ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION UPON
MICHIGAN WOODLOTS AND WETLANDS:
SOIL RELATIONSHIPS

Thesis fur the Degree of M. S.
MIEHIGAN ST ATE UNIVERSITY
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ABSTRACT

ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION UPON MICHIGAN
WOODLOTS AND WETLANDS: SOIL RELATIONSHIPS

BY

Robert McLeese

This study is part of a Michigan Department of State Highways
sponsored research project to determine the ecological impact of
a highway project upon some wooded and wetland areas in Michigan.
The soil relationships found at these sites were of particular
interest in this segment of the project.

Ten study sites, five wetlands and five woodlots, were selected
for analysis. These sites were located along Interstate 75, between
Standish and Grayling, Michigan.

A soils inventory was prepared for each site, consisting of
soil maps showing the distribution of soil types and phases, and
profile descriptions of some of the most abundant soils at each site.
Some samples were collected for laboratory analysis to aid in the
classification of the soils.

The most important effect that the construction of Interstate
75 has had on the soils of the woodlots and wetlands studied is the
disruption cfi: natural soil drainage conditions. The wetland sites,

which are primarily level areas of very poorly drained organic soils

1:5. goorly drained 5
ate: table levels \
512651, 4 and 5, t':
£11101". these areas
1.'.'e been altered c'
fiance of altered d:
3.2537 and 8. Th
tamed soils,
E‘v’idence of 5
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it was Probably
Contaminatic

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PC-lutants from a

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Robert McLeese
and poorly drained sandy, mineral soils were most affected. High
water table levels were observed at all of these sites, and at
Sites 1, 4 and 5, the water table was above the soil surface. Tree
kill on these areas indicated that the drainage regimes of the soils
have been altered during or since highway construction. This evi-
dence of altered drainage conditions was also observed at Woodlot
Sites 7 and 8. These two sites also included large areas of poorly
drained soils.

Evidence of sedimentation was observed at only one site. Some
erosion probably did occur at the other sites during construction
but was probably not significant.

Contamination of the soils by salts from de-icing compounds, air
pollutants from auto exhaust, heavy metals from auto parts, and
chemicals and petroleum products from accidental spills may occur in
the future. Salt contamination of the soils adjacent to interchanges
probably represents the largest potential soil problem.

Three important soil characteristics are significant for
determining highway impact. They are soil texture, soil slope char-
acteristics and natural soil drainage conditions. Soil survey
information, remote sensing imagery, and topographic and geologic
maps can be utilized to provide important information of these
characteristics. The new Soil Taxonomy used by the National Coopera-
tive Soil Survey may also be useful to highway engineers for assessing

potential highway impact.

Con: usions that
11 Whenever pcs
1mg highway coast:
2) Drains and

rated to avoid ex

ll

ITSLLLOIIS .

3) Erosion an;

O
12::

.mction, need

4) Research n
2352 applied to h
adverse effects to

5) Serious C<

martial highwaY

6) The 3011

{a ‘
a“! Int

7)

The detaj

tin

Ic'." EXtEnd beYOnd

(Inflation from

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Robert McLeese

Conclusions that were made concerning highway impact are:

1) Whenever possible, large wetland areas should be avoided
during highway construction.

2) Drains and channels must be properly designed and con-
structed to avoid excessive alteration of natural soil drainage
conditions.1‘

3) Erosion and sediment production, both during and after
construction, need to be controlled.

4) Research needs to be conducted to determine how much salt
may be applied to highways during winter de-icing programs without
adverse effects to the adjoining environment.

5) Serious consideration should be given to the potential of
the Comprehensive Soil Classification System for use in assessing
potential highway impact.

6) The soil management groups or units also have possibilities
for interpretive purposes and assessing potential highway impact.

7) The detailed soil mapping done by highway soil engineers
can provide specific information for impact assessment, but impact
may extend beyond the limits of the right-of—way. Available soils
information from other sources could be used to extend soil boun-

daries or the highway's soil survey should include adjoining areas.

 

1
See Conclusions.

ECOLOGICAL E:

fi-‘KI' I
xiv-51““

I
‘ O

ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION UPON MICHIGAN

WOODLOTS AND WETLANDS: SOIL RELATIONSHIPS

BY

Robert McLeese

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Crop and Soil Sciences

1975

 

luould like t:
theme, my major
management durim

Many thanks 9-”:

WI I‘. '
... or. D. L. Mama

“P Ir '1-

4.. ..elpful ideas

I am also gra1
132' Transportation
“ire research proje
My wife, Rosx

‘41 faith throughc

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. E. P.
Whiteside, my major professor, for his guidance, advice, and
encouragement during my days at Michigan State.

Many thanks go to Dr. A. E. Erickson, Dr. C. R. Humphrys,
and Dr. D. L. Mokma for serving on my guidance committee and for
their helpful ideas and suggestions.

I am also grateful to the Michigan Department of State Highways
and Transportation and Michigan State University for sponsoring
the research project that made this study possible.

My wife, Rosi, deserves a special thanks for her encouragement

and faith throughout my graduate study.

Robert McLeese

ii

. "J‘
'1. INJEST I GATE -.

 

 

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LITERA. CPS. P;

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,. SOILS INTENT

Wetla
Wetla
Wetle
Wetle
Wetla
Wood
Wood
Wood

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MALYSIS 0::

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Chapter

I

II

III

IV

VII

VII

INTRODUCTION .

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LITERATURE REVIEW. . .

O O O O O O O O O O O O

INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . .

Field Investigations. . . . . . . . . .
Laboratory Analyses . . . . . . . . . .

Wetland
Wetland
Wetland
Wetland
Wetland
Woodlot
Woodlot
Woodlot
WOodlot

ANALYSIS OF HIGHWAY

Wetland
Wetland
Wetland
Wetland
Wetland
WOodlot
Woodlot
WOodlot
Woodlot

SOILS INVENTORY OF THE

Site
Site
Site
Site
Site
Site
Site
Site .
Sites 9

mflmU'lubWNI-J
0

Site
Site
Site
Site
Site
Site
Site
Site .
Sites 9

mummnwwv—o

Discussion. . .

CONCLUSIONS. .

STUDY SITES . . . . . .

IMPACT O O O O O O 0 O O 0

ANALYSIS OF SOILS AND LAND USE INFORMATION FOR
ASSESSMENT OF HIGHWAY IMPACT . . . . . . . . .

iii

Page

12

12
13

16

17
25
27
3o
32
35
37
41
44

48

54
55
56
56
56
57
57
58
58
58

62

88

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A PRO IL“.
3 rSULTS

C SSH PE

ITEAI‘JRE CITE . .

