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L. \ L L4,” 3‘ II PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. r TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due. mué DATE DUE DATE DUE MSU Is An Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution on "‘ Cr-‘VTT‘ " you...» thug “:1 IL DILLD HEWILIQG m”*""(‘ r.‘ ' its-:4“ U Submitted to the Faculty of the wicnigen Ftate College in prrtiel fulfillment Of the requirements for tfie CGJPOG of Zester of Science 5V Glenn Werner ggadt September 8, 1926 THESIS W .... r ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ 1 :1 ""\ r I l 1513‘ L l ' r l ' - , __3_4i',, [-4 \4 , Uu_\ ...¢..u.. .LLJ History of Bird Bending :3 «.f *7 .2 .- . “r n .—) {kl LankLlil“) at J\L. S. U. I,“ J. Establighment and Operation of otation flap of Area of Ogerations Location 21d Indivig"al Records of Trays Method of neroriin; Data Records of Indivifiunls and Cdecies Juncos Conclusions Son; soprrows Conclusions White-throated sparrows Conclusions Unitt-crowned sparrows Conclugions Renargs on aboye four rgecies 4 "J 'eld sunrrows Fox sparrows Vesper Sjnrrow Chipping S'mrrow Lincoln's Soarrow C 110 w i n}: Black-Cpoocd chicfpflee Tufted titnouse White-breasted nutnptcn Pine finch White-MinJed crossbill Aiericnn croacbill 94316 [2 aJ-Ejj a4-56 E7 t£-;1 \ ~51 l. t -;1 ;?r“tl-» tel“ L81” {cf-(1 f" .L , : -. ‘ f r‘ q 1" t at JLLu CL, >1 Brown threcher EQ-y1 Blue joy [6-31 Robin 32 ‘I e ) ‘ fl ’ 7":4' _ ‘I 3‘ A‘t . JliVS-DHCALJL L411 b1£11 K'12 ,1 v _ :2 '.' cm. Oli‘u :J gronzcg ;rack1e Q) 4;. 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L , _( ‘Q ,E, L 0 \ urpoh or C*rrelbtion,In§ividurlS rag piccics 115 coj)prison of “er* Tacit” tendencies 114-110 flunnory 117-12: Ari-” -.' " . 1“. J- (N rcinonieo-ei‘nts 1; '1’) a j.'13‘r (\ 1.93r' 1.1- .C L; '31-‘11! 1 '2 .1 11": -str‘fiiJm' 1. ‘ _,) 1 1 HISTORY OF BIRD BANDING The seasonal disappearance and reappearance of birds has been a source of mystery and Speculation to man for ages. we may well suppose that even to primi- tive man bird migration,was a matter of concern, since the movements of the bird groups were a preliminary indication of the changing of the seasons, and probably also necessitated some change in.the local bill of fare aS‘Iell. Due both to lack of systematic observation, and. possibly even more to the lack of transportation facili- ties which prevented man from, any wide-Spread degree of travel, this seasonal disappearance and reappearance of birds was a fertile source of speculation until a compar- atively recent date. A writer of repute as late as the eighteenth century, quoted by Barrows, soberly advanced the hypothesis that when birds disappeared at the approach of winter they took refuge on the moon; and he even estim’ ated the time necessary to reach that haven, and suggested the possibility of intervening satellites as islands on which the weary songsters might rest before completing the trip. Those who doubted this theory suggested more or less absurd substitutes, and even during the nineteenth century many good people firmly balsanxi that swallow: plunged into lakes and buried themselves in mud at the approach of winter, while other Species gathered in hordes in hollow trees and rock caverns, there to lie torpid until wakened to life by the warmth of returning spring. A mass of 'evidence' was painstakingly accumulated in support of this hibernation theory, and the examples of hibernating mammals and reptiles were cited as proving the probability of bird hibernation. As late as 1878 Dr. Elliott Coues, one of America's greatest ornithologists, reviewed some twenty-five papers on the subject, and admitt- ed that the evidence seemed to be indisputable. However, Dr. Coues refused to commit himself to a belief in the hibernation theory, and maintained an cpen mind regarding the whole matter. G..M. Allen quotes a scientific Journal which gives account of the digging up of some swallows during their winter sleep near Cambridge. Considering these theories which were current within a century, it is not strange that certain Greek and Roman writers gave circumstantial accounts of the disappearance of multitudes of birds beneath the waves of the Mediterra- nean Sea in.Autumn, and their re-emergence the following Spring. As an example of an absurdity regarding bird migration persisting almost up to the present, might be cited Professor Gatke's work published in 1895, entitled "Helgoland as an Ornithological ObserVatory", in which he affirms that migrating birds ascend to a great height, and then taking advantage of inter-planetary winds, are whirled southward at rates of over 200 miles per hour. Gatke gives detailed figures as to speed and routes of 397 species of birds, each of which Species he actually did observe at Helgoland. His figures, however, are based on pure guesses and assumptions, none of which have been borne out in the slightest degree by later scientific observations. During the past fifty years a great deal has been found out regarding the time of migration, and the general routes of migration of most of our migrating birds. The general increase of travel facilities, and the wide increase of systematic observation throughout EurOpe and America have enabled us to amass a large amount of data bearing on bird migration. _The Bureau Of Biological Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture has been.collecting data on bird migration for 25 years. Investigations by its field naturalists extending over North America from Panama to the Arctic Ocean have resulted in voluminous notes, and in addition, assistance of ornithologists throughout the country has been enlisted so that each year reports are received in Spring and fall from hundreds of eXperienced observers. Lighthouse keepers have also supplied valuable information concern- ing the destruction of birds at their lights. The facts gathered from these sources form the largest body of data on bird migration ever collected, and permit broader and safer generalizations than have hitherto been possible. While the general facts ascertained, and the broad generalizations derived from them as to the migration of birds apply in the main to migrations of species, they are of little value as information relative to the migra- tions of individuals, or even of ordinary flocks. Facts concerning individuals can only become known through the experimental study of marking birds in such a way that we can identify the individual should it be recaptured or killed. The realization of this necessity has resulted in the present system of bird banding. The idea of marking birds so that they might be identified if recaptured is not by any means a new one. In 1749, in Europe, Frisch tied red threads around the legs of’a number of swallows, thinking to test the belief that swallows passed the winter buried in the mud like frogs. He reasoned that if they were under water all winter the threads would lose their color by spring, but should the birds go south, as some claimed, the threads would probably retain much of their original brightness. In the following year some of the birds were caught with the threads still bright, thus furnish- ing Frisch with experimental proof in favor of the southern migration theory, or at least with rather definite disproof of the hibernation theory. There were other attempts at marking birds in Eur0pe, notably by Baron Van der Hayden of Holland, who placed rings about the necks of wild geese and ducks during the nesting period. He found that many of these birds returned yearly to their accustomed breeding places. One Gray-lag goose came for 35 years to the same nesting neighborhood. The European work, although somewhat sporadic in character, has furnished a considerable mass of data on individual bird migration. The small area of most EurOpean countries, and the lack of c00peration between scientists and govern- ments in the different countries, has prevented the work in Europe from being in any way complete and authentic as that done in America' under the supervision of the United States Bureau of BiOIOgical Survey. The first authentic report of an attempt at’ bird banding in American is that of Audubon in 1803, when.he placed silver threads around the legs of a brood of phoebes, and was rewarded the next season by having two of his marked birds return to nest in the same vacinity. The earlier investigatcrs marked their birds in a variety of ways, such as dyeing or staining the tail feathers, attaching memoranda on parchment, mutilat- ing feathers, feet, or bill. Such expedients proved unsatisfactory but out of them was evolved the present system of attaching a numbered aluminum band on the leg. Active experimental work was begun in the United States in 190l,and several instances of bird banding were planned and carried out to a limited extent during the next few years. The real pioneers in the work were the members of the New Haven Bird Club, who had a number of bands made, and used them locally for several years preceding 1909. 'At the annual meeting of the Ornitholo- gical Union in 1909 the results of this work were read, and through the efforts of Dr. Leon J. Cole, the American Bird Banding Association was formed. This organization came under the guidance of the Linnaean Society of New York, but supervisionnwas officially taken over in 1920 by the Bureau of Biological Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture. This penmitted the work to assume a nationswide scOpe, which was really essential if the work was to fulfill its part in the National Scheme of Conservation. Since the.Bureau of Biological Survey took charge of the bird banding Operations of the United States four regional bird banding associations have been.formed. The purpose and plans of these organizations may perhaps be best eXplained by quoting from the initial bulletin distributed by the New England Bird Banding Association, later to be termed the Northeastern Bird Banding Association. "From a study of the situation we came to believe that we could obtain.the best results: "1. By organizing a regional association of bird banders, meaning by this, bringing together a membership fran an area possessing one or more migration highways, along which trapping stations could be established to furnish, by intensive attack, fairly speedy answers to certain specific migration problems, thus early demon- strating to members the scientific value of bird banding _with the consequent stimulus to continue the work which it is expected will ultimately solve more ornithological riddles, aid in the solution of others, and create new problems not now anticipated. "2. By having members meet together as often as possible to discuss results, methods, and future plans and to gather inepiration from their fellows after the manner of scientific socities generally, in this way using the combined knowledge of the association to ad- vance the work . "5. By appealing for the support of the Audubon societies all over the country on the ground that bird banding is a bird protecting movement, since to an important extent it will be possible in the future to .substitute a study of a live bird for'the study of a dead one. "4. By ensuring as far as possible the permanence of the movement by means of institutional trapping stations operated by or in connection with Audubon societies, natural history societies, bird clubs, departments of {ornithology or zoology at colleges and universities, bird sanctuaries, state and national parks, etc., in addition to stations Operated by individuals. "5. By establishing a convenien t local depository of all bird-banding records for the region ( an exact cOpy of course being sent to the Biological Survey) in appropriate quarters where they may be studied by members of the association