lDENTlFICATION 0F TWENTY-TWO CHINESE WOODS Thesis for the Degree of M. S. MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE .Te May Tsou .1950 TH F5 i5 III/III §129 III II III L . f_ 3232 This is to certify that the thesis entitled IDEI‘JTIFICATION OF TWENTY-TWO CHINESE ’o’v'OODS presented by Te may Tsou has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Easter Forestry degree in WQAA Major professor Date M64! 02 % /¢6‘O 0-169 -‘J ‘— xd...~.-—— ‘.—.~_- --...- , - .. . .— PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due. '— DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE Ibécl994 mm MSU Is An Affirmative Action/E qual Opportunity Institution czkimwdodwpmS-pj IDENTIFICATION OF TWENTY-TWO CHINESE WOODS By Te may'Teou V‘h-u— A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Forestry 1950 THESIS TABLE OF CONTENTS Page II‘TrfiwDUC'I‘IUNOOIOOOOOOO.0.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.00.00.00.0000001-2 KEYS FOR IDENTIFICATION 1. Based on Gross Features......... ...... ...... .........3-5 2. Based on Minute Features................................6-8 DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES Pinaceae l. Abies holophxlla maxim.........................9-IO Salicaceae 2. Populus adenopoda maximt... ........... .......ll-12 Juglandaceae 3. Juglans mandahurica maxim..................13-lh h. Pterocarxa stangptera D€;....... ........ ...15-l6 Betulaceae 5. Betula insignis Fr............... ..... . .....l7-18 6. Betula japonica Sieb.atLu....................l9-20 7. Alnus nepalensis D. Don................. ..... 21-23 8. Carpinus laxiflore var.macrostachya Oliv.....24-26 Fageceae 9. Castanopsis fargesii Franch......... ...... .....27-28 10. Castanopsis‘platyacantha R. ET W................29-30 ntgpercua acutissima Endl................ ........ 31-33 12.Quercus aliena var. grosserata R.et W;.........3h236 Lauraceae 13. Phoebe nanmu Gamble....... ................. ..37-38 Emmsae 1‘}. “1312213 kalkora Pz'ainoooo00000000000000.0039“l+0 Simarubaceae l5. Ailanthus altissima Swingle...............hl—43 Heliaceae 16. Cedrela(Toona) sinensis Jugs.................hh~h5 Euphorbiaceae l7. Sapium.sebiferug:Rex.....................46-h7 Anacardiaceae l8. Rhus succedanea L........................48-h9 Aceraceae 19. Acer pictum.var. pgrviflorum Schneid.........50—51 Rhamnaceae 20. Hovenia dulcis Thunb........................52-53 Theaceae 21. Schima crenata Korth........... ............ ...5h—55 Araliaceae 22. Acanthgpanax.evodiaefolius Fr...............56-57 H.11MU1'1KUM‘ CI‘l’ED..... C ..... 0.0... O I OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO .58 .- ' y! no .t x 7 r} A, . .2 _ J , INTRODUCTION There are about 2,550 known species of trees and shrubs in China, about one thousand of which are commercialLy valuble trees(2). Due to the large territory and complexity of races in China, the common names of these plants are not identical and are often misuSed. This situation causes considerable confusion in so far as scientific studies and trade practices are concerned. Although some progress has been recently made by the botanists in correct identification of Chinese plants, the number of timber Species studied is still limited, thus chaotic conditions still prevail in the timber market at the present time. The author obtained wood samples of twelve common timber Species from.the National Central University of Nanking, China, and was also fortunate in procuring ‘- additional Species from.the New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse, N.Y.. This entire collection served as a basis for a research problem, dealing with detailed anatomical study of a group of Chinese woods. The specimens used in this study include one softwood species and twenty—one species of hardwoods. Of these Populus adenopoda, Pterocarya st noptera, Betula_insigni§, Castanopsis fargesii, Castanopsis platycanthg, Quercus acutissima, Phoebe nanmu, Albizuia kalkora, Sapium sebiferum, Schima crenatgJ Rhu succedanea, and Hovenia dulcig were collected by K.Y.Chow of Central University in China, from southwestern bzechuan. The rest of the specimens were provided b; the New York State College of Forestry, all of these were collected in China, except netula japgnica and Juglans mandshurica which were collected in Japan, and Abies haolophylla obtained from Korea. -1- This study consists of two parts. The first section presents two keys for identification of the twenty-two Chinese woods; one of them is based on features visible with naked eye and a hand lens(th), the other is based on minute features determined with a microscope. The teecond part of the report presents descriptions of the woods, including: (1) the habit and distribution of the trees, (2) the general charachteri- stics, uses, macroscopic and minute features of the wood, and (3) illustrations of cross and tangential sections at a magnification of lOOX. -2- 1. KEY FOR THE IDL NTIFICATION OF TEENTY-T.O CHINESE WOODS Based on features discernible with the naked eye and with the hand lens(lOX) hood non-porous(without vessels): tissue between the rays(X) con- sisting wholly or largely of tracheids arranged in distinct radial rows; rays indistinct to the naked eye; wood light-buff in color... LLiaotung-lengshanM/ffi)--Abies holgshylla Maxim. l. Weed porous(with vessels); tissue between the rays(X) consisting of pores(vessels) emfihded in fibrous( and parenchymatous tissue); rays distinct or indistinct to the naked eye.....................2. 2. weed ring porous(3pringwood zone generally sharply defined); springwood pores conSpicuously larger than the summerwood pores, distinct to the naked eyeOOOOOOOOO0000......00.000.000.00000003. 2. Wood diffuse porous(3pringwood zone not sharply defined); Spring- wood pores not conspicuously larger than the summerwood pores, not distinct to the naked eye.................................l7. Broad rays present,conspicuous(X), forming a broad ray fleck on the radial surface........ ...... ....... ....... ....... ............ A. Broad rays absentQOOOOOOCOOOOOOOIO0.0... IIIIIIIII .0...’..........8. h. Summerwood pores in flame-shaped patches of light tiesues.....5. A. Summerwood pores scattered....................................6. Heartwood light pinkish brown, summerwood pores distinct tith a hand lens, tyloses Sparse.................. ....... . ........ . ..... XI. Ma-li Uitflfig—gguercus accutis ima Endl. Heartwood light chestnut, summerwood pores numerous, indistinct Vfithahand lens’ tYloses abundantOOOOOOOOO0.00000000000000000000 XII. Ho~li W%)--@ercus aliena var. grosserata R. et W. 6. Heartwood whitish, yellowish or greyish tinge, parenchyma abundant-100.000.. 000000000000... .00 ooooooooooooooooooooooooo 070 A 6. Heartwood flesh colored.................. .................... . VII. Mengtsz-chee—mu(’g;fifi*)--Alnus nape. lensis D. Don. 7. Parenchyma paratracheal-corfluent........ ............... ......... xv. Pat-chun(é3$)--Ailanthus altissima Swinjle. 7. Parenchyma metatracheal..... ....... .. ....... . ......... . .......... VIII. See—shih-li(finflm9--Uarpinus laxiflora var.macrostachy§ Oliv. 8. Transition in size of pores from spring to summerwood gradual; ‘I'IOOd SGm—ring porouSCOOOOCOOOOOO.I.OOOOOOOOOOIOOOOOCOOOOOO0.09. 