Chapter Page

APPENDICES.......................... 88
A PROFILE DESCRIPTIONS OF SOILS . . . . . . . . . 88
B RESULTS OF LABORATORY ANALYSES. . . . . . . . . 113
C MDSH PRELIMINARY PLAN PRINTS. . . . . . . . . . 115
LITERATURECITED....................... 126

iv

 

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tapping units I
study site: re
described for t
described by :4:

Soil series of
according to tj
Sl'Stem and the

Soil Character
“Y impact at

Classificatim—
ten StUdY Site

pWential ecoj
on natural 50:
grouping the 1
size class ,

series 0f the

Potential ecc
0“ natural sc
grOuping the

Table

10

ll

12

LIST OF TABLES

Mapping units within the right-of-way at each

study site: relationship between mapping units
described for this investigation and those
described by MDSH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Soil series of the ten study sites classified
according to the Comprehensive Soil Classification
System and the 1938 Soil Classification System . . .

Soil characteristics and brief assessment of high-
way impact at each study site. . . . . . . . . . . .

Classification of the mineral soils found at the
ten Study Sites 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0

Potential ecological effect of highway construction

on natural soil drainage conditions: illustrated by
grouping the soil series into suborders and particle
size class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Soil management group identification chart . . . . .

Soil management group designation for the soil
series of the ten study sites. . . . . . . . . . . .

Potential ecological effect of highway construction
on natural soil drainage conditions: illustrated by
grouping the soil series into soil management groups
Relationships of those soil series that are combined
with similar soil series by the MDSH to the associa-

ted series mapped by MDSH. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Northern Michigan soils that are mapped by MDSH
grouped into soil management groups. . . . . . . . .

Laboratory analyses: mineral soils. . . . . . . . .

Laboratory analyses: organic soils. . . . . . . . .

Page

18

20

49

68

71

73

75

76

79

82
113

114

 

E_.._

I.

l

(.11

Locatio
Soil ma
Soil nu
Soil rm
Soil 11;.
5011 m.
soil In

Soil m

Figure

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Location

Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
Soil
MDSH
MDSH
MDSH
MDSH
MDSH
MDSH
MDSH
MDSH
MDSH

MDSH

map

map

map

map

map

map

map

map

Preliminary
Preliminary
Preliminary
Preliminary
Preliminary
Preliminary
Preliminary
Preliminary
Preliminary

Preliminary

of

of

of

of

of

of

of

of

of

study 5
Wetland
Wetland
Wetland
Wetland
Wetland
Woodlot
Woodlot
Woodlot
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1

P1

LIST OF FIGURES

ites . .

Site 1.

Site and Woodlot Site 6

Site 3.
Site 4.
Site 5.
Site 7.
Site 8.
Sites 9
an Print
an Print
an Print
an Print
an Print
an Print
an Print
an Print
an Print

an Print

vi

and

of

of

of

of

of

of

of

of

of

of

10.

Wetland

Wetland

Wetland

Wetland

Woodlot

Woodlot

Woodlot

Woodlot

Woodlot

Wetland Site

Site

Site

Site

Site

Site

Site

Site

Site

Site

Page

22
26
28
31
33
38
42
45
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
123
124

125

"I
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Theoreticall
an: scidies by st
highway construc1
Carter, 1967).

This study

spznsored re sea:

I . I NTRODUCTION

Theoretically, no activity is without its environmental impact,
and studies by state highway agencies have shown that the damage of
highway construction to the environment needs to be minimized
(Carter, 1967).

This study is part of a Michigan Department of State Highways
sponsored research project that was designed to aid highway planners
in their attempts to assess the ecological impact of a highway
project upon some representative woodland and wetland areas in
Michigan. Cooperating investigators included faculty and students
of the Departments of Crop and Soil Sciences, Civil Engineering,
Fisheries and Wildlife, Forestry, and Resource Development at Michigan
State University.

Ten study sites, five wetlands and five woodlots, were selected
for analysis. They are located along Interstate 75 between Standish
and Grayling, Michigan (Figure l). The highway at Wetland Site 1
was open to traffic before this investigation began and the other
nine sites were opened to traffic during the course of the investi-
gation. The soil relationships found in these areas were of particular
interest in this segment of the project.

"Soil" has many meanings and connotations in different contexts.
For the purpose of this study soil is defined as

1

 

 

I

 

Interstate 75

 

Grayli g
0

CRAWFORD CO.

.—-———.-.-.

 

OGEMAW CO.

 

Site 2
*

'West Branch

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 
 

 

ROSCOMMON CO. Site 6
ARENA 0.
Site 1 C C
Standish
O
Grayling
O
Standish. ////\\
'\. \ L I
miles 10

 

Figure 1. Location of study sites.

'the collecti
the earth's 1
prOperties d‘
living matte
by relief. 0

1511‘. can be co:
inf outputs. Be:
:gurtemt part o
210:. the soil wi
:iter components

With this i
3:11;: the effect

.115 and wetland

1) To prey

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"the collection of natural bodies occupying portions of

the earth's surface that support plants and that have

prOperties due to the integrated effect of climate and

living matter, acting upon parent material, and conditioned

by relief, over a period of time."

(Soil Survey Staff, 1951)
A soil can be considered as an open system with a budget of inputs
and outputs. Because of this dynamic property, the soil is a very
important part of an ecosystem and any activity that has an impact
upon the soil will also influence, either directly or indirectly, the
other components of the ecosystem.

With this in mind, the following objectives were established to
study the effects of a highway project upon the soils of these wood-
lots and wetlands:

1) To prepare a soils inventory of the ten study sites, that
will include maps showing the distribution of soil types and phases
of types at each site and descriptions of those soils from field
observations.

2) To determine the highway's impact, both beneficial and
detrimental, on the soils that exist at each study site.

3) To determine the potential utility of soil and land use
information already available, or that acquired during route selec-

tion or construction planning, for assessment of highway environmental

impacts.

The impact 05
:icrs‘nips that exi
:11 after the con:

Sediment tra
a soil materials
have on the envir
tial damage downs
Stream beds they
1‘43?- meff. A
The sediments ca
tread over adja

The soil is
because of the 1
Izrrditions Of t'

:EIiV
Ed by eros

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

The impact of a highway project on the soil environmental rela-
tionships that exist near the highway are varied and appear during
and after the construction period.

Sediment transport and sedimentation resulting from the erosion
of soil materials is one of the most serious effects a highway may
have on the environment. The resulting sediments can cause substan-
tial damage downstream from the construction area. Where they fill
stream beds they may cause stream bank erosion during periods of
high run-off. Aquatic life may be harmed or killed by sedimentation.
The sediments can also fill road ditches, cover road surfaces, or be
spread over adjacent areas.

The soil is most vulnerable to erosion during construction
because of the rapid changes that occur in the natural vegetative
conditions of the area during this period. The amount of sediment
derived by erosion from an acre of ground under highway construction
may be 20,000 to 40,000 times greater than the amount of material
eroded from woodlands in an equivalent period of time (Wolman, 1964).
The increased susceptibility of soil materials to water erosion during
construction is also directly related to the increased runoff that

OCClxrs. Steeper, barren slopes are usually exposed to rainfall
durigng construction, and this results in greater runoff at higher

4

 

_ T-
Llrcvxzv ' -°

   
 
 

rarities. Soil e:
segment, resulting
iii greater runoff.
salts from highway
1:;sz time and incr
area as compared wi‘
'39: Quayyum and K.
Te universal
i: sediment predict
sizes (Wichmeier,
1359; Hischmeier a:

Wilmlar site is

5

velocities. Soil embankments are compacted by heavy construction
equipment, resulting in lower infiltration and permeability rates
and greater runoff. The increased area of impervious surface which
results from highway construction also substantially shortens the
runoff time and increases the amount of stormwater runoff from an
area as compared with preconstruction conditions (Preston and Mills,
1970; Quayyum and Kemper, 1960; Younkin, 1973).

