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by

Thomas Frank Teters

A TTLSIS

Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of fichigan
8 ate College of Agriculture and Amplied science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the fie"

Department of Zoology

1953

THEE

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DIS

ACE

LIT

TABLE OF CUKTLITS

TiCrC-‘ACTICN. . . . o . .

rake fertilization . . . .

She calcium-deficient

Lake description . . . . .
History of resea‘ch an}

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:TiSho o o o o o o o
BOt‘tCT: fauna. O o O
1‘132’11313011. o o o o o
Rooted vegetatior .

Analysis of variance 0

”ULTS CF SALFLIUG o o 0

Chemical 0 o o o o o o

nygel’l. o o c o o o
CClOI‘ o o o o o o o
13.11.81ini‘by. . o o .
yH--Tempereturo--Ca

O O O O O 0
O O O I
11-70 0 o o o
O O O O
tuiruiggezzelrt
O O O O O O
comrounds o
O O O O 0 O
O O O O O O
O O O O O O
O 0 O O O O
O O O O O O
O O O O O O
O O O O O O
O O O O O O
O 0 O O O O
O O O O O O
O O O O O O
O O O O O O
O O O O O O
O O O O O O
rbon dioxide

Phosphorus-—Calcium-—Pctassiumo
Adsorbed calcium.in bottom Soil

Carbonates in bottom soil

Biological . . . o . .

FiSho o o o o o o .-

Bottom fauna. . . .
Plankton. o o o o o
Rooted vegetation o

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Since the early times of wildlife management, which lirst
took the course of yrctection of life and property against

nutive animal S 00105, its evolution has *r05resse with an attempt

to keen pace with changing zttitules are necds of

A.

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tion began Ctrly enougn. Today: witk more leisure time erd swifter

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orsnsyortetion {toileb_e, an evex—iLcIJesin, lie in, hflu hubbldo

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Parsletion is seenin; recreation in a wildlife resource tho is con-

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c;ment-—hebitat improvement-—hns founu

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5

Lake fertilization
Fertilization of lakes has been sgbjectod to experiventation
for same time but is a recent teehnigue when cony:red to noficrn
Letgcis in terrestrial agriculture. In the s nth, 5Vitn LAC “vi; 1e
’ z‘.-“‘ . 2-. -.'.—‘ ‘- -_ 1 ..'-' - ...° 4-- . -1 .' .-
\lQeoj, among others, flee: snown fer lllZflclOH UH nloeuce iLCanch

1

in lake an. end iroluetion. '-:eeliz:1ng ‘1. 152+ c“..ir:1-tcs different irom

t ose existing in the soutn may have ei?ferent effects upon the

result" of fertilization, cxwerimentution has been 0 rricfi out in
Tichi: n by Wall end Tanner (1951), an. in other s.ates which are
subjected to severe weather Con itions by others, with varying inni

sonotines deleterious} results. An ircrgssiNj :orularity of ;:rn

fisfi jonds throughout the country has resulted in increase; research

2
along this line. Both organic (cottonseed meal, soy bean meal,
animal manure) and commercial, inorganic fertilizer (varying ratios
of nitrogen, rhos horus aid rotassium) have been used. The organic
fertilizers supply nutrients in the form of proteins, Carbohydrates,
and vitamins, in addition to inorganic nutrients, while commercial
types, surplying only the inorganic, must rely unon the photosynthetic
levels of the food chain to produce food for higher organises. Al-
though most results show the inorganic fertilizer to be the more
effective, both types are used with the purrose of surplying Specific
nutrients where the lack of those nutrients is a limiting factor us-
on the Droduction and growth of the food-producing levels of the

food chain.

The calcium-deficient lake

A method of fertilization which has received little a tention
as yet, however, is the ap lication of line to the calcium-deficient
lake, a type which is common in the north rn, forested regions of
Michigan and Wisconsin, areas which are receiving more and more
fishing rressure from Vacationing tourists each year.

The use of line as fertilizer has been practiced in nurone to
produce increased yields in fond—culture of carp (Keess, 1949). In
fiisconsin, Juday and Schloemer (1958) used line in conjunction with
other inorganic fertilizers with no apparent immediate effect upon
the abundance of plankton. In a somewhn different aspect, lime
and basic slag are sometimes used with other fertilizers to offset
the acidity caused by the decomposition of ammonium salts when used
as fertilizers (Compton, 1945, and Smith and Suingle, 1959). Lime
as a direct treatment of calcium-deficient lakes has been used in

this country by Nasler et. a1. (1951) in Wiscorsin, whose work was

3
concerned with the development of acid bog lakes for trout produc—
tion.

In his review of fertilization in Europe, Neess (1349) retorts
that lime will flocculate organic colloids and, by reducing their
adsorptive capacity, release nutrients into the water. He also
reports that bacterial decomposition in acid, peat soils is low, and
in such a medium desired nutrients accumulate in an undesirable form;

he addition of lime results in a more alkaline condition of the soil.
Ieess also brings out that with the addition of line, the surely of
carbon dioxide available to tlants in the form of bicarbonates would
be increased.

Hasler_3£. El. (1951) postulated that the application of calcium
compounds would (1) clear the colored water, by means of the calcium
flocculating and rrecipitating hunic colloids causing the color, and
increase the trophogenic zone; (2) increase bacterial decomjosition
of the bottom soils, by offering a more alkaline medium; and (3)
increase the carbon dioxide available to plants in the form of
bicarbonates. The results of their study upon two small bog lakes
of about 8.5 acres each, showed an increase in the bicarbonate alTa-
linity, a higher pH, and a marked clearing of color.

In addition to the bog-type lakeS'which Pasler and his co—workers
used, many lakes abound in these northern regions which characterist-

ically are bordered by regular shorelines of hard sand bottom, are

‘

exceptionally low in bicarbonate alnalinity, and have a high color
which gives the effect of "tea-colored" water. This tyre of lake,
similar to those described as soft-water "seepage” lakes by Juday
23: a1. (1935) and Prescott (1951), is well known as a poor producer.
A paucity of nutrients, acid conditions and a shallow trophogenic

zone combine to keep production at a low level. Tith no inlets and

4

a source of water which must seep through sterile glacial sands or
drain from the acid rodsol sails choracteristic of this region, these
lakes receive little in the form of carbonates from the adjoining lands.

To study the possibilities of improving these particular fishery
resources the Michigan Institute for Fisheries Research, in coopera-
tion‘with Michigan State College, has initiated a program of research
on the alkalization of one such calcium-deficient lake in the up er
peninsula of Kichigan. The term "alkalization" is here used as being
synoninous with "line application," and is not meant to imply that
the water is necessarily made more alkaline, even though such an ef-

fect is to be expected; the term "alkalinization" is reserved

I-..)
o
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92
to

purpose of denoting an actual increase of alialinity.
This report is concerned with the first year's results of the

alkalization program.

Lake description

The lake used for this experiment was stoner Lake, located in
the Hiawatha Eational Forest in the upper peninsula of Iichigan,
Alger and Delta Counties. It is essentially a two-basin lake,
approximately three-quarters of a mile long. While a previous sur—
vey indicated an area of 75 acres, measurements made July 21, 1952,
showed the open water area to be 85 acres, and marsheS'with depths
of water up to two feet extended the area to about 95 acres (Fi;ure l).
A rise in lake level was felt to be the factor accounting for the
increase in area. Its maximum depth was slightly over 20 feet, while

its average depth WHS about 6.5 feet. A hard sand bottom characterized

’3;

the entire shore line out to a depth of about 10 feet, while the keeper

portions of each basin were found to be partially filled with an or-
ranic soil of a type classified by Roelofs (1944) as pul y peat.

CL

The area immediately surrounding the lake was of a forested

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6
nature, hemlock, naple and birch being predominant. In the lake
itself, higher aquatic plants were scarce, the major ones being

Eleocharis, Junous and Scirpus spp. Leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne caly-

n.-

 

 

culata) and sweet gale (Hyrica Gale) lined the entire shoreline, and

 

also made up the shallow marshes mentioned above (Plates I, II, and III).

The fish population was maie up of yellow perch (Perca flaves—

 

cens), common white suckers (Catastomus commersonnii commersonnii),

 

and bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus). Yellow perch were in great

 

numbers and showed evidence of stunting.

Water temperature at the surface reached a maximum of 76°F.,
and bottom temperature a maximum of 69°F. during the summer; the
fornation of a thermocline was never observed. The water was highly
colored, giving the characteristic "tea-colored" appearance.

Stoner Lake is a pit lake, located in the outwash plain of the
Munising moraine to the north, which was described by Rergquist (1956).
The lake lies in a shallow centripetal basin, and there is no inlet
nor outlet. The surrounding land was privately owned except for a
small public access point owned by the U. S. Forest Service from
which operations were carried out and which was accessible by road.
Utilization of the lake for recreational purposes was slight, only
two parties of fishermen having visited the lake during the time of

the experiment (June 11 to September 4).