8. Transition in size of pores from spring to summerwood abrupt; wood typically ring porouS.. ..... . ..... .......................IA. 9. Letatraeheal parenchyma present.............. ............... . IO. 9. Metatracheal parenchyma absent........... ....... .................l2. lO. Pores arranged in flame-shaped patches throughout the growth ringOOOOOOIOS000.000.0000.!r’20.;-vu'I- ,1 . .300000000000 IX. Dah-shih-libhfi i)--eastanopsis fargesii Franch. lo. Pores scatteredOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO eeeeeeeeee bOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOIOOll. ll. Heartwood creamy white to light chestnut brown; metatracheal paren- chyma evenly distributed; rays fine and numerous, indistinct without lensoooctooooooooeooon00000000 oooooooooooo o ...... o oooooooooooooo IV. Fon—yangW—~Pterocary§ stanopjoera. DC. 11. Heartwood chestnut brown with a rosseate tinge; metatracheal paren- chyma confined to outer margin of the growth ring; rays poorly visible with the naked eye................. ......... . III. Hu-tao-chiuttgfikw-wJuglans mandshurica Liaxim. l2. wood lustrous; terminal parenchyma present; rays fine.......l3. 12. Wood dull, heartwood brown in color; terninal parenchyma absent; rays extremely fine, pearly visible with lens............... XVII. I‘m-chow(g;jm)--Sapium sebiferugg Rex. 13. Heartwood golden yellow.................... .......... . ........... XVIII. Yes-chi(§?5 ——Rhus succedanea L. 13. Heartwood pinkish brown............... ............ ........ .. XX. Sze-chuQfi{$§)--Hovenia dulcis Thunb. 15. 15. l7. l7. l9. 19. 21. 21. 11+. Heartwood golden brown with purplish tinge, lustrous; pores few in number; aliform parenchma present; rays indistinct with lensoooooeoooooooooooo ooooooo 00000000000 oooooooo 0.00.00 XIV. Shan-wei( thm--Albizzi_a_ kalkora Prain. 11+. aliform parenchyma absent............... .......... ..........15. MLIGNOOd pores in flame-shaped patches of light tissue; spring— wood pores in 1-3 seriate interrupted rows; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x. Shih-likflli)--Castanopsis platyacantha R. et w. Summerwood pores scattered.......... ............ .... ............ 16. 1s. Heartwood reddish brown, parenchyna paratracheal............ XVI . Hong-chunflfizié) --Uedrela(Toona) sinensis Ju55.. 16. Heartwood yellowish white to light brown, parenchyma terminal... XXII. Shaw—ding-rleLT$)—-Acanthopanax evodiaefolius Fr. Terminal ml‘encilma absentOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO .018. Terminal parenchyma present; pores small and numerous; rays extremely fine, numerous.................................. ....... . ...... .. II. Shm—ye-yrmflM) «Populus adenopoda Maxim. 18. Pores appearing as white dots to the naked eye.. . . ...... . . ..l9. l8. Pores small, indistinct without a hand lens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21. Heartwood greyish brown to brown, with aromatic odor and bitter taste.. JLIII. 14an-mu(jfi$_)-—Phoebe nanmu Gamble Heartwood light colored................ .................... .....20. 20. Heartwood aromatic, light brown with pinkish tinge. . . . . . . . . . V. Shang-htmtéfifi-Betula insignia Fr. 20. Heartwood not scented, creamy whtie with purplish tinge. . VI. Hwa-mutfi$)--Hetula iaponica Sieb. at N. Heartwood flesh colored, rays variable in widtht cross section).. XIX. Shui-seh-shubkéfiflw-Acer pictum var. parviflortg Schneid. Heartwood pinkish brown, rays uniform in width(cross section)... XXI. Mu-thj.1}1‘§)-~Schima crenata Korth. -5... l. 5. MY FOR THE IDELJTIFICATION OF TIVEI‘ITY-TIH'O CHINESE WOODS Based on minute features weed without veSsels(non-porous) ..... ........... ...... . ......... . I. Liaotung-lengshanfiiJ—‘Ft’y)--—A‘bies holophylla Maxim. WOOd With V885818(pOPOUS)...o....................................2. 2. Springwood vessels obviously larger than those in the summer wood (X), WOOd ring WrouSOOOOCOOOOCCOOOO0....O. ....... COCOQOSCCOOOB. 2. Dpringwood vessels not larger or but slightly larger than those in the summerwood(X), wood diffuse porous.....................16. Dpringwood vessels grading(in size) into those of the summerwood; springwood zone not sharply defined, the transition from.8pring to summerwoodlnore or less gradual; wood semi-ring porous...........lO. Springwood vessels not grading into those of the summerwood; Spring- wood zone sharply defined, the transition from.spring to summerwodd abrupt; wood typically ring porous.............. ............ .....h. h. Broad rays of oak type present....... ...... ......... ....... ...5. h. Broad rays of oak type absent.......... ....................... 6. Vessels thick walled, tyloses thin walled... .......... . ...... .... XI. IB-liOfifik-gtercus accutissima Endl. Vessels thin walled, tyloses thick walled........................ XII. Ho-li(m--Qpercus aliena var. grosserata_R. et W. 6. Heed with homogeneous rays only, paratracheal parenchyma aliformed.. XIV. Shan-woi(xl)m--Albizzia kalkora Prain. o. hood with heterogeneous rays or with both homo- and hetero-geneous ra-ysooooooceoo oooooooo coo 00000000000000 o ooooooooooooooo 000000070 Ray of two kinds: broad rays heterogeneous, narrow rays homogeneous..8. Rabi-S heterogeneous, parenChyma SmrSBOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.00.0009. 8. Vessels with spiral thichenings, gelatinous fibers common..... XV. Pat-chun(é$§. )-—-Ailanthus altissima Swingle. 8. Vessels without spiral thickenings, with confluent pitting and gummy deposits.......... .................................. ... XVI. Hong-chun(§i£$9--Cedrela(Toona) sinensis JuSS. 9. Pores arranged in flame shaped tract; perforations scalariform and Simple; Semate fibers comlonOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOI'......OOOOOO... X. Shih-liflfii)-~Castan0psis plantyacantha R. et W. 9. Pores arranged in nests; perforations simple; no septate fibers.. XXII. Shaweding—mu(d<115;)-Acanthopanax evodiaefolius Fr. lO. Pores arranged in flame tracts, thick walled tyloses present... IX. Dah-shih-li(¢LflLflR)-- Castanopsis fargesii Franch. lO. Pores not arranged in flame tracts...........................ll. ll. Parenchyma abundant.................... ................. ........12. ll. Parenchyma comparatively Sparse; intervessel pits often confluent..15. 12. Parenchyma zonate...........................................l3. 12. Parenchyma not zonatégyinterfiber pits conspicuous..........lh. 13. Rays heterogeneous................ ..... . ...... .................. XVII. I’m-chowtgflq) )-—Sapium sebiferum Rox. 1.3. Rays homgeneous............o OOOOOOOO 0............OOOOOOOOOOCOOO IV. Fon-yanggflq‘g) --Pterocarya stanoptera DC . 1A. Aggergate rays present; pores numerous(X).. ............ ..... VIII. See-shih-likflnfiyflé)--Carpinus laxiflora var.macrostachya Oliv. 1A. Aggregate rays absent; pores Sp&FS€(X)....... ...... ......... 111° Hu'taO‘Chiuiflfitm--Juglan8 glandshurica Maxim. 15. Vessels thick walled; gelatinous fibers common; rays of two kinds, uniseriate rays homogeneous, 3—5 seriate rays heterogeneous..... XX. Sze-chuQflKjiD-—Hovenia dulcis Thunb. 15. Vessels thin walled; septate fibers common; rays heterogeneous, 1-2 Ser‘iateoooooooo uuuuu oooooooooooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooo XVIII. Yee-chi(?§'i$)--ithus succedanea L. -7... 17. 17. 19. 19. lo. hood with two kinds of rays: simple and aseregate; perforation (JD 1)].ates ScétlarifOrmOOO000.000.00.00O-oI.0'1u.u 5100.00.00... VII. {engtsz-chee-muOtflfldk)--Alnus napalensis D.Don. lo. wood without aggregate rays.................................l7. Perforation plates scalariform......................... ..... ....18. Perforation plates simple............................ ..... ......20. 18. Intervossel pits minute, often confluent....................l9. 