and others." This summary includes in general the purpose behind the organization of each of the four bird-banding associations new in existence in the United States and Canada. The New England Bird Banding Association was organ- ized in January, 1922. This association included the states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; and the Provinces of Quebec, new Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland,and Labrador. In 1924 the name was changed to the Northeastern Bird- Banding Association. The Inland Bird dandmng Association was organized on October 24, 1922. This association includes the states of Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Minnesota,and the Canadian provines of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and the North- west Territories. This association gives particular atten- tion to the Mississippi Valley migration route, with its subsidiaries. The Eastern Bird Banding Association was organized on April 24, 1923. It includes Benneyltahia, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, west Virginia, District of Columbia, Maryland, Deleware, New York, and New Jersey; withthe Canadian provinces of Ontario and eastern Manitoba. The work along the Pacific Coast was taken.care of through the Banding Chapters of the Cooper Ornithological Club. In 1925 this was succeeded by the Western Bird Banding Association. This includes the states of Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington; Alaska; and the Canadian provinces of British Columbia and Yukon. As an illustration of the rapidity with which the bird banding work is eXpanding a comparison.of the number of birds banded in the entire United States for the year lrom.July 1, 1921 to June 50, 1922, with the number of birds - 10 - banded in.Michigan alone for the year from December 1, 1924 to December 1, 1925 is given here. Total number of birds banded in United States as stated above - 5,940. Total number of birds bandid' in.Michigan for year as stated - 8,174. .- —--‘-‘ is. a e I ' I O .. . a '.-'e e . O . t - e I a ' e . a s . I a ,. .‘. . . I...‘ O . a a ‘ . l ‘. I ' e . l I . C I C a e e O .- ' e . e i. a -.: ,J- ‘, - \.“ornmegs ( 7"} \ ~5 a.masttrm .‘ , F. galr'LL 3.Inland Bird Li I". Y" ' (Li L 4.Western 31rd 3 .tern 31rd hauling A Sanding Associ D—J -_-.-_’ He .11 .1) 5) -1Ca— 3% Sibliograjhy for Birds and their Attrisutes Fact and hancy in gird gird Iigration The Banding of Birds m * ine nariy history of 31rd 31rd Banding as an Aid to firm sanding Bird manning Lotes,:os.1 Aistory of Bird .igration -11- sanding ;.Ailen amp- .cg .gprshall,lones a I" T e L 1 go. DPTPOWS nights Annual neport Iich.Acsdeny of science 30016 1315 U.S.B.L.tuilctin 1&3 n‘ili'LLie Lar.j,1922 Science in A crica Coie June 1,192 Wilson hullctin .i3rahion Oocrhoizer JuLj-j 1989' Auk Cr shy dol.1+,1324 gatursl history. U.S.B.S. iS fipre 2”, 1 L LO Jay £5,1526 sues -12- BIRD BANDING AT MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Bird Banding at Michigan State College began on October 12, 1923, when Prof. J. W. Stack established a single trap in the Forest Nursetyacross the Red Cedar river. This trap alone was operated until April 1924, when two traps were placed in the wild flower garden. These were supplemented On September 30, 1924, by three more traps in the Forest Nursery. During October, 1924 four more traps were added in the Forest Nurseryand vicinity. Four more traps were placed during the Spring of 1925, and one during July. Professor Stack is now Operating 16 traps. During the Fall term of college, 1925, several traps were Operated by the members of Professor Stack's class in advanced ornithology, on or near the college campus. On Spetember 50, 1925, a series of 10 traps was established by G. V. Bradt, with the purpose of conducting an experiment in the study of bird migration and habits during the college year of 1925-26. The results of this experiment are embodied in the remainder of this report. A statement of the problems to be studied by means of 'mird‘banding.follons. ’ The.U.s, Bureau of Biological Survey, in Miscellaneous Circular 18, outlines the problems to be studied through bird banding Operations as follows: - 15 - “1. How fast do the individuals of any Species travel on their periodic migrations; that is, how many miles per day will any bird average during these journeys and what is the total time consumed in a-trip? ' 2. Does any one flock continue in the van, or is the advance made by successive flocks passing one over the other in alternate periods of rest and flight? 3. DO individuals Of any Species always follow the same route, and is the route the same for both Spring and fall flights? 4. Do migrating birds make the same stOp-Overs every year to feed? 5. How long do birds remain in one locality during the migration, the breeding, or the winter season? 6. What is the relation between the breeding and the winter grounds Of individuals; that is, do those birds which breed farthest north winter farthest south, thus Jumping over those that occupy the intermediate zone, or do they merely replace the latter individuals as winter residents? 7. DO birds adOpt the same nesting area, nest site, and winter quarters in successive seasons? 8. For how many broods will one pair remain mated, and - 14 - which bird, if not both, is attracted next year to the Old nesting site? 9. To what extent do males Of a species assist in incubation? 10. How far from the nests do birds forage for food, and after the young have left the nest, will the oarent bring them to the feeding and trapping station? 11. To what region do the birds go, particularly the young, that do not return to the vicinity of the original nests? 12. How long do birds live?" It is obvious that many of these questions can be solved onlyéthe collection of data from the Whole of North America at least, and over a period of many years. This collection of data is being handled by the Bureau of Biolog- ical Survey at washington, with the cOOperation of laaal stations Operated by private individuals, usually under the supervision of one Of the regional bird banding associations previously mentioned. The Bureau furnishes all bands used in the Operation, together with RecmmihiaHKSLkich are filled out by the local Operator and sent to Washington at regular intervals. Although it is to be hOped that the data sent to washington from the -15- local experiment will prove of value when fitted into its prOper niche in connection with hundreds of other reports from other sections Of the country, only a compara- tively small portion of the data collected can be interpreted as in any way conclusive for the Space and time actually covered in the experiment. Of the twelve problems outlined by the Bureau, but five seemed to Offer any possibility ofzxmhumhmiat a single band- ing station duringa period of less than a year. These were as follows: 1. Does any one flock continue in the van, or is the advance made by successive flocks passing over each other in alternate periods of rest and flight? 2. DO individuals of any Species always follow the same route, and is the route the same for both Spring and fall migration? 5. To what extent do males of’a Species assist in incubation and brooding? 4. How far from the nests do birds forage for food, and after the young have left the nest, will the parent birds bring them to the feeding and trapping station? 5. How long do birds remain in one locality during the migration, breeding and winter season? Of these five problems the one which offered the - 15 - best Opportunity for conclusive work under the conditions of this experiment was undoubtedly number five. In addition to work along the lines of the problem stated, it was hOped to secure valuable information regarding local migrations of birds, whether these might be related to local food supplies or to other local factors. Since the traps of Professor Stack occupied an area in many ways quite distinct from that covered in this experiment, it was expected that the combined records would prove of much interest. The map and description Of the location and environment Of each trap show the terrain Of the eXperiment, and the relation of the traps to each other. -17- ESTABLIS KENT AND OPERATION OF THE BIRD BANDING STATION Immediately after the Opening of the college year on September 21, 1925, application.was made to the Bureau of Biological Survey for a Federal Bird Banding Permit;- and a supply of bands and record cards. Following this, application was made for the State Bird Banding Permit. A supply of traps was already at hand, and actual work began on September 30, 1925. The type of trap adopted was the Lyon Improved Sparrow Trap, a modification Of the SO-called Government Sparrow Trap. This trap has given the best results for general bird banding work throughout the United States. Professor Stack recommended this trap as having proved markedly superior to any other type tried by him in his work here. The construction of this trap may be seen by reference to photographs elsewhere in this paper. Nine traps were placed at once, and with a few minor changes these remained in the same position through- out the year. The location and changes of locations of traps will be described later. As the map shows, the traps formed a line reaching almost across the college prOperty from east to west. - 18 - Being far from the college buildings and somewhat removed from disturbance by passing psOple, their environment differed from that of Professor Stack's traps, which were rather more concentrated over a smaller area, and located close to the campus prOper. Since the problem of finding out exactly what sort of bait would be most effective for each Species of bird, and the investigation of seasonal differences in bait pre- ferences constitutes a large problem in itself, it was decided to bait the traps alike, and to use a mixture of baits which had already proven satisfactory in trapping Operations. Consequently the traps used in this experiment .and those of Professor Stack were baited practically alike throughout the year. The bait used consisted of a mixture of the following - whole yheat;vmxflxaoats; cracked corn; corn meal; buckwheat; millet; hemp. sunflower seed; bread crumbs; cracker crumbs; with some suet. This bait proved attractive not only to many birds, but also unfortunately to some mammals as well. Skunks and weasels entered the traps to get at the suet, or possibly to kill trapped birds, while red and fox squirrels .entered to get sunflower seeds or corn. The fox squirrels were released when found, and the red squirrels and weasels killed, while the skunks were - 19 - permitted to escape at their leisure through a cautiously opened rear door. At first some trouble was encountered in.getting at the weasels and red squirrels in order to kill them. This difficulty was finally overcome by carry- ing a number 1 steel trap when making the rounds. In case an.animal was found in the trap the steel trap was set and pushed through the rear door into the wire cage bottom. The animal was then worried into stepping into the steel trap, then pulled out and dispatched easily. On several occasions birds were killed in the traps by skunks and squirrels, and on one occasion a junco was eaten by a large black cat. ( This cat was diSposed of satisfactorily by immersing trap, cat and all in the Red Cedar river for a few minutes). The disagreeable part of the mammal catching was that these animals damaged the bird traps so severely. Their frantic effcrts to escape when theyrealized that they were caught Often resulted in so smashing and bending the wires as to almost ruin the traps for bird work. Some traps had to be brought in and practically rebuilt. For a permanent bird banding station it would certainly be a wise thing to build a fence around each trap, although even this of course would not eliminate all trouble from mammals. The traps were visited twice daily during the greater part of the year. The first trip was made starting about 7:20 A.M.;and the second starting about 4:50 P.M. This - 20 - schedule was sometimes interrupted due to conflicting class periods, or severe weather in winter, but in general was well maintained. The time necessary for each trip varied with the number of birds to be handled, but averaged between one and a half and two hours. The afternoon trip was made near dusk, to avoid the possibility of birds remaining in the traps over night. For this reason the trip was made after supper during most of the Spring term. Only those trpps located in the college woods were Operated during the winter, as the other traps were covered with snow and not in places frequented by birds in.winter. MK <.