AN fiN‘v’ESTEGATEGM 05 THE \UM ER AND VOSUME C? AL‘EL AT: W. Sm‘CTS N PCWIE‘S EH ”Li A LII»? TO THE USE C‘Fi hi1 HIE" ER I,ftr'qfl"fi:r a, avs ,0! :34 W," All . ”d '1 '4 $- ‘41:): hr 1"."- ‘Qv’ .- :"L : L. ‘3‘ 1'83! 0;; I um " n! . ".2, pH vm~~~- ” "A a"; 5 '5!» K an". .r- THESIS M-THS Hater ARIES 3 1293 00702 9543 This is to Perlih] that the tlwsis enlillml presented hl] has been acceptvd towards fulfillment at 11w requirements for I ___L " degree in ' ajm' [trufcsmnr /671 7W ' ' 'ure M nun»..— ‘u'l‘u-{u .- a-u-u-v-w-u- ‘- 'l ' 'I_|- '-..-D.‘ "a... -v--. and from your reoofd. remove this check PLACE IN RETURN BOX to 01' before date due. TO AVOID FINES return on AN INVESTIGATION OF THE NUMBER AND VOLUME 0F AQUATIC INSECTS IN PONDS IN RELATION TO THE USE OF FERTILIZER By Dale Frank gray A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of EntomOIOgy 1949 JBESt: ‘ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to express his thanks to Professor Ray Hutson for advice and guidance during the preparation of this thesis. Acknowledgment is also extended to mr. Alan Stone of the U. S. National museum,for the determination of adult Enig- onomidae, and to Doctors Robert C. Ball and Peter I. Tack of the Michigan State College Zoology Department for their kindly suggestions. Finally, grateful appreciation is extended to Professor Welter F. Morofsky, under whose encouragement and consideration this investigation was made possible. To him the writer is especially indebted. 216915 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 LITERATURE REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 EQUIPMENT AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Description of the ponds . . . . . . . . . . 4 Sampling of bottom fauna . . . . . . . . . . 6 Collecting terrestrial insects emerging from the ponds 7 Laboratory equipment and methods . . . . . . . 8 NOMENCLATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 A LIST OF INSECTS RECOVERED FROM BOTTOM SAMPLES FROM THE FERTILIZED.AND UNFERTILIZED POND . . . . . . 13 TABLES 1 THROUGH 28 e e o e e e o o o 17 through 54: DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Seasonal variation in population . . . . . . . 64 Key for identifying the larvae of Chironomidae found in the fertilized and unfertilized ponds under study 67 SUMTTARY e o o o o e e o e o e e o e e e o 6 9 BIBLI OGRAPI-iY O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 72 ICEY TO PLATES o e e o o e o o e e Plates NO. 1 and 2 INTRODUCTION During the summers of 1947 and 1948, at the Michigan State College Lake City Experiment Station, Lake City, Michigan, a detailed study was made upon the effect on aquatic insects of fertilizer application in experimental ponds. Field work began on June 10, 1947, and was carried on through to September 20, 1947. 'Wark was resumed on June 25, 1948 and concluded on September 10, 1948. 2 LITERATURE REVIEW The use of fertilizer in the production of fish and fish foods in ponds has been practiced in various countries of Eur0pe and Asia. This practice is not entirely new in the United States, but within the past decade it has become the subject of considerable study. Extensive investigation on this problem has been carried on in the southern states, especially Alabama, Smith and Sudngle (17, 18, 19), Swingle and Smith (27), Howell (6), and Swingle (21). Tack and Morofsky (22) began an investigation of this problem.in Michigan to determine if fertilizer, in a cooler cli- mate, produced similar results to those in the south. They advanced the hypothesis that proper fertilizer will increase pro- duction of plankton, which in turn increases the numbers of insects (fish food). In these past studies the insects were considered by _ families and genera. The present study is concerned with the quantitative relationship of the various species present in the ponds. 3 OBJECTIVES These studies are designed to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Determine, as far as possible, the Species of insects in two ponds, one fertilized, the other unfertilized; Determine the numbers and volumes of these species; Determdne the seasonal variation of the vol- umes and numbers of these species, and the numbers of all the species as a whole; Correlate these findings, if possible, with the effects of the application of fertil- izer to one of the ponds; Present a key to the larvae of the Chiron- omidae (DIPTERA) found in the two ponds. 4 EQUIPMENT AND METHODS Description of the Ponds The ponds in this investigation were constructed at the Michigan State College Lake City Experiment Station. This sta- tion is located in the west-central portion of Missaukee County, about 15 miles northeast of Cadillac. They were com! pleted in June, 1945, and fgrtilizer first applied to one. Each application of fertilizer consisted of 5 pounds of 7.5-15-3.75 N-P-K-mixture. That was at the rate of 100 pounds per acre, and applications were made at intervals of three weeks during summer. The above mixture was the result of greenhouse trials on water from the ponds, Tack and Morofsky (22). When the present investigation was made the mixture in use was 5 pounds of 10-6-4 N-P-K, applied at intervals of three weeks. The pond'with the fertilizer application was designated "D” and the unfertilized pond as "C" by Tack and Morofsky (22). The ponds have a surface area of approximately 1,500 square feet, and an average depth of one and one-half feet. There is neither’an inlet nor an outlet to either pond. The water levels are maintained by pumping or seepage. The shores of the ponds are sandy with a dense covering of grass, sedge, clover, and a few small willow trees. The bottoms are sand, but when this investigation was begun, the fertilized pond had a bottom.deposit of organic ooze. These ponds originally were planned to have no fish in them. However, both ponds contained some stickle backs Eucalia inconstans (Kirtland). The unfertilized pond had some fathead minnows Pimephales promelas promelas (Raf.). It was found that the pump used to fill the ponds in 1945 was capable of carry- ing minnows through the pipe, and discharging some of them uninjured. This probably explains how these fish got into the ponds. Except for cattails, rooted vegetation did not occur in either pond. The cattails that had invaded the ponds were out each year, but their roots persisted. Neither pond had any Chara sp. or Nitella sp., Which were abundant in other ponds on the station. The fertilized pond had a few small patches of du ckweed, Lana; sp. The water in the fertilized pond was a deep green color, while that of the unfertilized pond was brown. Objects, such as caddis fly cases, could be seen at a depth of 4 inches in the fertilized pond. Similar objects could not be seen in the unfer- tilized pond if deeper than 2 inches. Chemical tests, made by Doctor Peter I. Tack of the Mich- igan State College Zoology Department, revealed that the water of the ponds was slightly alkalin. In early may, 1947, the fertilized pond was drained by 6 pump. It refilled by seepage. This factor may have had an important bearing on the populations of different Species of insects, as will be shown later. Sampling of Bottom Fauna The equipment used in taking bottom samples consisted of a 1/4th square foot Ekman dredge, a 30-mesh sieve, tweezers, vials containing pickling solution, and a cloth aquatic net. Three bottom samples were taken in each pond each week. No set stations were used. In order to obtain a representative sample of the insects, the 3 samples were taken in 3 depth zones in each pond. The first zone was along the shore at a depth of approximately 3 