18. Intervessel pits large, often scalariform; interfiber pits conspicuous.............. ........... .... ............... XXI. Mu-ho(.'&'-fl§)—-_§_g_hima crenata Koeth. Fibers thin walled, often septate..................... ........ .. VI. Hwa—muUfi?jL)--Betula japonica Sieb.£fi kt Fibers thick walled, not septate.. .......... ......... ... V . b‘hang-hwaQfi 31$ )-—Betula insi gnis Fr. 20. Rays uniseriate, homogeneous; parenchyma terninal..... ...... II. Shan‘b'e—Yan5@¥t%)--—Populus adenopoda afaxjm, 20. Rays not uniseriate only......... ....... ...................21. Vessels with spiral thickenings; rays homogeneous; interfiber pits conspicuous............ .............. ............ .......... XIX. b‘hui-seh-shu(zi<.m——Acer pictum var. parviflorum bchneid. Vessels without Spiral thickenings; rays heterogeneous; septate fibers common; enlarged parenchymatous oil cells abundant....... XIII. Nan-mufifi N-«Phoebe nanmu Gamble. I. Liaotung-lengshan fistjbéifip Abies holophylla maxim. Plate I Big tree up to 30-50 meters tall, h meters in diameter; found in Manchuria; wood soft, used for paper making(2). GENERAL CHARACTEdISTICS OF THE uOOD--No differentiation between heartwood and sapwood(h); wood light buff, the summerwood portion of the ring with a brown tinge, without characteristic odor and taste, straight grained, medium to coarse textured, light and moderately soft; weight of air-dried wood 25 pounds per cubic foot(h). GAOSS FLATUdE5--Growth rings distinct, delineated by a band of darker summerwood, narrow. Springwood zone occupying one-third to two- third of the ring; transition from.summerwood-to Springwood gradual; summerwood zone distinct to the naked eye. Parenchyma not visible. Rays very fine(cross section), not distinct to the naked eye, visible with a lens, appearing as white lines. Normal resin canals wanting. ELNUTE FEATURE$-—Tracheids 22-36 microns in diameter, 2.231 to 2.301 mdlimeter in length, bordered pits in one row, occasionally in two rows,on the radial walls; pits lending to ray parenehyma small (3—5 microns in diameter), with distinct border, arranged in two rows, 2-h per ray crossing. Longitudinal parenchyma wanting. Resin canals wanting. Rays uniseriate, up to 25 cells in height(mostly a-lO cells), consisting of ray parenchymatous cells or occasionally uith marginal ray tracheids. B-Li.‘IE-tIAL—-Syracuse 162/2871. Plate I Abies holophylla Maxim. iI . shan-ye-yang (fifi) Populus adenopoda maxim. Plate II Tree of medium size up to 20-25 meters in height; distributed in dzechuan, Hupeh and lower Youngtze River region belOW'l,7OO meters levelt2). wood is used for inlays, furniture, boxes and matches(3). GuNERAL CHARACTERISTIUo OF THE wUOU--Uemarcation between heart- wood and sapwood indistincth); wood creamy whtie with pinkish tinge, without odor er taste, moderately soft and moderately light, straight grained, medium.and even textured. UROSQ FEATURES—-Growth rings distinct, defined by darker fibrous tissue and fine terminal parenchyma; wood diffuse porous, pores small, evenly distributed and numerous. Parenchyma terminal. Rays extremely fine and numerous, indistinct without a hand lens. MINUTE PfiafiUfim5--Vessels 53-90 per square miflimeter, the largest up to 97 microns in diameter; perforation plates simple; intervessel pits orbicular, oval, or angular through crowding, 7-10 microns in diameter, opposite to alternate. Parenchyma terminal, forming a more or less continhous, l-2 seriate-line; paratracheal parenchyma very Sparse. Fibers thin walled(2-A microns), lA-25 microns in diameter, .9h9 to .991 milimeter in length; occaseional gelatinous fibers present. hays unstoried, homogeneous, unberiate, occasionally biseriate in the middle partion of the rays, up to 25 cells in height along the grain. MATERIAL-~C.U.No. 9, Syracuse AA3/10h27. Plate II WC, Populus adengppda Maxim. Cross sectionlOOX ..‘-. ”II. iitllllll‘-.-C... t I . Tangential section lOOX III . Hu-tao-chiu W Juglans mandshurica maxim. Plate III Tree up to 20 meters tall and 1 meter in diameter; distributed in manchurica, Hopeh and Honan. Wood used for gunstocks(2). GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HOOD-~5apwood narrow, light brown, heartwood chestnut brown with a roseate tinge; wood with a mild walnut odor, tasteless, straight grained and medium textured, lustrous, mode- rately heavy, hard. GhOSo FEHTURES——growth rings distinct, defined by terminal pa< renchyma; wood semi-ring porous, pores scattered, solitary, tyloses fairly abundant. Parenchyma visible with a hand lens, arranged in fine, continuous or broken tangential lines in outer margin of the growth rings. Rays poorly visible to the naked eye, wavy and not numerous on cross section. MINUTE FAATURES—-Vessels in the summerwood 8-13 pores per square miflimeter, the largest up to 280 microns in diameter; perforation plates simple; intervessel pits round to elliptical, or angular through crowding, alternate, o-lO microns in diameter; tyloses present. Parenchyma abundant, (1) terminal parenchyma forming an uniseriate continuous line; (2) paratracheal parenchyma Sparse, restricted to occasional cells; (3) metatracheslrdiffuse parenchyma forming short tangential lines(metatracheal parenchyma). Fibers thin walled (3-5 microns), lA-25 microns in diameter; 1.075 to 1.129 milflmeter in length, interfiber pits rather conspicuous. “ays unstoried, simple, heteroge- neous, 1-5 seriate, up to 30 cells in height along the grain. it‘;’l‘15.llaL--Syracuse 9/28“)- Plate III 0 .'§-" 0 i ' a" "’5’. 1 C. I .I‘ .. i. a x l I I Tangential section 1001 .11.- IV. Fen-yang M) Pterocarya stanoptera DC. Plate IV. Tree of medium size up to 20 meters tall; distributed in Kiangsu , Chekiang, Kiangsi, Hupeh, Fukien, Kvangtung, Kwangsi, Hweichow, Yunnan, Kansu, Shansi, Shantung, Wood is used for chests, furniture, wooden-ware and matches(2). .GLHERAL CHAfihCTERISTICS OF THE h00D-—No differentiation between sapwood and heartwood(5); wood creamy white to light chestnut brown, lustrous, without characteriscic odor or taste, straight grained, modera- tely hard, fine textured, moderately light and rather brittle. GhCSd FsATUKBS—-Growth rings distinct and undulating, delineated by an abrupt difference in size between the pores of the late summerwood and those in the springwood of the succeeding ring; wood semi-ring porous, pores scattered, those in the Springwood readily visible to the naked eye, decreasing gcadually in size toward the outer margin of the ring, solitary and in radial groups of 2-several, tyloses present. Parenchyma visible with a hand lens, arranged in fine, numerous, tangen- tial lines. days fine and numerous, indistinct without a hand lens. LINUTd rmnthno-~VGSSGIS in the summerwood 10-16 per square mifli— meter, the largest up to ml? microns in diameter; perforation plates simple; intervessel pits round to angular, ll-lh microns in diameter, alternate; tyloses present. Parenchyma abundant, forming more or less continuous uniseriate tangential lines(zonate). Fibers thin to medium.thick walled (3-6 microns), lA-22 microns in diameter, .858 to .882 miflimeter in length. Rays unstoried, simple, homogeneous, 1-2 seriate, up to 26 cells in height. Pith flecks present. lifATL‘jfilflL ——U0U0N00 Ll. Plate IV Pterocarya stanoptera DC. . r Wf ) -O‘x ‘-.rl‘.....o‘ 3| ‘21 in (II \, m ‘ .. ....~ a.....-..a‘4..o._. pp:;.-.;....-..... p; — ... .. .........-.. ... .~. I app-onpo...”-...-c.-—~.‘— no.1 o..........a. ... ...- ... i . ..m‘..~ . c .. . . ..............._.<~s.... : ...