rights to the land, the acquiring of land in fee simple, is and has been the most common and sometimes most expensive way for a Publfiic: agency to acquire land for recreation purposes. This I'ecluires that the land be either given to the agency, pur- Chased from the owner, or received by the agency through the “x“ 18Ibid., pp. 2-3. 164 exercise of the power of eminent domain. In all cases the lar161 is taken from the tax roles and is public land in every sense. This is a very expensive, unsophisticated and usually shor t-sighted method of acquiring land for trails or paths. This should be used as a last resort and should consequently be at the lower end of the acquisition methods continuum, though it is here treated first because of its frequency of use - This is not to say that land that is already in public ownership should not be utilized fully just because the full rights are already owned. This refers to the addition of more land to public ownership for a pathway network. Even though more imaginative and less expensive ways do exist, nee~II’."ZI.y all of the methods (and some of their consequences) of receiving full rights should be understood and examined in case of possible need. Gift There is a great variety of ways that land can be Ehren to public agencies for outdoor recreation, some volun- tary and some involuntary. Voluntary gifts of land or rights for outdoor rec- M.--The most common and most storied of this type would be the bequest of areas of great natural beauty to the people by philanthropic individuals or groups. The legendary work or John D. Rockefeller and his descendants is well known in his gifts (to the National Park Service) of sections of the Grand Tetons, the coast redwood forests, Colonial Williams— burg’ the Virgin Islands, and Yosemite, among others. In some states, such as Connecticut, much of the park land has been donated to it. The land or access rights donated by individuals may be land already owned by the individual or may be land purchased by him for the specific purpose of donating it for public use. It is possible, if the land 81V en is not in the location desired, to trade it for that “" area which is needed. Land given to the public but not suit- able for recreation or not usable due to location, may be sold and the proceeds used for land or access rights included in that route which is desired for a public trailway system. Great care must be taken in assessing a piece of land given for- recreation purposes to see if prohibitive clauses are included with the gift so as to make it usable for the use des ired or needed in the public interest. Many instances of this exist, and sometimes because of this, the parcel has minimal utility or effectiveness. Land use and land needs change, and it is impossible at one stage to foresee the Possible uses or needs for the land in the future. Use re- strictions on gifts should be examined carefully to ascertain that: they do not negate the usefulness of the land for trail- ways or pathways. At times gifts of land may be fostered and encouraged by preferential tax assessment and thus the land is given in fact though there is a semblance of duress exerted by the agency desiring and receiving the land. This will be more fully covered in the section on assessment policies in land acquisition. Private individuals, groups or agencies may grant (in writing) perpetual rights of public access across their land. In many cases these are easements and shall be covered as such. Industry such as the power companies will quite often voluntarily grant access rights to land owned by them - These are nevertheless gifts to the public and are marry times unsolicited, and as such should be encouraged by anzr Egroup or agency planning a network of pedestrian trails. They are a valuable source of needed land or rights which does not tax to any degree the finances of the coordinating group. One of the recommendations of the Outdoor Recreation Res Ources Review Commission dealt with this aspect. Public agencies should stimulate desirable gifts of land and money from private individuals and groups for outdoor recreation purposes. The work of private, tionprofit organizations in providing and enhancing Opportunities should be encouraged. 9 . . Involuntarngifts of land or rights for outdoor rec- 2931: ion.--This may consist of tax delinquent land that re- verts to a public body or agency upon non-payment of taxes, or land that is required by public agencies of subdividers to be allotted for outdoor recreation purposes. This land or these rights, though given to the public, is done so in- VOluntarily. The tax delinquent land may either be used or traded for more suitable land such as the case may be, or the access rights retained and then other rights to the land N...— 19Outdoor Recreation for America. (Outdoor Recrea- tion Resourcefievieflommission ReportT, p. 9. 167 either sold or leased back to other developers. Part of this area will be covered in the salebacks or leasebacks section of this paper. Transfer of the land acquired due to tax delinquency may be made to agencies which may be able to put the land to more effective recreational use. The legal restrictions placed upon potential or actual subdividers of land, as the public recreational land that must be provided by them, serves also to give avenues or pathways of land through new residential developments. Direction from public agencies should be given these private groups to make certain that the public is given the land it needs and not the land that is left over. Such donated land can be arranged to fit into the overall trailway or pathway network as propOsed, and can give valuable access points for the residents of the subdivision to the pathway network. Eminent domain This actually is not a land acquisition procedure alone but also the basis upon which condemnation and purchase takes place. The knowledge that this power exists makes some of the other rights of acquisition more effective. As is mentioned in regard to the authority of the government's right of eminent domain "and it is often employed not to 'take' land but to clear clouded titles."20 The most suc- cinct description of eminent domain is here given: 20 Ibid., p. 148. 168 Under eminent domain the state may take any private prOperty within its jurisdiction for public use without the consent of the owner, subject to the condition of payment of just compensation in accordance with the methods prescribed by law. . . . The power of eminent domain is limited in that private property shall not be taken except for a "public use," a term which has changed its meaning as new ionditions have produced new needs for public action.2 This authority can be considered as the base of the pyramid of land acquisition power. Starting at the tOp, we have some of the newer, less used and more sOphisticated rights acquisition powers of recreational agencies. At the base we have these well-substantiated and time-tested legal avenues of acquiring needed land. The powers at the apex are effective primarily due to the maximum efficiency of the powers at the base. In choosing the power to use in a given situation, it is best to begin with the choice of powers to use at a point above the pyramid. That is, examine the sit- uation to see if there is not some new way to acquire the rights of access across private land, other than those that have been used already. This pyramid is not static or sta- tionary but is constantly growing in height and width. Therefore any new way (proven effective) of obtaining land will be added to this pyramid. If there is no new way to secure the right of access to the land, a system of "working down the pyramid" is then begun, ending, if all else fails, in the application of the law of eminent domain and the 21"Retaining Open Spaces in Maryland," Studies in Business and Economics, (Vol. XV, No. 1- College Park, Maryland—17"“: niversit—y of Maryland, 1961 , p. 10. 169 subsequent condemnation and acquisition. All of this fore- going is mentioned in connection with the acquisition of public access for trails and paths, not in the general con- text of land acquisition, or even land or rights acquisition for general recreation purposes. Aside from these comments of clarification and application to the particular problems of land acquisition for paths and trails, the uses of the power of eminent domain are well covered in real estate and legal literature. This power can be used and has been used to procure the rights of access for trails, but should, due to economy and discretion be used with restraint and only after other means have been investigated and have proven in- effective. It should be noted though that the right of eminent domain is not always granted by state legislatures to acquire land for trails. In the California "Riding and Hiking Trails Law’' of 1945 the use of eminent domain was denied to acquire trail land. The section in the appendix on the "California Riding and Hiking Trails Project" has more information on this. A bill, however was introduced into the 1957 session of the California legislature pointing out the need for this right to be available. The following quote points out the more current need and feeling even in California. The committee proposes that the right of eminent domain be extended to acquisition of riding and hiking trail easements under certain conditions and adopted the following resolution at its November 27th meeting: 170 "That the right of eminent domain be extended to the acquisition of land and rights in land for the riding and hiking trails where 75 percent of the area ownership of the lands in question over which the trail is to pass within a given county have signed agreements for riding and hiking trail easements over such property." Negotiated Purchase This is another very obvious and common method of gaining the full rights to a parcel of land. This is a case of the agency stepping out, so to speak, of its role as government with its attendant privileges and entering into the free enterprise system to bargain or barter for a parcel of land on the open market. This is quite often the most expensive way to acquire the necessary real estate. Prima- rily the agency is desirous of full rights, and secondly the competition for the land may be industry, transportation, commercial enterprises or residential interest. Any one of these groups is willing and able to bid high to possess land rights desired. If full rights to land are not needed, it is unnecessary to stand the prohibitive costs to win them. Quite often full rights are not necessary for trailways, pathways, and pedestrian traffic. This, nevertheless, is a valuable tool that can be called forth if needed to bring into fruition a regional trailway proposal. Many agencies maintain a reserve fund to purchase land within their over- all planning concept as it becomes available. They are 22Recreation and State Parks (Fourth Partial Report of the Senate Interim Committee on Recreation, State Beaches, and Parks; [n.p.]: Senate of the State of California, 1957). 171 quite often aided in this by groups of interested citizens who raise the money when needed to obtain prime land, and then allow the recreation agency to purchase it from them as it is at a later date. This aspect of private endeavor will be touched on briefly in the appropriate area later in the paper. In some cases certain areas of land are kept on record for acquisition as they become available. In other cases real estate brokers are consulted as to the availability and quoted price of certain tracts. The owners of these tracts are then contacted as to whether the wanted parcels are for sale. "Owners can point out important items in- fluencing values that might otherwise be overlooked by ap- praisers."23 The appraisals are then made as to the worth and the offered price of the land. These appraisers may be staff appraisers from the agency, private appraisers employed specifically for this purpose, or appraisers from other or related public agencies used for whatever work of this type the recreational agency may have. The general procedure from this point on may be best summed up in the following quote: When only one appraisal is made, the offering price is usually somewhat below the appraisal price. This allows some room for bargaining with the owners. When two appraisals are made, the offering price is usually set at or slightly below the lower appraisal price. 25Potentia1 New Sites for Outdoor Recreation in the Northeast,_TA Report to the Outdoor Recreation Resources Re- view Commission by the Economic Research Service, U.S. Dept. Of Agriculture, Study Report No. 8, Washington, D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962),p. 89. 172 The agency may be willing to raise its Offer to equal the higher appraisal. If the owner asks for it, and if a formal appraisal was made of the property, most agen- cies will tell him the items included in the appraisal on which the offer is based. 4 It is not usually possible to buy narrow strips of land through the countryside of the types that such a trail- way would require. However, the purchase of nodular-like parcels of land along the way to be used as rest stops, is possible. These areas may be purchased as an only recourse to obtaining the land in that particular area. As mentioned before, unless dual use can be made of these areas, it is unduly expensive to use negotiated purchase as a mode of access rights acquisition. Acquisition of Rights Less Than Full Ownership The traditional methods of obtaining land for out- door recreation purposes--acquiring the land in fee shnple; i.e., in full ownership, and retaining it in public ownership for public use-~will necessarily remain the basic method for developing outdoor recreation re- sources. Yet substantial areas of privately owned land offer supplementary opportunities for certain types of outdoor recreation without interfering with the private owner's use of the same land. This potential is reOOg- nized in the statute establishing the Commission, which specifically states that its studies shall be concerned with Outdoor recreation resources "irrespective of owner- ship. The possibility of protecting Open space by public acquisition of some type of legal interest in land which is less than a fee interest has attracted substantial interest in recent years. The question here is to what extent the same technique may be used to provide such Open areas specifically for outdoor recreation use and 24Loc. cit. 175 what legal problems are likely to result. To state the problem more generally, there are various ways in which the rights involved in ownership of land may be divided between private landowners and public agencies with certain rights allocated to each. Substantial studies have already been made on various aspects of this prob- lem, and others are under way now. The principal advantages of obtaining rights less than a fee in this context may be briefly stated. First, under such an arrangement the land is left in private ownership, normally continuing with the existing long- term land use. The land thus remains in productive use without either requiring considerable public main- tenance or becoming scraggly as the choke cherries take_ over. Second, the land remains on the local tax rolls, although presumably at a reduced valuation. Third, in some situations the acquisition of easement rights may be substantially cheaper than acquisition of the fee; only experience will tell hOW’mUCh. 5 The above quotation states quite succinctly the der- ivation and advantages of this method of rights acquisition as opposed to land purchase. It is not necessary for the public to buy the full fee simple in all cases merely to have the right to traverse the land on paths or trails. This then is one of the advantages of all methods of acquiring rights less than full ownership. It is possible to gain only the rights you desire on more land with the same amount of expenditure. There are numerous disadvantages, it is granted, in acquisition Of less than fee and these are gen- erally administrative, but for a development such as trails or paths these newer methods have great promise, and must be considered. This quote from William H. Whyte's excellent 25Norman Williams, Jr., op. cit., p. 37. 176 report on "Open Space Action to the Outdoor Recreation Re- sources Review Commission shows how all of these methods must be used in concert. It must again be stressed that the potential of any tool lies in combination. If we examine each device in isolation, as if it were to do the whole job, we are bound to arrive at futility. We can prove that agri- cultural zones are susceptible to commercial pressure, that tax deferral is too complicated, and so on. If we explore how each might complement the other, however, we cgn 8&8 opportunities that otherwise would remian invis- i la. Easements An easement is an incorporeal right imposed on a corporal right in the same piece of land, which may be acquired by purchase or gift from the landowner who, in his own name and that of his successors, gives up one or more specific rights. "Scenic easements" for park- ways, for example, are a "servitude devised to permit land to remain in private ownership for its normal agri- cultural or residential use and at the same time placing a control over the future use of t 9 land to maintain its scenic value for the parkway." By the ancient device of the easement, the public does not have to buy the full bundle of property rights to land. It can acquire only the right that it needs-- the right that the land be kept in its natural state or28 be open to the public for certain purposes like hiking. A brief preliminary explanation of easement law is in order here. An easement is a limited right over land owned by somebody else. Easements are of two types, 26w11118m Ho Whyte, 020 Cite, p. 19. 27 Retainin 0 en 3 aces in Mar land, (Studies in Business and Economics, V01. 27, NO. l, College Park, Mary- land: University of Maryland, 1961), p. 10. 280utdoor Recreation for America. (A Report to the President and to the Congress by the Outdoor Recreation Re- sources Review Commission, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1962), p. 149. 177 affirmative and negative. An affirmative easement is a limited right to make use of land owned in fee by someone else: the familiar case is a right of way across someone else's land. A negative easement is a right to prevent a nearby prOperty owner from using his land in specified ways; normally for specified types of land use and activities.29 Easements have been mentioned in this regard as a sort of cure-all with the aura of a magic wand that opens all doors for access across public land. This is not quite an accurate view since effective as they are, they still have shortcomings and there are other rights acquisition methods that achieve the sane end more economically and effectively. The Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Com- mission report on land acquisition divides easements into both affirmative and negative easements. Under affirmative easements are listed: hunting and fishing rights, highway easements, flowage easements, and aviation easements. The negative easements are listed as flowage easements, safety easements, clearance easements, protection of wetlands against agricultural development, scenic easements, and pro- tection of agricultural land against residential develop- ment.30 Many times paths and trails of the type that is be- ing proposed can be worked into areas where negative ease- ments have been obtained. Primarily, though, the right of the public to move across land in private ownership would be considered an affirmative easement. Though negative, scenic 29Norman Williams, Jr., op. cit., p. 39. 30 Ibid., pp. 40-46. 178 easements may be acquired immediately adjacent on either side of the proposed trail. There are many questions re- garding various easement laws that have not as yet been de- cided upon, and further study and test will have to be made to ascertain with any degree of finality their degree of applicability to trail network development. Certain things are known at present, though and further investigation may be made at the time of desired application.of this preposal to the current status of easement legislation. The primary use of easements is as a method of ac- quiring public rights of access across privately owned land. These rights must be negotiated for between those desiring rights and the owners of the land they desire to traverse. Affirmative easements may be obtained on trailways and their abutting properties to such an extent as to pro- tect all of the views from the path, but by using more of the possibilities of this method a more efficient way may be implemented. Appurtenant easements may be negative easement adja- cent to an affirmative easement in gross. This is the type of easement mentioned above adjacent to the trailway right- of-way. A scenic easement along a highway is a typical example of an appurtenant easement, for the right to limit land use in the strip adjacent to the right of way is clearly appurtenant to the ownership of the 179 highway itself.31 This means that first of all the trailway easement must be obtained through negotiation across a parcel of land. This will only be wide enough for the pathway itself. This will be an affirmative easement in gross which will be for a set consideration. Then if it is desired to protect the views and environment through which the trails will pass, an appurtenant easement is obtained for less cost than the original consideration. This type of insulation for trails has been instituted on some parts of the Appa- lachian Trail. The relative cost of easements as compared to that of obtaining rights of fee ownership is explained more fully by Mr 0 Whyte 0 The cost? The rule of thumb in easements is that the price should be the difference between the fair market value of the land with the easement and without it--in other words, the money value the landowner is giving up. This depends on the time and place: in an area predominately in farming the landowner is giving up very little (scenic easements along the Great River Road in Wisconsin, for example, cost an average of $15.06 per acre, less than a third of the fee cost). In built-up areas near the city, however, the speculative value of the development rights is such that easements could cost as much as the fee simple. It is not a de- vice, in ghort, that can save an area that is already overrun.5 The secondary use of easements is that of taking 311bid., p. 50. 52William Whyte, op. cit., p. 17. 180 anivantage of existing easements for other purposes across private land. These routes, forming a network as they quite often.do, are ideally suited to serve as pathway routes. This has been.admirably set forth by Mr. Karl Belser and his staff in the Santa Clara (California) Planning Department. They plan there to use as pathways a combination of the areas under the powerline easement of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company and the existing waterways to form a com- plete network of "greenways" throughout the county. This proposal in the form of the pamphlet they have produced is shown more fully in the appendix. This group has worked out one of the most comprehensive regional networks, as herein proposed, of any area of the United States. Much could be learned in this regard by studying also their publication "A Plan for Parks, Recreation and Open Space" as revised in February 1962. This scheme nearly.epitomizes what is being proposed in this paper. Rights The acquiring of "rights" of public access across private land can be done without the use of an easement pro- vision. These are merely the "rights" to do this thing (traversing or walking) across the owner's land from one point to another point. These rights should therefore be referred to by some other term, as "conservation rights and interests" or "statutory rights and interests, as herein defined.“ Rights and interests are not only legally correct descrip- tions for all three alternatives, but they are neutral terms without any special technical implications. In choosing the name, consideration should be given to the 181 effect on standard provisions in real estate contracts which refer to rights and interests of various kinds. In any event, specific provision should be made to disclaim the more important and troublesome rules deriv- ing from common law easement doctrine. In particular, it should be explicitly provided that none of the rights involved are to be automatically extinguished without compensation, and the rights should be made transferable, both between pgévate parties and between different levels of government. This right can be granted gratis or can be negotiated with the owner for a consideration. The continuity of this agreement between subsequent owners and government agencies must be assumed in any agreement to make it worthwhile. This is seen in the following quote as to suggestions for future prOposed legislation. The statute should require that the division of rights be recorded in order to bind subsequent purchasers of the privately owned rights. If such rights are not recorded, subsequent purchasers in the absence of actual notice should take free from whatever interests are in- volved in ghe unrecorded rights, as bona fide purchasers for value. 4 The obtaining of these rights is one more of the legitimate tools of implementation for a regional system of pedestrian hiking or walking trails, bicycling paths, or bridle trails. Leases A lease can be signed between the recreation agency desiring the land or the access through it and the owner of 53 Norman Williams, Jr., op. cit., p. 54. 54Ib1d., p. 55. 182 the land for the guaranteed acces of the public. This may e given in consideration of a remuneration or in lieu of ax deferment. This lease can be a long term one and thus we the effect of being valid in perpetuity. This should a legal document drawn up guaranteeing both parties their Itinued rights. It should also take into account future use of the d and also mture recreation needs. This serves to point :he need for a well-planned and well-located trailway em since these routes will of necessity be confined and ted to that location for a considerable length of time ~ their original designation. This is due to the need long term committment and the probably prohibitive of adjacent land areas in the future. A lease agree- though, for rights of travel over private land can be 0 complete a trailway network--at times better than 1er method available . There are certain limitations in this method as the following quote. cense provides revocable permission to come on land to use it for specified purposes. Because it is :able, it provides no protection at all. A license .ed with interest is, for all practical purposes need concern us, the same thing as an easement.35 l_— 1., p. 38. 183 However, by placing this in the tool kit of the agency desiring to acquire the rights of access to land for trails, it adds another possible method of implemation that may be used. Even with the weakness of revocability this means may be used to acquire certain useful temporary rights. This method may be valuable to acquire land or rights or a temporary route due to the inavailability at that time 1‘ the prim&ry route location. Until such time as the land routes for the primary trail could become available a as than perpetual rights acquisition power such as this ' be useful. There may be other uses of this tool that 1d arise and it certainly should not be overlooked merely H.136 it is revocable. It has, though, limited use and id be utilized with discretion. Jacks This is a very radical method for merely obtaining rights across private property. It and the following I may be used effectively though, with the proposing acquiring fee title to more land than they might Lly desire. The basic idea of this method is to pur- he title to the land, thereby obtaining complete to it. After this is done the land is then resold Le access or trespass rights needed for trail pur- The resale price may be more or less than the pur- pending on the real estate market of the area. :hough, the land will have less value due to the iken from it by the recreation agency. This requires 184 the investment of part of a reserve fund of finances ini- tially to purchase the land, though part of this is recouped when the land\is later resold minus the desired rights. This may be done by interested private groups on behalf of a trailway commission. Access rights of this type are donated .n perpetuity by the private group, then, to the appropriate gency when the land is resold by the private acquiring gency. This is one of the newer methods and certainly .ould not be forgotten if the situation arises in which is could be used. [sebacks The relationship between this and the above method quite obvious though there are dissimilarities. A greater .1 expenditure of funds is necessary in this type of ar- ement, since only a portion of the initial purchase a is recouped by leasing the land for certain purposes. it gives the purchasing agency a plethora of land in ght ownership and releases it from the tax roles. One i most effective ways of using this is as a temporary of holding the land for later sale. This resultant sale would be minus the trail rights. 'od real estate market the subsequent price of the nus the trail rights could equal the initial price of 1, thus giving a low cost "path right." During the period the land could be leased for non-conflicting . At the time the land is sold the process then a saleback. This method may also possibly be used --.... __- 4 an}: N‘ .- 1‘1“ 185 to dictate the use of the surrounding land while deriving some remuneration for the initial investment. Thus it is used much as an easement though with a much greater initial expenditure and with more land in public lands which is not always desirable. As before this method is applicable to path rights acquisition as it is to all recreation land uses. Excess Condemnation In some communities (Minneapolis, for instance) this ethod is the backbone of adjacent land use control. This rthod does preclude the fact that it is necessary to hold e title to the primary land of the trailway. As such this 1 be used in conjunction with that method of rights acqui— ion. The rationale behind this method is that since the ernmental agency is empowered to acquire land by condemna- , more land than is needed for a specific right of way be acquired. This land may then be sold at a later time certain rights withheld by the agency. This may have ame effect as a scenic easement immediately adjacent to andemned land. Trailway or trespass rights could be those retained when the land is later sold so that or trails could be developed on land immediately ad- to the land held in fee. The resultant rise in price immediately around. land condemned for recreation pur- a sometimes enough to offset the original purchase all of the land. The legality of this method is question in some areas of the country and therefore uld be examined before contemplated use. This has 186 usexi to protect rights-of-way along highways and could dere protect areas adjacent to trails. The keeping of 3 rights of access or trespass may diminish the potential acxf the excess land to the point that the return from mile would be too small, making the cost of the develop- too higm.to use this means. It has not been recorded rving been used to acquire the land rights for trails. ver it is one more means that has the possibility of ctiveness is needed. latory Devices The police power, or the general legislative power to regulate for the promotion of the public health, safety, order, convenience, morals, prosperity, and the general welfare, is the basis of governmental ac- tivities in the fields of planning, zoning, subdivision control, and advisory and educational work. The scope of the police power has been expanded considerably since the beginning of this century under the impact of chang- ing factual conditions and in accordance with changes in public opinion. However, it is subject to certain lim- itations of due process of law, and the guarantee of the equal protection of the laws. Moreover, any exercise of the policgspower must be reasonable and in the public interest. These are not in effect rights acquisition methods are as stated regulatory powers of government agencies. as can be used, though, to reserve open land and guarantee right of public access through it. This is not an.ab- ately effective or lasting method but one that can be and been used with good results. Basically this is the use 36Retaining;0pen Spaces in Maryland, 9p. cit., p. 4. 