inches. The second zone was at a depth of 1 foot. The third zone was at a depth of approximately 2 feet. It was considered essential to have one of the zones close to the shore, for as‘Welch (25) has shown, greatest productivity of life is found there. Before a dredge sample was drawn out of the water, the 309mesh sieve was placed beneath it. As Ball (1) has shown, this procedure avoids the loss of specimens which might flow out of the dredge with the water. The dredge contents were dumped into the sieve, and the sand and organic ooze sifted out. The sieve was examined carefully, and any organisms present were picked out with tweezers and dropped into a vial of pickling solution. The 7 pickling solution consisted of formalin, alcohol, and distilled water in a mixture of 1-10-10. It was found that nymphs of Odo- nata would feed on each other and other organisms if placed in a vial of water. Therefore, it seemed advisable to place all specimens directly into the pickling solution. No attempt was made to keep the samples from the different depth zones separ- ate, because the study was concerned with each pond as a unit. When the organisms from the three bottom samples were all in one vial, a date and pond label was applied to the vial and it was set aside for later examination. .All bottom samples were taken in the day time. General aquatic insect collections were made with the cloth net to determine whether the dredge bottom samples repre- sented all the species in the ponds or not. A list of those species found by general collecting, but not represented in the bottom samples, is given in Table 25 for the fertilized pond, and Table 26 for the unfertilized pond. Collecting Terrestrial Insects Emerging from the Ponds Because some aquatic insects have a terrestrial stage in their life cycle, and because the terrestrial stage of such insects offers a check on the identification of the aquatic stage, an attempt was made to collect samples of theme The equipment used to collect them consisted of one quart Mason 8 jars, cheesecloth, an aspirator, cyanide bottles, and a light trap. Meson jars were used to rear adults from the ponds in the following manner: Each jar was half filled with pond water. Organisms from.the pond bottom were introduced to each jar. Cheesecloth was used to cover each jar to retain emerging adults, and the jars placed in about 3 inches of water in the ponds. The jars were inspected daily, and if any adults were present, the aspirator was used to remove them.from the jars. Adults col- lected were killed in a cyanide bottle, pinned, labeled, and set aside for later identification. The results of these identifi- cations were used as checks against larval and nymphal identi- fications, and are not included in this report. This equipment and procedure was applied to both ponds. Light traps were operated in the pond area as often as possible. Light trap collections were not considered as nec- essarily representing members of either of the ponds, and identi- fications of specimens from the light trap collections are not included in this report. Collected material was saved in pill boxes, with labels of date and locality. Laboratory Equipment and Methods Two groups of equipment were used in the laboratory work. The first group was used in preparing specimens for identifica- 9 tion and their subsequent identification. This equipment con- sisted of microscopes, dissecting scopes, dissecting tools, glass slides and cover slips, absolute ethyl alcohol, eugenol, and Canada balsam. The second group of laboratory equipment was used to determine the volume of the specimens. Identification of some specimens required the preparation of glass-slide mounts. In preparing the Chironomidae and Cera- topogonidae for glass slide mounts, the specimens were prioked several times along the body with a number 1 pin to hasten the dehydration process. The specimens were then placed in absolute ethyl alcohol for one-half hour to dehydrate. Following this they were transferred to eugenol for fifteen minutes to clear. From.the eugenol the Specimens were placed on a glass slide where they were decapitated, and.the head split into dorsal and ventral halves. The body and the head were covered with Canada balsam, and a cover slip placed over each. Specimens made into slide mounts were chosen from each bottom.sample, and were picked in such a manner that all size classes from every bottom sample were represented on a slide. Slide mounts were made for other families than the Chiro- nomidae and Ceratopogonidae. The procedure followed for them was the same as outlined above, but did not require dissection. When slides were dry enough to handle, the Specimens were identified under a microscope. After all slide specimens were 10 identified, enough facility was gained to identify the remaining specimens, primarily, under a dissecting scope. Identifications were listed by volume and number, by pond, and by year, and are shown in Tables 1 through 26. The equipment used to determine the volume of the organ- isms consisted of a burette, a graduated centrifuge tube, a millimeter rule, and tissue paper. The procedure followed was essentially the same as that outlined by Tester (23) and used by Ball (1). Before any volumes were obtained, the graduated centrifuge tube was calibrated against the burette of the same graduations. The organism to be measured was placed on the tissue paper long enough to allow the surface liquid on the organism.to be absorbed. It was then placed in the centrifuge tube and enough liquid allowed to run from the burette into the centrifuge tube to cover the organism. The difference between the reading on the burette and on the centrifuge tube was the volume of the organism. The volumes were recorded according to species, year and pond, and are shown in Tables 1 through 26. Volumes for single small specimens could not be obtained in the manner outlined above. Instead, the small specimens were identified.and.measured for length. When all specimens of one species and one length were placed together, their total volume was obtained as outlined above. Knowing the total volume and the number of specimens, the volume of a single specimen was 11 calculated. These volumes were recorded as above. All volumes are expressed in cubic centimeters. Volumes were not recorded for caddis fly cases, though Ball (1) found that certain cases of the Leptoceridae are digestible. It is not known how much nutritional value such cases have. Volumes were considered important because numbers alone are often misleading concerning the amount of fish food present. Table 9 shows a total of 160 Chironominae larvae constitute a volume of only 1.156 cubic centimeters, whereas Table 17 shows that only 36 nymphs of Plathemis lydia constitute a volume of 3.500 cubic centimeters. 12 NOMENCLATURE The most familiar nomenclature was used in this report. This is not meant to indicate a disregard for priority. Rather, it is felt that for an ecological investigation such a policy is appropriate on the grounds of workability. The sources of nomenclature follow: 2% (except Cerat0pogonidae) ----- Johannsen (9, 10, ll, 12) CERATOPOGONIDAE --------- Thomson (24) COLEOPTERA.(except Haliplidae) ------- Blatchley (2) HALIPLIDAE --- ----- ----- Matheson (13) EPHEMERIDA ---------- Needham, Traver, and Hsue (l5) HEMIPTERA.(except Corixidae) -~------— Hungerford (7) CORIXIDAE — ‘ — _ Hungerford (8) ODONATA -- *- v -‘ - -=- Garman (3) TRICHOPTERA -----------—---- Ross (16) The list of authorities was also the source of most identification. Larvae of Haliplidae were identified according to Hickman (5). Larvae of Gyrinidae were identified according to Hatch (4), and larvae of other Coleoptera were identified according to Needham.and Needham (l4). 