\O\ - Tn... (atria. {WNW} In QQQQ 4 019.6;de veer)‘ . a . a O a... Monk a: sauce -. Kr -hdepn , .1 5e; anét Qmém LG >\Q\K ”\qu - 21 - LOCATION AND INDIVIDUAL RECORDS OF TRAPS 1. Trap A. Located about 8 feet north of woven wire fence between alfalfa field and young evergreen planting. Before the establishment of the alfalfa and evergreen this land was a sand dune. Evergreen trees near the trap average about 8 feet in height. Thetrap was Situated in a little Opening where a tree is missing from one row. The ennironment of the trap is Shown by the map and photograph. Trap A was Operated from October first to December first; and from April fifth to June fifth. The trap location was buried under snow almost continuously during the winter months, and the evergreen planing as a whole was almost deserted by birds during this period, hence there was nothing to be gained by attempting to Operate the trap in winter. -22... Record of Trap A Oct. Nov. April May Song Sparrow l 5 1 Junco . 30 9 23 2 White-thrcnted Sparrow 2 3 13 Blue Jay 1 2 White-crowned Sparrow l 5 White-breasted Nuthatch 1 Cardinal 3 Robin 1 Chewink l Catbird 3 Lincoln's Sparrow 1 Bronzed Grackle l Mourning Dove 1 Individuals 34 11 35 3O Species 4 3 5 10 Total individuals 110 Total Species 13 2. Trap B. Trap B was located in a hemp patch in an Open field, as shown by the map. This field was plowed late in the autumn, and was under cultivation during the Spring, so the trap was not Operated after December first. Although the hemp seemed to attract many birds, the trap was never very successful. Record of Trap B C Oct. Nov. Tree Sparrow 4 Song Sparrow. - 5 Junco . Pine finch 3 White-winged crossbill American crossbill Total individuals 17 Total Spa ‘ i 6 Individuals 12 Species 3 pm NHHH l 23 - Trap C Located between the railroad Spur and the fence to the east, in a grassy plot, near a clump Of small willow shrubs. This trap was Operated from October first to December first, and from April fifth to June fifth. Its location was not suitable fOr winter Operation. Record of Trap C. Song Sparrow Junco dhite-throated Sparrow White-crowned Sparrow Tree Sparrow 1 Fox Sparrow ’ Field Sparrow 1 4 Oct. Nov. April may 1 5 1 8 H HHHHHHmm Chewink l Bronzed Grackle 1 Quail 1 Individuals 24’ ‘6 4 913“ Species 9 2 l 6 Total individuals 47 Total Species 10 Trap D Located in about the same relative position to the railroad spur and fence as C, but about 1000 feet farther south, on slightly higher ground, with no shrubbery near by. Record Of Trap D Oct. Nov. April May Tree Sparrow . Song Sparrow White-Crowned Sparrow Field Sparrow Junco Chewink Bronzed Grackle 2 and»: l-‘ NO Individuals Species mq NH me Total individuals Total Species .18 e151 -"25 - Trap E Located a few feet north Of the wire fence between a low pasture and the experimental berry patch, west of the railroad spur. On bare ground near low berry bushes, but with no trees within some dis- tance. Not Operated during:the winter months Record of Trap E. Oct. Nov. April May Blue Jay 2 -Myrtle warbler 1 Quail 13 3 2 l Junco , 10 9 1 White-throated Sparrow 2 l Veepcr Sparrow l 2 1 Song Sparrow l 4 3 Field Sparrow 4 1 Tree Sparrow 1 White-crowned Sparrow 10 Red~headed woodpecker 3 ‘ Bronzed grackle z Mourning dgyg it; Individuals 30 12 12 25 Species 7 2 4 - 11 Total individuals' 79 Total Species 13 - 25 - Trap F Located in the edge of a pasture field just south Of the college woods, near the Junction point of a bushy clearing'and the woods. The photograph brings out the position of the trap relative to the woods and field. This trap was Operated continuously from October first to June first, except for vacation periods and a few other exceptional days. Record of Trap F Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. mar. Apr. May Junco 4 10 1 8 3 White-throated Sparrow' 22 8 Chewink l 1 White-breasted nuthatch 1 2 2 1 Black-capped Chickadee 3 Downey woodpecker 1 Cardinal l 2 Song Sparrow 5 1 Tufted titmouse 2 Cowbird 1 Brown Thrasher 1 Rose-breasted grosbeak 14 Individuals 28 17 3 1 16 17 Species 4 5 2 l 4 74 Total individuals 83 Total Species 12 ”a n”? . .. . s. . w” . «i. «up. will} . w sf a a we . h . Y. ~.'I- , .IL ”anus n.4,, C is 2. .1. -27.. Trap G Located a few rods inside the college woods from the south border, on a Spot of hard land pro- Jecting into a swampy area toward the south. Surround- ed by typical beech-maple forest, but not immediately under a tree. Some short grass in the Open Space around the trap. Operated from October to June. Record of Trap C. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar.Apr. may White-throated Sparrow 12 1 16 Chewink l 1 White-breasted nuthatch l 3 1 2 Tree Sparrow 1 1 Black-capped chickadee 1 l 1 Cardinal 1 Junco 4 Brown Thrasher l Hairy WOOdpecker l Quail 2 Individuals l5 2 l 7 1 8 18 Species 4 2 l 4 l 4 3 To ndividuals 52 - 28 - Trap H Located in pasture field at south edge Of college woods, at point where an Old barb wire fence meets the woods at right angles from the south. Operated from October to June Record of Trap H Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. mar. Apr. may Hermit Thrush 12 Olive-backed thrush 1 2 Quail 5 Ifhit e- throated Sparrow l '1 Blue Jay Black-capped chickadee Song Sparrow White-breasted nuthatch 2 Junco 2 Tufted Titmouse Cowbird Flicker Downey woodpecker 1 #01 H HHHNH» Individuals 19 7 .2 3 1 10 3 Species 4 2 1 Total individuals 45 Total Species 13 -29.. Trap L Located in pasture at south edge of college woods, near point where a little ravine enters woods from pasture. Operated from October to June. Record Of Trap L Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May White-throated Sparrow 2 Junco 4 2 1 Cardinal , l 1 Black-capped chickadee 2 l l Tufted titmouse 1 Song Sparrow 2 Catbird Chewink Individuals 2 8 3 Species 1 4 2 mi mi mfi HHH Total individuals 22 Total Species 8 r -JV- Trap K This trap was located nearly in the center of the young evergreen planting west of the stadium. The soil here is almost pure sand,without grass or weed cover ng. The trap was surrounded by small evergreens,averrging about three feet in height,witn teller evergreen on every side. The bra; was ooeratei Iron October first to Eccenber first, and from Aoril first to June first. as Record of Troy n. J“ _ Song LDGPTOW Junco 2 lfliite-tgnfijeted_iyxwrrow White-crohged r)arrow Coxaiird Bronzed greedle Learning dove 1 Catbird Tree Sparrow I 13116: ja;r 1 .e [\‘1 9—. C1- ~.a .. m .. U1 (,~ .4. m .- ‘0. Jhiiding soarrow . 1 1 V {3 L‘ D e '1‘ {a .1) 31“ 1‘ 1*) w 1 Zunil —. - A - r\ / f“ — ,"\ r ‘. Indiviairls a: g 13 an Species 6 2 4 11 Tot:l indivifiuals 67 metal species 15 -51- On the fOllowing pages will be found the records for each species captured, together with such conclusions as could be drawn regarding each Species. In the first column is recorded the number Of the band placed upon the bird's leg. These numbers are forwarded to Washington, together with the common and scientific name of the bird, and the date and trap in which the bird was taken. Any repeats are also recorded on.the record card when it is sent to washington. The second column records the date of banding, or of recovery as the case may be. The third column records the Sex, where such was known. m stands for male; f for female; and 1mm. for immature. The fourth column records the particular trap in which the bird was taken. The fifth column records the repeats. By repeats is meant all recaptures of the bird during the same season, or a different season if it is reasonably certain that the bird has not left the vicinity in the meanwhile. The sixth column records those cases in which the bird was taken by Professor Stack, after having been banded in the traps of the writer. -32- The last column records those cases in which the bird was originally banded by Professor Stack, and later recaptured in the traps Of the writer. Birds falling in this category have their band numbers underlined in the first column, and are listed as recoveries by Bradt. Table I ' 55 ' Order Passeres Family Fringillidae Junco hyemalis hyemalis Junco, Snowbird Band Date Sex Trap Repeats Recoveries Banded by Stack by Stack Oct. A28382 1 F Oct.l6 A28376 7 Oct.16,K;29,A Nov.l,2,K p. A28375 7 A28374 7 aggggg 7 Am 7. Aggrg; 7 Sept.28 Oct.13,A Sept.28 th-lbb Oct.18,K;3l,D; Sept.28 Nov.l,A; 2,B. Azesu s A28372i8 A37283 8 A37281 9 AM 9 Oct.l A§_4_1;_9_8_ 9 Oct.5 A37280 12 AS7279 12 Oct.29 A37278 12 .A24211 18 .A37277 13 Oct.l4,A Oct.8 1+ 5 Ft Ba 1+ Hi we S .A37876 13 .A46443 15 ,A46444 15 1A46445 15 .A36450 17 f Oct.l4,l7,Nov.4,A Oct.28 bebbbm’wbbbbbbhb Band Date Oct. A46450 17 A46453 17 A46453 17 A46455 17 aggggg 17 aggggg 17 A24194 17 A46456 18 A46457 18 A46458 18 A46459 18 145450 18 A46461 18 145452 18 A45453 l8 A45454 18 A46465 18 Am 18 Aggggg 18 a§g§;§ 18 A46466 19 Aggglz 19 A45457 21 A46468 21 a bbbbbbNNNHNNbb Sex Trap Repeats K. m K K K. X f E f K A A -34- Recoveries Banded by Stack by Stack Oct.28 Oct.l9, A Nov.1,E Oct.l4 Oct.22,29,A;3l,K; Nov.6 Oct.9 Nov.1,3,K; 4,5,A; 10,0;11,E;12,C Oct.26,D Oct.5 Oct.27,D;28,A°29,K Nov.1,2,K;4,Azdead Oct.21,K;28,A;29,K; Nov.1,2,K;4,A,(dead) Nov.1,K;4,K Oct.31,D Oct.21,A Oct.21,A Oct.l4 Oct.l6 Oct.l9,K Oct.lO Oct.lO Band .A37280 .A24231 A46469 A4647O 7A46471 A46472 A46473 A46474 A46475 A46476 A46477 A46478 Amara A46479 A46480 A46481 A46482 A46483. A46484 A46485 A46486 A46487 A46488 A46489 A4649O A46491 Date Sex Trap Repeats Oct 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 27 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 29 PV 78 In #1 ta ta hi b» be to «a t! t: 13 E1 t5 ts ts b. :7 t5 t5 <3 70 #1 h» Oct.ZO,A Oct.31,E Oct.28,E;31,D Oct.29,E;30,D; Oct.29,K;Nov.2,A Nov.5,B - 35 - Recoveries Banded by Stack by Stack Oct.12 Oct.18 Oct.13 Oct.3O Mar.18 1 , 1926 Band Date A46492 A46493 A46494 A46498 AM A46499 .A46500 A46501 .A46502 A 46503 Arias A 46504 A 46505 Assam A 3.22.51. A Sign A 46506 A 46507 1&46508 A 46510 A are A 46512 A 46513 A 46514 A man Oct. 30 31 31 31 31 Nov. F1 b4 14 is H O: ca re h' +4 Id P' a: A4 la la h' +4 +4 to a: e4 la Sex Trap Repeats to 1a c: (2 ta is b; so to is ca h~ be Is u: P4 1S b- h» 1e t: '1 :1 t: he Nov.3,K Nov.2,C Nov.13,E Nov.ll,E Nov.13,E -36- Recoveries Banded by Stack by Stack Oct.l5 Oct.6 Oct.19 Oct.29 Oct.28 Oct.19 Band Date A 45515 A 45515 A 45519 A 45520 A 45521 A 45522 A 45525 A 45524 A 46525 A 46526 A 46527 A 46528 A 46529 A 46530 A 46537 A 45558 A 45559 A 45540 A 50454 A 50474 A 50479 A 50490 A 50491 A 50492 A 50495 12 12 13 17 17 17 18 18 19 21 21 21 21 21 Dec. 10 10 Jan. 26 26 Feb. 4 Apr 0 9 13 16 16 16 16 Sex Trap Repeats m 'a'l'd'ifl'ld’fitdoc bbbbhsbb Ibhbbmmt—Imm's - 37 - Recovered Banded by Stack by Stack Nov.13,E Nov.25,F N0v.l7,18,F Nov.21F;24,L; Dec.2,A Nov.25,A Dec.1 Dec.16,L;Feb,4,H; Mar.12,H; 25,L; Apr.13,F Dec.26,F;27,G Jan.27,G; Feb.4,L Jan.27,H. Mar.25,L; Apr.22,G Apr.18,A Band Date Sex A50494 .A50495 A50498 A50500 A50502 A50505 A50504 A50507 A50 509 A50510 A50511 A50512 A50513 A50514 A4244 A50515 A50515 A50517 A50518 A50519 A50520 A50521 A50522 A50523 A50527 Apr. l7 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 2O 20 21 21 21 22. 