187 :ue;police power of the governmental agency to regulate means of public land for maximum public benefit. The xnmnent's right to do this in urban areas has long been gnized by the courts. In recent years this concept has (expanded and applied to larger areas by regional plan- \ agencies. Optimum land use patterns with their con- .tant open spaces and their inherent recreation possibil- :8 may be controlled over a regional area by this method. as devices cannot dictate specifically the uses of the reation lands, but they do make provision for its inclu- 1 in the regional plan. Furthermore, they can provide n (recreation lands) in the areas where needed and in a a pattern as to be most effective in the future. These regulatory devices can best be used in a total nning program and in conjunction with other land acquisi- n methods. They are an important and vital method of ignating land usable for trail routes and as such should thought of immediately and used more widely. ling Zoning is the major tool in land-use control. Al- though zoning cannot always withstand the pressures for development and does not necessarily produce land for public outdoor recreation as does purchase, it can help preserve existing land features. Agricultural zoning, for’instance, has been a means of preserving excellent agricultural land and preventing its loss to urban de- velopment in Santa Clara County, California. Flood- plain zoning can protect valleys from unsafe deve10pments and preserve natural areas. Even within built-up areas, zoning regulations can provide for more outdoor recrea- tion if‘greater flexibility in setback requirements permits the clustering of dwelling units, with increased open space in between the clusters. ’ "0.1; u filM' 1!. -3 -‘.-.p. H'.a 188 Eaibdivision regulations, another form of zoning, can xpmuui Opportunities for a community by requiring devel- .pexms to reserve a certain percent of subdivision land cu~zrecreation purposes or, in lieg of land contribution, 0 pay a fee to a local park fund. 7 'Use zoning is the division of a.community into zones u~lanned either topography or water patterns suggest potential .atural land use area and subsequent regulation. Since nearly ll of these areas are tied together, it would take very ‘ p—n.‘-A-~ . .‘1 ..Qi'r-sA-n—iqn-g. —-n I I ittle effort to see that the recreation areas do have a ertain degree of cohesion or flowing together. If this ype of land is zoned open or recreational it is a small atter to work a trailway system into it. The method then >es not actually obtain land or rights specifically for a ail route but merely guarantees to some degree the exist- ce of cpen space. For the individual or group who desires bring into actuality a system such as proposed here, this me should be examined at the time the land use or zoning > is prepared and the necessary steps then taken so as to :ure such a pattern of open land that would lend itself the later establishment of such a pathway system. ster System This is a form of zoning and is, in effect, a change in the pattern of develOpment itself. Until recently, cozmnunities thought big lot sizes would guarantee open space, but, in the typical subdivision, this hape proved to be an illusion; big enough to have to mow, too small to use, and a perfect amplifier of sound. Instead of forcing subdividers to chew up all of an area with rigid lot sizes, some communities have suggested that they group the houses in a tighter, more cohesive pattern. 190 (Rue saves money for the developer, for he does not have 'Uapmovide as much asphalt and service facilities. It hwy pay him to leave anywhere from 40 to 60 percent of the land open and, as part of the bargain, this is deeded for common use Of the residents. Instead of a miscellany of back lots, there can be bridle paths, playgrounds, wooded areas, and-~that most desirable of community assets-~a stream, flowing in the Open and not buried in a concrete culvert. The potential of a series Of open spaces is great. The open space of each cluster deveIOpment can be planned so that it can connect with others; by wise siting of publicly purchased land for parks and schools, there can be a unified network of Opgg space in which each element contributes to the others. ‘.—r—44-‘u._:_~ a .... . . q . . :vE This new concept which is yet to be put into practice tested in any great degree in this country holds great ential promise for the future location of fingers of the ilway routes moving into residential areas. Like land aside by subdividers for the purpose of providing public 1 space this means bridges the gap in the trail systems 1 the open countryside to the urban areas. In years to 2 this may give routes of access linking state and re- L81 trailway proposals to those plans of metropolitan s departments. If the Open spaces of the cluster devel- nt are planned so as to connect and coincide with those lands of the surrounding region they could be used to t advantage. The main advantage is that of providing "nerve endings" or dendritic fingers for trail systems ‘will penetrate to where people live and entice them on sgmtdoorjecreatioifor America (Outdoor Recreation JTOOS Review Commission Primary Report), Op. cit., p. 150. 191 > the trails which in turn will lead them through the land- :ape on other more major trails. This system has a number of basic appeals to dif- rent groups. To the developer it makes the appeal of onomy. With fewer utilities and streets to develOp and tentially a greater number of units, he stands to reap j" eater profits plus the public good will attendant to the E “ rge amount of Open space left. To the potential owner, a j j aller amount of private area for his maintenance yet with {I ( .arge amount of public recreation space nearby and avail- .e has great appeal. The community and the region, though, the greatest beneficiaries. Their gain is best shown at end of the following quote: Now that the cluster principle is becoming a reality, planners are looking ahead to a further step. Could not these separate open spaces be tied together? It is no more trouble for a developer to have Open space that fits the open space of other subdivisions as Open space that doesn't. The prime requirement is a community plan that anticipates future development. This calls for an act of imagination. Santa Barbara County, California, furnishes a good example. In the area where new subdivisions are now poking, there is a series of dry ravines that run down from the mountains to the sea. The ravines don't look like much but partly for this reason, the county's Open space committee saw an opportunity. To get plat approval, developers must set aside that part of any new subdivision which falls in a ravine area; since ravines are impossible to build anyway, the developers have been amenable. Under a new subdivision ordinance, the county can sweeten the deal 3y permitting the developer to reduce lot sizes if he vill dedicate Open space. It is not a full cluster plan, nut without raising overall density, it has achieved the iedication of about 12 percent of the total acreage in- rolved. One question that must be resolved in any such plan .8 who is to pay for the maintenance of the Open space. The Santa Barbara plan takes advantage of a state law providing for the establishment of special public im- provements in it. The county is saddled with no extra burden, a fact that goes well in selling the idea. At the moment, the result is unimpressive; the ravines remain so much wasteland, choked with weeds and underbrush and sometimes with tin cans and rubbish. A decade from now, they may be priceless. The interstices will fill up, yet without the eXpenditure of a cent, there will have been reserved a natural network that can provide picnic areas and paths and bridle trails--in the heart of a built-up area . Consider the potential if these devices are tied together. The open space of each cluster development can be planned so that they can connect with each other; by a wise siting of publicly purchased land for parks and schools, there can be a unified network of Open space in which each element contributes to the other. In such a plan, the conservation of private land is all the easier, and flood plains and the farms, functional in themselves, furnish excellent buffers. Acquisition money goes much further; just a few strategic purchases of land for parks can tie a much greater amount of space into the overall recrsation plan; to put it another way, a recreation system.4 To bring this into reality, though, will call for enlightened legislation and imaginative planning on the of local officials. This appears to be a fertile source of land and 1 rights in the future for implementing a trailway pro- as suggested here. Its further development and con- one will have to be examined in the future at such time is desired to implement this proposal in order to as- its applicability. 40Whyte, OR. cit., p. 15. 193 Agassment Policies These again are not direct land or rights acquisition rograms. They are only in part regulatory devices. Chiefly hese are the relaxation of assessments on certain types of and use to encourage the continuation of these land uses. : is well known that land that has been developed for. res- ential, industrial, or commercial use has cost public encies more than has land that is underdeveloped and open. -_--‘I..m»__ qua—an.” 2 to this it is logical that the tax burden of developed d should be more than that of open land. Many owners of n land, however, find themselves in the midst of deveIOp- : or developed areas. They are not necessarily desirous ieveloping their land or of selling it to someone who . But they find that their open land is taxed at the rate as the area around it. This, of course, forces to realize a greater profit on their land in order to he increased taxes. The best way to do this is through opment or sale. This accelerates the spiraling ravish- )f the natural landscape. Since the owner of the Open emands no additional facilities or services of the pub- t follows that the increased taxes are for the develop- :Jtential. If the owner of this land which could be vr recreation purposes agreed to leave it Open, should burden not be either reduced or deferred. until such he sells the land for development? Then may not this opened for recreation purposes or at least access by -ic? This, then, is the manner of thinking behind 194 this mode of public access rights acquisition. Preferential Assessment It must be recognized that this land is still pri- rate land and the owner is merely being taxed fairly for eeping it open. Tax assessment then is on use of land ether than on inherent or possible value. This gives great npetus to owners of open land to keep it that way. This 'eferred assessment does not automatically Open up the land recreational use. This is still up to the owner of the ad. When open areas of private undeveIOped land exist in a midst of a built-up area, a greater possibility is there .t negotiations can be concluded with the owner as to hts of access for trails and paths through the land. This 3 not in any way change the land use, preferential tax zt would not be lost, though it does give areas of Open through which trails could go. It also allows the is to go through agricultural as well as completely un- Loped land, thus giving the variety of landscape experi- desired. It is possible that additional tax relief be given if recreation rights, such as trailway access, given by the owner to the public agency. This form of : encouragement should be tied to a zoning plan for the te region so that some pattern exists in both the devel- ad more natural areas of the unit of government. It that the Open land owner should be committed to a L minimum period of time during which he cannot sell lop the land. This would also give a greater degree 195 permanency to any trail access agreement negotiated with Iowner. All of this points up the need mentioned before tying any trailway system and the various land acquisition hods to an over-all regional plan. Any trail system cane exist alone, or without adequate fore-planning of other tors. Deferral This leads us to the next logical step. The public no recourse to collect the taxes that are not paid on. a land on preferential assessment if the land is later sloped. This means that the owner of the open land obtain the tax advantage of leaving his land Open for a Jer of years, then sell or develop the land. The public than paying greatly for Open land for a short period of a, and the land owner is profiting unduly. This has led Ln alternate program of not outright forgiveness of tax >onsibilities, but the deferral of these until such time he land might be sold or developed. At that time the re amount of the tax that had been deferred would become This is more equitable and binding and will have a ency to give public agencies greater security or income er way the land might be used. This, however, has great nistrative problems inherent within it. Mr. William H. e, as mentioned before in other acreas of land acquisi- , has noted two points in relation to tax deferral in report to the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Com- ion.cu1 "Open Space Action." One of these is the fact “...—.7 "" ‘ ' 196 hat this type of relief to the Open land owner should be ied to an overall land use plan. This was just mentioned 1 regard to tying the trails into an overall regional plan. me other suggestion Mr. Whyte has is that this type of 'eferential taxation should be used as a "supplement to :her land use devices." This also is one of the key points ' this section of the paper. The possibilities of using this land are the same as r the above point but contain less security unless some pe of agreement is arranged to maintain the trail access ghts under successive owners. Difficulties could be en- 1ntered in this, and possibly other types of acquisition :hods could better solve this problem. goachment Regulations This is not a type of land or rights acquisition but t as important or more so it is the way of keeping the is or rights once they are obtained. The importance of a factor cannot be minimized with the competing land de- is of the rapidly expanding American population and economy uhown before. Once the lands or rights are in public owner- » the endeavor will begin of keeping them from the grasping s of competing groups who feel that all public land is game for easy acquisition. This has traditionally been case with all public land and especially recreation land. Lnneapolis, Minnesota where there is not one anpty lot in the city limits the extensive public park lands are 197 stantly being assailed by everyone from private developers liiginway departments. This has progressed to such a degree ,t tflais defensive action is one of the major responsibili- :s and duties of the parks department real estate officer. :roachment in this case may not only be that of actual inxug of the right-of-way for the other purposes but also cflmanging abutting land uses so as to take away the natural miscape or scenic beauty which.prompted the location of e trailway initially. This should be taken into account the time of the layout Of the trail, but these things nnot always be foreseen. Some examples of this type of encroachment in one >mmunity is shown in this quote. In Toledo park lands have already been taken for Y.M.C.A. buildings, a Coast Guard installation, a police pistol range, a private yacht club, a sewage disposal plant, and a factory parking lot. If each generation hacks away at parks on the scale that is currently fashe ionable in most cities, the only uninvaded green spaces in congested districts are likely to be cemeteries. It will take the dead to protect the living from their own folly- Provision therefore must be made where possible to uarantee the continued public access rights the land chosen tn-trail routes. Future encroachment could destroy vital guts of even the best organized and located path routes. In summary of the land acquisition methods it is 41Edward Higbee, The Sgueeze--Cities Without Space, (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1960), p. 245. 198 ‘ell to remember Mr. Whyte's words in dealing with Open pace Action. "Which.will work best only time will tell; kt is urgent, however, that we get one with the trial and 42 The site, the situation rror as vigorously as possible." .nd the problems presented by the land may in each case sug- ;est a different method Of acquiring the access rights to *he land. This should be done very carefully for each parcel »f land along the route to guarantee continued access for 'uture trail users. 0n general nature of this summary of .and acquisition methods it is worth mentioning that in the iutdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission report on 'Potential New Sites for Outdoor Recreation in the Northeast" .5 a chart of the land acquisition powers of each of the itates in that region. This chart indicates each of the Lgencies acquiring land for recreation use, their acquisition >owers and the derivation of that power in the laws of each »f the states. Something of this type could profitably be >repared for all of the various agencies within the area where L regional trailway system is proposed. '_—. 42Whyte, OE. Cite, p. 17. “MM ”if”? Design To bridge the gap between an abstract concept of a lil system that permeates the whole of a region and the nuaJ.;placing of that pathway upon the slopes, hillsides 3 valleys of the landscape requires many steps of implemen- titui. In the beginning these steps are somewhat removed cmn the land itself and are therefore applicable to a ‘riety of sites and situations. During the course of bring- .g into being of such.an idea the scope of the work becomes =ogressively more precise and more directly related to the and and site itself. This process goes in successive steps rom a broad panoramic view of a region to the precise de- ision as to which two trees the trail should go between. ince some of the earlier study and planning steps have lready been shown, this section will cover the various etailed aspects of the trail design itself. This design rxits many facets will be done within the area location umithe route or site selected as shown in the above step. “thin the width of right-of-way acquired the best location Mil.be determined early in this phase. An aid that may assist in any decision making at fine juncture is found in an Appalachian Trail Manual. This hfifloates logically a reference point to which decisions may be directed for clarification. . The Appalachian Trail along the mountain ridges from thine to Georgia is, in its nature, a skyline trail for ibot travel. Its sole purpose is to afford pleasure and recreation. These considerations should therefore be i—_ __._#___h_:,__. .- ‘- e n 70 VANCOUVIR 0 C ro puncru : c lmflw LEGEND [3 uncut recur use us. men-av ® "A?! men-av O CIVICS AI. '0'“! GENERAL TRAIL LOG miles. ; to Monument #78 or #83 Open to foot Idual climb from #78 or #83 to Castle mping spots and horse feed generally Iis section. From Castle Pass to Mountain suld use caution. Trail from Woody Poss In a steep, shale rock, side sIOpe where occur. Trail is in high, subolpine timber Ieadows and scattered patches of timber unfry east Of the summit of the Cascade miles. ,good except some portions along Granite 'ered during high water. Also, numerous re caution here. Comp spots generally feed very limited. Iil within Glacier Peak Wilderness Area. If motorized travel prohibited within wil- miles. between Glacier Peak Mines and Sky- ry until completion of trail construction Water, compspofs generally available. at selected comps. Trail leaves Wilder- Ider Meadows. .5 to Wenofchee Pass section of trail gh open meadows most of the way. iles. tion Pass, from Skeeter Creek to Deep trail is in poor condition. Okay for erienced horsemen only. Reconstruction completion in 1963. Boldmeyer Hot Springs and Snoquolmie over Red Mountain. This trail is I travel. Horse travel to Snoquolmie .ake Trail (#1013) a distance of 12 E - F 60 miles. Numerous high mountain passes. Most of this trail is in fairly good condition. From Stampede Pass to Green Divide the trail is well graded except where game trails may confuse the main trail in the vicinity of Blowout Mountain. Water is scarce along this section. From Blowout Mountain to Chinook Pass the trail has been reconstructed with no grade over 15%. Trail is well maintained onnuaHy. Many very scenic vistas along this route. F — G 56 miles. ' Trail follows the eastern boundary of Rainier thionol Park for a distance of eleven miles. Many excellent views of Mt. Rainier offered here. As the Pork does not maintain shelters along this trail, they do not issue fire permits. If on overnight stop is neces- sary, visitors are requested to use Dewey Lake which is outside Of the park boundary. Horses are permitted. Motor driven equipment is prohibited on trails in the park. Campsites are readily available but stock feed very limited along this section. In Goat Rocks Wild Area there are sharp, alpine peaks and mountain meadows with a few small lakes and streams. G — H 53 miles. Neor Midway are many huckleberry fields. is in September and October. Round-the-Mountain trail is on easy-iO-hike trail around the fimberline area of Mr. Adams in Mt. Adams Wild Area. This trail is not a loop. South of Cultus Creek the trail goes through Indian Heaven fountry. Many small lakes here and the ground is comparatively lat. H — l 33 miles. The trail intersects the Carson-Guler Road where the traveler can reach the Wind River area to the west or the Salmon River valley to the east. South of here the frail skim the western edge of lava beds. West of Big Huckleberry Mountain is the Panther Creek Experimental Forest. Plenty of horse feed in this area but drinking water is scarce. Wise to carry a supply. There is some logging but the trail is well marked. Trail from Columbia River to Dog Mountain is steady climb but not difficult. Berry season 201 aramount in determining its route. It should connect as many high points, affording ride views of surrounding country, and as many places If beauty, as lie within its course, consistent with recessibility and practicable grades. These objectives rill best be attained by making a careful examination of the field of operation by map and reconnaissance be- fore definitely locating any section of the Trail. The general route thus decided upon should be scouted for springs and other sources of safe drinking water. The availability of this essential should be taken into consideration in determining the location of the Trail. 43 The determination of the purpose of a trail which in 1 guides in its location might prove invaluable in the e or route selection are of the proposal. In this section of the paper on design there is more cedent than there is in any other part of the entire con- It. This is misleading however, since the design of other avious trails is less able to be used as a model than would ecedents in any other area of this implementation. Any new ail will have to be designed specifically for and adapted rposefully to the particular site and situation chosen for Le route location. Some of the reasons for this are obvious, Id some may not be quite so apparent. It is evident that mat which is right or best for a trail in one location or rea may not necessarily be best for another type of trail n another region. The variety of different landscapes hrough which such a trail system will pass is then one “Trail Manual for the Appalachian Trail (Fifth edition, publication no. 1; Washington, D.C.: Appalachian Trail Conference, Inc., 1951), p. 3. 202 for this. The multitudinous variety of trail types as another reason for in the same system or network could conceivably be paths through highly urbanized .s, suburban areas, agricultural land and possibly even Lnd through primitive wilderness areas. The path in of these sections would take on a completely different cter and would thus have to be designed individually . experienced, sensitive land designer with a knowledge is countryside through which a trail moves. One other, less obvious reason for the inadvisability sing existing trails for anything other than a prototype hat each trail will have somewhat different users who, ; be considered in the design. The word "trail" is used ienote paths used by a vast variety of nearly unrelated ationists. These run the gamut from the experienced cross- ntry hikers and mountaineers of the Cascade Crest and Ialachian Trails to the short distance pleasure strollers, ad watchers and nature lovers, of the trails in the local boreta. In addition to these users will be the ubiquitous rse-back riders and bicyclists who should be allowed to e a good many of the trails. All of these potential var- Ibles cannot be combined in just a limited number of ways 3 end in but one or two possible trailway prototypes but ust be weighed for their respective value in each specific rituation to arrive at the best trail for a given site. It is nearly impossible to have a stereotyped trail that would fit every landscape and be effective for every type of user. 205 true components that make up such a system and a minimum ablxa standards may be specified ahead of time. The imurtion.and arrangement of these possible elements and determination of how these standards should be interpreted 21 particular situation must be decided for each individual Ei'by its designer. This as mentioned before should be a'by the landscape architect using a good deal of discre- q and wise judgement. These above points should be remembered as the sub- uent aspects of this design are unfolded and eXplored. y little can be included in this paper of a specific na- 'e that has anywhere near universal application to all Ills. The steps to take and the elements to consider in a design are the most that may be attempted in a work of 3 veneral nature of this paper. These factors would have eater weight in reality and in the actual execution of 3h a concept than they are given here, and would in fact of secondary importance only to route location itself. ch material is available on the method and manner of the signs of many of the existing trails in the world. Some 'this material is noted in the bibliography and is avail- de from the sources listed. It is suggested that some of us prior design data be procured and studied before the iplementation of this proposal is attempted. In a longer we comprehensive work of this type such information could id should be included to provide a complete handbook for as mflflre effectuation of this concept as proposed. However, 204 in the limited area and scope of this dissertation all of this could not be included. Finally in this introduction to the design aspect of the implementation the citing of the definitions set forth by the Appalachian Trail Conference is appropriate. Trail: In general, a trail is a route passable for foot or horse travel but not for vehicles. On the Ap- palachian Trail, a trail is a route passable for foot travel only, without improving the footway. Path: In the White Mountain region a path is a route passable for foot travel only, with more or less improvement to the footway. However, in frequent usage, a route whose footway, although not worked, has become so trodden as to be its most salient feature, is called a path. The terms, trail and path, are often used inter- changeably. Located Trail: A trail is located when its route has been determined and marked sufficiently to enable it to be followed even after a winter has intervened. Blazed Trail: A trail is blazed when it has been marked by blazing, but not cleared. Roughed Trail: A trail is roughed when the worst obstructions have been out through but only slight work has been done on widening, bushing or removing cross- logs. Cleared Trail: A trail is cleared when it has been made passable by sufficient removal of growth so that a Iiker walking erect, with a pack, will encounter no Ibstruction to any part of himself or his pack and can as the footing ahead. Marked Trail: A trail is marked when it has been ade plain by blazes, cairns, markers, arrows, etc. Signed Trail: A trail is signed when its ends, forks d crossings have been marked by lettered signs. Standard Appalachian Trail: The standard adapted for = Appalachian Trail is a trail cleared, marked and ..l gned in accordance with the definitions and directions 205 4 contained here in . 4 Physical Lgyout The question arises at first notice of this heading as to what it is, what. it consists of and what is its rela- tion to route or site selection. This is in actuality a more detailed step than route selection of the bringing into Ictuality the trail system. Within the area or site selected “or the route the trail is then placed upon the land in the 0st advantageous way. The abstract realm is left almost impletely at this point and the very real and concrete prob- ms of determining the location of the pathway itself upon 6 land are eXplored. This involves the question of which the exact route upon the ground the designer feels would refith‘ew‘momsfiige‘creative_value P139951“ future hiker. This p is the very essence of the design of the trail system. er design steps will merely enhance, uncover, mark and >rd this route so chosen. 0 This once again is the job of the landscape architect ng in the‘ field and on the site to determine the precise a. With the aid of all of the studies of the factors of I location it should be possible for the experienced land ner to "walk the route” mentally during that phase of tudy. In spite of this it will also be necessary to go the actual proposed route at this stage of the design 44Ib1d., p. 5. ‘— ._,.¢——4=. - “-_hfli‘J-f-h‘ 3 . , I I process. 206 One of the most effective ways of doing this is the method suggested by the Appalachian Trail Conference. lath the "First Principles” in mind, control points should be selected, such as summits, gaps, road inter- In determining the best route sections, bridges, etc. between these, locate by stringipg rather than by blaz- ing. This is done by carrying a cone of grocers' white‘ string (which averages about a mile to the pound) on a short stick and letting it unwind as you advance. The route may be more easily followed if the string is co- casionally hung on branches or bushes instead of laid String can be quickly moved, whereas on the ground. blazing takes longer to do and cannot be obliterated in case the route is changed. White or colored rags may also be used to mark the route temporarily. The best procedure is for an experienced leader and two assistants to start at the beginning of the proposed trail the leader in the middle with an assistant on either side, all within calling distance if the terrain All observe the ground as they proceed, coming admits. together for consultation when desired. The string, which is laid as this group advances, is left in place This Operation precedes to guide the construction party. It is advisable construction over the entire section. to check any route finally before the construction party reaches it. Reconnoitering can usually be more easily done in those months when vision is less restricted by foliage “ and there is least undergrowth to impede walking.4f:' This phase then is not concerned with cutting, clear- improving or marking the trail. These are carried out The concern here is merely with the ascertaining of Many factors must be f‘. Ihysical route location itself. into account even in this phase, that are of value in ting in a decision. Some of these are mentioned in the ring quote . 45Ib1d., p. 4. 207 At the time of the original location of the route, considerable thought should be given to the problems of future maintenance. Where there is a possible choice of route, sections of Trail passing through areas with dense annual growth, briers, scrub oak, or similar vegetation should not be chosen. The future as well as the present condition of the Trail is a matter for thought in Trail location. Preference should be given to Open and mature timber with light undergrowth. It is inadvisable to locate the Trail along the edges or bases of bluffs or slides, or through growth necessitating frequent heavy clearing. By reason of its well-worn footway, resulting from its initial construction an abandoned wood road or tote- road often forms a desirable trail location. However, care must be exercised in the selection of an old road as a trail route. An open or exposed road, particularly in a lumbered or wet section, frequently deveIOps into a dense growth of small bushes. The resulting serious maintenance problems offset the desirability of the road's worn and level footway. Unless the road has "aged” and manifests self-maintenance, a new narrow foot trail is preferable. Never attempt to utilize wide logging roads or to salvage a trail which has been wid- ened for use as a hauling road. Roads, passable by automobile or subject to heavy use, should, of course, be avoided wherever possible. To provide a continuous rogge, use of such roads is unavoidable in many areas. Many other on-site factors may be uncovered which 1 influence this primary design element. Physical layout ertheless must be the initial step taken to accomplish most satisfactory trail design. ta Establishmenp This may be a misleading term for this section of design process since it encompasses far more than does 461b1do, p. 40 ‘r ___._AI—__ kga- ..2- . 