The universal rainfall-erosion equation can be adapted to aid
in sediment prediction and erosion control planning at construction
sites (Wichmeier, Johnson and Cross, 1971; Wischmeier and Mannering,
1969; Wischmeier and Meyers, 1973). The soil loss rate, A, at a

particular site is the product of six major factors: A = RKLSCP,

where A the computed average soil loss rate,
R = the rainfall intensity factor,
K = the soil-erodibility factor,
L = slope length,
S = slope steepness,
C = the cover and management factor, and
P = the erosion-control practice factor.

The soil erodibility factor, K, combines the effects of the
soil's water intake capacity and its susceptibility to detachment and
transport by rainfall and runoff. Texture structure, organic matter
content, and permeability are the soil properties used to determine
the soil erodibility factor. Tilmann, Mokma, and Stockman (1975)

have developed a method using this equation by which the amount of

conéi‘truction-related soil erosion for a regional area can be predicted.

In Michigan. t

 

 

 

:extures are most e
3:115 high in silt.
slsges are also eas
arcsion may also be
Left barren during
Cook, 1968) .

The alteratior

tn"

.v...ous effect a h
Pasearch Institute
abarrier to water
drainage conditior
lag off completed

rd 1.
a. channels. Im;

II cause a detr i:

O
9‘

CUIVerts are p

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extensrve d a

a .
‘zi‘ .
image dltChES

:I’Jsin
9 More drOE

a; .
u u. . ,
s ‘ILC‘

Ilgan, 197.

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6

In Michigan, those soils with sandy loam or loamy sand profile
textures are most erodable (Whiteside, Schneider, and Cook, 1968).
Soils high in silt, low in clay and organic matter, and on steep
slopes are also easily eroded (Wischmeier and Mannering, 1969). Wind
erosion may also be a serious hazard if organic or sandy soils are
left barren during or after construction (Whiteside, Schneider, and
Cook, 1968).

The alteration of natural soil drainage conditions is another
serious effect a highway may have on the environment (Environmental
Research Institute of Michigan, 1972). The highway commonly acts as
a barrier to water circulation patterns and may disrupt earlier
drainage conditions. It is quite evident that the storm water flow—
ing off completed highways and adjacent areas requires adequate drains
and channels. Improper construction or placement of these drainways
may cause a detrimental change in drainage conditions of the area.

If culverts are placed too high to permit proper drainage of lands
adjacent to highways, these lands may be transformed into wetter lands
with extensive damage to vegetation (Anonymous, 1970). Also, if
drainage ditches are too shallow, periodic flooding may occur; and

if ditches are too deep, the natural water table may be lowered
causing more drouthy conditions (Environmental Research Institute

of Michigan, 1972).

De-icing salts (NaCl or CaClz) and other chemicals that are
aPPlied to a highway for the purpose of melting or preventing the
fOIHnation of ice seem to have measurable influences on the soils,

Wfilter and vegetation adjacent to the highway (Button, 1971;

   

Atkinson and 015C
EelativelY high CO"
|
2 adversely affe-t‘:
seats of exchange
gtgsical properties
P311: and Berthouex
"rags is eventually
infiltrates into t'r
:Lzarged, they are a
:rganic particles.
usolution and ar
:cscentrations of
Emperties by can:
Fientually lead ti
Pfirfleability (Hut

Mum and Kempe

In One studJ

 

7
Hutchinson and Olson, 1967; Quayyum and Kemper, 1960; Rutka, 1965).
Relatively high concentrations of sodium and chloride ions in soils
can adversely affect plant growth; and soils containing large
amounts of exchangeable sodium frequently develop undesirable
physical properties (Hutchinson, 1970; Hutchinson and Olson, 1967;
Prior and Berthouex, 1967; Rutka, 1965). The salt applied to high-
ways is eventually carried away by surface runoff into streams or
infiltrates into the adjoining soil. Since sodium ions are positively
charged, they are attracted to the negative sites on soil clay and
organic particles, and the negatively charged chloride anions remain
in solution and are leached downward into the ground water. High
concentrations of sodium ions have an adverse effect on soil physical
properties by causing dispersion of colloidal particles and may
eventually lead to poorer drainage conditions because of decreased
peremeability (Hutchinson and Olson, 1967; Sullivan and Higgs, 1973;
Quayyum and Kemper, 1960). Excessive salt infiltration may also
cause damage to plants (Sullivan and Higgs, 1973; Rutka, 1965).

In one study conducted in Maine, it was found that the concen-
tration of sodium in the soils within 45 feet of a highway was 50
ppm before the highway was opened to traffic (Hutchinson, 1970).
After one winter with a salt application of 25 tons per mile of
roadway, the sodium concentration increased more than fivefold within
ten feet of the highway. At another site where de-icing had been

going on for 18 winters, the average sodium concentrations were 660

IKXH near the edge of the highway and 300 ppm 45 feet away. In one

iSCfilated case the concentration of sodium had increased to 1,056 ppm.

 

as: represented a

exchange caPaCIt t

.<

asaiic soil. It I
:1easing in soils n
rations adversely

In a Connecti
salt from winter <
a: particularly 1
spruce (Picea ab:

saxharinum L.) ,

arerance becauSI
=.:.erance. Thes

re ~ ‘ -
Mm. rainfa

3C

'1.

the Plant.
SOdium iOnE

.3.th growth.

7:“ .'

mm?) majo
J act as a Par
‘54::

MI").

8
which represented a 23 per cent saturation of the soil cation
exchange capacity by sodium ions. This soil could now be considered
a sodic soil. It was concluded that toxic quantities of sodium are in-
creasingixisoils near highways that are salted and that these concen—
trations adversely affect drainage.

In a Connecticut study on the tolerance of trees and shrubs to
salt from winter de-icing programs, it was found that de-icing salts
are particularly harmful to white pine (Pinus strobus), norway
spruce (Picea abies), hemlock (Truga canadenis), silver maple (Acer
saccharinum L.), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) (Anonymous,
1971a). Trees and shrubs that are tolerant to salt were also listed
in this study. Investigators found some difficulty in rating the
tolerance because of other factors that play important roles in salt
tolerance. These include soil texture, soil permeability, soil
reaction, rainfall frequency, winter winds, and the general health
of the plant.

Sodium ions in the soil can also have a beneficial effect on
plant growth. In general, potassium is the most limiting, naturally
occurring, major plant nutrient in organic soils and sodium appears
to act as a partial substitute for potassium (Davis and Lucas,
1951).