13 A LIST OF INSECTS RECOVERED FROM BOTTOM SAMPLES FROM THE FERTILIZED AND UNFERTILIZED POND COLEOPTERA Dytiscidae Aoilius semisulcatus Aube. Canthydrus bicolor Say Coelambus inaequalis Fab. Coptotomus interrogatus Fab. Coptotomus sp. Hydrovatus sp. LaccOphilus maculosus Say Gyrinidae Dineutus assimilis Aube. Haliplidae Haliplus ruficollis DeG. HydrOphilidae Berosus striatus Berosus sp. Tropisternus mixtus Leo. Tropisternus nimbatus Say Trapisternus sp. 14 DIPTERA Ceratopogonidae Palpomyia flavipes (Meig.) Chironomidae Chironomus (Glyptotendipes) lobiferus Say Chironomus (Endochironomus) nigricans Joh. Chironomus (Microtendipes) peddelus DeG. Chironomus (Chironomus) plumosus L. Chironomus (cryptochironomus) sp. Chironomus (Polypedilum) sp. Cricotopus trifasciatus (Panzer) Pentaneura monilis (L.) Procladius culiciformis (L.) Culicidae Chaoborus punctipennis (Say) Tabanidae Chszsops sp. Tabanus sp. Tipulidae Unclassified EPHEMERIDA Baetidae Chenis sp. Callibaetis sp. 15 HEMIPTERA Belostomatidae Belostoma flumineum Say Corixidae Hesperooorixa vulgaris (Hungfd.) Sigara (Vermicorixa) alternata (Say) Gerridae Gerris marginatus Say, Hydrometridae Hydrometra martini Kirk. Nepidae Ranatra americana Montd. Notonectidae Notonecta undulata Say ODONATA Aeshnidae 492M (Drury) Libellulidae Libellula pulohella (Drury) Libellula sp. Plathemis lydia (Drury) Sympetrum.spp. Gomphidae Gomphus spicatus Hagen 16 Coenagrionidae Enellagma sp. TRICHOPTERA Leptoceridae Oeoetis sp. 17 Table 1. Seasonal variation of population by volume and number per 3/4th square foot, 1947-1948, of Berosus sp. DATE June 10 June 19 - 20 June 25 - 28 July 1 - 5 July 8 - 12 July 15 - 19 July 22 - 26 July 29 - Aug. 2 Aug. 5 - 9 Aug. 12 Aug. 18 - 20 Aug. 26 - 27 Sept. 5 Sept. 10 - 13 Sept. 20 [ 1947 I 1948 1947 | 1948 VOL. VOL. VOL. (0.0.) (0.0.) (0.0.) Data No Data No Data 1 .010 l .020 2 .020 1 .010 2 .020 1 .020 1 .010 No Data!“l No Data No Data No Data 1 .020 No Data No Data TOTAL * A blank indicates that a bottom sample was taken but no specimens recovered ** ”No Data” indicates that a bottom sample was not taken that day Table 20 18 Seasonal variation of population by volume and number per 3/4th wquare foot, 1947-1948, of Coelambus inaequalis Fab 0 w I UNFERTILIZED POND FERTILIZED POND mm L 1947 1948 1947 1948 VOL. VOL. VOL. VOL. km. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) June 10 * No Data No Data June 19 - 20 No Data No Data June 25 - 28 July 1 - 5 July 8 - 12 July 15 - 19 July 22 - 26 1 .010 July 29 - Aug. 2 Aug. 5 ' 9 1 .010 Aug. 12 No Data** No Data Aug. 18 " 20 1 0010 3 .030 Aug. 26 - 27 1 .010 Sept. 5 No Data No Data Sept. 10 - 13 9 .090 20 .200 Sept. 20 1 .010 No Data 12 .120 No Data TOTAL 2 .020 0 0 24 .240 23 .230 * A.blank indicates that a bottom sample was taken . but no specimens recovered as “No Data” indicates that a bottom sample was not taken that day 19 Table 3. Seasonal variation of population by volume and number per 3/4th square foot, 1947-1948, of Haliplus ruficollis DeG. “M :-=—_ UNFERTILIZED POND FERTILIZED POND 1947 1948 1947 1948 DATE VOL. VOL. VOL. VOL. 0. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) NO. (0.0. NO. 0.0. June 10 * No Data Data June 19 - 20 No Data Data June 25 - 28 July 1 - 5 July 8 - 12 July 15 - 19 1 .001 July 22 - 26 1 .001 July 29 - Aug. 2 1 .010 ® .010 Aug. 5 - 9 5 .016 1 .010 Aug. 12 No Data"!!!I €30 Dagam 1 .002 Aug. 18 - 20 :030 Aug. 26 - 27 Q) .010 © .024 Sept. 5 No Data No Data Sept. 10 - 13 ® .002 .020 Sept. 20 No Data No Data TOTAL * A blank indicates that a bottom sample was taken but no specimens recovered ** “No Data" indicates that a bottom sample was not taken that day Q) A circled digit indicates an adult while an uncir- cled digit indicates a larva Table 4. 2 volume and number per S/Ath Palpggyia flavipes (meig.) DATE __ June 10 June 19 - 20 June 25 - 28 July 1 - 5 July 8 - 12 July 15 - 19 July 22 - 26 July 29 - Aug. 2 Aug. 5 " 9 Aug. 12 Aug. 18 - 20 Aug. 26 " 27 Sept. 5 Sept. 10 - 13 Sept. 20 TOTAL firm * - " ' 1le ‘ _ 0 Seasonal variation of population by square foot, 1947-1948, of HFDRiILlisD'Posnfi |___1947 1948 1947 1948 VOL. VOL. VOL. O. (0.0.) NO. (0.03;‘ 2 .003 NO Rte. 4 No Data 5 .008 No Data 3 .004 1 .001 5 .009 8 .012 2 .003 10 .016 3 .004 4 .013 2 .003 2 .003 2 .003 4 .006 l .001 4 .006 NO Data** N Data 3 .005 1 .001 23 .036 1 .001 1 .001 9 .014 No Data 1 .001 No Data 1* .001 2 .003 No Data 5 .008 No Data 13 .019 8 .010 28 .068 62 .098 * A blank indicates that a bottom sample was taken but no specimens recovered ** ”No Data” indicates that a bottom sample was not taken that day hble 5. 21 Seasonal variation of population by square foot, 1947-1948, of volume and number per S/lth Chironomus (Glyptctendipgs) lobiferus Say UNFERTILIZED POND FERTILIZED POND 1947 1948 1947 1948 DATE VOL. VOL. VOL. VOL. NO. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) June 10 t No Data 1 .008 No Data June 19 - 20 No Data No Data June 25 - 28 July 1 - 5 July 8 - 12 1 .010 July 15 - 19 1 .015 July 22 - 26 July 29 "' Aug. 2 Aug. 5 - 9 4 .028 Aug. 12 No Data** 1 .007 Aug. 18 - 20 1 .020 5 .050 Aug. 26 - 27 4 .030 1 .013 Sept. 5 No Data 1 .008 No Data Sept. 10 ' 13 2 .009 Sept. 20 No Data 19 .171 No Data TOTAL 0 0 0 0 33 .284 8 .085 *.A blank indicates that a bottom sample was taken but no specimens recovered ** "No Data” indicates that a bottom sample was not taken on that day 22 Table 6. Seasonal variation of population by volume and number per 3/4th square foot, 1947-1948, of Chironomus (Endochironomus) nigricans Joh. UNFERTILIZED POND FERTILIZED POND 1947 1948 1947 1948 DATE VOL. VOL. VOL. VOL. NO. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) June 10 t No Data No Data June 19 - 20 No Data N0[Data June 25 - 28 ' July 1 - 5 3 .024 July 15 - 19 7 .056 2 .020 July 22 - 26 17 .170 July 29 - Aug. 2 9 .085 Aug. 5 - 9 No Data** 17 .136 Aug. 12 No Data No Data 1 .009 Aug. 18 - 20 2 .014 17 .174 Aug. 26 - 27 3 .027 Sept. 5 No Data 2 .009 No Data Sept. 10 - 13 Sept. 20 No Data 2 .016 No Data TOTAL 0,4: 0 0 i 0 71 .607 20 .203 m *.A.blank indicates that a bottcm.sample was taken but no specimens recovered 4* "No Data” indicates that a bottom sample was not taken that day 23 Table 7. Seasonal variation of population by volume and number per 3/4th square foot, 1947-1948, of Chironomus (Chironomus) plumesus L. UNFERTILIZED POND FERTILIZED POND 1947 1 1948 1947 I 1948 DATE VOL. June 10 * No Data 1 .027 No Data June 19 - 20 No Data 1 .027 No Data June 25 - 28 9 .250 July 1 - 5 4 .108 1 .007 'July 8 - 12 3 .081 2 .054 July 15 - 19 6 .260 July 22 - 26 3 .100 2 .014 July 29 - Aug. 2 1 .030 Aug. 5 " 9 2 0014 2 e016 Aug. 12 NO Ih‘ba“* NO M158. Aug. 18 - 20 4 .028 1 .015 Aug. 26 - 27 3 .025 Sept. 5 No Data No Data Sept. 10 - 13 Sept. 20 No Data 16 .272 No Data TOTAL 0 0 25 .802 27 .393 6 .152 * A.blank indicates that a bottom sample was taken but no specimens recovered ** ”No Data” indicates that a bottom sample was not taken that day Table 8. volume and number per S/Zth Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) DATE June 10 June 19 - 20 June 25 - 28 July 1 - 5 July 8 - 12 July 15 - 19 July 22 - 26 July 29 - Aug. 2 Aug. 5 - 9 Aug. 12 Aug. 26 - 27 Sept. 5 Sept. 10 " 13 Sept. 20 TOTAL 24 Seasonal variation of population by square foot, 1947-1948, of sp. UNFERTILTZED POND FERTILIZED POND 1947 1 1948 1947 l 1948 *H No Data!“. VOL. No Data .006 .020 .020 .004 P'OIOIF‘ .014 .007 l-‘N No Data (0.0.) 