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C. *3 .‘i T. D . ,._ L ; eorqat 71 ft WWJ 14 0.. ‘ , jgj .‘q‘ 43 . "_ 7‘0 ‘1 Q. ‘ ~~ A n i .' DPOFfi.Vfi A r J ‘ ;\ .lr, 0". n3 1“.» ‘ . p—J m- .1 AAA‘u LOOVdT. Y inecfi cf ,. .- v .2 r} 11 ‘v O WQFG .,,‘~ .7” D '1" 1,14. “OV%F T l 1331 con .1; P‘A a 01.. T? . R w I l 5* c x. asking Pi. P ah» .u.’ Q'r x. (“a ,. F: a .3 L. )1 . Hoove- :L .I’A ~ w . :ignmer "I 3.. . \J ,P.~ .i . +K ,r. .1 l; f‘; I) t . . Y 7 not v C .1 KY 1.. y' t h" g ‘ ‘._l pron .. +1.» 3“. “H; ir g .J ,y ; l —\ ‘ , ~ , 1., v ; x V H ‘ QC wher; 7 Y‘l ‘L Y ‘9 I. ll . I): TI 8 c. 1: 4-4 10' JJOTEXOV; .. 'r O .7, pk; O I ti 9. l A O (i t Bebe put a junlor par' .‘4— L00 7" .1 [1." .1 r and n1 (1 z ‘ "('0 " ’1‘ .L L ‘3 g. "VT V OX8? OO O -/ b9: 1;. L , YT , .. ._ ;.a .1- la .— 7 at put 4 170 5.1» ‘ 2‘ 4. T V". W nanag l W9? ‘1' F3 . ganeraL h H 1‘ ~—\. ‘1 \. _ t.» G;erafion. \ .0 TWA. L. 11 7.. :1. \ >4 “7‘ f.“ T r? .. 1 U _ Yéj'yA"! ‘ ‘11 Mt; .-A1_TA% ?YPF O: [O I.) ‘_‘. q LL v N 1-, x L. 4 .._.’ .. :OT‘: :1 o. ‘4‘ (.1. 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A: a result. some seven or aigkt faced 3t “vati on in a matter 0 F.)- Li J F J H. O r 1 (L 1. -J TQ H. (D .‘3 U} ,. .. a - 1. . 1 , PT ,» ., m' Accattirg Ida chaiierge. LOOVeF overcame aimob: ...,.‘ xrt'jt‘ 9 *v 719?" “f ~“ ‘1 h: p“ j ,‘- ‘ Q" Q +'.'(“1Y'- .' 1“ r " 1 crivco, [3.4::1.C..-,_.::C’3 Oi saith; an 01:71“. pacaag. L,..iO,.g :31- war zones for C.R.E. par3onnal. protection From submarine :- , '1 ‘ "‘ '3 I: , ’, ' “ \ q 7 :— ”fi 1' ‘ 7; ‘. A. 1'\ .01 aii C.n. . commodities. :efora the war way 019.. 1.: n 4 A h ‘1 ‘ ; “ .* "a . . ‘ ‘7“ ‘ f“ ,3" (A 71 ‘ v.9... ma iiapenced mo.e than $72 7 CCC. CCC woith of CooC. clothes. and shcltar and had Operatej a fleet 0? CCC swipe - - . “ ’V '. “I. f‘ r v ’I‘ . 1 . w , G ‘ O a ,w .ni r 1th OWL iiag. A3 a reSULL. miiliona of :c.g1an: occupiai France were saved from starvation. Ch: Apri1_€ . 191:7.‘Lue dagr the [3.8. arm ;?Fe :1 tr ‘Mar. ”U ’ i (D U) H- L); 1) z 4". r—Ja L 1 J O 0 LD ’3‘ I.— J (1) LL. 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VJ h H ._.C 1L 0 .L ..\ -.C C 5 0 e E. C .1 O .11.. n... a .1 1 .1 9 9 C C a .1 F O O F .1. T. O r. O .1 .1 F t . O C a A... P .r 8 a .1 P w C. Mi 8 r: a H .1 ..L . . a D. F e \/ S .1 .1 7. LL C 9, P .T O t a 1 1D. C 11 D . 0 M1 a ..h 0/ 11 F r C h. v. .: C 2., V. .... I r P . 1 . F C. O C. T. C? ..7 2... O . .: O -C n. V. a: .1 3 .1 .1 .1 E E O 3: .3 c ,L 0/ v... .H. L .L. .1 .1 O .1 a F. T n r. P h H h C .1 m an .3 n F . 1 A a H _ -_. I“ u“ i a u .1 t a. e 1.. a P. 3.. .1 S C S L . . e n. n. r. L M .1 w H, C n... 1 a .1 Z d e g n . _. e C O Um P. O u T. a .1. C O n. .1 O V. a .1 ... .1. O .1. r. P O S P 11. .1 O C r“. O R. O h A .1 C. .1 1 .1 .1 O ..I E .1 .1 a V. L e T. .3... T. .1 .1 1 pi h S S .1 C 1. a O ._ V .1 L h v. ._ Y. T. 3 .1 . .1 o . a r 1 a. a O C a . . r .r e E ..r. a... . 1 . 1 a a .1 ..r. O r E n.“ C .1 5 a n. 3 C. ; ,1 e e .v .1 O c C. C. P .e. a g .9 O n. C n. .1 C a L P a h n E n. ..n. O C. 1 . 1 pi .\ r. e ...L . a, A v 7 i C. 2. a R O I 6 .1 4.. .. e a . 1 L. O n .I C. L .1 O ..r. C . r. a 6, .. I. .1 1c a .C a. ..1 r . .3 C . at a: S 8 a. n” .3 .1 .b n. a .1 1. - P. r. N C , A r” H L. at 5 9. .. .H .1 a: .. C Ob. C Wu w.“ mp C n.. 1. T1 :1 1C 1 C a w . a .1 .3 r m 1 C . C m.“ a: a ”I. .U T1 .2; ..u, .41 DC a... a n; a . W1 nd 1.. o .1 .NJ «4 H1 .1 U” .. 1 - n. C .1 5 .5 S o. .. N. F 1 C e m.“ .1 an .1 .1 a... ...L o... «C J. 4... AH” ad 1; .1 T v fig C .1 1. C; M r. Y.“ .r "I nd .0 DC . n. .1 i. 3 13 O 1.... . . 4.. a a O ..I . Du .: O E . 1 a». M .1 r. .. ..I C O O at C ..7 PC 3 3 w a: .1 a. . . a C K. C w. 0 n1 .. . A... .L. o 4 w .. . A .5. . 1 . . W 3 n i .5 a. a T. .1 C .I O D a 1 .. more rower and influence tuan any other person in Europe. *e: he emerged From an almost chaotic sitaation upscatuei. "A: ar Erglisr delega1e Lto toe Paris Peace Conference]. .ohn Naynari heynes. wrote in retrospect: 'Vr. Boo er was the 0&15 man who emergei from the ordeal of Paris with ar enharcaj re n ation.”S 1n Sep2~m1e7 of 1919. Hoover left EurOpe for a “.3” Lecded rec; in tge 5.8. In sis Memoirs. Hoover says: ”1 was :=.re Cfi‘ two 71:1ngs: 1 warmxaj reli:3f fron'iigrOpearl 3.:y. I anjzrstood fully why our ancesrors had moved away 7 ?:'on; it.."“ A: the age of forty—four. Hoove' ia.en§ej to resume his wrgireericb profession which he had le-t in 191%. He cpeuej o?*i:es in New York and San Francisco. bui left For an extenjei res; be“ore retsrning to work. However. toe coqrzry ”on d rot let Hoover retire so easily fr m the ‘;.Zic life ani spotlight. Nor is it entirely clear that floorer wan:ed 10 retire from it. Es11ow1rg sis vacation. te begarlwiiding up L s poscwar ari war ime activities. He wrote reports and accounts ior the various government and private agencizs he had been connected with; he organized a EurOpean Chiliren's RC11€L agency because he felt Europe's future resied with -5ons. 93. c1 .. p. 1/c. i)Herrert Hoover. memoirs New YorK: The Macmillan Company. 1952). II. p. 2. "‘\ ‘ ‘w on ' #115 T apaigr an n yd afl¢ \\_ >' t nand ay :9! j ) ro¢ Cp. 3. a_. rrw «.3 u‘l .k r. ad 1; [VA 1-4. \ —‘\ j. .1. 43H: .- j labor prob~ a I”: F. O .1 I- F: \ . L» ‘41 ..C elected by a r was a Achnini 1 Fooa 5‘. PO" ,. 7" L {:‘I1 wv \. J er of H00 0 .1 ..L aim .A L. 2... .1 .‘r. 1 7‘ .11. \v _ wa H00 1-“;3 ..J'v .‘ J C or Comm' 01‘ J» U Q- 4~-\ n - L t. J. Ir: {A ant departm “.3191‘39 7' V we Co a 1:} Y1 1tio "N s \ L a oriaL Oppo A , ~ a ‘4 n A ’- L; k; \ 7' v K-' IA. :3 {V —\ 5 IO 8 C . l 7 ; P] N“ ' C l h‘ 61'. import a 1} fl 4 Cl 8. V‘ ' I~ t: 3 Mr? 1 ’ \ 0‘. \_. Law 1 V L d -< 7N0 U 1. ‘ " ‘4.” at prot {1991‘ . 21 ‘1 BY T1 earrmai by fiver OHM? C 35. *v -' :1 ‘-v C. ion. H; ‘r V Ta side CONN ‘3 V 9 1‘ J ‘v ‘d. 7" P1 AA -Tv .3 ;t.\, i x q Iormg & it and .1; 7* W merce OI- ( A Cow a!“ \.‘i. E S and .fl v OT'LOII'L ’1 V t C.) \ my TV CL .1 C .l L -y P. ’h $‘fi \JO'I‘JLd ‘ r“; O .1 «b .1 C at .1 9 5 l A A jEVQIODflrh and tion I ’3 \Ab I‘ 3+ ..3 L CO!" PE . ‘7... "T. - ie-, w:-~-- -~ . .‘ a. ‘ ”1 .1 "“ »’ v-1: ?3r2i;ion. an; on Maren e. 19; . He Tar: c-ar Hoover tec me Secretary of Cowmerce. 4 J nrv ~‘n tag" ' W >1 ‘rh'T i)". L‘)’ bl .‘r' An'.‘ 7% +1 *\ ;-O\.’a:'x c..-1r]e:) t..d-. v.4": 14;;8 luxg -\.,c ga‘V’T \..'T.' 7‘ - ‘i__ no .+ :.‘ ° Meta:.mert o- commeice tpe mosc important on in the x -' O C I _ - .,,- + _ . ,, . , x4- . . EOE”? [”3172 t a - L: 81-. L 133*} . .. O 'q'AO ,1: 131 3 i'.:iYI.'i..»-lI‘.£ . he Starling 'Ci fOJRdiQH the Department containefl one sentence of major importance t me: ”It a tee the timrxince aJIi dutg'cif saiiiIDe,arzzgqit to eter. prom0te. and develop the forei_ 'd j -. c commerce. the mining. manufacturing. shipping 3 fieieri ‘ i a th labor interest ‘ ;:e transoorzatior iac p . —.‘ _\ ,.‘ ,— .. p. A. b ‘ 4 ‘- ‘v A ‘h. J J :4 £1) "3 O ,3 O O 3 r: % O (I) I :I‘ O O L "1’ If; (Ir C 0 g H 3 (L ,L. Q) (“t iL‘ ( I O . 5 'T O "i J“ LU L f‘ . ‘ b H. U) r p; 7:5 £13 "3 d F? 'L b“ fl (D W i I C14 (—0— O (D U) (—1 {D U’ H H. {N {D <1 t—J 31? O '1 O i U program of operation. At tiis point Hoover first Pr r— J rw‘ ecame irvo wed in rajio regulations——a matter that w1.: £4. 1 D i- O "C“ It; L14 F. J L1” ( i «D ' ‘4 0 LI: 1? A L. up (-f {D (J: O w P.) {T C) r- H 02 gs FF z'D H (—+ SID i.— J "Q 0 5.1” 1.. J U n I 13 _Ler.c:\r I .‘_'. ._ - J... . ‘ ,,‘ ‘M . ..,‘ f1 F , r ,v-‘.“,—5. w /\.. -ie promo;iom 01 greater indaatriai arj commerciai e-. :L‘ {1: ( i (D f F H J (L1 L) Q) (3 W a; Q3 *4. ”Q :3 O “‘5 (1. m (D 'p_J H. L; H. m (—15— H O 75 0 'fi S Q" 'JJ ('7 LL. L4; (+ O O (11 («t 1; W U) r’f Q 2. m ”'5 L) m "3 (D (D (4 (D *1 (‘1 "3 Fa) F—J O F4 (I) 2'5 ('3 1<3 + :‘i *3 O :gh promotion stariarqigatior within induatries: the number of 03 O 1 O ’t" r '- L J 1Y1 (-4 P. '1 L I. l.— o P. (1) (J. 5:. 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O n: HOV :3 IT! '- ~J \. \ .. (V ‘7) ‘ - J Lwo-p two ‘ Q‘ r t, A I" 8? f-‘D .23 A g I W 1: cl g) «F, a: .e +L .1 7n: ‘ _ A ‘Iitl ,— y—y racy f) V ( TKO 1“ “ program orw f d {I .L. O‘il" C 54. a; FL 8 .1; H d , 2‘3 «7 7!. .K. :5. :1; VA .1 C” reapon 1;t Rafi the 71;.) A . E 0"." 9TH! \ lfirl -- T“ J gov ~- ‘ tLroggP 4. 9| ‘ . ,.‘ q dual Land 1 '. I \ L... 691" ‘ \7 J , 1 .‘7 J11“ . to ocbortunlt I o .‘ A I growr K. o“ A 3.8 V F? f V% "en‘ t.- 3 r. .. e m. ‘ ..D OJ ~C 13 ...r. TL .8 CD. '5) y‘ C1 Q q\ “ aud grov. I U .. 8,:.' V'\' '.L '1 r of a goon o 11116,. JA. a‘.’ ‘ 64 l" ‘I r a O I“ 'x' I ‘,*\/' .-_.>.. fi‘rl AV; 1 uorr:1na I 10!; , f T'- A" L 01" q " ‘ W 4+ 5‘?) .5 7r . A HOOVB "\ - (W "‘ La' 4 .IL ¢cat10L. parks. lily. CW 1 5 I {if He w .L o O . ¢ . r vatio \ F .\ D” I‘ k. 0?? L f‘ V a —ll ' A}. o. a. m 2L w: WI; .1 1 4 co 8 K ..J r d O .1 U1 118. 1 A (L p. Acco::ii1g to I¢mngs. in An3rican Indiviiaalisg. doo er 1nl~rc-;iei wo scooo s o: 1 oug‘t: . . . Llose WHO believed ”that all humar ills ca' 11; curw3i kw? gowmernn19 t I“: g1‘=1ticn arwi 1?K)se 1Mho belie 3d ”lie: all regulatiOh is sin.” He denied r(r*‘ sc‘ools. TE>E1iW g01e11uumut was ”t?131;rpi?e ir on- social system."39 As an example of the 1npire role doower sets Fort? tie followitg' Our mass of 1e mAlation of pullic utilities and ar legislaTion agaiLst re st.rai1fi of trade is t 131nonur n1- to c32r i1mx3n‘t to ban—Der“ a11¢Lqualifl1° of Oppor1uriiy. T is regula t or is itself proof :Ha: we have gone a long way toward t eqarandOI- men: of t*e “capitalism” of Adam S.ith.“ nowever. according to Hoover. there are dahgers even in 1 e ‘ir role. In a 928 speech. Hoover dis c 1ssed t.is mat: r wher :e said: . . . every expansion of gover1rent in busi1e es; means that governue-t ir order to protect itself from The politic l cO'qul—m es of its errors and wrovgs is driven irre sistihl; wit‘o‘c peace to greater and greaTL er cont: 01 of tie nation's press nd platform. 1ree speech d03 not lile map; soars after free in11strv and free comrerce ,. 11 31:31." In discussing Hoover's economic policies. Ra; W' lbzr a1d Artzur Hyde express Hoover's stand as follows: His economic policies were therefore absolute fidelity 10 American tIadi tion of free initiat- ive. free eniesprise. open opporturitv. and freedow T‘rorr any attempt by eiczer priVa a.e or ‘9'v0ps. op. cit.. p. 214. 30" , \ . _ , l1 noo'er. American Iroi idual is 1. p. :5. .4 “‘Nilhur ant Hyde. op. cit.. p. 1,, qootir: HOO‘e; speaaiug i ’he Lresidential Cawpaigu or 7928 ’Oct ore? 2“) lfi :ew Tor CQJOK; 1 1 A On r»; Pew {W nipy rain -\ , 1.. \J .l‘rv. ‘— I» t. 10H 1’, A opportu +. L. ' J a 5 FY“; ET; .a O all-Tia :—-Froe ,4 p L ‘ lCQL ~80V ‘35 O ‘ 7“ , ‘11.; I”¥€ p L "Q . .I,‘ .‘\ ( r ‘ W1 . A ‘7. ,T a... v S «C C. “ Q. oppor+ .[5 1. tion T . v}... 5 1” La] (-3 L 10% K; 7“" : “)1”. :7, L \V-f.’ - tanltv organi;a .w . 1‘ D "‘ W nJ d opfio I ;3 ion.”‘ 1 add\ 1 10' p01 ,— ~ ”ngine U n1 + a a stered COOp%r 1 CHOW TO "0 v 5. ONE V J + x .1... «3 9; ion 5 PU’ I K o In ion. V a-"r K, ‘4‘ ithOUt co—operafion between ~W -- A. C V‘. l \a ‘ A .';_) v -(J. t f: \V with se uni can U +_ ternm’ governmen J- _ \Le x L‘ n C rig I" J. Poli oreign .L ‘fi Id A omic A \ 140? E m.