208 I "vista cutting" usually done to insure views from anic highways. Rather than making provision alone for the Iad panoramic vista so commonly associated with highways park areas or in regions of great natural beauty, this I a broader connotation. {This section refers to the ap- ication of the designer's hand to the area adjacent to the ail in establishing Just what he wants the hiker to see, serve or notice. At times when walking through a wooded as it may be desirable to have the trail user notice the iutia of wildflowers, lichens and undergrowth of the for- t. At other times middle distance views of features of rticultural, geological, historical or archeological in- rest may be desired. Still in other places and times the oad sweep of the landscape or the selected view of some stant object may be desired. All of these possibilities d needs seen by the designer should be provided for in the sign of the trail itself. A continuum or a sequential map- ng of a route should be made to locate in advance any such atures so that the view desired may be brought about on the ail route. The implementation of this trail proposal must not thought of as the work of only the physical planner‘who aces the "greenways" on the ground but also should be dertaken by a landscape designer who creates, supplements d enhances successive spatial experiences for the trail Ier. These trails do not have to merely out through the ‘. k" ....- ...-.r..‘s. 209 auntryside nor do they have to be only green tunnels of >notony taking the walker from one point on the earth.to Iother. [There nature has formed certain spaced or areas 1686 should be intensified; where she has not, they may be 'eateQLj The designer should see the challenge in a design 'oblem of this type.}/X‘walker or rider is moving through Ie indigenous landscape with its natural earthforms and egetation masses at a.more or less fixed speed. This should .ggest the possibility of creating a series of spaces (or toms) and views (or vistas) of all sizes, shapes, and de- 'ees. This need not necessarily be haphazard, or left as ture has created it. These spaces, views and directions attention may be consciously thought out ahead of time the conscientious designer. The impact and drama inherent the natural landscape should be exploited and enhanced to e full. A greater appreciation of and reverence for the rthly environment may be imparted to the hiker or rider by is means, thus augmenting the re-creative value of the ail;l This begs further study and indicates the possibility a goodly return to the landscape architect who would under- re it. A notation system could also be developed to survey a route for possible features worth emphasizing and to Ilyze the existing spaces. Some studies of this type have an done for urban areas but very little has been done for I natural landscape. The possibilities of progressive realization of a ‘ —_. —.-.o. -.v...aie.‘_.-_—_~. a . I I 210 int of interest or an outstanding view could also be ex- ared in this same context. This method is best described J. O. Simonds in this quote. The terminal feature may be revealed in progressive stages. If a vista can be seen from several stations along the approaches, the section seen from each station must be considered at a separate vista and so staged. Sometimes a terminus may be viewed along an entire ap- proach. In such a case, it should be so revealed by its evolving spatial containment as to exact the full poten- tial of its changing perspectives. If the approach is long, the vista becomes tiring and should be divided in- to stages by change of level by expanding or contracting the frame of reference, or by changing the character of the spaces through which and from which the focal point is seen. Often, as one moves toward a distant focal point, he can at first discern no more than.the outline of the terminal feature. As he continues, the feature reveals itself progressively--the component masses, the texture and colors, and finally the details. Approaching a focal tower, for example, we perceive first its outline, then the general forms of base and tiers or soaring ver- ticals. As we get nearer, we distinguish the shapes and colors of masonry, metal, and glass, and we recognize windows and doors. Finally, we are attracted to the rich handling of the entrances; and as we extend our hand at last to the polished door latch, we are invited inward by a glimpse of the pleasant lobby space beyond. Any vista may be staged satisfactorily in an infinite variety of ways. It is only necessary that, from all viewing stations or lines of approach, the vista is a pleasing visual entity. A vista may induce motion or repose. Some vistas are static, to be enjoyed from one fixed stage, and are seen in their completeness from this point. Others, by the promise of unfolding revealment, by interest in de- tail, or by the attraction of the termin , invite move- ment and draw one from point to point. All vistas sub- ject the viewer to a compelling line of sight. A vista is insistent, a directional magnet to the eye. As such, a vista is a visual function of a plan axis.47 '— .— 47John Ormsbee Simonds, Landscape Architecture-~The gping of Man's Natural Environment (NewTYbrk: F. W. Dodge rporation, Igélj, p. 122. 211 It is granted that the orientation in this quote is toward the architectural object of the vista but the lesson is there that can be used to direct the attention of the hiker to a natural phenomena. - The landscape architect should not feel as though his work is complete at the time of route or site selection. His is also to some extent the actual design of the trail itself to gain for the user the maximum benefit available in :he route while maintaining as much as possible of the .ntegrity of the site. in imum Standards This is one section of the implementation where ecedent may be studied carefully and effectually. The andards established for one type of trail in one area may applied without much fear of mistake, to another trail of imilar type in a different area. A trail to be most ble by a majority of people during a greater part of the ,~ should conform to at least certain standards of con- otion along the majority of its length. Many different criteria are available for a variety of trails. Some 1e sources noted in the appendices of this paper should nsulted to find these standards. Some of the major nents in the establishment of these will be noted here. 3 may be found to apply to specific situations but the Lot ed here constitute the major rules that will apply majority of such trails. -...i ,—,-.-i_;.-_—-— -— “I; The general subjects or categories included under minimum standards vary somewhat but generally include the width of the pathway, extent of right-of-way, clearing, surfacing, and allowable grades, etc. The width of the pathway suggested in the minimum standards of most existing trail systems is usually from three to four feet. The California Riding and Hiking Trail is suggested to be thirty inches wide while some of the s‘urOpean trails are four feet in width. The Appalachian ’rail suggestions will be given in a subsequent quote. sually the provision for a footway of four feet will be szicient for hikers or walkers. This will vary due to the e that predominates; if it is primarily for bicyclists it y be able to be narrower, if it is for horseback riders a ier trail may work better. The width of the complete right- way is sometimes quite important since it is within that a that view may be controlled and the integrity of the Lcent areas maintained. California has a twenty foot t-of-way while the Appalachian Trail has an agreement the National Park Service and the National Forest Ser- whereby an area one mile each side of the trail will be of roads or uses conflicting with the purpose of the vay. A copy of this agreement is in the Appendix of aaper. The most complete of the suggestions on clearing one by the Appalachian Trail Conference. Cross-Logs. Always remove. Make first a cut at 1e of trail. If the proper side is chosen, the end 'oss the trail can often be moved enough to clear. 213 If not, out again. When a run-around has been estab- lished around a blow-down, restore original route as soon as practicable. Avoid short-cutting wherein the ends of the log still impede the trail and narrow its width. Small Trees. It is better to remove small trees growing close to the footway, since it widens the Trail; it is easier to cut them out entirely than to trim and throw out the branches. High stubs cause frequent stumbling and sprout more readily than low stubs. Branches. Cut branches close to the trunk; it is usually easier and always neater. Cut all branches within reach, two-thirds of the way around the tree. Brush. (Shrubs, bushes, locust, seedling trees, chestnut sprouts, etc.) Cut everything that obscures the footway and cut wide. A wide trail is less easily obscured by new growth. Grass, Ferns, Low Bushes, Weeds. Remove wide enough to clear the footway and prevent wetting feet with rain or dew. Annual herbaceous growth must be removed from the Trail each summer. Footway. Cut everything clear to the ground in the footway, to prevent tripping. Long-handled pruning shears do a closer job than ax or hatchet. Disturb the soil as little as possible, particularly on steep slopes, so as to prevent erosion. Mowing. Mowing has three purposes: a. To mark as well as clear a trail through bushy country. b. To clear rapidly a trail growing up to bushes and small trees. 0. To cut grass, ferns, and low bushes in order to avoid slapping after rain or dew, and to make the foot- ing visible. Width of Trail. Depending on the type of growth encountered, the Trail should be from 4 to 6 feet wide. Cut wide enough so that nothing touches the hiker or ‘will.grow in for several years. In scrub, where rapid growth is particularly troublesome, cut double width, if possible. Height of Clearing. Cut as high as can be reached. Branches will grow down or be weighed down by rain or snowu It is a hindrance to have anything obscure vision 214 on the Trail, and branches which will clear the head may still obscure the vision of one coming downhill. Be particular to guard against the tendency not to out high enough when working uphill. Cuttings. Cuttings must not be banked beside the Trail, on account of figs risk. They must be thrown well out and scattered. Types of surfacing for the pathway will vary the t of any of the general standards. This is because of variety of uses and situations where trails are found. is obvious that the wilderness trails will have the nat- L surface of the ground over which it moves. In more inized or developed regions where traffic is heavy on the 1 it may be advisable to use wood chips, sawdust, tanbark, small stones, gravel or sand as a surfacing material. a may also vary if horses or bicycles use the trail to any ;nt. Horses need a softer, preferably wood base material, .e bicycles need a harder smoother material. The eighteen L'wide asphalt paths used for bicycle traffic on the own- at Michigan State University may have some possibility 1186 on a trail system as proposed here, but the cost d make this nearly prohibitive. Another factor that :rs into this area is that if the surface is wide enough :nnooth enough the "go-carts" currently pOpular will usurp trail routes. The allowable grades to be considered maximum for any 1. Should not exceed ten to twenty percent. The latter 48 ._7. Trail Manual for the Appalachian Trail, op. cit. 215 we is for paths used by wilderness hikers while the er should be considered for those areas where casual or experienced walkers will predominate. Bridle paths and ls used for horseback riders will of course have a lesser e, while bicycle trails will be even less steep. This ticality should be considered when locating the route 31f since it might disturb the surrounding landscape to ie the trail route suitably for pedestrian or horseback _ ? Efic. The grade necessary for the hiker, walker, or rider 1 "4 traverse will determine to some extent the enjoyment de- ‘ 7 ed from use of the trail. A trail that is too steep could sen the pleasure, while one that is too flat may induce =edom or a sense of monotony in the user. Minimum standards should be established for any such stem as proposed here after examination of other networks 3 determination of the needs of the users and the site in e given situation where the trails are prOposed. lation to Motor Traffic This is an extremely important item in trail design 'r modern America where the automobile and its roadways are aemingly omnipresent. Unfortunately even though much has aen done to relate, but separate, the routes of pedestrian nd vehicular traffic, both in EurOpe and in our own country, ittle or nothing has been written about such work. This is rue to some extent of all trailway endeavors, since much of his type of thing is done in the field, on the site, and by 216 of mouth from supervisor to workers. This does not get ~ded and as it is not thought necessary to do extensive Lminary drawings of trail routes and standards there is le or no record of what has been done. In many places bridle paths, bicycling routes or _re trails may parallel parkways through recreation areas. some places in Europe it is said that an extensive system such routes are included in the expressway rights-of-way, ever, no information was obtainable as to where or how - :- ‘l f“ '—‘ u _j s was done. Where this is done it seems that it would be .essary to protect the pedestrian from physical contact :11 and excessive viewing of the adjacent automobile. The previous consideration was only concerning the ralleling of vehicular traffic ways which gives roads a sitive aspect as far as a trail system is concerned. Road- Lys do however, serve a negative or damming function as antioned before. When the trail runs perpendicular to the cad, the vehicular route tends to serve as a dike in that t causes an impediment to safe foot traffic. There is some anger involved any time pedestrians are required to cross a motor vehicle way and the larger the volume of motor traffic that is on the roadway, the greater is the danger for anyone crossing. This was mentioned as a factor in route location and will have to be solved in this design phase. It is pos- sible that various ways may be used to allow the physical separation of these two kinds of traffic where it is neces- sary that they cross . 217 This will be a definite design problem where it ours and must be solved safely, economically and in a way at does not destroy the utility and beauty of either the ad or the trail. It is unfortunate that no more material precedent is available for inclusion in this paper but it s thought that the item should be mentioned as being nec- sary for consideration and solution at the time of design the implementation of this proposal. Bicycling paths as ch are opposed by some English cycling organizations since is problem has not been solved to their satisfaction, so e solution of this aspect could mean the ultimate success failure of the system for some segments of the society. tegration into Urban Areas To have any effectiveness at all a pedestrian trail- y network must have tentacles or branches extending into e highly populated urban areas of a region. To do this in manner that is most satisfactory the trailway and its ad- ining area must be designed so as to blend into the urban ttern and yet to allow the city dwellers use of the paths move from the city into the countryside. This will not easy and will not be done without difficulty, either in nd acquisition or design.methods. Each particular trail d situation with its problems will have to be met and signed individually, preferably by a landscape architect urban designer. There are, however, certain avenues that y be pointed out that may exist and be exploited in more _ ' nu‘ww. .3 Obi—'1 218 :an one urban region. It may be that the city itself through its park spartment may design and construct such trails in and through .e urban region. These could lead from the center-city .rks through the residential areas to other city parks and '0m there to the suburbs and the countryside. These trails 'uld parallel parkways extending through the city or could developed along rivers that might flow through the city. me cities, such as Philadelphia, have developed a "green- y" system that structures and permeates the urban fabric. ese could be easily connected to other paths or trails to come part of the network. The possible routes suggested the use of easements under utility lines may also give e designers some trails of access from the city center to e countryside. The sidewalks or walkways that exist in ban areas may connect with those in suburban areas and an be joined to trails through the surrounding landscape. e continuous cpen spaces of the newer subdivisions and ustered residential development may also be so fashioned the landscape architect to extend these trailways ten- cles into the city. It may also be that suburban parks y be so planned as to link to the parks of the contiguous tropolitan area and thus give another avenue of bringing destrians, bicycle riders, and horsemen from urban areas paths of the same system that permeates the regional ndscape. It is imperative that a good deal of design effort 219 dertaken to solve all of the problems involved in such posal. This is so since it will be necessary for the _s to cross many city streets and move through a variety and use areas of the urban complex in addition to many s where other recreation activities will be taking place. As mentioned at the beginning of this section mhes of the trail system must go into the city to be ila‘ble to the maximum number of peOple, and to do so will :1 the solution of many problems on a design .rather than >lanning level. This should certainly be considered when :‘ecting a preposal of this type. tegration Into Existing Recreation eas Such a pathway network as has been discussed is a irt of the overall recreation concept of a region it is ogical that sane of the trails should lead to or connect ith the parks of a region. This has been mentioned as a .ocational factor and a planning consideration but in addi- tion it is also a design factor. In this paper at various places are maps of trails that exist already in parks of various jurisdictions. These trails should be integrated into the network at a design level and in addition the existing parks should be surveyed by the landscape architect to find other good route locations for possible future de- velOpment. These parks may be used for rest area deveIOp- ment along the trail also. It will be a definite design problem to make the trails part of an existing park system 220 and to make the parks punctuation points along the pathways. This has been done in California with the riding and hiking trail system and in the Appalachian Trail where the trail passes through state and National forests and parks. By doing this it adds greater impact to both the trails and parks. Merely to have the trails connect and pass through the parks is not enough; they must be designed in such a way as to blend into and give greater access and utility to the parks. rail Marking From the time that man began making trails of any >rt he has been identifying them in some way or other so at he and travelers may be able to retrace the route. This just as true now and in the future for recreation trails. re are many reasons for marking a trail, some of them ious, such as the need for a visual guide on the way or Lys ical identification of the route as differentiated from others. It is possible that there would be many trails system and it would be wise to indicate each of them as eir position in the heirarchy. These may be arranged as long distance routes or as minor feeder routes and ! be so indicated by appropriate markings on the trail In addition to the trail identifications it might be try in some cases to indicate features of interest ad- to the trail or that can be seen from the trail. trails or other paths that are designed primarily for educational reasons make extensive use of this type of mark- ' ing. However, on more primitive trails guidebooks may be used to give the same information. The methods of identification are of definite in- terest to the designer of the system since they may be used to enhance and supplement the entire design concept. This, "" once again could be an excellent tepic of further study for : :he landscape architect or any other trail system designer. I Iuch more imaginative thought and consideration could be i .1 iven to this aspect so as to coordinate the graphics for he parks and paths of the whole region. Once again this oves beyond the scope of this paper. A cOpy of the proposed marker to be used by the .chigan Department of Conservation in a system of bridle ails in the northern part of the lower peninsula of Mich- an is included in this paper. The form, shape and color this sign will coincide with standard Department of Con- 7V8t10n signs. The most complete marking experiment for a major 11 system is the one undertaken by the Appalachian Trail ference for the primary route and its tributaries. The gestions for methods of doing this are contained in the nil Manual for the Appalachian Trail." The basic compo- ;s of their method of marking are explained as follows. The primary medium of marking the Appalachian Trail is four-fold: paint blazes, metal Appalachian Trail mark- ers, signs and cairns. 222 The tree "blaze" is an immemorial symbol of a trail. It is the primary route-finding method of marking the Appalachian Trail. To assure permanency, blazes on the Appalachian Trail are painted. The metal Appalachian Trail markers are the insignia of the Trail route which also serves for direction find- ing. Signs are to convey direction information. Cairns are a supplementary method of marking, re- sorted to under particular conditions.49 The four types of indication, then are the blaze, arkers, cairns and signs. These are each explained in more etail in the following quotes. Proper blazing is a most essential part of Appalach- ian Trail technique. Too much care cannot be exercised. Particular effort should be made to avoid disfigurement created by over-large, imprOperly placed or too numerous blazes. On the other hand, undermarking, by reason of insufficient blazes, must be equally carefully avoided. The blaze is the primary method of unmistakably and permanently indicating the Trail route. This marking should be continuous, even extending at proper intervals along dirt roads where they are utilized for the Trail route. There should be no gap in the marking. Particular pains should be exercised to place blazes on trees which are prominentlyglggated and "strike the eye:‘:while traveling along the Trail. A_wellsplaced blaze is more effective than several badly_made,gim- prgpefly located blazes. The Appalachian Trail marker is the insignia of the route. There have been three types of standard officially approved Appalachian Trail markers. The initial A palachian Trail insignia was a square cpper marker, 3-3 3/2 inches square. 49Trail Manual for the Appalachian Trail, 02. cit., 'e 70 ‘ N' -'_. - ._._- --mrfl—n I . ,’ 223 The commonly used marker is made from 25-gauge galvanized iron, four inches square, with the words "Appalachian Trail--Maine to Georgia," surrounding the “A.T." monogram, printed in black on the bare metal. The third type of marker is similar except that the insignia appear through perforations in the bare metal. Cairns are used to mark the route of the Trail where trees are lacking and paint blazes cannot be used. .A cairn should consist of a number of stones built one 'upon another in.a manner obviously artificial. Do not err in.building too small a cairn. Remember that in the localities where cairns are required, the growth of grass and vegetation often obscures small cairns. Likewise in fog they must protrude above the surrounding region. In addition to markers, blazes, paint and cairns, the local club in whose territory the Trail lies should put up and maintain signs at principal points on the Trail, particularly where highways cross it. The size of such signs will be governed by the data or directions required. On many sections of The Appalachian Trail, the prac- tice of putting in "Mile Markers'I has been adopted. This indication serves a two-fold purpose of facilitating the orienting of one's location with the printed guide- book and also enables the walker to judge his pace. The mile markers run consecutively from zero from the terminus of each section, as they appear in the guide- book. Mile markers should be prominently and conspicuously placed with an arrow pointing toward the zero point or terminus where the zero marking is started. To be of value, the numerals should be large and most conspicu- ously placed in a prominent location. Avoid rocks in the middle of an old tote-road which may be removed if the road is improved. For the sake of uniformity, it is desirable that the milages be accumulggive in one direc- tion, preferably from north to southt 5°Ib1d., pp. 7-12, 18-25. .' /\ ' ' ' f- / l~.”.u .3- "mammal ' l l 1 ..1 a" "ho-._-- (Zggycl _ Z ”' “/0 350/56 5:36.36 _ée/md) £55 /6'/\/ F: O" 7Q H 0255-“ - 3%} c” g '1 ... :r" '0". ..- I.'.J. e: 11'.- :"ubM /a mt,“- NW i M‘M‘. JD- w‘utwww' - \ o ‘k‘.; | n -.. -s ‘ fe/TVL ”7;"; lxc‘}-\’.:::: /\/J, '- (- .I‘cu 1 3/30/63 .... -—-———~—~—o— ~ --.—.- “...-...... ——.—-—-—-——~.~_—‘ .4 c‘ —. my... - ......- ..-- ... ,- ~ ‘21 for“ _-_ *“ _ —: ‘1 225 LArea Development It is only logical that along a trail of any length system of any extensiveness that it would be necessary iake at least some provision for places where the trail r could rest and be refreshed. These may be in many forms their location may be determined by many factors, but y should be allowed for in the planning phase and designed this phase. It is not enough to determine or mark their cation on a preliminary map and to indicate along the ail route that a clearing or the area around a spring is be a rest area. To be most effective these areas should ; conceived, including necessary conveniences, to serve )me of the design purposes of the overall trail as well as ne physical need for periodic rest stops. Parks or other ecreation areas through which a trail may pass could serve :his purpose when they are appropriately located. In addi- tion there are many other types of areas that may suggest their possible use as rest areas, such as scenic overlooks, river portage places, trail junctions, naturally protected spots in the landscape or places where other excursions off the trail are possible and profitable. Many other places may be suggested in a specific region upon further study. Two other questions present themselves in this regard. The first of these is the spacing of such rest areas. The second concerns what elements they should contain. Generally both the spacing and the accommodations of such areas will vary with the region and the degree of difficulty of the 226 »ail. In the California system overnight camps have be- ;n to be develOped at distances of from 15 to 20 miles apart .th facilities that consist of stove, tables, water, sanita- .on and corral. This latter of course indicates the orien- Ltion of this trail toward the horseback riding public of 1e state. In the Appalachian Trail system a series of lean-toe ive been built and are maintained by the various clubs along is route. These may vary in spacing but they are nearly iiform in design and their location has been mapped by the unferences. This makes possible adequate :fore-planning of a itinerary. The existence of some form.of shelter is an essential element of any extended or thorough trail system. For us by the through trail traveler, the most adaptable structure is the lean-to, an open front shelter, which affords protection from the elements. The user must bring cooking utensils, food and sleeping equipment. Because of the difficulty in making specific arrange- ments for their use, closed locked shelters, while afford- ing much convenience, are not practical in affording the necessary assured elements of shelter. Considerable effort has been devoted to completing long, continuous, unbroken chains of lean-toe. The Appalachian Trail Conference has issued working direc- tions with plans and photographs for a type of lean-to satisfactory for Appalachian Trail use. This is A.T.C. Publication No. 12, entitled PLANS FOR AN APPALACHIAN TRAIL LEAN-TO. Full working plans and directions are contained in this booklet. It also sets forth a list of the existing structures, authorized campgites, and a "master plan" to complete the entire chain. These rest areas just mentioned are primarily for >vernight stOps on long distance routes. It is necessary on 511b1d., p. 23. 227 lesser trails to provide for rest stops for short distance hikers who are on the trail for less than a day. The de- velopment of rest areas should not be neglected in any trail network and their size, shape and facilities should be deter- tuned by a designer sensitive to the possibilities and prob- lems involved in the various sites and the needs of the likers. @pping, Guidebook Data and Records The value of any trail system may be realized to the ull only if adequate information is available concerning it n the form of’maps or guidebooks. This assists in advertis- ng the presence and route of the trail for potential users 5 well as guiding hikers Who are already on the trail. acords may indicate the route location, method of route :quisition, maintenance schedule and signs, markings or rest 'eas. Greater use may be made of the system by the general blic if the location of the trails and their facilities, d the views or experiences afforded are known beforehand. is may be done in many ways but the responsibility for the sign and publication of such material should be undertaken some group for each trail. Once again the Appalachian Trail Conference publishes :eries of both maps and guidebooks for the entire length their trail system. These are very complete and extremely 1 written and drawn, and might be consulted by anyone else iring to formulate such maps or manuals. This same group 228 also publishes a Manual of Technique for Appalachian Trail Guidebooks and AmateQEHMap Making (see bibliography) which is very complete and could be used as a guide in determining the needs for any other trail system maps or guidebooks. Following are some general quotes from this book on both the subject of maps and of guidebooks. The underlying theory and the function which the Appalachian Trail guides are intended to serve can perhaps best be eXpressed by quoting from the foreword of GUIDE TO THE APPALACHIAN TRAIL IN NEW ENGLAND: A word as to the format of this GUIDE may serve to increase its usefulness. The thru Trail description is divided into sections as determined by the major highway crossings. In addition to the essential data as to approaches, accommodations, and maps, in the description for each section of Trail, there is a generalized account 2f_the route, followed by separate detailed trail data. In theory a guidebook should not only furnish the advance information required in planning an itinerary but, when actually traveling the Trail, if the marking should have become obliterated or if the Trail be inadequately main- tained, by recourse to the detailed trail description of the Guidebook and the orienting factors therein contained, the traveler may nevertheless determine his course. The time required to check the route and orient one's loca- tion with the Guidebook description will be far preferable to the disadvantage of the mischance of completely miss- ing the Trail. This is the theory on which the Appalach- ian Trail guidebooks are prepared. As the generalized description and the detailed trail data are distinctly separate parts of each section, a generalized impression of the route and its features may be obtained without resort to the detailed data. There are four major aspects of amateur map making to be considered: First, the needs of the people who are to use the maps; second, the abilities of the people who are to make them; third, the method to be employed in their makingé and fourth, certain features of the maps themselves. ——' 52Manual of Techniques‘for Appalachian Trail Guide- books and Amateur Map Making (Second edition, publication ‘56. 