Air pollution is a very significant factor in environmental
deterioration. Transportation, particularly the automobile, is the
greatest source of air pollution. It accounts for 42 per cent of

all pollutants by weight. A number of studies have shown that soils

are £3 major "natural sink" for air pollutants that are released into

   
  
  
 
   

tie environment III:
Mums, 1971b: 3
ascrgtion of air y.
pcllctants after tr.-
:r.-'eiy little atter.‘
save not been stud;
_::c_:-erties as textui
seamed.

Soils and plar
that lead contents
Iiiéistance from
Dairies, Chilko, a:
find that small
3153‘: growth, but
:3 be bad for p1,-
In

many 11161315 in

a plant concen‘

j: animal5- 0t

"3‘18 are mic):

Cice“
dilfle ard n'

«.55 Of the

3:15 I q
Led by a

9
the environment (Abeles, Cracker and Leather, 1971; Bohn, 1972;
Anonymous, 1971b; Smith, 1973; Westman and Gifford, 1973). Soil
absorption of air pollutants and the effects of plant absorbed
pollutants after the plants decay in the soil have received rela-
tively little attention. Absorption rates, mechanisms, and capacities
have not been studied to any extent and the effects of such soil
properties as texture, moisture, content, and pH have not been
measured.

Soils and plants sampled along heavily traveled highways show
that lead contents tend to increase with traffic volume and decrease
with distance from the highway (Lagerwerff and Specht, 1970; Motto,
Daines, Chilko, and Motto, 1970; Siccama, 1971). Siccama (1971)
found that small accumulations of lead in the soil might stimulate
plant growth, but levels that are twice as much as normal "just has
to be bad for plants and animals." Lagerwerff and Specht (1970) and
Motto et a1. (1971) feel that the accumulation of lead and other
heavy metals in soils, from air pollution, probably does not result
in plant concentrations of these ions which are hazardous to plants
or animals. Other heavy metals that contaminate roadside soils and
plants are nickel, cadmium, and zinc. The nickel comes from nickeled
gasoline and nickel containing parts of automobiles and trucks.
Sources of the cadmium and zinc are the motor vehicle tires and the
oils used by autos.

The major gaseous air pollutants emitted by automobiles are
cartxgn monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons.

At low pollution levels the harmful qualities of the pollutants

 

2511266 by the SC:

 

as nutrients or an
glarts (Bohn, 1972?
absorbed by the SO
jian'ts may suffer
mgaired reproduc'
‘he final, extrem
ea“; ensue along 1
Also, at the hig
are absorbed by
eaccer and nitr.
carverted to su
Contamina:

the 1

Highway by

10
absorbed by the soil are probably dissipated and they are recycled
as nutrients or are fixed in the soil in forms unavailable to
plants (Bohn, 1972; Edwards, 1969). As the amount of pollutants
absorbed by the soil and plants themselves increases, individual
plants may suffer subtle damage in the form of reduced growth,
impaired reproduction, or greater susceptibility to disease. In
the final, extreme, case trees are actually killed and soil erosion
may ensue along with changes in the hydrologic cycle (Siccama, 1971).
Also, at the higher levels of contamination, the hydrocarbons that
are absorbed by the soil cause an increase in the soils organic
matter and nitrogen contents and sulfur dioxide on oxidation is
converted to sulfuric acid which increases soil acidity (Bohn, 1972).

Contamination of the soils and water of the area adjacent to
the highway by chemicals and petroleum products, from accidental
spills and normal use of the roadway, may also occur.

The presence of certain soils will have special impacts on the
areas adjacent to a highway. Organic soils make poor subgrades and
many times have to be excavated and are commonly dumped on adjacent
areas. This can destroy the vegetation and change the composition
of the plant community (Environmental Research Institute of Michigan,
1972).

The influence of the soil on environmental changes within a
highway construction area is determined primarily by three important
soil.characteristics: texture, drainage, and slope (Environmental

Research Institute of Michigan, 1972) . It is important when

assessing highway ;
investigate how th»,

'aywlsg .av
Laiut .
4 4

 

ll
assessing highway impact to identify these characteristics and
investigate how they might influence the possible effects of the

highway.

The investi
each of the ten
initial phase 1
3:19am) field
51‘. the env 11'0]
EALYSIS of SCI

‘38 “T j

I I I . INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES

The investigation of the soil environmental relationships at
each of the ten study sites consisted of two major phases. The
initial phase included the preparation of a soils inventory of each
site and field observations of the highway's impact upon the soil
and the environment. The last phase consisted of laboratory
analysis of some of the predominant soils and the preparation of a

written report.

Field Investigations

 

The field investigations of the ten study sites along Interstate
75 were conducted between October 19 and November 18, 1973. A soil
map of each site was prepared during this period. The land area that
was mapped at each location was dictated by the size of the area that
was studied by the individuals working on the vegetation, wildlife,

1

and hydrology segments of the project. Basic soil survey procedures
and techniques were used in identifying the different soils, determin—
ing their boundaries, and delineating those boundaries on a base map
(Soil Survey Staff, 1950 and 1970).

The base maps that were used were photocopies of aerial photo

IEHNDhromatic paper prints in 9x9 inch format at a scale of 1:20,000.

They were obtained from the Agricultural Stabilization and

12

 

Innervation Servic

   
  
    

free flight missi;
EIGI-Wrafehy taken ’1

"I" “f the sites a-

‘4
you“ V

1‘. each site were a
Fm'ished soil surv
71327), Ogemaw Coun
reviewed in prepare
After the map
grfirinant soils
335?: was used to
heme representat
Sails that were I
:III analyses .
Iva benefit
'I‘Ei‘e 0135821186 c

All:
“I “apnea.

13
Conservation Service. These aerial photographs were obtained in
three flight missions in 1963, 1964, and 1969. Low elevation aerial
photography taken from helicopter flights in the fall of 1973 of
each of the sites and the highway engineer's preliminary plan prints
of each site were also used to locate boundaries of different soils.
Published soil surveys of Arenac County (1967), Crawford County
(1927), Ogemaw County (1923), and Roscommon County (1924) were
reviewed in preparation for field mapping.

After the mapping was completed, profile descriptions of the
predominant soils at each site were made (Appendix A). A bucket
auger was used to examine these soils, after they were selected as
being representative of the areas. Samples of about half of the
soils that were described were collected in plastic bags for labora-
tory analyses.

Any beneficial or detrimental effects due to the highway that

were observed or could be predicted were recorded as each site was

being mapped.

Laboratory Analyses

 

Laboratory measurements were used to aid in the classification
of those soils that were sampled. Of particular interest with the
sandy mineral soils was the degree of spodic horizon development.
The Soil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff, 1970) gives specific criteria
fOr’the identification of a spodic horizon. The horizon must meet
(flirtain cation exchange capacity and depth requirements. It must

31450 meet certain limits in pyrophosphate extraction and

1.1““

 

iztiionite-citmte
an respect I° II
fifif,l970).
The hydranet
Say (1965) was us
silhorizons. C
:isn analyses we!
the Soil Survey 5
absorption spectr
the amount of ext
be too complicate
fest method of de
stitu’ted for the
This Quick '
correlates extra
and carbon. Ext
nines greater
3:32.25 of Haplgr
III Placed soils
IIIPSMments.
The Primary
Soils was to det
Elw- materi
als.