‘ a 1(. ,_ aw ‘V L'I .7; .1 ”.3 .l «.D an. 8 WA 8 mp .rrv .1 T a .IfiJ a .. - o 1 «I. r?) u) is COK ‘ '\ .A\. r i OWSS: hat I ..1} S OH? _p- O WU ’ '\ V >4 "'30, 1'? pa L a: S ‘1’). .1- ..— ..1. .v. , C. 9 a for v ..1 at O .t H V .1 13 0 t G O a P. H P. a 3 AT Yr] 01 n; p n X. \C .L 0.... wi‘I. +U tica Db n C l 1‘4. o r _ D. I .. P... sir L t a D g p ..L F. .1 W. O I . _nm DD 0 I, .\ .1 d. wi, o i 7 . . i c... a 3.1.. 3.. +. U .1 .11. .1 C. 13 S a H d deLb _ V| 1‘4. ' I. a ,.V. Hoov. i recojnig , ' 7 .5 ot on' Y‘u 15 conowy. :1 \ ‘I‘. :4-'"1 >°ican I ”1 2' \u— 4v S a . P. C. \IJ .8 OUOITIV -V t , q NaiIDLai :; T1 int .L r>1 8 11.1573} 1 re rar ..‘6 . 7’" h. \ R K w. he + L of '10 1.. O {1.1 v\ tr .~:l up ~ g9 pro J.OT18 Pan J d | - 2.10 J— \ inv0ive aoQu181 tuis di 7 I q v I. Uh/ C “lei; o n, 101181 1 531T: ‘_ o 1" ma 2 ~ 5 .1 1.1.. loox at V5) v HOOV% 1n \- kgroonfl e "b Ob .‘l. .1 ion. 7 x 1 lO T358048 f rad j 0’ .ooK in i v hoover v 4 L a ‘p . A v \ .1 O m. . 8 . A. L Cr ._ 0/ o n... t ..r) .1 WM C. e V :1 . VJ .2 Nu .1 ‘1. O “I. -.1V u «C b .1” .L .1 a CIIAPT ER II IRE EACKORFTYD OF RADIO PRIOR TO 19:1 J raiio's early background is somawhat open to 3P901ia1ion.Wo do Know. however. that as aariv as 18%2. 0,. * F -.A 4 ,- '. A' - D A,- .1,A 1.. or oamasi Morse. Lhc invonLor oi LLC teichapn. uai rm *3 O .3 iD U; U) (U ) 'J ..1 J vsa-a11y Lra:1.smitta: wireless signais [OP short dis— U1 5) (J .. i ’ m 3 O (L riitwr years lgrtar. iT1 18925 21 KantduTv. ian. Thitnan Stabbiafioid. is reputed to have sent a spoken radio mFSSagQ across a swany wooo 3 near his home. In 19C2. while applv— (I I" 4" 0 ing for a paLan: on his apparatns. H3 sent a Tessa I I V rx :9 aboard a spaamship on iha rotomac River off 1 [1 {CL C‘ I Georgetowr. D.C. Inis appears to be the flPSL recora‘ of wireless voice (radioteiephone) TiaPQ"l ion. Roost in: same tin+3. a young Irish~Itaiian. Gag.1t.uo M.roori. became inrer ettad iT Lhis a perinanta; noveliy—— wireless comm nip ations. Sine; he took advantage of axrior- atory WO‘K on aha rincipies of electromagnetic wave con— T1 ..\ “a MALI]. pd ('f iOI‘JL {11 (1 t7 ”1‘ i '3 O r: .3 "7 LAVA LL "3 Us :3 On (.1 (I IL- C. F‘ (— (, 9.3 :3; CD F ..J H: O ' ‘3 ,.+ PV" \u a H. ”1 (LI r i «D ('3 :‘5 ‘ O C.) (D (..1 Q ‘3 ”‘5 J O H ( (D H Ci 0 (_+. 774 O O :3 U: H- LJJ F's C) [4. LD 'U .J 0 T "J F3 1Laararo€ F. Schmrckabior Tao odoral Baiio Con- riasior. Its Historc. Activitins. and Organization ItRTI- ta17 “or UOV~1HJ€RC iws~arcn. Swrvica Movorr'pns. ’o. ‘3; Wgarirg on. D.C.: Tve brooking; ILaLi*.Lion 193 i. '. 1. 2”!U22——Y3Pr Paiio'o Popl atior Soar~i.” rroij— . 115.3,.» 1‘4. 1962. p. 8“. a N- ', ‘ ‘ '0 — '1 VI v 1 ‘7 I“. - ‘r . > 1 ,‘ .—. in t",.4 C - - 1 3:b 3L wink-1* 0.; ‘tLA‘j V1401.) o ILOWF4 TIT. o ”.18 11.1.-2 VICE.) .1 o O 1 fl ‘ l _‘ _ ‘ _I ‘ ,. ' r ‘\ : o _ 7 - o, t can princ C3>H:.141U30fl1 maia ceriain rafircnanrs anfl O '11! '1 l T13" <3 I". 7., CD L14 ‘ 2.1 D L >44 ‘1 P J (a I U Q ‘ 5 'x‘ 1—1. J) J O .3 O Q) ..Q | ) L (J 1’ U 'V\ L! g); I) $1.1 1...: [’3 3 Q3 1—). 'f L IQ J " . ‘ .. .. \ o _ n N h 180' Larcori “uccnssfaiiv iarorctrated his ”wiraica;” .1‘ "S DJ—l {D r1 ('1 L J r.) 1'1) Lu ’ '3 O r J .1 (AL 3‘ 'L *4. 1: U. H V I1 ’1 Ho ( 1 ..1. U) r—4l "5 1L 1 J "J (11 L1 (~1- 1T: :1 JD “‘5 CD ”C5 L) '1"; Q. 1 +- 1T ‘S L 1 ‘ 3 1 .1 O f: H ‘Q “’1 (I (D "3 (+ L r—‘4 ( f {D 1- 1 r-J Q) i & <4 0.) JJ 0 Kk‘ [u (L H— ) ‘) 1) ._ C . . ‘. fl 5 D ‘ ‘ . l 1 P“ (N ' L '\ p ‘ wirries- .or :LlDbOdFJ nah a1] is: 1hr wax co or~ oi The ‘I associarea SUCCHLjG’ n 1r"ns'ii;ing speech 1y raiio LOP a $24 H I}. ( 6 Cu (.1 I) O O ‘1 I, *4. P" (I) O H "‘5 {)4 H. U} *1 (T 00 £13 "3 D; O ’1 H. gr ;I'O I” aYLC E.‘ O .1 ’\ 4A ~ , 3.. . r~ q n, 1“ -\ ‘ . I 1 1 -\ ~\ 1.- , .7 , ' :Lnbbia-1eij n aariiar reported SuCCbS:. nary books cledii Q— V *V w ’\ . v- .1" “ . r‘ " f“ I 1 "\ ." 1 "5 '11 . .-'> ‘ ‘ 1", ‘. “1 1 1:13 a: brlflg .36 IanL ancc,oatui radiotaiepronc «rang- T.Y 1 ‘ r r 1" ‘. 1" ~ —' . ’I i w . — \ i " ‘1 “ ‘ 3 ~ ‘\ AOMHVBP. this matter 1: noc an 1TL011anr a; 1H7 1‘ H U1 U1 1.4. O .15 O Lat a naw anj revolutionary means of coma rica 110n 51 CD (.) ,L ,1 J; 81 sea was giving new momentum to radio'; developmcnt. In this co1ntry tne first of many wireless companies was egrapr Companv of America. which waa Founj: H; 159 of radiotal agrflap for communications by ships ‘2 -.‘V:rl ‘1 *1 A H . I, .1- ° , o ' ‘: ,_, A. -~ , ., Tan; H. 0 Don. Regnlacion oi Radio IPOd3C8311d_ 1 “1’" 77 r“ H ‘ 1 ‘l- f *1 F ‘1". '3 . r‘! r‘ 3. -~~ . ,- 5 -‘ ' <— t'z c.b r . i snec rA.D. oiasartatior. 8 a1: Ln11c:;11 ’Thonas H. McCandiass. ”Federal Control 0? 58310 1 11 , -_ ,. . - . . to 1933 ( rpm lis had Ma:ter' S t ”t3 - [n1v9r31t7 5‘ coa17crn california. 19u5). p. 4. \x I ark C 0 ..IL (‘3 l"..-5.v \— .A». a 4" Yul“ d? b; some ."~ ' ‘\ den 5 I f , ' fill-1 5 :- U i l fi fi *. [-5 -—’ L—J ., ._ \_. mouth. 9 Q‘yrr V L U m I‘ J P hi. 4nila ' 1 . ‘. .3 «l. ‘L a C .1 «C 1-0 YO?” v CY. U V“ i‘ ' «.7 17; TV uni. C P, e as music 0 A program 0. ’\ V A 'Tlla 7.7x - (‘2 (“7‘- 1 ’1' qalpr ,. V w" 513. \ > '.:L4 0; .., n \ >7 - 1" "‘I \, “FO‘J .1 .. n3 94'. axiom. "I": 4. A . L -‘ I, 9- " 1 If. ' g1 \ y ‘ ‘pub... I Y. a- 7 .\ .,. 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A" ‘ 1‘ ‘ . ) ..1-a ‘\ "a -‘.C1\ 1' :‘d'.A WII’C‘LEJD ~~«’—’.- :ngnghoun m ca-pre. home make a wa; 1; w 10' ¢15 company 4 ' A 'V* ~\ '4- :‘~ to . v. ‘w rt CDLHTC; Lu radloa DaVIb —. ‘9 . ~ , ,1 ,_,{" , ‘1 bag It tr: Lara actnra o: r “10 pregrans w 10; WOflaj hat-42' "3W“ ” ‘8 L «~Vv-ldttb :3. . -. , ‘ ,r r" r ' B821: €LCO¢PaQ€d Jr. + ‘ ;‘ I *y ‘7 I ‘ ' ’1 I“ a;ar10n ”BAWxiflfi ator 01 a v&: ‘ 'n P . H , ”--1! BCCchj no: a broadcazu 3.~~~~7| I In NH ‘ . 1 T ‘9 «.0 4.2331484 a V ‘ “5‘1Cla” .LJa;L‘ -Llu \4 n~ : v m f n \W 1,1; ':‘v z A .12. OZ; .mQV‘QlT 6:1,. 2. rrcaicaat. The staiion raw returns of tie Harairv—COX 9 3a”. It is estimated that n tad receivers LEaL “owli rec T areaanlr tlfa statiCW1 stage 0 P Q) I) H. ( COUId ‘\‘ mor O 1 V /‘\ J. \J .C" ;t:r traismit plarfl "qaic. acorda. The expariwerts ~par‘mari store which eriiseneut if a Pittscurgr ir concerts” ari notirg a. -1 n - __ ’_ -\ - ‘ ware :or tar dor;ar\ r-\ 4- ‘.' "\ ' \ ‘ 77" 'u’ ’ cd but hOtLCH o_ narrd P. -‘—' .. ‘.. 1 , -.xnwfia, vhl, who nan Esau :erhlug -_¢. ' - h .-. ...v , . ' 4. i,‘ OLLallivi a ti NJ ‘.‘ Fr 'f r Ina 1:. Led i; [L14 '1 . (‘) ‘ F (n Yr n h - \ \ ...... J. CL‘ § ! ‘D r " rwd T. , 4 L—‘I , .A . ..J Q5 5'5 51-— r‘\ v— 4 » 7 . LJ IT) -/ (I >~ I l ' l / p—d J :1 O O *L *3 U ’2’ l) '1 "1 O H. ’1 U} {7‘2 ‘ $ ':e CHAPTb RADIO EPOADCASTIHG 'Q L, AID HOOVER :) its important. ama d («J- (f) H. continu / O Ho ever since it began oporat n Encouragefl by the nine Ft CD \1 \ “btiPPQOjsl Opened its seconj . g . 1 Nassaccusetts. In the fol A otemher——Wcstinghouse openci bowarx. 39V. and KYW at U (-31". POLE THEREI owirg two months-— ctoher Westinghouse P III —-1921 TO 1928—— ? . l'.‘ on which Herbert of Co";nerc e that was war was to guiflc to UABTW“ arly g11sping braaths to young , ‘_\ ing uiar iJMLiSth. Eiy DOD i‘.'! w haiui 1 iy (D 3 ed broadcasting n ght .‘ the eiection returns with increasing flemani er KDKA went on the ciation. WE? at Fpringfieifi. ani wt* 4 UK. 9L two more stations: Chicago. [ljinois.d encounterefl its fir t ‘ '\ D (U Dexeiop— official competition when twenty—three other station H. P. Davis. ”The Early History of Eroadcasting in the 2.5..” Th; Fajio Industry: The Story of It: [TLC-kit. (Low fopx: A, W. Sha w COU‘CEHV’ . 1928) I3- ‘98- r“ I') O '1 ..J 'b L4- L 3—1 V L) {V m to broadcast to the gen rai pntiic.* Thus u a O H ._) (4-.— :4 Y) U ) (1) Q) =agan the first ripri ets of raiio hroaiaasting—- ‘ + * y ‘ '1 ‘ ‘ 1 I" “. 1 k" b”3 t"8t ‘wCLi l at; 100 $00?“ PridCu LiOO' tl‘l'?. I'"V ( *1: "J. I‘ 000 :1 o o ‘ 0‘ o ‘ x’_ d -nn .ire. :p:Cl.lC OlflClai recogrition of tie 331hg o: hroaicasting stations is Foxnd 1n the Depart- “ 1" ~ -~‘ 3 1‘. . r y . r- y - r — . "I T ‘\ ’\ y - ant o: commwrce R 310 cornice Euiietin o: uanuary on page 1C a report is maie regarding a departmental ruling U; U) 0 ‘ ‘J 1 La r (‘) (J {b T k ’3 \O f\) E: 54 H. O 3 ’? d (1‘ IT (3 "3 L H: H :3 1 LL _+ Y‘ I) O r? L) (f H. O (u ‘5 O 2. '5 Li) L L r—l :; H (—10- (i $.14 C) O .13 :3 r—S H. CD 0 :1:- H.) O ”’3 'I‘t q uency 0 UV IS.- (J o ‘E‘ L3 (J) C“ (.4.— O 'u H [\ (T Q ”‘3 O *3 hroaicasting news. conccrts. lacrares. ani s1ch matter. and of 618.6 KC. for crop re orts . fl .- - - .. 0 n L m H .. .. '. , fl 4 .,—. q . ,\ I. ACCILJA.‘LL A. A ¥\J CJL-l‘g « HACK L AL AD ‘ ‘ DJ LA ' {:3 Vi W) har oreca pro 14>; r“ L e 0? {ch w ‘ k ’4 H- 4 O L— J ( fa“ (TU f’ 3‘ U; LJ.) O *1 (I) not interfere with ship to shore or r H H- 71 U) (I; "5 H. (J (I At a cabinet meeting on February f. 1922. Secretary of tomxerco Hoovc raported on the sudden growth in raiio— 'ei::hone bro (I) jca.ting. Stating that hroaicastir ng’ srapii. Q1 almost chaotic. growth could endanger the use of the wire- .ess for national defense and connerciai .urposes. hvo er equestei authoriéation for a Corfarenc 01 experts to g Off On The First Ten ~o org: W. Gray. ”Signin ears: :roaicasting Taxes Stock—-And A Loon Ah».éai ” or-i's Work December. 1030. p. H8. It should tws ran "tun: i that a rmajorit5 (3“ *we tations appiyirg :or broaica“tirg licenses inring this a-iy perioi had aireaiy teen broaic asting unofficiafl5 iii“ being iic nsed as Speciai Land (experimental aii or amateur) or Cownarciai Land Stations. ini~s‘igatv the radiotelephone sit ati n. On struary 2*. Ciftecn men——n n: go errm ntal “‘rrssectatives and six nongovernmental repres niati: s-- gatherei in Was.ington to hear Hoover's oper‘rg address to the Eational Radio Conference. Selected excerpts “rem his spe:ch are as follows: It is the purpose of this conference to inquile into th critical situation that has now arisen through t-e astonishing development of the wire— less telephone. to advise the Departmerf of Commerce as to the application of its present powers 0? regulation and. farther. to Formulate such recommendations for the legislation n-cessary. This is one of the Pew instances where the country is unanimous in its des7.e for more regulation. We have witnessed in the last four or 51V“ wonfias one of the noct astounding things that nas co": under my observation of American life. This warart— rent “stinates that today over 6:0.CCC parsors FOS:“SS wireless telephone receivino sets. whereas there were less than Fifty thousand such sets a year ago. Congress sone few yea 3 ago authoriled the Secre- tary F Commerce to license radio sending stations. and to impose certain conditions in the licenses designei to prevent inte ference betwéen stations and to serve tde public good. This legisfation was drawn before the development of the [radio—j telephone was of consequential importance. Diriig the last five months. while tsis extra- ordinarily rapii inrtallation sad bean in pregress. I and my colleagues in this depar nent have Felt that we shoild take a Very conservative attitude in the issuance of licensls. and I an able to inforr you today. outsiFe o? governren: brosicast— ing stations and the Field anthorized to tfie American hoy. [there are] but few licenses out— stand'ng--ani these are limited to a small proportion of the nimbers of the available wavelengths. We have therefore kept the field clear f r constructive development. Th: experience gained indicated that the time aas arrived no: only when this large mass 0? subscribers need protection as to the noise DThe de Yer? Times. Fetruar; a. 19T2. p. l. «D mu mflt K V <‘1 l). I“ l r J“. CY f] ‘\ fiJ’Y: ~ ’JQV.