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 tempurawavmmbwpbpwhbbhbwbebb Trap Repeats -58- Recoveries Banded by Stack by Stack Apr.25,r Apr.22,23,A Apr.22,23,29,A Nov.30, 1925 Apr.23,H May 1,4;5,K Apr.26,30,K; May l,A. Band Date A50528 A50529 A50531 A50533 A50534 A50538 A50539 A50543 A50544 A50545 A50546 A50547 A50548 A50549 A50550 A50551 A50552 A50553 Apr. 24 24 25 25 25 , 27 27 28 28 29 29 29 29 50 50 50 50 50 May 171379 171380 171381 171383 171385 171387 171407 A50558 1 1 1 1 l l 5 6 Sex Trap Repeats HHHHB HHHBHHHHBB B B B 131 b: I: bv h» ta 4: an vs a: 21 he is 21 a: «a c: p: ta 4: he is b- rs b; P1 Apr.28,Mayl,K Apr.27,28,30,K Apr.29,30,May l,A May 1, F Apr.30,F - 39 - Recoveries Banded by Stack by Stack Apr.28 Record gf Repeats. Band A 28382 .A28376 .A24184 A24179 A24181 Aging A4424 A37280 A37278 A2421}. A37276 A46443 A46452 A46455 Tobie II Date Oct.l 16 Sept.28 Oct. 18 31 Nov. 1 2 Oct. 1 9 Oct.5 9 Oct.12 29 Gets 12 14 Oct. 8 12 Nov. 4 Oct.15 28 Oct.17 28 Oct.17 19 Trap tack tack PPS (ON (01> bbbb Juncos Period of Repeats in days 16 26 15 35 23 14 12 - 4o - Band A34225 A24215 A24194 A4645? A46458 A46459 A 46462 A46463 A46564 A24222 tack PM UN 131174» WWNNPNP PWNNPUP UNI/1 OHOFPNNNPPN tack an» ewe Period of Repeats in.days 19 26 22 19 19 19 14 Band A24229 A24216 A24217 A37280 A24231 A46481 A46483 A46485 A46487 A24228 A465OO A24203 A24233 Oct.28 29 Nov. 2 Oct.29 Nov. 5 Mar.18 Oct.15 31 Nov. 1 3 Oct. 6 Nov. 1 Oct.19 Nov. 1 2 Trap Stack A Stack Stack K Stack Stack A C Period of Repeats in days 3 10 10 10 13 10 19 Return? 17 27 15 - 42 - A465l3 A37221 A46515 A46521 A46522 A46524 A46525 A46526 A46537 A46538 A46539 A46540 Date Oct.29 Nov. 1 Oct.28 Nov. 1 Oct.19 Nov. 5 13 Nov.1l ll Oct.19 Nov.12 13 Nov.12 l3 Nov.17 25 Nov.17 l8 Nov.18 24 Dec. 2 Nov.19 25 Nov.21 Dec. 1 Dec.10 16 Feb. 4 Ear.12 25 Apr.13 Dec.10 26 27 Jan.26 27 Feb. 4 Jan.26 27 mm Ham 0mm mammwb m» b» bbm we we mm mm DD 0 W Period of Repeats in days 4 27 26 15 124? Return? 18 10 -44- Period of Repeats Band Date in days *3 H m "d A50464 Feb. 4 77 ? A50491 Apr.16 A50510 Apr.20 s» Pb new A50511 Apr.20 A37242 Nov.30 tack return A505l6 Apr.22 A50520 Apr.23 l3 A50527 Apr.24 A50528 Apr.24 A50529 Apr.24 tack 5 A50555 Apr.26 01 arms mN ems swam me mm bbbpm bbb A50534 Apr.25 A50558 Apr.27 A50539 Apr.27 5'1 m ‘4 H 151%! hubs Pbbb 0‘0 .AJ. The total nuaber of juncos captured,including recover- ies,was 174. Of this number,67 repeated,or 55;. Of the total number taken,111 were caught during October and November,the period of Fall migration. The number of repeats during the Fall was 49,0r 44.13 4 3-23 . Diring the Spring nigration,fron Aoril E to joy 6, there Were 57 bir's caught,of which number 23 repeated, or 22.8,?5 1 3.8;: . The probable error of the difference between the per- centages of repeats for Fall and Boring is 21.} 1 5.0%. Thus the ratio of the difference to its probable error is ’.6,which seems to indi'ate a significant variption between L 1 - Srring and Fall repeats. Tnis difference is probaoly due no the fact that the. juncos lingered in the ‘vioiz'iity for considerable oeri;ds during their trip south in Fall, whereas in Sgring,their local stopovers were a parently much more brief. 0f the 49 Fall reqeats,17 repeated more than once,and 40 reveated in traws other than that in wnich they were originally taken. Whether this tendency to repeat in different traos reorrsented restlessness durin the mig- ration StopOVG“S,OB indicated a wide feeding range,it is difficult to say. Those repeating in different traps represented 35% of the total Fall repeats,showing at leaSt that the juncos did not confine their range to any particular Spot. -45... The longest st0pover during Fall migration was the case of £24181, which was banded by Professor Stack on September 28, and was caught for the last time in Trap B on November 2. However, there were 24 cases in which juncos were trapped over a period of two weeks or more. From the data at hand it seems probable that the flocksof Juncos which come from the north in the Fall are rather loosely combined, and that individuals or groups remain.behind when the main flock passes southward. There is no positive evidence that the entire flock does not remain as long as do the indi- viduals which are caught over a long period, but obser- vation indicates that the flock as a whole does leave before many of the individuals which came at the same time do so. Although the junco migration is practically completed by December 1, a few individuals remain during much of the winter, if not during the entire winter. Thus £46557 was banded December 10, and at intervals during the winter and spring until April 15. #46538, banded the same day, was also with us at least until December 27. The length of st0p~over in Spring, as indicated by the time elapsed between original capture and the latest recapture. was much less than that in the Fall. The longest stOpover in Spring was the case of k50520, 13 days, but most of the st0povers were from one to three days. The entire data for Spring points to a rather hurried flight northward as compared to the leisurely flight south during the Fall migration. There is no evidence to show any breaking up of flocks such as may have been the case in the Fall. The only evidence to indicate that juncos may return north in Spring over the same route used to go south in Fall is the afforded by numbersA46487 and AS7242. £46487 was banded on Nov. 5 and recovered March 18. A37242 was banded on Nov. 30 and recovered April 22. In neither case were the birds recovered at the same trap at which they were banded. Whether these birds remained near here all winter, or were really taken on the southward flight and retaken on the northward flight we do not knmw. Orse Band A28392 A2859l A28390 .A28389 A28388 A2838? ' A28385 A28584 A28583 A28581 A37275 A46441 A45442 A45446 A46448 A46451 l“ rafflfi’l'fltb melospiza Abiouifl heiouia Date Oct. 1 an to to re Id F' F‘ #4 +4 P’ +4 I4 a: r4 +4 -< o: tn UF up u 171341 27 171546 28 A14816 28 Nov. 171355 10 A50470 A50471 A50472 A50475 A50475 Apr. 8 Thole III - hflfiliy pringiiiiu e . sons; eisrr'm‘i Recoveries Banded Sex Trap Repeats by Stack by Stack imm. C imm. C imm. A imm. B Apr.l4,1926 imm. B imm. B imm. K imm. B imm. B imm. B imm. D imm. D imm. D imm. D ad. C C Oct.18,6 C E C Mar.20 1925 C F Apr.lO,ll,l2,15,l7 19.25.26.27,28,29,F may 2,5,16,F H Apr.22,H H H H Apr.50,May9,L(dead) Band A50480 A50481 A50482 A50483 A50484 A50488 146401 A50496 A50497 A50499 A50501 A50 506 A50508 w A50524 A50525 A50526 Aries A50528 A50530 A50532 A50536 A50537 Date Apr. 13 13 13 13 14 15 15 17 17 18 18 19 20 20 23 23 23 23 24 24 25 27 27 Sex Trap b'fl’dmbmb <3 b' F! F» ta In > EU {11 - 5o - Banded by Stack Recoveries Repeats by Stack Apr.lZ,Ell4(dead) Apr.15,16,18,19, 21,22,23,c; 24,26, 27,28,D; May 16,0. Apr.22,C;24,D;25, 26,0;27,D;28,29,30, C;Mayl,2,3,4,5,6,C; 8,9,11,12,13,l4,l5,E may 28,L Apr.29,3o,ci May 3, 15,0. Apr.16,17,19,ao,21, 22,23,24,25,A. Apr.19,F;(dead) Apr.22,A; 26,K;27, A; 29,K,30,A,K. Nov.16 1924 Apr.23,30,May l,K Apr.7 1925 Apr.28,May 1,K Apr.28,29,May 12, 20, B; May 22, C. May 2,E Band 171396 171401 178256 178267 178271 178275 178278 178281 Date 1867 4 4 14 18 21 21 22 23 Sex Trap K "4’15 U I31 Ed -51.. Recoveries Banded Repeats by Stack by Stack May 7,12,17,K May 13 May 6,11,12,14, 16,18,20,29,30, 31,0 May 15,18,20,23 24,25,29,D may 22,3 Band A28389 A46451 A14816 A50470 A50471 A50475 A50480 A50481 '22- Table IV Date Oct.1 Record of Repeats. Trap B Apr.24 '26 Stack Oct.17 18 0 C' Mar.20,'25 Stack Oct.28 0 mm Wfifififififififififififififi OUUUUooooooow GU bmm - 52 _ Song Sparrow Period of Repeats in days return return 52- 0 :‘C 40 14 30 35 Luch brerks in continiity of reieats are not due to intermittent Operation of trans,simce every trad has operated everv O.J ‘J without int rru>tion. -55- Band Date Trap Period of Repeats in days A50483 Apr.13 28 16 A50482 Apr.13 22 Iday 31 tack return 11 A50496 Apr.17 19 .A14784 Nov.16,'24 Apr.20 26 27 29 30 tack H on bNbme Mb bbbbbbbbbbm 0000» wwmwwwwwwmwwwmooonCUou HH return K 11 Band A14830 A50528 A50532 A50537 171396 171401 178275 May 21 22 Trap Stack 00 00000000 00000000000 NNMN 00 000000 000 NW» - 54 - Periods of Repeats in days return 9 29 14 28 16 hone very interestinr points are suggested by this table J H) o repeats. It seems evident that certain individual birds form definite habits of returning to particular trays to ’r‘f\ eed. huuber A584ca vauired the habit of feed r—‘J irry at.'tra ) A. U to a marked degree. This bird broke a habit of feeding at traps C and D to for; LhiS "5 habit”. humber 146401 formed v an ”A habit",anu nunber 17401 formed a C habit . Thus it seeis clear that birds: {1)re13mbcr def nite loc- }. ations,and (2) form the habit of going there to feed. This may be due,of course,to the birds having a very small range of operations,or it may be that they roam more wide- ly,but return to a particular Spot to feed at more or less regular intervals. This point night be cleared up by careful field observation of an individual bird,to determine whether the bird remains in the near vicinity of the trap between ca tures,or flies away and returns after an interval to feed again. -55- The total number of song Sparrows banded was 56, of which 20 were banded during Fall migration, and 36 during Spring. There was but one repeat in the Fall giving a percentage of 5&3 3.5%. During Spring migration there were 19 repeats giving a percentage of 52.8 3 5.6%. The probable error of the difference between the percentages of repeats in Fall and Spring is 47.8 i 6.5;. Thus the ratio of the difference to its probable error is 7.4, a significant ratio. Tug,aillergncg between Fall and Spring repeats is probably due to the fact that many, if not most, of the birds caught during the Spring remained to nest here during the Summer. These birds, being in the vicinity of the traps continually after their arrival, naturally were caught frequently. 