050308 HNZQO'! Data No Data .018 .012 2 .018 .024 3 .018 2 .006 .020 .030 1 .001 Data .014 1 .006 .007 No Data .007 No ata *.A blank indicates that a bottom sample was taken but no specimens recovered ** "N0.Data" indicates that a bottom.samp1e was not taken that day 25 , Table 9. Seasonal variation of population by volume and number per 3/4th square foot, 1947-1948, of Chironominae* L 1947 1948 1 1947 1948 June 19 - 20 NO Data 15 .210 NO Data June 25 - 28 8 .066 4 .015 July 1 - 5 1 .028 15 .166 13 .039 July 8 - 12 3 .009 3 .027 3 .006 July 15 - 19 25 .097 July 22 - 26 1 .010 7 .003 9 .051 Jilly 29 " Aug. 2 1 .006 1 .002 4 0085 11 0076 Aug. 5 - 9 4 .028 4 .021 Aug. 12 No Data** No Data 2 .004 Aug. 18 - 20 5 .025 22 .115 Aug. 26 " 27 2 .010 Sept. 5 No Data 3 .011 No Data Sept. 10 - 13 Sept. 20 1 .010. No Data 4 .002 NO Data TOTAL 4 .054 4 .011 160 1.156 93 I .424 * Exclusive of the following genera and species: (hir- onomus plumcsus L. , Glircncmus lobiferus Say., (hir- onomus nigricans Joh., and the group Cmyptochir- onomus of Chironomus. This table includes these specimens which could not be classified further than the subfamily and the following genera and species: Chironomus (Microtendipes) peddelus DeG., Chiron- omus beIypedilum) sp., a species which, except for tKe lack of gills on the eleventh abdominal segment, resembles Chironomus decorus Joh., and an unknown species which fits the description of Chironomus (Einfeldia) insolita Kieff, of Europe. ** A.b1ank indicates that a bottom sample was taken but no specimens recovered tea "No Data” indicates that a bottom sample was not taken that day Table 10. volume and number per 3/4th Procladius culiciformis 26 Seasonal variation of population by square foot, 1947-1948, of (L.) I UNFERTILIZED POND FERTILIZED POND I 1947 1948 1947 1948 ””3 VOL. VOL. VOL. 40. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) NO. —: June 10 10 .090 No Data 5 June 19 - 20 3 .030 No’Data 1 June 25 - 28 4 .040 5 .045 July 1 - 5 t 1 .007 2 .010 7 .061 July 8 - 12 2 .012 2 .016 July 22 - 26 8 .048 6 .051 July 29 - Aug. 2 l .001 9 .080 Aug. 5 " 9 1 0002 2 0006 Aug. 12 No Data** 1 .008 No Data 21 .169 Aug. 18 - 20 2 .009 10 .061 Aug. 26 "" 27 1 .008 6 .064 Sept. 5 No Data No Data Sept. 10 - 13 Sept. 20 No»Data No Data TOTAL E17 .160 4 .027 25 1 .146 79 .631 * A.b1ank indicates that a bottom.sample was taken but no specimens recovered ** “No Data" indicates that a bottom sample was not taken that day June Table 11. volume and number per 3/4 Chaoborus punctipennis DATE 10 27 Seasonal variation of population by UNFERTILIZED POND FERTILIZED POND (Say) h square foot, 1947-1948, of 1947 | 1948 1947 ‘f 1948 June 19 - 20 June 25 - 28 July 1 - 5 July 8 - 12 July 15 - 19 July 22 - 26 July 29 - Aug. 2 Aug. 5 ' 9 Aug. 12 Aug. 18 " 20 Aug. 26 " 27 Sept. 5 Sept. 10 " 13 Sept. 20 TOTAL “UPI-'20 No Data** No 15 No 0 E? 0fi_L27 VOL. (0.0.) ‘o‘--—.__ Data .006 .004 .001 .023 .014 Data .070 Data .118 16 31 Data .010 .004 .060 .064 .138 50 .003 .025 .009 .030 Data .132 .211 * A.b1ank indicates that a bottom sample was taken but no specimens recovered ** ”No Data” indicates that a bottom sample was not taken that day Table 12. 28 Seasonal variation of population by volume and number per 3/4th square foot, 1947-1948, of 93129.23. SP. UNFERTILIZED POND FERTILIZED POND [: 1947 1 1948 1947 1948 DATE VOL. VOL. VOL. VOL. _____%. 0.041%. Lac.) 1704:.0.) N0. (c._c_._)_ June 10 * No Data No Data June 19 - 20 No Data 3 .140 No Data June 25 - 28 1 .010 July 1 - 5 3 .120 July 8 "’ 12 1 .100 July 15 - 19 1 .020 July 22 - 26 l .030 l .030 July 29 " Aug. 2 6 0120 Aug. 5 - 9 14 .042 3 .065 Aug. 12 No Data** No Data 1 .010 Aug. 18 - 20 6 .180 4 .120 Aug. 26 - 27 4 .090 6 .150 Sept. 5 No Data 4 .120 No Data Sept. 10 " 13 6 0150 Sept. 20 No Data 5 .090 NO Data TOTAL 0 0 l .030 55 1.212 14 .345 *.A'b1ank indicates that a bottom.samp1e was taken but no specimens recovered ** ”NO Data” indicates that a bottom sample was not taken that day Table 13. 29 Seasonal variation of population by volume and number per 3/4th square foot, 1947-1948, of annis sp. 1947 T 1948 1947 1948 DATE VOL. VOL. VOL. VOL. 0. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) NO. (0.0. NO. (0.0.) “W.— June 10 t No Data No Data June 19 - 20 No Data NO Data June 25 - 28 2 .007 July 1 - 5 1 .003 July 8 - 12 1 .005 July 15 - 19 11 .033 July 22 - 26 18 .060 July 29 " A1160 2 4 0012 1 .004 Aug. 5 - 9 2 .006 5 .015 Aug. 12 No Data** No Data 11 .033 Aug. 18 - 20 4 .012 3 .009 Aug. 26 " 27 2 .005 Sept. 5 Data No Data Sept. 20 Data 1 .003 No Data TOTAL 0 0 0 0 14 .044 57 .1Z§_ * A.b1mnk indicates that a bottom sample was taken but no specimens recovered ** ”No Data" indicates that a bottom sample was not taken that day Table 14. volume and number per 3/4 30 Seasonal va iation of population by square foot, 1947-1948, of Corixidae* t UNFERTILIZED POND FERTILIZED POND 1847 1948 1947 1948 DATE VOL. VOL. VOL. VOL. NO. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) June 10 ** No Data No Data June 19 - 20 No Data No Data June 25 - 28 July 1 - 5 1 .030 1 .010 July 8 - 12 2 .010 1 .010 July 15 - 19 2 .020 Jury 22 - 26 1 .010 3 .100 July 29 - Aug. 2 1 .007 Aug. 5 - 9 7 .035 1 .006 2 .017 Aug. 12 N0 Data**1 1 .001 N Data 1 .007 Aug. 18 - 20 2 .090 1 .010 Aug. 26 - 27 1 .010 1 .005 Sept. 5 1. .070 No Data No Data Sept. 20 1 .050 No Data 5 .035 No Data TOTAL 10 .280 12 .076 16 .2933L5 .052 * Two species were determined in this family and are listed in order of their frequency of Sigara (Vermicorixa) alternata (Say). Hesperocorixa vulgaris (flung?3.5. Meet cf the specimens takenfiin the bottom occurrence 8 samples were immature and could not be identified accurately. ** A blank indicates that a bottom sample was taken but no specimens recovered *** ”No Data” indicates that a bottom sample was not taken that day 31 Table 15. Seasonal variation of population by volume and number per 3/4th square foot, 1947-1948, of Enellagma sp. f 1 1 UNFERTILIZED POND FERTILIZED POND 1947 1948 1947 1948 DATE VOL. VOL. VOL. VOL. NO. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) June 10 I" No Data No Data June 19 - 20 No Data NO Data June 25 - 28 July 1 - 5 July 8 - 12 July 15 - 19 July 29 - Aug. 2 Aug. 5 - 9 2 .080 2 0060 Aug. 12 NO Datatt No Data ' Aug. 18 - 20 l .006 8 .160 2 .016 Aug. 26 - 27 2 .005 2 .016 1 .006 Sept. 5 NO Data No Data Sept. 10 - 13 3 .070 16 .128 7 .049 Sept. 20 No Data 9 .360 No Data TOTAL 0 0 6 .081 38 .749 12 .131 * A.b1ank indicates that a bottom sample was taken but no specimens recovered ** “No Data" indicates that a bottom sample was not taken that day 32 Table 16. Seasonal variation of pOpulation by volume and number per 3/4;bh square foot, 1947-1948, of Gflhus spieatus Hagen I UNFERTILIZED POND I FERTILIZED POND [ 1947 f 1948 ] 1947 J 1348 “T3 VOL. VOL. VOL. VOL. 4% (0.0.) NO. (c.c.) NO. (0.6.) June 10 t No Data No Data June 19 - 20 No Data No Data June 25 - 28 July 1 - 5 1 .350 July 8 - 12 July 15 - 19 July 22 - 26 2 .400 Ju1y 29 " Aug. 2 1 0350 1 0350 Aug. 5 " 9 Aug. 12 NO Data'MI No mta Aug. 18 - 20 1 .008 2 .507 Aug. 26 - 27 2 .310 Sept. 5 NO Data No Data Sept. 10 - 13 2 .030 2 .400 Sept. 20 No Data 1 .050 No Data TOTAL 0 0 1 l .008 L-‘i .430 10 2.31;- * A blank indicates that a bottcn sample was taken but no specimens recovered M "No Data" indicates that a bottom sample was not taken that day ThblO 170 33 Seasonal variation of population by volume and number per 3/4th square foot, 1947-1948, Of Plathemis lydia (Drury) I__DNFERTILIZED POND FERTILIZED POND 1948 1947 1948 [_> 1947 DATE 0. June 10 t June 19 - 20 June 25 - 28 July 1 - 5 July 8 - 12 July 15 - 19 July 22 - 26 July 29 - Aug. 2 Aug. 5 " 9 Aug. 12 NO Aug. 18 - 20 Aug. 26 - 27 Sept. 5 Sept. 10 - 13 Sept. 20 TOTAL 0 * A blank indicates that a bottom sample was taken Data" NO Data No Data 0 0 but no specimens recovered ** "Ho‘Data' indicates that a bottom.samp1e was not taken that day NO 16 ll 36 VOL. Data .300 .700 .750 .900 .850 3.500 VOL. (0.0. Data Data Data Data Table 18. 