History of research and management
Previous to the beginning of this experiment two attempts to
alkalinize Stoner Lake had been made. The first, made in July, 1943,
consisted of the application of three tons of hydrated lime by the
Michigan Institute for Fisheries Research. The second was in August,
1946, when Ball (1947) applied 20 tons of pebble-sized crushed lime-

stone. chemical analysis of the water before and after the latter

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7

artl ication indicated a bicaroonate algalinity of 6 p. p. m. which
did not change aiter application, aesrite observations made at the
time that the ]-imestonesn1ead upon the sand portions of the bottom,
had apparently dissolved within a few days after arjlication. Ball
also indicated that at this time aquatic vegetation had a soft and
leathery consistency and that beds of vegetation were sparse. A
visit to Stoner Lake in July of the following year showed the bicar—
bonate al.alinity to have underbone no change and the crnsistency
of the aquatic plants similar to the previous year, ut a slight
increase in the vegetation beds vm 3 observed.

In 1950, Paul H. Barrett (in lett.) po nted out that organic
soils exhibit the fro erty of base-exchange, whereby cations would
be adsorbed to the surface of t e soil narticles; in an attem~t
to alkalinize the 1.rater enou oh a<lditional calcium must be added to
neutralize the ads orrtive “reperties of the bottom soils.

In 1951, rulpy peat samples were collected from Stoner La-
and used in laboratory experiments at hichigan state College designed
to study the effects of calcium adsorption by these bottom deposits
(Barrett, 1952). From the laboratory experiments, Barrett showed that
more than the top centimeter is involved in the adsorptive jrocoss,
and recommended that enough calcium.compounds be a}plied to neutralize
the tOp three centimeters. Hydrated line, being much more soluble
than limestone, would give a faster reaction and its effects more
easily detected than‘those of limestone. (It may be that the effects
of the limestone applied by Ball in 1946 w'ere not dC‘ tectablo becaas3 the
rate of adsorption by the organic soils equalled or exceeded the rate
of dissolution.) Upon the basis of these facts and the results of the

laboratory experiments on the pulpy peat, Barrett recomaended the

application of hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) at the rate of 20 pounds per

8
acre-foot, calculated to increase the alkalinity 10 p. p. m.; 22.5
pounds hydrated lim per acre-centimeter to neutralize the tOp centi-
meter of pulyy peat; and 30.5 pounds crushed limestone (CaCOs) per
acre—centimeter for slow dissolution to offset 'dSOrption by two

additional centimeters of soil.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Application of calcium compounds

It was decided to apply to Stoner Lake hydrated lime and lime—
stone at the above rates recommended by Barrett. In computing the
amounts to be used, an area of 75 acres and an average depth of 10
feet were used, giving a volume of 750 acre-feet. Using the above
rates of application, the amounts used were 8.5 tons hydrated lime
and two tons finely ground limestone. These materials were rurchased
from Haviland Products Comyany, Grand Rapids, Michigan, at a cost
of $35 per ten for hydrated lime and $50 per ten for limestone,
with the total cost amounting to $357. The hydrated lime was pack-
aged in 50-pound bags, the limestone in 80—pound bags.

These materials were applied to Stoner Lake on June 20 and 21,
1952, following a limited chemical survey. The unOpened bags were
carried out with a rowboat, slit open in the center of the bag and
released from the side of the boat (Plate IV). The material was
allowed to settle where released and to dissolve and diffuse. The
bags were released only over hard sand bottom along all shores and
in the central portion between the two basins (Figure 2), care being
taken not to release any over rulpy peat bottom,'where the material
would have sunk into the pulyy peat and its effects been lost to

the water.

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10

Chemistry

fiater
Realizing that a knowledge of chemical conditions in the envir-
onment is essential to an understaiding of the status of an animal
or plant population, it was desired to gain information about the
more critical substances influencing the biota and its quantitative
fluctuations (if any) resulting from alkalization. Also, it is
possible that some substances, such as alkalinity and 1hosphorus,
may be used directly as indices of lake productivity (Hoyle, 1949).
Water samples were collected periodically through the summer
with a modified lemmerer water sampler from both basins, of which
routine field analyses were made. Two stations were located and
marked with an anchored buoy for this purpose, one station being
set in the approximate center of each basin (Figure 5). water from
depths of three and nine feet was tested for oxygen by the rapid
Winkler method (31118.23'.E£" 1946), for carbon dioxide and alkali-
nity by procedures outlined in "Standard Methods" (1946), for pH
with a Hellige comparator, and for color with a U. S. Geological
Survey kit which uses platinum cobalt standards. Below nine feet,
samples were collected at every three-foot level down to where mud
was first encountered, and estimated for oxygen and carbon dioxide
only. Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit was taten at all levels,
at surface, and of the air, with a pocket thermometer. These data
were recorded on a prepared record sheet. Secchi disk readings and
a note of weather conditions were also recorded on the record form.
This procedure was followed at each station, the times of analysis
being 10:00 am for the north basin and 11:00 am for the south basin.
1

The depths at which muddy water was encountered at these ewe stations

‘were a proximately the same, both varying between 16 and 18 feet

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12
depending on the turbulence of the water and the lake level at the
time. A deliberate attempt was made to obtain a samrle not more than
one foot from the mud-water interface.

In addition to the above field analyses, water samples of approxi-
mately 209 ml. were collectcd at periodic intervals of one week through—
out the summer, stored and returned to the laboratory for further
analysis. Two such samples were collected at the yosition of ea h
chemistry station on each sampling date, at a depth of one foot be-
low the surface. From these samrles, estimations were made of total
an dissolved phOSphorus by procedures outlined by Ellis 22: El'

(1946) using the Klett-Summerson Photoelectric Colorimeter; disSolved
calcium by the Each modification of the versenate method (Diehl it.
323’ 1950), with procedure and materials furnished by Fach Chemical

, \
Company; and dissolved potassium with the use of a Beckman Flame

Spectophotometer (West et. al., 1950).

Soil

Because of the suSpected strong effect of the organic soil
upon the chemical conditions of the water, it was also desired to
study further the degree to which the pulpy peat would enter into
the calcium distribution after alkalization. It was necessary,
therefore, to collect samples of the pulpy peat for laboratory
analysis.

Collections were made from four stations, two being located in
each basin (Figure 3). It was thought best to locate the stations
near the edge of the pulpy peat and sand boundary, in order to ob-
tain a sharper interface between water and soil; these points were
located with a sounding line and marked with an anchored buoy.
Samples were collected with an Ekman dredge, an attempt being made

each time to collect the sample at such a depth that the mud-water

l3
interface was held within the dredge. ”hen the w ter had been

poured off, the approximate top three cenuimeters of mud were scooped
into a jar. 0n shore, these samples were poured onto paper filter
disks, allowed to drain, and dry in the air. The samples, after

having dried, were stored for return in air-tight bottles. In the
laboratory, the samples were oven dried at 00°C. to a constant

weight, ground to a powder by means of a mortar and pestle and strained
through a ho. 40 soil seive. Cne gram of the resulting powder was

used for each analysis.

An estimate of adsorbed calcium was made by the versenate
method given by Cheng and Bray (1951). One-gram samples were used,
and the results converted to a percentage figure.

An estimate of total carbonates was made of each sample accord-
ing to the following method, modified from those reviewed by Alex-
ander and Byers (1952):

l. Exactly 10.00 cc. of 0.02h sulfuric acid (32804) was added
to 1.00 gram of powdered soil in a test tube, shaken for
one minute and allowed to stand for one hour.

2. The test tube was shaken for another one minute, and the
contents poured into a paper filter disk folded into a fun-
nel. The test tube was washed with boiled {istilled water,
and the filter parer was similarly washed until the filtrate
was brought up to approximately 50 ml.

5. The filtrate was then tested with a Beckman pH meter, and
titrated with 0.023 sodium hydroxide (NaCH) until a p? of
7.0 was reached.

4. The carbonate content was computed by first subtracting the
number of ml. sodium hydroxide used in the titration from

10.00, and multiplying the remainder by a constant (deter-

14

L1.)

ium hydroxide against sulfuric

\

mined by standardizing the so
acid with the pH meter) to obtain the result in grams, ex-
pressed as calcium carbonate (CaCCg). Conversion was then
made to a percentage figure.

It was desired to gain some further information about the
quantity of pulpy peat in the two basins. For this purpose, 24
stations (11 in the north basin, 13 in the south) were either located
or approximated, and an esti ate of the depth of the sedimentation
was made at each of these stations. This was done by taking tw
soundings at each station: (1) depth of water at which mud was
encountered with the water sampler, and (2) depth to which a heavy
weight would sink into the pulpy peat.' The depth of the sediten-
tation was calculated as the difference between these two measure-
ments. The weight used wps a six-foot piece of angle-iron.weighin;
about 7.5 pounds, allowed to sin; vertically into the mud, point
first. It must be pointed out that these measurements represented
only minimums; the weight probably did not sink to the lowest level
of the sedimentation. The stations of sounding are shown on the
map in Figure 2; sounding measurements are given in Table l.