0n the other hand, the birds caught during October were probably from farther north, and were passing southward without delay. Fall migration was almost completed during October, and judging from the records of Professor Stack and the Wing Brothers, much of it was completed during September. At least five cases of return to the same vicinity during different seasons are shown by the records. NumberAl4784 was banded by Professor Stack - 55 - on November 19,1924, and was recovered April 22, 1926 at Trap A. NumberA1483O was banded by Professor Stack April 7, 1925, and was recovered at Trap A on April 23, 1926. NumberA28389 was banded as an immature bird at Trap B on October 1, 1925, and was recovered by Professor Stack April 14, 1926. Number 146401 was banded by Professor Stack July 9,1925, was recoved April 15,1926 at Trap A. NumberAl4816 was banded by Professor Stack on March 20,1925, and was recovered at Trap 0 on October 28, 1925. > This bird, of course, might have been a summer resident here, but those listed previously were almost certainly migrants between the dates of banding and recapture. Frederick 0. Lincoln, in the Auk for April 1926, gives some figures from the U. S. Bureau of BiOIOgical Survey relating to song sparrows. Out of some 10,000 song Sparrows banded in the United States, over 500 have been recorded as returns during a different season, after migration. This amounts to about 5% of the total banded. Most of these returnS‘were to the original banding station. - 57 - Table V Order Passeres Family Fringillidae Zonotrichia albicollis White-throated Sparrow Recoveries Banded Band Date Sex Trap Repeats by Stack By Stack Oct. 160082 7 imm. F 160087 7 imm. F 160090 7 imm A Oct.9,A;lO,K. 160093 8 im. G Oct.12,G. 160094 8 ad. G 160095 8 G 160096 8 ' 0 Oct.9,D Oct.11-23 160100 8 F Oct.13,F Oct.11-28 Dec.,Jan, Feb. 19 166426 8 F Oct.l3,l4,l6, 17,19,21,22,26,F 166428 9 F 166429 9 F 166430 9 F Oct.14,F 166431 9 F 166432 9 F 166433 9 F 166435 9 F 166436 9 F 166437 9 F 166441 13 F Oct.13,14,15,16 17,18,21,G 166442 13 F Oct.l8,G 171321 13 F Oct.22,H 171324 15 F 171325 15 F -58- Recoveries Banded Band Date Sex Trap Repeats ‘ by Stack by Stack Oct. 171326 15 F 171327 15 F 171328 15 F 171329 15 F 171330 16 G Oct.29,G;Nov.1, F. 146447 17 K Oct.23,K Oct.15 171334 18 171336 21 G Oct.26,G;27,29,H; 31,0; Nov.2,3,4,5, 6,7,G 146444 21 E Oct.23,E Oct.13 171337 22 L Oct.23,29,L;3l,G; Nov.1,2,3,4,5,6,7, 10,11,12,13,14,l7, 18,19,G;20,H. 171338 22 A 171339 26 E 171343 28 H Oct.29,G(dead) 171345 28 0 171347 29 L Hov.1,4,5,7,10,1l, 12,13,G;l7,18,19,F; 21,G;22,L 171348 29 L 171351 29 G Hov.l,2,6,7,10,11, 12,13,G 171352 29 G Nov. 171353 3 K 171360 13 Apr. 171372 24 A Apr.26,27,28,29,A.K. -59- Recoveries Banded Band Date Sex Trap Repeats by Stack by Stack Apr. 171373 26 May. 171377 1 171378 171382 Apr.28 171384 171389 May 4,F 171390 May 4,F 171394 May 4,F 171395 May 4, F 171397 171398 171399 171400 171405 171412 May 7,A May 8 O‘O‘IUIIFIF-PtFOINCflOINI-‘H 171413 A 50557 6 1 171414 H E 171418 171419 H E 171420 178236 178239' May 14,0 178240 HIHHOB 178241 May 13,0 c: a: a: co bv b- #- hr :3 b b- b~ ta ta 's a: 83 he is is a: P: us <5 <3 b \0 go co-xo -q 'Q 'd a q 178242 May 13,14,15,16, l7,18,22-31,G. B - so _ Recoveries Banded Band Date Sex Trap Repeats by Stack by Stack May 178243 10 f A 178244 10 f May 12,14,15,A, 178245 11 f 178247 12 f May 13,14,15,G 178248 12 E #130002” E 178249 12 hay 13,14,15,G; 16,L;20-30,G 178252 13 178253 13 178254 13 178268 20 178269 20 178270 20 178277 22 BHzHaBPtHP-bl-b 178282 23 178283 23 B QOQQQQQPPP 178284 27 B Band 160090 160093 160096 160100 166426 166430 166441 166442 171321 Table Date Oct.7 10 Oct.13 18 Oct.13 22 VI Record of Repeats. Trap =====muo 00 >>> “ n-n fl ¢Hd GNU ¢HDGDGHD€NE ENE 'fihdfiflfihdfifldtdfil ha?! -61- White-throated Sparrows Period of Repeats in days 16 19 10 Band Date Trap Period of Repeats in.days 160099 Oct 8 9 11 Stack 12 " 13 " l5 " 16 " l7 " 18 " 19 I! 20 " 21 " 22 I! 23 " 26 " 27 " 2 8 I! 29 N 31 fl Nov.2 " 4 fl 5 fl 6 fl 7 I1 11 " 12 " 13 H 14 I! 16 H l 7 fl 1 8 I! 19 n 20 " 21 " 28 " Dec.1 " 3 fl 4 fl Jan.7 " 9 fl Febl9 " ' 135 171330 Oct.16 G 29 G Nov. 1 F 3 F 4 F 5 F 6 F 7 F 23 Band 146447 171336 146444 171337 171343 171344 d Nov. 1 Oct.28 29 Oct.28 31 00 00 00000 00000000000HHH 00m 0000000000 00 Trap Stack Q - 53 - Periods of Repeats in days 18 11 31 Period of Repeats Band Date in days i? [D '6 171347 Oct.29 Nov. 1 171351 Oct.29 16 171372 Apr.24 171373 Apr.26 tack 5 171389 May 3 171390 May 3 171394 May 3 171395 May 3 171412 Kay 6 178239 May 9 H (a 00 00 b» 00 00 00 00 mp Nbbbb 000000000 BQWWQQQQQOQOQH 178241 May 9 Bmm 178242 178244 178247 178249 km I11 8y i? m *d 00000000000000000 0000 bbbb 000000000000000 Period of Repeats in days 23 20 -55- -66- The numbers of white-throats were rather equally distributed between Fall and Spring migrations, 45 birds being taken in Fall, and 43 in Spring. Of the 45 taken during the Fall, there were 19 repeated, giving a percentage of repeats of 42.2 i 5.01. Of the 43 taken during the Spring migration, there were 13 which repeated, or 30.2% t 4.7%. Thus the ratio of the difference to its probable error is 1.7, which does not indicate a significant variation between Fall and ’ Spring repeats. Such a variation is probably due to chance alone. Of the 19 Fall repeats, 12 reps ated more than once, and 14 repeated in traps other than the one in which they were caught originally. As in the case of the juncos, it is difficult to say whether they roved in search of food, or from a feeling of restlessness during the migra- tion period. Eight of the birds remained in the vicinity for periods of two weeks or longer, showing no haste whatever about going south. The evidence from trap data points toward a leisurely passage south in the Fall, with probably considerable straggling by individuals or small groups. - 5 - $160099 seems to be a case of winter residence, since this bird was banded October 9, retaken on October 11, and from then on almost daily until December 4. Professor Stack then did not operate his traps regularly until Spring migration began. Nevertheless, 160099 was taken.by Stack on January 7, and 9, and again on February 19. The repeat record of 160099 shows the persistence with which this bird fed in Professor Stack's traps during the Fall and winter. The white-throats seem to be inclined to acquire the trap habit, and the trapper comes to expect to find certain birds in certain traps at every visit. #160099 was taken over a period of 135 days. Of the 43 birds taken during Spring migration 13 repeated. Of these 13 captures, 6 repeated more than once, and 4 repeated in traps other than the original. Except in the cases of numbers 171373 and 171412 these repeats were in traps rather close to each other. In .general the period of Spring st0pover was short, usually only a day or two. There is little evidence of straggling during Spring migration. Numbers 178242 and 178249 show very interesting records, since these birds were here long 7.after the migration season for this species was past, and were in fact still in the woods when the traps were closed June first. These were both males. were these mereLy stray males who for some reason lost touch with the flock and were "waiting for something to turn up", or -68- were they husbands with nothing to do while their mates were busy with nesting duties in the nearby woods? No female birds were taken with these males late in the season, nor were any noticed while tending the traps. Nevertheless, it seems more likely that these males were remaining with their mates to nest, than that they were left lonely strays after their companions had long ago left for the north. No cases of return from one season to another were noted among the white-throats. Frederick 0. Lincoln, in the Auk for April 1926, says that returns are almost unknown among these birds, although large numbers of them are trapped each year., This may indicate a return route entirely unlike that used for the southward journey. Plate 2 offers some comparison between the white- throats taken at East Lansing and Jackson, Michigan. Since no individual has ever been taken at both stations, and the periods of large and small numbers do not coincide to any extent, it seems peasible that the flocks stepping at the stations come from different places. Possibly the flocks stOpping here have followed the Grand River valley in a general way, while those at Jackson have followed an entirely different route. 'The Wing Brothers, whose records have been made for the Jackson birds, think that their flocks come from the northwest in Fall. -69.. The fact that no bird has ever been caught at both Jackson and East Lansing, although the two places are only about 40 miles distant, in nearly direct north - to-south line, shows the necessity of establishing a very large number of trapping stations throughout the state and nation if any conclusive results on general migration are to be obtained. 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A r . ._.4 + . >—$- AA ‘ , V .* fin [Tn p11; ii 'AL AA'UAILI M ii“ L ‘A"' i: ‘“ Li‘V'ZIIi’fi‘UjviAnn [run I In [A II AIIIJI 1LI.A.IAr All LLLLI LAiHAI IIl.IX.[ IIJ hi..- 1L1 I III III L I I ILAIIL XIUAIIAA IAI LIIAI I IATwA IiAAllll rLYLL 1 [Kllul I 1L1 XXL II II “IXLI [XIIIIIXT III 11:13 IIAIiXI IIILILI III- ALL I 't.MArlC3 PLATE It Table VII - 70 - Order Passeres Family Fringillidae Zonotrichia leuCOphrys leucOphrys White-crowned Sparrow Recoveries Banded Band Date Sex Trap Repeats by Stack by Stack 16007800; K 160079 7 K 166445 13 A 171331 15 D Oct.2l,E MW 171386 2 E 171388 3 E May 5,6,7,8,C; 11,E ' 171391 3 E Kaw'5,6,7,8,0; ' 9,E;11,C May 5 171392 3 E May 4,6,E;12,C; l3,E 171393 8 B may 8,0 171403 4 K 171404 4 K 171406 5 0 171408 5 A May 7,K 171409 5 K 171410 6 E 171411 6 E 171415 7 A 171416 7 A 171417 7 E May 8,0 178237 8 C 178238 8 0 178246 12 0 178250 13 D May 14,A -71- Recoveries Banded Band Date Sex Trap Repeats by Stack by Stack 178251M1% 178257 16 178258 16 178259 16 178260 16 178261 16 178262 16 178263 16 178265 16 178266 16 178273 21 178274 21 MNNPPPPbOOOOt-d 178276 22 .. 72 .. Table VIII Record of Repeats White-crowned Sparrow Band Date Trap Period of Rep ate in days 171331 Oct.15 D 21 E 7 171388 may 3 E 5 C 7 .C 8 C 11 E 9 171391 May 3 E 5 C 7 C 8 C 9 C 11 C 9 171392 may 3 E 4 E 6 E 12 C 13 E 11 171393 May 3 E 8 C 6 171408 may 5 A 7 K 3 171417 May 7 E 8 C 2 178250 may 13 D 14 A 2 1 73 - The number of white-crowned sparrows taken in the Fall was but 4, with 1 repeat. This gives a percentage of repeats of 25.9 g 14.65.8uch a high per- centage of probable error due to the very small numbers makes these figures of little significance. Evidence from Magee at Sault Ste. Marie, and from Wing Brothers 'at Jackson seems to point toward a considerable migration in September, which of course would not appear in this report. During Spring migration 32 birds were taken, of which 7 repeated, a percentage of 22.3 1.4.9k. The percentage of difference between. the repeats for Fall and Spring is 3.0 £15.45. This per- centage, of course, is of no significance whatever. The birds taken in Trap E on May 3, probably belonged to a single flock, of which at least these four birds remained in the vicinity for about ten days, as indicated by the fact that number 171392 was taken last on May 13; numbers 171388 and 171391 were taken.1ast on May 11, and number 171393 was taken last on.May 8. If the last date on which a member of the group was taken be considered the last date on.which the group was here, then they must have remained from May 3 to May 13. Of course there is no proof that they arrived on May 3, or they they left on May 13. -74- Plates 3, 4, 5, and 6 are intended to show graphically the results from four different trapping stations with juncos, white-throated sparrows, white- crowned sparrows and song sparrows, the four Species taken in greatest numbers here. Due to difference in the number of traps Operated at these stations, to differ- ent feeds used, and different types of luaations used‘ for trapping, these results cannot be eXpected to be conclusive. In the case of the traps of Professor Stack and myself, the most striking difference is in the relative numbers of juncos and white-throated sparrows taken. There seems to be two possible explanations. First, that the white-throats like to stick close to the river and so naturally are caught near-the river. Second, that the juncos prefer the more open fields and woods away from town.and campus. The results may be due to a combination of these factors. In the case of the Wing Brothers at Jackson, the dates of migration peaks do not differ much from those here. The lack of junco migration at Jackson in the Fall is a puzzle. Evidently their station is off the regular route of the juncos for some reason. Their entire Spring migration is very light for these four species. They do catch large numbers of warblers and other Species which are not caught here in any consider able numbers, however. -75- Another peculiarity noticed in comparing the Wing's records with ours here is that they have a heavy catch Of white-crowned sparrows in the Fall and few in the Spring, while we had the exact Opposite here. Does this indicate a possible difference in route in Fall and Spring? The numbers of these four Species taken at Sault Ste. harie by Kagee are hardly sufficient for drawing conclusions when compared with the, numbers taken here. It is evident, however, that the junco migration there begins earlier and ends earlier than it does here. The peak of migration is the same in both places. The Spring migration of white-crowned Sparrows also is evidently considerably later in the ‘ 'Upper Penninsula. The graphs on the whole show very well the dates Of migration of the different species, and they Show that the bulk of migration takes place within rather narrow limits. The peak of migration is shown much more clearly by graphing the results Of trapping Operations than it is by observation alone. Although an Observer can see that the migration periods of Juncos and white- throats overlap, and that the Juncos are somewhat later ‘in Fall and earlier in Spring, the difference which actually exists between the peak of migration in the two cases would not be noted as it is except by analyzing - 75 - the results of trapping Operations. Statistical comparisons Of the data contained in the graph will be found on a separate page preceding each graph. Table Ix ' ' 77 ‘ Order Passeres Family Fringillidae Spizella monticcla monticcla Tree Sparrow 1 Recoveries Banded Band Date Sex Trap Repeats’ by Stack by Stack Oct. A28395 l B Oct.6,C A283394 1 B Oct.6,C A28393 1 B A28387 1 B A28380 6 c Oct.7,C A28379 6 C Oct.7,8,10, 12,14,C A28378 6 C Oct.lO,D;12,l3, 14,17,C;22,E Oct.22 A28377 6 Oct.8,C 160077 7 K Oct.9,10,12,13, 14,K;l6,D;19,B; 21,0;26,E 160080 7 C Oct.8,C;10,D;12, C;14,D;15,18,C; 21,22,E 160081 7 C Oct.10,12,13,D 160088 7 c Oct.8,C;13,D 160089 7 C Oct.12,C 160092 8 0 166427 9 B 166438 10 C 171522 14 C Oct.l4,C;16,D; 18,0;19,D;20,C; 21,22,E 171340 26 G Apr. A50505 19 G M867 A50554 l E 1'11 lel 1‘. I ‘1 III] a . 