-.....D ......n‘.s.~..\v,. "' ‘(l I. I A -"OV.--II: ..--..‘9. . ‘Olu Cross section lOOX Tangential section 1001 -16.. v . shang—ma \gfi ) Betula insignis French. Plate V Tree are growing commonly at 2300 to 2700 meter elevation; dis- tributed in Hupeh, Szechuan and Seekodg(2). Wood used for furniture, veneer, interior finish, flooring, sash and doors, fuelwood, and dry dirtillation(h). GLEEAAL ChAdACTEhISTlCS OF THE nOCD--Heartwood light brown with a pinkish tinge, no sapwood shown in the available sample; wood with a pleasant odor, tasteless, heavy and hard, straight grained, medium textured. GiOdd FEATURfid-—Growth rings distinct, delineated by the darker colored summerwood portion of the outer margin of the ring. Wood diffuse porous, pores appearing as whitish dots to the naked eye, nearly uniform in size and evenly distributed throughbut the growth ring, solitary or in short radial groups of 2-3. Parenchyma not visible. Jays fine, not distinct to the naked eye, plainly visible with a hand lens, appearing as lighter colored lines, narrower than the largest pores. LlNUTE FnhTUhEs--Vesse1819-26 per square mildmeter, the largest up to 140 microns in diameter; perforation plates scalariform, with 9-15 thin b;rs; intCTVCSQOl pits round, minute(2-4 microns in diameter), inner orifices often confluent. Parenchyma abund.nt, terminal and metatracheal- diffuse; (1) terminal parenchyma forming a uniseriate continuous line; (2) metatracheal-diffuse abund-nt, occasionally forming zonate lines in the summer ood. Fibers tnick walled(5-9 microns), 18-25 microns in die- meter, l.o68 to 1.712 milfimetcr in length. Rays unstoried, simple, 1-3 seriate, homogeneous. Gummy deposits present in parenchymatous cells. ELTEJInL—-C.U.Fo. 10. -17- Plate V wmfir- C Q 0. . .0 gbmli \.‘-.|Q.1Ol‘.' K. o v’ U 110000.09 mm. . t03|""m - ...“ 00 ‘0 of... 99 a o . . m '~.-'.‘ i, ' 6-» '- A ~ Q W"“O(.’Q{' o “ ocean-1. a .1”. s 2 ‘ \meoog. W99. 0 e" I mayo "@9719 an 1" m QC. .0. .131," . ...)QQQ) Tangential section lOOX VI. nwa-mu.bflE1FL) Betula japonica S. et W. Plate VI Tree are distributed in Hopeh, Shansi, Honan and henchuria(2). WOOd used for woodenware, handles, brush backs and furniturekh). GENERAL CHARACTPJISTICS OF THE WO0D—-No sapwood shown in this sample, heartwood creamy white, with purplish tinge; wood tasteleSs and odorless, straight grained, fine textured, moderately light, hard. GROSS FBnTURES--Growth rings distinct, delineated by denser fibrous tissue in the outer portion of the ring. weed diffuse porous, pores appearing as white dots to the naked eye, larger pores wider than widest rays, nearly uniform in size and evenly distributed, solitary or in short radial rows of 2-several. Parenchyma not visible. Rays fine, not distinct to thenaked eye but plainly visible with a hand lens, narrower than the largest pores, fine, close flecks on radial surface. MINUTE FEATURES--Vessels 60~100 per square milfimeter, the largest AO-lOO microns in diameter; perforation plates scalariform with 10 plus thin bars; intervessel pits orbicular to elliptical, minute(2-A microns in diameter), the orifices frequently confluent. Parenchyma metatracheal- diffuse, paratracheal and terminal; (1) metatracheal-diffuse and (2) paratracheal parenchyma Sparse, restricted to occasional cells; (3) terminal parenchyma forming uniseriate or occasionally biseriate conti- nuous line. Fibers thin walled(3-5 microns); 7-18 microns in diameter, 1.132 to 1.168 miflimeter in length. lays unstoried, 1-3 seriate, homo- geneous, up to 30 cells in height along the grain. Pith flecks present. MATERIAL-—5yracuse 16/2851. -19- Plate VI Betula japonica Sieb.€f\d. Cross section lOOX Tangential section 100x -2o- VII. Liengtsz-chee—mu (ififii) Alnus nepalensis D.Don. Plate VII Tree 10-12 meters tall, distributed in Yunnan, Kweichow and bze- chuan(2). Wood used for veneer, matches, lower grade furniture, boxes and handles(h) GLNEAAL CLARHCTbRISTle 0F TH; LO0D-—Demarcation between sapwood and heartwood indistinct(h); wood flesh colored, no distinct odor and taste, moderately light, soft, straight grained, medium to fine, even textured, easy to work and seasnn, susceptible to decay, weight of air- dried wood 30 pounds per cubic foot(h). GRCSJ FEATURES—~Growth rings distinct, defined by denser fibrous tissue in the outer margin of the ring. wood diffuse porous; pores medium in size, numerous, solitary and 2-seVaral in compressed radia groups. Parenchyma indistinct. Rays of two types, broad and very fine, broad rays distinct to the naked eye, separated by several—many narrow rays, appearing on the t ngontial surface as ‘ather widely Spaced staggered lines of varying length, forming flecks on the radial surface; narrow rays numerous and indistinct without a hand lens. hliUTE FEATURES—~Vessels in summerwood 33-67 per square miflimeter, the largest 93-lzh microns in diameter; perforation plates scalariform with many thin bars(20 to 30); intervessel pits round, 5-8 microns in diameter. Parenchyma terminal, metatracheal and metatracheal-diffuse; (1) terminal parcnchyma rather abundant, solitary or in short uniseriate lines of 2-3; (2) metatracheal—diffuse parenchyma Sparse; (3) metatracheal parenchyma in short zonate lines of 2—5. Fibers thin walled(w2-h microns), 18—35 microns in diameter, 1.2h4 to 1.28h milhmeter in length. hays unstoried, heterogeneous, upright cells merginal; \a) narrow rays uniseriate or rarely in part biseriate; \b) an regate rays consisting of L1.) units similar to the narrow rays and of included fibers and vessels. J 25v Plate VII Alnus nepelensis D.Don. Cross section 100x ,_—_*— quIEIIII. \1 IGO.OIOWW Tangential section lOOX VIII. See—shih-li (gawk) ‘garpinus laxiflora var. macrostachya Oliv. Plate VIII Small tree up to 17 meters tall; distributed in bzechuam, Hupeh, Kiangsu and Krangtung 2). hood suitable for uses where mechanical strength is required, such as athletic equipments and machine parts(L). REPERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WCCD--Dcmarcetion between heartwood and sapwood ind‘stinct(5); mood light brown to light greyish bretn, dull, odorless and tasteleSs, hard and heavy; straight to cross grained, fine textured, difficult to work, easy to split along the broad rays during seasoning, air-dried wood weight 40-50 pounds per cubic foot(h). Uioon fa rungs-~drouth rings distinct under a hand lens, defined by denser fibrous tissue in the outer margin of the growth ring, narrow; wood semi-ring porous to diffuse porous; pores few in number, small, the largest distinct with a hand lens, decreasing gradually in size through . the summerwood, solitary and in short radial groups of 2-3. Parenchyma abundant, arranged in fine tangential lines throughout the growth ring. Rays of variable width, broad(up to l mm. in width) to very fine; broad rays distinct to the naked eye, separated by several to many intergrading and narrow rays, appearing the tangential surface as rathe" widely Spaced staggered lines of varying length, the longest extending about 1 inch along the grain, forming fleck on the radial surface; narrow rays much more numerous than the broad rays, indistinct without lens. EINUTL KI romeo-—Vessels in the s umerwood hO-cO per square mild: meter, the largest up to 100 microns; perforation plates simple; spiral thickenings present in smaller vessels, intervessel pits bfoad oval to round, alternate, 7—10 microns in diameter. Parenchyna.abundant, terminal, metatracheal and metatracheal-diffuse; terminal and metatracheal-diffuse parenchyma Sparse, restricted to occa- sional cells; metatracheal parechyma forming more or less contimuous, uniseriate or occasionally biseriate tangential lines. Fibers thin to medium thick walledkB-B microns), 15-22 microns in diameter, 1.21A to 1.25o miIhmeter in length; interfiber pits rather conspicuous. tay of two kinds: (a) narrow rays l—several seriate, homogeneous or heterogeneous; (b) aggregate rays consisting of units similar to the narrow rays and of included fibers and vessels. MATsnlaL--Syracuse BOO/10617, 37h/l3501, AAB/lOABl. -25- Plate VIII ,ya 011v. us laxiflora var.macrostach in P Car Cross section lOOX -0000.