The bottom areas comprised of pulpy peat were estimated from
a constructed map showing bottom types (Figure 2). These were,
roughly, for the south basin 14 acres; for the north basin 16 acres;
and total for the lake, 50 acres.

The density of the wet pulpy peat was measured as 1.03 gm.
per cc. weight of oven-dry mud (60°C.) was measured as 0.045 gm.

per cc. of wet mud.

Biology
Because the success of any inorganic fertilizer depends upon

the utilization of a ded nutrients by a photosynthetic level of the

15

Table 1. Kud soundings taken on August 19 and 20, 1952.

 

 

Depth of Thickness of
Station water sedimentation
(feet — inches) (feet — inches)
1 10 - 9 6 - 6
2 10 - 5 6 - O
5 10 - 9 4 - 0
4 12 - 6 6 - 9
5 11 - 9 4 - 9
6 10 - 9 6 - 0
7 15 - 0 10 - 6
8 15 - 0 9 - 0
9 15 - 5 8 - 5
10 15 - 6 8 - 9
11 19 - 9 9 - 5
12 14 - 6 8 - 9
15 14 - 6 9 - 5
14 9 - 6 5 - o
15 9 - 5 5 - 6
16 10 - 6 6 - 6
l7 9 - 6 4 - 9
18 7 - 0 4 - 6
19 8 - 6 6 - 6
20 11 - O 7 - 9
21 11 - 9 7 - 5
22 15 - 9 9 - 9
25 10 - 5 4 - O

24 7 - 9 5 - 9

 

16

food chain, and realizing therefore, that any change in lohe pro-
ductivity might be reflected in all trophic levels of the chain,

it was desired to sample all levels possible in the hepes of estab-
lishing the effects of the alkalization upon the Va ious plant and

animal groups.

Fish

Collections of fish were made at irregular intervals throughout
the sunaer with the use of a gill net and by angling. Yellow perch
made up the great bulk of the samples; bluegills and suckers were
collected only in very small numbers. Scales were taken from the
area directly be ind the left pectoral fin on the yellow perch and
bluegills, and on the suckers from the region dorsal to the lateral
line and anterior of the dorsal fin. Total lengths, weights and see
were recorded from all fish. Because the number of suchers and blue-
gills taken was so low, growth studies were 1i ited to yellow perch.

Scales from 82 yellow perch were examined with a projector having
a magnification of 28.5K. Ages were determined and total lengths
at previous annuli were calculatei from a nomogranh. The anterior
radius of all scales of the yellow perch was plot ed against total
length at time of capture and a linear regression line fitted to
the resulting scatter diagram (Figure 4). The correlation coeffi-
cient, E, (snedecor, 1946) was calculated as .98, which was highly
significant. ihe point at which the regression line out the zero
abscissa (zero scale radius) was taken as the calculated total
length at which the scale was formed on the young fish, the figure
found being 1.55 inches. Although this figure is ;robably higher
than that existing as the actual case, more accuracy would be ob-
tained by using it, ather than using enliriczl data, because the

V

method of calculating total lengths at previous annuli (tne nome-

.zonog soaflmh
mo magmGOfipmHma mdfiemn macomlspwcoa heom .: chamwh

N

 

«Qms awesome -53» 335‘ mien
ms (2 3 2 ~\ 2 E a , m. e w w v

p p b p \F p r _ b P p [h -b-

H)
N
‘h

r:

rfi

 

\2cfitmw

qméuht

th<q

ll“ between scale radius and total

,—
A

graph) assumes a linear relations
length during the jeriod of grou h following scale formation. how-
ever, data were not available for the lower section of the graph
for scale radii less than three centimeters (yrojected), i. e., be-
low line X-X, so any calculations made upon previous annuli with
radius of less than three centimeters could not be entirely relied
upon. Data that include measurements alling in this section of

the graph are indicated as unreliable where presented.

Bottom fauna
Among the various biological saarles taken, it was felt that
the abun ance of bottom organisms would be one of the most inner-
tant as an index, inasmuch as this source of fish-food was he fri—
mary supply for those age groups of fish which showed the greatest
degree of stunting.

For a program of sanyling, four stations were located in the
littoral area of the la e, with an attemnt being made to include
varying bottom types between the stations and a homogeneous bottom
type within the area of each station. Station 1 was lOCated near
the east shore of the lake in a small, shallow bay which almost
continuously received incoming wind and waves. éenth of water was
3.5 feet, the bottom being of sand overlaid with a moderate amount

of partly decayed plant material and chironomid cases. Growing vege-

tation consisted of Nitella flexilis in very slight amounts, and

 

Potamogeton epihydrus var. Nutalli in moderate amounts. station 2

 

 

was located near he west shore at the entrance to a large, weedy

bay and rarely received any wind or wave action. Uepth of wat r was
4.0 feet, the bottom being of sand and slight amounts of pulpy peat.
Growing vegetation consisted of fiitella flexilis, Eriocaulon septan-

gulure and Hyriophyllum tenellum in moderate amounts. Station B'was

 

 

19
located near the east shore directly off a point of land and was
subject to continuous wind and wave action. Depth of water was 3.0
feet, the bottom being of bare sand with no grcving vegetation.
Station d was located n-ar the extr me north end of the late and
received very little wave action. Hueh of the bottom area of the
lake in this section was of a homogeneous nature. Depth of water

was 2.0 feet, the bottom being of sand overlaid with a slight amount

of dead plant material. Growing vegetation consisted of Lriocaulon

 

 

septangulare in moderate amounts, with scattered rlants of Glyceria

 

borealis. (See Figure 3.)

 

Four Ekman dredge samples were collected from each station at
onedweek intervals throughout the summer, making a total of 5 sam-
ples collected per week. This program was carried out for ten weeks,
all following the line arylication. Lach samole was washed and picked
over soon after collection, and the organisms preserved in 5 percent
formalin. In the laboratory, the organisms were identified and
counted. Because of the great Paucity of all organisms, volume mea-
surement of the separate taxonomic groups was precluded, and organ—

isms were separated into only two major groups for volume measurement.

Plankton

Four stations were located in the lake for plankton sampling.
station 1 was located in one corner of the lake, protected from two
sides by hemlock and maple forest. This station only occasionally
received any wind action, and then to receive Waters blown in fron
other areas of the lake. Station 2 was located in the aynroxinate
center of the lake, over sand bottom.between the two basins, in about
five feet of water. This station was almost continxously subject to
wind action, often to a very heavy turbulence. stations 3 and 4

‘w
,H

were located on oyposite sides of a projecting point (-igure 5).

20

Two markers were set out and anchored 20 feet a art at each
station. Sampling was done by towing a small'”isconsin planlton
net of 12 cm. tOp diameter between each pair of markers for the
distance of 2c feet at such a Speed as to keep the upper rim of the
tow net just below the surface. One sample was taken at each station
at intervals of angroximately one week, for a tenaweeh period follow—
ing the lime application. After each tow was made, the concentrate
was transferred from the collecting bucket to a one-ounce bottle.
On shore the planlton concentrate was treated with a few drOps of
10 percent formalin to kill the organisms, and the sample was then
allowed to settle. The supernatant liquid was removed with a small
pipette, the remaining concentrate then removed to a vial with the
addition of enough 5 percent formalin to form a final preservative
of approximately 3 percent formalin.

In the laboratory, the contents of each vial were brougnt up
to a constant volume of 10 cc. with the addition of water. Quanti-
tative counts were made according to methods given by Whipple (1948),
with some modifications, using a Sedgewick-Rafter counting cell.
The plankton sample (of 10 cc. volume) was agitated to insure uni-
form distribution, and 1 cc. of the concentrate was placed into the
cell with a small pipette. Using a microscope with a low power
10X objective and a fihipple ocular micrometer disk, forty random
fields were observed and all organisms seen recorded on a record
form sheet. After counting, the average number of each organism
observed per field was calculated; conversion was then mace to
obtain the number of organisms per sample. ho attempt wss made
~to estimate the number of organisms per unit volume of water, because
the method of sampling, without an accurate knowledge of the volume

of water concerned in each sample, precluded such a computation.

21
Rooted vegetation

Because any change in lake productivity would probably be earlv
reflected in the abundance of the higher aquatic plants, a quantita-
tive measure of this level was thought highly desirable. Present day
methods, however, fall far short of a procedure which would quickly and
accurately give a true quantitative measure of this link in the food
chain. The method of Richett (1921) was modified slightly and used
in Stoner La e.

Four sampling stations were located in the lake, each one selected
as to give (1) a h m geneous floral type within the station area of
sampling, (2) a type distinctly different than the others, and (5)

a maximum growth of that {articular type (i. e., areas of greatest
abundance). Station 1 was located in a shall w bay near the east side
of the lake, with a depth of 1.5 feet. Species of plants present were

Juncus longistylis,.31yceria borealis, and Glyceria canadensis. Station

 

 

 

2 was located a short distance lakeward from Station 1, with a depth

of 2.0 feet. Glyceria borealis was the only species present. Station

 

3 was located in the north basin in a small yrotectcd cove, with a

'7

depth of 0.0 feet. Potamogeton epihyirus var. hutalli was the only

 

 

species present. station 4 was located near the extreme north shore,

with a de th of 2.0 feet. Species present were Lriocaulon sei‘an'ulare
p 1 I" c)

 

and Glyceria borealis. (See Figure 5.)