34 Seasonal variation of pepulation by volume and number per 3/4th square foot, 1947-1946, of Sympetrum 'PP- .____._. _ DATE June 10 June 19 - 20 June 25 - 28 July 1 - 5 July 8 - 12 July 15 - 19 July 22 - 26 July 29 - Aug. 2 Aug. 5 "' 9 Aug. 12 Aug. 18 - 20 Aug. 26 - 27 Sept. 5 Sept. 10 "' 13 Sept. 20 3.9m FNRTlLiifiD POND | 1947 T 1946 L 1947 | 1946 VOL. VOL. VOL. NO. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) NO. * No Data NO Data 1 .030 1 .035 1 .200 4 .600 No Data" No Data 2 .070 No Data No Data 1 .035 No Data 1 .250 No Data 0 0 0 0 4 .350 7 1.075 * A.blank indicates that a bottom sample was taken but no specimens recovered ** ”No Data" indicates that a bottom sample was not taken that day 35 oHH. m o o oaeaaaaau fleece 0H0. H m¢umib ooH. H uenmuw nHHHEHmus monsooHn .aeaqaaam mmH. wH 0H». m eddHemHuzd .omHS Haves moo. H moo. H moo. m 000. m mHo. o omo. H moo. H ONO. N wouOHnosfi ezH s coedq oHo. H .m» mopsboanmm bmo. H >¢|mc> .mu unsavopmoo omo. H meuomum aspawoaaopaa aaatpopatm. 0H0. m m¢IOHIm AOHOOHp unfiwhmwnmo onm. H manomuw usPueHSuHaeu usHquq .aeaoaapan dmmHmomqoo A.o.ov mqaadw A.u.ov mamadm .Ho> .oz oaaom zH @024 .Ao>. .oznacaaom 2H moz< IMdmmm<.mo mama Imdmmmd go mad: nzom QMNHqHammm nzom QMNHAHHmuhZD no .mamuuaama .pooa cause. ape ownH uncondHHoouHa §\w hem goofing one oasHo> an nOHpsHsmom mo acapdmwsb Hsnomsom .mH OHAsa 36 moo. poo. woo. woo. ¢oo. ONO. use. m¢m. omH. omo. doc. omo. one. 00H. omH. 00H. M.o.ov .Ho> m¢lmHlb bdtbmlm bvlmHlb HHH mfiIONIm m¢lmmlm bfiloNIm H >¢Imtm lDVFr-Ir-I CO H >¢Imlm mfilmlm mfitmmlu >¢Imlm b¢lmmlb mfiloHlm b¢lomlm bfllnHlm HNNHI-ll-ld‘o mumzdm .oz floaaom 2H mozd IMdfimmd_mo fiHdfl .z- um 17; 7: .oz Soeaom zH Hui IMdflmm<.mo med. 88m , amNSEmma 926m QHNHAHemmmZD A 6.9538 v .mH OHnfia nHHHnQfi daaoqquom «Egondmwav unmovooio cued—6335 dmmamHn 6.112293% .63: ~33 UOHH H” a GHOHHD. cannon. Managua. unpuda uaouepuHmoaa nspsnaHn manuepuHmoua 5.173339%? -- 37 moo. H OOINHIO OHO. N OOIme «NO. m >¢IONIO OHO. N >¢IMHIm ONO. H ONO. H >¢INHI> OOO. H OOO. H bOImHum NmH. um moo. H mulomlw 500. H O¢INHIO mmo H 70.3 .AO> Soaaom 2H @024 ludmmmd.mo madd 63.3320 6.63.3 43% o 55:39 .63: ~33 OOHMHmesHooD .3225 o 3353.. .63: ~33 .mu sausage eduHospea 0 6.633858 .63: 369 mqmzdm .Oznflcaaom zH mozd IMdmmmd.mO ma 920m OENHAHBmmh 38m ENDS; 3.55953 .2 63.9 38 can. m omm. n caeHaoz .oaa: Hapoa con. H mauOHua com. H maummnm can. H paumua .uuuuuuna..uuunnu. on». H awanum 0mm. H aaumnm aaaoaaoaa .apaaam .aeHaoz Hoo. H oaeaapaaaaeam .oaHs H.569 Hoo. H w¢umm-m HaHpaaa aaagaoatam osvHapoaeavhm oao. m .aeHaaoe .aaH: H.963 coo. N b¢nmnm uspsaHuusa aHaaow eduHuaoO ooa. m o o oaeraaapaoHom .oaHz Haves om». H aauomsm coo. H aasaum _a:HaHasHa aaupaoHom oaeHaaaapaoHom annamqum «co. m o o .athoam .ouH: Haves $13 3.3% Ton: 3.54m .Ho> .oz_:caaom 2H @024 .aoa. .ozflaoaaom zH @024 umamam< mo maan -mamaa<.ao made -- - Q8 ENHHHEE .- -mazoafifidafiag 'Ill'“! ll- l ‘II-.II|.III.I Htoaanqoov .mH .Hena 39 0mm. 00¢. OOm. OOO.H 0mm. omb. HF". H H r-lNr-Ir-lr-INI-IN hfiuOHIm hfllOmlu bfiuhmlm OOIONIO OOImHlp >¢IONIO bOImHIm b¢ubmum >¢Imle b¢lmlm bfilmuw b¢lmHlb >¢Iml> mumzdm SOB 80m 2H mozd Im OOIONIO .HHoaOHsm aHaHHoaHH aseHHsHHBHH 6385.4 H369 . maHnsn Read 6.35. .4 dH¢2OQO 836.6 .6362 H38 speHsOq: spoonovoz .6338»; 33538 O .OH 0Hnua 40 j ONO. ONO. Ono. COO. ONO. ONO. O¢O.H Ono. Ono. Ono. .HOP O) r-lr-thOI-Ir-I NOIOHIO OOINNIF m¢lwlb >¢lm|w >¢ININ hfllONlfi N¢IOHIm bleNlm bdlelm bfilelw mamzdm .Ozaacaaom 2H @024 Imdmmm<.mo madd H.o.o :Ho> flamzdm .02 Hoaaom 2H 824 Imdmmm<.mo Mada Aponanooov .mH Oana ll!‘."'l"¥'ll.l| ll ill. .8286me Hflam; , .mm meoooo edeMOOOpmoq .4mmemomOHmH oéHHsHHBHH .63.”: H33 uloHmdeOQO Table 20. 41 Total numbers and volumes of families of insects, 1947 u UNFERTILIZED POND FERTILIZED POND FAMILY VOL. VOL. .1, N0._+£C.C.) NO. (0.0.) AESHNIDAE 0 BAETIDAE 19 .063 BELOSTOMATIDAE 2 .400 CERATOPOGONIDAE 13 .109 26 .066 CHIRONOMIDAE 12 .224 370 2.649 COENAGRIONIDAE 36 .749 CORIXIDAE 10 .260 16 .293 CULICIDAE 31 .136 DYTISCIDAE 2 .020 36 .366 GERRIDAE 2 .040 GOMPHIDAE 4 .430 GYRINIDAE 1 .100 HALIPLIDAE 12 .072 HYDROMETRIDAE ' HYDROPHILIDAE 15 .455 LEPTOCERIDAE 3 .060 LIBELLULIDAE 46 5.460 NEPIDAE 2 .560 1 .350 NOTONECTIDAE 11 1.035 TABANIDAE 56 2.112 TIPULIDAE 1 .020 EEZQUL_[ 441159 1.213 664 15.060 _—__——:_ Table 21. 42 Total numbers and volumes of families of insects, 1948 UNFERTILIZED POND FERTILIZED POND FAMILY VOL. VOL. _‘1 NO. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) AESHNIDAE 1 1.250 2 1.000 BAETIDAE 60 .193 BELOSTOMATIDAE CERATOPOGONIDAE 6 .010 62 .093 CHIRONOMIDAE 46 .911 227 1.619 COENAGRIONIDAE 6 .081 12 .131 CORIXIDAE 12 .076 5 .052 CULICIDAE 27 .116 50 .211 DYTISCIDAE 2 .310 29 .279 GERRIDAE GOMPHIDAE 1 .006 10 2.317 GYRINIDAE 1 .010 HALIPLIDAE 11 .066 HYDROMETRIDAE 1 .001 HYDROPHILIDAE 12 .324 LEPTOCERIDAE 5 .090 LIBELLULIDAE 10 1.110 NEPIDAE l .300 1 .200 NOTONECTIDAE TABANIDAE 1 .030 14 .345 TIPULIDAE TOTAL 107 3.094 512 6.043 “— Table 2 2. 43 Seasonal variation of population by volume and number per 3/4!th square foot, 1947-1948, of Clams and Snails UNFERTILIZED POND FERTILIZED POND 1947 1948 1947 I 1948 DATE VOL. VOL. VOL. ..__ Mac.) NO. (0.0.) June 10 * No Data June 19 - 20 No Data No Data June 25 - 28 l .007 July 1 - 5 7 .052 July 8 - 12 4 .030 July 15 - 19 11 .082 July 29 - Aug. 2 17 .029 5 .037 Aug. 5 - 9 42 .350 8 .059 Aug. 12 No Data** No Data 4 .030 Ange 18 ‘ 20 27 .202 5 .037 Sept. 5 No Data 13 .100 NorData Sept. 10 - 13 11 .082 2 .015 Sept. 20 No Data 29 .217 NO Data TOTAL 0 O 0 0 171 1.322 74 .551 * A blank indicates that a bottom sample was taken but no specimens recovered ** "No Data" indicates that a bottom sample was not taken that day' Table 230 44 Seasonal variation of pOpulation by volume and number per 3/4th square foot, 1947-1948, of Oligochaeta 1 UNFERTILIZED POND FERTILIZEDIPOND L 1947 1946 1947 1946 DATE I“ VOL. VOL. VOL. VOL. 0. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) NO. (0.0.) June 10 It ‘ No Data 1 .001 No Data June 19 - 20 2 .001 No Data 10 .200 NO Data June 25 - 28 2 .001 July 1 - 5 4 .003 4 .070 6 .010 July 8 - 12 4 .003 July 15 - 19 l .001 July 22 - 26 2 .020 3 .002 July 29 - Aug. 2 ' Aug. 5 - 9 2 .001 Aug. 12 No Data** No Data Aug. 18 - 20 2 .020 Aug. 26 - 27 Sept. 5 No Data No Date Sept. 10 " 13 9 .050 2 .010 1 .001 Sept. 20 No Data 1 .001 No Data TOTAL 6 .004 9 .050 23 .323 18 .018 -_— I * A.b1ank indicates that a bottom.sample was taken but no specimens recovered ** ”No Data” indicates that a bottom sample was not taken that day 45 OOO.H 39 .40> H weulea N OJINNub H bwlNlm 00H: H mfiINNIb OON. H m¢IONIw H >¢Imlb ONH. H m¢lHlm stood 89H H 3-3.3 BEE 65276.2 31.1. 539.6 r-l moummum meuomnm mdaNHum meumum m¢ummn> menmmna melmHua H mdlmna welmNum belmum mouse hHmquvso mqmzdm A.o.ov mamzdm .Ozflzoaaom zH moz< .Ao> .oznaoaaom 2H N024 INdmmmd mo Nada umdmm.. mo .. ; F1K3E3051'03fi161K305 nzomomquHamE Baa amuHAHamEzp ad.“ ugoadflg u g No .memHubomH .»009 chance :P§\w Lem Logan: one canHob hp oOHPsHsmoa no nOHpsHasp Hsooudom .eN OHnsa 46 1|. VIII“II.IIII[ 7a0Homcsa OON. H OOIOHIO CO». H OOIONIN 00¢. N mfilNNlb ObH. H >¢lmHlm n m¢lmHlb OOH. H >¢INIO Mean OHMUHPN OOO.H maummaa dacmuamamo mqazdw H.o.ov - .8>.2=88mfim§< .8>.