Iist'
lit.“ '
Rushed:

\

t

14
dithionite-citrate extraction of elemental aluminum, iron, and carbon
with respect to the clay percentage of the horizon (Soil Survey
Staff, 1970).

The hydrometer method of particle size analysis as described by
Day (1965) was used to determine the clay fraction of the mineral
soil horizons. Cation exchange capacities and pyrophosphate extrac-
tion analyses were then begun according to procedures described by
the Soil Survey Staff (1972). It was then discovered that an atomic
absorption spectrophotometer was not available for use in determining
the amount of extractable aluminum. Alternate methods were found to
be too complicated and lengthy to pursue for this study, so a Quick
Test method of determination of spodic horizon development was sub-
stituted for the extraction methods (Lietzke, 1968).

This Quick Test is a rapid pyrophosphate color test that
correlates extract colors with laboratory extractable iron, aluminum,
and carbon. Extract color values less than or equal to 7 and
chromas greater than 3 generally qualify B horizons as Typic sub-
groups of Haplorthods.* Combinations of 7/1 and 7/2 were borderline
and placed soils into Entic subgroups of Haplorthods or into Spodic
Udipsamments.

The primary interest of the laboratory studies of the organic
soils was to determine the degree of decomposition of the organic
Plant materials. Three basic kinds of organic soil materials are
<iistinguished: fibric, hemic, and sapric (Soil Survey Staff, 1970).

*
Color values and chromas are Munsell soil color notations.

Fibric soil mater;
of more than two-t
1M two-fifths af

pyrophospha te ext:

 

 

 

raises and chromas
:nart. sapric mat
soil materials and
rating and less t
colors below or to
and chromas 5/1. E
aeterials are inte
extract colors the
Pyrophosp'nate
Earle on each of t‘:
:‘escribed by Lynn

RESUltS of a

Tables 11 am 12

15

Fibric soil materials are the least decomposed and have fiber contents
of more than two-thirds of the soil volume before rubbing and more
than two-fifths after rubbing. These materials also yield a sodium
pyrophosphate extract color on white chromatography paper that have
values and chromas of 7/1, 7/2, 8/1, 8/2, or 8/3 on a Munsell color
chart. Sapric materials are the most decomposed of the organic
soil materials and their fiber content is less than one-third before
rubbing and less than one-sixth after rubbing. They have extract
colors below or to the right of a line drawn to exclude the values
and chromas 5/1, 6/2, and 7/3 on a Munsell color chart. Hemic
materials are intermediately decomposed and have fiber contents and
extract colors that do not meet the requirements for fibric or sapric.

Pyrophosphate color tests, fiber tests, and pH in CaCl2 were
made on each of the organic soil samples according to procedures
described by Lynn and McKinzie (1971).

Results of all laboratory analyses are found in Appendix B,

Tables 11 and 12.

The soils '1th?r
consists of soil ma;
brief description 0'
of some of the most

The soil mappi
taxonomic units pre
if they represent 1
soils are named if
Photographs on whi
available at the t
area boundaries w
field investigati
tWish 9).

Differences
USEd in this IEPC
5°11 Engineers 0:
it every Site. 1

re
‘30 rt Were draw-

Of the highway r

{in .
.0989!)le c)

IV. SOILS INVENTORY OF THE STUDY SITES

The soils inventory that was made of each of the ten study sites
consists of soil maps showing the distribution of mapping units, a
brief description of these mapping units, and profile descriptions
of some of the most predominant soils at each site.

The soil mapping units found at each site are named for the
taxonomic units predominating in them. Contrasting soils are named
if they represent more than 10 per cent of a mapping unit and similar
soils are named if they represent more than 25 per cent. The aerial
photographs on which the soil mapping units are shown were not
available at the time the mapping was being conducted, so the soil
area boundaries were transferred from the base maps used during the
field investigations onto panchromatic paper prints (Figures 2
through 9) .

Differences in the names and boundaries of the mapping units
used in this report and those described for the same areas by the
soil engineers of the Michigan Department of State Highways appear
at every site. Boundaries of the soil mapping units used in this
rePortwere drawn on the highway engineer's preliminary plan prints

0f the highway right-of-way to illustrate the differences that exist

(Appendix c) .

l6

In Table l, the ma;

ighsay right-of-way at

 

the relationship between
report ani those dESC‘I 1‘
:fthe corresponding ma
these differences occu'
he by highway soil e
azoirately as possibl
for highway design er
and personal discret
iifferences observed
:‘rssed in greater d-

In Table 2 the

are classified acc.

System and the 193

file descriptions

n. .
lleid Investigati

17

In Table l, the mapping units that are located within the
highway right-of-way at each of the ten study sites are listed and
the relationship between the mapping units described for this
report and those described by the MDSH are illustrated. The names
of the corresponding mapping units are different at every site.
These differences occur because more detailed mapping is commonly
done by highway soil engineers, and the soil map units are shown as
accurately as possible because of the detailed plans that are needed
for highway design and construction. Differences in classification
and personal discretion of the mapper also account for some of the
differences observed in this study. These differences will be dis-
cussed in greater detail in Chapter VI.

In Table 2 the soil series found at each of the ten study sites
are classified according to the Comprehensive Soil Classification
System and the 1938 Soil Classification System. The detailed pro—
file descriptions that were made of some of these soils during the

field investigations are found in Appendix A.

Wetland Site 1

 

Site 1 is located in Section 34, Moffitt Township (TZON, R3E),
Arenac County. At this site the highway crosses over a large area
of poorly drained mineral and organic soils. Cattails, willow and
alder shrubs, aspen and white birch trees are the most dominant
plants. Figure 2 shows a soil map of the area. There are four

mapping units found at this site:

Edel. Mapping u
relations
investige

m

is:-
La'i Mapping unit.
are this investir

x

Harley muck
(he), Roscorr.
AuGres sand
Roscommon (S
(5b-h)]
Roscommon sa
(”/4C). AuSr
(H/4c)
\

Newayqo sanc‘
[Hancelona 1
Palo sandy 1
[Gladwin (4;
Tauas-carbo;
[ROScomOn

Grayling‘Cr
0‘“ SlOpe
Saugatuck (

18

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 1. Mapping units within the right—of-way at each study site:
relationship between mapping units described for this
investigation and those described by MDSH *

Wet-

land Mapping units described for Corresponding mapping units

site this investigation described by MDSH

l Markey muck (M/4c) [Houghton Roscommon (5c), Shallow muck
(Mc), Roscommon (5c)] (M/c)
AuGres sand (5b) [Markey (M/4c), Roscommon (5c), Shallow muck
Roscommon (5c), Saugatuck (M/c)
(Sb-h)]
Roscommon sand (5c) [Markey Roscommon (5c), Shallow muck
(M/4c), AuGres (5b), Tawas (M/c)
(M/4C)