 

Two samples were collected at each station on each of two differ-
ent dates, the first being soon after the lime application and the second
at the end of the summer, for a total of 16 samples. For each sample,

a square yard of the botton was denuded of vegetation (exclusive of
rhizomatous parts), and weights were obtained of the collected vegeta-
tive material under the following conditions: (1) air-dry, (2) oven-

dry at 10000., and (3) ashed. fishing was done in a muffle furnace at

22

a dull red heat.

A limited survey of submergent vegetation was also carried out.
This was done from a rowboat by following a line from an anchored buoy
in deep water (in some cases, buoys marking soil and biological stations
were used) to a point on shore and sampling the bottom with an Ekman
dredge approximately every 50 feet of horizontal distance covered.
A total of 65 such observations were made.

Herbarium collections were made of all rooted aquatic and marginal

plants found in the ltke and identified in the laboratory.

Analysis of variance

In studying the effects of alkalization upon the more critical
chemical characteristics of the water and soil, analyses of Veriancc
were made of the values obtained for alkalinity and pH of the water,
and for total carbonates and adsorbed calcium in the pulpy peat. The
analyses were made according to procedures given by Snedecor (1946).

Several accountable sources of variance were recognized among the
data, the major ones being the differences among points of sampling
and the differences among dates ("Among points" and "Among dates"
in the analysis of variance tables). The primary purpose of the anal-
yses, however, was to discover whether or not a significant effect
resulted from the lime application; i. e., a significant difference
between the values obtained before and after application. Variance
due to this difference is included in the Variance "Among dates,”
but does not account for the total variance existing among dates; the

remainder is that due to differences occurring frim day to day aside
from the before—and—after effect, regardless of their cause. The total
variance among dates was therefore divided into two recognizable por—

tions: (1) that due to the difference between the mean values before

application and the mean values after ajplication, designated as "Before

23

and after" in the analysis of variance tables, and (2) "hat due to
differences among dates before a;eliea
among dates after application, designated as "Day to day" in the tables.

It was felt that the "Day to lav" variance shou d be used for
comlarison in judging whether or not the "Before and after" Variance
was significant. The "Day to day" variance includes, in addition to
that due to any normal, seasonal changes, some variance due to differ-
ences resulting from the lime aitlication (for exma;le, in the cases
where the chemical values decreased from the initial high values found
immediately after line application). The "Day to day" variance, there-
fore, is higher than would be expected if it were wholly due to factors
other than alkalization. The use of "Day to day" variance as is (i. e.,
including effects of alkalization), is justified in that it offers a
means of determining the degree of yernanence of a chemical change,
at least for the duration of the experiment. In other words, a signi-
ficant difference between the "Before and after" variance and "Day to
day" variance, when compared in the ”F" test, would support the hyro—

thesis that a permanent change had been effected.

RESULTS OF SAMPLING
The essential feature of alkalization is imiediate chemical modi-
fication, and certain biological changes nay be expected later as the
result. The changes, then, can be roughly classified into "fast-acting"
and "leWbacting", respectively, and because this report is concerned
only with the first year's results, the two distinct types of data must
be recognized: (1) chemical, or fast-acting, where before-and-after
conditions may be compared; and (2) biological, or slow-acting, where
conditions can merely be presented and data used for comIarison only

after additional work has been completed. An attemyt has been made,

24

therefore, to yresent here all biological da a is such a way that they

may be used later for a statistical cemrarison without recourse to ori-

ginal records.

Oxygen

In general, no changes in oxygen content of the water occurred
which could be related to the allalization. As no thermal stratifi—
cation occurred, it should be exyected that little or no oxygen deple-
tion would be found. Such was the case. Strong winds which prevailed
during most of the summer days antarently caused thorough circulation,
and all water levels down to two feet above the mud—water interface
contained oxygen at a concentration between G and C p. p. m.; below
this level oxygenxraried between 1 and G p. r. m., being somewhat less
apparently because of organic decomfosition at the bottom. These con-

ditions were maintained throughout the time of the experiment.

Color
No erarent change in color of the water occurred. The high color
present, measured at a value of 80 P.C.S., did not Chang after alkali-

zation. Secchi.disL readings of 6.5 feet were also consistent through

the summer .

Alkalinity

ho hydroxide or monocarbonate a kalinity was ever observed, either
.before or after alkalization.

Bicarbonate alkalinity, however, was found to have increased immedi-
ately after the line application, as shown in Figure 5. An analysis of
variance (Table 2) shows the variance among the different points of

sampling ("Among points") to be non-significant. fifien the variance

.mpdwom mcflfimfiom knee %0 some
.hpflcfiasuas camcopaoofip we cofipmwhs> Hmcomeow .m oHawHR

 

 

 

 

,. —. - .1._--.._y

 

khbth Xubb Méhk,
on MN cm. .3 ca on MM QM .2 2 h a.» hm. em .3

. _
_

_ .L
_

_ f~
_

_ r 0
_

_ T .

>8: weld: NEE: - e
. _

_ I w

.Eaxi

_ - m
_

_ r e

l A:

 

 

 

26

Table 2. Changes in bicarbonate alkalinity (analysis of variance).

 

 

Source d.f. SS MS "F"

Total 119 132.32 1.112

Among points 3 .57 .190 0.50 -

Among dates 29 98.95 3.412 9.05 **
Before and after (1) (68.40) (68.400) (62.69) **
Day to day ' (28) (50.55) (1.091)

Error 87 32.80 .377

 

- Not significant

* Significant (5 percent level)

** Highly significant (1 percent level)

27
"Before and after" is compared to ”Day to day" variance, it is found
highly significant. This indicates that the increase in alkalinity
was permanent for the duration of the sampling period; this permanent
effect is also shown in Figure 5 as the maintenance of the increased
values throughout the period.

Kean bicarbonate allalinity oefore alkalization was 5.2 p. p. m.,

and after alkalization, 8.2 p. p. m. The difference, 6.0 p- p- m.,

H
to
p
cf‘
9
.4
0

represents an estimate of the increase due to alLal'

pH--Tenperature--Carbon dioxide

These three measurements are here treated together because of a
suspected inter-relationship. Figure 6 shows the variation of the
mean values of the four points of sampling (depths of 3 and 9 feet in
both basins) through the sampling period. The graph indicates that,
in general, pH increased at the time of lime application to a high value,
and then decreased at a moderately rapid rate to the original value.
Carbon dioxide content at these surface levels remained about 2 p. p. m.
for most of the summer, but it arrears from the graph that it, toe,
was affected by the alkalization as to produce a temporary decrease;
this was probably due to the utilization of free carbon dioxide in the
conversion of hydroxides to bicarbonates. Examination of the graph
also shows an apparent correlation between pH and temperature, especially
near the end of the sampling period when he effects of the alLalization
had apparently dissipitated.

An analysis of variance of the pH values (Table 3) shows that
highly significant differences existed between the two deiths samrled,

given in

(v.

as well as between the two basins. The mean differences are
Table ‘1' o
The analysis of variance also shows that the "Before and after"

ariance is non-significant when compared to the variance "Day to day."

.mpcfiom mzfifimamm Adow mo mamas .mewxowc
:oppmo was .mm .madpmnmasou Mo soapefine> Hecomeom .w madmfim

 

khbmbi \A V\».\. Nbxbk.

on. :3.- ON hx 0x om, hd 0N tax 0‘
b p L _

 

 

bIn
Ho
0
H)
t.
M
o
d
‘2

 

 

28

 

EkaVV\VKQJ\N\\—\\V1\\n IR

 

 

u a»
EL

2.
_ N 3: <

.. m.

_ -Exxfit
. rl Vb

 

 

 

29

Table 3. Changes in pH (analysis of variance).

 

 

Source d.f. SS MS "F"
* Total 119 4.56 .0383

Among points 3 .54 .1153 28.34 **
Between basins (1) (.05) (.0500) (12.50) **
Between depths (l) (.29) (.2900) (72.50) **
Basins X depths (l) (.00) (.0000)

Among dates 29 3.87 .1334 33.35 **
Before and after (1) (.12) (.1200) (0.90) -
Day to day (28) (3.75) (.1339)

Error 87 .35 .0040

 

- Not significant

* Significant (5 percent level)
** Highly significant (1 percent level)

Table 4. Mean values of pH found at points of
highly significant differences among

30

sampling and the
points.

 

South North Difference
basin basin between basins
3 feet 7.02 6.93 .09
9 feet 6.98 6.88 .10
Difference .04 .05

between depths

 

31

This does not indicate that a significant immediate increase was not
effected, but rather that the increase was not a permanent one, even
for the sampling period. From the graph in Figure 6, it appears that
pH values returned to original values about five weeks after the lime
application.