%:88mfim§< EBEm IMdmmmd mo mama IMdmmm<.mO madd nabm QHNHAHBMHH Ozom OHNHHHamNKZD HeosaHpatov .am .Heaa 47 Table 25. A list of insects collected from fertilized pond which were not represented in bottom samples COLEOPTERA Dytiscidae Acilius semisulcatus; Aube. Coptotomus interrogatus Fab. Dytiscus fasciventris Say Dytiscus hybridus Aube. Dytiscus marginalis L. Gyrinidae GyEinus fraternus Coup. Haliplidae- Haliplus cribrarius Lec. Haliplus connexus math. Peltodytes sp. Hydrophilidae gydrochus sp. DIPTERA Tetanoceridae Sepedon sp. HEMIPTERA Belostomatidae Lethocerus americanus Leidy 48 Table 25. (Continued) Notonectidae Plea striola Fieber ODONATA Libellulidae Leucorrhinia intacta Hagen TRICHOPTERA Limnephilidae Polycentropus radiatus (Say) 49 Table 26. A list of insects collected from unfertilized pond which were not represented in bottom samples COLEOPTERA Dytiscidae Dytiscus fasciventris Say Dytiscus marginalis L. Gyrinidae Dineutus assimilis Aube. gyrinus fraternus Coup. Haliplidae Haliplus ruficollis DeG. Hydrophilidae Tropisternus mixtus Leo. DIPTERA Chironomidae Chironomus (Endochironomus) nigricans Joh. Pentaneura monilis (L.) EPHEMERIDA Baetidae annis sp. HEMIPTERA Belostomatidae Belostoma fluminium 50 Table 26. (Continued) Notonectidae Notonecta undulata Gerridae Gerris marginatus Say ODONATA Libellulidae Libellula pulchella Drury Plathemis lydia (Drury) Sympetrum. spp. 51 Table 27. Numbers and volumes per square foot of insects and bottom fauna found in both ponds, 1947 UNFERTILIZED POND FERTILIZED POND SPECIES VOL. VOL. NO. (c.c.) N0. (c.c.) 1 COLEOPTERA Coelambus inaequalis .190 .002 2.286 .023 Heliplus rufio611is 1.140 .007 Berosus sp. .380 .005 M180. 20190 .049 DIPTERA Palggpyia flavipes 1.243 .002 2.667 .006 Chironomus IoBiferus 3.143 .017 'Efiironomus nigrioans 6.762 .058 Chironomus plumosus 2.571 .037 Chironomus Cryptochironomus sp. .096 .001 2.571 .012 Chironominae spp. (in parfij .381 .005 15.138 .110 Proolaflius culiciformis 1.619 .015 2.381 .014 Chaoborus_Bunctipennis 2.952 .013 Chrysops sp. 5.238 .115 Misc. 2.190 .098 EPHEMERIDA Caenis sp. 1.343 .004 Ca111baetis sp. .476 .003 HEMIPTERA Corixidae .952 .027 1.524 .028 Notonecta undulata 1.048 .099 Misc. .190 .055 .476 .075 ODONATA Gomphus spicatus .381 .041 Plathemis lydia 3.428 .333 Sympetrum spp. .381 .033 EneIIagm Sppo 3.619 0071 M180. 0762 0153 Table 270 52 (Continued) ===== __¥r J UNFERTILIZED POND FERTILIZED POND SPECIES VOL. VOL. N0. (c.c.) N0. (c.c.) “— TRICHOPTERA Oecetis sp. .381 .007 TOTAL INSECTS 4.671 .107 65.418 1.111 Clams and Snails 16.280 .125 Oligochaeta .571 .001 2.190 .031 Miscellaneous organisms .190 .034 .190 .095 TOTAL .761 .035 18.660 .251 GRAND TOTAL 4.432 .142 '84.078 1.362 53 Table 28. Numbers and volumes per square foot of insects and bottom fauna found in both ponds, 1948 IE§§%§TILIZED POND IFERTILIZED POND SPECIES VOL. VOL. N0. (c.c.) N0. (c.c.) COLEOPTERA Coelambus insequalis 2.788 .028 Haliplus ruficollis 1.333 .008 Eerosus sp. .727 .009 Else. .242 .037 1.697 .036 DIPTERA Palpgmlia flaviges .969 .001 7.515 .011 ironomus lobiferus .969 .010 EEironomus nigricans 2.424 .024 Chironomus lumosus 3.030 .097 .727 .018 CHircnamns CryptoEEironomus sp. 1.818 .008 1.091 .006 Baronomime spp. (In pifij .484 .001 11.327 .051 Procladius culiciformis .484 .003 9.578 .077 'Cfiioborus Eunctipennis 3.272 .014 6.061 .025 80 8 HP. 0121 0004 1.696 .042 figsc. .727 .005 EPHEMERIDA Caenis sp. 6.909 .021 'EEIIiEhetis sp. .363 .002 HEMIPTERA Corixidflo 1.454 0034 .606 0006 Notonecta undulata ' Else. .121 .036 .242 .024 ODONATA Gm. “us 8 103m! 0121 .001 1.212 0281 PIEthemis z is Simpetrum.sp. .848 .130 m0 3% app. 0727 .009 1.454 .091 Misc. .121 .151 .363 .004 54 Table 28. (Continued) UNFERTILIZED POND FERTILIZED POND SPECIES VOL. VOL. NO. (c.c.) NO. (c.c.) TRICHOPTERA Oecetis sp. .606 .011 TOTAL INSECTS 12.964 .396 58.973 .910 Clams and Snails ' 8.969 .066 Oligochaeta 1.091 .006 2.181 .008 Miscellaneous organisms .727 .254 1.939 .794 TOTAL 1.818 .260 13.089 .868 GRAND TOTAL 14.782 .656 71.062 1.778 55 DISCUSSION LL; 9’8" (J A total of 150 one-fourth square foot bottom samples was made in the two ponds over the two year period. Thus, a total of 18.75 square feet was sampled in each pond during the seasons of 1947 and 1948. Forty-two one-fourth square foot bottom samples were made in each pond in 1947. This represents 10.50 square feet of bottom sampled. Thirty-three one-fourth square foot bottom samples were made in each pond in 1948. This represents 8.25 square feet of bottom sampled. The weekly bottom samples represent 3/4th square foot of bottom sampled. -No corrections were made to adjust weekly num- bers and volumes to the more common square foot. Though no corrections were made to adjust the weekly numr bers and volumes to a square foot basis, the total numbers and volumes of the species of insects and all organisms were adjusted to a square foot basis. From Tables 1 through 19, the totals can be divided by the square feet of bottom sampled, and the results, will be the numbers or volumes of insect species per square foot. From Tables 22 through 24 the totals can be treated in a similar manner, giving the numbers and volumes of miscellaneous organisms per square foot. Adding these two gives the numbers or volumes of all organisms per square foot. The numbers and volumes of insect species and miscellaneous organisms are given in Tables 56 27 and 28. From Table 27 it can be seen that the approximate number of insects in the fertilized pond in 1947 was 65.4 per square foot. The approximate volume of insects for the fertilized pond in 1947 was 1.1 c.c. per square foot. The same year there were approximately 4.6 insects per square foot in the unfertilized pond, representing a volume of 0.1 c.c. per square foot. This indicates that the fertilized pond produced approximately 15 times as many insects as the unfertilized pond, and a volume of approximately 10 times as great as the unfertilized pond. The number of miscellaneous organisms was approximately 25 times greater in the fertilized pond in 1947 than in the unfertilized pond. The volume of miscellaneous organisms in the fertilized ' pond for 1947 was approximately 7 times greater than in the unfertilized pond. From Table 28 it can be seen that the trend in 1948 was similar to that of 1947, but not so pronounced. The fertilized pond in 1948 produced approximately 59 insects per square foot, representing a volume of 0.9 c.c. per square foot. The unfer- tilized pond, in 1948, produced approximately 13 insects per square foot, representing a volume of 0.4 c.c. per square foot. Thus the fertilized pond produced 4 times as many insects per square foot as the unfertilized pond in 1948. Approximately twice the volume of insects were produced in the fertilized pond 57 in 1948 as compared to the unfertilized pond in the same year. Approximately 7 times as many miscellaneous organisms per square feet were produced in the fertilized pond as the unfertilized pond in 1948, with a volume 3 times as great as in the unfer- tilized pond. The differences in the numbers and volumes of insects and miscellaneous organisms in the two ponds are assumed as being the result of adding fertilizer, because other conditions were simi- lar. The above figures doubtless were affected by the presence of stickle backs Eucalia inconstans, but since both ponds sup- ported a population of these fish, the relative nature of the figures is considered reasonably accurate. Since the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas promelas, is herbivorous, the affect of this fish on insect pepulations is not considered important. Numbers Apparently significant differences were found in the pop- ulations of various species, genera, subfamilies and families. In