‘ n to If: "‘|| t. l/ .C un C U.1 a... kl. x. Y ,>\ I“ T . QR a: r N O P». .1 MM ..1; 8 .IA +‘L E“: O n. g“ g5” .11. .2.” 4.4 th &.¢ bus ‘ 3 gujatlov T9 _JA 1L *\ ..1 1.8 3 .. 1 mu 9 3.. I 1+.» 34.. .l 0 Wk” n T. .T ELL C t mt. P. +L, 8o. :J a: LAO t +L VJ n wig .1 .C f.g awn nTl u n L a”. P+k O S. P. .1 7; O V. .b O a 1 C N. 4|. 3 _ .. 4L 0 _ L rL. Cid \ 3.. n k .Hx. ’ . s m‘. J. f‘fi'CO th? tra rgéring ‘(} ..‘JCA OT“ 71 ,3 L .- \I 71.2: L- t ion .‘_ ,» f AJ,CJ & I’L O ‘V K. 1 I”: + K- ‘I‘Vr {la 1:. ru+ unjer gaPy r1 :3 of pr sting a 5.1m n33 a Q 5 +x Uh r. .1 3|. + T83 1- WLO a J. O k ..W O .3. «C a .1. cl " J )8 ‘I ~ r . ‘ ‘ 4 x. PAL" 1' \I ,.D S .H\ saw v .() "1‘11. 71. Q... 3 n. F) . 1‘) ‘I' p.— \ O V *7. H/\ Ap' A 1..» at. n.“ 1.: +b 8 #L 3.. g xi. .1 1' J ‘1’ i0' ‘ or! .t wr .5 "\ . migE Of; .ru r3 1.; +1.» 3 l a .1 «NA. w.. rapii rate Than before. W hav :ow o:~ .o six ‘uLjCJl broaicasting statioz' ope: rat iLg avd we Know that .Vere are about one hindred addi tiOLa. buildiLg or in pro pect. It will le up to the [Hts] Tational Radio Conference L iier ha. restrictions can be laid o d~ iLta1L ani bet (f' {DO T1 0 O H” U. f “ C?‘ O H- LA- 0 CC ( 1 (- O \ J (1 <1, .1 . ' _ Q o 4, w 4 ,fi "\ ‘ .‘ I Q" A f c ‘ :er 9. approx1na 1e1y ch persons gathered 1L iLgton for the Fourth Radio Conference. 11is was over Us times the nlnbe r of pe'son present for the Third Conference. an indication of the growing interest in F8110 '11 'J \‘.J. l‘ 1 .’ Aw ~1 “I ~ ,.' “I 1 ~‘ 1" \ .1 ‘ ' v" 7 r p v-x (N. 1‘ A diess to tLe persons assembled -or the CtniereLCe. ing tnis period. Y Again Secretary Hoover Opened the session with a1 ...J *U ‘ 3 *3 (+— -0 TM: have great reasons to be pn‘ynd of the resdlt.s -Rese conierences. From them have been establi .r coqntry has led t: e worl 'is service. We have accom— _ J '1 ...: F5 Ho rd * (J HI (‘5 a - U , O H 2. "‘ :f H. O .74 Q4 ([4 -LDT1 r—h’fl 0 ish—d this bJ a l rg measure of self—governrrrt iL n art and industry of unheard of complexity. 1ot only 1n its tecmnical phases but in its relations both to L23 GoV:rnment and the public. F 1r year- ago we were dealiLg with a scientific toy; today we are dealing with a vital force in AmericaL life. some of our major d cisionc of policj gave been 0' ~«ii-reachng irport,ar1oe nd 'a w: jnsti led tflgwr elves o 1 (. t 4 Q) I F3 Kim ‘1 CL 0 xT'» 1/ CD 1—1- 03 a c 3 , p'_ t? “mar.. trast et ixi‘tne rwnererdj) f tte c aruei: tr (Lnya‘the air wit? ;blst a= sea_ cmzs a care por open c rpetiti n as we retain public ownership of our navirati annels has giveL fre edom and jTMQlQ; r ice that would have otherwise been lost iL private nonopolizs. The decision that we shopii vot imitate some of our foreign cil eaguss with the overnren ally controlled broadcasting sip— jorted b» a tax dpon ’he listerers has secured for .c a Ca" greater variety of programs and CXCelleLcc in serV1ce free of cost to the l'steders. This ecision has avo1ded the pitfalls of politicaT. religio.s. aLi social conflict: in the use of speech “D (D ‘ H... .l) ”‘5 -y(( *4. 5-3 H" ('1' P" (D s ing are, as ev: (3 r‘ DJ, $4J U) I I, I -v 1 C) « (f) r—J- . f 3 L14 0 ‘1 1 ’5 ‘4 D ,. . m :_ ' I] A) “3 L44 L) *‘J I] J 1._J q; ’3 .3 H d Ho (? .0 {b .._J :3 T3 ' L); (3 '3‘ LL. (D *4 (l) O (I) 5'1 1‘ <:: H 3 [x ,l) )1: p H. g1 rJo O J ( Ho (1 "3 ‘- (1| .- C O _ <: ’D 3 1—3 3 3‘1) (D '1 (I) O H- U“ 1') f) e ( r F—' ‘ (D . . r; “ (I) ,1) 3 Q: , 4 f T {D . D H- (”.0 t‘5 I (I) F4 C 3T4 .~J (J. ‘ (if 3 (+01? (T (D 3 f5 H- ('D ”$.57 34(1) Ff (D :TH (D {D C] 2‘5 (D ‘1 g % (3 C)m TE ('3 Q .4 ,1 (It 53.) C"? (i, ‘J “‘5 (D ~ (D L1 0 (D ...—10 .3 < (D ’D +——J 1 1 1-«4 Q ('1 73 (D ”‘( 11m (f 1-4 15"(1 r)“ H- (,1) (D *‘5 :‘5’ (1 Q) <1 () (f1 >13 9 H- (‘1 P—J 1.1. Li. H- U) \. 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( 1 (T i: Q) J H. ’55 (‘1’ {‘T ‘D < .6 H' U) 0 F'th—fo (film CT’C‘ r.) (T) r+ ’1) fl) 0 .0 (D T) Cl * 'D $.13 *4 r1 F—J (D 'f) (D 0 CF :3 F“ 1-4- H (-3 (4- (’D J. _J (I) H- : U] ([1 U) Ci - 'r" (D i _J D D ibi Q) Q. (I) 3 (D *5 O Q) C) 7:} H. t—j L1. \ I) 'L l—J- 0 :3 U] Q 5:5H- H- G) L). O "h ('D |»——J < dcb a {D LLO’fitVUv 5‘: E in ”T 3 3 s I PU) (1' ..L) t: :5 H"‘.’: (D } r-J- (D .’ 3 LLU} O ~‘D 6—1- O +—-' 13‘ :5 H M (J) 5:11 (I) (b H- 1‘.“ B m in (-4 T3“ ..-}. . 0 Ho 3 UV 1.. 1 I V t J I 'Q U) 1—(- ” ( ~1th :ion which snou fficial and is, al community sho, ”C 0 (D O r. J. L F‘V" .__) 'T 3 m) e a s a very lar c o c 14.1, QJU‘CSCSCS (J H ('D i O ‘40 (T; 3D < (l; in O 13‘ C. }_J A) < tr use must e "(‘5 51:1 .2 O V ‘4’) 775 (D (I) “5 (‘1 O (I) (‘f oa g 3“ o e n I O Trere is srall room to doubt that 1 txniate Comnittxhe is tirmfixixviti politi Wat gen. of Indiana. c airtan of . c ective cantidate for the Reptbli resident, and must loot<1pon Sec : ' le rival. Senator Eoran. c 1 o i to create an independent radio com iss 0' 110w lwfifiare tit3CNT~m1tt1 lib e3 S natcn‘lwatson. ‘. s 0 love for Secret ary Hoover. Senator Conzens. o: i i a member of the Committee. w o was actine e *‘ Committee vote. is regarded as an "‘n“ -‘ -.. p'.4r_'.l.g L.'. ‘ . \I‘ T”e Yew lork Times. May 7. 1926. p. :1. C’L(' o I o o . W i ' )J”P011t103 1n Radio Control.” Literar; D‘geSL- C2. 1Q£[:. p0 19- . t?» 8 ar 1~A‘"1*1s:raticn and anti-Hoover Senato'. T'e -are is to t~ ail 0? Senator Howell. of l.bras-a. azo r nerter of tie Committee. Erie"7. :ta ed, the anti— “i"iristration oroes in :.t Cowmittee nave taken 1,13 metho§,ofs trik irg at ire esident and Se cretar§ Hoover. C Wit regard to Secretar; Hoover' Presidential ambitions. Mr. W. W. Jer: ne. of c e S attle Sires. is r ported to *aVe ma«e the Tol’owing statements: Mr. Hoover is not t inking seriously of the Presidenc tot rearl; as s rio y as several Republican members of t e Senate. If Mr. Coolidge Tolds ris own Up to na:ional convention time . and pros erity contirngs. his rewxo ina ion will come by acclamation. Reputlica Senators do not believe he will hold his own. ani are urc~rfain about the continuation of prosperity. I*ey thereCore. are making plans for n opening trat ma; possitly cam . and do not wart Mr. Hoover. with is geniuS for straightening out difficult SituatlJI: to have a c ance. by settling all radio tlonhles. to win t”e applause of :‘e 2C CCC.CCC people w .0 ar: .ninr— stood to e "listering ir everv nig t 5 As a result of t:e Fenitn decision. there appeared to be a con:lict between two co.rt r lirgs In tte Inter— City Radio ruling. Commerce was com tiona ry powers in as .. ‘V A {7 I “_. T‘ ‘ . ‘ LL: LGNltH nadio r1 ‘waveZANHgt s Ivested 7 r I‘ i.- f ‘ ..A. V T) s ‘ ,t binding upon ti? flict. Secretar esigrn>rt by tie Secretary of statixmis. Hiover on June H a t e Court held 1 at the Secretary 3:3 to issue a license but signing an Operating wavele ling. the Court held t.at assignm in the Radio Act of 1912 and tfat Commerce was In order to ciarifg this :ked tre Attorney -A General to rule on t e mat er. AEQUL the save titre. one of the leadin aoio QC WEE l.” 6* - not COT;- 561111.11 . ion ict . 1 cu .\J - - . +n.‘ QUILT-U; "fq rd \./ q ‘30. A \V.’ -..’ 4. \L... OL'JIPP ;_, 7‘ ‘-.f\ 7‘ f‘ v A n O ’ .s . . « .-. .1 Janet" 4 . L ~ .. 1.L. O UI‘I’KU: .: J 8d H “or A be t" ‘ - f] a a Q; C n 3. II .5 n . v1 C 1 4 01* D r. -‘-[~ xv¥ ‘— .. tVe ty flaws I l 0 war 0 nine \. f. t \ ‘4 ”Q “ Reg WON I‘ 7 ‘ 9W v0 Lad a V! ” J n —‘ 'V on* .O 1"" ‘ “'01 \ A,“ + I'. .‘. r) ;.; ‘. — A V "I n\' v\' I o 4 {I}? I‘ .L .1 “u Y; C? i) Y' b) .. T181"; r3, ‘3 A a .5111“? . " \ t—J 1T. +IL .74 vL. :. ’l ~\lJ ,—l_ 5“. 1 5H“ .1 ~ .J E ..1. ... ... 3W4 n1. 3‘. +9 w‘u C WNJ 14 l'\ m- ; w ... 2.. km C do {‘1‘} ‘P I (M 1" \J] (3“ raw 0 (J) (I " 1".) C) Q r"\ _ . “ .'\ I .‘ '— < . ‘ x‘.‘ “\ “ -‘ l" -" , (N “j ‘ L V 1 '\ A .13ru,s 1; FelwlPEJ to bdeat: a bTCaJ?8:L tail 1 T Q _- x ' 0 fl "\ i ‘ C 0‘ ’- J. o >_. _‘ . fl : - v‘ ". A a is thdPY l: r: aired co 1;:46 a llen s 1r roadcast station w t a . ,I, a ‘ 9 , e iwnler t ea Act CM. 19 a. c ‘1 'r\ i: no jQubt tnat radio commnni at on i a pro— rar alhjact for Fedwral regulation under the Con— nerce clauaa of t a Constitution. T a Sacrvtary of CFPKCLCP has no power To apacify 1ma\c-iirg:"a. fest é: 1‘ (J Fig 1'} T1 Q 0 :fl.’ *1 i a , ha1 39 may 1:5': 3 3 a io s w‘ic mu:t refrair from opera ing diring t'a First ?i?“ee1 mirita as o' Hacn hour - a period Staci i~i in ire Act of 1912 to be ragsrvcd if necessarg in iasignatai localities for Goiernmant :ations. a Se: 9 ary has no an no oricy to limit the polars ll) U) 2D (1) O 1-4 F3 r+ *3 m -‘ O (T :Lar “as no power to iSSLi [On ccount of F‘ .1 f 1-“ I 1 $.44 L11 ‘ '"5 ‘ SD ( p.1- 0 7" O can i a Q21 atary had been issuing icanqes or niiety iays onlJ.J A licantai station ma; 13¢ wave—lengi*3 at Will, pronidad 11 does not iraaiass Upon t‘a bani ?ror 63k to 1CFO meters [18“.5 1o 530 k1?oc;ciE33 :pacifiad in t“a Act.U1 (I) \a 1 (J 'x‘ L "—1 -:€p injjcated ike affect 0? ice Opinion a (+ RU ~J ('1‘ (h ’12 O L. 1 p ,4. 10“ DTOPOSEd by the Acting Attorney F1 2: (I) . 03 11 H. opinion affe (2:1 ctually I~"0‘ ad all vafi‘igcs of amain‘ng 'n the Rania o? t.e S r r 1 ac ary, am tr an nce o? 11 anses became a prci‘unctory Patter. T a sitaaiion was r~J up by the Acting Attorra} nerai in t e final gpar agraph of his cpi ion as Ilows: - ”it is apparent ffiwmn c..e answ— ~ Opinion tfat t'a prevent legi: a'ion is inaiaq.ir to co'ar the art of iroajcaating w ic mas haer alnoat entirely iav;_o cl sinc: tca pas saga of t a 1912 Act. If t‘e present Mitiation reqn1res control, I can only suggist tiat it be song i in new legislation. carefully adapfai to nae: reeas of tor. t 8 pre esarit and tua fu+ira ”(4 O F: C4 >»J \O o ”'33 C: O < '11 ”3 O y—+ ’1 Attorney General‘s Opinion effectively deprived bin 0 all power and that radio regulation had broken down. Hence— I ‘9 issue broadcasting licenses to all appli— 1 o O (“I 111 € 0 CL -4- gts anf would no, attempt to enforce any restr'ctions as ‘ or time of Operation. < O 5: Q) (l; l l- (”L» JU r 1 At tRe same time. be warned t at tfiose w-O contem— plated new stations or c anging the Operation of existing stations thil do so at t eir own risk and t‘at Congress would undoubtedly pass new legislation at the December session whict would enable tFe Government to clear away # confusion and interference cat w stations or U) (I) (D d by n stations. He also appealed to the broadcasters no: to Operate in stc“ a manner as to discredit the fine cooperation tfiat Rad existed between 3.8. and Canadian late in July. Secretary Hoover expressed his belief q pi L.._J f—Jc U; f '0 IN :5 I that tie voluntary organizations Of troadcasters ana (/2 p. w _) ers mig_t be t‘e deciding factor in preventing cbao fl troadcasting. I: voluntary cooperatinn could be maintained for sit months, Hoover felt that the broadcasting problem would be solved.61+ By the middle Of August tTe general Opinion of radio and government circles was that conditions would probably remain about the (I) am? until Congress had an Cpportunity to JJTRe New York Time . July 10. 