41...! - 78 - The data Obtained on tree sparrows tends to confirm the evidence of field observations; indicating that these birds are with us for a considerable period in October, and but for a very brief stOp-off in late April and early Kay. The total number banded in the Fall was 18, of which number 12 repeated. The percent- ages Of repeats was 66.6%: 7.5% Three Of the birds, numbersA28379, 160077, 160080, repeated over a period of’more than.two*weeks. Seven of the birds, numbersA28395,A28394,A28379, 160081, 160088, 160089, 171322, repeated over a period Of from 5 to 8 days. One bird, numberA28380, repeated but once, the next day after being banded, and one bird, number A28377, repeated only on the second day after being banded. The two birds banded in the Spring did not repeat. Field observations made while tending the traps indicate that the tree Sparrows are passing through the region in considerable numbers in late April and early May, but that a flock which arriwcscxw day is not to be seen or heard on the following day. Thus it seems possible that the birds in Spring do not remain in any one locality long enough to become familiar with the Trap lunch tables. -’79- "‘6 "3163 X Order Passeres Family Fringillidae Spizella pusilla pusilla Field Sparrow Recoveries Banded Band Date Sex Trap Repeats by Stack by Stack Oct. A46499 l6 0 Apr. ‘A50535 26 E A5054O 28 E A 50541 28 x A50542 28 E Apr.28 Hay .A50556 4 E .A50559 11 D May 12,D .A50560 11 D May 12,13,14,D ,A62401 11 D may 12,13,D A62403 11 D The Field Sparrow is a common.bird Of the Open fields and woods borders, although it pSSSSS' unnoticed often because of its inconSpicdous coat and unpretentious habits. The records are insufficient to do more than Offer a check on migration records by Observation alone. -80- Taule XI Order Passeres Family Fringillidae Passerella iliaca iliaca , Fox Sparrow Band Date Sex Trap Repeats Oct. 346281 10 C Poectes gramineus gramineus Veeper Sparrow Oct. 171342 27 E Apr. 171370 19 E 171371 19 E May 171402 4 E 178255 13 K Spizella passerina passerina Chipping Sparrow May A50555 l K MeloSpiza lincclni‘ lincclni Lincoln's Sparrow May 178272 20 A The Fox Sparrow is purely a migrant, and its capture is merely corroborative of the date of migration. 'The VSSper Sparrow is a migrant and a resident, but seems suSpicious of traps, and it is not caught as often as might reasonably be eXpected from its numbers and habits, as Observed in the field. The Chipping sparrow is very common, but Obviously does not enter the traps to any extent. Since it is a seed eater, it seems strange that so few are taken in Open field traps. Lincoln's sparrow is probably not rare here, although it is not Often recorded, due perhaps to its superficial resemblance to the Song Sparrow. It has been taken at several Michigan trapping stations. - 823—7—— Table XII Order Passeres- Family Fringillidae Pipilo erythrOpthalmus erythrOpthalmus -Chewink, Towhee Recoveries Banded Band Date Sex Trap Repeats by Stack by Stack Oct. 346258 9 346259 10 166440 13 H H H) 3 166443 13 Oct.14,G 171335 18 Nov. 171354 10 May 391628 4 391629 7 346272 10 B Nov.12,G 391636 20 hi ta b' c: |§ G) <3 :1 :3 ti 'a HWHHHB 391635 20 As the records Of the Chewinks do not show repeats or returns over any period longer than two days, they are of little value as migration data. Even the dates on which the birds were taken are well inside the periods when they are known to be here, so no deductions can be drawn. Whereas in the case if the cardinals the males are taken more Often than the females, the Opposite seems to be true Of the chewinks. Possibly the females taken in May were busy with nesting details, and Siexed the Opportunity to snatch a quick meal at an already prepared table. Table AIII Order Passeres Penthestes -atricapillus atricapillus Band A46509 A4651? A46518 A46531 A46532 A46533 A46534 A46535 A50465 A5046? A50468 A50485 A50487 Date Nov. 4 12 12 25 25 25 25 Dec. Mar. 23 23 25 Apr. 14 14 Sex Ed'dhsl’li £11 Trap - 83 - Family Paridae - Black-capped Chickadee Recoveries Banded Repeats by Stack by Stack Dec.2,G;8,10,12, L;15,G;18,F;Jam.7,F; Jan,8,L;19,G;26,L Dec.2,G(dead) Dec.2,G;8,10,L; 14,F;15,18,G; Jan.8,L;17,G Dec.8,10,12,L Mar.25,F Apr.13,H;14,F; 18,0;28,H;29,F;30 L; May 1,H;3,G;(dead5 Table XIV Order Passeres Family Paridae Baeolophus bicolor Tufted Titmouse Recoveries Banded Band Date Sex Trap Repeats by Stack by Stack 1313 I‘ e A50466 23 L Apr.8,G;l4,F Apr. A50486 14 F Apr.17,l9,28,H; 29,G;May 3,G A50487 15 F 171374 28 H -85.. The chickadees, like the nuthatches, were irregular trap visitors. They evidently did not feed in the traps unless they had failed to find food readily elsewhere. These records raise the question as to what the chickadees did when they ceased to visit the traps after having been caught somewhat frequently over a considerable period. NumberA46551 was taken now and then throughout December and January, and not at all after January 26. Did it simply find food plentiful without again visiting the trap; did it change its range either locally or widely: or did it perish through accident? The same question arises in the case of numbersA46534 andA46535. Such questions as these can not be answered until there are a larger number of cOOperators both locally and throughout the land. The tufted titmice records merely show the presence of these birds during the spring. The titmice are interesting little fellows, owing to their remarkable pugnacity. Not only do they squeal and fight furiously while being handled, but the mate of the bird in the hand will actually attack the person thought to be mistreating the captured one. On three occasions the free bird actually peeked and buffeted the writer's cap in its efforts to aid its mate. - 86 - Observations while trapping during the spring and early summer indicate that the titmice are more common here than is generally supposed, and that at least one pair are now nesting in the College woods, near Trap C. sole xv - 97 - *3 Order Passeres Family Sittidae Sitta carolinensis White-breasted Nuthatch Recoveries Banded? Band Date Sex Trap Repeats by Stack by Stack Oct. A46447 16 f G .A24186 18 f F Oct.l Nov. A24246 11 f A Oct.26 171359 12 f F Nov.24,L; Dec.2,F 171361 17 F Nov.22,F Dec. 171362 2 f H Dec.15,G;16,H; Jan.19,26,H; Mar.24,H;Apr.lO,H 171363 2 f H Mar.12,L Jan. 171364 7 m F Jan.l7,G;Mar.25,L A24213 8 f F Jan.20,F;Mar.12,L Oct.9 171367 17 f G Jan.19,G;20,G 171366 17 m G Jan.20,G 171368 19 m G Jan.20,27,G; Feb.3,G Feb. A50463 3 m G Apr.9,l4,24,G; May 7,G Mar. A50469 25 m F Apr.8,G;l6,H . Apr. A.50477 9 m G A50478 10 m H Apr.l6,24,26,28,30, H; May 3,7,H. The records of the nuthatches are interesting as showing their persistence during the winter, and their irregu- larity as repeaters. The eXplanation of their irregular appearance in the traps is no doubt the fact that they resort- ed to trap feeding only when,for some reason, their customary food supply became temporarily inadequate. The Nuthatches sfildom seem to acquire the 'trap habit' as some of the Fringillidae do. Order Passeres -Spinue pinus Band Date Oct. A46495 31 A46496 31 A4649? 31 Nov. A46511 9 Sex m f f m - 88 - Table XVI Loxia 1euc0ptera Nov. 171354 9 f B Loxia curvirostra minor Nov. 171357 10 171358 10 B Zamelodia ludoviciana May 410159 11 F Family Fringillidae Pine Finch Repeats Recoveries Banded by Stack by Stack White-winged Crossbill Red or American Crossbill Rose-breasted Grosbeak May 10 Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis Cardinal Nov. 346265 21 Dec. 346266 3 Apr. 171369 18 346269 26 346270 26 May 391634 15 391541 23 m m B In B B F eighth-h- Jan.26,F;Apr.26, L; may 15,F Nov.30; Dec. 1 Jan.9 Dec.8,L;Jan.l9, Z),26,L - 89_- —"‘ Order Passeres Family Kniotiltidae Dendroica coronata myrtle Warbler Band Date Sex Trap Repeats Recoveries Banded by Stack by Stack Oct. A28373 7 E Order Passeres Family Mimidae Dumetella carolinensis Catbird May 391631 11 L 391637 20 A May 24,A 391642 24 A 391643 24 A may 27,K Taxostoma rufum Brown Thrasher 1 391630 8 F 391633 15 G Order Passeres Family Corvidae Cyanocitta cristata cristata Blue Jay Oct. 346261 15 K Nov. 59944 2 Mar,6, '25 346262 2 Nov.6,G 346263 6 108815 21 Oct. 346256 7 whit-13> Mar.9,'25 t1} Han.8,'26 346257 7 E Oct.13,K;27,A; Apr.13,A - 90 - The records of the preceding two pages afford little basis from which to draw conclusions. The Fine Finch records, like those of the White-winged and American Cross- bills, are decidedly unusual for this locality, and show that these small migrate do make feeding step-offs here, and may . be caught in traps. Their small size, and habit of keeping largely to open fields probably permits their passage to be almost unnoticed in most cases. The Myrtle warbler captured is also very unusual, since the warbkrrs, although.common enough, are rarely attracted by anything in a trap of this type. The Brown Thrasher and Catbird are both rather abundant here during the summer, and probably could be taken in considerable numbers after a little experimentation with baits. Both seem to feed principally on insects and fruits, with seeds forming a decidedly minor portion of their diet. Hence one would not expect to capture them with a purely seed bait. Although Blue Jays are one of the most conspicu- ous and abundant birds on the College Campus, they are by no means so numerous out in the nearby woods and fields. They seem to have a strong preference for the haunts of man. Whether the blue Jays which summer here remain all winter, or are replaced by birds from farther north cannot, - 91 - be answered from these records. The record of number 346256, however, seems to indicate that this bird did remain at least for part of the winter, since he was handed October 7, and was still here on January 8. Some of the other Jays were taken in.the autumn, and retaken in the spring, but this proves nothing. They might have gone farther south fer the winter, or merely have shifted their local habitat for a time. The Bureau at flashington is particularly interested in the blue jay records, and probably will have some authoritative information in the near future. The