To study further the effect of temperature upon :3, an analysis
of covariance was made of temperature and pH. No significant reduc-
tion of error variance was found; the ”Among points" variance remained
highly significant and the "Before and after" variance remained non-
signifioant, as was the case in the analysis of variance. It was con—
cluded that variations of temperature did not affect the values of

pH to a measurable degree.

Phosphorus--Calciump-Potassium

The water samples collected during the first three weeks of the
experiment, a period of time which included dates of sampling before
and immediately after line applicQtion, showed contamination, and no
seasonal changes can be shown. mean values of the uncontaminated sam-

ples, all taken some time rfter alkalization, are given in Table 5.

Adsorbed calcium in bottom soil

Adsorbed calcium in the soil increased immediately after line
application, as shown in Figure 7, and remained at a level higher than
that observed before alkalization.

An analysis of variance (Table 6) shows that significant differ-
ences existed among the points of collection ("Among stations"). The
"Before and after" variance is shown to be highly significant when com—
pared to "Day to day" variance, indicating a change which was permanent
for the period of sampling. It will be noted from an examination of
the graph in Figure 7 that a high variation was observed in adsorbed

calcium from day to day which can not be logically attributed to the

32

Table 5. Mean values of phosphorus, potassium and calcium.

 

Mean Standard
deviation
Phosphorus (dissolved) 5.8 3.3
ppb
Phosphorus (total) 24.2 4.3
ppb
Potassium .353 .095
' ppm
Calcium 10.12 .77
ppm

Number
samples

8

32

32

 

ppb - .OOl miligrams per liter (parts per billion)

ppm - miligrams per liter (parts per million)

.mucfiom QGwHaEum Adom mo Gama .pamm hmfidm
c“ EsfiOfimo sophomww mo dowpmfihd> quomwow .m mydmfim

 

.5“

Q.“

h bbbb‘ x ubk. Mémb
\

.3 o. .3 o. h. Md 0d
. . _ P

 

 

*b
o
I'D
I.
a:
O
4

 

 

~~--_=_v-..

 

\(kawuxVQva .W\<\.V|\”

H

T Q0.

r. °\.

30%
.46

k§WU~Qk

 

I fix. L

 

 

34

Table 6. .Changes in adsorbed calcium in pulpy peat (analysis of

variance).

 

 

Source d.f. SS HS "F"

Total 47 4.53 .096

Among stations 3 .26 .087 3.35 *

Among dates 11 3.42 .311 11.96 **
Before and after (1) (2.38) (2.380) (22.88) **
Day to day (10) (1.04) (.104) (4.00) **

Error 33 .85 .026

 

- Not significant

* Significant (5 percent level)

*# Highly significant (1 percent level)

55

alhalization; this is further indicated by a hi ghl" significant "F"

H:

value for the "Day to day" W riunce when congared to urror.” Inas-
much as the laboratory deterrinations were male upon the samples in
chronological order, rather than in a random order, the possibilit
that this hi5hl;/ si5nific nt W riance ray be due to variations in
laboratory technique is su5gested.

The mean value before alkalization was 0.072 percent, and after

alkalization, 0.132 percent, bv wei53t on the basis of oven—dry soil.

T1is represents an increase in a‘sorbed calcium of 86 percent.

Carbonates in bottom soil

The results of analyses of 48 soil samples for c:.rm)on-t€s showed
a mean value of 0.82 percent, by weight, on the basis of oven—dry soil,
expressed as calci_m carbonate (Caccg). An analysis of variance
(Table 7) shows that the "Among stations" variance was highly signifi-
cant; i. e., the carbonate content vs:.ried from point to puoint vithin
the lake. Also, the table shows that "Amon5 dEtOS" Variance to he

‘

i hly significant; however, this hizh variance is accounted for al-

:3“

most entirely by the "Day to day" variance, compared to "Elror," and
because the samples were determined in a chron0105ical order-—as were
thosen analyzed for adsoxbcd ca lcrLum--this v: ri once may be due to fac-
tors within laboratory tochniques. The "Before and after" variance,
when comna red. to "Day to day", is not si in ni.ficant; consequently it can

be concluded that allralization he d no apparent permanent effect upon

the Carbonate content of the pulpy peat.

Biological

Fish

The grovth rate of fish is an important index to pro uctivity

36

Table 7. Changes in total carbonate content of pulpy peat
(analysis of variance).

 

 

Source d.f. SS MS "F"

Total N 47 .2305 .0049

Among stations 3 .0555 .0185 7.40 **

Among dates 11 .0921 .0084 3.36 **
Before and after (1) (.0009) (.0009) (0.10) -
Day to day (10) (.0912) (.0091) (3.64) **

Error 33 .0829 .0025

 

- Not significant
* Significant (5 percent level)
** Highly significant (1 percent level)

37
because, from a fisheries management viewpoint, its increase is the
desired end. Three measurenents were selected to be used for compari-
son with data of subsequent years' sampling: (1) calculated total
length at last annulus, (2) increment of growth during the last full
year, and (3) instantaneous rate of growth.

Among the yellow perch collected from Stoner Lake, a bimodal
size distribution was observed. From a limited number of observa-
tions made of stomach contents, it was apparent that the large fish
making up the second mode hai been largely feeding upon the smaller,
stunted individuals; an examination of their scales showed that these
large fish had had a rapid growth in their early years. This phenome-
non of cannibalism, where some inlividuals of the community attain a
large size with an exceptionally high rate of growth has been previously
observed in stunted yellow perch populations by Fschmeyer (1937). Canni-
balism in rearing ponds has also been observed among largemouth bass
by Cooper (1937) and among smallmouth bass by Langlois (1936).

It is obvious, for reasons of size limitations, that not all
individuals of a population can be cannibalistic; the reason why a
certain number among the Stoner Lake perch shoull ave had a rapid
early growth, attained an early size advantage and thus apparently
became destined for cannibalism is not clearly understood. But when,
in a stunted population, a size large enough to become piscivorous
was attained, an abun ance of food in the form of small, stunted fish
became available. Thereafter, for these cannibal fish, food was not
a limiting factor upon growth, and in contrast to the smaller, stunted
majority, their growth rate was high.

The occurrence of cannibalism among the yellow porch of Stoner
Lake, with the resulting " vo—level" population, makes the summari-

zation of the above three measurements in a reliable form that may

38
be used for statistical comparison a difficult one. Furthermore, the
larger fish were collected with a gill net having a mesh-size too large
to take the smaller, stunted fish, and it was felt, therefore, that
these large fish were represented in the collection in a greater pro—
portion than they were present in the lake. Aclefinite sampling bias,
then, existed in favor of these larger fish, and consequently in favor
of the faster growing ones. If the calculation of mean values for
the selected measurements of growth rate were to include these large
individuals in the proportion collected, the mean values so calculated
would overestimate the pOpulation values.

For these reasons some stratification of the data was felt neces-
sary. The total sample was separated into three size groups for the
calculation of means: (1) 3.5 to 6.0 inches, (2) 6.1 to 10.0 inches,
and (3) 10.1 inches and larger. This classification was made on the
basis of the abundance of food available, obviously a function of the
fish's size. Fish in group (1) had available as food, primarily,
bottom organisms, and those in group (3), primarily, small fish of a
stunted size (i. 6., group (1)). The abundance of bottom organisms
was low in comparison to that of the fish in group (1); the reverse was
true with the abundance of food available to group (3). Group (2) was
separated out for the purpose of eliminating overlap between the other

two groups, for the food of this group probably consisted of both bot-

 

tom fauna and small fish. Therefore, the growth rates within group (1)
can be expected to be lower than those of a normally growing population;
in group (2) highly variable; and in group (3) higher than normal.

It was believed that the manner of collecting the fish in group
(1) was unbiased, and it was thus assumed that the measurements in

group (1) were normally distributed within that group. Furthermore,

 

 

 

it was in group (1) that the effects of stunting were most evident.

39
It is felt, therefore, that an increase in productiv;ty will be re-
flected earliest and most accurately in this group.

It is stressed that the mean values of the growth rate measure-
ments for any one of the three groups are not meant to reflect the
condition of the population, but only of that group, and are therefore
useful only for comparison with similar data from subsequent years'
sampling.

These mean values and their stanfard deviations, for the various

age classes, are given in Tables 8, 9, and 10.

Bottom fauna

The abundance of bottom organisms varied highly among the differ-
ent stations, but in general, all stations sampled showed a great pau-
city of this important fish food. A comrlete absence of any organisms
was observed in some samples. A comparison with several other lakes
in Xichigan and Ontario is shown in Table 11, where it will be noted
that the abundance of bottom fauna compares more favorably with the
soft-water, dark colorad lakes in Ontario, than with the more hard-
water lakes in Michigan. The original data of Killer (1958) were given
in terms of pounds per acre andvxme converted to cubic centimeters for
purposes of comparison.

The seasonal variation of volume and numbers of organisms per
square foot is shown in Figure 8.