2 Newaygo sandy loam (3/5a) Echo (5a), Emmet (3a),
[Mancelona (4a)] Iosco (4/2b)
Palo sandy loam (3/5b) Roscommon (5c)
[Gladwin (4b), Tawas (M/4c)]
Tawas-carbondale complex (M/4c)_ Muck (Mc), Peat (Mc), Peat
[Roscommon (5c)] marsh (Mc), Roscommon (5c)

3 Grayling-Croswell complex, Antrim (4a), Kalkaska (5a),
O-6% slope (5.7a) [AuGres (5b), Roscommon (5c)
Saugatuck (Sb-h), Graycalm (5a),
Montcalm (4a)]
Tawas-Seelyeville complex (M/4c) Muck (Mc), Saugatuck (Sb—h)
[Roscommon (5c), Kinross (5c)]

4 Rifle peat (Mc) [Tawas (M/4c)] Muck (MC), Roscommon (5c)
Saugatuck sand (Sb-h) [AuGres Saugatuck (Sb-h)
(5b)]

5 Carbondale muck (Mc) [Tawas Peat marsh (Mc)

(M/4c)]

Roscommon-AuGres complex (5c)
[Tawas (M/4c)]

Tawas muck (M/4c) [AuGres (5b),
Carbondale (Mc), Roscommon (5c)]

Roscommon sand (5c), Sauga-
tuck sand (Sb-h)
Peat marsh (Mc)

 

'rlel (cont'c

ed- .
ht Mapping
sxe this inv

6 Omena 55
(3a) [Me
(1.5a)]
Menomine
slope (.

K

7 Kinross
[Roscom
Otisco
Croswel
SIOpe q
Sangati
Menomir
Nehemiy
(5a), j
(Sb-h)
ROSCOm
[AUGre
0tisco

AUGres
(5c)]

CrOSWe
ROSCOU
[AUGre
Sau9a1
(Sb),

9 Rubic:
Slope
Hontc

'_A.A
I.

Rubic
Slogfi

\
t

4a' ‘z— - SO
sr‘llnS ‘Jn:
”Qinant s:

19

Table l (cont'd.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wood-
lot Mapping units described for Corresponding mapping units
site this investigation described by MDSH
6 \Omena sandy loam, 6-12% slope Nester (1.5a), Echo (5a)
(3a) [Menominee (4/2a), Nester
(1.5a)]
Menominee loamy fine sand, 0-6% Emmet (3a), Echo (5a), Iosco
slope (4/2a)] (4/2b), Nester (1.5a),
Selkirk (lb)
7 Kinross-Markey complex (5c) Muck (Mc), Roscommon-
[Roscommon (5c), Ogemaw (Sb-h), Saugatuck complex (5c)
Otisco (4/2b), Houghton (Mc)]
Croswell-AuGres complex, 0-6% Iosco (4/2b), Grayling (5.7a),
slope (5a) [Rubicon (5.3a), Ottawa-Rubicon complex (5/2a),
Saugatuck (Sb-h), Graycalm (5a), Rubicon (5.3a), Saugatuck (5b-
Menominee (4/2a), Iosco (4/2b)] h), Selkirk (lb), Wexford (5a)
Menominee sand (4/2a) [Croswell Ogemaw (Sb-h), Ottawa (5/2a)
(5a), Iosco (4/2b), Ogemaw
(5b—h)]
Roscommon-Kinross complex (5c) Roscommon (5c), Roscommon-
[AuGres (5b), Saugatuck (Sb—h), Saugatuck complex (5c)
Otisco (4/2b)]
8 AuGres sand (5b) [Roscommon Roscommon-Saugatuck complex
(5c)] (5c)
Croswell sand (5a) [AuGres (5b)] Kalkaska (5a)
Roscommon mucky sand (5c) Roscommon-Saugatuck complex
[AuGres (5b), Saugatuck (5b-h)] (5c), Roscommon (5c)
Saugatuck sand (Sb-h) [AuGres Saugatuck (Sb-h)
(5b), Roscommon (5c)]
9 Rubicon-Graycalm complex, 6-12% Echo (5a), Iosco (4/2b)
slope (5.3a) [Rousseau (4a), Roselawn (5.3a or 4a)
Montcalm (4a), Menominee (4/2a)]
10 Rubicon-Graycalm complex, 0-6% Iosco loamy sand (4/2b),

slope (5.3a) [Rousseau (4a),
Montcalm (4a), Menominee (4/2a)]

Ogemaw-loamy sand (Sb-h)
Rubicon sand (5.3a)

 

mapping units.

*

-‘ ”-v~.

Soil series names irlbrackets are inclusions within the

dominant soil management group.

Numbers and letters in parentheses represent pre—

hueZ. Soil ser:
the Comp:
Soil Cla

Soil
Sue series

*

lflh4, AuGres
52".)t'89

fa.5 Carbondal

hifii, Croswell

"3*,
sh
T3 Gladwin
fé‘, Graycaln
3d0'
p Grayline
137+ LuPton
h Iosco
3T,7t Kim-gs
2;

Mdmel‘
lfiy

Markey
537

an; ”mom

u ,
" I6T'

313+

MOHtCa

NestEI

20

 

 

 

 

Table 2. Soil series of the ten study sites classified according to
the Comprehensive Soil Classification System and the 1938
Soil Classification System
Comprehensive Soil
Classification System 1938
Soil Family (add to Classification System
Site series subgroup name) Subgroup Great Group
l*,3,4, AuGres sandy, mixed, Entic Podzol
5*,7*,8* frigid Haplaquod
1+,2,5 Carbondale euic Hemic Bog
Borosaprist
3,5,6T, Croswell sandy, mixed, Entic Hap- Podzol
7*,8*, frigid lorthod
9+10 -
2+ Gladwin sandy, mixed, Alfic Hap- Podzol
frigid laquod
3+,6*, Graycalm sandy, mixed, Entic Hap- Podzol
7+, frigid lorthod1
9-10*
3* Grayling mixed, frigid Typic Brown Podzolic
Udipsam-
ment
1+,7+ Lupton euic Typic Boro- Bog
saprist
7+ Iosco sandy over Aqualfic Podzol
loamy, mixed, Haplorthod
frigid
3+,7* Kinross sand, mixed, Histic Hap- Low Humic Gley
frigid laquod 1
2+ Mancelona sandy, mixed, Alfic Hap- Podzol
frigid lorthod
1*,7 Markey sandy, mixed, Terric Bog
enic Borosaprist
6*,7, Menominee sandy over Alfic Hap— Podzol
9+10+ loamy, mixed, lorthod
frigid
3+,6f, Montcalm sandy, mixed, Alfic Hap- Podzol
9+10+ frigid lorthod
6+ Nester fine, mixed, Typic Eutro- Gray Wooded

frigid

boralf

rale2 (cont'd.)