--.O. .. n . .00. u ...||'.¥I ‘I‘t -Islyi inhwx . .. y. S... 0.. Kl : ..cIrnMOiulficti101IIU1 , In ...I.’ a I- O. .‘ J4.§¢ r t. I .0‘009015-6!’ bl! ‘. 1L... #9 All!“ . . . Iii-.00.... II .-..ufic...... . y ‘I -- 0 .. I33.3.0.0....ouooooOOOOOGIO‘ O in! .‘OIO “01....M‘. O... .0 0-300...“ Tangential section 100x -25- IX. Dab-shih-li (H312) Castanepsis fargesii French Plate IX Evergreen tree up to 15 -27 meters tall, l73 meters in diameter; distributed in Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan, and southern Anhwei(2). GSJERAL CdAln"udIleCS OF THd WOOD-—5apwood greyish brown(4),heart- wood light brown, with brown stripes; wood lustrous, without odor and taste, medium textured and straight grained, moderately heavy, fairly hard. GdQSS FEHTURES--Growth rings distinct, wavy, delineated by denser fibrous tissue in the outer margin of the ring. heed semi-ring porous; pores in obliquely ra dial(flame-shaped) patches of light tissue; transition from Springuood to summerwood gradually; springwood pores large, visible to the naked eye; sumneruood pores small, indistinct .'ith a hand lens. Parenchyme. distinct, arranged in continuous tangential lines, evenly dis- tributed throughtut the growth ring. hays very fine, visible with a hand lens, forming close, fine ray flecks on radial surface. hINUTE FLnTUHES-~Vessels in summerwood 30-50 per square miflimeter, the large st up to 19h ricrons in dianw.eter; perforation plates simple; intervessel pits round, 0-? microns in diameter, opposite; thick I alled tyloses present. Vasicentric tracheids present, confined to the vicinity of the Springhood ves-els. Parenchyma paratracheal and aetatracheal, (l) paratracheel parenchyma Sparse, restricted to occasional cellsknever forming a shezth); (2) metatrachecl Ha “ch me. abundant, forming more or less continuous 1-3 ser is te con: dp cueus lines, especially in the sumner— wood. Fibers thin to med um thick n: lled(2—o microns), lt-l8 microns in diameter, 1.02] to 1.03? :iIimeter in length. F 55 unstoried, uniseriate, up to 18 cells in height, hoterOgeneous. ‘f‘n‘ ‘ "7517 . V' at q LJI’J‘A‘ ”—U‘J—J-—U c U o 110 o J o -27- Plate IX Castangpsis fargesii French. Cross section lOOX t', 1 7 ‘ rIQ sly-"fl! -.Ill-‘-.’ H"..-'-' u. Tangential section lOOX 1‘. Shih-li (as) Castanopsis platyacantha R. et a. Plate A Evergreen tree up to 22 meters amll, 1-2.5 meters in diameter; distributed in Szechuan, Yunnan, Kweichow and Hunan(2). GjflEiAL CHARACTLAIsTICS OF THE nuUD-—oapwood straw brown, narrow(l); hesrtnood light straw brown; wood without odor and taste, moderately light, fairly soft, medium textured and straight grained. GROSS FELTU135--3rorth rings distinct, delineated by denser fibrous tissue, and large Springwood pores. wood ring porous; Spcingwood pores large, barely visible to the naked eye, arranged in 1-3 seriate interrupted rows; summerwood pores small, indistinct without a hand lens, arranged in obliquely radialtflame-shaped) groups; tyloses present. Parenchyma indistinct. fi“ys very ine, barely visible with a hand lens, forming close fine ray flecks on the radial surface. mINU ‘ FEATUHES--Vessels in the summersood 36-62 per square mili- meter, the largest in the Springwood 1L0 to 232 microns in diameter; perforation plates simple or those in the summerwood vessels scalariform, with 3-6 thick barSQB-o microns in diameter); thin walled tyloses present. Parenchyma abundant, metatracheal-diffuse. Fibers thin to medium.thick walledQZ-o microns), 14-25 microns in diameter, .934 to .966 milhneter in length; septate fibers common. Rays unstoried, simple, heterogeneous, unseriate, up to 20 cells in height. is.Li-.TE:LIAL-~C.U.uo. 8, oyracuse 375/13a05. -29- Plate X Castanopsis plagyacantha R. at W} Cross section 100x Tangential section lOOX ~30- x1 . Lia-li M) _§uercus acutissima Endl. Plate LI. Tree up to 25 meters tall and up to 70 centimeter in diameter; widely distributed in Central, northern and southern China belowlOOO meter elevationkZ). Wood used for charcoal, dny'distillation, agricul- tural implements, vehicle construction, railway'ties, boats, and building construction( 2) , (3 ) . GENERAL CHanCTERISTICS OF THE t00D--bapwood light brown; heartwood light brown with pinkish tinge; wood odorless and tasteless, heavy and moderately hard, straight grained and medium textured. GROSS FEATURES-~Growth rings distinct; wood ring poreus; Spring— wood pores large, visible to the naked eye, arranged in one row; summer- wood pores decreasing in size from inner portion to the outer margin of the ring; summerwood pores distinct with a hand lens, concentrated in irregularly radial light patches throughout the ringkflame shaped); tyloses sparse. Parenchymm.abundant, arranged in regular, fine, conti- nuous tangential lines, evenly distributed throughout the growth ring. Rays of two types, breadkoak type)and very fine. The broad rays distinct to the naked eye, separated by many fine rays, forming a handsome high fleck on the radial Section; the fine rays just visible with a hand lens, numerous. mINUTE FEnTUmso--Springwood vessels up to 295 microns in diameter; summerwood vesSels aligned in radial flame-shaped tracts, 6-15 per square nnlhmeter. lntervessel pits round to orbicular, h—8 microns in diameter, alternate. Perforation plates simple. Vasicentric tracheids present, intermingled with parenchyma, kl) forming most of conjuctive tissue -31. between the Springwood vessels and the rays; (2) composing some of the light tissue surrounding summerwood pores. Parenchyma very abundant, paratracheal, metatracheal-diffuse and usually metatracheal; (l)para- tracheal parenchyma intermingled with tracheids and distributed as described above; (2) metatracheal-diffuse parenchyma restricted to the fibrous tracts and in the summerwood of the annual rings exhibiting evenly distributed concentric lines of (3) metatracheal parenchyma; crystals often present in parenchymatous cells. Fibers rather thick walled (h-B microns), 10-18 microns in diameter, 1.175 to 1.225.milimeter in length. days unstoried, homogeneous, kl) broad rays(oak type) lA-AO plus seriate and 250-620 plus microns wide through the central portion, many cells (into hundreds) in height along the grain; (2) narrow rays very numerous, usually uniseriate, up to 25 cells in height along the grain. mnfsnlALS--CU.N0. 2, byracuse BOO/10626, and qyracuse LL2/thl6. -32- Plate XI Quercus acutissima Endl. an“, . . .. - ..w....3.....u§x.... .6135 1,. . . .. ~ .. . . . . C . . J J .7 c . . . l «inifiwbfiw ... 3A1?“ (./.m..o..1.3.c.3 \ U 2“”‘x ‘g‘lmm .~.d~b.l PM? \ 0.. ‘ 0v .0»- ... ...‘ “ ' ' . . .\...O N. . . a . Maw. .... . mun-Mama .. .... . u _. ’ .9 ,. . ...... . . . . i ....fi“...0hfiumv. 6..., camp. . . ... .. .. _ “aw.\.-.r...~.r. ‘ u. . Cross section lOOX 0 . .L . L ......ra..r...,- on ......Qw “no... .. n . ...) \.J .... . .. ...