These graphs exclude the Oligochaeta and Tabanidae. The large
Oligochaetes and Tabanids were of relatively large volume and in few
numbers; small Oligochaetes were sometimes found in large numbers but
contributed little to the volume of the sample. They were so small
that undoubtedly many escaped through the washing screen, which prob-

ably accounts for their inconsistent presence in the saaples. It was

Table 8 o

40

Total length at last annulus of yellow perch, in inches.

 

Size group (inches)

 

5.5-6.0 6.1-10.0 10.1 a larger
Age class
II A 3.5* -- --
B .467 —- -_
C 10 —- --
III A 4.2 6.0 --
B .550 .794 --
C 22 4 --
IV A 5.0 7.2 9.0
B .359 .995 .720
C 8 10 5
V A 5.5 7.6 10.0
B .265 1.118 .922
C 4 5 9
VI A -- 8.0 10.4
B -- .400 .224
c -— 3 2
- mean

number

atom»
I

mean is not reliable

standard deviation

for this age class

41

 

 

Table 9. Increment of growth during last full year of growth of
yellow perch, in inches.
Size group (inches)
305-600 601-1000 1001 & larger
Age class
II A .80* —- --
B .287 —- --
C 10 -- --
III A .90 1.58 --
B .224 .428 --
C 22 4 --
IV A .79 1.21 2.00
B .254 .616 .752
C 8 10 5
V A .50 1.14 1.86
.294 .750 .548
C 4 5 9
VI A -- 1.13 1.90
B -- .381 .141
C -- 3 2
A - mean
B - standard deviation
C - number
*

mean is not reliable for this age class

42;

 

 

Table 10. Instantaneous rate of growth during last full year of
yellow perch.
size group (inches)
3.5-6.0 601-1000 1001 80 larger
Age class
II A .264* -- --
B .067 -— --
C 10 —- -_
III A .239 .305 --
B .055 .041 --
C 22 4 --
IV A .172 .180 .253
B .059 .087 .104
C 8 10 5
V A .101 .157 .232
B .060 .088 .072
C 4 5 9
VI A -- .150 .199
B -- .048 .012
C -- 3 2
A - mean
B - standard deviation
C - number
*

mean is not reliable for this age class

43

 

 

 

 

 

dowpmufiflmmw mafia ouommm *
80.0 .81.: m.w Hmaossag “macaw ammHQOua mama agape:
mm.o emaoaoo .pmom a “one: H oaflmpmoo ounwpqo mmmfi amfiaaa
om.o oopOHoo .paom a myopmz m aoom com augusao wmmfl amfiafiz
mN.H assume m.nuao.a Haqupag sass apnea sewage“: Hmmfi panama cam Hamm
mm.o mm :.masm.m Hmuoupaa “spade enane :awuaofia mama Hflwm
A.pm .dm Mom .e.ov Amowwudwul.e.m.mv AmomMAdmv monEwm
mesfio> apucaflmxfla ma mo apnea mama nonemm mama Hosamfipmopcu

 

 

.pdeBfi and mash mo anacoa on»
mafiase .Ofiuwpco cam savanna: ca mmMmH nonpo on eonwmaoo mama hocopm mo madam aoppom .HH mfipme

.Aowwwcwpwe dam wuocfleowfifio mmmHv mCOfipmpm mcfifimawm ado“
me some .mopahpoppobcfi acupop %o :owpcflnmb Hedomwom .w ohdmwh

44

 

 

kbbwbw

 

XQDB

 

 

 

Qxl

QN1

«.1 .
«um cw-
ammmasz

QwL

 

NSQQVB)

nkhfiSQ§<

 

 

 

as.
49
we.

me.

as
«fix
«Ni

.NESQSA

 

 

 

45
felt that these three groups presented a source of large variation,
and they were separated for volume measurement.

Unmodified data for all organisms are given in Tables 12 and
13. For the most part, these data probably represent minimum values
occurring during the year. The occurrence of a mid-summer decline
in abundance in the littoral zone has been observed by Ball (1948);
Eggleton (1931) reported an annual minimum in the profundal area in
late summer and early fall. The bulk of the sampling in Stoner Lake
was done during July and August and, as with Ball's sampling, in the
littoral zone. It is important, therefore, in a comparison with data
from a replicate experiment, that seasonal trends be accounted for.
From the graphs, a slight trend toward a summer minimum, occurring
about the middle of July, can be noticed; the abundance was so low,
however, and variation consequently high, that this trend is not
distinct.

The possibility was considered that, with a chemical modifi-
cation in alkalinity or pH, specific changes within the invertebrates
might occur. To aid in evaluating alkalization as a means of produc-‘
ing biological modifications of this type, a study of the most abun-
dant group, Tendipedidae, was considered the_most suitable. The

Species of this group are listed in Table 14.

Plankton
Absence of accurate quantitative data will make comparison of
these results with those of a duplicate experiment difficult. flow-
ever if sampling is done by the same method and with similar equip-
ment, any significant quantitative changes should be observed.
Total numbers of the two major groups, ZOOpIankton and phyto-
plankton, are given in Table 15. In the case of colonial Species,

only the number of colonies were counted. Graphically, the seasonal

46

woman I B

 

.- qul\ 'I’ - 4"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

- ; A n H
0H 9 m mH mH N a m OH H w m M m H N a _ m m Hausa
_ _ u
H .
:H a a m 0H s 3 fl m H w n W m H N a n m : mamxpo HHq
_. w oweHcmpme
N o H a m m a M. H a a a M H e o o a H ecm mpomnooaaHo
wN puswa< HN smsasa m 3H pmsas< w_ a pmgmsa Hm aHse umpwe cOHpooHHoo
.t- «a _ --
mH H H H m m H n W m a N oH :H H a m N m proe
N H H H a H m. . a a N H v m a a m N m mpunpo HH<
W H omcacwpma
HH 9 a o H a a H o a m _ m H a a a H was mammnoomaHo
:N aHse uH hHse 0H aHsn N aHse mN «use «name aoHpooHHoo
: m N H a m N a m N H a m N H m N :OHampn
.Aooa N .00 :H dmmmonmxov aoapop mo pooh onwdvm pom movwnpmpaobdfi acupop mo madHo> .NH manna

47

 

 

 

mchmmunvmm

 

 

VNri

Aansmv wuoanuomHHo

 

 

Licdua
oyri
H

a:
r+ri
riox
filr‘fil

Ammmev epomnomano

 

0J4Tr4r4
(‘1
H

 

duopmonumuq

 

4?.“ .—v

mampmooHoo

 

 

whopmonoHna

 

vxrira

0H

wwcomo

 

r+c%\o
F:
“ii“

H\ON
(WI-1
NN

H
H
H\Om

wuaqoco

 

 

 

 

omecdpue

 

 

 

m w

4

m x

maaowcnmo

 

ownwcowcmwpmawo

 

mm H IN m

ON

wH [Ma

“macadamdc. 9H.

 

mN ensued

u pmdwdd

mmpwc doapooHHoo

 

 

 

N

 

 

co
NW

N
‘M4

\d<D

 

 

 

chadomnde

 

“Hawamm woomnoowHHo

 

NowaMmq mummnoomHHo

 

mumpmdowauq

 

4L4»

snowmooaoo

 

 

 

myopmomoHna

 

riri
H
r4r+

chomo

 

mumcovo

 

 

33:23

 

lwduqnddflu

 

.l'l.‘ \1

H m N

awchomoademwu

 

 

 

NN

HmeHna

omeaemaaeaos

 

 

mm odfih

 

I;

amped cowpooHHoo

 

 

 

 

 

 

3 m N H

 

soprpm

 

.SOppop mo pooh agenda non moudHAOpnobqw season mo whonapz

1‘!

.MH odea

48

Table 14. Species of Tendipedidae (= Chironomidae) found in
Stoner Lake.*

 

Subfamily Hydrobaeninae
Subfamily Pelopiinae

Harnischia tenuicaudata (Ralloch)

 

Metrocnemius lundbeckii Johannsen

hetrocnemius sp.

 

Pentaneura monilis (Linne)

 

Pentaneura sp. (monilis group)

 

Procladius spp.

 

Other Pelopiinae
subfamily Tendipedinae
Tribe Calopsectrini

CalOpsectra (Vicropsectra) sp.

 

CalOpsectra (Zavrelia)? sp.

 

Tribe Tendipedini

Cryptochironomus blarina Townes?

-.-——

 

Cryptochironomus psittacinus (Meigen)

 

Microtendipes pedellus (DeGeer)

 

Paratendipes albimanus (Neigen)

 

Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) sp.

 

 

Polypedilum.(Tripodura) halterale (Coq.)
\(i_ 4.. __..__._._

Tanytarsus (Stictochironomus) devinctus (Say)?

 

 

Tendipes fumidus (Johannsen)?

 

Tendipes (Limnochironomus) modestus (Say)

 

 

Tendipes staegeri (Lundbeck)?