 

Ir.

Soil
539 series

«1
a

U3

2
P NQV3Y§0 coa

2‘ Ogemaw sa

5‘ Omena
Otisco

* 2

‘ Palo

h Rifle

315*,

25*

hm? Rousseau

fl, '

I RMbicon

3+)gt

lgii. Saugatuck
425,7,

Re
i

P SQelyE_
Ville
lfi2t’ Tawas
M(4,51
*\
Profile d
0CCur Onl
Taxadjunc

2

 

Er

Table 2 (cont'd.)

21

 

Comprehensive Soil
Classification System

 

1938

 

 

Soil Family (add to Classification System
Site series subgroup name) Subgroup Great Group
2* Newaygo2 coarse loamy Alfic Hap- Podzol
lorthod
7f Ogemaw sandy over loamy, Aquic Hap- Ground Water
mixed, frigid, Podzol
ortstein
6* Omena fine loamy, mixed Typic Eutro- Ground Water
boralf Podzol
7+ Otisco sandy, mixed, Entic Hap- Podzol
frigid laquod
2* Palo2 coarse loamy Aquic Eutro- Podzol
boralf
4* Rifle euic Typic Boro— Bog
hemist
1*,2f, Roscommon mixed, frigid Mollie Low Humic Gley
3+'5*' Psama-
7,8* quent
9+10+ Rousseau sandy, mixed, Entic Hap— Podzol
frigid lorthod
7f Rubicon sandy, mixed, Entic Hap- Podzol
9+10* frigid lorthod
1+,3f, Saugatuck sandy, mixed, Aeric Hap- Ground Water
4*,5,7, frigid, ortstein laquod Podzol
8*
3* Seelye- euic Typic Boro- Bog
ville saprist
l*,2*, Tawas sandy, mixed, Terric Bor- Bog
3*,4,S* euic osaprist

 

*
Profile descriptions in Appendix A.

1.Occur only as inclusions in the mapping units.

lTaxadjunct (see profile description in Appendix A).

2 .
Variant (see profile description in Appendix A).

22

 

 

Figure 2. Soil map of Wetland Site 1.

Markey muck - 'I
arganic soil COHSiS1
materials underlain
Tze water table is
513995 are less the

Markey muck i:
Lipton muck, in uh
greater than 51 in
are less than 16 i
itainant inclusior

“‘15 maWing unit

AuGres sand
shat poorly drain
typically has a t
horizon, and a de
horizon. The wa1
ilring the winte:

Other soils
Satsatuck and R0
“Ck- The Sauga
tinumly cement
dark celored 5

U3:

v
'drk
9y series 1
C

23

Markey muck - This is a dark colored, very poorly drained

 

organic soil consisting of layers of highly decomposed herbaceous
materials underlain by sandy deposits at depths of 16 to 51 inches.
The water table is at or near the surface throughout the year.
Slopes are less than 2 per cent.

Markey muck is the most dominant soil in the mapping unit.
Lupton muck, in which the thickness of the organic layers is
greater than 51 inches, and soil areas where the organic materials
are less than 16 inches thick (Roscommon mucky sand) are the most
dominant inclusions. The soil management group predominating in

this mapping unit is M/4c (see Table 8).

AuGres sand - This is a deep, moderately dark colored, some-

 

what poorly drained soil formed in sandy outwash. This soil
typically has a thin, black Al horizon, a mottled grayish A2
horizon, and a dark reddish brown BZhir and a reddish brown BZir
horizon. The water table fluctuates and is near the soil surface
during the winter and spring. Slopes are less than 2 per cent.
Other soils that are found in this mapping unit are
Saugatuck and Roscommon soils and very poorly drained Markey
muck. The Saugatuck soils are similar to AuGres but have a con-
tinuously cemented ortstein subsoil layer. Roscommon soils have a
dark colored surface layer underlain by grayish brown sand. The
Markey series is a shallow organic soil but is formed from herbaceous
materials and overlies sand within 16 to 51 inches. The soil
management group predominating in this mapping unit is 5b (see

Table 8).

Roscomor.
Esrsed in sand
ranges in this
rattled. Muel-
_:laces the su
water table i
“he year. 3‘.

Small a
also found i
Shallow Org;
S‘Eface hor

Aligning unj

Tawas
\

Eate-1315

24

Roscommon sand - This is a dark colored, poorly drained soil

 

formed in sandy outwash. The surface layer is dominantly sand and
ranges in thickness from 2 to 7 inches. The C horizon is gray and
mottled. Mucky sand and loamy sand types are also found. In
places the surface layer is a muck, 1 to 15 inches thick. The
water table is near or at the surface for a considerable part of
the year. Slopes are less than 2 per cent.

Small areas of Markey muck, Tawas muck, and AuGres sand are
also found in this mapping unit. The Markey and Tawas mucks are
shallow organic soils and AuGres sand has a sandy reddish brown sub-
surface horizon. The soil management group predominating in this

mapping unit is 5c (see Table 8).

Tawas muck - This is a dark colored, very poorly drained

 

organic soil consisting of layers of highly decomposed woody
materials underlain by sandy deposits at depths of 16 to 5l inches.
The water table is at or near the surface throughout the year.
Slopes are less than 2 per cent.

Also included in this mapping unit are areas of Carbondale and
Roscommon soils. Carbondale soils are similar to Tawas but have
organic deposits thicker than 51 inches. Roscommon soils are poorly
drained mineral soils with a dark colored surface horizon of sand,
loamy sand, or mucky sand and sand subsoil. The soil management

group predominating in this mapping unit is M/4c (see Table 8).

Site 2 is 1c
Seesaw County. I
arganic soils wh
drained coarse t
irate cedar arrl

1m area. Three

NEWERWO 33

K
in sandy loam t
:‘Iayel at a (is;
above 30 inche
:7
“on 0‘2 Per c

MlNIGER)“;
3529 also Obs:

i‘elminating

25

Wetland Site 2

 

Site 2 is located in Section 23, Ogemaw Township (T22N, RlE),
Ogemaw County. At this site a corridor was cut through an area of
organic soils which grade into well drained and somewhat poorly
drained coarse textured upland soils. This wetland site is a
white cedar and paper birch swamp. Figure 3 shows a soil map of

the area. Three mapping units have been delineated:

Newaygo sandy loam - This is a well drained soil that formed

 

in sandy loam to loam material underlain by calcareous sand and
gravel at a depth of 20 to 40 inches. The water table does not rise
above 30 inches for any appreciable amount of time. Slopes range
from 0-2 per cent.

Mancelona soils, which are coarser textured than Newaygo soils,
were also observed in this mapping unit. The soil management group

predominating in this mapping unit is 3/5a (see Table 8).

Palo sandy loam - This is a somewhat poorly drained soil that

 

formed in sandy loam to loam materials underlain by calcareous sand
and gravel at a depth of 20 to 40 inches. The water table fluctuates
and is near the soil surface during the winter and spring. Slopes
are less than 2 per cent.