every case except two, the pepulations of the insects, con- sidered as families, were higher in the fertilized pond than in the unfertilized pond (Tables 20 and 21). From Table 20 it can be seen that a difference is found in the Chironomidae popula- tions in the two ponds. In the fertilized pond 370 specimens of Chironomidae were recovered in the 1947 bottom samples, while 58 only 12 were recovered in the unfertilized pond. Thus the fer- tilized pond produced approximately 30 times as many Chironomidae as the unfertilized pond in 1947. In 1948, Table 21, the dif- ference was not so great. The fertilized produced more than 4.5 times as many Chironomidae as the unfertilized pond. The differences in the populations of Chironomidae in the two ponds are considered more important than differences in other families because of the great difference in actual numbers. Howb ever, the relative abundance in each pond is similar. The Chir- onomidae, in numbers, compose 39% of all fauna recovered in the fertilized pond bottom samples of 2 years (Fig. 1). They come pose 36% of the number of all fauna recovered in the unfertil- ized pond bottom samples for 2 years (Fig. 2). With the exception of Chironomus plumosus (Table 7), the species of Chironomidae which could be identified occurred in greater numbers in the fertilized pond than in the unfertilized pond (Tables 5, 6, 8 and 10). An explanation for the contin- uously high popubation of Chironomus plumosus in the unfertilized pond in 1948 could be regarded as the result of a lack of suffi- cient food to attain maturity, thus keeping individuals in the aquatic stage over a longer period of time. This supposition is supported by the fact that in the fertilized pond, where food is considered sufficient, there appeared to be a definite break between the emergence of the one generation and the reappearance B'DdOVL ——xova:nxouS MONNIN cvamw ' ——v00H0velso 31M H3331 HSIJAVBO —v13VHooeno VOSnTIOLJ —3vonndu mveu 3V01103N010N 3V0ld3N avcnm‘uan IBBOOidB‘I mnmdouow H avondan —3v0|NIHAf) museum MIHUBQ MIDSIIAO —3VOIDI'InD 11000800 —chomeVN300 —MIHONOUIHO -3chN090d01V830 1VL10130138 avouava ——3v0INHSJV D. D9‘BY VOLUME 6 E 2 ). m X Q FMS I. PERCENTAGE COHPOSITIO“ OF BOTTO‘I FAWA G' FERTILIZED PON VQU‘IE AND NUPBER, IMP-HHS. POND, FIGURE 1. PERCENTAGE COMPOSITICN a" WWO”! FALNA U LNFERTIUZED VOLUME AND NUMBER, I‘m-I946. m I BY NLR'BER ExflY VOLUME 4 :— —+3Wl ~—xovaa1x0u.3 mm ovamv: —-VOOHDVluSO 31m H9331 HSIJAWO mflim° m VOSn'nou —3vonndu. avalmavl —3VO ILDNLW ——3VOId31 ——3vonn'msn —3VC| l3] 901d?“ —3VOI1IHcDUOAH -Ml WAH ——3Wl‘ldl'NH é ——3vcu-uuoe ——:mms39 —3vmosma »——-:muomo —3vclxmoo , -mmouev~303 .\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ , ' .\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\j M'NOSOdOIVUBO '—3VO|L0~DU|H9 -3V0|J.VLJO.LSO‘138 M U. M E JVOINHSBV 59 of the new generation in both years (Table 7). However, there is no way of accounting for the complete absence of this species from the unfertilized pond in 1947. Most of the Chironomidae could not be identified. These of the subfamily Chironominae which could not be identified, and a feW'which were identified, are grouped together in Table 9. Here, again, the fertilized pond was much more productive than the unfertilized pond. CricotOpus trifasciatus, and Pentaneura monilis, are listed in Table 19, and they also occurred in greater numbers in the fertilized pond. The Coenagrionidae, represented by the one genus, Ensl- lagmg, composed approximately 3.5% in numbers of the total popu- lations of all fauna in both ponds for 2 years (Figs. 1 and 2). From Table 15 it can be seen that this genus was 8 times as abundant in the fertilized pond as in the unfertilized pond for 2 years. Individuals of the genus Chrysops were 69 times as abundant in the fertilized pond as in the unfertilized pond for 2 years (Table 12). The relative abundance of ChEysops was not the same in the two ponds,(Figs. 1 and 2). Palpomyia flavipes (Table 4) was approximately 4 times as abundant in the fertilized pond bottom samples as in the unfer- tilized pond bottom samples for 2 years. 60 Three times as many specimens of Chaoborus punctipennis (Table 11) were found in the bottom samples of the fertilized pond as in the bottom samples of the unfertilized pond. Though no specimens of the genus Caenis were recovered in the bottom samples from the unfertilized pond (Table 13), it was represented in the general collections from that pond (Table 26). Therefore its absence from the bottom samples of the unfertil- ized pond cannot be attributed entirely to chance egg-laying by adults of this genus. Table 13 shows that 71 Specimens of Caenis sp. were recovered from bottom samples of the fertilized pond during the 2 year period. Berosus sp. (Table l), Coelambus inaequalis (Table 2), and Haliplus ruficollis (Table 3) were all more abundant in the bottom.samp1es of the fertilized pond than in the unfertilized pond during the 2 years. Examination of Table 3 indicates that the larvae of Haliplus ruficollis appear, in the locality of Lake City, during early July, and that the adults appear in late July through August. This agrees with the life history of this spe- cies as outlined by Hickman (5). Gomphus spicatus was more abundant in the bottom samples of the fertilized pond than in those of the unfertilized pond (Table 16). This Species was approximately 3 times as abundant in 1948 as in 1947 in the fertilized pond (Tables 27 and 28). This might be significant because the pepulations of most of the 61 Chironomidae were less abundant in 1948 than in 1947 in the fer- tilized pond (Tables 27 and 28). It is possible that the popu- lation of Gomphus spicatus was reduced in the draining of the fertilized pond in 1947. If this important predator of the Chir- cnomidae was reduced in numbers, the Chironomidae might tend to build up a higher population. This is only a possibility, and before accepting or rejecting this supposition a thorough inves- tigation of the problem would have to be made. Neither Plathemis lydia nor Sympetrum spp. were found in the bottom samples of the unfertilized pond (Tables 17 and 18). However, both were feund in general collections of the unfer- tilized pond (Table 23). It can be seen from Tables 17 and 18 that these two were important in the fertilized pond. No explan- ation can be given for the absence of Plathemis lydia in the fertilized pond's bottom samples in 1948. Eleven specimens of Notonecta undulata (Table 19) were recovered in the bottom samples of the fertilized pond in 1947. When the agility and.speed of this insect are considered, it seems highly unusual for any of them.to be caught in an.Ekman dredge. The appearance of this Species in the bottom samples of 1947 indicates that its pepulation must have been comparatively very high in that year. The above differences in numerical populations of insects in the two ponds are regarded as being the result of the appli- 62 cation of fertilizer. No explanation for the similarity of numerical popula- tions of the Corixidae (Table 14) in the two ponds can be made. The population of Ranatra americana (Table 19) is greater in the unfertilized pond, but is apparently too small to be signifi- cant, as is the case of Coptotomus interrogatus and.Acilius semisulcatus (Table 19). No snails or clams were recovered in the bottom samples of the unfertilized pond during either year. In the fertilized pond, 244 snails and clams were recovered in the bottom samples (Table 22). This difference is regarded as resulting partly from the application of fertilizer, but no explanation is apparent for the complete absence of