- 15.3 .. - , lfiu‘Pl/‘l. . :3“. ......10. . . .1.) my .. . . ...» ~ # \. \rfi.....f...r~.. Q.— . t. ..):?.s.r’......u.. . . .0 .. ...:s.r........_.s. 0...”... ...-... easel..- ‘ ........ ...a. .... . {\ll . - N '. . \.....a 1“ a ..U a\r\.»..u. .....- n, Tangential section 1001! 111. Ho-li eggpgg) Quercus aliena var. grosserate K. et W. Plate X11 Tree distributed in Central ChinatZ). wood used for fuel, Char- coal, furniture, and constructionkh). GENERAL UHARACTEfiISTICS OF THE WOOD-~Sapwood narrow, light buff colored, heartwood light chestnut colored; odor and taste indistinct; wood moderately heavy and moderately hard, straight grained and medium textured. cases FEATURE3-—Groth rings distinct, narrow(3o rings per inch). heed ring porous; springwood pores large, distinct to the naked eye, plugged with tyloses, arranged in one row; summerwood pores numerous and small, not distinct with a hand lens, agranged in obliquely radial (flame shaped) patches of light tissue. Parenchyma abundant, paratracheal and metatracheal. Rays of two types, broad(oak type) and narrow(simple); broad rays distinct to the naked eye, separated by severalemany narrow rays, appearing on the tangential surface as rather widely spaced, sta- ggered lines of varying length which frequently extend k inch or more along the grain, forming flecks on the radial surface; narrow rays much more numerous than the broad rays, indistinct without a lens. MINUTE FEATURES-—Ve83els in the summerwood 39-56 per square mili— meter; the largest in the Springwood 77-279 microns in diameter; perfora- tion plates simple; pits leading to contiguous tracheary cells oval to long—elliptical, A-B microns in diameter, opposite; tyloses thick walled. Vasicentric tracheids present, confined to the vicinity of the Springwood vessels. Parenchyma abundant, paratracheal, metatracheel, metatracheal- diffuse and terminal; (1) metatracheal parenchyma forming oblique uni- -34- seriate tangential lines in summerwood; (2) paratracheal parenchyma intermingled with vasicentric tracheids in the flame shaped tracts of the Summerwood pores; (3) metatracheal-diffuse parenchyma and(h) terminal parenchyma sparse, restricted to occasional cells. Fibers medium thick walled(h-o microns); 11-14 microns in diameter; 1.253 to 1.291 milhmeter in length. Rays unstored, homegeneous, (1) bread rays 8—20 plus seriate, 2A8—310 plus microns in width through the central portion; 20-30 hundreds cells in height along the grain; (2) narrow rays numerous, uniseriate, 1-22 cells in height along the grain. MATEn1AL——Syracuse 297/10528. Plate XII ‘gpercus aliena var. grosserata R. at W. ' ~ s , a ‘d \ .. 0,. ‘ t B, \ A ,- I D Z I 0 . " Q , - ,a . .x ‘ ; ‘ k . i , ' - J - z: a? r. 1 . ' I ‘ 11R ,‘ x. \ ‘ ‘ I \ v ( ' L. . ‘ ‘ I 2 : 3 Tangential section lOOX -36- XIII. Nan—mu flip Phoebe nanmu Gamble Plate XIII Evergreen large tree up to 25-30 meters tall, 3.5 meters in diameter; distributed in Yunnan and Szechuan(2). WOod with good working properties, used for chests, high grade furniture and coffins(3)(h). GEhEfiAL ChenanhilSTiCS OF THE hOOD-—No sapwood shown in these samples, heartwood light brown to greyish brown; wood with mild bitter taste and mild aromatic odor, fine and eventextured, straight grained, hard, moderately heavy; easy to work, difficult to season, weight of air-dried wood 35 pounds per cubic foot(h). GAUSS FEATUREs--Growth rings fairly distinct, delineated by denser fibrous tissue in the outer portion of the ring. hood diffuse porous, pores rather small, distinct with a hand lens, uniform in size, mostly solitary or in rrdial groups of 2-3. Parenchyma paratracheal. Rays fine and numerous, visible'with a lens, forming beautiful flecks on radial surface; irregular ripple iarks present on tangential surface. EINUTE Ffi-TofiES——Vessels l8-30 per square milflmeter, up to 124 microns in diameter; perforation plates simple; interves:el pits round to elliptical, or angular through crowding, alternate, 6-7 microns in diameter, Spiral thickenings present. Paronchyma paratracheal, forming l-h celled sheath around the vessels; parcnchynatous oil cells present. Fibers thin walled(3-h microns), 18-25 microns in diameter, .909 to .943 mihimeter in length, septate. Rays unstoried, heterogeneous, upright cells marginal, 1-2 seriate(mostly biseriate), up to 2A cells in height along the grain, with occasional enlzrged oil cells. IATSAIAL——U:U.No. ll, byrrcuse 297/1072 -37- Plate.XIII Phoebe nanmu Gamble Cross section lOOX Tangential section 100x AIV ohan-wei (dam Albizzia kalkora Prain. Plate XIV Tree up to l0 meters tall and 60 cm. in diameter; grows rapidly, survives in arid area; distributed in Yellow, Youngtze, and Pearl River Regions. Wood durable and used for piles and under-water constructionkZ). GENERAL CHARACTLRIJTIUQ UK who onU-—Sapwood light dull green(l), heartwood brown to golden brown, with purplish tinge; wood lustrous, odor- less, with mild acrid taste, moderately heavy, hard, straight grained, medium.textured. UROSJ FEATUafio~-Growth rings distinct; wide; wood ring porous; Spring- wood pores large, visible to the naked eye, arranged in l-several rows, occasionally plugged with reddish black gum; summerwood pores small, indis- tinct without a lens, few in number; solitary or in groups of two. Parenchyma paratrachealkmostly aliform) and sometimes paratracheal-confluent. hays fine, numerous, indistinct without a lens. mImeE fonfquS--Vessels in the summerwood 6-12 per square miIimeter, in the springwood 110-250 microns in diameter; perforation plates simple; intervessels pits oval, or angular through crowding, alternate, h-o microns in diameter; pores rather thick walledké-lO microns); red gum deposits present. Parenchyma terminal, paratracheal and paratracheal-confluent. (1) terminal parenchyma forming a 1-2 seriate continuous line; (2) paratracheal parenchyma forming l-several celled aliformed sheath around the vessels; (3)paratracheal- confluent parenchyma forming several celled bands in the summerwood.rusiform parenchyma present in vicinity of the springwood vessels. Fibers rather thin walledtZ-L microns), 11—18 microns in diameter, 1.059 to 1.097 milhmeter in length. days unstoried, simple, homogeneous,l-2 seriate, up to 30 cells in height. MATmhIaLv-U.U.No. 7, oyracuse LAB/10h59. .39- Plato XIV Albizzia kalkora Prain. U- Cross section 100x Tangential section 100x -40- AV. Pat-chun \éfllé) Ailanthus altissima Swingle Plate LV . Tree up to 30 meters tall, growing wild in the mountains of Uhihli, elsewhere cultivated. It grows rapidly, is resistant to drought, and attains a large size. The wood is soft and light, suitable only for such uses as don not require strength and durability\o). oanmRfiL CHARACTERISTIUD 0F res nUUU--oapwood narrow, yellowish— white; heartwood greyish yellow to light yellowish brown; wood odorless and tasteless, moderately soft and moderately light, straight grained, coarse textured; air seasons well, easy to work, susceptible to decay(h), takes a high polish(o); weight of air-dried wood 35 pounds per cubic foot(h). GdtSo FEATURES-~0rowth rings distinct, wide. heed ring porous, springwood pores large, appearing as pin hole to the naked eye, arranged in several rows; summerwood pores small, appearing as white dots to the naked eye, solitary or in nest groups of 2-several; toward the outer limit; of growth ring, often connected in interrupted tangential bands, which visible to the naked eye, Parenchyma paratracheal and paratracheal- confluent. Rays of two size, moderately broad and very fine, the