 

Other Tendipedini

 

*Identified by Dr. La Verne L. Curry

49

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

a.NH mum: «to m.mH N42 N.NH «no 5.0m N.m N.m m.HH m.m cm lazing,
m.HH m.w2 o.a n.m o.aH N.mH m.mH N.mm o.aH o.qH N.mH 0.5 mN panama
m.wH N.mw o.mH N.ON m.:H N.mH o.w o.Nm o.m N.m o.m m.e mH “manna
m.NH N.Hm w.oN N.MH m.mH N.NH 0.:H m.mm m.HH o.mH n.4H N.NH m pmsas<
N.mH N.Nu N.oN m.mH m.wN N.m m.mN m.mHH m.mm m.qN m.wm N.oH H pmsase
m.mN H.:m n.0N m.mH o.HH m.©¢ o.moH N.Nme o.maH m.om N.::H N.Nm 0N AHse
s.wq :.mmH m.mm N.wm m.m: N.mm m.mH H.ma o.mH m.mN m.mH m.HH mH aHse
H.mm m.mmH m.m: o.Nm o.mN o.mm s.o m.mN N.m o.m m.m m.m NH aHse
4.5H m.mm m.oH o.HN N.mH m.NN N.m N.ON o.m N.m m.m w.q m aHse
2.0H m.mw N.:N N.mH o.mH N.0H m.m N.om N.OH N.OH o.N N.u H aHse

.;m»mw.: . . ;.-¢m¢ m N H meme # 3 Mn m-. H
pom Hmpoa Mom Hence

omenwpm doprpw oweno>< — defipwpm opmn

coaxdemoon - coaxneHmowwmm

 

.OHmawm Mom modemsogp :H mpasoo depxdmfim

.mH mema

50
trend is shown in Figure 9. Pre—alkalization data were not available
and any direct effects attributable to the line application cannot
be demonstrated for this season. Peaks in the abundance of both
zooplankton and phytoplankton, the latter occurring after the former,
were noted; the maximum of phytOplankton, occurring on July 25, was
almost entirely the result of a sudden and temporary increase in

abundance of one organism, Dinobryon sertularia.

 

Perhaps of more importance than the quantity of plankton is the
quality, especially of the phytoplanfiton. It is well known that these
organisms have distinct preferences for certain environments. Ires-
cott (1951) points out that in soft-water seepage lakes the algal flora
is predominantly of green algae (ChlorOphyta), while that of more alka-
line lakes is predominantly of blue-green algae (Cyanophyta). A total
list of the zooplanhton species is given in Table 16; the phytOplank-
ton species are listed in Table 17, where the predominance of chloro-
phycean species will be noted among the phytoplankton. Cnly two species
of the CyanOphyta were present, and these were very scarce.

In addition to the planktonic species listed in Table 17, several
filamentous algae were observed in the lake. These filamentous forms

were all members of the Chlorophyta and consisted of uedogonium sp.,

 

Tougeotia Sp., Spirogyra sp., Desmidiun Baileyi (Ralfs) Uordst.,

 

Desmidium Grevillii (hutz.) DBy., and Gymnozyga moniliformis Lhrenb.

 

One of these, Nougeotia Sp., was very abundant, being thickly wrapped

around almost every individual of the rooted aquatic plants.

Rooted vegetation

The results of the quantitative sampling of the rooted aquatic
plants are given in Table 18.

Rickett (1921) indicated that significant errors will result

in this method unless a large number of samples are taken, a prac-

.mcogwpm .30“ mo sees .cofiEmHm mo dongm> Hmcomwew .0 mafia

51

 

 

 

_

ir-.

haboxvvx

 

 

V /
§§

 

>65 ¥2<qQQON

>8» x2< .3. S x mm

 

 

 

 

 

--.J

 

I I 5 cl? jail-7". I

r 3
you.
.06
To?
r90
wow
-R
row
1 am
Tfitx
r6:
T§N\

r Q3

. eevx

 

hueS<w

«mm
anzfise‘k

J.
- -— WM “v“

- ~ ‘..~‘_,“_____- r—_. - .

 

 

 

52

Table 16. Zooplankton found in Stoner Lake.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Species Abundance
Cladocera
AcrOperus angustatus Sara 2
Bosmina longirostris (O. F. Muller) ? A
Ciriodaphnia lacustris Birge ? A
Daphnia.a£cuata Forbes ? C
Sada crystallina (O. F. Muller)*
Cepepoda
pyclops_fimbriatus Fischer ? A
Kauplius A
Rotatoria
Anuraea cochlearis Gosse A
Netholca_longispina Kellicott R
Rattulus_longiseta Schrank R

 

Other rotifers not identified

 

{-me

abundant

common

rare

observed in lake; not found in plankton

53

Table 17. PhytOplankton found in Stoner Lake.

 

-- --—.‘

Species Abundance

 

Cyanophyta

Coelosphaerium sp. R
EkrismOpedia glauoa (Ehrenb.) Naegeli R

 

 

Chlorophyta

Dictyosphaerium Ehrenbergianum Naegeli
_...'....-._.. v V ._._ w.
Dictyosphaerium pulcnellum Jood

—.F_ 0 mm “-0? -o .‘T v—w
Dinobryon_sertularia shrenb.
Nephrocytium Agardhianum Naegeli
Pediastrum araneosum.(hacib.) G. H. Smith
Scenedesmus armatus (Chod.) G. M. Smith
Volvox tertius A. Meyer

 

 

 

 

 

omzd0>oo

 

Desmidaceae (Desmids)

plosteriumugutzingii Breb.
hicrasterias radiata Mass.
Nicrasterias radiosa Ralfs
Staurastrum Johnsonii West and West
Staurastrum Qphiura Lund.
fitaurastrum Q'Mearii Arch.

 

 

 

 

>>ooow

 

Chrysophyta

Chrysosphaerella longispina Lauterborn A

 

 

BacillariOphyceae (Diatoms)

Tabellarif. fenestrata (Lyngb.) I'utz.
Tabellaria flocculosa (Roth) Kutz.

 

>:>

 

PyrrhOphyta

Peridinium limbatum (stokes) Lemmermann R

 

Other phytOplankters not identified

 

A - abundant
C - common
R — rare

54

Table 18. ‘fieight of rooted aquatic plants per square yard of

bottom, means of two samples.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Air-dry Oven- Ash
Date Station grams) dry--100°C. (percent of
(grams) oven-dry)
A 242 212 4.30
1
B 36.8 31.1 . .022
A 30 21 t 11.38
2
B . 2.1 1.4 g .701
June 30 T f
A l 135 115 , 18.26
3 .
B l 8.5 7.1 s .262
l 1
A If 22 20 T 26.61
4 I 9 ;
B 2.1 E 2.1 .028
A 314 270 E 2.86
1 i l
B 8.5 ; 7.1 ; .010
A 14 E 10 i 6.84
2 . 5 i
B .7 i .7 i 01:54
August 14 % 4
, A 76 ' 66 1 18.74
a 3 l '
g B 13.4 ' 12.0 i .177
i A 48 i 40 5 24.44
1 4
! B .7 .7 1.350
1 1 2
A - mean

B - standard deviation

55
tice the would entail much time and effort. Some error was felt to
be eliminated in Stoner Lake by senpling areas of maximum.abundance
for comparative purposes ratler than randomly selected points, but
because maxima were selected extreme care should be exercised to se-
lect the same areas in any replicate experiment. It will be noted
that the standard deviations are high; this will make statistical
comparison difficult unless changes in abundance are great. Probably
the abundance of rootedznneiic vegetation, sampled by this method, can—
not be considered an efficient index.

The results of bottom sampling for vegetation indicated that
very few plants were present beyond depths of three feet. Large areas
of sandy bottom were present in the lake at depths of three feet but
were almost completely devoid of any rooted aquatic vegetation. Pos-
sibly this absence of vegetation was due to the reduction of light
by the high color present in the water.

In Table 19 are listed the total species found in Stoner Late.

DISCUSSION

In evaluating alkalization as a means of increasing the produc-
tivity of a natural lake, the ultimate test of the value of this method
as a tool of fisheries managenent is whether or not fish production
is increased. To use fish production as the sole index of producti-
vity, however, might require many years before a significant differ-
ence may be observed, if at all. It is important, then, that the
experimenter follow through the chain of events which he would expect
to take place if fish production were eventually to be increased.

In attempting to estimate the amount of lime to be used in a

akc to produce desired chemical results, such factors as volume of

the lake, extent of the organic soils, and the chemical properties

Table 19. Rooted aquatic plants found in Stoner Lale.

 

 

 

Brasenia schreberi Gmel.

 

Carex rostratg Stokes

*~.--

Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench

 

Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britt.

-.a-. 4‘

 

Ig'“ -

Eleocharis Smallii Britt.

 

Eriocaulon septangulare With.

 

.Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batchelder

 

Glyceria canadensis (Nichx.)

 

Isoetes muricata Dur.

 

Juncus articulatus var. obtusatus Engelm.

— OI...” ‘4

 

Juncus longistylis Torr.

 

myrica Gale L.