snails and clams in bottom samples from.the unfertilized pond. Oligochaeta were more than 2.5 times as abundant in the bottom samples from the fertilized pond as from the unfertilized pond during the 2 years (Table 23). Table 24 lists the volumes and numbers of miscellaneous fauna, excluding insects. The numbers and volumes of these ani- mals are greater in the fertilized pond. These differences are regarded as the result of the application of fertilizer. Volumes In general, a volumetric comparison of Species from the 63 two ponds would duplicate the numerical comparison. Tables 27 and 28 show that volumes of insects from.the fertilized pond are greater than those from the unfertilized pond. Volume can be used to compare species within a pond. Thus Fig. 1 shows that the most important insects, listed in descending order of their numerical importance, for the fertil- ized pond were the Chironomidae, the Ceratopggpnidae, the Bae- tidae, and the Tabanidae. Volumetrically, the most important insects from the fertilized pond, listed in descending order of their importance, were the Libellulidae, the Chironomidae, the Gomphidae, and the Tabanidae. It can be seen that only the Chi:- onomidae and the Tabanidae produce consistently high numbers and volumes. Therefore, they probably can be regarded as the most important insects as sources of fish food in the fertilized pond. Tables 27 and 28 indicate that the most important species of the Chironomidae, volumetrically and numerically, was Chironomus nigricans. However, such is not necessarily the truth because this species may have a life cycle of more than one generation per year, while such a species as Chironomus plumosus has a one year life cycle, leaving very few specimens in the aquatic stage during summer. The most important insects of the unfertilized pond, numer- ically listed in descending order of their importance, were the Chironomidae, the Culicidae, the Corixidae and the Cerat0pogon- 64 idae (Fig. 2). Volumetrically the most important insects in the unfertilized pond, listed in descending order of their import- ance, were the Chironomidae, the Nepidae, the Corixidae, and the Qytiscidae (Fig. 2). It can be seen that only the Chironomidae and the Corixidae are important both numerically and volumetri- cally. Therefore these 2 families probably represent the most important source of insect fish-food in the unfertilized pond. From.the above it can be seen that the Chironomidag_are probably the most important insects as a source of fish food in either pond. Seasonal Variation in Population Curves representing the seasonal variation of insect pop- ulations for the ponds are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The curves are based on numbers, and not volumes, of insects. Seasonal variation of populations cannot be completely accurate if expressed in volume because of such insects as the dragonflies whose body volumes increase rapidly as the season advances. The curves in Figs. 3 and 4 represent the average number of insects in three successive weekly bottom samples. For example, on June 10, 1947, 103 insects were recovered in the bottom samples in the fertilized pond. On June 19, 25 insects were recovered, and on June 28, 22 insects were recovered. The average of these three numbers was 46, and this average was 'fiBER .TI NU tiff FIGURE 3. SEASONAL VARIATION OF INSECT POPULATIONS IN FERT|LIZED POND ——/9¥7 ——-/ 96‘8 June JULY Aue Seat FIGURE4. SEASONAL VARIATION OF INSECT POPULATUONS IN UNEERTIUZED POND -—/947 “#998 _-' 65 used to designate the insect population on June 19. All sub- sequent population figures for the curve were obtained in this manner. I The population curves of the insects (Fig. 3) agree with that found by Ball (1), which represented populations of aquatic organisms inhabiting Potamogeton amplifolius. They do not agree, however, with his curve representing variation in popu- lations of bottom fauna. Unfortunately, the field work was not started early enough either year to obtain bottom samples before the first period of emergence of insects, which probably occurs in late may. How- ever, the curve for both years, in the fertilized pond, does ShOW‘the second period of emergence from the pond. In 1947 and 1948 the minimum population by number was reached in late June. The second period of insect emergence occurred during the middle of August in 1947, but in late July in 1948. After the second period of emergence there was a gradual increase in the popula- tion into September, when observations were concluded. The population curves for the unfertilized pond (Fig. 4) vary from.those of the fertilized pond. The minimum.population for the unfertilized pond in 1947 appeared in the middle of July, with the second period of emergence occurring in the middle of August. In the 1948 population curve for the unfertilized pond, indications were that a minimum.was reached sometime in June, 66 and that the second period of emergence lasted over a long per- iod from the middle of July through late August. It is possible that the late period of the first emer- gence in the unfertilized pond in 1947 was the result of insuf- ficient food for insects to complete their normal development. It is also possible that fine prolonged period of the second emergence in the unfertilized pond in 1948 was the result of insufficient food for insects to complete their normal develop- ments. If such possibilities were true, the differences in the population curves for the two ponds could be regarded as the result of the application of fertilizer to one pond. 67 Key for Identifying the Larvae of Chironomidae Found in the Fertilized and Unfertilized Ponds Under Study labial plate soft and colorless; hypOpharynx with well developed supporting frame, and in the center with a five-toothed lingua (Plate I, 9) B. Segments of the body with only a few scattered bristles; antennae slightly more than half as long as head .................. Pentaneura monilis (L.) BB. Segments of the body with a hair fringe on each side; antennae at most one-fourth to one-third as long as head .......... Procladius culiciformis (L.) Labial plate hard and‘with most of the teeth brown to dark brown; hypOpharynx without a central five- toothed lingua (Plate II, 1 and 2) B. Middle teeth or section of the labial plate distinctly paler than the lateral teeth C. Central portion of labial plate contin- uous wdthout a notch; lateral teeth of labial plate long (Plate 1, 1) ........ eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Chironomus (CryptOChirOnOHHIS) Sp. CC. Central portion of labial plate composed of two teeth, presenting a notched appearance; lateral teeth of labial plate moderately long (Plate 1, 3)..... Chironomus (Microtendipes)_pedellus DeGeer. BB. Nfiddle teeth or section of labial plate of the same shade as the laterals C. Labial plate with an even number of teeth D. IMiddle pair of teeth of labium.dis- tinctly shorter than the adjacent latem18(Plat° I, 2) eeeeeeeeeeee .. Chironomus (Endochironomus) nigricans Joh. 68 DD. Nfiddle pair of teeth of labium.dis— tinctly longer than adjacent lat- era13(Plate I, 4) eeeeeeeeeeeeeee ................ Chironomus (Polypedilum) sp. CC. Labial plate with an odd number of teeth D. Ventral gills on eleventh abdomv inal segment (Plate I, 6) E. One pair of ventral gills on eleventh abdominal segment .. OOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOO... Unlmom SPGCieSO* EE. Two pairs of ventral gills on on eleventh abdominal segment ................. Chironomus plumosus L. DD. 'Without ventral gills on eleventh abdominal segmont E. Middle teeth of 1abium.tri- 10b0d