192 . p. 1. U: ., July 30. 1926. p. 14. 1-3 1—“ I; I) 111 \.‘ '. new fork (D O :3 (/1 OF. tA , ider raiic legislation in December. “\3 P ‘. / 05 (—1’ J 1 7.!) (__T' Lu :3 #4 In September. Radio Eroadca_t. expressing de the following statements: I; *‘1 CD LJJ H O I P E F‘ O '3 J E) .H- (J (D . (”1' 1. 0 *3 F4 0 [D l powers . . . assumed by the D1part— 98] are the outcome of the failure act a radio law and do not. in tVam- e an arg1m1ent against fnrt er PEgnm re (d— .0 a a a ‘1 O ( . “1 CU Ll FD 7 . 1—1 H O (f. e ected by Congress and tbe Depart. ef ted in the courts. Secretary Hoover ified in surrendering the control Of ender mercies of anarchy. po ossitle that some Of the 65C applicants igures indicate t”at between July. 192C. P apprO/irateiv 38C persons applied :0? t t ev would applv for broadcast 'oadcast station licenses. emboldened :cisions. may begin ope rating on adv in use. we feel ccrtain t at l rule the siiuation. e of the legislatiie hranc“ of our as radio legi slation. Lowever imper- b: condoned. If a period of confusion rig tlx be laid at tl e door of our w 1 DHrtfi‘U ’) U midij»1 m F3 f_+ i '5 r '1 Q3"). 0(1)- (‘1‘ 94 would be radio to Wfiile [sic; ot _ and March or indic 1109.11“ 3 by CS? waveic: common :_‘§" H. I, (+- r‘ CJ. (D Q.) F: :K L - \ \ H- (1.: If) (.4. \O H: 0?! LI (71' (’11 (L U (I) 'L O U) O H. N w ,_ , v, .‘ CELT. .. ' + 5 f (D H: U:- (D (i; O )5 "f ,. ([3 01m H- ("a r”. iii 'r-J- .11 C‘ CO r+ (D -"'. H a illfullvi mingled "cipa1cisan t " U: (D - «T; b‘ (1') Q3 . w»h TjtJmtfim "3”. On Decanter 5th. t"e day before Congress recon eneu. .ew York Times reported on the situation: Attorna ' General' 5 ruling] many fted t eir wavelerflgt s and increased V. litt le or no reg ar rd to tie SinCe tnen [t: e stations have szi power outputs. wi F warnings of the eo deral radis pervisors tzat inter- ference world re nit. More than sevent"— five new stations have gone on tfie air despite the fact that tie Government experts said that t ere was no more room in the ether. aning tre pas t five months the entire broadcast— system has been seriously disturbed. so that on many if“: \"/|.‘7 ’ .TA ' -_ _ ’ l—‘ Tue law York Times. Angust 1S. 192o. VII. p. 1/. 6‘6an“ 1'e Marc? of Radio: Fourteen Years Wit out a C ange in Radio Logislatior.” Radio Eroadcast. Septenter 10 26. roadcast. Ma Month in Radio.” Radio 21 1927. p. at O\(D "5 “Vet"; .. rut 3 1'" (11»: it L a; 1L» . (\‘ 1F: I " 011 11:“ ”Hill-:11 ' q gress conye.ed. On Jan ary 22. 1/27 the conferees reac-ed an agreement or t e raiio been sent to :ne Conference Committee in the t a First Session. ;,e ton?erees' agreement mise in w ic wirtxallv all contro1 and reg‘ remain witl t'e Department of Commerce; owe cormission. appoint on sic; matters as c ‘ r‘ 4» L n _. ...; r "—1.,“ ‘+ .-. (QB .1.~:11gt.. asa1g...zr-:11to. v 7).- -: -, ' 1 p YT was a 1::‘15101’1 0; f1. +‘ r Y ‘ —‘r ,"\ T7 t0 L (18 “021:: a a :1 Senate DOChKent 2CD. 31/: Jalla "..1 29., ‘J mitteq report and on February 13. after two intensive debate. T e Senate also passed t e ti“l.7 Fite days later. President Coolifge law t e Radio Act OS 1923’.71 Commenting on said: It T. . isy.es an -- n ,. t e QCCOJJ ed by t e President. allocation 1be Confer 4 99?1 and S "T 1' T 7 § /. ....- . .’ i {.21 .63 new ra‘ :Otse passed the L Commit nce ~..4 o Acsri 9 ari‘j C O law. Radi t“e w9 ‘se an f“ ‘\ ‘4 W83 8 7 t .“WY‘ 1.8 Ulldll O 4.. L; f (I) and tee I) U) .wa onfere O Broa days O? cwmpro— would eported .R. Report 1886 and to the.Senate as ('V CON.- [30% d st iji L. é7i-e Yew York Times. December 1, 19; 68? e New York Times. Jannarj 23. 192 figlhe flew York Times. January 339 192 ch,e jew York Times. February 199 19 71The Pew York Times. February 2 s 19 ,/ .,"\) V 0‘ - q (7 § , p. ‘ l l" / .' 0, o b a rd .,4 :1 1.1. ..... 1-3 Ft’T‘i r“ r"? r‘ 1") , (13 d; ‘. *1 O res~ r'?"’1‘.-‘ : 1.; .—.+ -. 3;}. a ‘ , A ,6 u - ,1 .CS 14 a *3 "3 Q3 ('1) (l) (..+ L); +4- H- O ,T‘ '0‘: .. ("f r‘?‘ 0.7 O (L C) (J71 Fe O 11 Comm lzoaic tiors to 1 I“ ’1‘. LCNI L3; unissior 1.siors ‘ r. P D O; -\ V C) + Q. 0.3 (Ii I.“ ard t‘ 1‘ r” 3112' O f .2) tr. \';.~.J we rew Conmis lave licerses ,a: power W11 he rearranzrm e necessary. art of listen rotiem.‘ Commis d ating “d'Ufi‘HS: sion On and. M W s .2 3‘3113 35 a gad an o arch 3, c tiraluxa'tiil wnic for” the , W‘Iiz g w-iCr. 1‘8 ’3 1 0 ma ‘ers wtile t e c nuissior w isgiop will Fave full power for ore .e it is s ppvsei to undo tue a tirg; rot armi to f ''2‘ Q gzid of tte Departnen 5+; 1 e opposition ra1io til 25, Secretary HoovsT pointed ort t;e asK t at would confront the Federal Radio sio n w 1c is to d to broadcast, at w1 : I no doubt rediir e some mor1* ents o? troadcas ting stations w 1c? will It will require some patie O :35 trat tte Department would recognise nd would issue no new licerses until 1 e [-1 / pportunity to consider t*ese matters.’ the Congress adjourned wit-out acting on n was to rave provided $155,000 in oper— . . . ‘7‘? Federal Radio Comm1331on.'/ Disappointed, Hoover remarked: (1) H- on t (TC? PILL 112g later. -e Marci 5e Lew Yo of Radio: Welcome to t.e Radio Commis~ Broadcast, April,1917, p. 555. rk Times, February 25, 192”, p. 2. cit., p. 159. A total of 20 S rew sta licensed by the Department of Conmerce 19 o (w en the Acting Attorney General's and this date, only eigtt months Y‘rk Times, March 5, 1927, p. 2. If; *1 U] LJO (I) T e faiihra of t — . . . bil? i: t a Sanaf: ~pwive; t a cor"1s:1on of furds wit w 12 to 91‘ a pay its saiaria= r : ~r expanses if i 7 covvi331o.. If as ba=i ragga-zed float, a3 1Y9 law provide: {rat 1‘~ Seofietar3 of CC””:PC€ 3.a11 ~xar3isa t a powers of 1 a COWmiSjiOh in its abauLca, \ e Conm1531on a o4id. 0 ing yo t.iq lack of fupds. maraly assev‘ip ani a ourn. As t i; th‘i datcat t a purpoqa we a‘e a i ‘ s H-' ‘LJJ E: O F-‘Lv. 7‘5 U; ("f O O I "'7‘ J‘. (D -. ( (+ O (h :1 H (t I. H. '1 {I 4 (+ C7 Ff C h a -arce wiii soc pa rate to iaa some way oi xga loan of claricai afia; (L '1) ('f o O ,_ m H- O) p—I- rr Q; U) 0 b—u F‘J H (<6 i r , ‘ O 5 \C }+ P. ' ‘4 {fl} *1 w. r I I H 2: Ho f‘ 'f) \I . L jorma; HSEIiLv ard iwnw diatel" set into motion activi— 0 finally lead toga pure form 0_ L.- J. 0 r4 Commisc, f—L CD + E: C J Cu (1 < \L :3 vol for irwxajcasm:itg.?' “mic? L.c Radio A2: of 192?, 1'9 Seéretary of Con- w a £44 (—+. \1 following powers: To gregaribe t.e qualificatiors oi sfat ior operator: arj 10 1:3 e licenses to operatirs To :u-pa;j lioin as o? operato rs for violatioh C” an jaw or I wat' r of an; rag latiOL of t a Commis— r (+- (D O U) ‘— '1 ,_ -7 J (I) (a Y -: “r". ‘1': ro- P‘j L_J. 1L kl v". ’1 < H- r‘* T, O ’"3 (I (—f O (T O the reg. :ions, or p 7 ; d5 Lat: cal} atte r ,s cal H' (1‘ 6 U: H- “-4 r-n- 'r-J O O r—J-m CD '\7 m'J l.) :3 'U CD If . H '3‘ (.0 P. ; I I (L *3 ”'3 O 3 v-T' \D (I (D (D ”'3 ’D (+— Q) "3 could a? aLy time Iarer ar" .er '9 felt nesessarg to t-e Commission for its con- } ( I) I t 0 F1 ..- IN In adiition. tie Act ”provided tkat one year after a! '5 J the First meeting of the Commission a] Of t e powers and authority vested in tie Commission (except as to revocation 0? licenses) s Ojld re vested in and exercised by t.e tecreu tar; of Commerce. ' As t e powers of tfie Commission were ‘ twice extended for periods of one year and then extended fi indefinitely. t e: were never acquired by t*e Secretary o: At t.is point, Secretary Hoover, for all practical l U] purpose the control of radio over to t‘e Commis— . t‘rner sion. Hoover continued to exercise Fis powers under t (L‘ Act and tfie Department of Commerce COOperated fully with the Radio Conwiscion but tee Conn'ssion now had effective In Augwst, Pres'dent Coolidge suddenly anLonnced .r'x \J and in the early part of 1928. Hoover entered his name in tFe Ohio pritar; .81 ction (I) (O l (I) In March, Hoover once again entered (i‘ on]; triefl ) tfle radio regulation picture. On March 15, the one—year term of the Federal Radio Commission came to an end and its -m—v o a l R. Olson,”Re5ulation of Radio Broadcasting in '(unpu listed Pm. D. dissertation, State gniversity 91)q pt 51. n V T T - o "i _ .- herbert doover, Mem01rs (New York: The Macmillan COVFaFV 1052) II p 10C n.‘ it Q ’ ’ , .. /u. 81, "e New York Times, February 26, 1998. IX, p. 16. 1;, , . H .1 -‘kyL“ EDI .‘ }‘|_.(.+L CD ‘ x. 1m: nissicn. Fr hoo er, in View if t e fact trat l~11 was pending to extend t e Commission's existence a covtrol bcd; . . . asked the Cowmission to cortinp Or'w‘,‘ A‘:Or an .k'rJ 'OY'P ”8:: Or I]: r’ul, 28 t.c P. (3-? f‘ V '1 - (£-\/; L t C -‘_vaL .. I l Aarv 3 _ 1d‘ In; VCHTJIL was officialcy extended for one year. So ‘I : Sew Ecrk TITJS. Marc 1o, 1928, p. in CHAPTER A E: 7: OF HOOVER'S ROLE : e rr~vious c apters Lax (‘ i (I) .7 . '“‘ . ‘ 3 + . , » 1 e :-r t troaica: 1*, stations. Q L: '- 1, ‘ . \ ‘\ ’ .“ ‘ \' at HOOXeI c actlir- as Secretard n--: ‘ .1 .' . ‘,.: . , .,. raiio PegULBIlCL. T¢is c.apter \ ’ ‘ ‘ . "" ~ ,‘q 0" 4- nearings and 1L-1aences or t O :1 0 Secretary Hoover's doorstep. e Radio Act guide him broadcasting n V n a f—J' H» A ' '+' +4 , c 1~.. '.~ -ree Ini,iative, tree enterpris n " a" ‘ q a + .- ' -ree ow :ron an; atteWpt t} eit -. - * a.” \ . ' “ -‘ - p " IV inter:erence With tnese ireedoms 77 9 into patictice. E$sre to determine it . A ‘V r. 4‘ . v " Lese actions Ho Sarction. To one knew it -oover saw an outstanding Opportuni 77 .~ ,‘ \ '7‘.- 1o ver personai.3 IV IT RADIO TBS LLATIOT studied HOOier' earl; .5 adioieiep one leadirg to ani taken : detailed look of Commerce as related to U will attempt +1 u..