14; Washington, D.C.: The Appalachian Trail Cbnf.,Inc., 1948). Pp. 2 a 25. T T ' '-—*—..‘—§; 229 There are many other good maps of trail systems that are published on the Cascade Crest Trail system, the California Riding and Hiking Trail system and various other trails in arboreta, forest preserves, and state and National parks and forests. Some of these are included in the text and some are noted in the bibliography. There are undoubtedly r“ many others in addition to these, but the ones included and 0' mentioned here will give some direction and guidance. A ' i‘.‘ . ' A: , a forty minute motion picture is also available on trail prac- tices from the Appalachian Trail Conference. * F Records as mentioned before should be kept on many facets of the trail system. Signs used on the trail, re- garding their type and location, should be one of the fac- tors cataloged. The method used to acquire access rights to the trail should also be indicated. This is necessary for a number of reasons. Sections of the route acquired in different ways may have to be maintained and designed in different ways. Also it may be possible at various times to acquire more sure and guaranteed means of access than was accomplished initially in the implementation phase of the project. Therefore a rights status record would be a constant reminder and guide as to areas of possible future action. The maintenance schedule of individual sections of the trail should also be kept so that regular periodic policing may be made ensuring that the entire route is con- tinually clean and clear. Who should keep these records and attend to this maintenance is covered in the following section 250 of the paper. Maintenance and Administration In doing research for this paper a number of letters were written to obtain various information. Quite often for ease of reply the queries were organized into a series of rm questions to be answered. In one of these to Mr. Benton { McKaye, the originator of the Appalachian Trail concept I i asked the following. . t“ Is it possible to have adequate trails or an adequate — ' trailway system by itself or should they be tied to a compre- hensive regional plan to be effective? His answer was as follows. Here are two questions: Can a trail system be con- ceived in a vacuum? Answer-~yes, and this is just what should n25 be. Should it tie in with a more comprehen- sive structure? Answer--of course. A trail system, or ::g 25:6: fififiiéefiglement of a human habitat, is a 2533 This points to the need for any pathway network to be a part of some overall recreational program. To decide who or what group could or should administer and maintain these trails is the purpose of this section of the paper. It would probably be worthwhile initially in this section of the study to show all of the alternatives as to possible agencies and groups that could and have undertaken the maintenance and administration of such trails and systems. 55Letter from Mr. Benton McKaye, Shirley Center, Massachusetts, April 14, 1963. 231 As further sections of this part of the study develop, reference may be made to each agency on the basis of this preliminary introduction. There are about as many agencies or organizations concerned with the planning, maintenance and administration of trails as there are combined trails and recreation author- ities. These consist of many private organizations as well as every level of public recreation agency. Chief among the private organizations concerned with trail development and maintenance are some of those that have been mentioned before. The Appalachian Trail Conference on the East Coast of the United States, the California State Horsemen's Association on the West Coast, the Commons, Open Spaces and Footpaths Preservation Society in the British Isles are some of the more aggressive and effective of these. There are a great many others of these private hiking or conservation groups both national and local that have or would undoubtedly work unstintingly to bring about various parts of the implementation suggested here. Some of these groups were recognized by the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission in their initial recommendations in "Out- door Recreation for America" as shown in the following quote. Recommendation 11-3: Government agencies should support the efforts of charitable, service, and civic organiza- tions to acquire and conserve outdoor recreation sites awhich serve public needs. The role of private, noncommercial organizations in providing and preserving outdoor recreation Opportunities is a major one. The Audubon Society, the Izaak Walton League of America, and the Boy Scouts are examples of «as - -'-. 232 organizations which for many years have been acquiring significant recreation resources. A wide range of organizations--youth groups, frater- nal and veterans' organizations, sportsmen's groups, charitable and civic associations, and church groups-- have an interest in fostering outdoor recreation. Many organizations of this type provide recreation opportuni- ties for their members on their own land; others promote supervised use of public facilities. A large portion of the resident summer camps in this country are owned and administered by organizations such as churches, settle- ment houses, and other nonprofit agencies. These private efforts to provide recreation opportunities should be encouraged. Through the establishment and expansion of hiking, walking, and camping clubs, private groups, in coopera- tion with public agencies and the private landowner, can _promote greater utilization of outdoor resources. These groups are developing continuous, interconnecting trail systems and campsites, using private as well as public lands. The well-known Appalachian Trail has long been established in the eastern portion of the United States. A number of local groups now utilize this major trailway and are developing local systems associated with it. Members reach agreement with private landowners for the development of rights-of-way and construction and main- tain walking and hiking trails under local supervision and control. In some cases, simple shelters and camp- sites are constructed along major trails. In Europe, and particularly in England, systems of "walkways" provide a significant opportunity for outdoor recreation. It is a type of develOpment which holds po- tential for the United States, particularly in areas of submarginal agricultural and forest lands close to major urban concentrations. Although hiking is not currently an important component of the total demand for outdoor recreation, it should be encouraged in the'future. Government agencies should recognize the potentiality of the walkway system as a means of providing recreation Opportunities on private lands and should assist in its expansion. 54Outdoor Recreation for America, op. cit., p. 162. q H... nil—.--.uaq— ._._“? 235 Certain city park departments have developed exten- sive trails within their existing systems and certainly have all of the powers necessary to design, acquire land for, maintain and administer such a path network within the area of their jurisdiction. am A number of counties have extensive recreation plans and powers and these could be broadened if necessary to cover the development and care of such a trail system. In fact 3 the county of Los Angeles, California has developed a 700 i mile system which is explained briefly in the following quote. , t Riding and Hiking Trails are generally 6-foot pathways with gradients moderate enough to be usable by both.men and horses. Trail StOps are small areas (1 acre minimum size) provided as rest points for trail users. These Stops are usually spaced a day's hike or a half day's ride apart and, whenever possible, should be incorporated within an existing park, campground or guard station. The system of Trails and Trail Steps shown on this Plan have been transferred from the Master Plan of Riding and Hiking Trails adOpted by the Board of Supervisors in uly 1956. The Master Plan indicates approximately 700 miles of Trails and Trail Stops in mountain and foothill areas and along natural water courses in the County.5 Also in California and mentioned before in this paper is Santa Clara County's proposal for another county-wide system of such trails. This quote gives some idea as to their concept. All of us have a need for adventure. And even though we can no longer be pioneers in a strange new land, we can experience a measure of adventure as long as there 55Regional Recreation Areas Plan--Los Angeles County, (Regional Planning Commission and the Parks and Recreation Department of Los Angeles County), p. '71. 254 is a trail inviting us to see what lies around the bend. The plan proposes a system of riding and hiking trails which pass through the most scenic areas of the county. Along these trails parks provide overnight camping facilities at intervals of a day's hiking distance or less. Loop trails permit shorter, circuit trips. As a part of the State of California system of riding and hiking, may of the main trails proposed here can be built with state funds. Trails suitable for bicycling groups are suggested along water conservation canal rights-of-way. Here, y protected from automobile traffic, and on a gentle gra- dient, cyclists can ride and enjoy panoramic views of the valley.5 Where such powers and initiative exist on the county 1 level it would be logical and wise to utilize these agencies' authority to maintain and administer such a system for the residents of their region. In one county in England there exists over 4,000 miles of paths of this type, so there is precedent in both this country and abroad where the counties are responsible for such a network. A few regional planning groups have brought up pro- posals of this sort for their areas also. The Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority here in Michigan has trails in its parks but at this time visualizes nothing of the type sug- gested here to further give access through the countryside. In Illinois the Fox River Valley Pleasure Driveway and Park District has suggested something of this type: A countryside nature hiking trail, bicycle and bridle path is planned to originate in Aurora and extend in a northwesterly direction through pleasant farmland. This 56A Plan for Parks, Recreation, and Open Spaces, (February 1962 revision; San Jose, California: County of Santa Clara Planning Commission, 1962), p. 26. 235 naturalistic trail will be located on a strip of abandoned railroad property 100 feet in width. Trailside shelters and picnic areas will be placed at intervals along the route. The trail will start at Terry Avenue in Aurora, immediately south of the Country Club. Where the trail crosses Blackberry Creek a replica of a covered bridge could be constructed and a small cascade dam built. Picnic areas will be established throughout the length of the trail. It is recommended that the Peak District acquire the adjacent prOperty to f? the creek.5 The regional planning group for any area has been ___._....-.——_ v.2- suggested before as the logical group to conceive and plan ' r. - any such system. In not many cases, however, do they have i the power and authority at present to go farther than this in the acquisition of land or in providing of funds for maintenance and administration. It is possible that this is not necessary since most of the recreation agencies at other levels have the necessary powers and could undertake the im- plementation if the regional agency would be responsible for the concept and suggestions as to possible route location within the area. California once again is the only state which has undertaken such a system but the powers of effectuation are in the hands of most state recreation agencies if they should desire to bring such a network into being. The following quote shows some features and recommendations of that system. 57The Fox River Valley Pleasure Drivewa and Park District (Southern’Kane‘Cbunty Sector), (WinnetEa, Illinois: Fox River Valley Pleasure Driveway and Park District, 1949), p. 250 256 In 1958, there were 2.3 million man-days of use recorded on the 900 miles of designated hiking trails, and 2.2 million man-days of use recorded on the 17,000 miles of combined riding and hiking trails.’ A large majority of this 4 1/2 million man-days of use was on a one-day ride or hike,fair1y close to home. Surveys show that for a ride of one day or less, riders will travel an average distance of 15 miles to gain access to the riding trail, whereas for hiking the party will travel an average distance of 50 miles. For weekend riding and hiking, these groups will travel an average distance of 75 miles to reach interesting trails. A study of the over-all statwide picture of riding and hiking indicates that there are enough trails to satisfy present needs as well as the 1980 anticipated needs of riders and hikers, which will be about 10 mil- - lion.man-days of use. Even though this total supply is adequate, there are serious deficiencies now of trails, in and close to the major metropolitan areas of the state. The existing use per trail-mile emphasizes this. In far northern California, the annual use is but 9 to 15 man- days per mile of trail, while near Los Angeles the annual use is about 6,900 man-days per mile of trail. In 1945 the California Legislature enacted the "Riding and Hiking Trails Law," to encourage riding and hiking in the interest of public health. The law pro- vided for a 3,000-mile loop trail from San Diego to Oregon, of which about 900 miles has been designated or constructed. In 1955, the Legislature amended the law to provide secondary and feeder trails. Thus the trail can be used in short sections as well as in its entirety.58 The Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission report on "Public Recreation Areas--Acreage, Use, Potential" gives an excellent picture of the quantity of such trails that exist in recreation areas in different states and re- gions in the nation. Also from this information it is pos- sible to discover that over half of the milage of trails 58California Public Outdoor Recreation Plan, (Part I; Sacramento, California: Califbrnia Public Outdoor—Recreation Plan Committee, 1960), pp. 44-45. 257 that exist in designated recreation areas are on Federal lands. This leads then to the possible role of the National government in the administration and maintenance of such cross-country trails. This type of trail exists in only a few places in our country under Federal control. One of these places is on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal towpath through the District of Columbia and Maryland. In England the National Parks Commission has prOposed, acquired access rights for, and begun development of a series Of Long Distance Routes (see Appendix B for further information) and it is conceivable that a similar type of system could be brought into being in our country if the demand were sufficient. SO we see from this that as mentioned in the begin- ning of this section every level of government has at some place or in some instance undertaken to plan, develop, main- tain and administer trails of this type. In addition to this we have a myriad Of private organizations attempting and accomplishing practically the same end. Therefore there is abundant precedent for any of these groups taking any part of the responsibility Of such a system. It is then necessary next to point out guidelines for the Optimum division of this responsibility so as to be most efficient and effective in a given situation. flgrisdiction The delegation of responsibility for any trail system i h a ‘1 \ 238 or any segment of the system should be decided upon early in the implementation of this proposal. Some Of the ways this could best be done have been pointed out previously in the section of the paper on economics. Any jurisdictional relationship that is applicable in one given situation may not be used universally, but may have to be revised under different circumstances. It is necessary for each of the areas Of responsibility to be carefully "spelled out" to guarantee the continued maintenance and administration of the network. In consideration of the present delegation of powers in American government it is logical as mentioned before that the regional planning agency in any area be at the center of the conceptual and planning phases of this implementation. The city, county, and state governments plus private organiza- tions would bear the major load as to route acquisition, ad- ministration, and maintenance. The state government would also act as a coordinator of the network proposal for various regions. The Federal government, besides giving research guidance and grants could assist with encouragement and grants for route acquisition. This is not an absolute ar- rangement and in different areas other orientations would be suggested. However, it is vital that each.group be willing to accept part of the load and that it be firmly decided in any area as to who does what. The question of liability for any accidents which might be suffered by hikers while on the trail must be 239 clarified for each section of the system. This presents one of the most thorny of the practical aspects of this proposal. It is difficult, to the point of being nearly impossible, to find information on how other agencies with such trail systems handle this problem. Where the trail traverses lands already in public ownership it may be assumed that the agency which r owns the land will extend its responsibility to cover the i added use of part of the land for trails. Where new land is F acquired or rights are Obtained for trails this liability will i have to be delegated or assumed. In very few cases should private individuals whose land is crossed by public paths be asked to assume this responsibility unless due consideration is given in return. This whole area has been inadequately investigated and reported not only in this paper but generally in trailway literature. This could be a worthwhile future study, probably best being done by a lawyer or someone ex- clusively in the recreation field. There are a number of books listed in the bibliography which have sections on public liability that among others could be consulted for further information when this problem arises. This once again could be one of the key factors in the success or fail- ure of the trail system depending upon how carefully and wisely it is handled. There are many reasons for the assignation of juris- dictional responsibility for each section of a trail system to one of the public or private groups that are available for such purposes. No matter What the reason care should be 53% A 8% sta‘ asses fiancee >6xk VAQNMSSU K0 KQMQ >“u\§u§< .93... :8 watt . e ...... an .... use: 20¢. . 9.2:... z< ml .... Essa .N&‘ \‘k W\\ a SRO :26 \|I..III sumo \\ \\\\\ In: W26 5.33. (A .,, ,1 . \kwi MQ ...», same _ ..H \ III/x \ [III mammal \nmfiv III!!! III!!! \\\ I; ’— III| \ n a \ 5:. 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The fact must be taken into consideration that may governmental agencies will not relinquish their rights to facilities that are financed by them and are in their area of responsibility. A profitable arrangement for the initial conceptual and early planning stages that could be expanded into a per- manent decision making body would be the formation of an inter-agency regional trailway council. This group could consist of representatives from each of the agencies or or- ganizations with recreational facilities within a given re- gion. These might be from the cities, counties, regional, state and national governments or recreation agencies plus those representatives from private organizations concerned with trailways and their development. This group could assist in the delegation or assumption of responsibility not only in the early stage of planning but also later when the maintenance, administration and liability questions arise. PlanningAResponsibility_ This question was dealt with to a small degree also in the section on economics, but a more complete discussion might be worthwhile at this point to show the relationship between planning and maintenance and administrative respon- sibility. Every agency that has had anything at all to do with trails has at some time or other taken the planning 242 function into their own hands. So there is ample precedent once again for any of these groups to do this. There is, however, an agency among all of these that may be best qualified to do the planning due to its scepe of interest and type of work already being done by it. The private groups should be consulted and brought in on all phases of e the planning by any public agency that is charged this responsibility. The following quote shows how this was done . ._ .._.:.....__.._.:__— - _- ‘ n. . o a in California. Very early the Advisory Committee recommended that A v the route of any particular segment of the trail should be determined by local interest, subject to review and approval of the State Park Commission. Therefore, each county was asked to form a local advisory group which would pick the route, and secure the approval of the County Planning Commission and Board of Supervisors. This group then submitted a Master Plan for the County which was studied in detail by the staff of the Division (Division of Beaches and Parks) and an appropriate rec- ommendation made to the State Park Commission.59 The agency doing the planning of such a trail system should be large enough to be concerned with a synoptic view of an area while still small enough to know and understand the needs of the people of a region and the specific land- scape with which they are dealing. It is questionable if a state-wide agency can have these qualities. Therefore it is prOposed that where possibly a regional agency is not equipped to take over this design responsibility the state itself may undertake the design of that area. In other sectors private 59Mimeographed sheet received in correspondence from the California Riding and Hiking Trail Project (See Appendix D). 244 organizations may take the responsibility for trail develop- ment. In those cases they may want to engage a private land- scape architectural office to assist with the design of that part of the path network in which they have an interest. In any case this design should be undertaken by someone with the necessary background and training to understand and accomplish a all of the aspects mentioned in the design section of this paper. Maintenance Responsibility , i This would consist of the perpetual housekeeping of the trailway and the area immediately adjacent to its route. Included in this would be the trail route, clearing, litter removal, maintenance of the rest areas, upkeep of signs and identification and assuring of a supply of clean water where possible. The responsibility for this cannot be left to chance but must be assigned or assumed to some agency either public or private. The oft-mentioned Appalachian Trail Con— ference is made up of a group of intensely interested private citizens organized into local clubs who undertook the planning, layout and design of the trail and who now voluntarily main- tain the whole length of it. This role of private organiza- tions cannot be overlooked and its potential utilized by governmental agencies whose recreation budget is hard pressed and yet who need this additional form of recreation. More will be said concerning this in the later section of the pa- per on the private role in development and maintenance. 245 Generally the maintenance will be undertaken by the. recreation agency in whose jurisdiction the trail route ex- ists. If the trail passes through regional, state or national parks or forests it is assumed that the governmental units responsible for these areas will undertake the maintenance of the trail in their parks or forests. Some of the burden of maintenance can be left with the trail users. This is logical since the future existence of the trail itself may depend on the burden of maintenance ; that governmental units can bear. If this expense becomes ’ too heavy and the number of users too few and their concern too little there is little reason to continue to maintain the trail. This fact, and the users own responsibility, may be pointed out in a number of ways. The Appalachian Trail Con- ference issues a folder addressed "To Those Who Walk In The Woods" which covers the recognition of private land rights, fire and litter control, camping rules, etc. The California system suggests Rules for Trail Usg_which may be seen on the map included in this paper on the riding and hiking trail system in the state. The National Park Commission in England has adepted a "Country Code" which is a reminder to park and trail users of their responsibility to help keep the country- side neat, attractive, and safe, plus the need to respect private property. DODAINION Upfp/OR an. L.» L " m Ceee LeIIe SUPERIOR OTTAWA HIM“ - 'i T A own I - ,_ - :‘ o ., cmppewe ~ . - ,__. e e U ’ ( IV mood e M ‘2‘.” M I N N E s o T A -' L.‘ I V ' 4- Porérogm 0 ' Esconobo C ‘o N E CHEOU‘MEG nhmelonder ; HURON 1e. u I ' NICOLET s «‘ 3(3) ”m m ‘ CochIOC 2 Q . It'd N c o N s I A . o w I s I “mm-E Q ~ v i Milwoulet n N k ‘ 4 Chin." 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'fV"W-"'?""W '1‘? , .’-W”.M"”.' - . _ '— —- v“ w“ 247 The Governmental Role In Development and‘MaIntenance This has nearly been completely covered in previous sections but one final word is apprOpriate here. This is once again to differentiate between centrifugal and centrip- etal origin and development of the trail system in a region. The network should be conceived and developed as a result of a need by the inhabitants within the region. This need may or may not be known or understood by them. It is desirable that it is and that the impetus for the trail development originate with a large group of citizens. Then whether it is deve10ped by them with the encouragement and guidance of the public agency or whether in response to their demands it is developed by the governmental unit is a decisive factor. Both ways have been used and there is much to be said for either but it seems that the more responsibility assumed by private citizens the more successful is the trail system. Any public agency can assume all phases of implementing of such.a proposal as shown here but it must be careful not to create such a system in a vacuum. It may be that since the recreational needs of the peOple are a concern of some public bureaus they will be more perceptive in seeing the need for such trails before the public is aware of it. In this case the government may strive to guide the expression of the de- sires for such a trail system by the people of the region. To show'the possibilities of such a system to private groups and to encourage their support and help may be a valid duty - : 21...... 1...”? 3rd. - II SCENIC EASEMENTS LEGEND .15": PRIORITY REGIONS FOR |96I-|963 030 d 1.7» ' routs? “ounce __ REC; ION humane: Q _. _‘ - 1 ' - '1'" '.- :I '1- “ 1'." . ~£;_§:E '-.. £737. nIII-0" 4‘2,” “51;“; ocon cm»: 3: :3: ‘ W o... Q-sa- \ 5? Jueumon é; . . 1533:"? CLARK 11;: W‘— Q/W * if?" :7 ‘ _ :7: %E;FALO ." .093353' :- "if. LL 3:: :3 musmee U :77 1. ”In“. menace mum gs?! IAIN! I TE [I LAKE sown 00 LAC JEFFERSON Ix _. :__ K . : r. w . .:;.__1 :é:- f. «l k ' J: _— In,| IGOR VAL LA fAVIT T! O» IIENOSHAI u. I; - '-E'Wfigeuefirort-t-ch-9-9-edLe-9-ewtw-e-e-egl .h-‘~ P' ‘ “P1 ..- a ”a. vw~ . v~ ._.— V —-- vn «in.a-rue mewhmy.wgawzw-_~m , _— -- - 249 of public recreation agencies. The government's role then should be both as leader and follower of the public's needs and desires in this as in every phase of its respon- sibility. The Private Role In Development and Maintenance Without public support as just mentioned any trail system will not be successful, therefore it is desirable to have a good deal of it either before or after its develop- ment. Various private organizations, many of them mentioned profusely in this paper have and may further he enlisted to plan, develop and care for such trails. These groups at times may do a more effective job on this type of thing than could any governmental agency. In Michigan at present a Mr. Havens Spencer, who is a publisher's representative from Ann Arbor and Mr. Fitch William, an attorney from Traverse City are both working as private citizens to establish trail routes for horseback riders and hikers. These men are meet- ing with a good degree of c00peration with land owners and governmental agencies. It is nearly axiomatic that the greater the citizen support in all phases of the inception and implementation of a trail network the more effective it will be as a recreation medium. BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX BOOkS O 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Publications of Learned Organizations General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Reports e e e e e e e e e e e e e Periodicals and Periodical Articles . . Othel' sources e e e e e e e e e e e e e Pampmets O O O O O O O O O O O Unpublished Materia . . . . . Map 8 e e e e e e e e e e e e Persons and Places Contacted 250 Co mmission Page 251 253 253 258 259 260 260 261 262 264 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Altrocchi, Julia Cooley. The Oldfigalifornia Trail. Calwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1945, 316 pp. Anderson, Nels. Work and Leisure. New'York: The Free Press of Glencoe, Inc., 1961, 265 pp. Benedict, Ruth and Raymond. Bicycling. New York: A. 3. Barnes and Company, 1944, 114 pp. Brightbill, Charles K. Man and Leisure,_A Philoso h of Recreation. EnglewoBH—CIIffs, New Jersey: PrentIce-Hall, Ifie., 1961, 292 pp. Crowe, Sylvia (ed.). Space for Living: Landscape Architecture And The Allied Artsfiand Profession. AmetErdEm,:NetEer- Iands:‘Djambatan,‘I96l, 140 pp. Dyer, Donald B., and J. G. Lichtig. Liability in Public Recreation. [n.pJ : C. C. Nelson Publishing Company, ‘I949, 107 pp. Eliot, Charles William. Charles Eliot Landscape Architect. Boston and New York: Hfiughton, MiffIin and Company, The Riverside Press, 1902, 770 pp. Ely, Richard T., and George S. Wehrwein (eds.). Land Econom- ics. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1940, 5T2 pp. Gass, Patrick. Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Ross & Haines, Inc.,’I958, 513 pp. Geist, Roland C. Bicycling as a Hobb (lst ed.). New'York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1 40, 153 pp. . Hiking,_Camping and Mountaineering (let ed.). NewfiYork: Harper and Brothers Publishers,-1943, 304 pp. Greenbie, Marjorie Barstow. The Arts of Leisure (6th ed.). New Yerk: Whittlesey House - McCraw-EIII Book Company, Inc., 1935, 274 pp. Greenbie, Sydney. Leisure for Living. New Yerk: George W. Stewart, 1940, 2B8 pp. 251 1/ 252 Hazard, Joseph T. Pacific Crest Trails from Alaska to Caps 4 Horn. Seattle, Washington: Superior Publishing Company, I946, 317 pp. Higbee, Edward. The Sgueeze-—Cities Without Space. New Ybrk: 9 William Morrow and Cempany, 1960, 345 pp. Hinsdale, Wilbert B. Archaeological Atlas of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1931, 59 pp. I“ Jessup, Elon. A Manual of Walki (lst ed.). New York: E. P. V a Dutton and Campany, Inc., 19 , 156 pp. 3 Kaplan, Max. Leisure in America: A SocialLInquiry. New : York: Jehn Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1960, 350 pp. 3 I_ Larrabee, Eric, and Rolf Meyersohn (eds.). Mass Leisure. I i Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1958, 429 pp. Leechman, Douglas. The Hiker's Handbook (let ed.). New York: W. W. Norton and—Cempany, Inc., 1944, 220 pp. MacKaye, Benton. The New Exploration, A Philosophy of Re ional V/ Planni (2nd 36.). *UrEana, Illinois: University of IlII- no 3 ress, 1962, 243 pp. Mills, Enos A. Your National Parks. Boston and New York: Houghton MifTIIn Cempany, 1917, 531 pp. muench, Joyce and Josef. Alon Sierra Trails. New York: 1/ Hastings House, 1947, 1 pp. Muir, John. The Mountains of California. New York: The Century Company, 1903, 591 pp. Newhall, Nancy. A Contribution to the Herita e of Every American. New York: KIfredfiA. Knopf, 1957, 179 pp. The conservation activities of John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr., and Theodora Kimball. FrederiQk Law Olmsted, Landscape_Architeqt. Vol. I, Early years and experiences. New Ybrk: G. P. Putnam's Sons, The Knickerbocker Press, 1922, 131 pp. Overstreet, H. A. A Guide to Civilized Leisure (new and enlarged ed.). NewIYork: W. W. Norton and'Company, Inc., 1954, 257 pp. Packard, Winthrop. White Moungain Trails. Boston: Small, I” Maynard and Company, 1912, 311 pp. .255 Scully, Vincent, Jr. Louis I. Kahn. New York: George Braziller, 1962, 127 pp. Simonds, John Ormsbee. Landscape Architecture-~The Shapipg: V of Man's Natural EnvIFOnment. NewIYOrk: F.:W3 Dodge Carporation, 1961, 244 pp. . Spectorsky, A. 0. (ed.). The Book of the Earth. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1957, 488 pp. Stewart, George R. The California Trail: An Epic With Many L/ Heroes (lst ed.). New York: MCGraw-Hiil Book Company, Inc., 1962, 339 pp. Taylor, Bayard. Views A-Foot:_0r Eurgpe Seen with Knapsack V and Staff (Caxton ed., revised). New'York: G. P. Putnam, 1863, 506 pp. Thomas, William L., Jr. (ed.). Man's Role in Chapging the Face of the Earth. Chicago:_University of Chicago ress, ‘I§§€T”II§5‘BST“‘ Watts, Mary Theilgaard. Reading the Landscape--An Adventure in Ecology. New York: The Macmillan Company,—1957, 230 pp. Weir, L. H. (ed.). Parks: A Manual of Municipal and County Parks. Vol. I. —New York: A. S.“Barnes andfiCompany, 1928, 506 pp. Wells, George and Iris. The Handbook of Wilderness Travel (lst ed.). New York:—Harper and Brothers, Pufiliehers, 1956, 306 pp. Wright, Richardson. Hawkers and Walkers in Ear%y'America (let ed.). PhiladeIphia: J. B. LippIficott* 0., 1927, 317 pp. Publications of Learned Organizations 12tpgAnnual Report of the National Parks Commission. London, England: National—Park Commission,‘Tn.dg 13th Annual Report of the National Parks Commission. London, England: National Park'COmmission, [n.dq The Appalachian Trail (6th ed.), publication no. 5. Washing- y ton,‘D.C.: The.Appalachian Trail Conference, 1950, 55 pp. Boy Scout Hangppok (6th ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: National Council Boy Scouts of America, 1959, 480 pp. 254 California Public Outdoor Recreation Plan. Part I. Sacra- mento, California: California Public Outdoor Recreation Plan Committee, 1960, 79 pp. Canoe Trails in Michiggp. Lansing, Michigan: Michigan Tourist Councii} [h.dJ , 54 pp. Caravan and Camping Sites in Great Britain. London, England: British Travel andifioliday Association, [p.d.], 72 pp. Conservation Easements and Qpen Space Conservation Conference. Madison, Wisconsin: Department—EI'Resource‘Development and State Recreation Committee, 1961, 127 pp. Countryside Code Booklet. London, England: National Park '—** Commission, [n.d.]. Cycling. New York: Boy Scouts of America, 1949, 39 pp. Digpst of Laws Relatiggto Local Parks and Recreation as of :Jahuapy 2L 1940. Washihgton,‘DTC.: United States Govern- ment Printing Office, 1941, 534 pp. Doell, Charles E., and Paul J. Thompson. Public Park Policies. Minneapolis, Minnesota: A. M. Chesher Printing Co., 1930, 163 pp. ' Economic and Social Effects of Highway Improvements-sA,Summapz. East Laniing, Michigan: Michigan Statefifiniversity/Highway Traffic Safety Center and Michigan State Highway Depart- ment with Participation of U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads, 1961, 129 pp. Evegggeen Trail Guide, Whitnall Park; Alfred L. Boerner BotanicaI Gardens. Hales CBrners, Wisconsin: Milwaukee CBunty Park commission, [n.dJ , 27 pp. Forest Recreation for Profip. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1962, 27 pp. The Fox River Valley Pleasure Drivewgy and Park District (SoutherfiiKang Counjy SectEr). Winnetka, I11inois3'Fox River Valley Pleasure Driveway and Park District, 1949, 54 pp. ' Girl Scout Handbook--Intermediate Pro ram. New York: Girl Scouts Nationai Organization, 194 , 27 pp. Guide to the Appalachian Trail in the Southern Appalachians (2nd 66:7. Washington, DTC.:‘TEe Appalachian Trail Conf., 1942, 437 pp. 255 Lewis, Philip H., Jr. Recreation and Open Space in Illinois. Urbana, Illinois: The University of Illinois, 1961, 162 pp. Madison's Plan for Parks and Open Spaces. Madison, Wisconsin: City of Madison Plan Commission, 1961, 30 pp. Manual of Technique for Appalachian Trail Guidebooks and Amateur‘MappMaging (2nd ed.7, pufilication no. 14. :Wash- ington, D.C.: The Appalachian Trail Conference, Inc., 1948, 35 pp. The Measure of Our Land. Washington, D.C.: United States GovernmentiPrinting Office, 1951, 17 pp. Montreal Master P1an—-Open Spaggg. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: City Pianning Department of the City of Montreal, 1955, 51 pp. National Cyplists' Union--Officia1 Touring RoutegBook of 'Ireland. Bournemouth, Ireland: Alpha Routes Publishing Company. {nod-1 . 32 pp- National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act,_1949. London, England: National—Park CEmmission, [p.dg . National Parks of Japan. Tokyo: Tokyo News Service, Ltd., 1957, 135‘pp. National Parks of Ja an. Tokyo: Ministry of Health and wel- wfare, 1961, 33 pp. Nordquist, Watson N. (ed.). Review of Cycling (1943 ed.). Hartford, Connecticut: Watson N: Nordquist, 1943, 68 pp. Oregon Outdoor Recreationl A Stud 0f Non-Urban Areas. Salem, 0reg0n:IParE§'and Recreation iviEion, Oregon State Highway Department, 1962, 128 pp. Opganic Soils--Their Formation, Distribution, Utilization, *And‘Management. EastILansing, Michigan: Miéhigan State Ufiiversity, 1959, 155 pp. Outdoor Recreation--An Inventory. Lansing, Michigan: Tri- County Regional Planning ommission, 1962, 53 pp. Outdoor Recreation in the Upper Great Lakes Area. St. Paul, Minnesota:’University 0 Minnesota, 1961, 104 pp. Pro- ceedings of a Seminar in Research Needs, May 11-13, 1961. Parks for the Metropolitan Area of Pulaski Coungy, Little Rock, Arkansasz‘Metropolitan Area—Pianning cmmission of Pulaski County, 1959, 26 pp. ' 256 "Park Users Survey," Recreation in the Detroit Region, Part II. Detroit: Detroit Metropolitan Area Regional Planning Commission, 1959, 57 pp. ’ A Plan for Parks, Recreation; and 0 en Spaces (February 1962 revision}. San Jose, Cali orniaziCdunty of Santa Clara Planning Commission, 1962, 31 pp. The Preservation of Open Spaces in Suburban Municipalities. _IPhiladelphia : Government ConsuIting Service, Feis Institute of Local and State Government, University of Pennsylvania, 1959, 9 pp. Proceedings of the Eighth Appalachian Trail Conference (Pub- lication no. 97. Washington, D.C.: The Appalachian Trail Conference, Inc., 1937, 49 pp. Public Recreation in Metrppolitan Cleveland. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Metropolitan Services CommiSsion, [n.dqj, 41 pp. Recreation and State Parks. [n.p.]: Senate of the State of Calif0rnia,1957, 64 pp. Fourth partial report of the Senate Interim Committee on Recreation, State Beaches, and Parks. Recreation Toda and Tomorrow: A Survey of the Recreation Resources 0 _ihe MiESOuri River‘Basin. dwashington,_D.C.: United States GovernmentPrintihg Office, [n.d.], 135 pp. Re ional Planning. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 1959, 220 pp. Seminar on Regional Planning, Tokyo, 28 July to 8 August 1958. Regional Recreation Areas Plan--Los Angeles Count . [n.p.]: Regional Plannifig—COmmisdion and the’Parks an Recreation Department of Los Angeles County, [n.dQI, 90 pp. "Retaining Open Spaces in Maryland,” Spudies in Business and Economics, Vol. XV. College Park, Maryland:‘University of Maryland, 1961, 16 pp. ‘ Repprt of the National Parks Committee. London, England: *Nat10na1‘PaFk Cbmmission,‘[n.di]. ' Severy, Merle (ed.). America's Wonderlands: The Scenic National Parks and Monuments—6f5the‘United States. ggshington, D.C.:'The National Geographic Sociity, 1959, 0 pp. - Siegel, Shirley Adelson. The Law of Open Space. New York: Regional Plan Association, Inc., 1960. 257 A Study of the Park and Recreation Problem of the” United States.’:Washington, D.C.: United—States Government Printing Office, 1941, 279 pp. Suggestions for Appalachian Trail Users (6th ed.), publica- tion no. 15. ashington,iD{C.: The Appalachian Trail Conference, 1962, 35 pp. A Survey of the Recreational Resources of the Colorado River Basin. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Print- ing Office, 1950, 242 pp. Tours and Ex editions, 1962. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Boy Scofits 0 America,'1962, 31 pp. Trail Manual for the Appalachian Trail (5th ed.), publication No. I. ‘Washington, D.C.: Appalachian Trail Conference, Inc., 1951, 50 pp. United States Censpg of Population 1960--Michigan--Number of Inhabitants. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Pfidnting Office, 1961, 32 pp. United_§tates Censys of Population 1960-~Michigan--General Population CharaEteristics. washington,‘DkCi: United” States GovernmenfiPrinting Office, 1961, 144 pp. United States Census of Population 1960--Michi an—-Genera1 Social and Economic Charadteristics. Wasfiington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1961, 184 pp. United States Census_9f Population 1960-~Michigan--Detailed Charactéristics. *Washington, D.C.: Uhited States Govern- ment—Printing Office, 1961, 315 pp. Watersheds for Water Management: East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University, [n.d.], 15 pp. Whyte, William.H., Jr. Securing Open Space for Urban America: Conservation Easements. Washington, D.CZ: Urban rena7 Institute, 1959, 67 pp. Wisconsin Ten-Year Prograpg-Resource Development and Outdoor Recreation. ‘1n.p:): WisconsinDepaitment_0f;Resource Deveiopment, 1961, 20 pp. 258 Reports by and to The Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission (ORRRC) listed in consecutive order by report number. Outdoor Recreation for America: A Report to the President and to the Congressby the ORRRC. Primary report. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1962, 245 pp. Public Outdoor Recreatign Areas;:Acreage, Use, Potential. ORRRC Study Report No. 1. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1962, 200 pp. List of Publlg Outdoor Recreatipn Aregs--1969. Study report no. 2. Washington, DiC.: United States devernment Printing Office, 1962, 190 pp. Shoreline Recreation Resources of the United States. Study repoft'no. 4. Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1962, 156 pp. Potential New Sites for Outdoor Recreation in the Northeast. Study report no. 8. *Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1962, 132 pp. Federgl Agencies and Outdoor Recreation. Study report no. 13. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1962, 146 pp. Directory of State Oytdoor Recreation Administration. Study report no. 14. Washington, DJC.:7UnitedIStates Govern- ment Printing Office, 1962, 146 pp. Whyte, William.H., Jr. Open Space Action. Study report no. 15. Washington, .C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1962, 119 pp. Williams, Norman, Jr. Land Acquisition for Outdoor Recrea- tion-~Analysis of Selected Legal Problems. Study report no. 16. Iwashington,“D.C.:IUhited States Government Print- ing Office, 1962, 67 pp. Shanklin, Jehn. Multi 1e Use of Land and Water Areas. Study report no. 1%. Washington, D.C.: UnitedIStates Government Printing Office, 1962, 41 pp. Martin, Betty Sullivan. A Look Abrogd; The Effect of For- eign Travel on Domestic Outdoor Recreation and a Brief Survey of Outdoor Recreation in Six Countries. Study report no. 181 “Washington, D.C.: UnitedIStates Govern- ment Printing Office, 1962, 79 pp. 259 Ferries, Abbott L., et a1. National Recreational Survey. Study report no. 19. Washington, D}C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1962, 390 pp. Mueller, Eva, Gerald Gurin, and Margaret Wood. .Participation in Outdoor Recreation: Factors AffectingWDemandAmon American Adults. Study reportino. 20. ashington, .C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1962, 94 pp. The Future of Outdoor Recreation in Metro olitan He ions of the‘United States. Study report no. 21, 701. I. Wash- ington,D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1962, 300 pp. ' Projections to the Years 1976 and 200C) Econopic Growth, PopuIationyLdbor Force and Leisure, and Transportation. Study report no. 23. Washington, D.C.:tUnited'States Government Printing Office, 1962, 434 pp. Clawson, Marion, Arthur L. Moore, and Ivan M. Lee. Economic Studies of Outdoor Recreation. Study report n0._24. sthington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1962, 166 pp. Public Expenditures for Outdoor Recreation. Study report no. 25. Washifigtbn,'D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1962, 90 pp. Prospective Demand for Outdoor Recreation. Study report no. 26. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1962, 61 pp. Outdoor Recreation Literature. Study report no. 27. Wash- ington, D.C.: Unitéd States Government Printing Office, 1962, 137 pp. Periodicals and Periodical Articles "Back to Glacier Peak," American Forest, 69 :6-7, February 1963. Bader, R. S. "Marvelous Maroon Bells," American Forest, 68: 36-7, June, 1962. Carlisle, N. "Exploring the West's Pioneer Trails," Coronet, 49:102-9, March, 1961. David, L. "Family Vacation on Foot," Coronet, 42:136-40, June, 1957. ‘T‘T‘TT' Dixon, D. "Trail Riders Launch 30th Season," American Forum, 68:4, February, 1962. 260 Friggens, P. "Five Wonders of the Wilderness," Readers Digest, 80:200-4, May, 1962. Garrigues, G. L. "Hey Teacher! There's a Deer at the Window," ‘AmericanForest, 69:6-7, January, 1963. "Go West Is Still Best for Wilderness," American Forest, 68:11, December, 1962. Lesure, T. B. "Retracing Pioneer Trails," Travel, 108:15-19, July, 1957. "“‘“" Miles, C. "Indian Trails," Hobbies, 67:114-15, August, 1962- Miller, S. "Our Children: Shenendehowa Central School's Nature Trail," Audubon Magazine, 64:62, January, 1963. "John Muir's Walk in the Sky," Sunset, 118:52-9, May, 1957. Parks and Recreation, 45, December, 1962. Other Sources Pamphlets Accommodations-~Camping Facilities--The Appalachian Trail. United States Department of the'Interior NationaIIPark Service, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina-Tennessee. The Appalachian Trail (11th ed.), publication no. 17. Wash- ington, D.C.: The Appalachian Trail Conference, 1961. Carnes, William G. "Land Resource Requirements for a National Recreation Program," Reprinted from Modern Land Policy. University of Illinois. Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. United States Department of the ’Interior, National Park Service, 1961. Cycle Touring Notes. London, England: British Cycling Fed- eration, Touring Department. Cycling_in Britain. Printed in the United States; Compiled by the British Travel Association. Greenways. San Jose, California: County of Santa Clara Plan- ning Department, 1961. .Historic Trails for Heppy Hiking. Indianapolis, Indiana: Sam White and Associates, 1961. 261 Instructions to Appalachian Trail Workers (2nd ed.), publica- tion no. 11. Washington, D.C.: The Appalachian Trail Conference. The Legend of_the Pecan Tree. Natchez Trace State Park, Wildersville, Tennessee. Loans to Family Farmers for Recreational Enterprises. Wash- ington, D.C.:‘United States Department of Agriculture, 1962. . Memorandum on Cycle Paths. London, England: The Cyclists Touring Club, 1949. Nature Trails. Circular E-lO. East Lansing, Michigan: Mich- igan State University. Outdoor Recreation in Small WatershedProjects. Washington, 910.: United States Bepartment of Agriculture, Soil Con- servation Service, 1962. Recreation on TVA Lakes. Knoxville, Tennessee: Tennessee Valley'Authority. Trail Guides--The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois. Forest Nature Trail Evergreen Nature Trail Unpublished Material Farness, Sanford S. "Man-~Environment Problems in an Urban Age and the Role of Universities." Unpublished paper, School of Urban Planning and Landscape Architecture, Michigan State University, 1963. Strong, Ann Louise. "The Role of the States in Preserving Open Space." Mimeographed paper, Division of Program Planning, Urban Renewal Administration, Washington, D.C., 1962- Twardzik, Louis F. "Statement of Recreation Policy for the State of Michigan." Unpublished paper, Park Management, Department of Resource Development, Michigan State Univer- sity, 1961. "What Is a Long Distance Route?" Mimeographed sheet received in personal correspondence from National Parks Commission, London, England. 262 Maps Appalachian Trail Maps Appalachian Trail in Southwestern Virginiapree Highway‘to New River. ‘Map no.‘147 Cepyright by Potomac Appalachian TraiI CIub, 1961. Appalachian Trail in Southwestern Virginiey New River to Damascus. Map no. 15. CopyrightEyiPotomac Appalachian Trail Club, 1961. Cumberland Valley, Pennpylvaniay_Susqpehanna River to Penn. Route 94. Map. no. 1 Ydrd 66:). Copyright by Petomac Appalachian Trail Club, 1958. Glenwood District, Jefferson National ForestJ James River to U.S. Route 113 Map no. 13. Copyright by Potomac Appa- 1achian Trail Club, 1961. Katahdin Region Map. Map no. 3. C0pyright by the Appalachian Trail Conference. Katahdin to East Branch of Pleasant River. Map no. 4. Copy- right by the Maine—AppaladhiandTrail Club, Inc. Maryland--North Half. Map n0. 5 (5th ed.). Copyright by Potomac Appalachian Trail Club, Inc., 1962. Maryland--South Half. Map no. 6 (5th ed.). Copyright by Potomac Appalachian Trail Club, Inc., 1962. Michaux Stage Forestngennsvlvania, Northern Section. Map no. 2 (3rd ed.). CepyrightbyPotomac'Appalachian Trail Club, Inc., 1962. Michaux State Forest, Pennsylvania, Central Section. Map no. 3 13rd ed.77 Copyright by Potomac Appalachian Trail Club, Inc., 1962. Mont Alto Sectiony Michaux State Foresty_Pennsylvania, P.A.T.C. Map no. 413rd ed.I} C0pyrightby Potomac Appdlacfiian Trail Club, Inc., 1962. Northern Virginia-~South Half. Map no. 8 (1st ed.). C0py- rightiby the Potomac Appalachian Trail Club, 1955. Pedlar Distgict, George Washington National Forest, Rockfish Gap to James River. Map no. 12. Copyright‘Ey‘Potomac Appalachian Trail Club, 1961. Shenandoah National Park-~Northern Section. Map no. 9 (6th ed.). Copyright by the Potomac Appalachian Trail Club, 1954. 263 Shenandoah National Park--Central Section. Map no. 10 (9th ed.f. Copyright by the Potomac Appalachian Trail Club, 1962. Shenandoah National Park--Southern Section. Map no. 11 (5th ed.I.Icopyright_by Pctomac Appaladhidn Trail Club, 1955. Other Maps County Maps, Region III, Southern Lower Peninsula, Michigan Department of Conservation, Regional Headquarters, Lansing, Michigan. A Guide Map of the Morton Arboretum. The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois. Hpron River Canoeing Guides. Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority, Detroit, Michigan. - Pontiac to Kensington Metropark. Map no. 1. Kensington Metrppark to Dexter. Map no. 2. Dexter to Bellevillg. Map no. 3. Belleville to Lake Erie. Map no. 4. Offa's ke Lonr Distance Route. Published by the National Parg Commission, 1 Cambridge Gate, London NW, England. The Pennine Way L0ng_Distance Route. Published by the National wPark Cemmission, 1 Cambridge Gdte, London NW, England. Picnic Areas and Trail Maps,_Forest Preserve District of Cook County. River Forest, Illinois. Indian Boundary Division Salt Creek SiviéiOn Presettlement Forest in Michigan. Department of Resource Development, Michigan State University. Michigan Canoe Traile. Michigan Tourist Council, Lansing, Michigan. Map of the Surface Formatieps 0f the Southern Peninsula of Michigan. Department of Conservation,‘Geological Survey v s on, State of Michigan. Tennessee Valley Authoripy Recreation Maps. Information Office, Tennessee valleyiAuthority, Knoxville, Tennessee. Recreation Areas on TVA Lakes 'CherokeeeDouglas-Nolichucky,Lakes 264 Chickamauga Lake Ephtana Lake Gfintersville and Hales Bar Lakes Elwassee Lakes Kentucky Lake Norris Lake Pickwick Lake prer Holston Lakes tts Bar-~Ft. Loudoun--Melton Hill Lakes Wheeler and Wilson Lakes Map of Tioga State Forest (Eastern Section). Department of Forests and Waters, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Harris- burg, Pennsylvania. 7‘;'For additional map see page 271. Persons and Places Contacted Australia: Miss M. T. Davis, 174 Beach Road, Victoria, Sandringham. Austria: Garten und Landschaftsarchitekten, Wein 9, Alserbachstrasse. Edouard Maria, I.H.M. Landschaftsplaner O.G.P., Dipl. Ingenieur, Wein 9, Alserbachstrasse. Belgium: Association Belge des Achitectes de Jardin, Berchem- Anvers, 620 Grand Chaussee. Canada: Canadian National Park Service, Ottawa. Canadian Society of Landscape Architects and Town Planners, 6435 West Boulevard, Vancouver 13, B.C. Denmark (Agency for Preservation of Nature) Danmarks Naturfredr ningsforening, Solvgade 26, Copenhagen K. Jacob Bergmann, Vester Volgade 83, C0penhagen V. (Danish Cycling Union) Dansk Cyklist Forbund, Vester- brogade 3, Copenhagen V. (Directory of State Forestry) Dviektoratet for Statssprov- bruget, Frederiksgade 19, Copenhagen K. 265 Dansk Havearkitektforening, Frederiksberg, Runddel l, Copenhagen. Eywin Langkilde, Havearkitekt M.D.H., Sankt Peders Stroede 30, Kobenhavn K. (Ministry of Agriculture) Landbrugsministeriet, Slotsholms- gade 10, Copenhagen K. (Ministry of Housing) Boligministeriet, Nyropsgade 51, Copenhagen V. (National Travel Association of Denmark) Turistforeningen for Danmark, 5-7 Banegaardspladsen, Copenhagen_V. (Outdoor Recreation Association) Friluftsradet, Malmogade 7, Copenhagen 0. (Regional Development Council) Landsplanudvalgets Sekretariat, Ostergade 16, Copenhagen K. (Danish Society for Preservation of the Countryside) Naturfredningsradet, St. Kongensgade 47, Copenhagen K. C.T.N. Sorensen, Kunslakademiet, Kongens, Nytorv, Copen- hagen. ' Stradsingeniorens direktorat, Radhuset, Copenhagen V. F. Wodschow, Cycle Touring Department of Dansk Cyclist Forbund, 48 Lyngvej, Kgs. Lyngby, COpenhagen. England: British Cycling Federation, 21 Blackfriars Road, London S.W. 1. British Infonnation Services, British Consulate General, 200 S. Michigan, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. British Travel and Holidays Association, 39 S. LaSalle Street, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. Camping Club of Great Britain and Ireland, 35 Old Kent Road, London, S.E. 1. Central Council of Physical Recreation, 6 Bedford Sq., London W.C. l. The Commons, Open Spaces and Footpaths Preservation Society, 11 Kings Bench Walk, London, E.C. 1. 266 Councils for the Preservation of Rural England and Wales, 41 Hobart Place, London S.W. l. Cyclists Towing Club, 3 Craven Hill, London W.C. 2. Institute of Landscape Architects, 1 Park Crescent, London W. 1. Lincolnshire Naturalists Trust, Town Clerk, Lincoln. London County Council, The County Hall, Westminster Ah, Bridge, London S.E. 1. ; Mr. K. L. Morgan, Institute of Park Administration Inc. Lower Bosildon, Reading, Berkshire. National Park Commission, 1 Cambridge Gate, London N.W. 1. ‘3' Norfolk Naturalists Trust, Chamber of Commerce, Norwich. ; The Rambler Association, 48 Park Road, London N.W. 1. Leslie Warner, Secretary, Cyclists Touring Club, 3 Craven Hill, London W. 2. Yorkshire Naturalists Trust, Information Bureau, York. Finland: Finlands Tradgaardsarkitekter, Messeniusgatan 10 B, 35, Tolo., Helsingfors. France: Comite National Des Sentiers De Grande Randonnee, 65 Avenue de la Grande Armee, Paris 16. Direction Generale des Eaux et Forets, 1 ter. Avenue Lowendal, Paris (7), France. Federation Francaise de Camping at de Caravanning, 22 Avenue Victoria, Paris (1). Federation Unie des Auberges de la Jeunesse, 5 Avenue Porte-de-la-Chapelle, Paris (18). French.Government Tourist Office, 610 Fifth Avenue, New York 20, New York, U.S.A. Haut-Commissariat a la Jennesse et aux Sports, 34 rue de Chateaudun, Paris (9). 267 Office du Tourisme Universitaire, 137 Boulevard St- Michel, Paris. Societe Francaise d'Architecture de Jardin, 67 Avenue de Segur, Paris 7e. Germany Bund Deutsche Garten-und Landschaftsarchiteken, Beethovenstrasse 25, Beuel/Bonn. Bund Deutscher Radfahrer, Gutleutstr. 89, Frankfurt am Main, West G. Deutscher Camping Club, Ainmullerstr. 25, Munchen 13, West G. Der Direktor Des Landschaftsverbandes Rheinland, 50 Koln- Deutz, Landeshaus, Constantinstrasse 2, Rheinland. (Friends of Nature Society) Touristenverein "Die Natur- freunde," Friedhofstr. 25, Stuttgart, West G. Gert Kragh, Landesoberwaltungsrat, beim Landschaftsverband, Koln-Deutz, Constantinstrasse 2, Rheinland. (YOung Ramblers) Deutsche Wanderjugend, Hospitalstr. 21 B, Stuttgart, West G. Israel Association of Landscape Architects in Israel, P.O.B. 4899, Haifa. Italy Associazione Italiana degli Architetti del Giardino e Paessaggio, Piazza di Sienna Japan Architectural Institute of Japan, 1 Nishi 3-Chome Ginza Chuo—Ku, Tokyo. City Planning Department, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo. City Planning Institute of Japan, c/o City Planning Sect., Planning Department, Ministry of Construction, 2-l- Chome, Kasumigaseki, Chiyodaku, Tokyo. Japan Architectural Society, Kenchiku Kaikan Bldg., Ginza—Nishi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo. 268 Japan National Recreation Association 4, 3-Chome, Marunouchi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo. Japan National Tourist Association, 1 Marunouchi, Tokyo. Japanese Institute of Landscape Architects, Building No. 1, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University, Bunkyo- ku, Tokyo. National Parks Association, 1, 2-Chome, Kasumigaseki, Chiyodaku, Tokyo. National Parks Division, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1, 2-Chome, Kasumigaseki, Chiyodaku, Tokyo. Planning Section, Road Bureau, Ministry of Construction, l-l Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo. Youth Hostel Association, Shimonake Bldg., Akasaka Hitotsugi-Cho, Minato—ku, Tokyo. Netherlands: A.N.W.B., Wassenaarseweg 220, 's-Gravenhage, Inst. Stad en Landschap van Zuid Holland, Delfsestraat 15b, Rotterdam. Bond Van Nederlandse Tuinarchitecten Vereniging Voor Tuin-En Landschapskunst, Middenweg 66, Amsterdam. Prof. Dr. Ir. J. T. P. Byhauwer, Landbouwhogeschool Studierichting Tuin-En Landschapsarchitectuur, Bennekom. Mr. M. T. Klerks, M. L. A., Adjunct-Director of Parks, Amsterdam. Provinciale planologische dienst, Riouwstraat 178, 's- Gravenhage, Staatsbasbeheer, Museumlaan 2, Utrecht. Norway: Olav Kvam, Norske Hagearkitektlag, Motzfelptsgt 1, Oslo. Portugal Centro de Estudos de Arquitectura-Paisagista, Instituto Superior da Agronomic Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa. Sweden Foreningen Svenska Tradgaards Arkitekten, Gombrinusgatan 5, Stockholm. 269 Switzerland: Bund Schweizerischer Gartengeslatter, 7144 Krahbuhtrasse 114, Zurich. United States: Appalachian Trail Conference, 1916 Sunderland Place N.w., Washington 6, D.C. Dudley C. Bayliss, Chief of Parkways, United States p» Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington 25, D.C. Karl J. Belser, Director of Planning, County of Santa Clara, California, 70 West Rosa Street, San Jose, California. r‘. 4"”;i’_fl1flh-_—. Grady Clay, Louisville Courier, Louisville, Kentucky. , 1 Clinton Valley Council, Boy Scouts of America, Pontiac, Afichigan. Cook County Forest Preserve District, 536 N. Harlen Ave., River Forest, Chicago. Charles A. DeTurk, Director of Parks and Recreation, The Resources Agency of California Department of Parks and Recreation, Division of Beaches and Parks, 1125 Tenth Street, Sacramento 14, California. Director, Department of Parks and Recreation, State of California, Sacramento, California. Felix Dhainin, City Planning for Parks, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Garrett Eckbo, 8442 Wonderland Park Avenue, Los Angeles, California. Charles H. Foster, Commissioner, Department of Natural Resources, Boston, Massachusetts. Robert Grunwald, 422 North Douty, Hanford, California. Gordon Hall, 380 Cannery Row, Monterey, California. Lawrence Halprin, 1620 Montgomery St., San Francisco 11, California. Lynn M. F. Harries, Exec. Director, American Society of Landscape Architects, 2000 K Street N.W., Washington, D.C. U. W. Hella, Director of Parks Division, Minnesota Conservation Department, St. Paul, Minnesota. John Kirkpatrick, c/o SOM, Crown-Zellerbach Building, San Francisco, California. Philipp H. Lewis, Jr., Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin. Librarian, Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, Cambridge 38, Mass. pm William Lipman, California State Office of Planning, | Sacramento, California. , _ Benton MacKaye, Shirley Center, Massachusetts. , Donald C. Mathews, Director, Connecticut State Park and 2 Forest Commission, Hartford, Connecticut. i Charles Moore, Kalamazoo Nature Center, Kalamazoo, Mich. James T. Morgan, Lake States Forest Experiment Station, National Forest Service, St. Paul, Minnesota. Dr. Lewis Mumford, Amenia, New York. National Campers and Hikers Association, 7172 Transit Road, Buffalo 21, New York. Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission, Washing- ton 25, DOC- Bert Perrin, State Trail Planner, The Resources Agency of California Department of Parks and Recreation, Division of Beaches and Parks, 1125 Tenth Street, Sacramento 14, California. William Pond, Director of Recreation, County of Sacramento, County Building, 7th and I Streets, Sacramento, Calif. Donald K. Rippel, Box 238, Ames Municipal Airport, Ames, Iowa. Wilbur Rush, County Recreation Coordinating Officer, Department of Conservation, DesMoines, Iowa. Harold Schick, Parks and Recreation Division of the Oregon State Highway Department, Salem, Oregon. George Schwenk, 1450 South Huron, Ypsilanti, Michigan. 271 The Sierra Club, 1050 Mills Tower, 220 Bush Street, San Francisco, California. T.V.A. Information Office, Knoxville, Tennessee. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Eastern Office, Design and Construction, 143 South Third Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Western Office, Design and Construction, United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1000 Geary Street, San Francisco, California. Wilderness Trail Committee, 3501 Briarwood Drive, Flint 7, Michigan. Fitch R. Williams, Traverse City, Michigan. Charles Young, Pilot Emeritus, Mississippi River Parkway Planning Commission, 1610 Mulberry Ave., Muscatine, Iowa. Harry Ziminski, Forest Service Recreation Officer, Mid- west Regional Office, United States Forest Service, 710 N. 6th Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Additional Map: *United States Department of Interior, United States In- cluding Territories and Insular Possessions, Showi the tent 0 Public Surveys, National Parks National or- estnglndian Reservations, National WIIdlITe Refuges, and Reclamation Prgjgcts, 1953: . at 1.... . l. . 115.114,}- . 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HH.m mH.n mo.n mb.m mm IA mm In om unononda .maoxnok comocfix can mopfipmnwmo I I I n.mH n.m I mI.H II. mm.I on.m I Ia ma 0v mm unoxnok UQIUCIx.£ nos Inopom “noempkmmo I 0.0 I.@ m.oa m.m H©.I Ho.H Ib.m nI.n om.n an mm an on In Andaaoo cyan: nonpov mnoxnos moawm a awednoao I I I I N.HH oH.a om.H Im.m «oIm om.m 0H mm mm #0 mm Sham pmooxo .mnovoanmonm cnw mHmHo Iahmo .mnowmadfi I I I I m.mH HI.m om.m Io.n II.n nI.I an an an we an muoxnos ccaonax cad Hanaqnoop .Hmcoammomonm I.m m.m m.m I.HH 0.0H Hm.m mm.a mm.m H@.I om.m 00 NN mm mm mm nopo cam Ia .IIIOHaao HHI I n.IH I.NH m.m n.mH mH.m HI.I oo.n nH.n no.¢ om an an In OI opaflsucoz I.HH N.HH m.NH o.oH n.nH mm.n oI.m mI.n 00.0 INII mm mm IN NI mm ends; 3 m 02 Hz mb 3 m 02 HZ mp 3 m 02 "NZ MD. oavwahonwoahwflo pchHOIHAmm you mhdn comnom hon mhmn weaudmfioaanwm.m anocooooaoom coscapqmmIIn.mIm mqua 290 TABLE B-3.--Participation in preferred activities (first, second or third choice) by persons 12 years and over by pre- ferred activity and family 1ncome--summer period 1960 National Recreation Survey Data Percent restricted by g I: a H 3 if; 3 5’ 4- 11:23: s :5 as s s p. rlfi Ct)?» vi :3 ‘9 3:0 o-Ari r4 I *4 H 'H 049 3 H 0 H 0 r10 9‘40 0 '5 ~4 .: H n o 05 H as .o 4: 4: m m a. a. In - E4 a: 0 Attending outdoor concerts & drama All Classes . 100 19 31 35 4 10 Less than “3,000 100 9 27 36 6 21 $5 3,000 - ...; 5,999 100 24 36 24 3 13 6,000 - 9,999 100 18 30 49 ## 4 10,000 and over 100 ** w «rt—3+ I-u 4H:- Attending outdoor sports events All Classes 100 36 10 46 3 5 Less than j ,000 100 31 10 43 7 8 3 3,000 - 5,999 100 33 9 53 1 3 6,000 - 9.999 100 48 7 38 1 6 10 ,000 and over 100 34 14 44 3 6 Bicycling All Classes 100 56 4 36 l 3 Less than 3,000 100 H *3? H W ** $ 3,000 - 5,999 100 63 '7 25 2 3 6,000 - 9,999 100 51 2 45 ## 2 10 ,000 and over 100 *3:- «N-N- MI- *6!- «H- Boating other than sailing or ' canoeing All Classes 100 2'7 9 58 2 3 Less than 633,000 100 1'7 1'7 59 6 2 $ 3,000 - 5,999 100 25 9 5'7 3 7 6,000 - 9,999 100 2'7 8 62 1 1 10,000 and over 100 34 9 56 1 ## Camping All Classes 100 23 7 58 3 10 Less than ' ,000 100 10 '7 6'7 7 10 $3 3,000 - 5,999 100 23 5 58 3 10 6,000 - 9,999 100 2'7 10 51 2 11 10 ,000 and over 100 25 9 6O #5 6 Driving for pleasure All Classes 100 53 1 38 4 4 Less than $3,000 100 39 ## 52 7 2 3 3,000 - $ 5,999 100 56 ## 36 4 4 6,000- 9,999 100 5'7 3 32 3 6 10,000 and over 100 65 ## 34 ## 1 291 TABLE B-3--Continued Percent restFicted by: g) I: H o In a I» Family I: 2 8,33 nag g + Income +3 o «p «H p o P: rih c:>>: 4+ :2 IF g:o o~4ra r4 u .4 A ‘H 0 49 0 H O H 0 H 0 H R 0 O .5 «H .G v.9 013:4 a .0 -9 . 