former distinct to the naked eye, the latter indistinct without a hand lens. hflNUTB FEATURES--Vessels in the summerwood 89-l5h per square mflli- meter, the largest in Springwood lAO-BAO microns in diameter; perforation plates simple; interves el pits round or angular through crowding, 7-9 microns in diameter; spiral thickenings present. Parenchyma peratracheal, metatracheal-diffuse and terminal; (1) paratracheal parenchyma fusiform, abundant, occasionally forming a sheath; (2) netatracheal-diffuse sparse; .41- (3) terminal parenchyma rather common, but never forming a line. Fibers thin walled(2-L microns), lh—22 microns in diameter, .903 to .957 mili- meter in length; gelatinous fiber abundant in summerwood. Rays unstoried, heterogeneous; (a) broader rays 5-12 seriate, usually low, some up to 80 cells in height; (b) narrow rays l~2 seriate, less than 15 cells in height; uniseriate rays consisting entirely of upright cells; biseriate rays con- sisting of procumbent cells through the central portion, with l-several marginal upright cells. MATERIAL-~5yracuse 39/807. .42.. Plate XV Ailanthus altissima Swingle XVI. Hong-chun (321%), Chinese Mahogany direla(Toona) sinensis JuSs. Plate XVI Tree with straight trunk, the biger trees more than 30 meters tall, distributed in Manchuria, HOpeh, bhantung, Kansu, Hunan, Hupeh, Szechuan, Yunnan, Kwangtung, and Kwansi(2). Hood used for high grade furniture as a substitute of mahogany, interior finishing and cigar-boxes(h). GINERAL CHARiCTEfiIoTICS OF THE WOOD--Sapwood yellowish white to light brown with pinkish tinge, narrow; heartwood golden reddish brown to reddish brown with purplish tinge, with darker colored stripes, satiny lustre; wood without distinct odor and taste, moderately heavy, moderately hard, straight grained, medium.to coarse textured, resistant to decay, easy to work, moderately weak(h). GROSS FEATURh5--Growth rings distinct, wide, about 10 rings per inch. Wood ring porous; springnood pores large, barely Visible to the _ naked eye, in several rows, red gum.deposits present; summerwood pores small, indistinct without a hand lens, solitary or in groups of 2-3,few in number. Parenchyma paratracheal. Rays fine, numerous,visible to naked eye. LINUTE FEATURES~~Vessels in the summerwood 16-32 per square miBi~ meter, the largest 108-250 microns in diameter; perforation plates simple; intervessel pits round to orbicular, alternate, 3-6 microns in diameter, inner orifices occasionally confluent; red gum.deposits present. Parenchyma paratracheal forming a sheath around the vessels in the summerwood; terminal parenchyma restricted to occasional cells. Fibers thin walled (2-h.microns), l8-22 microns in diameter, .727 to .7h7 miflimeter in length. Rays unstoried, simple, (a)uniseriate rays sparse, up to 10 cells in height, composed of upright cells; (b) 2-5 scriate rays abundant, up to 20 cells in height, heterogeneous. hnThnIAL—~Syracuse 282/80h. -hh- Plate XVI Cedrela(Toona) sinensis Juss. Iml Cross section lOOX ‘ .a‘- - , . .0 .0 I. a l o u . .. .-,'-',- WI: 3‘”: ' -. . c I la. ' .... o ' I. a , .."-. l-f r.' ‘ Q i 1‘ ' ' *q --— n Ia , ‘ " .5 fl}. ._ _ _ . ...-I, I'.'o"Ol'I.' o .l ... an,” n g. ,g .0. n” , “auto. .. ..o o I” . I“... o" .0 - . 0 0 O O , H XVII . "s‘x’u-chow (QM) Sapium sebiferum Rox. Plate XVII Tree distributed widely from Shantung to Kwangtung and Yunnan(2). 'hood durable and used for agriculture implements(3). GENERAL CHrdACThnlSTICS OF THE hOOD--Dcmarcation between sapwood and heartwood indistinct; Wood light brwon, turning 5r§ish with age, occasionally with grey stripes, color varies in one sample; dull, odor- less and tasteless; straight or cross grained, medium textured, moderately soft to soft, moderately light. Gauss FLATURES--Growth ri gs defined by different pore size of late summerwood and those of Springwood in succeeding ring, undulating. hood semi-ring porous to diffuse porous; springwood pores fairly visible to the naked eye, summerwood pores indistinct without a lens; pores solitary or in radial chainsKmostly 2—A), few in number. Parenchyma indistinct. Rays extremely fine, numerous, poorly visible with the lens. LlNUTB FLLTLRdo--Vessels 4-8 per square miDimeter, the largest up tolO8 microns in diameter; perforation plates simple; inteivessel pits orbicular, alternate, 0-8 ml rons in diameter. Parenchyma abundant, (l) paratrachealparenchyma present but never forming a sheath; k2) metatracheal parenchyma in short tangential lines of several calls (zonate). Fibers thin walledQB-h microns), 13-18 microns in diameter, .831 to .809 milhmeter in length. days numerous, uniseriate, hetero- geneous, up to 30 cells in height along the grain. LATEJIAL-~C.U.No. 5, Syracuse 297/10736. -45- Plate XVII Sapium sebiferum Rox. Tangential section lOOX 3..» n. G ’ Q. Q Va ”we _. . a .4. .... .... _ . . , t? to . ...WWWRL .... y... .2. _ . _/ ... . ._ ..oi. c. ‘1‘..\.\ ~ .. !.XIU«1 . R X . j I ht , . _ 1 I . . p . O . x / _ .1 ., .. . i a _ e 8 I1, _ s J _ s Wits .. . _ _ m , , I .7 ., \ C I I W,.‘! .v .5! _ «w, * ‘ I I . . f}... L _,. .... . . a , 4., V: i XVIII . Yea-chi (fifig Rhus succedanea Linn. Plate XVIII Tree up to 10 meters tall, about 1 meter in diameter; distributed in Kiangsi, Kiangsu, Hupeh, bzechuan, Yunnan and KwangtungQZ). tarsus; ChainCTddISTiCS OF THE nOOD—~5apwood light brown, heart- wood beautiful golden yellow, with satiny lustre; wood with a mild chara- cteristic odor and bitter taste, mcdium.textured and straight grained, moderately light, moderately hard. GdUSS FE TUBES-—Urowth rings distinct, defined by denser summerwood fibrous tissue and terminal parenchyma. Neod semi-ring porous; pores small, indistinct without a hand lens; few and evenely distributed, mostly solitary, occasionally in radial groups of 2-3; sporadic brown gum present. Parenchyma terminal and paratracheal. Rasys fine, parallel on cross section, poorly visible to the naked eye; forming beautiful, close flecks on radisl surface. MIAUTE Fm TURd5-~Vessels 10-19 per square mildmeter, the largest 77-155 microns in diameter; perforation plates simple; intervessel pits round, alternate, 5-7 microns in diameter, inner orifices often confluent; gummy deposits present. Parenchyma terminal, paratracheal and metatra- cheal-diffuee; (1) terminal and (2) metatracheal-diffuse sparse, restricted in occasional cells; (3) paratracheal parenchyma rather common, but never forming a sheath. Fibers thin walledQBeS microns), 11-29 microns in dia- meter, .750 to .770 milimeter in length, septate fibers very common; gummy inclusion in occasional cells. Rays unstoried, simple, heterogeneous, 1-2 seriate, up to 25 cells in height; gummy inclusion present. MATLRIAL--C.U.No. 5, oyracuse 297/10755, 375/13377, 375/13363, and 4&3/10h35o -A8- Plate XVIII Rhus succedanea L. Cross section 100x i! , ..lll‘lu \ . , ..n yllll‘. .\|“ lll|||l.l “U. .' ...“..C... - - Tangential section 1001 4.9- mi __— _—.. 4‘-fil- -—- .- ..