- to analyze in tfeir eTfect infant ”txwxilcastirg“ yer; dropped 14x3: to he L) ‘V’ '3 I. W8 53 of 1912 made m —. - .cI”? W8 3 CD pter I, Hoover t e, open opportunity, and rv )1 PT, (D r private or cvernnental " In ("0 v radbititai astirg. +— L y to put tgis QIN’ L 51013:“ 1 t e possitility of all radio inter:sts—~government and non- government--nniting around a conference table to disc.ss V8 ‘3 the prolleus ani -ut re of radio.1 Witt t1is purpose in nind, hoover irons t tFe radio situation to t“e attention 0; fans Presidential Catimwat in Fetrtarfi (if 1922 and requested an; orizatlon for a Tational Radio Con:eren3e. On Fetruarv 27, Eoover Opened the :' Radio Conference with a speecn w icr was protatly tge first pronouncerent espressed by a government official on tie 1 Eect of radio broaicasting nd tye regulatory protlen: *rj *— "S (a. H C 03 L4 I J , Hoover pointed out trat the purpose of H tie Conference was to study tie ”problem and t‘en to advise r+ (D .1“ ’C‘ CD *1 F? i ’3 #4? O I- 9) O O n (I3 ”3 ( .a J) 0 con erning tre Depar Kent's rest- tot' government ni nongovernment radio interests were represented, Hoover was skis to set tpe stage : r rue cooperativ: self—regulation whic“ develOped out o: t“is conierence and which was ti prevail gout Hoover's administration in t”e Department of Comverce. Cooperative self—regulation was, 0: course, U; '- V n O (y) i (_ quite con Len» wit Hoover's ptilos phical views. As we (D pointed out in Chapter I, Hoover telieved tnat business or industrial cooperation with government assistance and en d~ ance gave ”great nOpe of a new 0 of solution '2 ‘1 U) ,l—’- U) or nan; of our problems and [for] progressive action.” H H- T -.' . .. a a - - A ‘ :- 2' (W Ur ‘2} I ‘7 1’. Li I. {3 9' 3 p: ‘v; 'In further defin ng tne ”protlen, (L His belief t:at ta' major field 0? consideration was ‘cw to ...-.- --—.-.— -4.— Personal letters from tne Honarable Jerbert Eonver. " ‘ f‘ /\ ' f I " ' ,- , . ‘ ‘ h ~ _ "' _’ ‘, Lecewrer at. 1902, and Mr. E. V. taltent rn, Jannarc 7, 19a). "a - .A h . , e - I. , a , - a . \ I, r ‘ v w. V ~ ‘ ’ 1 ‘ v" ‘ " ‘. ‘ ' i~ve.ou a to iced less ation wuo e L»?t027 wciid (e to cen— ' ‘- .:.4. .-- , , ,‘V ,. °. _:.,., ‘ 7.: ,. trot .nter_eren:e created t, transmittlnw sta.icr:—— rar“c ”all; t ose w is; desire to troadcast to t*e ge era: 1: _ A~‘ _ _‘ ,' ‘ O . ._ 1 + ’, ,~ A: o .‘ w ‘ 1’ “ 5 .. Hooper also indicated t at he and _1s colleagues AL 4 I r- v ’D '74 Q) *3 r,- (—+ O t (.7 0 J [\ "S (J a m p r-VJ 1 I QUlt? unwi‘iing to per— ni: ex:ens:ve licensing o: [roadcast :aCilities untii adequate lesisfation or other con U; ,-+ "3’ (J (“+- H. < (I) UQ F.1- L14 ‘1) L— J ’d. 5 V U U) conli guide the Department in some form of svstematic, U Q 71 O «'J (I) L—J L-) 'D F.) o—j 17!“. ”U ’1 O (1) DJ "3 (I. I D {D r‘ 9' t '- l 3 F1 1 1 Lu r' f I ( O T J ”‘3 (D ”D (f «7+ L13 + ) (—4,- "C5 I O x—.J L 3.4 r-‘J I) r f- w k:- L‘ :UOVCI C (“f O \I I. r‘?‘ CD r‘J P. 7" A .3 *4. U) 1"? Q) Katle public controj,.i.e.. govern— 3 H {D L._.I LU L1 .1 }_..J- F4 (l r? ”‘5 CD (—+ L—J ' .-. ‘ .4— ‘~ " ‘7‘ . I "’\'l" on, over t e et er. Even at t is wet, If} F? D) (IQ (I C it would appear tkat hoover was aware of tread— (I) m ( f 5 JQ \‘1 'rl () r + 'I l '4‘ L_Ja {D l- 03 Q5 'T'5 O i .1 i ”(1 RI f-J F). (J .3 m L‘J H. n'c.er also discussed t e qies ion 0? now IlKaLCla V ‘ . a r ‘ V ‘ A ’b ‘ : V f. " o >‘ . n _ 3 I A . :.ppOPt wig”. be :ort coming Ior t Ose statiors trans» tt1ns to t ’ general pntlic. Alt oug? he did not prOpose a so u- (L +— v A :* . ,-. 74f.“ u —. he” +—W tio . e dz) express ml: teiiei tnat tke connoni, acceptei “‘1' ‘ ‘“' " “'“"‘¢J 7°“o r‘i’c PQCC‘ t " “ +r 'rr\'\ v V:L-u1 O- «slim I‘ve 1,? tloshoiho -sro O operate gCVEPh- rental stations was not the answer under the American fr» (I) (D 0-. :ten. It is well to remember tiat in t ese l \L LL early days, radio lroadcasting was followinc an unciarx” 4 pat.. I? Ioover had advocated a lic e‘. 3e .ee. and go ern— Free broadcas ing might never have come to exist. 81 '1 OJ 5—4 0 C Q “I <1 8 I (_+_ H J H .1 Q r?- O m 01. *1 (I (I. E H (—4,- III 0 O I, H f...) ( J (I; .-1. + . TI ‘8‘ to \f; recommendations s owed remarkatle compatibility views and recommen.atior_ U) irst Conference, caiied t; Hoover for tie pur— ad isirg ‘im, started a tradition o? vo.ernment Us- ’3 ' o o I tutiic) adnifiistration o: tLe airwaves, a minituw of gorern It regulation. a maximum of industry selP~reguT tior CD 0 oppositioz to radio receiver taxation, ani OppOSiuiOi t ’C”QILK€ET owrers.ip aid Operation of troadcast stations. ca 1’- L J. All of t ese policics are important eiements in the Aner l? to Hoover, but 1e exerted a great inililence updw utmost confidence in and a wifiiingness to follow Hoover's iead. A typical example is found in t.e following edi~ \. torial——a reaction to the first Conference——from t*e Providence Euiietin: Radio devotees are taking co mfort from t‘eir confidence in the good judgrert 0: Mr. Hoover, his atiiit' to recognize the cmlltzral and educational possitiiities of tge radio-telepflone,a and his dis~ position towart guman kindness. T7e matter of reeded regulation is in t?e 'ands of t'e Department of Commerce, the Department 0? Com~erce is in t‘e 2» i. D n p. M. Smar sk", Jr.: ”T e Cortririciors O; hertert Hoover to “1035““‘tlfig “ Jo*rnal o: Broadcastirg, I / \ \Summer, V95/J, 2H2— 2H9. ' h)’ ‘9 ‘ K .‘ r1"! 3‘ \' " r'r‘i \' ' U “’ n 9' .2 " ”‘Aw "1‘01"- 9‘ 71 . J A . A :: 'w" - 5‘6L 0 ‘-LJ() 1’ ‘7 11 a d n -'- IA'AI I .\-O L' 1 ..s- l .3. :2 \lk 11;, _‘ L1,, ‘ P“ _l ‘ ‘ . i . “ : '1 ‘ LY so hi sense and 200d wtii.5 -:e co: erees, acting as represertatives of t_e ‘0 ri’ 5—1- (1‘ PaliO :nterzsts, eX‘ressed a nore concrete example c: HF“ ,_ -“,~..r\ ....« ..-‘ ,— ine CbL-7FELCb aer (I (T, Q; n )"I“; 1 7") r'?‘ ‘1- 'tl‘n \‘JV‘I 'p—T w '~,I.O K- A--*JF4-\JT. .LO q‘C c l«.' a A-OL\/V: 0 :‘n ‘V 1 ie legal aut'CJfll§7(lf'tf? Departrent. to i 1 "I H .Y 7d ’1) (J (‘ J. Y O (‘f a:ide by my decision as umpire until we could Revise n‘cdel x]. , - H esis.at,:r.” C s, 1" " ~ " T :-‘ ' 1 I ‘ 1 ' 11‘ ’ ' cone 3ear: later, Baa L. Wlitbr 8L0 Art hi M. “,de, .’>. ,w n _: ,‘ '4. ,. ., a: ,., r" 7 speanirg o_ nocrer's actions wit regiid to tue i,rst pop- at the tine the Department was wit out real anticritr but his intervention in mobilizing the troad- casters to voluntary action nd [to] acknowledgnent f ‘ o? cormnrication was a (.7 V-fi J O k "I’ ( U 0 M (‘f‘ T (T) O OJ H< Ce (1 L (P ..5 It; "5 (I. Q) and enduring public service. Early in 192“ applications for troadcastirg licerses '1 "I Q CD _~< (+- Q 774 O "3 F—l‘ I :‘fi r *r so the Department of Commerce. A :arently Dr< PH Hoover and is associates felt compelled to issue licenses not all, of tle applicants, for during tee year I‘ .—: ... -/\ fl -: . ‘~ ‘ 7" .-\ ‘1 rx . : ‘v r: ‘ r‘. fl r‘ w 4- _ -: ~ v' r“ OVer ;,t licenses were issued to troadcast stations. Yfl‘" q' " ."' 9‘ "\ 1+ " . '- ‘I‘ I: .fi '- j -. . fir ‘ -1 shactlJ MR“. t.e Departnxmn: lsshed so nary _ icenses is a syster. in light of Hooter's February, 1922. Statement lo Calm tfie Jarring Radio Waves,” Literart D‘xes‘. Marc: 18, 1922, pp. 21«31. Menoirs, II, C. 1H1. PerE=p< * e legar1~~nt it~elf tended to interpret ‘ . Radio A . I~ . : 1 9 .' - " . ‘.fi ' ' “ ‘ -‘ ‘ " 1‘ fl. ‘ 1 \ Act of 131_ in muc. tae same mapper as t e court; did lL r 1* DJ K/«J Inter-City Radio decision, whici required tVe (I. (/4 :. “"Y‘C‘ Cw 71“?”(‘92 t(-.a*1 a 1":‘nhrt‘n .l .tlL.:> 4_A\4-Al~-~~ .- .14. pp7led.- Q. Ey A gas: over it? troadcait k—n ’1' J? U. ('4— CD (“1’ H- 3 JJ 0 (fl r‘f (‘1 9 (I F; C LB 1 operations, were on the air. Man +-. s . - .,. .: . p ,- .tioL; were notorious lor to (l‘ (‘1' L (D ir p)or Operation, c arac— U \ 'fl .' ‘m ’w ‘ 1 (1 f ‘I . . \ 1 " r 'F‘ —' 9‘ ’ . 7 1 17 _. sic“ -au;t; as exces ive use or mectanicaiiJ reproduced musical recordings. To raise programming stan- $.44 Ft 0 (’3 "I «O m d 'I m f“ (1‘ z 0 |._ J {D ’f. m 0 f v s, the Teparfment attemptef stations granting them certain spcciai priVileges in retnrr "\ I ‘ 4» r .._, ., ‘ J ‘q C‘z— '~.,- , '- -‘ . P'; , ,, .4. . \ : -or inprCtex standards. come r.,.vod was eIiectet, tut Lo» (1‘ £1 6 (T1 (I (D i e improvement Leped for. The fact was t at ma'g statlors could or would rot meet tge Lew standards. “ ’ 16“" r vnv-r. — . 4 "\ Wr'ting .or a radio nagaiipe in .andard o- 19;}, rfi‘ (T: 6 upon Ctngress to pass legislation to replace t e o Padio Act of 1912. Corgress, Lowever, for TEESOLS of its own, was no: to be too r‘ t Hoover 1T) (3 (D "C d. p.— (‘ [1 O (—f. 6 (J‘ (1‘ Q) T“ 1 [: CD p- 7.1 (r1 and tr ot‘ers who voiced the same Opinion. Is Feiruarg, Hoover met the :irst ma .. 4‘ E13 regulator; eftorts. Tte District of Columbia Corr. 0 r ( fr) Ti 71 (L Q) r J ( “'3 a. (D (D 'L L“ (D decision wnic , ir effect, remc ed an dis ceticnart power Hoover migtt have Fad in tne question 1/ of w e: er or not to is (H rue a license to an apclicart. nencezort , L? was re tired to issue a license regardless I I l ‘ ' 27) ~-, ~~ Q ' x ,~ . + . ~ .1 r‘ .\ ~ 0: a., petertial protlems--such m I.‘ H. O *‘3 (I {D ('1 CL L... ’3 ("f- ‘1 F3 b h '1 ’2’ (I (J J I l 4 4' . 3 , “ teat n1; t z~i t. r«-’\"I '.’ . ‘ 1 fl] 'r‘z’x" " r' 'i 3 /’J ‘— acex wt. c 1: set ach, “cover d:&td turned to t e 1 "~ ‘ “ +' 1 | w ‘ ”V A "-1 x’ ’ r C ‘ H‘V +\r rA lrtzf:ca;:-—r_. c ~:'-elv»:; a-lxa cai_l:d iCJP a v-~ccu.i a ,laza ‘ ‘a a F. I ,s H CI r \ ‘ I . I 4 v c‘ -- z' c "_t »~ :3 ', 4- r. cI~hCr. “is deaIwnt aim was LC decrflact ihccT~ -icla; regulatior, based upon tpe voluntar“ cdoperation c: t”; troadc sters it' tie Department 0: q I Cosmerce. As previously mentioned, the prOposed leg #1! ('1 £13 I t;or to aileViate interzererce whicg had deve oped out o: ‘I ailed to receive action tron a H, D m m .. In his Opening speeci to tie S m cond Confererce, I I f‘ O L *L’ M. H f—S {1" I (U (1‘ LL (1" (D Q) (’3 r + (1' L13 (—f- "f m L..J. (—T .erfererce profiles was fective radio troad- r—~. — ~ \ v- " v ~*- 9 ’7‘ v v r~ - , \ fl ‘ r“ eriaraellrs t e ver. eXistence 01 an e (D [1) (I) (“1* L10 UQ (I ,L 1 'Q O H r‘ H d (i) will 77‘ (J ~¢ ' J m (I, to 1 ese pleas by Eoover, t e conferees .1 (T) Q) (J (I LJJ ("F S: 0 £1, (3 Ho 0 o v sious. First, tse- , v U . , .° , F.“ - ..~ ‘ '-7. [lrLa r1 LHIU pAC'J- J7 8H: :8] 1w..at 1.- L1; cover “a 1' D , under t e 1012 Act, t'e power to regulat wave- least], fl J. .3 \L' O I 0 T3 (1‘ *3 ”I L o Q :j C and licsnse issuance. T us, th \A D broadcasters indicated t?at thev were willing to give dander tte powers me could rot get from Cangress or t (It 0 r- 4. Q7 Courts. Sccoiciy, they recommended toe establisxment new frequencv allocation for troadcasting purposes. 0 Less than a moot. late tte Department op Count "3 J ~T) *3 t J k L‘ /'1 0: frequency allocation tased upon .1 CD :1 ( 1 VJ] ff) (—f' (D 2 a anO]_43—.C€‘ I ‘/~ . ‘K‘ :1 ‘. n —,-". rlr~ ’ IT,'\H c.’ q tse rec smendations oi the confeieuce. Tuis new alloca- 'stem reatlv increased the numter of available 0 or; u. C) {D r+ requencies and was tfle first step toward today's {roar hard. the increased muster of available frequencies s'c *1 (T. 11 J1 p; I ‘1 n . 10 ‘ ‘ D _‘ . . 