Rose-breasted Grosbeak is not uncommon here during the migration season, and Professor Stack has taken a number. They seem to prefer the Campus to the cpen woods and fields, and so are not often captured in the latter. The Cardinal has become one of our common birds of late years, and is a winter resident in many cases. The records of numbers 346265 and 346266 show that these birds remained with us during at least part of the winter, although the evidence is not positive that they were here during the autumn and summer. However, it seems likely that the cardinal which was here from November 21 to May 15, probably does stay with us the rest of the year as well. The male cardinals seem to be either more hungry, more bold, or more gullible, as the case may be, since five males were captured as against but two females. ln such small numbers of individuals, of course, this means little. - 92 - Table XVII Order Passeres Family Turdidae Planesticus migratorius migratorius Robin Band Date Sex Trap Repeats Apr. 346271 27 A Hylocichla guttata pallasi Hermit Thrush Oct. 160083 7 150084 160085 160086 160097 166439 13 346260 13 171323 14 171332 17 (DQKIN'I 171333 17 171349 29 171350 29 mmmmmmmmmmmm Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni Olive-backed Thrush Oct. _ 160098 8 H May 178279 22 H 178280 22 H Just why Trap H caught all the thrushes is a mystery. Its location was apparently. not much different from the other College Woods traps. Since none of the thrushes repeated or returned, and both varieties are summer residents, the data seems to be of little value as yet. Table XVIII Order Passeres Family Icteridae Molothrus ater ater Cowbird . . Recoveries Banded Band Date Sex Trap Repeats by Stack by Stack Apr. 171375 28 f E 171376 29 f F May 410154 1 f K Apr.24 328165 1 m K may l9,K Apr.18 391626 1 m K 391627 1 K May 2 265517 25 m K Apr.l,'25 Quiscalus quiscula aeneus Bronzed Grackle MW 346273 24 f D 361152 27 m A Apr.26 346274 27 f C 346275 27 f D May 28,E- 346276 27 m E 346277 28 m K 346278 29 m E Since Professor Stack has secured considerable, as yet unpublished, data on the movements of Grackles and Cowbirds, no attempt will be made to draw any conclusions from these meager records here. - 94 - Table XIX Order Pici Family Picidae Dryobates pubescens medianus Downy: Woodpecker Band Date Sex‘ . Trap Repeats Recoveries Banded by Stack by Stack Nov. . 240957 7 f F Nov.ll,F; Dec. Mar.1925 Oct. 21, 12,D. Apr.l926 1924 Jan. 50461 27 f H . Dryobates villosus villosus hairy Woodpecker Jane 1 .-- 171365 8 f F Jan.20,G Colaptes auratus luteus Flicker Apr. 413299 29 H Melanerpes erythrocephalus Red-headed Woodpecker f 391638 22 f? E 391639 23 f E 391540 23 r E may 25,E;28,D; 29,30,129 Both the Flicker and Red-headed Woodpecker are very rarely taken in bird traps according to the records for Michigan. It would be interesting to know just why they entered the traps, as the traps in.which they were taken.were baited with seeds only at the time of capture in each.case. .The Downqy Neodpecker number 240957 is an interesting record, as it has been taken once during the autumn of 1924, once during the spring of 1925, twice during late fall and early winter of 1925, and once during the Spring of 1926. Do these captures represent transitory stops during migration? Order Columbae Zenaddura macroura carolinensis Band Date Sex Trap Repeats Apr. 346268 24 K MAY 413301 18 413303 25 285365 27 B May 28,A - 95 - Family Columbidae Mourning Dove Recoveries Banded by Stack by Stack May 26, 1925 These records show little other than the simple fact that Mourning Doves may sometimes be taken in bird traps. Professor Stack's records show that they are more likely to be captured in summer than at any other time of year. Order Gallinae Table *1.er J“./\I Colinus virgiaianus virginianus Band 284751 284752 284753 284754 284755 284756 284757 284758 206659 284759 284760 284761 284762 284763 284764 284765 284766 284767 284768 284769 284770 284772 284773 284774 Date Oct. 14 17 17 23 23 23 23 23 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 Nov. 21 21 21 21 Sex imm. imm. imm imm imm. imm. imm. Trap ea :9 ts w a: be tn tn :2 a: a: an ta o EtIJP-jtdt‘itdtdtdtliw Repeats -96- Family Odont0ph0ridae .Bob-white, Quail Banded by Stack Recoveries by Stack May 14.20.1923,: Nov.21,E N0v.4,C N0v.21,E Nov.21,E Nov.21,E May 14,E Nov.29,'24 repeats Jan.9, 16,30, May 19, 1926 _ 97 - Recoveries Banded Band Date Sex Trap Repeats by Stack by Stack Jan. 284775 8 m 413296 8 m Apr. 413297 27 m 413298 29 m May 15,0 413300 17 m 413302 20 m NWOE‘JWQQ 413304 25 . Although at the outset of the bird handing work it was expected that considerable data would be obtained on local quail migration, this expectation was not realized. The number of quail taken during the yean was too small, and the repeats too few, to Justify any conclusions regarding local migrations, except to indicate that the flocks in this immediate vicinity apparently did not remain in their autumnal haunts during the winter. If they had remained in the vicinity of the traps during the winter they would almost certainly have been taken during stormy periods when snow covered the ground. This has proven true in the case of Professor Stack's traps during previous years. An interesting case is that of the female, number 206659, banded by Professor Stack in Nevember, 1924, which repeated at his traps during the winter and spring of 1925, and was trapped with an adult male and ten immature young on October 27,1925. Probably this capture represented the female with her mate and young of the summer of 1925. -98... Comparative Numbers of Birds Banded on Clear and Stormy Days From October first to November twenty-fifth, 1925, there were twenty clear days and twenty stormy days on which birds were banded. The clasSification of clear and stormy days is rough: Days on which the weather”was clear most of the time being classed as clear,and ‘days on which there was any considerable amount of rain or snow classed as stormy. While this classification leaves much to be desired, it is probably as satisfactory for this purpaae as any other, since it indicates in.a general way weather conditions locally which would be most likely to influence the actions of birds. ISince the temperature tends to grow progressively colder as autumn advances it would be difficult to base any comparison on the comparative degrees of temperature on.a series of days. So many other factors enter into any calculations of this sort that it seems best to avoid any attempt to correlate temperatures with numbers of birds. Twenty stormy days Twenty clear days 11 individuals banded 3 individuals banded 6 22 l7 l2 5 3 11 4 14 ll 2 5 6 18 5 7 2 ll 19 7 12 15 -l 1 1 l 2 2 1 4 2 4 ‘2 6 1 / 5 6 12 126' 153‘ Total banded on stormy days was 126. MeanIun~day 6:3.1.oj. Total banded on clear days was 153 Meanper‘flay 7.6 3:86 Probable Error of the two means 3 1.07. Difference of the two means 7.65 - 6.30 = 1.35 1 1.07 . The difference is only 1.26 times the probable error. With so small a difference we may expect that about two times out of five, due to chance alone, the results would be reversed. ‘Therefore, we cannot say that there is any significant difference in the number of birds caught on stormy and on clear days. -.LUU- Table to show Correlation betweenINumbers of Individuals and number of Species Trapped, for October and November. Oct. Birds Species Nov. Birds Species 1 l4 3 1 l3 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 l l 4 4 1 1 5 5 2 l 6 5 2 6 1 l 7 23 7 7 1 1 8 12 5 8 9 17 4 9 2 2 10 3 3 10 4 2 11 11 5 2 12 4 l 12 6 3 13 11 7 13 l l 14 5 4 14 15 ll 4 15 16 5 5 16 17 14 5 17 5 2 18 18 5 l8 2 l 19 2 1 19 l l 20 6 2 20 21 21 12 4 22 8 2 22 23 5 l 23 24 24 25 25 4 l 26 2 2 26 27 19 4 27 28 11 3 28 29 12 3 29 30 1 l 30 31 7 2 The coefficient of correlation for number of Species and number of individuals caught during Octbber and November is + .80 This shows that over a period 0f_two months there is a high degree of correlation between numbers of birds and numbers of Species, even though the larger per- centage of birds caught belong to three or four species only. - 101 - Table to show correlation between numbers of individuals and number of Species trapped for April and may. April Birds Species iay Birds Species 1 1 l5 5 2 2 2 2 3 3 8 2 4 4 ll 5 5 5 5 3 6 6 7 3 7 7 9 3 O 1 1 8 3 2 9 7 3 9 4 l 10 1 1 10 3 2 ll 11 6 4 12 l l 12 5 3 13 5 2 13 7 4 l4 3 3 14 l 1 l5 3 2 15 2 2 16 4 1 16 9 l 17 4 2 17 l l 18 6 3 18 2 2 l9 7 4 19 20 6 2 20 9 7 21 3 1 21 3 2 22 3 1 22 6 5 23 10 2 23 6 4 24 6 4 24 3 2 25 2 2 25 3 3 26 6 4 26 27 6 4. 27 6 3 28 7 4 28 l 1 29 7 4 29 1 1 30 6 2 30 l 1 31 The coefficient of correlation for number of Species and number of individuals caught during April and may is + .67. While this is not as high a degree of correlation as that for October and November, still it shows a relatively high correlation for the Spring migration season. Plate 7 Shows this correlation graphically. O slates III hid IV See; to iudicete part the deck of RIIIWTLIOD iOI’IlNB fr 038 cormna.iater i ;'Uie Fall irunicio the nests tor the white-tirwets,wnite-crowns,and son; sparrows. The three letter suecies seen to reach their pests of migration in tie F9il at scout the sale tine. In Spring the juncos and song SJEFPOWS reach their peaks of .;1iI,ra.ti«311 at amroxizmtcly the sane 1:.i:;1e,w.1,ic;i is earl- ier than the peaks for waits-throats an; White-crowns. F‘b Since these greihs were constructed on the basis 0 a 15 Lay interval,whicn brings out tie meets strongLy,but is not very eccurate,the data were subjected to analysis by statistical dethods in an effort to aeteruine whether the difference oetween peaks is really significant,or is likely to oe due to chance. A con prison of migration of juncos and white-throats for the “all varied from Oct.1 on as shown by eradt's record: follows:- The dean may of nigrrtion for the Juncos,whicn corresoonde aggroxiiateiy to the peak of migration on the graqu,mas reached on Oct.26,or 26.6 Gays 1.94 days after the start of operation8,0n dot.1. In the Case of t e white-throats the morn was reached on Oct.15,or 15.? may: 1 1.8 days 2ft»r Oct.1. The difference oetween the neans for these tho 9360168 dPyS- "31°011 BHCSG figures in seems that i‘) o ( J is 1003') {1.53753 & there may he a real difference between the mean 11 ratiou -throets. This difference would \L’ mates of idZCOS 933 “mitt Drobably be even greater had the records been KCQD TOP 555 month of bootenber,simce the white-throats were in migration 1 oefore Ti-e:‘.e records oepn on rOctooer I. A comparison of nigration of Juncos and white-throats for the Spring period. Bradt's records. The nean day of migration for the juncos was reached on Apr.25,or 23.9 days after Aoril 1,with a probable error Of 1063 e The mean for white-throats came on Hay 6,or 56.2 days after Apr.1,with a probable error of .94 . The difference between the means for these two species is 12.3 days iloIS . In this case,as in the Fall period, the difference between the mean dates of migration iS,then, probably not due to chance. H6108 he may conclude that there is a real lag of the Juncos behind the white-throats in Fall of about 11 days, and a lag of the white-throats behind the juncos in Spring of about 12 days. Too much importance should not be att— ached to these figures,which represent the data for but a Single year. It would be of interest to continue these records for several years,to see whether the la; renains more or less constant over an extended period. No attemwt was made to analyze the data for song sparrows and white-crowned suarrows for the Fall period, ince not only were the numbers small,but in the case of the song soarrows the migration period was far advanced before these records were begun,as shown by the records from other Hichigad stations. The Spring records of these two soecies are treated on a later page. -lbq- A COHJEPiSOH of nigration of juncos and white-throats for tne Ball AiJretion after Oct.1. btacx's records. The mean day of migration for Jugcos was reached on Oct.27,or 27.3 days after Oct.1,with a probable error Of 1 1.1 days. The nean day of migration for the white-throats Was reached on Oct.12,or 12.4 days after Oct.1,With a orobable error of 1 2.2 days. The difference between the deans for these two siecies Was 14.6 days 1 2.46 days,which nay be considered as a significant difference,since the mean is six tiies its probable error. In Sgrins the her; day of ni;rntion was resched on- Anr.20,or 20.5 days after A;r.1,with a probable error of i 1.5 days,in the Case of the juncos. , The mean day of mi;ration for white-throats Was resched on Yay ?,or 38.2 days after Airil 1,with a nrobable error of 1'1.1 dayS. The difference between the scans for these two swecies in Luring was 17.4 days}1 1.9 days,a ratio which indicates that this difference is significant,and not due to chance alone. This corrobora es the conclusions reac ed fron the study of Eradt's records. -IU5- A comparison of nerns fron the records of firadt and Stack. Bradt- wean of mi;ration for juncos,Fall -26.6 Stack- " “ ” ” ” ” -27.c Difference - U. A difference of .4 days is obviouSly unimportant. eradt-nean of mi ration for juncoe,Sirin3 -23.