 

Myriophyllum tenellum Bigel.

 

Nitella flexilis (L.) C. A. Agardh

 

Nuphar variegatum Engelm.

 

Potamogeton epihydrus var. Nutalli Fern.

 

Potamogeton Oakesianus Robbins

Scirpus subterminalis Torr.

 

Scirpus validus Vahl

 

 

Sparganium angustifoliux fichx.

$;arganium sp.

 

Sphagnum sp.

 

57
of both the water and soil must be considered as urinary. In esti-
mating the amount of lime to be used in Stoner Lake, only amrroximaee
values for the area and volume were used. Also, it was learned that
the lake level had fluctuated since earlier physical measurements were
made, so it was necessary that corrections in volume and area he made.
An area of 75 acres and a volume of 750 acre-feet were used in the lime
calculations, and the area of organic soil was assumed to be 75 acres
also; at the time of the experiment, the measurements made of area
and volume were 95 acres and 650 acre-feet, reSpectivcl", and the area
of organic soil 30 acres.

The first event following lime application is chemical modifica-
tion, but even this initial phase is complicated by the activity of
the bottom soil.

Theoretically, if all the calcium compounds applied (8.5 tons
hydrated lime (Ca(0h)2) and two tons limestone (CaCO3), equivalent
to 19,950 pounds hydrated line) were to have been converted to the
bicarbonate form, the ajplication would have resulted in an increase
of 16 p. p. m. bicarbonate alkalinity. Actually, the alkalinity was
increased by only 5 p. p. m. This, in terms of hydrated line, is
equivalent to 5,800 pounds, or 1.9 tons. If it is assumed that the
remainder, 16,150 pounds (in terms of hydrated lime), was accounted
for by the pulpy peat, the rate of utilization was 540 pounds hydrated
lime per acre of pulpy peat. If the data on adsorbed calcium in the
soil are converted to the proper units, they show an accounting of
only 15.2 pounds hydrated lime per acre of pulpy peat, for the tOp
three centimeters, or about 4.4 pounds per acre-centimeter. Obviously,
the results of the determinations of adsorbed calcium in the pulpy
peat do not tell the full story. The figure of 540 pounds per acre

is undoubtedly high, because a {art of the lime unaccountel for was

58
probably distributed in portions of the lake other than the pulpy
peat; for example, acid organic material along the shores and in the
marshes might also have a high lime requirement. And probably more
than the top three centimeters of the soil was active in the adsorption
process. At any rate, it is safe to say that about 16,150 pounds of
hydrated line were distributed to elements of the lake other than the
water.

The question arises whether the lime requirement of the pulpy
peat in Stoner Lake is an exact amount, such as 540 or 13.2 pounds
hydrated lime per acre, or whether the requirement is a function of
the concentration of calcium in the water.

In a general discussion of base—exchange, Miller and Turk (1948)
state that the efficiency of ion exchange depends upon, among other
factors, the relative concentrations of the ions involved. Neess
(1949) reports that laboratory exyeriments in Europe showed that the
concentration of potassium, added to water with a soil suspension,
decreased for some time until it reached an equilibrium at a point
where the concentration was only a fraction of the original; and "As
the potassium was removed from the water by agents other than the soil,
more was released from the latter, which appeared to be acting as a
reservoir." Neess also makes reference to a somewhat similar situa-
tion with phosphorus in ponds.

It would be reasonable, then, to postulate that a relationship
exists between the rate of line application and the rate of calcium
adsorption; in other words, if higher rates of application are used
in Stoner Lake, and presumingly in other similar lakes, a corresyond—
ing increase of calcium adsorption by the soil can be expected.

Another chemical effect of alkalization, the change of pd, ap-
pears to have a somewhat different relationship. The fact that the

increase was only of a ten orary nature, while the increase in alka-

f'

.39

linity was more permanent, would seem to indicate tha some factors
other than calcium adsorption of the soil were effective in reducing
the pH of the water to the original values within a slort time after
alkalization. This reversal to original values can brobably be attri-
buted to the buffering effect of wear electrolytes in the water.

No data were taken in regard to the p3 of the bottom soil, nor
of the water at the levels near the mudawater interface, so it would
be difficult to estimate the effects of alkalization in terms of
increased bacterial activity and decomposition due to a change of
pH at these levels. If a buffering effect were present at these
lower levels, as at levels nearer the surface, it is doubtful whether
any permanent change of pH was effected.

That no obserVable clearing of the color in the water occurred
was well established. Theoretically, if the color is caused by sus-
pended colloidal organic material, as is thought to be the case, these
particles, carrying a negative charge, would adsorb rositively charged
calcium ions, flocculate, and precipitate out. Exieriments carried
out in the laboratory on water from Stoner Lake indicated that such
a clearing would result when line had been added at the rate of approxi—
mately 400 pounds per acre-foot. The failure of the water to clear
at the rates applied to Stoner Lake may also be due to the lac” of a
more efficient coagulating substance. In water and sewage treatment
plants, the coagulants most commonly used to remove color are aluminum
sulfate, ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, iron chloride and sodium
aluminate; use is also made of magnesium naturally pr<sent in the
water (Theroux, it. il" 1943). Failure of the water to clear may
be attributed to two possibilities: (I) an insufficient amount of
lime aprlied, and (2) a lack of a more efficient coagulant, such as

magnesium, in the water.

60

By far the most important, from a management viewpoint, is the
increase of biological production which may result from an allaliza-
tion program.

In view of the large degree of stunting among the yellow perch
of Stoner Lake, however, significant changes in certain levels of
the food chain may be difficult to detect. For example, if the
capacity of the lake to produce bottom organisms is increased, the
resultant increase in production of these organisms may not be re-
flected in the results of a bottom sampling program because of a
greater utilization by the large population of stunted fish. Simi-
lar situations may possibly be found at other levels of the food
chain. It is important, therefore, that an attempt to measure all
levels be made.

It is possible that a higher growth rate of the fish could be
effected more rapidly by some other management program directed
toward an adjustment of the fish population; for examrle, the intro-
duction of a species yredatory upon yellow perch might reduce the
nunber of stunted fish and increase the average size. however, a
program of this yte would not change the funlanental capacity of the
lake to produce, and the effects, although desirable, may not hav
the degree of permanency that the effects of higher productivity
are presumed to have.

Because certain chemical modifications may be produced is no
real assurance that an increase of productivity will necessarily
follow. An increase of 3 p. p. m. altalinity does not remove Stoner
Lake from the class of soft—water lakes, and it is difficult to be-
lieve that such a small change will greatly alter biological condi-
tions. ho doubt it is possible to increase the concentration of
bicarbonates by 10, 50, or even 100 p. p. m. if enough calcium com-

pounds are applied, but even then it would still be necessary to

Gl

justify such a program as a management method by increased biologi-
cal production. The values obtained for the Various biological
indices are rresented here for comyarison in later years. The real
test of whether or not this method of habitat nouificqtion can be
developed into an efficient tool of management, for the jurpose of
izproving the sport fisheries of the soft-water, tea-colored lakes
in these northern regions, lies in the degree to which fish produc-

tion is increased. This degree has yet to be determined.

Cd
{u

Slflflzul

3

1. Calcium compounds were applied at the rtte of 26.5 pounds

4‘

hydrated lime (Ca(0h)2) and 6.2 pounds ground linestone (CaCOS)
per acre-foot of water, the total being equivalent to 31.2 pounds
hydrated lime or 42.2 pounds limestone per acre-foot.

\

2. Concentrations of oxrren and carbon dioxide were not sianifi-
b c

cantly affected.

3. The high amount of color present in the water (80 T.C.S.) was

not affected.

4. Bicarbonate alkalinity increased from 5.2 p. p. m. to 8.2

p. p. m.; this increased was highly significant statistically.

5. pH values increased from 6.8 to 7.5 immediately after the lime

application, but returned to original values after about five weeks.
6. The carbonate content of the bottom soil was not affected.

7. Adsorbed calcium in the pulpy peat increased from 0.072 percent

to 0.132 percent; this increase was highly significant statistically.

8. Quantitative and qualitative biolovical data of fish, bottom
invertebrates, net plankton and rooted aquatic vegetation were col—
lected and are presented for the purpose of making an evaluation of

biological effects after further sampling in subsequent years.

65
ACKNCWLEDGEKEKTS

The writer wishes to acknowledge with sincere appreeia ion
the guidance of Dr. Robert C. Ball, under whose direction this
research program.was carried out. Acknowledgement is also made
to the National Science Foundation, Washington, D. C., for a
fellowship given in support of predecteral graduate studies, and
to the Institute for Fis eries Research, hichigan Department of
Conservation, for seasonal employment during which the field por-
tion of the project was carried out. Appreciation is eaoressed
to Dr. Paul H. Barrett, for aid with the laboratory chemical analy-
ses, 1nd to ir. Don W. Kayne, who assisted with the statisticrl

treatments.

64
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56

Shiitll, E. V. and. ‘0 So S‘l'-"..'1:lC
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