1 W' ' 'I f‘~ r“ ‘ F‘ ‘ a q‘ ‘ ‘ to soiVe tue interi.rencs problem. at least temporarils. ( However. powff increases by many stations were later to create similar interference problems. a) 2' [D In A r O n. Hoover testiiied at length on a radio bill t”at was being considered before tce House Committee on Herc ant Marine and Fisheries. During his testinony Hoover was quite insistent concerning the urgent need for revision of the radio law. He painted out tfat current regula1ion was very largely based upon volnntar; sci:- p I regulation by tVose witnin tEe radio lield. because the ....» \O ..A 2 law was completely obsolete in the light of broad— casting. At the same time, “e reiterated bis be any law should give the public control over t:e ether and that no attempt should be made to finance broadcasting through tie licensing of receivers. In testifying before Congress, Hoover voiced his belief that no one person or group, including tre Govern— ment. should have t e rig t or power to control or censor ‘7 what may or may not be broadcast to the Americ n public. Certainly t ese words of Hoover's testimony are an ex~ cellent expression of his philosophic stand on freedom of speech as indicated in C apter I. Since the loss of his discretionary liccnsiag power in the Inter—City Radio decision. Hoover felt keeniv t. I! {I} need for such a power. In t‘e bill under consideration Hoover found. much to his liking, broad general language which would permit some discretion in tee issuance of 86 q : ' N " ~ w A. 1 — I ~ 4— I nf‘ ' D n ,~ . t ,- . .-. A ,’ " ' ,‘_ _ license; 3L3 give two separtment OI commerce tme ability H -. D .,.. - ...' , ' ,,.. '. \,.. ,7 \ fl '- tc react to lhtgrf situations in the development 0: tee “oadcastingl.” Here for the first time was a (D ._ F "fi O in n4 r! ‘ radio till w‘ic used a phrase that was to become so well !' .t r ’ : 1 ‘ ,- f . 1‘ - ‘f. '1 hnowr in later gears—— in tk CD public interest. of this bill encountered I; L0 12 (D a F O :3 ” Iii) WHY 81° . OR; Fdover's disapproval. The White bill provided that no license co.li re issued by the Secretary of Commerce to anvone moLOpolizing or attempting to monopolize any area wit in the ‘adio communication field. Hoover ielt tnat I .- etermination of violators in this area was a dudicial m L); decision and that such power 3 ould not be placed in admin'szrative Lands. This bill. like otbers before it and ot ers to follow. did not receive final consideration Some five months later, Hoover again called for a + ”conference table” meeting of all parties interested in tie In October. t ese interested persons gat ered in Was.ington w ere tiey heard Hoover again express :is confid— A ence is the voluntary cooperative regulation t'at mad ) l f] ILCLV 0 AT L 1“? (I) develOped out of two previous confer same time (and for the first time), Hoover stated that r‘ 4’) ( I J (T. .1- 4 regulatory legislation would not te atle to adjus. it- to the technical indovations that were characterizing radio broadcasting at tRat time. Furtrermore. :e indicated 4— *1 L ,tat perhaps industry self—regulation could take t e place of fly fnrt er governmental intervention. In tfis same speech. Hoover snowed his insig t into ("9‘ ( tfle broadcasting situation when Le pointed out ttat value 0; radioaelephone rested not upon tPe ati'ity t. ( 1 transmit but upon the content of tne material transmitted. Most emphatically. Hoover ed fiis belief in (D xpres L‘f t e evils of ”‘irect advertising." which is broadcast advertising as it is commonly known today. Obviously Hoover felt tLat such advertising would be the ruin of radio. but He felt even more strongly that only the list «D nu ing public Fad the right to decide whether or not direct advertising would find a place in radio broadcasting. In an effort to alleviate tne interference problem. still t e major concern as it had been in the previous Con— ... - z'\ "‘ + " -erences. the con D erees recommended an expansion of the upper limit of the b “IS 0 dcast band and a new frequency 0) allocation zoning system-~botn of w ic5 were promptly adOpted bv the Department of Commerce. Less t“an two months after the close of the Confer— ence. Hoover wrote his surprising letter to Representative '3 White in which 'e unexpectedly witndrew iis long-estatlisted support from White's radio bill (H. R. 7357). Onlv eig t 'i montts earlier. while testi'ving at Bearings on this same ’ e till, Hoover indicated his snpport for tVis hill in t‘ t D following words: It is urgent that we have an early and vigorous reorganization of the law in Federal regulation i e nerd Tor radio legis ation is imperative . . -‘e till w ic: you are now considering is a aliatl; step in tte prOper direction and . . . I airtil; commend it to your favorable consideration. T ese ard seen to te tne words of one who woqu so pletely wi .draw is support a few months later Wt; iii n00t~r squenly wit draw Bis support fro' ?e W ite rill‘ A study of the content of the letter an sgbseqhen: s'atemerts indicate tfiat Hoover'felt tiat t e was a dis inc: possitility that tfle pFlI‘lfl es and provi ions of ‘ e White rill might become inadequate or olsoie tefore 1 e ti.l ever tecame law. Because 0? his exp erie with relilaiion nnde r t‘e obsolete Radio Act of 1912. Poorer ocvlo.si‘ did not want his future efforts tased stpport similarly outdated law. was of critical importance t0 on. TLis 1s poirted out in a (3 the position tar,“ by Secretary Hoover [withdrawing his support]. it is doubttnt that t ere will be any importa t leg;sla nor dealing witc the Pale lull“ll' at the s ort Session of Cnigress.”7 In the letter to Re pres entacive Wlit Fe stated /' I”; CCU:- t;at “e did not care to face t e qtiestion o? censors ip t‘a €/"T o 1 - c. 8.. Congress. House, Committee on t e Aerc ant Marine and Fis.eries Hearir gs in H. R. 5589 o Reggjate Radio Come ricat1ors. 68t Congr ress , 1st Session. 1924. pp. 8 i 11. 7 , , 'T‘T ew lcrk Times Decemoer o. 192%. p. H. ¢. L (—f’ O . *1 p-» c i" l; - ,‘ ..r‘ -‘_ ,1“‘ -., ,_l ' ‘--_ , ,, ‘ \l 1.1-3 .‘ __ 1",“ '_- j 1-4:;M1O'-'L TECJLJ 'xle\."—3]_Op 14. Ill) ‘N'T‘I .1 gik‘reli L .'7 8-,, A ‘I '\ 2 V '\ r " W 3| \ '7 . z'\ 1 \ A ‘1 , ‘-‘ ' , L‘ . ~ p ‘ ‘ . or direct11e to ass1gn 11Censes on t.e bad s 01 programming - . ':+.,, 1.41"a.L.Lk‘:) I ’1 (D 1...: (L LJJ ..LJ l) " '1 1 ‘0 H‘ O "S 3‘7 F3 0/ 1': m '15 LJJ H. 3 N (—+. '1 l) (D C11 UT ..L) s D ’i O H.) rt 1) El p4 raf— ‘D "-1 p 1 1,. k- e t'e problems w ic‘ migit be fostered b3 tbese advertising as a practical method of station fiiarce ‘ s. -“ey were t1e devel Opment o: feasible mean In the letter Hoover expre ss ea his belief t at. due sitbnold legil slat ion until tbere was an Opportunity to assess the import and influence of tbese develOpments. 1ie following is a later expression of Hoover's H.) eelings in this matter: w ole art both from tbe point of view of xpansion. the urzber oi stations. c aracter 1: programs. purposes of broadcasters. the scientifi development going on in increased use of pJNEF and in improved instru1ent3 and. tb:refore. better and wider radius of reception to tb elisteners. togetter witb the complex social and legal problems involved is in a complete state of flux. and it is my feel- ing t*at our ideas as to the character of legislati 18 regulation should be clarified witbia anot er year. Hoover tben proceeded in tpe letter to White, to recommend adOpt ion of a brief amendment to the Radio Act 1912. The amendment was in Hoover's words ”emer genc3 legislation urgently needed to preserve tbe situation in e legislative implications. it would be best to ."" v C‘ 1 Qt 8 cm i , v .. its dew 1o1K P3 f—Jo »< (7 U1 J "- ‘ 7‘ "(x L '1‘ 1'“ \s - - 74(1‘ '1 '1" L - _L\,“ 1 d‘\‘, .— VKA kro-l_ t 1.: .3 2'- k ‘-4 ~V'v ~ ++~, 71" {rag L91 2 1 . ’1‘)“: -. J]\t€£.~t_ *, 1:: ‘(WV' t‘J -A(.\.‘v a: 1: o” Cow Fron t“ (.12 ' . 3 i Y3 ‘+ 1 V ‘ . .. 4"; ‘ r' 1 ll- - 'H "..1. 4 L11 8 1 ,11’-L.-i o r r 1 ‘4‘ '\ 'Y r' r?" ' '~ ~ :a*.tr, a13ptxyi. 1*-is br 0" 7‘ -Vv’\ -~\ 7"~ 1 C1“. 1 1. GK) 1,-ernrr:~.:-.1t O‘JCT t retar3 o; Conwerce diseret as :reqnency. power. and 1 3‘ 0 I _‘ 1 stations. .. : 1» - ‘1 1- _, A; it levelOped. irere was 2?”: ' 1‘ -‘ 7“ " f .) 1'" «Jr a .." Q ‘:‘i 3 : 01 t C‘I1fir5:11e.\ 8”,. gave strong. unappealable erCe. As a result of Hoov e W.ite till and Oppositio . no radio legislation was rrent ses31on of Congress. Approxisately nine mont s esentative W ite. Hoover 1 .‘ ‘ "Yr ' ' ' ~' 0' hr . . 0. one :atloral nadio Con C 1ndi ated t at. not working i 1 T Y re aggrasated. Hoover was ' fl ‘ . - o ‘ r' 1 ,‘x including e 1ctwe1t 0: le and "or at: legi.7ative iep aHeL””’ht asserts t‘e e et'er and also gives ionary control over sue time o"tuperatio1 for all ndment upon t'e grounds powers to t e Secretarg er's withdrawal 0? H ,1 . , ,H emergencj, acted Wpon during t—t:. II uaI-‘_4c1;"~,. Ir) ttLtiil’Tj I,‘.—-C'I-: I: '7 1:. “ v.4 —4— v. :.-,. _ - . -. _ . :1 so a? ucfl an; marine Committee diring earin:s on A. R. .1 ,1 U :1 '3 r— I ‘5 TL u) I D testimony, Hoover stated: Max: of us lave teen ”esitart as to w at t 3 real sci :tioz trig t t:. ir tir3 face Cy“ consta'm; s.iftir ; sciertiTic develochfit; tut we have now reac ed 1p a situatior w erg w; can no longer delay action.‘” T ‘. 1 3“ 3‘ + I. »\" '2‘ ‘ ‘4‘ - ~ ~'-~ ".’. j ‘ r“ *'\ N‘ ,- ‘ L.) bLal-1o kal‘x.g_ 1:1:L ILL“ 3":an -Latcrq W85: 8 CO'I.p_L:-e (I) (J T. 71 II) "3 reversal of t.e one w ic? Hoover made in Lis D‘ O I\) 4: r J I H y «L » (D :3 *3 Ln" L); ("I' I O .7 ‘19 SD "3 D x J rd *1 _, (D U) (‘I’ (D L" (I) (—1» {D L1 Ft (3 H- i" <1 I . m (D c“ <, *d (D r-J- (I) (-+ ' J (I) (D o * 1 (“I- II) r14: 0 C) (D "3 I in (_ :x (I; LL 3 P. ( f" (D :1) l L) p... O O 0 >1 pt- *‘5 L- H. p...) (D £44 (I) L 2“ (-1“ I—J' 3‘? ('I' O r—+— I‘D F’) I]; Q) (‘9‘ \TJ - CD (0 fit I.) 7% u—‘--~— "...—---w k: ' 4- . —:‘.. . i , o Beangate n, tQt~ Congress, ist session, Jaytary “WV O'e cont later, a 3. 8. Dis rict Court dec1sion (iv t e L. E. ts. 7e it Radio Case) wa; Nanded down whict wai to prove t e worst setbac: that noower suffered in ‘is regilator eITorts. Hoover, t rough tte Pepartment o? Cornerze, ad estatlis ed certain regulations wuic e imposed upo' tie broadcast licensees. Among t“ese w3s ore requiring operation upon tie frequency assigned b5 tte WJAZ, operated by I. s itted on an unant‘ Wilkerson of Commerce supplenertai to those contaired i S;o31?ertd witi the respon control 0? radio .nder the obsole t‘e Zenitfi no power to make an; Radio Company, (I In I“9111?{1C5'. I .0 U) tn? Act .. F. Hoover had drawn prH supplemental regulations, tasef 1p01 the reconnendatiozs of tWe rational Radio Conferences. TVe decisior removed a ver; large portion of tVe control As a rest t. Hoover pr3dic i - ,n w a I -, .. ,- for tLe ”radio pioi13.' FOUL daJ made tte f0: owing statement: ” under tne present law of 1912, as hr n has ant oriry to protect toe list ing over radio broadcaster 3 . ted dif?ic*it da“s a ead s after tKe decision, 3 . . . it is apparent t at now construed, no 013 en ng public against .5. ‘ . ‘ ,. ,‘ -\ .9 n ‘ T. . "- . , V.‘ ’ ,. - 1 1 . '1 xcter c aos in t e service upon w.ic; it Pas cone to reign Eoover undoubtedly felt that the only real answer to ttis predicament was in tie enactment of new legislation to 11 1 - - . 