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H H .cpc .asOnO .OOnOe nmoo nooOOSo wcHOQOpp« O H O H HH O O. O + Opacpc Ouncnm . nocOan OOHOOOOOO O s OH HO OH ‘ O s O OcheOOnOHO OH O s O OO O O s OnsOOOHn non OchHno OO OH OO OO O OO HO OH O OOHOHeHOeO OOHOOOO nOnOO .Onn mcH QHnB coHp Aonn no O-O -Oac one -Occ> OaO.OOHV OnO OcO OOH O.hdn Ixoo; 050m QHQdHHd>¢ made hp Ooconononm pOan oocOnOnonm no nocno hm '1‘ UofiflnucOOIlmlm mqmdfi APPENDIX 501 APPENDIX A THE SOCIAL FUNCTION OF OPEN SPACES* by Lewis Mumford The very title chosen for this paper, "The Social Function of Open Spaces," shows that a change has taken place during the last generation in our conception of open spaces in relation to the urban and regional environment. People in the 19th Century were conscious, primarily, of the hygienic and san- itary function of open spaces. Even Camillo Sitte called the inner parks of the city "sanitary greens." In order to offset the increasing congestion and disorder of the city, great landscape parks were laid out in the neighboring coun- tryside, more or less in the fashion that the aristocracy had promoted for their private country estates. Given the high densities for dwellings that have prevailed in big cities, it was natural, no doubt, that there should be an emphasis on the biological necessity for cpen spaces: the value of sunlight, fresh air, free movement in promoting health.and the psychological need for the sight of grass, bushes, flowers, trees. The park was treated, not as an integral part of the urban environment but as a place of refuge, whose main values derived from its contrast with the noisy, crowded, dusty urban hive. So impoverished were most ,modern cities, except where they inherited parks, open squares and playing fields from previous centuries, that open spaces came to be treated as if their value was directly proportional to their area--without too much regard for their formal beau- ty, their accessibility, their frequency of use or their ef- fect in altering the texture of urban life. Those who be- lieved that gardens and parks and a rural environment were essential to humane urban living moved, if they had the means, to a spacious suburb; and in the very act of seeking this all- too-simple solution, they permitted the city itself to become further congested and pushed the open country ever farther away from its center. Today our appreciation of the biological function of open aPaces should be even deeper, now that their aid in sustain- ing life is threatened by radio-active pollution and the air itself around every urban center is filled with a multitude 0f cancer-producing substances. But, in addition, we have learned that open spaces have also a social function to per- forIn.Whichthe more demand for a rural refuge too often °Verlooks. —¥ * RePrOduced by special permission of LANDSCAPE 302 To understand how important the social function of open spaces is, we must take into account three great changes that have taken place during the last century. First, the change in the scale of human settlement brought about by fast transportation and instantaneous means of communication. As a result, physical congestion is no longer the sole way of bringing a large p0pu1ation into intimate contact and co- operation. From this has come a new order of design, based upon the open plan and low density settlement: for in the suburbs that have been growing so rapidly around the great centers, the buildings exist, ideally, as free-standing structures in a parklike landscape. Too often the trees, gardens and fields vanish under further pressure of p0pu1a- tion, yet the sprawling, open, individualistic structure-- almost an anti-social structure--remains. The third great change is the general reduction of working hours, along with an increasing shift of work itself from industrial occupations to services and professional vocations. Instead of being faced with a small leisured class, we have now to provide recreational facilities for a whole leisured population. Mark the consequences of this last transformation. If this emancipation from incessant toil is not to become a curse, we must create a whole series of alternatives to the soda- tives and anesthetics now being offered--especially the anesthesia of locomotion at an ever higher rate of speed and an ever lower return in esthetic pleasure and meaningful pur- pose. In meeting this challenge we may do well to re-examine the experience of the historic aristocracies who, when not engaged in aimless violence and destruction, devoted so much of their energies to the audacious transformation of the Whole landscape. Once we accept the challenge of creating an environment so rich in human resources that no one would willingly leave it even temporarily on a Jules Verne astro- nautic vacation, we shall alter the whole pattern of human settlement. Ebenezer Howard's dream of garden cities will widen into the prospect of a garden civilization. How very little of the planning that has been projected or achieved during the last generation has taken this new situa- tion into account. Indeed, the chief work that has been done in urban extension and in highway building has been under a curious compulsion to serve the machine rather than to respond to human needs. Unless fresh ideas are introduced, the con- tinued growth of loose suburban areas will undermine, and eventually destroy, our historic cities and deface the natural landscape, creating a large mass of undifferentiated lowgrade urban tissue, which, in order to enable its inhabitants to perform even the minimal functions necessary in the city, will impose a vast amount of locomotion, public and private, and incidentally, push the countryside ever farther away from even the suburban areas. This kind of openness and low den- sity is another name for social and civic disintegration, such as we find in cities like Los Angeles, where one half of 303 its central area is dedicated to the movement and storage of motorcars. Meanwhile, the great landscape parks at the pe- riphery of our old cities become neglected, though a long motor ride to areas beyond often leads to a far less attrac- tive destination. While this is happening, the more distant public recreation areas by woods, lake or sea are left to stagger under a weekend congestion that robs that facility of its recreative value, for the motor car brings to such distant areas the combined p0pu1ation, not just of a city but of a whole region. As a result of these changes, in particular our over-attention to movement and our under- attention to settlement and cultivation, the very words "park" and "field" have taken on new meanings. 'Park" now usually means a desert of asphalt, designed as a temporary storage space for motor cars; while "field" means another kind of artificial desert, planted in great concrete strips, covering square miles, not acres, vibrating with noise, dedicated to the arrival and departure of planes. From park and field unroll wide ribbons of concrete that seek to in- crease the speed of travel between distant points at whatever sacrifice of esthetic pleasure or social Opportunities. Thus wasteland grows at the expense of parkland; and instead of recreation--re-creation-~we have de-creation, or the organ- ized dissipation of human energy with a minimum return in health, vitality and joy. If our present system of development goes on, without a pro- found change in our present planning concepts and values, the final result will be a universal wasteland, unfit for human habitation, no better than the surface of the moon. No won- der peOple play with projects for exploring interplanetary space; we have turned the landscape around our great cities into a mere launching platform, and our monotonous daily journeys in the cramped interiors of motor cars are a pre- paratory exercise for the even more cramped and comatose journeys by rocket. Perhaps the first step toward regaining possession of our souls will be to re-possess and re-plan the whole landscape. Let us face the facts of life. To turn away from the processes and patterns of life, growth, repro- duction; to prefer the disintegrated, the accidental, the random, to organic form and orders is, in fact, to commit collective suicide; and, by the same token, to create a counter-movement to the irrationalities and threatened ex- terminations of our day, we must draw close once more to the healing order of humanized nature and create a harmonious ecological pattern based on primary human needs-~not just on transportation. The time has come in landscape design, I submit, to conceive alternatives for the classic and romantic cliches of the past, and for the even more sterile cliches of the mechanical "space-eaters," who would destroy all the esthetic resources of the landscape in their effort to enable tens of thousands 504 of people to crowd together at the same time. What happens when their weekend mass of tourists finally reach such a point? They can only accept the congested facilities and reproduce the banal amusements of the very community they have made such a desperate effort to escape. So it is not by a mere quantitative increase in the present park facili- ties, but by a comprehensive change in the whole urban and regional pattern, that we shall realize to the full the social function of open spaces. And first, one must think of large Open spaces, outside the existing urban areas, as no longer adequately represented by a few landscape parks or wild reservations, however extensive; nothing less than a whole region, the larger part of which is in a state of natural growth and economic cultivation, will suffice to meet the needs of our new style of recreation, open to the larger part of the p0pu1ation. The most important immediate task around every growing urban center is to reserve permanent open areas, capable of being maintained for agricul- ture, horticulture and related rural industries. These areas must be established in such a fashion as to prevent the coa- lescence of one urban area into another. Though the provision of the urban greenbelt in part meets this need, we must now think of not a greenbelt but rather a permanent green matrix dedicated permanently to rural uses, whether it comes under public control or remains in private hands. For weekend recreation, the whole landscape has become, in fact, the landscape park. That area is too large to acquire for park purposes alone; and its upkeep, if under the state or munic- ipal control, would overburden the largest budget. By firm legal regulation the land, though mainly worked by individ- uals, may be zoned permanently for rural uses in a fashion that will maintain its recreational value, provided both highway system and recreational facilities are planned so as to disperse the transient p0pu1ation. The new task for the landscape architect is to articulate the whole landscape so that every part of it may serve for recrea- tion. Besides stabilizing agricultural land by zoning, so that it will not, without public authorization, be used for urban residential or industrial building, the task of the landscape architect will be to design footpaths, picnicking grounds, sequestered groves, pedestrian pleasances, along riverfronts and beaches, in such a fashion as to give public access to every part of the rural scene, without undue dis- turbance to the daily round of life. One must think of the new public areas as long continuous strips of public land, visually penetrating, opening up, but not otherwise trespass- ing on, the countryside. There is the beginning of this new process of using the whole landscape as a recreational facility in the layout of bicycle paths in the Netherlands; as there remains in certain parts 305 of England, as a residue from a quite different era, a system of public footpaths over hill and dale, through field and wood, a system that needs only to be broadened into somewhat wider strips, no more than twenty-five of fifty feet, to provide amply for public needs without encroaching too heavily on agricultural uses. The same kind of planning would even apply to the motor road, once the object was to achieve, not the maximum amount of speed, but the maximum amount Of relaxa- tion and beauty in slow drives designed to Open up views, and persuade the driver, not to press forward at high speed to a more distant point, but to linger where shade and rich foliage and spicy air were his without further effort. Even in the design of faster highways, those recreational values that have nothing to do with speed can be brought into play by the resourceful landscape architect: thus the design of the Taconic State Parkway in New York State, following the ridge- way in great curves, heavily planted with flowering bushes, opening wide views, from time to time, on the valley below, offers special rewards to the motorist. While our facilities for mass transportation are responsible for opening up the whole region as a recreational area and public park, the landscape architect must boldly challenge the transportation authorities and highway engineers who have made a fetish of speed, in order to justify the extravagant costs of their enterprise by attracting the maximum load of traffic. Speed is a cheap mass substitute for a life devoid of any more significant kind of esthetic interest. But if our object is to disperse traffic, avoid congestion, and promote enjoyment we must round out our highway system, not by building more speedways, but by laying out or rehabilitat- ing minor roads designed for just the Opposite purpose; namely, to tempt him to slow down, to stretch his legs and relax, to spend more time in enjoying the natural beauties near at hand, and less time in trying to reach some more distant point where thousands of other motor cars will converge. We do not increase the Opportunities for recreation when we turn a wood- land into a parking lot, or an ocean beach into a fishing not filled with squirming human bodies. In this task of applying landscape design to the whole region, in order to make it available to every kind of recreation, we must find a place for both the extrovert and the introvert-- for both those enjoyments that are often enhanced by a public setting and the presence of other people, and those more romantic impulses that lead to withdrawal and solitary ex- ploration and quiet contemplation. As one of our Dutch friends has well put it, we must provide for passivities as well as activities. And we must know how to leave well enough alone! Today, in most countries, we tend to overplay the role of mass movements and mass satisfactions, and forget the need to offset the compulsions of the crowd by providing plenty of space for solitary withdrawal. Man, as Emerson observed, needs both society and solitude; and part of the function of open spaces is to remain Open, not crowded with people seeking mass recreation. But in this larger regional provision for Open spaces, I can detect no difference between the needs of the most congested metropolis and those of the country town or the open suburb. For mass transportation, by rail, by public bus and by private motor car and cycle, has extended the field of recreation far beyond the local community and has at least potentially, widened the area of choice. The surest mark of bad planning is that, in the very effort to meet one kind of mass demand, the planner is tempted to set up a single standard of success, that of quantitative use, and to overlook the need for variety and choice. If this goes on, our mass recreation area will become as standardized, as monotonous, as lacking in psychological stimulus of any kind, as our big airports or our radio pro- grams. Good planning, on the other hand, as it widens the field of recreation, in order to meet the demands of a bigger population, commanding vastly greater Opportunities of leisure, must be more concerned to achieve greater differentiations of both human activities and landscape forms. The landscape architect's task is to bring out the unique resources of each spot--here a winding river, there a striking view, or in another place, an historic village with a good inn, whose character must be preserved by swinging motor roads and car- parks around the outside of the village, instead of letting cars and buses pile up in its center. So much for the larger conception of Open spaces, as conceived on a new regional pattern, with a permanent green matrix of open areas, preserved for both the local resident and the visitor. If we take the necessary political measures to establish this permanent green.matrix, a large part of the pressure to escape from the congested city to a seemingly more rural suburb will be relieved, for the values that the suburb sought to achieve by strictly private means-~and actually could achieve only for a small economically favored fraction of the sprawling population--will become an integral feature of every urban community. But two complementary movements are now necessary and possible: one is that of tightening the loose and scattered pattern of the suburb, turning it from a purely residential community into a bal- anced community, a true garden city, with a more varied pop- ulation and with local business to support it; and the other is that of loosening the congestion of the city, emptying out part of its population, introducing parks, playgrounds, green promenades, private gardens into quarters that we have permitted to become indecently congested, void of beauty and often positively inimical to life. Here, too, we must think of a new form of the city, which will have the biological advantages of the suburb, the social advantages of the city and esthetic delights that will do justice to both modes. Now the great function of the city is to give a collective form to what Martin Buber has well called the I and Thou relation: to permit, indeed to encourage and incite, the greatest potential number of meetings, encounters, challenges, between all persons, classes and groups, providing, as it were, a stage upon which the drama of social life may be enacted, with the actors taking their turn as spectators and the spec- tators as actors. The social function of Open spaces in the city is to bring peOple together; and as Unwin first suggested in 1908 at Hampstead, and Wright and Stein carried further in Radburn, in 1928, when both private and public spaces are designed together, this mingling and meeting may first take place, under the pleasantest possible conditions, in the neighborhood. Unfortunately, the very congestion of the city produced a reaction on the part of sensitive peOple that made them over-emphasize a purely quantitative ideal of open spaces; and under the influence of suburban fashion, which.made pri- vacy and spatial aloofness a mark of upper class status, many of our new communities in both.America and Europe are far too loose and sprawling to serve their social purposes. The.Amer- ican exurbanite's standard of a minimum of one acre per house serves only to deruralize the countryside without improving the city. The problem of the upper class suburb today is to trade some of its excessive biological space for social space. That of the congested city is just the opposite--it must introduce, into its overbuilt quarters, sunlight, fresh air, private gardens, public squares and pedestrian malls, which will both fulfill the social function of the city and make it as favor- able a place as the old suburb for establishing a permanent home and bringing up children. The first step in making our older cities habitable is to reduce their residential densi- ties, replacing decayed areas now occupied at a density of 200 to 500 persons per acre, too often in extravagant high- rise structures, hostile to family needs, with housing that will permit parks and gardens as an integral part of the de- sign, at densities not higher than a hundred, or at most, in quarters for childless people, of 125 persons per acre. Let us not be deceived by the appearance of spatial openness that can be achieved by crowding families into fifteen--or twenty-- story apartment houses. Abstract visual open space is not the equivalent of functional Open space, which.may be used as playgrounds and private gardens. Here again a variety of uses—-and therefore a variety of esthetic forms--is the mark of skillful planning, and row after row of great slabs or towers, even though set apart far enough to avoid casting a shadow on one another, create a poor environment for any kind of recreation, for they rob the neighboring area of sunlight and destroy the intimate human and familiar scale, so vital to the young child. 308 In the restoration or new creation of urban open spaces, there is room for much fresh experiment and bold design, which.will depart both from traditional models and those that have be- come the fashionable cliches of contemporary form. .And in this field each city should, on the basis of its own landscape and culture, suggest a different answer: what is apprOpriate for Amsterdam with its great water resources would not be equally valuable in Madrid. We do not merely need grand plans, conceived freshly, for entirely new neighborhoods where we have cleared away acres of slum: we also need piecemeal solu- tions, that can be applied on a small scale, seizing each small Opportunity that will go toward the fulfillment, over the years, of a much larger design. Venice, with its campi and piazzas, the central areas of Athens, and Paris, are particularly rich in such minor Open spaces. And what applies to individual blocks applies to neighborhoods. They, too, to have any value for recreation, must be insulated from the traffic avenues and motorways: the parts of the neighborhoods should be joined together by green ribbons, pedestrian malls and pleasances, such as that admirable park Olmsted designed for the Back Bay Fens of Boston, taking advantage of a little river and a swamp to create a continuous thread of green. The one great requirment for open spaces in urban centers is to insulate them spatially from the fumes, the noise and the distracting movement of motor traffic. The neighborhood, not the individual building block, not the street-front and the avenue, is now the unit of urban design, and all fresh schemes for both Open spaces and for traffic to be worthy of approval, must separate the pedestrian as completely as possible from the motor car. When this can be done from the beginning, as was first decisively done at Radburn, New Jersey, the motor roads that give access to buildings may be reduced in area and partly eliminated; while the space that is so saved withe in the superblock and the neighborhood may be dedicated to recreational uses. When these measures are taken, a much more economic and socially valuable use of the land can be made, without the wastage in roads and setbacks and verges one finds in the British New Towns--admirable though they are in their provision for greenbelts and private gardens. What I have been saying about the social function of open spaces can now be briefly summed up. For weekend recreation we must treat the whole region as a_potentialgp§rk area and make it attractive at so many points that the hideous conges- tion of weekend traffic that goes on everywhere will be min- imized, or disappear entirely. As for daily use, the same requirements for open space apply to both the most congested cities and the most sprawling suburbs: for the first must be loosened up and the second must become more concentrated and many-sided. In the cities of the future, ribbons of green must run through every quarter, forming a continuous web of 509 garden and mall, widening at the edge of the city into pro- tective green belts, so that landscape and garden will not be rural monOpolies but will likewise be an integral part of urban life. Source: LANDSCAPE: Magazine of Human Geography, Winter 1960-1961’ V010 10, N00 2, pp. 1-60 510 APPENDIX B WHAT IS A LONG DISTANCE ROUTE? Some Questions Answered (The numbers in the text indicate the relative Sections of the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act, 1949, and the Highways Act, 1959. The latter came into operation on January 1, 1960.) What are Long Distance Rgutes? They are paths along which the public can make extensive journeys on foot or, in apprOpriate cases, on horseback, and in respect of which the Commission have submitted a Report to the Minister of Housing and Local Government. A charac- teristic of such routes is that for the whole or the greater part of their lengths they do not pass along roads mainly used by vehicles. (NPA 51) What are examples of Long Distance Routes? One example is the Pennine Way, which is a hill walk of some 250 miles from Edale in Derbyshire along the Pennines and thence over the Cheviots to the Scottish Border. Another example is the walk which is projected round the whole of the South West Peninsula from Minehead in Somerset westward along the coasts of Somerset, Devon, Cornwall and back on the south coast of the peninsula to Studland in Dorset. Further examples are the Offa's Dyke Route (from Prestatyn to Chepstow) and the Pembrokeshire Coastal Path. How dogs a LonggDistance Route come into being? A route is created in three stages. First, a Report prOpos- ing the route is made to the Minister of Housing and Local Government by the National Parks Commission (NPA 51). Second, the Minister decides whether to approve the proposals which he has power to do with or without modifications (NPA 52). Proposals so approved are known as "approved proposals relat- ing to a long distance route" (NPA 52). Third, if the pro- posals are approved, the Minister asks local authorities to create such rights of way along the route as are required. The Minister has approved seven Reports sent to him by the Commission to the present date: for the Pennine Way, the Pembrokeshire Coast, North Cornwall Coast, South Cornwall 511 Coast, Offa's Dyke, the Devon South Coast, and the Somerset and North Devon Coast. Further proposals have been submitted to him for a Dorset Coast Path and a South Downs Long Distance Route. The latter is proposed as a bridleway for use by horse riders as well as by walkers. How does the Commission_p3epare a Report? When the Commission think it desirable to consider the merits of a route they prepare maps of a provisional line which they have surveyed on the ground. The Commission have sometimes been helped in this work by the Ramblers' Association whose members have voluntarily surveyed the route. On other occa- sions the Commission have been indebted to County Councils who have carried out this preparatory work for them. The Commission, having adopted a provisional line, consult every Joint Planning Board, County Council, County Borough Council and County District Council through whose area the line passes. The Commission ask each local authority for any general comments upon the appropriateness of the proposed section of the line in its area; for example, what is the status of the paths in question, i.e. whether public rights of way exist or need to be created; and any information as to ferries where they are needed to complete the route (NBA 51). How are new public rights of wgy created? The Act provides two methods of creating new public rights of way; by Agreement (H.A. 27) or by Order (H.A. 28). County Borough and County District Councils have powers to make Agreements and it is naturally hOped that rights of way will be acquired in that way. What is the Cost? The Commission submit to the Minister an estimate of the cost and they ask the assistance of Highway Authorities in the preparation of that estimate. This estimate covers both cap- ital and annual outlay for both existing and new paths, and provides for any necessary repairs and improvements, e.g. new gates and stiles, footbridges, stepping stones and signposts. The estimate of compensation payable when new rights of way are created is made for the Commission by the District Valuers. It is most desirable that the simple character of these paths should be preserved. It would, therefore, be contrary to their character for any formal work to be done upon them. Nevertheless, a certain amount of work will need to be under- taken as described above; and it is this minimum amount of necessary work which is covered by the estimate. C)! H N Who_pays the cost? The Minister is empowered to defray expenditure incurred by a local authority in the payment of compensation and for the construction, maintenance, or improvement of a way if that OXpenditure is incurred for the purpose of approved proposals (NPA 98). The rant for this purpose is 100 per cent (see paragraph 15 (2 (a) of the Explanatory Memorandum to the National Parks and Access to the Countryside (Grants) Regula- tion 1954, published by the Stationery Office (6d). The Regulations form Statutory Instrument No. 415/1954 (price 3d).) Will the routes be signposted? The Commission are anxious that the marking adOpted should be in character with the country traversed by the path and that marking should be undertaken only where the walker, who will normally be equipped with a map, is likely to mistake the way. In upland regions stone cairns should suffice; and members of the Ramblers' Association have voluntarily erected a number of cairns on the Pennine Way. But, even on such routes, there will be places where a signpost is desirable, e.g. where the path leaves or joins a road or where direction is necessary in a town or village. When a Route is in pros- pect the Commission discusses with highway authorities the method of marking appropriate to the particular route. The Commission have devised a form of sign which has been commended for general adoption on long distance routes by the four Local Authority Associations (The County Councils Association, The Association of Municipal Boroughs, the Urban District Councils Association, and the Rural District Councils Association) and approved by the Royal Fine Art Commission and by the Ministries of Transport and of Housing and Local Government. This sign is made of unpainted oak and bears wording in raised lettering. Signs bearing the words "Pennine Way" and 25"'long by 3 1/2" have been used on that route. Similar signs, bearing the words "Coast Path" have been recommended for use on the Southwest Peninsula Coast Path and the Pembrokeshire Coast Path. The Commission are now considering the possibility of a standard symbol which might be used to indicate a long distance route in places of special doubt or difficulty. Is there any‘provision for accommodation, mgals and refreshments alonggthe Route? The Commission's Report to the Minister may include proposals on this subject (NPA 5l (2)). Local planning authorities are empowered to make such arrangements as are requisite to give 515 effect to any approved proposals of this kind and grants are available at a rate of 75 per cent (N:A 54--see also para- graphs 13 (d) and 15 (c) of the Explanatory Memorandum on the National Parks and Access to the Countryside (Grants) Regula- tions, 1954). In the Reports which the Commission have made up to the present date no such prOposals have been included but certain local authorities have supplied infonnation to the Commission about existing facilities and future needs. Source: National Parks Commission, 1 Cambridge Gate, Regent's Park, London, N. W. 1 Revised, October, 1962 514 APPENDIX C THE "HOCH BILL" (As re-introduced in the House of Representatives on Feb. 19, 1948. H. R. 5479, 80th Congress, 2d session "A BILL TO AMEND THE FEDERALOAID.HIGHWAY'ACT OF 1944 TO AUTHORIZE THE CONSTRUCTION OF A NATIONAL SYSTEM OF FOOT OR HORSE TRAILS." Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That section 9 of the Federal-Aid Hi hway Act of 1944, approved December 20, 1944 (58 Stat. 838 , is amended by inserting at the end thereof a new subsection to read as follows: "(d) For the construction and maintenance within the continen- tal United States of a national system of foot or horse trails, not to exceed ten thousand miles in total length, to be de- voted solely for foot or horse travel and camping, which activities will develop the physical fitness and self-reliance of, and an appreciation of nature in, the people of this Nation, and serve as a part of the basic training of our youth for service in the armed forces there is hereby authorized to be appropriated the sum of $50,000 for the first fiscal year for which appropriations are made hereafter for purposes of this subsection, a like amount for each of the second and third years thereafter, and such sums as may be necessary for each fiscal year thereafter. The Forest Service of the De- partment of Agriculture is authorized and directed to construct, develop, and maintain said national system of trails, OOOperat- ing with other Federal agencies and with States and political subdivisions thereof in areas where trails of such system cross property under the jurisdiction of such other federal agencies or owned by States and political subdivisions there- of: Provided, That where trails of such system cross lands under the administrative jurisdiction of another federal agency, or where they cross lands owned by a State or polit- ical subdivisions thereof, the Forest Service may perform the functions authorized herein with respect to such lands only with the approval of such other agency. All trails of such system shall be constructed, developed, and maintained in a manner which will preserve as far as possible the wilderness, historic, or scientific values of the areas traversed by the trails of such system. The Forest Service is authorized to acquire such lands and easements as may be 515 necessary for such system and to provide shelters, signs, maps, guidebooks, and other attendant facilities. The Appalachian Trail, a mountain footpath extending from Maine to Georgia for two thousand and fifty miles, and the Pacific Crest Trail, extending from Canada to Mexico through Wash- ington, Oregon, and California , shall be included as trails of the said national system of trails." Source: Publication No. 5, January 1950, Sixth Edition, Issued by The Appalachian Trail Conference, Inc., p. 41. OJ [—4 0‘) APPENDIX D ALIFORNIA RIDING AND HIKING TRAIL PROJECT In 1944, the idea of establishing a statewide Riding and Hiking Trail was advanced by the California State Horsemen's .Association, which.was later successful in bringing the pro- ject to the attention of the State Reemployment and Recon- struction Commission. A committee was appointed by that body which was known as the California Riding and Hiking Trails Committee of the Citizens Advisory Committee on Devel- Opment of Natural Resources. This Committee studied the problem, and in December of 1944 forwarded a report to the Reemployment and Reconstruction Commission recommending the inclusion of the project in the Commission's program, out- lining the general route of the proposed trail and suggesting appropriate legislation for furtherance of the project. In 1945, the State Legislature passed the "Riding and Hiking Trails Law" (Chapter 1469, Statutes of 1945). This act de- clares that it is the policy of the State to encourage an increase in riding and hiking in the interests of the public health; defines the project to include any work or undertak- ing to plan, chart, map or survey any trail area, to acquire land for building trails and necessary appurtenances; places the administration of the project in the Division of Beaches and Parks under supervision of the Director of Natural Re- sources in accordance with policies established by the State Park Commission; authorizes the State Park Commission to appoint an Advisory Committee of six members (subsequently increased to seven members) from persons nominated by inter- ested organizations; authorizes the State Park Commission to accept on behalf of the State financial assistance to aid the project; prohibits the use of the right of Eminent Domain to acquire property for trail purposes, and appropriated an initial sum for surveys and studies of the project. Beginning with a small force early in 1947, the Division be- gan the task of laying out 3,000 miles of trail contemplated under the law. As the project had no precedent, progress was quite slow; but the project began to take shape as more was learned about the job ahead. Very early the Advisory Committee recommended that the route of any particular segment of the trail should be determined by local interest, subject to review and approval of the State Park Commission. Therefore, each county was asked to form a local advisory group which would pick the route, and secure the approval of the County Planning Commission and Board of Supervisors. This group then submitted a Master Plan for the county which was studied in detail by the staff 517 of this Division and an apprOpriate recommendation made to the State Park Commission. Following the approval of the Master Plan, the work of acquir- ing easements and developing the Trail fell to the Division's engineers and right-of—way agents. Very early in the program it became apparent that the lack of right to condemn right-of- way was a major obstacle. Now fifteen years later the lack of Eminent Domain has proved to be the greatest single deterent to the advancement of the R & H Trail Master Plan. In 1948, enough rights-of—way had been acquired to justify beginning construction. Butte, Contra Costa, San Diego, Los Angeles and San Mateo Counties were the first to complete Master Plans. Work, therefore, was started first in these counties and has progressed to other counties in the State. The trail through the state is in various stages of completion. In several counties acquisition of rights-of—way has just started, while in others, the trail is complete and in use. At present, some 1,000 miles of trail have been completed, with additional miles under construction. The trail is com- plete in San Diego, San Bernardino, Los Angeles, Butte, and Plumes Counties with construction under way in Fresno, Ventura, and Placer Counties. In addition, there are about 1,500 miles of proposed trail in the National Forest and National Park administered areas which can be developed but actual construc- tion plans for the entire length have not been completed. Trail construction is accomplished in various ways. In areas under the administration of the Federal Government, trails are constructed and maintained under a OOOperative agreement contract. In other areas, this activity is performed by the Division's District Superintendent in whose area the trail lies. An attempt has been made to locate the trail to give the longest possible period of annual use, recognizing that the period of heaviest use will be during the summer vacation months. Therefore, it often occurs that it is necessary to locate portions of the trail in areas which will be desirable recreation country during the summer without regard to the length of the season. In some areas, the trail climbs to an elevation of 10,000 feet and will be usable a maximum of five months. In these instances, the lower elevations are so hot and dry during the summer as to be undesirable for comfort and enjoyment. The trail route passes through all types of areas--desert, high mountains, forest grassland, woodlot, and suburban developments. Some sections follow the route of historic trails-~De Anza, Butterfield Stage Road, Overland Immigrant Trail, and other old mining trails and pioneer routes. 518 To those who employ this leisurely mode of travel, the route will reveal some of the finest aspects of California. Ul- timately, a system of campsites is planned at intervals of 15 to 25 miles. These will generally consist of a source of water, simple sanitary facilities, camp stoves, hitch racks and horse corrals. Occasionally, where the trail passes through a State Park, a more elaborate camp may be built, such as now exists in Cuyamaca Rancho State Park and Samuel P. Taylor State Park. Los Caballos in Cuyamaca Rancho State Park consists of camp stoves, tables, barbecue pit, fire rings, water trough, hitch racks, pole stalls and a combina- tion building with toilets and showers. A similar campsite has been constructed in Samuel P. Taylor State Park in Marin County. As to when the whole project will be completed, there is no ready answer. Completion depends on so many factors--right- of-way, number of personnel assigned to the project, degree of cooperation of various county, federal and state agencies (which thus far has been excellent), and allocation of funds. Steps are now being taken to speed up the program. It must be kept in mind that no condemnation can be used to acquire rights-of—way for this project which often causes Unpredict- able delays. Trail maps for San Diego, San Bernardino, Los Angeles, and Butte-Plumes Counties have been cOmpleted and are available for public distribution. Other folders will be published as trail is completed. Trail map folders are available by writ- ing the Division of Beaches and Parks, Box 2390, Sacramento 11, California. Source: Department of Natural Resources, Division of Beaches and Parks, Box 2390, Sacramento 11, California (Received in personal correspondence) APPENDIX E NOTES ON THE EARLY INDIAN TRAILS or MICHIGAN Trails hundreds of miles in length extended across the coun- try and shorter ones connected places or haunts which the Indians habitually visited (see Figure 1). These footpaths had been located with great sagacity and were usually the most feasible lines for tramping from place to place. They were the first steps in internal improvements. The white people immediately discovered that the best routes for penetrating and subduing the interior were the Indian trails. Many of our most improved highways are along the traces the natives had pursued for centuries. The first trade and commerce in Michigan by white men was with the Indians. The traders' stores, usually called trading posts, had no other object than to create among the tribes desires for EurOpean goods and to barter with the native hunters for furs. These posts were almost always situated at the meet- ing or crossing of main trails, generally upon some important water course. Owing to the interest the old trails have for the student of the material development of the state, great pains have been taken to locate them accurately. Only in a few cases are any trails about which there is uncertainty, traced upon the maps. Numbers of those that are traced do not'connect. They have both "blind” beginnings and ends, owing to the fact that the field notes and other records of the government surveyors do not enable the cartographer to draw his lines in a more def- inite manner. Trails From Michigan to Tidewater The entire country was crossed by paths. An understanding of Indian trails in Michigan depends upon some comprehension of the larger communication complexes. The Michigan trails, artificially divided in our minds by our system of political divisions, are but a part of the larger network. We may look briefly at some of these long arteries of trade and travel before going into detail as regards our local situation. Great Trail A most important line of travel into Michigan, now paralleled by highways of commerce, was the Great Trail, probably so designated because of its special importance in Indian and pioneer affairs. Its eastern branches came from the country around Boston, Delaware, and Chesapeake bays. It connected with the Sauk or Chicago Trail by means of two or three 520 branches as it bent around the west end of Lake Erie. This was a continuous path between tidewater, the Great Lakes, and the middle parts of the Mississippi. Over it, in prehis- toric and historic times, traveled men, savage and civilized, upon missions of vital importance to their domestic and po- litical affairs. For uncounted years moccasin-footed Indians, then Indians upon ponies, soldiers mounted and on foot, pio- neers with ox-teams and travelers in stage coaches, all upon some mission or other-«war, adventure, trade, chase, eXplora- tion, home-seeking--passed over this trail. From the East the trail came to the junction of the Mononga- hela and.Allegheny rivers, which form the Ohio where Fort Duquesne, Fort Pitt, and afterward Pittsburgh, were built. From this point the trail extended to the Ohio border, enter- ing the state very near the southeast corner of Columbiana County, struck almost due west to the south border of Stark County, and forded the Tuscarawas at the site of old Fort Laurens. Thence it went westerly to Mohican JOhn's Town, in Ashland County. A few miles west of there it bent northe westerly, passing Sandusky Bay to Perrysburg, at the Maumee Rapids. One branch extended west from this ford of the Maumee River, deflected northwest, and entered Michigan at the south- west corner of Seneca Township, Lenawee County, where Morenci is now situated. This branch trail continued northwest to the village of Allen, Hillsdale County, where it joined the main Chicago Trail. One track of the Great Trail bent north through where Port Lawrence, now Toledo, stood. A branch forked off at Monroe and followed the River Raisin to the Macon Reservation in central Monroe County, and from there went up the Saline River to the salt springs in Washtenaw County, where it con- nected with.the Chicago Trail. Several other well-trodden paths practically paralleled these branches from the Great Trail to the Chicago Trail. The main Great Trail continued north from Monroe through Flat Rock and Brownstown to the crossing at Detroit. From there on to the Straits of Mackinac it was called the Saginaw and Mackinaw Trail. The old maps do not agree as to the exact course the Great Trail took in the vicinity of Toledo. No doubt the Black Swamp, which at different seasons extended along the lower reaches of the Maumee for many miles, made detours necessary at times of high water. Shore Trail The Shore Trail, as it is known historically, followed the southern shore of Lake Erie, going east from the various Michigan trails that converged at Toledo. It paralleled the Great Trail to Sandusky Bay, where the two met and parted. 321 The Shore Trail then led on to Erie, Pennsylvania, and to Buffalo and Niagara, New York. In western New York the same kind of branching of the main trail that existed at its west- ern and made connections with various points in the Iroquoian The direct Iroquois Trail followed the Mohawk territory. There were trails leading east frOm the River to the Hudson. Hudson River to Massachusetts Bay. The Shore Trail led through bloody country; the unfortunate Erie or Cat Tribe, who were virtually exterminated by the Five Nations, their own near relatives, once occupied parts The highway through Cleveland and other of this country. cities of the Lake Erie shore closely follows the old Shore Trail. Mohawk Trail The Mohawk Trail was an extension of the Shore Trail, con- necting the Middle West with the Hudson and points east. Not only were there trails to New England, but there was, for instance, a branch of the Mohawk Trail in west-central New York that led to the old Iroquois town, Tioga, in northern Pennsylvania, where the Chemung joins the Susquehanna. It was a gateway toward the Chesapeake and Virginia. Scioto Trai_l_ One of the great warpaths of Indian history virtually led to The Scioto Trail branched from the Great and from Michigan. Trail and the Shore Trail, at their junction at Sandusky Bay, and ascended the Sandusky River upon the west side, to the divide and portage between that stream and headwaters of the Scioto River. It went down the Scioto to its confluence with the Ohio. It crossed the Ohio and joined the famous ”Warriors' Path" across Kentucky to Cumberland Gap. Beyond the Gap, by collaterals, it reached the Gulf of Mexico and the southern Atlantic coast, at different points. An important trail led into Florida. Over these Indian lines, from Lakes to Gulf, went Michigan copper, and back from the south came shells and other materials for ornaments and implements to gratify the tastes of the north. Po tomac Trai l The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, east of Parkersburg, West follows the old Indian Trail and, before reaching Virginia, tunnels the mountains in two places exactly under It was a marvel of en- Rafter), he crests where the trail crosses. ineering skill to locate this railroad through and over so ough a country, and when it was completed, it was only a by men of the tripod of the route the Indian and :survey 18 buffalo had threaded for hundreds of years. Montreal Trail According to maps of John H. Eddy, 1815, and Thomas Hutchins, 1778, a.road, which.undoubted1y had been a very old trail coming from Montreal and following the Chicago Trail from TDetroit, branched off at Fort St. Jbseph.and led south to the Tippecanoe River in Indiana and to PrOphet's Town and Quiatanon.upon the Wabash. From the latter village there was water communication by way of the Wabash, Ohio, and Miss- issippi to New Orleans; the total distance is given by Eddy as 1,871 miles. MahoninggTrail Besides the Great Trail there was another one leading west from the head of the Ohio River. It followed the north bend of the Mahoning River in eastern Ohio, and then went directly west to join the Great Trail near Sandusky Bay. It was the most direct route from Detroit to the ferks of the Ohio River. Sauk or Chicago Trail There was a trail connecting Detroit with the Sauk town at the confluence of the Rock River with the Mississippi in Illinois. The old road from Detroit to Chicago follows this route to a point near La Porte, Indiana. It deviated around the head of Lake Michigan and led on through Chicago to the wild rice fields of Green Bay, the lakes of Wisconsin, and far away to the cOpper mines of Lake Superior. Article 6 of the Treaty of Chicago, August 29, 1821, says: "The United States shall have the privilege of making and using a road through the Indian country, from Detroit and Fort Wayne, respectively, to Chicago.’ As a matter of fact, What has been referred to as the Sauk cn'Chicago Trail was only a small section and, finally, a branch of a two-thousand-mile thoroughfare. In the para- graph on the Montreal Trail we have mentioned a branch which crossed the Detroit River and went through Canada to Niagara Falls and Montreal. That part of this long path that ex- tended through Michigan is now known as Trunk Line U. S. 112. Ebsides the long trails already mentioned, there were inter- state trails that have developed into trunk-line highways. Assicentral point in tracing a few of the Indian paths that have become permanent roads leading to and from the Great Lakes, I have taken Detroit, although there is no reason for thhudhg that it was of any more importance to tribesmen, in prehistoric tMes, than some other places in Michigan. This was the Mahoning Trail. (a m (N Saginaw Trail The Saginaw Trail extended northwest to the Saginaw River, which it crossed and then followed the east side of Tittaba- wassee. At the mouth of Tobacco River, near Edenville, upon the boundary between Midland and Gladwin counties, the trail divided. From this ford one branch led to Houghton Lake, in Roscommon County. It curved along the east shore of the lake and then turned west around Higgins Lake. At the northwest corner of Higgins Lake the trail again divided. One path led to Grand Traverse Bay, the other to L'Arbre Croche and Mack- inaw. Trail went up the Tittabawassee through the center of Gladwin County and then led on in a quite direct line to Cheboygan, where it turned abruptly west and met the western branch at the Straits of Mackinac. The Dixie Highway, coming from the south and passing through Toledo, Detroit, Pontiac, and Flint, follows the Saginaw Trail. G_rand River Trail The road to Grand Rapids that leaves Detroit as Grand River Avenue follows the course that Indians took for centuries before pioneers pushed into wilderness of Oakland, Livingston, Ingham, Ionia, and Kent counties. Territorial and Potawatomi Trails Two paths crossed the Chicago or Sauk Trail at Ypsilanti and passed through.Ann Arbor. One followed the Huron River from its mouth; the other came in over the higher land to the south. Beyond Ann Arbor the so-called Territorial Trail went through the centers of Jackson and Calhoun counties and branched. A branch went to Kalamazoo and finally united with the Chicago Trail in southeastern Berrien County. The northe ern branch of the Territorial Trail again bifurcated for the mouth of the St. Joseph River at St. Joseph and for the mouth of the Kalamazoo at Saugatuck. Trail From Soutwest Michigan to Saginaw and the North A trail about which there is uncertainty as to its exact course for a part of the way led from the southwestern part of the state to the Saginaw River. One is able to speak more securely of its precise course north of Saginaw. One branch leading through the central part of the Lower Peninsula has already been described. The other followed the Huron shore to Alpena. At Alpena it followed for a few miles the Thunder Bay River, passed Long Lake, Alpena County, and again struck the Huron shore about the center of Presque Isle County. From there it went on to the mouth of the Cheboygan, where the city From the ford at Edenville the east fork of the Saginaw rat-2': E 7 _ -__.._.._.._ “.nu— .- “El a , . . . . 9...... 524 f5 ad— that name stands, and then to the Straits. :ail Southwest from Mackinaw There was a trail from Mackinaw around the Traverse bays, at the foot of Lake Michigan. This trail ran through the south- ern half of Manistee County and rather close to the shore through Mason and Oceana Counties. About a mile south of the boundary between Oceana and Muskegon counties, the path prob- ably deflected inland to strike the shore again at the mouths of the Black and St. Joseph Rivers, at the present towns of South Haven and St. Joseph, respectively. Below St. Joseph this trail touched Indian villages along the shore, or near it, and joined the Sauk Trail in Indiana, with which it con- nected for Chicago and "points" to the west, southwest, and northwest. Other Trails Minor trails ramified in all directions in the state, con- necting with the trans-state trails at many points. Mr. H. Brevoort, Deputy U.S. Surveyor, records, October, 1839: "Trail leads from mouth of Manistee River to Town 30 N.R. 3 W. The terminus of this trail was in Bagley Township, Otsego County, the west side of Otsego Lake. was 85 miles. The distance There were trails and portages from Ontonagon and Menominee rivers connecting with the streams that flow through Wiscon- sin into the Mississippi. There is every reason to believe that much commerce passed that way from the Lake Superior mines to the far south. Two almost parallel and direct In- dian paths connected St. Ignace and Sault Ste. Marie, which was less than half the distance between these important points by the water route. Along the courses of many streams and through swamps there were sometimes two trails: one followed the banks; the other, during high water, went through the adjoining uplands. An illustration of this was the trail coming up the Huron River from its mouth at Lake Erie to Portage Lake, on the border between Washtenaw and Livingston counties. This trail is designated the Potawatomi Trail. The river path kept quite close to the water's edge. The other was sometimes a mile or more back from the stream upon the solid ground through the woods. These old traces are followed today for the greater part of their courses by modern roads. Some of them are commonly referred to as "back roads;" others are excellently paved. - A. ..Vu- ‘3‘ v-_..' Pl-L' ‘ Vi 525 21:1 thus notes upon many of the counties special mention is made of minor trails. Examination of the various maps will add greatly to the fuller understanding of the lines of Indian travel and transportation by both water and overland INDIItEHS. Source: Wilbert B. Hinsdale, Archeological Atlas of Mich- i an (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan ress, 1951), pp. 3-5. APPENDIX F SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME OF THE USERS OF A TRAILWAY SYSTEM Hik ing Our definition of hiking required that it be along trails with a pack, thereby distinguishing it from walking for pleas- ure, mountain climbing, and nature walks. With this specialized definition of hiking, we find that slightly more than half of the hiking occasions engaged in during the summer 1960 by the population 12 years of age and over were by boys or girls 12 to 17 years. This group alone hiked more than 17 million days (or part days) during June- August 1960. Boys of these ages hiked an average of 1.4 times during the summer, compared with 0.41 for girls. Although hiking cannot be considered as an expensive outdoor activity, the rate of participation, nevertheless, is associ- ated with income. The rate increases from almost no partic- ipation among the class receiving less than $1,500 annually per family to 0.68 occasions per person during the summer among the group earning $10,000 to $15,000 per family. ticipation falls off for the highest income class. Par- Hiking is quite low in the preference order for outdoor activities, only 3 percent listing "some" preference for hiking. The degree of preference increases with more fre- quent participation in hiking for such active recreations as swimming, camping, horseback riding, and bicycling. These are vigorous activities, characteristic of youth. One-third of those who prefer hiking are able to hike as frequently as they would like. Another one-third of those who prefer hiking do not engage as often as they would like because of insufficient available time. Another 12 percent are restricted because facilities are not immediately avail- able. Restrictions due to financial ability are insignifi- cant. Females who prefer hiking mention more often than the males the unavailability of paths and other facilities,- both mention the time restriction about equally. For the adult p0pu1ation, the association of hiking with in- come, with professional and white-collar occupations, and with education, suggests that the older hikers are a fairly well-identified group. But hiking is not generally popular throughout the adult population. Hiking in the United States does not have the appeal that it 327 has in Europe . Our youth (12 through 17 years) are the prin- cipal‘hikers. With a pack, it becomes a strenuous activity, and to engage required considerable physical effort. Among those who have tried hiking but did not like it, more than half say it is too strenuous for them. Bicycling In America, bicycling is almcst altogether an activity of youth. . The population as a whole engaged 1.75 days (during the 3 summer months, 1960), but the age group 12-17 cycled on an average of 10 days. Boys are more active cy- clists' than girls. Participation is slightly greater out- side metropolitan areas than within them. The rate of par- ticipation increases to the $5,000 to $4,499 family income group, and then gradually declines as income increases. Non- whites cycle more than whites. There are very few cyclists who do not rate their health as good or excellent. The population as a whole engages in cycling at a rate of 5.15 occasions per person for the entire year. Considering only persons 25 years of age and older, we find that as education increases, the average number of days cy- cling increases, also, reaching a peak among those with l to 5 years of college, and dropping off for the group completing college. Thus, cycling or hiking paths to fishing or swimming locations would prove to be compatible with the interests of the youth- ful participant. Considering the relationship between participation and income, previously described, the general availability of bicycles, and their low maintenance cost, bicycles undoubtedly are available to all but the lowest income group. The great op- portunity to increase cycling participation lies among the 18-44 age group. Perhaps journeys by family groups would be ggsible if paths ree o 0 her tra o c are_provided and if stéIs or camping TaciIities are made available. Tfiis has b_een reaIizecI In several Eurgpean couthrIes. Hors eback Rid ing Only 6 percent of the p0pu1ation went horseback riding one or more times during the summer 1960. per person. This was 0.42 occasions The younger ages, 12 to 17 years, participate in horseback riding at rates significantly higher than other ages. Generally, the rate declines with age, Among those who prefer horseback riding, one-fourth participate as often as they would like. Twenty-six percent of those who do not participate as often as they would like feel that they are restricted by financial limitations and 23 percent by a lack of time. Facilities, evidengy meaning availabilitLof horses and pathsL was mentioned by 15 percent of the groum referring horseback ridirg. ability to ride. Six percent mentioned an in- . . . Thus, it would appear that increases in income and, leisure time will create more horseback rid- ing occasions, particularly in areas where trails and horses are plentiful. Riding horses is an outdoor activity in which one usually would engage for 2 or 3 hours, although treks across country might take longer. Great exertion is not required to ride a horse for a brief period, although moderate physical exertion certainly is required. One may mount and ride with little steed. skill or one may possess considerable skill in handling the IFurthermore, by varying the animal, the terrain on which one rides, and the time involved, one may continuously create new challenges to improve horseback riding skills. In general, however, the basic skills required for proper control and manipulation of the animal as well as the physical re- sponses necessary on the part of the rider in order to make the activity enjoyable, are minimal and once acquired, may be elaborated upon without undue effort. Status achievement through participation perhaps is high in urban areas, particularly among middle and upper class groups. In rural America, on the other hand, status may be achieved through possession of unusually fine animals, through skill- ful performance, or related activities, rather than merely from horseback riding itself. A variety of motives may be served by riding. One may ride primarily because the exer- cise gained is within one's capacity without overtaxing one 's strength. Another motive may be love of animals; the pleas- ure of attaining coordination of movement between rider and horse creates an affinity between man and beast. Where one rides in a group with others, sociability cannot be minimized, for such undoubtedly is a strong motive for many occasions. A desire for new experience motivates horseback riding oc- casions which take one over new terrain or into unfamiliar areas. Horseback riding, also, may be a means for sightsee- ing, picnicking, hunting, and related activities. Source: National Recreation Surve (Washington, D. 0.: United States Governmen rinting Office, 1962), Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission Report No. 19. C21 (0 (0 APPENDIX G CONDENSATION OF MICHIGAN LAWS PERTAINING TO RECREATIONAL LAND ACQUISITION Cities and Villages Constitutional Provisions Respecting Parks Any city or village may acquire, own, establish, and main- tain, either within or without its corporate limits, parks, boulevards, . . . and all works which involve the public health or safety (Constitution, art. VIII, sec. 200). Tax Delinquent Lands Deeded to Municipality Whenever any lands are delinquent for taxes and have been bid off to the State one or more times by reason of the de- linquency, the title to the State is to be deemed to be ab- solute in and to the lands. Any such lands, whether occupied or unoccupied, located within the corporate limits of any city or village having a population of 1,000 or more must, upon request of the governi body of the city or village, be transferred to it (ch. 53%. Home Rule Citieg Parks, Recreation Grounds, etc. Permissible Charter Provisions Each such city may in its charter provide for the acquisition by purchase, gift, condemnation, lease, construction, or otherwise, either within or without its corporate lhnits, and either within or without the limits of the county in which it is located, of necessary lands for boulevards, parks, recreation grounds, municipal camps, public grounds, zoolog- ical gardens, museums, public works, and public buildings of all kinds, and for the costs and expenses of the same (ch.49). Bpstriction on Sale of Parks No such city may sell any park or any part thereof, or any prOperty bordering on a waterfront, or vacate any public place leading to a waterfront, unless approved by three-fifths of the electors voting thereon (Ibid. ). 