‘ StflC‘i- H H H 1| II ll -23_. 8 1 l -. Difference - j. The probable error of this difference is 1 1.7,which indicates that the difference is orobably due to chance. Bradt-aean of migration for white-throats,Fall -15.7 St8,C:C- H H II II II H II -1’-_O_jfi Difference - 3.4 The probable error of this difference is i 2.3.Wh10h -again indicates that the difference is irobably due to chance. Bradt-nean of migration for white-throats,83rin3 -)6.2 StaCki- 1.1 ‘ n n u n n n _'28 . 2 Difference — ".0 The orobable error of this difference is 1 1.44, -which indicates that this difference is also due to chance. Hence we may conclude that the records of Bradt and ’\ ltack do not differ significantly in the case of these C two Species. -196- A congarison of migration of white-crowns and song searrows with the migration of white-throated suarrows and Juncos. The mean for migration for white-crowns in boring was 37.6 days,while that for White-throats was 36.2 days, a difference of 1.4 days. The orobable error of the diff- erence is 1 1.7,an error greater than the difference itself. Hence we may conclude that the difference is not signif- icant,and that the migrations of white-throats and white- crowns are aqaroxinately synchronous. Stack's records tend to corroborate this Conclusion. The mean dry of migration for song sparrows ca;e on April 27,0r 27.Q days after Auril 1. The mean for shite- U1 days. The difference between these two ,/ L). \N throatC was means was 9.5 days,nith a orobable error of 1 5.1 dayS. In suite of the aoparently large difference between these means,the ratio of the difference to it: orobable error indicates that such a difference night well have been due to chance alone. The mean day of migration for judo s in Boring was 23.9 days. The difference between th means for juncos and son; soarrows was 3.1 days,1 5.1 days. This difference Was JPObhbly due to chance. From these data it PJQGBPS that there was orebably no signifiCant difference in the migrations;of son; sparrows and white-throats,or of song egarrows and juncos.ji;ration seems to be synchronous in these svecies. ~137- fl 7‘1 Table of Daily Cactures of sour irinciual Swecies. Bradt's records. Date Date Oct. U.T. H.C. Eng. Jnco. Aor. U.T. W.C. Eng. oHCO _ Sp. Sp. Sn. 1 So. 39. Sp. 1 c E 2 J 9 11+ 3 1o 1 {1 11 3 12 1 b 1 1D 1.1, 1 '1 5 2 3 14 1 .9 7 3 ‘2 1 >__' 10 3 1'0 41 1U 17 2 2 11 15 2 j 12 1 9 13 1 2 2 2° 1 f1 14 1 21 '3 1§ 5 1 J 22 57- 10 1 1 1 2'5 4 g 17 1 3 24 1 2 2 18 1 1- 2’? 1 1 19 1 2'0 1 2 20 27 g o 21 1 3 2'? 2 22 2 6 23 4 25 3») P 24 18.1! D e 1 1 3 6 is; 1 5 :9; 1 1 a1 1 J '- 1.1. 28 3 7 4 £31 2 2 2}“ 4 6 2 I 3 1 3v 1 9 5 2 1 21 3 7 5 3 Rev. 5 2 1 9 r 4 2 1 10 2 3 1 11 1 . 4 I? '2’ 1 5. 1 1:2” 5 2 b 14 z 1 15 8 1 15 9 3 17 1Q 18 1 11 3 19 12 2 2° '2 1 13 1 1 2 2 1 14 2? 1 1 1 15 2 2 1 . 16 24 17 4 25 18 2 263 1’3 1 27 1 2O 28 21 5 2‘4" 22 30 1 )1 -1V¢_ . S e .l C 3 CD .9 n 1.. 91 .U L r u 0 w... . S .C .U. .2 .1 4L 0 C o... e O T mu cu .L I T K .1“ C .Tu up. .). 4.14 O... CU nv 7.. l .i 8 D 0.1. O 6 1 .Q P m .. "100 . T' U; """-‘W e Ullk). ~r ."1 H 0 \Jo ‘1': o T 0 1"1 . Ii. '1 7' DPte 1\) O K—‘I H2 .2 1 2 1 3 5.3 2 1 1 o ). Alt— 1 all 1 il- 1 1 PC 1| Cu 0 hf 11 .....,J CL 1 Cr— ..J 11/ 11 .‘J S), .XJ V). AC SJ 1.4. n6 .4) T‘J Cu O r1 Ad “.34 EJKU 7199 a.) .U 11 fir. ”(/4 r3 rC m1 CL 0/ .9 VJ 1| ad 224 CHM/U 710k a1... a.» 11 CC ".214 736 71319 .1). ...v 1 HI“... all 1| 1.1111010 Irw— «CL CL CL A:— ML rL .r.(_ r!— rt. J6... 11. 141111.111/L Fir— An _. h j 53...)"3w4211114112 110.. w) Ma‘OgOuKJndcl n41 9.— 717.. O n)...‘ 2 1.. 1| 4| CO 0 n1.“ 7171111ACAL112211 fir. 0’. cu .33 1 2 .54 35 7C 2. U 1 ,4 .21... 56 ”(Co/1.... 1 11111111112 2;. 2 2 2 222 2 .2 0 t 1 2 3.4 55 v1 .n C ‘ V 12 5.4 .56 76 g v Q 0. A 5" 1. O 1 cl. Mr. .2) 134.1 24 .36 7850 12 ”3450 1111112 222 25:9. O MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL “y”..- 5—4' . w—g, ._._.4+7.—‘ . — 4w a-._o—b PLATE III. DEPARTM ENT OF MATH EMATICS ....... MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE ‘7'- -HO- DEPARTME’J," HF MA . Iii-7i ’57 ”f ‘— ‘PLA TE II. A L ._.~ ...._L 4 _.—. I »...‘—$. - th- L.‘_._L 4 MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL .-f.L.- -1 '. W; -A bH h-” LA+> 1.4‘-- T-....'._._;-,A- L DEPARTM ENT OF MATHEMATICS PLATEISZ MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COL LEGE Coo-t‘o-OIO DEPARTMENT (‘5‘ My- 04 -..C 0* J+.-.—»—. 5 . ...-A MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE o .—$-o-u-o 9 t v - . ‘0406—F90 H - ‘—. 60v 9 0 “v- <4 ‘44-} .7--- -_.¢,..¢_ _.‘_. .- . ‘4 AW +§O—.—o¢.. 't‘- *1 b D‘- _. ..._. ‘ DEPARTMENT OF M ATHEMATICS FLA TEIZU; A COJJPriSDn of the teufiency to form tme 2104; the faar AritcivpL snecies caudlt. (In tgiz cai’rrison pnv 013d is COJLLQePCJ to nave forled a “trap gabit” thic- reverts three or tore times in the sate trap hitAOlt anvin; age; Cpugnt jeagtnile in another LTPJ). Juncos. m J. ' ~..- ‘ total anfcu -1(4 ‘ Aenertea thrue 0T :nrc tiTCS in one t1 3 1) Q, I C) J. LIP?) UPL/it - 5. "/9 1 1.1/0 \_r Ftrcentfifie Forging Lon; Sharrows T3151 ts:en - 50 Acycsted LnPCC or tore tinzs in axe tray - 1d :trcentDQe ioraiJ‘ LPPQ nabit - 11.59 1 3.5p "..’ hi te- £11109 tum S , )8. I‘I"‘O'H'E TotaL trken ‘95 he)ceted three or wore time; in one trhg -15 E) emcexytn'e iTHFKiflfig'LTEE [MfiJit -IY.xwg 1 2.!ja ‘" Q White-crowned Epprrows Total tcfen -)6 RGJeatefi three or more times in one trap - 3 Pcrcentngc ”ornin; trhn habit - Cofifl + 2.;p 41?- thCJS Qflw SUHT S flTPQUF. hi ‘ - [I . ,“'.‘ , . A —, ‘ -l L: a. 6 ~ _ , n; A‘ v. .‘ . -. I. _ z r '1 (fl J‘LU LLl'. At‘i 7L10b‘ IJEIt‘i'i‘EJV;1 L);le )(l CLuLBr‘e OJ, J\_lllCO:u ._I_;,“-L 31 r” -‘ . ,-. -7, ,3 . .fl‘l ‘ I V _‘ ‘ J_ " _ i" ‘g . ‘ ,1 .l. . ' .‘ ‘ L' 311 J L» )Pl 113‘348 .L ’jlq.,L_L.l‘--S tlLC blag! ) Lip alit I. 9,5 1L. 0 J”. 1 J 9 C4,»; . ("l \ ..| ‘ .CI _0 .‘ ‘__. s n .' u f- ‘_ ‘ V ‘ _. l. I‘ ,1- C1 ,' '." . ) _._‘ '8' ~ , L \ r‘. a. .L;i’~.-t;(3 119.1568 ...l'~LlCclJue P4 LL81 \J._L_LJ.LIL)KI_CC,LAOU U16 [)3 C-J.c1-tCC , - ‘ ,\ \--\‘_ . _I v ‘1‘ A‘ I _.‘o_fl . ‘ f ‘ . ‘ 1.1 I" 4. 4 ~ J w," ‘ I - ‘l 3‘ FlDac. AfiJLSLJIN thQCLliléflthJC ls aw“, t3 UAC trmrt tmflt tgL 0.")1’1 .. C. )r“.“. q. v:c h‘fi . ~.~.C- r —' f; 34' o W 16) J“, c) w ~ .:| ' ‘7 Infir‘le 8‘. J‘ '_.‘ t L» j p r,L1 )hu fil ,; LIE." L;-L)L. lit/I LND (I, LO.‘_L_-:LLLL1C’:J JLLJtlll , " »- . A. 4-‘v \ . » - ~ ~4- -~| 2 .~-‘ A. ,- ‘_ ., w-\ H. | \ _ ‘_ ‘ 7 ‘_ Lnllb Ute 11mg“; rye AL’LP;UE. Hie hww- L»Prr3t€ In; wave o, . . -~- ,. , ., .1. .71! - .4. , -1_ I. ,fl‘; _ 7“? . __‘ - _ ‘r ‘ JIAUO‘ nvI%etrvu. Ctitxtelgr:*tuvc:eu to fo: )anLU1Ls “(33>t. - I. W 5‘ — Ty: . _,_‘ “. J“ JILL-VOL ml: 2.4;Lte-til‘ontsw I‘I -. - : 0...‘ fl ’- , . - ~. A - J... . __ ‘I ‘ .N L - -‘ ‘ ‘_ V ‘ ,v 'r) .= 16 (at Ltl’cmce :JC‘th.L(‘JIJ uz‘le jJa: 1‘C€:2_i1bh)€ ’3; __ 111005 r f); v . I J, 1‘ ‘- "‘__.r_ .' 5‘ '3 ' § ‘1 ‘ J: ‘_‘ _ .> Til" (I . J.- _' . ' f: _ o ‘\ .1. Lip. ‘ihl ()0 [IS A- f):— LLAL-j Llik/ ./L C' ‘ -Ltr‘ J '_ L} \.PL(.: 1 1 o "1‘ .I i L; ' E ’1'). r". ,- ° - J- 7 a " 2 HA, . _ . 3 . - 4. ‘ ~.~ . _ a , ._ _. . ~, *~i3 Jnt~lCT 113 R ltflILi4iii-lwa.6b 1J1 age in‘MTLiQd 01 u1b L-P) taait,nJLCJ may )){Llva we th.lnfiuau 33 Lgc .1);oa- 'I '4»- . . 4- P . J. , , " I ._ -‘ 4- _. , ‘ .‘, . . ' _‘\_‘ a ' .V _ ‘r V ‘1 . ‘." 1 .LleIl u ;- b-;t) ». -loE-ollf‘ih'7tb ( i’C Lat/U LLIlJ,.;1uK-_lLLL nun. ”LL“; ‘ r. 31‘ '_ , n . 7 .L 1 ’n R __ , . _' . .1- J_ ‘ -. T _ . ~ ‘ I . -‘I T- A. I ,. - r '3 \‘ I 1- . IL. .LL'~J..J_C ~ 1-1 u_IC L1,. (j. IL. ,‘DL‘ 6186 DILE'ZU L). LCJJ it.) 1 1 |\._L,_ 1 4i UL- (.L/l LIE- 1 11‘; r_ I ; . .. . ‘. .—‘_\ «1 “I r‘.‘ ' 1 ‘7' "- hm} ' .. 4‘ ‘ _) 1- v, ‘a ' l" A ‘.I '. ‘14“ 4") Ch , I: 1‘ ' OJ“ “L VL“'~'— ‘J vii-L V J— L'CV-lLU‘ L17]~("-L \v") LLLC ”ILL-L"> . .v; Mika'f lvaa -1‘) 12x1te 9103; the 51333: fl,;1t 9190 we 2 fFCLOI'jjl'UiiS arse. dwncou flguLxmllLC-CPOW.C. Lne differ_gce autheefl ;*r porcegtv5e of juscos 94d of VTV,‘ _' .L- ,, —)- ‘- i ', -',‘ ‘_2 ,‘ ‘. . ‘ I '__, ' . ‘2 ' i. ‘ _': «l. 2‘: . I "Ill LICJ‘LJ fight]? .. 14.1 ' L16 L11”? ] 1‘;{_‘.~)_!_ L; “(Ob J. V'J‘ 4]. 51/7. 1118 hirftrence it frooatLv but to Cnpgce. ‘J -1 1 - ‘)“. . I ._) 131:01'18 (".L‘- -\4_:__-Lr\_,(‘."" U-~J.i‘~)rr"L;£--. ';.e ttl;re1wk;cz {HLUHECJL'LfliiV7CTCLuft896'LXf :o-k5 tg;;qune (and of vutlte-tul'oats Kerwin-3' (we tn.) ”adit '...- S um,» it 4.4,9. 1318 eirxereace 1a ,roua Lg “4e b3 'nfiflCC. Long t)prr0ts 231 unite-erehnS. T;etgipference between the DCPCOALPJG Oi sxrt; {garrOWE ("dd 01' Vu‘.lLE-CL'DYM1E 101111;»; u .e 213'!) -.:P.‘JlL MRS 14.4,. I 4.2/0. inie uiiiuyeuce Joy we age to tue Very EJELL “4.ucy u; white-crowns caught,or it dry be due, as in the case of the jageos an; SUM; evarrowe,t3 the reeiaent hatit of the .2011; t 93:11.)“.3'8 as 0331 wired to tie 111;??th Habit of the whi te- UI‘QW as: . ‘f‘ V " ""A - , “ ‘ .‘fi “ ‘- 4“: " r“ ‘nglitU-JL )u'i, L7 F_;l-A \v-1.l-te- UaiL‘OCLLIS. ”-1 :43 iifferedce between the persuxtage 01 Waite—crohns 9nd of ngte-th£OPtS foruin“ J» - tt V-. . e ...-I u . .' ‘4) uLlC Lil)”, ) -1? r)l b VI 8 J04}- 4 ‘1’. V”). r'l‘ tgis diffknrejce 133 orobptflgrckle to ciuumce. D r}: r§ L4 -'- ~ .1 -. ' . j "1 Ar ‘2 v (v 'E -u‘> ' . 4 w 7‘ ‘ idle kADUPI. Il.h)bl‘st lglrJJ: 331L4ed.\nnt,gnvfl7,to vMilCil lfl¢’ ue Riiel 4" reCOVerice,nekin5 a total of 332 individuals hgnalei pt the trees. Ede aistrieltion of the DL‘QS 9&03 ferent traps is {gown in the follekizg table. O)e‘ation Lawber of girus PI) 'Vj ‘ .‘ _ O ‘_ Av _ 4.11573 finial“); L) to Dec.1 113 to June 1 u *5 KM“ I11 L‘ O c I- ('I- C O o .0 H N t) v "3 O mvu Uhd d J *‘J C.) C C+ C c+ (J ‘—«I E (D \2 (a cf- 0 fl C U H *4 D ._I v‘ -. K I I‘M Catfil - 592 J“. 24ere vere 17L reutats JiViué a pereextmge o; rejeate of 51A. Edie n)eroxilatelv one 01t of every three bir;e 1 trken in the trans was r‘tecen at leptt 040e. 0f the.e 1T2 ra A -_ 1...,3‘ ‘r—.r\-' J fl-‘ . . . Iwajents ,1 ;Jtres,cn7 34.<,) reqe tmxl flare Euxl once. TTIAS 9L1,31t1y 'YI98 t ut1+one-Fgfo of :1}. gird: \m1ich team} retaken at all were retaken mare tgpn once. Tueee fliures ‘ - J- . - w- ,~.‘. v r 1— r H. . ~ -. { -. J— P Q (a . . . 7.! f ." - .' eegvtelflrld .wgoxa t;4:t T; e IJlIKtE {tre :16t, Se1°to L 13' ;flhylub-ha -II. W .1 .- ' . - ' ,r‘; _. c ,. , __r."1, ‘ '! .“" ' 2.. . . _ 1‘ - . , ' . ‘ .. . ' u «LLK» L”; J qr.) ,..L,‘-:y.)-1nl JJ‘LL ul‘lultiQd J- L."LCJ-CLJ .")8;lu.t2\i. L’- . . I.) ll. .3 WC 6“. 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