2;: Few torn 1' '1 I\ j J (D (J ‘D Ff 'I. :If. (3 + F) n «J ...; x) —A I ) :der 0? Acrli and t roug1ont tn controversy in tge Senate. Irtofved in tfiis debate. among other t ings. was I) V) 0 (if _. -, I-'- (‘I‘ \D *4 (I) 1;) (‘I I '- {3 C) ' J O i. (‘f‘ U control radio monopoi q 3 :ior o: t?3 commission versus tte cabinet form of control, and L e usual coniiict between t'e Benocrats and F7 ’3) “11 '1) ’(‘5 2.3 L J J. ( J (D I U 1 - 1'"_\ 3 ~_ ...- .\ - n’ “u _ “-1., Ir; eariiv Lninr‘. Wit,‘ Cordgresssiona _ ai;nmirncxa.t CM-i, (‘f aced wit. tVe possitiiity tta V" x o -:P ‘- ~ .4— “4‘ N z . V? -/ .w ctngress rig t adgourn Wlt OUL enacting anJ radio ieg13- \ J: ”1" . fi ’\ I " 1 1' q . \ F r..- A ‘d r;garding ui~ power to wade waveiengti assignmezts. i ere- :1 I F} - ‘ ‘ r—< ‘r -\ ‘ 1'r \w' ”x ' q‘ -ore or c.ne 3, .OOVer re nested the AttOFIEQ oererai to rule on *is powers under tfle Act of 1912. (I) I— I FJ (- (I) *‘S Q) d I; .J \E O I 'J (“1' «1) Lu U) "S (I) <3 G) (D in: ‘JJ C—f. Q) ( . r” O .J O 7r I!) (1) t: l 4 vers felt foover rad ulterior motives in taking tiis “N (J (+ HI (1 f) o I I Ff Q3 y—Jo t— J «Ii Lu CL FJ. U) 'Ctssion of t’is possioilitv will ,LJ foLiow s OPIIE. Hoover‘s ulterior motives if *e tad any. ‘0 gay Rave been to induce Congress into enacting radio l egis ation t fore it adjourned. In any event. tle S. t L) :‘F Q) fl. 1; k 1 delayed so iong t‘at no iegisiation became iaw. Even an emergency measure was lost in the rvst. ’ 7"“: V" ‘K‘ . ' m 1' I x 1 1 I" ‘ ’ i I In uuij. tie Acting Attornec Geneiai set :WIt. an opinion wiici. in effect, removed an; vestige of regulatory < 1 fl . ‘-' U . - 1 7" ,fi .-— .7. r~ L‘ I‘ ’1 ‘ q ' -‘ A q l‘ r‘ power w.ic noover stiii possess9d. Hoover :eit compeiied \_ r} \ \J’l : is e llc~l es *ree of restr ictio: to all w o requested i 8? t » re allowei to troaiCast. N3re Lzan a :ew p Ople were on appy wit» Hoover's .31 w -. - o- ‘ 1 ,- q v . ,- - 7 0 3' . ‘1 -; .V‘ .2 r (a 1 ('0 I" *7 ’! act o's .r brig I~~p~ct. An example 01 t is displeasl_e ls ?ognd iv t e following statement I; Serator C. C. Dill. gererally Known as a supporter of new radio legislation: nen Cengress wd o;rnel wiU Olt legislation Mr. doover refused to tr; to maintain :is cortrol o? t e radio sit;atior until Decemter, alt-ougk t‘e troadcaster: were almost unanimous in supporting suc' control. Instead, Le secured an Opinion fror t e Attorney Geyeral declaring he he d pract call; no power and arno ince" .e would no longer attempt to restrain troadcas era as previously. T'is seemei almost an invitation to lroadcasters to "o Their worst. 3 Jew York ines reported tie reaction as follows: I .e question is being asked why Secretary Hoover, Co as worried along with t e fioary old 1912 radio ntrol law since coming into tTe Catinet five go and wgo still maintained his aut ority f r "e mont 5 following t e C icago Xenit decisi -. scould have so suddenly called for a s OWjO'L from t e Attorney General now irstead of bluffine it t rough a liftle w ile longer” It is do ttft if tge Government every so com~ 11et61, revers its polio" cr at a criti tune e oved its stabilizing in i z t;«e'w*ole irnriscry. 0 en in Washington no one ‘as son why tie Government sEonld t‘is particular time or wt wLicl mig t come out of it. 3 more uicnly r m luence ‘ror a sreat and growirg ind str; as it did in so preci‘itately di es ting itself of radio control. And tlis in View of tle f ct t at Congressional relief is assure ly only :iv e or six mont s away, and t*at suc ’e is ve action as the Governn er t “as taken "an, jeOpa di e r ii bl ‘-. (n U] 1" (I \L "S F? 1219.) (L ’ (‘tm’ Mr. I‘omas Steven sor, wr1t1ng 1n _elio Ercadcast, presented l ‘irn “ v , m .. l . .. L . 4 qr *1 r l .ew :Clfi lines, Set em er 1a. 19; . AI. p. a. t ..s on \’ ..aL ing, I. a . -n \- ~" '-.. ‘ ollowung explanation o- _‘ 1 T ere ls no doubt in t‘e mind: of a nuuler of people in a position t Know, ttst tfe Department of Connerce "1:.t ave teen able to ”carry on" daring tVe sum” r des its t“e decision of the C icago court. a tie from t e criti: sms of Congress r c \J Feb .mksw J m ("f 'II H :7 O . “J ‘ 531. ,1. - '“5 O 1—1 m LL 03 H” (‘1’ CU Ix 1"+~l F“ 7" 7 HLvm ova . a ("f' O 11. C . o: O s. < d 15 s s t :eel jmsti led n at emp . :lder t s ourden an; lorger. l erefore. e asked tre Departr Lt of Jastice for a rnl ng on tfle matter, realizing as fie n.st have. w‘at tVe decisior would le. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l ere was anct er factor——one t”'t ca rot te :cund ir tie record, and wiic is received witl a fine d1=plaj o? scorz t; Mr Hoover and his staff assistarts. It is t1e keen disappointment of Herlert 5: Yer ever t e failure of Corgress to extznd to im a vote 0? confidence in appreciation of 'is efforts in trizging troaicasting t rose t e swaddling clot es an? teething periods. Equally disappointing to kr. Hoover was t“e failure of rIoadc sters to raily to the defense of t:e prirciples to w ic7 t e; uranimously com— mitted t ersel'es at tUe Fourt' Tational Radio CC‘.rf“er.‘eitr3%..“+ al's opinion, is isszed a warning to t ose who mig t ed a tags of tTis lapse of control. Later t?e sam (I) , Hoover c'aracteristically expressed Wis p ilosopli— elief 1: volaitar" action. when Le irdlcatei t at t‘e rative efforts anderway migtt serve to control casting and to prevent c aos until logislation CC“ld Q) (J (.,. (D $.14 During the period prior to the rec01vening of It (‘9‘ (I) *‘3 (D 2 Q) (I) apparently some deterioration of t*e ‘ U :17 £1 LL p- O m ”‘3 C) CD {)4 (’2 Q.) {J 1 (“f O to Control Broadcasting“ 14"W‘ro I 1 pp. 572—574. Octcter. \O U; R) proaicastirs: :1 .at.on. Alt cnny' it'was not a2 tad a: ad .etr exp:d_ed i: s he cir;le:, it did put cersidera.le prcss re :po congiess to erac: radio legisla;ior. On Zece'ter I. Presidevt Coo idge presented is A;”Wal Me sage to Co15ress. w'ic incl;ded t e following comments on radio: Eye to 1 e decisions of t'e courts. t3~ altiorit; of t e D~partme.o under tFe law of 1912 as Iroker iow'; m r, "ore stations have teen Operating tian can te accommodated wit in tNe limited n‘rter of wave Lengi s availatle; fnrt er stations axe departed from tie sckeme of allocation set dowi lg: t"e deparwuhapt, and t‘e Mrcflie serVice C>"o is most importaxt p tlic function has drifted into 33:? c aos 1 .1 'v -;'I ‘_ _ _ :_l 1 _ _- _3 W a" seens 11seiy, 11 not remedied, to oestrod its great value. I most 1‘reentljy recommend tkat t:is legis;atior '; enacted.T7 D ring its Second Sess“on, t‘e .9tf Congress continued t e dis;nion over radio legislation wnic it 'ad initiated during t e first session. More and more debate resolved itself into a political controversy centering I; O- 0 V ‘9 f’ o lze previous April ”retel ion against Eioo v CL (3 O ”V t + '1 the 3w Yo"V limes ad riported ‘\ 3 \ r T T r v N t -‘V "v- ' SCCIctaPJ nxover s gel alle 16 . . " How ere er had abused his authority. r.t many perso s were opposed to giving a Catinet officer lroad Powers in sficfi an in91uentia. field as radio trdad— casting. TEis reaction was most prominent in t‘e Serate w ere t e gay York_2jmes found tie following political 15 - ,. Willi-ord, on. c1t., p. he, quoting from *dt' Congressional ecord 32, Decemter 7, 192 . 16e v 7 F. l l, ise new itrK lines April av, 19::, p. 9. 98 (7* 'r—-" m T213 lrirgs i1to tLe pict.re critics of Secretar, Hooves wHo declar: t‘e passage a? t e prOposod lea slatiox [t e W ite till] would mass ‘1” czar of ralic. heir appre ension takes in t e possiti it; of “r. Toover lecomirg a Presi’entiai candidat ard tei g atle to use radio to ‘13 advantage. Ot} leavir: Mr. Loo er's personal fortd1es o1t, :a' e mig t use radio to benefit t e Repn‘iican Presiiential campaign to the disadvantage of t.e Democrats. Another version is tlat Senator James Watson o? Indiana. Reputlic Chairman of the I ter~ state Comnerce Compittee, again feels t e Preside' urge a1i is not deSlTOhb of seeing Hoover or anv ot er potential candidate too strongly ertrenc ed w t swc a powerful campaign adjunct as rad1 11 retrost:ct. tie Tew *orw C'mes s r”sd F t 9 ‘ w . 1“ ‘1 f‘. ' r q‘ ‘ \ ' "x O V‘ .1 N and its eventual outc one a: .011ows: (—1“ O 1 4 ’21) Fan ire gsdt iotwari provided Ior Sec~ .rect c.a arge o: . g . 14L:!E; lei radio measdre in *1 Eoover‘s Qt” (1 I H . fifi‘ -4 3‘4 ' 1 a A a ommission order ‘im. 1‘ 1—4 (I 1"" 03 H I...J- l (J UQ U) '1) * O .L—- 1— '0) 1—3 f‘,’ wit' an adv? ’1 Q) Li: D 4:“ (D U) Q) (D (I) i _ 1 3 Senate was no: impr 5 ed. Republican members w ose aspirations 1 c uded an l1t101= to sit in t e C ie" Executive 3 chair saw t eir iopes teing blasted. W‘en Senator Dill. Democrat of Was irgton. presented his neasure to t*e Se1ate. t e; [t.e Republican Senators] tacked it in tTe Sac: of tPe Adninistration we sure, introd“ced by W ite. T*e result was a compromise out of wmic t e Federal Radio Commission was torn. Seiat oriai aspirantslgwat7ed easierLi1t e relieftjat Secretary Hoover was ' or; o? 'is power. B1t tley oxerlooked an importart iss1e. Fad Secretar Hoover teen in direc, c arge of radio a1d l“roadcastira d rir t e past year tFere is no ac~ur11ce that *e could ‘ave im‘roved on t1e work done ty t e [Federal Radio Commission As it is, Secretary Hoover‘s bands were tied. wi1? t e r “1 5 Fe was kept ovt of hot water t at is antitiors . Senatorial foresig t in aivavcir- Kis prospect P8w1e1 it ed to t' wart ‘is amt’ (I) I gne New Zorn lines, can ar" 1C. 192‘. VIII, p 18" ‘7 v' 1 -—- -,- .7 -—— ~' *orm line;,I%n11ar' H .l$hfi- 1k, F- into law. With'flwetmactnent o? tPe ’3 ‘ § -4 \T) [\) 5: 1D (1‘ f’) ;_ UN “L LJJ .1 Lew Radio A3t. a iarge s are of the responsitiiity for the ccrtro] of radio passed from Hoover's 3 Quit o - .7 .1 . ~ 1‘ r ‘I‘ “ V ,. *"I I' " ,‘ a : w v r _‘ weig t Wsic .e ad Lorne -or aimost six ,ears. After such a period 0? service ard after t e personal 4- ,1 " 1. >‘ .1 Yr; ’. ". U‘W' "7 a rr . J" t v ‘ -‘. 1 . \ '13 kr'\ r} . ':\fi ."+ 4 {1 l ’\ j '. Co ..LCJ :‘Tr'vL'l'Tg. --CDJBI‘ “:15- Watts 8]-, Moth b...:Viil‘: 4 was it? is "ards i: TaQLO controi. :owever, :ocver wa H ,3 ’fJ (‘ +- \I) Q) 4T) E: (I. (‘f' O !'T O F e) (u 2 CD (—f O kD r 4) i *J (T) 0 c1- Q) U) W1 "'4 L1 3 Q) (I < + {D (‘f (13 i («+— i 3.4 O ‘D :q h m UJ N (T) 5.1; (—f \D S; Q) ‘N *1 H (—+ Q; (L O '3 (_+.. 1‘ ( + Q) 11 7’? K 1 assigrei to t*e COWF‘SSiOL and that 1t wowii L9%d tine worK on t en. earned wittaut provijir UK; 0 § % L14 (0 ti 0 *‘3 (+- (I (3 O H (/J u‘\ H C; 7‘ I II‘ 0 0 er went Ott of His way t 1 '_on t1ro*gv this cri i Q) Ff 'b (D O f 1 CL r+ (1: 'r. J ..k r_+. L‘ O O {1‘ U1 r—J. (H '\J {D T rougfi t'e Department 0; Commerce, We prtvided off? rimited fTRdS (orig I p: d finally appropria for Department of Commerce radio activities) with w 105 the Commission was enabled t O begin its tasks. During tte remaining sixteen mor‘is tbat Eoover x0 tinned to serve as Se:retary of Commerce, he t C) ooper (I) L :‘LI? with tte Federal Radio Commission. (L F—J' *V (‘1' (I) '1 (D In gurt'ermofie, :oover continted his act:V" U: 0 do (/1 Space 301':- & .