—v-——Il_ ‘—- AI}. . Shui-seh-shu Wfifi‘j) Acer pictum var. parvifiorum Schneid. Plate Ali Tree distributed in Manchuria, hupeh, Hunan, Kansu, Kiangsi, and SzechuankZ). Wood tough, used for building construction, fuel, charecoal, and furniturekB). GENERAL Channcrsaisrics OF THE wUUU--neartwood light flesh colored, no sapwood endent in the available sample; wood odorless and tasteless, moderately hard to hard, moderately heavy, fine and even textured, straight grained. GRst Fi-TUmas--drowth rings fine, distinct, delineated by darker colored denser fibrous tissue in the outer portion of the growth ring. hood diffuse porous, pores small, indistinct without a hand lens, uni- form in size and evenly distributed, mostly solitary. Parenchyma indis- tinct. days not very distinct to the naked eye, variable in width and closely arranged. MINUTE FEnfuuaS--Vcssels 5h-7h per squre milimeter, the largest up to 80 microns in diameter; perforation plates simple; intervessel pits round to oval or angular through crowding , alternate, 6-8 microns in diameter; Spiral thickenings present; gummy deposits notinfrequent. Parenchyma very sparse, restricted to occasional cells,terminal or meta- tracheal—diffuse. Fibers thin to medium thick walledQB-é microns;, 14-18 microns in diameter, .657 to.o8l miBimeter in length; interfiber pits ConSpicuous. hays unstoried, simple, homogeneous; (a) narrow rays uniseriate, up to 15 cells in height along the grain; kb) broad rays 2-5 seriate, up to #0 cells in height along the grain. Pith flecks present. aaTLAiAt-—Syracuse 37h/13h9b. ~50- Plate XIX Acer pictum var. parviflorum Schneid wood-destroying fungus present in the sample. .’ . .0.» .0. .0 I.” .0". . O I O . I ‘ I . , l I u 5... not ......0 O ...”. .Lfin. no ... ' I. .aq . . I ,l , . a s Q. I I ' I . ‘0. . o u t i v .0. O 0'. ..b'.’ .53.... O O 0 Q s 0.... .00.... ‘ C a i. a . O . o o . O .0 0.0.00 o o umrmwmw... O .om.:.:.. ....'... oo- o .00... .a e . 0. r . ....,.Ooooo.o o. c... 00., ...... O... .0... o . . O c Orv... O ...9000 ... ....O...t,o0. ..... .0. ‘ ".' 00.0., . I a.»ea:.. .. O O 04,. .0...‘ o . (at... I... 0'.- . .. \ .‘.O f.. ..., r - ,uuo . D O .; a Cross section lOOX Tangential section 100x -51- m. o‘ze-chu (1933‘) Hovenia dulcis Thunb. Plate LA Tree up to 25 meters tall, widely distributed in Uhina(2). GanEnnL UnanaursnlSTICJ OF THE uOCD-—Sapwood light brown to flesh colored; heartwood light brown with pinkish tinge to pinkish brown; wood lustrous, odorless, with mild bitter taste, moderately hard and moderately heavy, straight to cross grained, medium.and even textured. GROSS FEATURES-—Growth rings distinct, wide; wood semi-ring porous, springwood pores medium in size, visible to the naked eye; summerwood pores small, appearing as white dots to the naked eye, solitary or in radial, obliquely or tangential groups of 2-several, tyloses Sparse. Parenchyma paratracheal and terminal. Rays fine and numerous, distinct to the naked eye, forming beautiful ray flecks on radial surface. MiNUTE FEATUfiis--Vessels 5-16 per square miIimeter, up to 650 microns in diameter; perforation plates simple; intervessel pits orbicular toelliptical, or angular through crowding, inner orifices occasionally confluent, 6-8 microns in diameter; gummy deposits present. Parenchyma terminal and paratracheal; (1) terminal parenchyma in irregular thick bands of 2-8 seriate(mostly h-é seriatek (2) paratracheal parenchyma forming a sheath(aliformed) around the vessels, the sheathes occasionally unite to short bands. Fibers medium to thick walled(h-8 microns), 11-25 microns in diameter, .960 to.988.milimeter in length; gelatinous fibers very abundant. Rays unstoried, simple, (a) uniseriate rays, up to 10 cells in height, most upright cells; (b) 2-5 seriate rays up to 30 cells in height, heterogeneous, upright cells marginal. Gummy inclusions present in parenchymatous cells. HATEEIAL -—C.U.No. 13. -52- Plate XX ggyenia dulcis Thunb. Cross section 100x 0 Q 0 .0 o .. .0 ... 'U-".—'Is2. 5 .... I O... . - 9:...‘ 3? asuflfl-Fz, - “a.“ XXI .Mu-ho (*fl) Schima crenata Korth. Plate XXI Tree up to 20 meters tall; distributed in Chikiang, Kiangsi, Hunan, Kwangtung, Anwei and Szechuan(2). It is said that appreciable stands of this tree are found in the western portion of Szechuanth). Wood strong and used for construction, agriculture implements, millwork and Spindles(2)(h)(l). GifiEunL CHARnCTEhIJTICS or Th5 NouD--Sapwood whitish yellow, heart- wood light pinkish brown, sith a mild fragrant, tasteless, moderately heavy, moderately hard, fine and even textured, straight grained. saves riarta.o--drouth rings rather indistinct, or poorly distinct, defined by déber fibrous tissue. weed diffuse porous, pores small, appearing as white dots with a hand lens, mostly solitary, numerous and evenly distributed. Parenchyma indistinct. Rays fine, numerous, visible with a hand lens. hflNUTmFEATUhES--Vessels 88-150 square milimeter, the largest 38-78 microns in diameter; perforation plates scalariform, with 10 plus thin bars; intervessel pits scalariform, 10932 microns in diameter, or orbicular, 6-9 microns in diameter. Parenchyma very Sparse, paratracheal and metatracheal-diffuse, restricted to occasional cells. Fibers thick walled(8-12 microns), 11-23 microns in diameter, 1.399 to l.h53 mflli- meter in length; interfiber pits rather conspicuous. Rays simple, un- storied, heterogeneous, uniseriate, occasionally'biseriate in middle portion of the ray, up to 30 cells in height along the grain. HATER AL--C.U.No. 12, Syracuse 297/10733. Plate XXI Schima crenata Korth. Cross section 100K . -‘ .db...l...l.. .--.c; ..- .; --.I'...¢. “...“..r. » Tangential section lOOX XXII. Shaw—ding-nm (“VIE Acanthopanax evodiaefolius Fr. Plate XXII Small tree up to 16 meters tall; distributed in Eastern, Central and Southern China(7). Wood used in plywood manufacturing. GENERaL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WOOD--Sapwood creamy white, heart- wood yellowish white to light brown; wood odorless and tasteless, modera- tely soft and light; straight grained and medium.textured, sp.gr. O.h85(7). GROSS FEATURES--Growth rings distinct, narrow. weed ring porous;' Springwood pores medium.in Size, indistinct without lens, arranged in one row; summerwood pores very small, not distinct under a lens. Paren- chyma terminal. Rays fine and numerous, variable in width, distinct to the naked eye. 7 MINUTE FinTUfiad-—Vessels in the summerwood 106-130 per Square milimeter, the largest 62—155 microns in diameter; perforation plates simple; intervessel pits round, or angular through crowding, opposite, 8-11 microns in diameter; thin walled tyloses present. Parenchyma - terminal, metatracheal-diffuse and paratracheal; (1) terminal parenchyma forming a more or less continuous line; (2) metatracheal-diffuse Sparse; (3) paratracheal parenchyma restricted in Springwood. Fibers thin walled (2-3 microns), lA-25 microns in diameter, .799 to .827 milimeter in length. Rays Simple, unstoried, heterogeneous, l-5 seriate, up to 25 cells in height along the grain. MATEaIALnSyracuse BOO/10615, 375/1363. -56- if, Plate XXII écanthopanaxlgyodiaefolius Fr. ‘. WW 1' ( “if? a! I...) J g a Q. r! 1 *. Cross section lOOX . .0..- ..'.o . O on... 9. ... Tangential section lOOX -57- LITERATURE CITED (1) Chow,K.Y. l9hh The Properties of Chinese WOod. Unpublished. (2) Chen, Yung 1937 Illustrated manual of Chinese Trees and Shrubs. The Agricultural Association of China, Nanking. (3) Liang, H. l9h2 The Properties and Uses of Wood and Bamboo. Unpublished. (A) Tang, Y. 1941 Preliminary Manual of the Chinese Commercial Timbers. Technical Bulletin No.1, Forest Products Lab. National bureau of Industrial Research. Kaiting, China. (S) Tang, Y. 1932 Timber Studies of Chinese Trees. Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology. Vol.III, No. 13, 17, Vol. No.7. (6) Noon, Y.C. 1921 Chinese Economic Trees. China Book Co. Shanghai, China. (7) WOOd Collection Records of Syracuse University. -53- FINE. FOR OUT“?T ’ PERIODICan—xsc :‘..H HA! “lichlation dept. ii 23 ’57 Feb 5 ’58 feb_19 :58 M458 Room USE ONLY