530 Cities of the Fourth Class Classified Cities containing a population not exceeding 10,000 are cities of the fourth class. All incorporated villages in which a county seat is located may be incorporated as cities of the fourth class without respect to their p0pu1ation (chs. 48 and 49 0 Parks Authority Any such city may acquire, purchase, apprOpriate, and own such real estate as may be necessary for public grounds, parks, buildings, and other purposes necessary or convenient for the public good, and for the execution of powers confer- red. The council may lay out, establish, and enlarge, or vacate and discontinue, public grounds and parks within the city; improve, light, and ornament the same; regulate the care thereof, and protect the same and the appurtenances thereof from destruction, encroachments, and injury, and from all nuisances (ch. 48). Cities; Villages; Countiep; Townships; School Districts Public Recreation System Powers of Municipality Any city, village, county, or township may Operate a system of public recreation and playgrounds; acquire, equip, and maintain land, buildings, or other recreational facilities; employ a superintendent of recreation and assistants; vote and expend funds for the Operation of such system (ch. 55). Forests Apthority Any such municipality or school district may acquire by pur- chase, gift, or devise, or may provide lands already in its possession, and use the lands for forestry purposes, either within or without its territorial limits, and may carry on forestry on the lands. Gifts of money or personalty may also be received and expended or held in trust for forestry pur- poses (ch. 98 1/2). 351 Cities, Village§,Counties, and Township; Appropriations to State-owned Parks The legislative body of each county, city, village, and town- ship may apprOpriate out of its general or contingent funds such sum or sums of money as it may deem advisable for the purpose of contributing toward the support, maintenance, up- keep, and improvement of any State-owned park or zoological gardens or grounds. The contributions are to be made to the state conservation commission and must be devoted exclusively to the purposes for which given (ch. 104). Joint Maintenance; Transfers The State conservation commission may enter into contracts with any county, city, village, or township, or any number of such jointly, for the support, maintenance, upkeep, and improvement of State parks. Each such municipality may enter into such contracts. Any municipality may transfer the care and control of any open spaces owned or controlled by it to the State conservation commission upon such terms and for such periods as may be mutually agreed upon, or may enter preservation of cpen spaces within or adjacent to such munic- ipality. The commission may in like manner transfer the care into an agreement with such commission for the joint care or and control of any Open spaces controlled by it to any local municipality (Ibid.). Acceptance of Gifts Any city, village, township, or other municipal corporation may receive, own, and enjoy any gift of real or personal prOperty made by grant, devise, or bequest or in any other manner for public parks and other public purposes, whether made directly or in trust, subject to such conditions, limitations, and requirements as may be provided in the grant, devise,bequest, or other instrument. No gift is in- valid because of any informality in the instrument evidenc- ing the gift if the intent can be determined therefrom, nor by reason of its contravening any statute or rule against perpetuities (ch. 56). Villages Incorporation: Population and Area Any part of a township or townships no included in any incorporated village, containing an area of not less than three-fourths of a square mile, and a resident popula- tion of not less than 250 persons, may be incorporated as a village. Inthe upper peninsula an area of less than three- fourths of a square mile may be so incorporated (ch. 47). Parks Acquisition and Sale Any village may purchase, appropriate, and own such real es- tate as may be necessary for public grounds, parks, and other purposes necessary or convenient for the public good. Such grounds may be sold at public sale, or leased, as occasion may require. However, no public parks may be sold without the consent of a majority of the village electors (Ibid.) Eminent domain Private prOperty may be taken and apprOpriated within the village for public grounds, parks, and spaces, and for other lawful and necessary public uses (Ibid. ). Townships Parks Acquisition Plan; Referendum Any plan for the securing of a park or resort must fully set forth the premises which it is intended to occupy, and spec- ify the sum which each township will annually raise by tax for the maintenance and support, which may not be less than one-tenth of a mill or more than 5 mills on the respective valuations of each township. The proposition must be sub- mitted to the electors of each township, and if adopted by a majority vote constitutes a binding contract on each town- ship (Ibid.) Park Commission Acquisition of Land; Purposes The commission may acquire, maintain, manage, and control township parks and places of recreation, including bathing beaches, and may condemn land for such purposes; may accept gifts, grants, and devises of land suitable for parks and places of recreation, also gifts and bequests of money, such money to be held in trust and used for the acquisition and improvement of land suitable for park and recreation pur- poses (Ibid.). Counties Parks; Zoological Gardens Tax for Acguisition, Maintenance, etc. For the purpose of purchasing or condemning prOperty for C :3 (fl (fl parks or gardens, or for improving and maintaining the same, and for contributing toward the maintenance of similar prep- erties owned or held in trust by townships, cities, villages, or adjoining counties, or if used for the benefit of the public, the board of supervisors may raise by tax on the property within the county subject to taxation for county purposes such sum as it may deem needful, but not exceeding in any one year one-quarter of one mill on the assessed valua- tion of the county. In counties having an assessed valuation of less than $8,000,000 the sum raised by tax may not exceed $2,000 (Ibid.). Source: Digest ofILaws Relating to Local Parks and Recrea- tion as of January_2, 1940 ‘IWashington,D. 0.: United States Government Printing Office, 1941), 554 pp. Ilt‘ '. \III. Alli i4l3yl 354 APPENDIX H PRELIMINARY SUGGESTED MICHIGAN TRAIL BASEMENT FORM E A S E M E N T KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESE’TS, That and for and in consideration of the sum offillOO to them in hand paid, here- by grant to the MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION, Lansing, Michigan, a limited right-of-way easement for the use and benefit of the public, such easement to be for the use of horses, riders and pedestrians only, to be 16 feet in width, across the following described premises situated in the Township of County of , State of Mich- igan, to-wit: This right-of-way is to connect with other similar rights-of- way across public and private lands to the end that a bridle trail for use of horses, riders and pedestrians may be estab- lished through various townships and counties in Michigan. Consistent with this purpose, the grantors for themselves and their heirs and assigns, reserve the right to locate and re- locate said right-of-way from time to time across said above- described premises so that it will constitute the least inter- ference with grantors use of said premises and still connect with the established trails at both ends. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, The parties hereto have hereunto set their hands and seals this day of , 19__. In the presence of: . STATE ‘OFCMICHIGAN ) as , COUNTY‘OF On this yof" l9 _, before me, a Notary Pbblic in and dfor saidCounty personally appeared and to me known to be the same persons described in and who executed the within Easement, who acknowledged the same to be their free act My Commission expires: Notary Pfiinc County, Michigan Source: Michigan Department of Conservation as drawn up by Mr. Fitch R. Williams, Traverse City, Michigan. (a Ca 01 APPENDIX I WISCONSIN CONSERVATION EASEMENT—- TRAILS, ROADS, ACCESS WAYS THIS INDENTURE made this day of 19 , by and between and ~ , his WITe, of County, Wisconsin, Grantor and—the State of Wisconsin (Conservation Commission, Grantee. WHEREAS, the Grantor the owner in fee simple of certain real estbbe which is in, near to, or adjacent to a Wisconsin Conservation Department project area now known as -, and located in County, Wisconsin, and WHEREAS, the Grantee, through its State Conservation Commis- sion, desires to construct a public rods wide, on, over and across the lands of the—Grantor , NOW, THEREFORE WITNESSETH: For and in consideration of the sum of S paid by the Grantee to the Grantor , receipt wEereOf is hereby acknowledged, and in consideration of the covenants hereinafter contained, the Grantor hereby agree to sell, transfer, grant, and convey to the Grantee, upon acceptance by said Grantee, an easement and right in perpetu- ity to construct, operate and maintain a public on, over and across the following described reaIIestate, which acceptance must be made by the Grantee within months from the date hereof: the location of said right of way is shown on Exhibit "A“ attached, hereto, and made a part hereof. (l) The price to be paid to Grantor _by Grantee for such easement is S (2) All stumps, slash and other debris resulting from the clearing of the right of way will be disposed of by the Grantee by burning or otherwise, according to law. (3) All trees having a commercial value, including fire- wood, will be cut in standard lengths and piled con- veniently by the Grantee, for disposal by sale or otherwise by the Grantor . (4) The Grantee shall have the right: (a) To post such signs and posters along said lands as are deemed necessary and suitable to delineate the above lands and locate them for public use, and (b) To make such improvements and installations as are necessary, convenient and incidental to the 336 full enjoyment and use of the rights and priv- ileges granted by this easement. The Grantee agrees to assist the Grantor in co: recting any conditions which are detrimentel to the Grantor resulting from such use, within six months following receipt of a written request for such assistance made to it by the Grantor , within six months from the time the alleged damage occurred. The Grantor further agree_ to release the Grantee from any claims of damage which may arise as a result of floods and flash floods on the lands described on the previous page. To have and to hold the said easement hereby granted, unto the Grantee forever. A covenant is hereby made with the State of Wisconsin that the Grantor hold the premises described on the previous page included In the "restricted area" by good and perfect title; having good right and lawful authority to sell and convey the same; that the premises are free and clear from all liens and encumbrances whatsoever except as herein- after set forth. The Grantor _, for themselves, their heirs, executors, ad- ministrators, grantees, successors, and assigns, further covenant and agree that they will neither lease nor convey any other easement in any way affecting said "restricted area" without first securing the written permission of the State Conservation Commission of Wisconsin or its successor or successors. And ,_being the owner__and holder -of ‘certain lien whibh is TV (Insert detail concerning liefii against said premises, do _hereby join in and consent to said conveyance free of said lien. Source: William H. Whyte, Jr., Open Space Action: A Report to the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commis- sion (Washington, D. 0.: United States Government Printing Office, 1962), 119 pp. 337 A PPENDIX J THE TRAIL--A DESCRIPTION BY ENOS MILLS The trail is as old as the hills. In every wild corner of the world it is the dim romantic highway through '"No Man's Land." Ever intimate with.the forest and stream, this adventurous and primitive way has an endless variety. Its scenes shift and its vistas change.' It has the aroma of the wilderness. It always leads to a definite place over a crooked and alluring way. With eager haste it may go straight to some poetic point, but usually it winds with many a delight- ful delay. I think of it as watching the white cascades, listening to the echoes, delaying by the lonely shore, spend— ing hours in the forest primeval, leisurely crossing the grassy, sun-filled glades, skirting the time-stained crags and varnishing into the heights, looking down into the valley, and tarrying where artists would linger. Somewhere it leads to a lake. At the primitive beaver house it takes a look as it crosses the expanded brook upon the beaver dam. A fallen tree gives it a way across the river. In a gorge it hears the ouzel from the rocks pour forth his melody-~joyous notes of happy, liquid song. It crosses a moraine to examine the useful debris that the Ice King formed while he was sculpturing the moun- tains and giving lines to the landscape. Clouds bound its realm with floating shadows. It passes a picturesque old landmark, a pine of a thousand years. In this one spot the ancient pine has stood, an observing spectator, while the seasons and the centuries flowed along. His autobiography is rich in weather lore, full of adventures, and filled with thrilling escapes from fires, lightening, and landslides. During his thousand years, strange travelers and processions have passed along. He often saw victor and victim and the endless drama of the wilderness. The trail is followed by wild life, and along it the wild flowers fill the wild gardens. It has the spirit of the primal outdoors. It extends away ever to the golden age. Many a night this way across the earth is as thick with fire- flies as the great Milky Way across the sky with stars. The moon, the white aspens, and the dark spruces pile it with romantic shades, and on a sunny day it is often touched by the fleeting shadow of an eagle in the sky. This old acquaintance would have you carry your own pack, and, like your best friend, expects your best on every occasion. The trail compels you to know yourself and to be 538 yourself, and puts you in harmony with the universe. It makes you glad to be living. It gives health, hope, and courage, and it extends that touch of nature which tends to make you kind. This heroic way conducted out ancestors across the ages. It should be preserved. It has for us the inspira- tion of the ages. A dim trail led our wandering primeval ancestors out from the twilight. It was a trail ever winding, shadowy, and broken, but ever under the open sky and ever from "yesterday's seven thousand years." It had its beginning in the walks of beasts that prowled the solemn primeval forests. Over it our half-lost ancestors painfully advanced. A fallen tree was their first bridge and a floating log their first boat. They wondered at the strange alternating day and night at which.we still wonder. With joy they watched the shining dawn, and with fear and dread they saw the dusk of dying day. They learned the endless procession of seasons. The mysterious movements of wind and water aroused their curiosity, and with childlike interest they followed the soft and silent movements of the clouds. The wide and starry sky appealed strangely, strongly, to their imagination, and in this luminous field of space their fancy found a local habitation and a name for the thousand earthlyfears and factors of their lives. They dared the prairie, climbed the hills, but long kept close to the forest. After hard and fearful ages-~after "A million years and a day"--the camp-fire came at last. This fragment of the Immortal Sun conquered the cold and the night, and misery and dread gave way to comfort and hOpe. No more the aspen treme bled. It became a dancing youth, while the strange, invisible echo was a merry hiding child. The fireflies changed to fairies, and Pan commenced to pipe the elemental melody of the Wild 0 Nature ever showed her pictures and interested her children in fairylands. Winter, cold and leafless; spring, full of song and promise; the generous wealth of summer; and autumn with its harvest of color, came and disappeared, and came again through all the mysterious years. Lightning, the echo, with roar and whisper of the viewless air, the white and lonely moon, the strange elipse, the brilliant and fleet- ing rainbow,--Nature's irised silken banner,--the mystery of. death, these seeds of thought bloomed into the fanciful, beautiful myths and legends that we know. Once, like a web of Joy, trails overspread all the wild gardens of the earth. The long trail is gone, and most others are out to pieces and ruined. The few broken remnants are but little used. ' 339 The traveler who forgets or loses the trail will lose his way, or miss the best of life. The trail is the directest approach to the fountain of life, and this immortal 'way delays age and commands youth to linger. While you delay along the trail, Father Time pauses to lean upon his scythe. The trail wanders away from the fever and the fret, and leads to where the Red Gods call. This wonderful way must not be buried and forgotten. Source: Enos A. Mills, YOur National Parks (Boston and New Ybrk: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1917), pp. 451- 453. 540 APPENDIX K THE APPALACHIAN TRAILWAY AGREEMENT The Appalachian Trailway Agreement is the basic and controlling policy with respect to the Trail in the Federally- owned lands. The agreement with the States, to which all except Maine have adhered, differs in that the area is one-fourth mile on each side of the Trail. This limitation arises out of the limited area of the reservations in State ownership, which make the width in the Federal area, one mile, unwork- able on the State-owned lands. The Federal Appalachian Trailway Agreement follows: MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT between THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE and THE UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE for the Promotion of THE APPALACHIAN TRAILWAY WHEREAS, The Appalachian Trail is recognized as a regional project involving specialized forms of recreational land use; and WHEREAS, Certain portions of the Trail traverse pub- lic lands under the separate jurisdictions of the National Park Service and the United States Forest Service; and WHEREAS, The Federal Government is committed to the policy of fostering and promoting recreation in the public interest; and WHEREAS, It is the desire of the respective Services to cooperate with the Appalachian Trail Conference and with the States through which the Trail passes in its protection and perpetuation; NOW, THEREFORE, The National Park Service and the United States Forest Service do hereby mutually agree to carry out the following program, looking towards the creation of the Appalachian Trailway, insofar as consistent with their established policies, and subject to appropriate authority under Acts of Congress and the availability of funds therefor: 341 I To designate a zone extending for a minimum width of one mile on each side of those portions of The Appalachian Trail which pass through areas under their separate juris- diction, except in those localities where it descends into the main valleys, within which zone there will be constructed no new paralleling routes for the passage of motorized trans- portation and no developments which in the judgment of the administering agency are incompatible with the existence of said zone: Provided, that this agreement shall not be con- strued to affect the location of the Blue Ridge Parkway; Provided, further, that this shall not prevent logging and the construction of logging roads not open to the general public where the trail crosses areas under management for the production of timber; Provided, further, that within 200 feet of the trail no cutting primarily for timber pro- duction will take place. II To relocate wherever desirable and as rapidly as the agencies administering the land have available funds which can be devoted to these purposes and are not necessary for work of higher priority, and after agreement with the Appa- lachian Trail Conference, those portions of The Appalachian Trail which lie within one mile of paralleling routes for the passage of motorized transportation. III To maintain as well as available funds permit all other portions of The Appalachian Trail which pass through areas under their separate jurisdictions. IV To develOp and maintain campsites with simple fire- place, water, sanitation and in most cases lean-to or other simple shelter facilities along or near the route of The Appalachian Trail wherever it passes through areas under their separate jurisdictions, and to locate such facilities so that they will not be more than a comfortable day's journey apart. ‘ V To cooperate with the several States and their polit- ical subdivisions in the gradual extension of public holdings along the general route of The Appalachian Trail, wherever the most justifiable forms of land use indicate such acquisi- tion to be desirable, and as rapidly as the agencies adminis- tering the land have available funds which can be devoted to these purposes and are not necessary for work of higher pri- ority. VI To encourage the acquisition of scenic easements along The Appalachian Trail or land use regulation through rural zoning, whichever appears to be the more feasible and economical means of protecting the scenic values of those portions of the Trailway which are not in public ownership. 342 VII It is understood and agreed that this understanding may be terminated or modified in whole or in part upon six months' advance notice in writing given by either party hereto to the other. Signed this 15th day of October, 1968. By Arno B. Cammerer, Director, National Park Service. By C. L. Forsling, Acting Chief, U.S. Forest Service. Source: The Appalachian Trail_(6th ed.), Publication No. 5 Twashihgton, D.C.: The Appalachian Trail Conference, January, 1950), pp. 39-40. LAKE DISTRICT Carnwall North .Coast Pam / \fl PEM fembrokesmrc Coastal Path . ‘, Nam ‘ 7' ‘1‘5NQVIDONI,’ NORTHUMBERLANDI COAST Qv Newcosfle, I upon Tyne LiverpoolO g A :OHa's Dyke CANNQI’ZI I CHA‘JL 7% r4~w~.- ‘\ . .w » RORESI—IIRE 0) Somerset and North Devon Coast . L O O .. . ;' MAL‘JERN a 1’3 },;. LS I?) a: ' - f "' ’\ _Np-w-w.‘ % t. ii... \a 0. d) Cordiff OBristol Path QUANTOCK HILLS I NATIONAL PARKS AREAS OF OUTSTANDING NATURAL BEAUTY M's-pm c I J W LONG DISTANCE ROUTES NORTH YORK MOORS no. I 4" ‘ ‘x ' . \1 (a \J L/‘J V" I': YORKSHIRE .. DALES -./ 0 Leeds 0 H . U PEAK DISTRICT MonohesterO 1 ' ~ ‘A f . Sheffield .- -M- -, . ...—~— ._._—...“ EAST Portsmouth “GSA NORTH DEVON ,4 .fi / KM DARTMOOR ,',1/ -/ I‘-A.\ O. o . ,” 76*» . J ° / ? I . , . - ” Devon South Coast Path OP~NWALI{‘FlymPU'h/\n "JG Qn .. p I *’ . l/Vr')’. I" 1 ' . % | . 'f/g" SOUTH Z DEVON h P" MILES O 20 4O 60 I l L . .__‘ ' ' Cornwall South Coast 1. THE NATIONAL P ARKS, AREAS OF OUTSTANDING NATURAL BEAUTY AN D APPROVED LONG DISTANCE ROUTES Ar SEPTEM BER 30, 1962 -.yv ”_:_” ' County Wm ‘ RIDING a. HIKING TRAILS ‘ —v . , ' um I...” r [W T H .. —w.nanqsosmm it"! ' i 3’ . “I“ m _:_:- u a. mu '5'. .; cam, —— sun may ._._... III-smut ' . ...-n.— warn-omens f, '50:. ass-.- muons I. lumen-«mum 99.. ......“ "RI/”Q“ ‘\. . . L :3:::.:::'“"Wi I-w“ ‘ 3‘ mun. Sum J’Iam Candi“ RIDING a. HIKING TRAILS \\ 1/ ' we! ‘ Q I , \‘ FI— 4‘9“ 1 " runs our. sun no s mo Ins . _ mm roam m \ .- U. I. MA? "A" M" mu s can ammo some a was must now: vow mam (now In mm um um nus m mt as m sum can cm f'I neon scan. 9.- W ; . ...ls;.‘t-O. “g ‘ X Pan Somali» csofm A mun I .m;:s:: '° W i count W RIDING a. HIKING TRAILS H L — our. sun was a mono m __ mm m m c:— U. 3. WAY _— STA'! MAV ——~ — mm a. cam ---== wavesomsmu - m mews uses mmAnoNsIasoww-wa) 6 watts mm: U nus sum 81A. on m nation A as». W “murmurs“- S", 0’ \l 7}, quasi: Mm. El. 4878 /{‘f Iron an.‘ TO VENTURA 8 SANTA BARBARA (UM. Contraction) IL” «7 o 2 Y W TO SAN FERNANDO TO SAUGUS RAVENNA \. EI. 5632 ”If P asadcnm’ 111/] Creek ._. \ MIH Creek Summit :\l I) 7m \04: Granite Mm. 31;: n. 6597 1’ I \Paclfico Mm V MI. HIIIyer EI. 6I44 CHILAo GUARI5” ‘ A E 6 3 "3. O -R 8 f ,e-P’C BUCKHORN \\GUARD II: . STA. ,“ I Wefsrmsn\n\1m. (I sass \' Dev": Canyon \ g ”’4 \ \ Bear Canyon \ \, I WIId Am _ / / MI. 3 P 3".- Q T., (( ’M“ M “My Pack II. nu SAN GABRIEL RES. - x‘oo \II ‘3 Mr. lewIs II use 7"?» ll,’ :84»: \ 5.0 ' ’III‘ MI. Hawklns (I. u]. Pfifi\ ‘Il, ’ - ..v M9. Williamson II. 82 H A) \l/ MI. PALMDALE RES. TO GORMAN ‘ 8. BAKERSFIELD .I Q FAIRMONT PALMDALE 9‘ VALYERMO RANGER STA. VALYERMO P.O, BIG PINES REC. AREA R‘ . C6 «6“ CHARGE IN STATE PARKS «o ' ‘ f‘ Automobiles . 3:33 25:23:19“ 0 . . ‘ 39 Horse TraIIers. . . 5:13.323,wa l/”/ 60:" Luggage Trailers . . 335,3“213331‘? ' FAIRMONT' ' I.” There, 25¢ per day . . . rm; .I. so“... Trucks . . . . 24km“: d1: I... 5” \\ 4 37.1 \ . ' ~'"{ ‘JKEY L’“ ' l TO LANCASTER 8: MOJAVE ‘ Taxi dnfeIe/i 001ml? RIDING 8. HIRING TRAILS —— NAT’L FOREST BOUNDARY m U. S. HIGHWAY a. / STATE HIGHWAY —- % RIVERS 8. CREEKS ._._—._— ___-..- UNPAVED ROADS & TRAILS ’ MILEAGE ARROWS x6000 SPOT ELEVATIONS (ABOVE SEA LEVEL) ® WATER AVAILABLE v USES. GUARD STA. 0R RANGER STATION A U.S.F.S. CAMPGROUND 4 3%??1 SCALE IN MILES .m TO VICTORVILLE I /‘ :J 3 PROPOSED TRAIL 5 ROUTE ‘ I I v—- "m—a‘_—\. I ‘I I A CONTINUOUS SYSTEM Since utility easements are continuous over large expanses OI the valley floor, their role as connectors goes beyond community lines. Greenways can lead from the imme- diate neighborhood to foothill parks rim- ming the valley, and tO valley floor parks in the heart of the urban area. Along with streamside park chains, Greenways serve as important linkages in the metropolitan 'area's Open space system. 52:33: POWER LINES ,y‘ -. 5:} Km WATERWAYS — - — streams flood control channels, water conservation canals and percolation ponds. HETCH-HETCHY WATER LINE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT GREENWAYS Do Greenways take the place of neighborhood parks? NO, they are intended as connectors which would supplement the park system, However, in neighborhoods which are already built up without parks, they might serve as a partial substitute. Who would maintain the Greenways, once they are developed? They could be most efTi- ciently and inexpensively maintained by a city's park department, where they are within city limits. Maintenance by a neighborhood association or by a special district created for the purpose is also possible. Who would police the Greenways? A city police department, or the County Sheriff it the area is unin- ' corporated, would palice Greenways just as they do parks and other public places. I Who will insure the Greenways against public liability suits which might arise in connection with their use? The Pacific Gas and Electric Company will continue the insurance they presently carry on their installations. Cities can Obtain an insurance rider tO their present parks and recreation liability insurance at a negligible price. .. . How will abutting property owners be affected? When the Greenways are developed, abutting prop- erty owners will benefit by an increase in the resale value Of their property. One reSIdential appraiser has estimated that this increase would amount to from $750 to $l,000. Published by County of Santa Clara Planning Department, July, I961. t - .Wn.-w”uu~,u.vv—~i~ ...v..." --.-»rg...’ A--. -» .....- A. . l sen “pmncisco ba f‘ ""-*<- _— W... KS WWW ;‘~-'_ ~‘ ___—A ... \lason ‘ \ . o. “\‘5‘. \ figflfi f: muggy” D \ \ \‘. I "“ a ——to Santa ter-e55 Per'w“ ‘ *9 N e .~a ' r .. . 31m,” ~‘- . ...-o . I‘rrl”) I I ’0’. _ , ._ I) u ‘ - _,' ’ HM, ‘at’tip . _ m 1kg”) ‘ \ «,ufcf‘whm. N3” .‘2 5‘25“ ' ':o".f-' 13' I ’.' v . 'e" “'u " , v 0 . as“ 40‘ fGENESEE MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION OAKLAND COUNTY scALE m MILES 8 Q A R: 2 I’let'Dr L ‘ L 3&1?sz ”A" P NEWARK / 'I ‘ “y. I I m LVN/rod“ 1 $5: I; aircur.‘ . kl'O Alt/0 I; ~ mzzlncu 0:3 I , (MM, guru/"r _ . . t L l l l v!“- h“ '/‘, * Viummr 045%" TWQIJ AREA :xHOLLV ERECREATIJ ULI .- nurrnnn 2‘15"“ LIB-LY (,2: ; Ml/Nvaofil €95 BASEMAP BY MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT é GENESEE LEGEND ROADS UNIMPROVED ROAD CRADED AND DRAINED ROAD SOIL SURFACEO ROAD GRAVEL OR SIMILAR ROAD 12:33 2:33:13: 22:23: BITUMIWUS SURFACEO ROAD “2":- _ PAVEO ROAD DIVIOED HIGHWAY DlVlDED HIGHWAY WITH RONTAGE ROAD 3A4 sum. L 11" I l ‘ l4 7: Q . JKELLYI ; h . ROAD SYSTEM DESIGNATION TAN. INTERSTATE NiCRMAY UNITED STATES NICNwAY EB STATE HIGHWAY BUSINESS LOORE Eh . BUSINESS ROU [Ll/A AWA WWI BUSINESS SPUR BS “55 01),":5 AIRPORTS 0:52;? 43;. mm A , rum} FlELO'UmIS WW6) If :. .‘~ MILITARY FIELD (SOME FAClLITIES 0 AVAILABLE) A)RP0RT,C0NPLETE FACILITIES C} . . . . (COMMERCIAL OR MUNICIPAL) I .5- , lwgfis.‘.£ L‘.‘ AIRFIELD LIMITED FACILITIES O 6“, ESEVEII HAIRBORS Tic—j We“ (INCLUDING PRlVgTE AIRFIELDS) . " 4*” pu . DdoP Sm" _, RNLRMDS . . V- ER Q-;-;,,,a' , -_2 >334: , I 83G ‘ , EONTIAC LAKE RAILROAD (ANY NUMBER TRACKS) ‘ 5571”} 5* a 'L ' USED BY SINGLE OPERATlNG COMPANY 4L. 3 (1193009 9 $6: 1’ IR'ZCREATIQH ARE RAILROAD (ANY NUMBER TRACKS) .2._,°.§_ . N , q °, @ ”a Prrn- _, (P New .1“ “:39 , USED BY ME THAN W MRATIM w TODD , LLOL'Ufi: . “I “If,- " . “ivf ‘ __ ”min-Hr: ._ . "cfil —_' COMPANY ON SAME OR AOLACENT “m m E“, W? mm. g7 c L \t 1/ 53:. .1: ,1 RIGHTS OF WAY (NOT TRACKAGE RIGHTS) I; 5x ”“3“” , ,, , ., ,2 z ., :_ W ' ’5'“ “' 2 .0 .. ..._ , _ 2 ' fl , ‘ , . (L ‘5 I I. . avg/K Hm RAILROAD STATION ' H+ I: '7 '-1 -. ~ ‘. '2 2 ' ~ ’ Q" I} PM." " d a '3')“:- . _ my: I A- '. ‘ RAILROAD ABOVE ROAD ~—;,—~— T I ..-=~_.~. ? ‘ _ _- '~ , _MLWE. QC; E RAILROAD BELOM ROAD *‘IIII—t— '3" li"”"”'”‘"""’"’” " ' i i . " .. RMROAO TUNNEL “*3!“- E 7r. n T 2 1'." :43 r x I ,‘ 1 . ‘ .. w A 5 1 u \ HlGHWAY BRIDGES : ”£5me v; ‘20 IO MET LEN”) To nowEu$ A i r - JH‘M ""--~r -- - -tt I GENERAL # . g ' ‘Nfl‘ “ - \ _._. g 5; “WWW I 2*: H30 a. I 29 L i }\3-: 9“ , [AW I g ‘5: 39 zoom LENGTH on MRI 0 K i \\ OXBOV , L 30 i .‘ GE~E RAL 2351*: 31:: m+7rif¥uarxun '1' ii ‘ DRAWBRIDGE =No¢r= W, E f 2: A SUSPENSION fl 3) E 32 L En l T X ‘E It? ' \ , is. L 1 W 2R): ._ .. , ‘ .. ' » L «'5. TRUSS OR ORDER :34: n 4-. “WW” 1 K ' - ‘ ‘ I ~ "‘5‘.“ l “T: UL) In.) 2 ,, l i T '- ‘T F ‘I I I I. .2 A'. BILL ‘ - “(w x “ 614 A $3“§FATE I HIGHWAY GRADE SEPARATION —9|I— . X s I . u. .. .. '2 3‘3 ”\ji‘w ~ ‘~ Sr... .. . , \ ~< , «I , » n. O i/‘--:~;»., , {RECREATION L [I ,. s “1*“ z ‘ r, )NTERCHANGE SHOWING RANPS 4} / I gna,‘ n_ _ _ A" my! II “”3”er ,3 TIQ . .s , , - J :.. ‘couTiERCE 1: / 'i I q° I ”is: :95 r‘ PMLLIP f I'. . .iMlLFORD,‘ LAKE ‘ ‘ f ",0. W +ufis . N ”L DRAINAGE v E . 00, ‘l ' "0° '92“ a ,w-v'w a ‘ E" I...“ . A 9 ' i I , v . ”ARRW STREAM m |Plcxfrr L I _F‘rm“ F'A.._.; I m0 7 ‘ ,A .0 '1 . , 1 , I . - . ‘QQ n;70'g; “QT“! WIDE STREAM (OVER 250FT) “:5; 3 ‘" 1 - ..~ ‘ . L g . . ._, STOW 1,}? Li :3 _ . E '_ NAVIGATION ‘ greased. ‘ ‘ " l , 1"; I — 1 FREE FERRY - :Mt: E. ETLOIOMEI I . ,1" .. 2 TOLL FERRY =I1fb ; a , ‘ 'L;r;r "Arm-1.2;; n * ‘ P NO\33; -0“. DAMS . In.“ , , , .. b2“... u; lM/HD-{E RSTtg‘XCE" fax" ,5: .1: ’6: ‘ ( u - - , - » A‘ ..fl-‘l'nfl' PL ’1 I"? 1"“ 1/ DAN wiTN ROAD _.,_—*L- f- 1 ' , i L - - ., ' $1.; ”W ” éfiWDLVE RINE LAKE), R 2: - DAM wiriiour ROAD Ail ' 2;. L HZ . , L: Li “W“ ” 944” w v ,i/fini. . , 1 v, ~ I: 7‘ , a/I (Wknnfi 1‘an 9? E ‘z '5 ‘ 1 T , \ - 3‘ ‘fi‘_ : J ”LIAM A [ BOUNDARIES #(“Anl a” S! bf? l'a‘ .. '1) ‘ ‘ ,[ NATIONAL WON" —'-— . n ”A": : Eng: ' 3C E .9 i STATE BOUNDARY ---— [ ...:L g: \i 331 ii .2 - , 11;: . COUNTY BWNOARY —-—- wwnnrr€nfiflnrgalzrln*§ of. 'nhnnsz' .‘ 1,; . V r _ ‘ CIVIL TOWNSHIP BOUNDARY -..--. \ .-, 2| '4 ...: - _L .. N, s 1 TOWNSHIP BOUNDARY . I ' -- . - . . ~. L2 ,6 I; L 5: L- SECTION LINE -—-—— . ”E 2 Z- ; L1 ~~~~~ iL‘nr-r-ri ' ‘ ' I r CITY AND VILLAGE : 4w qwh amt—TY: l i I STATE CAPITAL @ L. . .. L, 5 : 5 I COUNTY SEAT © 1.“ I F A ER M E (NLNCDRPORATED COMMUNITIES P 0.1 , Q: ,ggfini'sfigfinafnanrér (NOORPORATED CITY OR VILLAGE ii 7 E s I L- -J 2 i E E CONSERVATION LEGEND \V 3"“‘5" E ""1" STATE LANUS XLJICATEO FOR STATE t . «‘u' n a L FOREST PARKS AND OTHER PUBLIC ‘3 it" 'm‘g': ‘ R ‘; CONSER'JATI CN USES .. \\ .\i i ,5 FEDERAL COVFPNNEN. LANDS IN 155;. "'N' _\' R“ ’ ‘"“"’“’”E NATONAL FORESTS :--~~‘~-.:( ‘ “R”: '9 L 2 E _ ‘ 4.: R VR,’ E L bOUNCAPLES, STATE AND NATIONAL O , Ix : . E J ~ PROJECTS _ ’_ ‘\ C E II -‘ CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT UNITS _ a o ’2‘ 1; ‘E‘ CE. I 2 T " (,6 l PUBLIC FIsNiNO SITES _ 4’” . I: I L\ w > g t 1‘. f E ‘ : M l IPA AN” AD (DE PARKS .R — - .‘ ‘ L UNC L URO S _1 n . %‘¢;n? A M&lfififlffik‘l 5mg AND NAT)ONAL FOREST CAMP A " : L , | ’ .: 'l E FARMINGT GROUNDS ... 3, 35 3E _:é E p.17-.. firm“; \ I :E J; 3‘ j: .a L, | \_ . i r‘ \\J A A: is, a I .1 ‘ ‘1 “i: ’1'“: MLDLIFE FLOOulNG g WY R 5 M E «1‘ I; i; It «A -.~ mm H I n f\q I , (TEIS THE POLICY iii $15;ng ASRTEAIE Laos l 1 NORTHVILLE CITY .N STAT OR NATIONAL J R75, - , , .w FURTHER (NFORNATLON INQUIRE LANDS DIVISION, . WASHTENAW CO I WAYNE ”A; 5‘ DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION, LANSING 26, men. as «o i M I ‘ r" -" V V ‘ V‘- _.,_ "(V v- 7 7‘ W- *- r V 7" w! w v- ». r“ w I, "K ..a. ,. F' 'P'l -. w . mrflgv m ‘ 'V" .*‘ V? 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