“ (, \ Vrk no oqle. + J... treati; »P fatiwn. 3i ..i C E A R: ER V QlRVEE OR ORITIOI OF HOOVER‘S ROLE I: RADIO E'37I AI IO" :13 F ifiis -ina; c apt:r will concentrate on a broad survez'cx73floover's role Inllfihjlo regulation» V H “w ' ‘ ' + n p : 3A - " ¢erd early it the LlSLorx o- roaicas t re, Hooves U .. realized the ircortance of radio ‘ roadcasti I? and tWe ) diffiC“lties t at it wouid present: I was earl 3' impressed with t ree tiings: i e immense importer ce of the spoken radio; 3 , he rgerc; o? p aciig the new chanrels of sommt” - cat io: ;rder purl i3 cortrol; ail t ird, t'e di:fi3 lty of deVi sirg sac control in a Lew art. H sees t1ar a year after re became Secretar; of Commerce, raiio troadcasting began to loom large or tLe horizor. Very‘qyie; y Hoover had to formulate a policy toward radio for himself and for the Department of Com- '7‘ J. t.e first Tational Radio (J) m LL t—n DJ m ) A m (—4,. .i REFS? . (“h m U J Conference, ge promulgated 7e ”Hoover radio pilic which Wiib.r and Hyde gave detailed as follows: a) the channels through the air xere public trot-e b) broadcaster rs and others were tenants at the wilFlt sf tt1e Governn Wert c) they gad to te est and to pr re g l ated tot};r e e t ei 'r " interference.‘ -,L" V1. L As Mr. C. M. Jansxy stated during a 1957 speech: Jere Zas been mncL specu latior t roughest ertert HOOVEP, Megoirs, II, p. 139. “Willur and Hyde, op. cit., p. 207. t : g:ar- as to t'e origi: o oar Pueifi :ar system of ”ree broadcastirgu If»: rd 5 Hou3 f’at iii: :. tea was torr “t t e ”'rst Htov r Ra iifi (Sevrisrédice IL ‘19’23.3 (‘f D FT’ CD (3 }) (3 -.e ”:oover raiio pol cies are, of course, ,3. . :1 7.. rw—r ”Ly FL + t} O (+ D ‘I\ "I; H. (D Q! I. “’1 I {I (—f. CD 3 0 FT: *‘5 C CD HJ 0 CD (—+ p. JQ (1'; g. r} \2 {I N (’7 Q 1; I v) H ..A "I \Q '1 -‘ O L Q) C (3 "' CD U ‘f (D r Y J F" ’I '1’ H I: I) a CD 01 x) F ‘3 r+ r; 'T) *‘3 __ 0 r5“ *3 (L :1 n. H 'D H O I H) d I "5 C) m l n L) (‘+ L- T O DU 1 m (D L: L): r- " (D O ’9' I, "J I) D (- .4. :0 If L j »——J - o e C I) I1> *- (D r)- r ‘J (J D) 4 D 53 Q) L) {D 0 f3 (—1.. Q3 ( f (—f :1 CO (I) (D "3 1. r+ m "1’: O f O O 52‘ -§ \I‘ 0—: (J 11‘ F tlv U. I Q) I, .1 L-I- (J D U) (13 ( f O {D Q) "U 7‘3 L_J J (3 CD :1 (—1,. o *‘S o (.4 L13 it; (A "C O r—1 7‘ (O O (.,. I“? CD (+ i s, urre'uia o- tgoadcas s Wa ’1(.| RI “3. G D I" W— (3 r‘? C'f (D O (D (I; lects Hoover's itresig t regarding t? L: Y’J. f*J 9‘?) H- (J J (1' w- '1) s:1%n-tirg radic>Irroadcas wti,gg. Hoover t‘te: ’a A o « I _‘ _‘ _‘ :3 _\ I ‘ '_ r‘ “‘1- ': 4- - .1 [A $81: igorc.s e- o*ts to rave Fixer as eract saitatie regisiatior. As others have pointed out, ”Mr. Ioover de— serves great credit for his attempts to Irirg an.t proper (W regisiatior. :owev: r. as preViogs chapters have ind. P’- (J in (‘- (l3 3...: d I" f ' ~ r 'I '1' N n ‘ -' ‘ . ‘- .1" v: 1’ " :- ‘ r‘ vv 1 5c. A. oarskg, The contrihttiOh o; hertert .qu61 I: r .‘ '. -~~ H 7» ~ 1“ ”:V \n r- r. . . <- - Q<~ I. ‘1 - dfi to oroadcastiug, uotrral o: trod-castirg, I (oi; er.I9)' 2d,. \_, ' ”V17. 1.; ‘— k C, +4- t " {J t“- t at 7. : f ‘ .‘ V? ‘ 7" 'W . \ 5; rs‘ org pow~rj not cov~rei z, t,, naarc I? k“ / V .‘I KN l T H \,: __ " .— .. V ..1 . I o ”&ih L ~om~ :en.laroa of o r ‘nti 1929 f '_ -w '_ _. 1 r o N o _ _‘ H _ I) 'f ‘\ _ .‘5 rr Jag Q901~JOL: Lart tue De\artm»ho 0 Co"— + - y" r - fi ‘ n ,'. ‘ , ‘I . 4— l- r\ arse or pgei o- d;- LoWer to a~ar wLo, . H 4 +— — h .L L.“ (a t .4 O' O I T." r _. 0- ‘i r 1 ; . 1 . (-v ’ r- 1 —. V. nar.~':orr as :tatwa t at 4t 15 E1: L~Jr~f t at D 4" LA. T) C); H. ' ‘1 0 CD N isum1rg a.; L9~355arx power DJ < P. 7"? UK CD (I ~gmmed regulator? PQWQFS I» '2‘ J r t O (F, D Q.‘ C) (_+ & L— J l- J 9 3 Ur; *‘S Q) + I\ D H a C7" 1—,] ‘D Y(‘ LJ. L Q) r+ }_ l ,__J r. ' ~ 7 ~ r r ' A I: Yr- — \ ‘ T ’ K" aLd raaot xlooentrJ aJdlhst ”OOVwT. “OWGJ r. t,e ;~w ;or: .-- . fl . 1 9+- .‘ ‘ ‘ , llTES raport~i t.at ”bearerarv noovar :as not o,-~zo~r tha o : , ., H 1° ,\ ,. .. H V. H A lroa oa;I—r:. T'a Cows: goes on to :ad t at . . . t are is 10 iisputirg t'a Tact tgat Secretary ZOOVQP :as erfiearad . q p a ..1 o -‘ o a I o w ”(9 :rsar; TO many persons 1nrruert1ar 1r t;e rarlo 1nnustry. Periap: tge reason tlat the broadcasters did not oppOSE tla Wsurpatior of regulatory powers was t at Hoover \T‘ L). 5105 .e “alrea at 1;; E: H- r f S 1 their advice ard corsert, n o oorferanoes. .Oriviratad by Hoover. t 936 r) t ‘..L; H :1) Q) L); r " poroerauoas :ualled radio parsorrel to \LSCNRJ t air pro- and reormmend to tke Government, througL ioovar ard 8“ rarsonal letter from H. V. K _ . h ltehborn.January 7, A;=o see quote from Badlo tr a t t" . .\ '1 - \p ,—\ " f‘ aJ‘V‘J :‘v‘ 0!; L.dgk_- ffl. 0m .r Ill. Q / .77" ‘4 --I‘ v9 1 FT ’: ' A \ “\1 “I " 1"): A ‘ - )-. 4 £3 -.aw LOI’x‘. -.LPro FVCI’UarJ 45' 17"“: ‘. If.” P" l"' T e Ceoar1m3Lt C“ CommerCC. p0“3111e ? tio15 to t e:e LLO'ZeLs. T3. “,1 r 4—‘ ,. LA f‘ L.» 4"» ,-\ . A 1~,~ J._ Nd: dt L' "Z‘: uL?{;-*:‘P‘T:."iC': t at "’ " “I ‘I ~ 1‘ I " A A ..1 : ', ,- ’3 r\ \r ‘W .' : v —\ fl . . . 27311.1:I’t .100‘ '3'? 119-1. 271.1, 1:? 4213111721., r‘- " -‘ r ‘ v r“. r1 ‘- r .1 "I -* — 9*. ‘, r‘ I " A y' 4" .1 a . r r‘) '9 .1 "-. ."‘ arj a HHantfl oezt,_n; 11LdameLta1 11r1Lo1p1e; ‘7. ‘ ‘ ‘ 17 ‘ fl ‘: " -w ‘2 "0 1 v I . 1' P "~ 1 ‘. T M r~ 3‘ ,V r 1 o- p1111o ‘911t; wL1c are toga; t.e acceptea ‘ 1-. . (L : -\ . - . . I Y \ . n .,~. “"f‘ q, o :ouLdat10L MpOL w. 0 our Aner1oaL :drtcm 01 a 'z" ‘~ . I «1 I‘ fl r N l 1‘ ‘ ,- r -* 1 1 . 'V tree DTO&JCGDL Lg an lfivfl L111t. O O O I O O I O O I O O O O O O O I O I O D At t e rajio confereLcee 1e spousuref aLd gu1oea, :eruert :Wover emp.as1zed t e iroortazoe A. )‘\( ' " - ’. q , y l‘ ‘ ,1 " -: -‘ T_7 ‘ o: -airoL-w1de Letwerm troaooazt Lg. Le ooL r: 3 'x - d. w ' -. . fl . 1‘ J- \ 1 -\ Y\ ,- ;‘ r A (1v 7- A‘r. :1e' 4t4J .U.:lob7d apoL a n31:umur o1 goxe1L e 1 zoLfro- ano 1r 1te pgaoe advocated 1ro1strg \ r- _ ‘h )’ ‘fi r‘ 1‘ ‘. L: . " ,~ ,‘ "’ ‘\ +— x . ‘ ' ‘rq ae1-—re'11at1on. “e oppo ed the Laflng aL '9 ‘3 I— ~ 0 i . r' A , 'N . 7 . g " \ n LY -\. ‘-.‘x ‘ 'I n " 112:: ..... -g o Paulo rece1w1Lg sets. .e LLpOQ:J t e ’O"+Tfin€? owxers 1p 0: rroadoa t stat1ors. -, ‘1 Y/fi ~ -.-0 ~7- . x D r ‘ A130 9 Oppo ei goveerert CELQOP311“ o- Iroao— r‘ - I ‘1 \/ cast proglaw nate er1a1. ' '- v' .- 1 ~ w +' f‘u " cal “(‘21. 81.:L- .ztaLel) tat h 9- .— fl ~ ~ u «A :y noveiber, 1925, wheL tee roxrtu of t eee ,1. r .. 1, . ‘. m , , : .- I' -. H, ‘1. _. - 39t1rrtkfita was weld, Our Arer1oaL -Iee :sstem ‘1 U‘ f‘ 3‘ . "1 r1: " "‘ w‘ |/ I 4- 4- [o: bro dCdctng] :ad become so accepted t.at L0 11 r '\ : " /‘ ~~r~ N 1. ~' (“o 1’ '9 v I. I, 1 r ‘N . ' - . date, 1t ha: eae11J :1rJ1111 a11 attack: LpoL 1t. - ,1 .1 1‘ -..1 n .-.,,,1'1 1. . . ."-, ~ro1er : 1:1?”8110h 01 r : 1ator. o‘er 1n ra 10 \J Lot‘Pr? 1': ’ ~ 1 1” .ra s '* A"er1“a‘ gov'r1wo t 1‘ “(11-1117 L. Na .V d 11.1-Aq '7: CC 4 [-CE 11. -111 Vb . —1J Ly. LI . “.1‘ ‘ ‘ . ‘ ‘v‘ .1 ‘ :—T ‘1'“, 2 ': r I . - ,-.’""‘ 4' wo11d be appropr1ate oo 100A at Loower s nmo 1 ea 1L -1igot . 3* : w - w "1 F. n ‘* '1 r " . '* "’ 1‘ ' r - ~ " ”\I‘ 1Lg th: -:4rpatioL. 11: C1 :ago ~veu1La Font oouweLteJ -- — ,« ~ .m . a ~ r -\ 4N “ 1 -‘ r‘ \po1 Cnlo matter ab 10110w»: 7‘ .- 1 L A 1A n . 2 : 1... ,5. .- "- oeoretar, LLOVer Lab managoa W1tu aqn1rat1e : " ’u h . $- . ' ‘ ‘ " “a " ~ ~ w1sdom aLd fairLesb to ma1nta1L 30m: nea31re ‘5 " " ‘1' . r‘ '\ . 1' \ [x . ...T ,- 1' r. ‘V 01 ormi r azj d1531p11re 1L tLe a1r. 1e “a: ~‘- /~ 1 1 1- r- y'. n ,—- — A ‘ ,-_ J— -: —‘ Q" -, 5:13 tge ; “11denoe aLd COOperat1ou o1 Lroao— I“ ’I r‘ "\ r- ' - q r‘ . -- < 1 '. Ix - W " :1 . "' Caetere ago tue rai1o pub11c chQFa11y. “e 1; ' -. »\ 1 ' 5- u D L U I 1 ’1 r r r- .- . 7\ -\ Lot vea1o15 01 power. ”15 who1e career 1L tme a" . " r‘ ' "‘ W '~ 2 r V' r '1 " A ‘, 1’1 7" 1 a «\ CatlLet La: 110ved him to be a maL W;0 .a1de: 1‘10 1. Tr ‘ ‘ _v - a r‘; I f‘~. (" VI [4- Udr .‘k‘y' .LOC. Cl'uoq pp. LIL+L+9 ano 1“ F“WH“ F' J a: a "eaLa o‘ :erV1Ce. ’3‘! So far a; tue DepartneLt of Commerce is ctioer1~d. the extraordinary difficul :LufT'cts _1 the situatiOL are such t he well satisfied to see radio admiLi; a1; otfier department whict caL proLerly ‘ take its regulatioL.15 k (x r . D f‘ + a *‘Z‘. T1 T <3 "3 (‘1' \T) } O (3 F1 'r—Jo H- ”My, (J 1...). (J) I: C) L1») inoee who 11 e to criticize CabfL in the preaent Republican admiListr to have avoided Herbert Hoover, the retary of Commerce Almost ever 1 Secretar; Hoover L 3 done an excell ALd few groups {Se that more at 1 the radio 701k. mere 13 aiso Luca direct praise e dav Cor Hoover and his actions 1L 1 7anajed radio affa' r c e tiat f 1r least 10351 le f 1 tiOL and a gr at 0" r x ‘Q " "I 1“» 1or perQOLai power in T ., 11 1, o ‘ . ._ ' fl; .. ‘7 ,. '1 - a Lave oeeL eurtrieiLgig 1 a actiOLs 1L e1:ect1Lg COLtrol iOOVST 88 tE1e adio ... .A. ~.1 .4 of radio. uEFTh of Radio,” a mortLly column appeariLg 1L Radio literature Hoover: in Radio COLtroi, HT} a. f. Morecraft, 14B Ma ’1 ch 0: ’1 Time: Coolidge and - - o ver OppO“e a Radio Commission.” Radio Broadcaat, uuiy, A L1 1‘ A I \_,f j: n / C. J H r711”. . H. Morecraft, iue March of r Conference Did,” Radio Broadcast, 1 T' PT— ‘ l‘ ‘v T '1: v' \ ‘ " ' A' i'e C‘icaa\ it Iw'e rep~rtedz .roer is admiristratior tme radio izd‘euc; in f“? COgthb faf Lion'uened as it fia: rowwaere ads; 1% . 7" tie wcr i. “ 'rr‘ ' —" '1 \ "‘ r‘ ' 1 ‘ ‘I : '. 7 r‘ ' " f“ . " ‘fi \v " ‘1 ‘f‘ ‘1 1UCX :1 ':. 1.124;: (a; , 1:0:ith1-f I‘ep.¢at101i .. O --L. (:1 Lin"; ‘ ‘ r“ 3 r - ,- ~ 1 ‘ ,_ r. '7 r A 3 . ‘ 3 r‘ ‘v " 4‘ J— 1 ,- a_ter a re iiued a: Secretars o Conaeice to rtr :cr the -~ . . 1 -\ -v a“ -. .'»-.- ~. 1—1 ‘w r ‘1 .- .. a "(— r «1 fl —‘ ~‘ ~. q- (‘-. P11 a: ‘37}.C“. g via 11" - "7.1. JOLQ W.;O 1.d 5 ”de": a {Lita J._L"’.'\ ct -zQJ ' f! . " r ‘1' ~ 9" : - ‘ -\ "\ V x ‘ ’4 . ‘\ ‘ , a (x 1 ~~cl ' 5‘ o- t r inaac or HUOVeP reported 1} tie press, ”as QTECCJ H ‘P A . ' “- 'V ", f —: 3 T” -‘. "V ~ ~‘ . 1 V ’1 ‘: » ... iae lflagé preeeLted [ih twe newD Kéfllaj d ILL; his cardidacy ior two Pre31deucy in 1958 was con- pourued of a mixt re 0: his progre331ve, :- *1: A \ ,:‘ a.“ '7‘ 6-,- ..L: n 2'4 ,-..-. inteiiigeut op~iresa ieadaraaip; o: 21; agree;— ‘I r ‘ ‘\ . . 1 "‘ . .‘ y ‘ ‘fi 1-1. ’I /\ ‘ "\ I —: ' ‘fi b'y cue Aivfiddn ~~..r.:, o- Lia great reputatior iro. "\ " l\ V'r’ '\ \ r u ' ' ‘ ,—\ " .‘ I" : i r . '\ ,. t;e War “ear: 8: a Warm~hearted HfimdL4tdrlaL; 1w \« a ' -. w +‘- “1 ,-" '«za ‘ ard. per ap: K05t important oi aii. 3‘ via LOml- ‘ . r» 0 ‘5 -: ‘rs * f. ‘ I" .\ ‘1 “ .1 . f r tio: as neir apparent oi the pOpuiar Cooiidje AdxjrtrrtratitM1. ’ 1' ~ fi ‘ ,‘ ”a P- a r!- q, .- ' t" v ‘ « T I -¢-\ ‘ uere ~yet—rte to ie “a better We) to Corcimde than ~ - :. n. , J .. ,n ‘f. H, , j 1 i7; _ ,Li ,3 tixr WUPJE L, r’if’. C . M. cal 1-1”; N--O salt]: r1 .- ‘ an”- " - 1d,, are I y- :1 1,. I: 13,- [fza‘fl :30 led LE Ca;-1 +7.41 true Pat :9? O; 12.x) » e r‘ "'—~- A r' '1 ‘ "\r r ‘. 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