Other soils found in this mapping unit are Gladwin loamy sand
and Tawas muck. The Gladwin soils are similar to Palo but are
coarser textured and Tawas is a shallow organic soil over sand. The
soil management group predominating in this mapping unit is 3/5b

(see Table 8).

26

   

.- d

r . . .
, D . i " § . 'J a
.- 4* Ill."
1000 i '. _‘ ‘3‘? i

 

‘u. C.
4 e ‘2‘: V I }' v . '
I .d . ' s * 6

Figure 3. Soil map of Wetland Site 2 and WOodlot Site 6.

an colored. VGIY POO
of highly decomposed v
racerials between 16 a
:rganic layers with a
no soils occur in St
be shown separately t
the soil surface thr
cent.

The Tawas soils
WEI 0f mineral 5.
rest comon being t

“awaiting in u

Site 3 is loc
33's), Crawford Cor
very poorly draini
“well drained, lev
white cedar, blac
”sure 4 shows a

’l’l'

27

Tawas-Carbondale complex - The soils in this mapping unit are
dark colored, very poorly drained organic soils consisting of layers
of highly decomposed woody materials. The Tawas soils have organic
materials between 16 and 51 inches thick and Carbondale soils have
organic layers with a total thickness greater than 51 inches. These
two soils occur in such an intricate pattern that neither soil can
be shown separately on the soil map. The water table is at or near
the soil surface throughout the year. Slopes are less than 2 per
cent.

The Tawas soils are most abundant in this mapping unit. A
number of mineral soils are also found within this mapping unit, the
most common being the Roscommon series. The soil management group

predominating in this mapping unit is M/4c (see Table 8).

Wetland Site 3

 

Site 3 is located in Section 34, Beaver Creek Township (T25N,
R3W), Crawford County. At this site the highway cuts through a
very poorly drained area of level organic soils that is bordered by
well drained, level to gently sloping sandy soils. The area is a
white cedar, black spruce, tamarack wetland along Beaver Creek.
Figure 4 shows a soil map of the area. Two different soil mapping

units are found at this site:

Grayling-Croswell complex (0 to 6 per cent slopes) - The soils
in this mapping unit are nearly level to gently sloping, well to
moderately well drained sands. Grayling sand is the well drained

member of the mapping unit. It typically has a thin, black Al

28

 

 

Figure 4. Soil map of Wetland Site 3.

horizon, a thin, gra
the moderately well
patterns with the Gr
adark brown to bror
frcn about 20 to 4C
does not rise above
airing the year. 5

The Grayling a
hit. Other soils
mt Poorly draine
Graham and Montc

in this mapping ur.

dark colored, verj
of highly decompO
bet-reen 16 and 51
depesits thicker

intricate pattern
The water table 1'

Elfin
ages are less 1

Two mineral
5:.1 .
rd within thi«

inn -
3 in this ma?»-
{’14

29
horizon, a thin, gray A2 horizon and a yellowish brown BZlir horizon.
The moderately well drained Croswell series appears in intricate
patterns with the Grayling soil. It is similar to Grayling but has
a dark brown to brown B21ir horizon and has mottling at depths of
from about 20 to 40 inches. The water table in this mapping unit
does not rise above 30 inches for any appreciable length of time
during the year. Slopes range from 0 to 6 per cent.

The Grayling series is the most dominant soil in this mapping
unit. Other soils found within this mapping unit include the some-
what poorly drained AuGres and Saugatuck soils and the well drained
Graycalm and Montcalm soils. The soil management group predominating

in this mapping unit is 5.7a (see Table 8).

Tawas-Seelyeville complex - The soils in this mapping unit are
dark colored, very poorly drained organic soils consisting of layers
of highly decomposed woody materials. Tawas muck has organic material
between 16 and 51 inches thick and Seelyeville muck has organic
deposits thicker than 51 inches. These two soils occur in very
intricate patterns and could not be shown separately on the soil map.
The water table is at or near the surface throughout the year.

Slopes are less than 2 per cent.

Two mineral soils, Roscommon sand and Kinross sand, are also

found within this mapping unit. The soil management group predominat-

ing in this mapping unit is M/4c (see Table 8).

30

Wetland Site 4

 

Site 4 is located in Section 30, Higgins Township (T24N, R2W),
Roscommon County. At this site the highway crosses over a poorly
drained area of level, deep organic soils that are bordered by
poorly drained, level to gently sloping mineral soils. White cedar,
paper birch, black spruce, and tamarack are the predominant tree
species of this swamp area. Aspen and oak are found on the upland
areas. Figure 5 shows a soil map of the area. There are two mapping

units found at this site:

Rifle peat - This is a dark colored, very poorly drained

 

organic soil that formed in organic deposits more than 51 inches
thick. The soil consists of moderately decomposed layers of both
woody and herbaceous materials. The water table is at or near the
surface throughout the year. Slopes are less than 2 per cent.
Small areas of Tawas muck are also found in this mapping unit.
It consists of organic materials between 16 and 51 inches thick.
The soil management group predominating in this mapping unit is Mc

(see Table 8).

Saugatuck sand (0 to 6 per cent slopes) - This is a dark colored,
somewhat poorly drained soil. The soil is sandy throughout
the profile and has a subsoil layer that is strongly cemented (ort-
stein). This mapping unit represents the transitional area between
the Rifle peat bog and the uplands that surround the bog. The water
table is near the soil surface for a considerable part of the year.

Slopes range between 0 and 6 per cent.

on
o.
\u.
l on. n
K .|
. _ 0.
ii . a I...
. ‘ I
. I59 ”IV a
L. "a
O x‘
. . ‘

b '.

a. .
i [4!“

 

31

 

 

Figure 5. Soil map of Wetland Site 4.

32
AuGres soils, which lack the cemented layer, are also included
in the mappingtufiju The soil management group predominating in this

mapping unit is 5b-h (see Table 8).

Wetland Site 5

 

Site 5 is located in Section 34, Higgins Township (T23N, R2W),
Roscommon County. The highway cuts through an area of level, poorly
drained organic soils and sandy, mineral soils. The predominant
tree species at Site 5 are black spruce, white cedar, black ash, and
tamarack. Figure 6 shows a soil map of the area. There are five

mapping units found at this wetland site:

Carbondale muck - This is a dark colored, very poorly drained

 

organic soil consisting of layers of highly decomposed woody materials

that are thicker than 51 inches. The water table is at or near the

surface throughout the year. Slopes are less than 2 per cent.
Included in the mapping unit is Tawas muck, which is similar

to the Carbondale series except for thickness of the organic layer,

which is 16 to 51 inches. The predominant soil management group in

this mapping unit is Mc (see Table 8).

Croswell sand (0 to 6per cent slopes) - This is a moderately

 

well drained soil with sand dominating throughout the profile. The
water table does not rise above 30 inches for any appreciable amount
of time. Slopes are between 0 and 6 per cent.

In a typical profile the surface horizon is very dark grayish

brown about 2 inches thick. The subsurface layer is grayish brown

33

 

 

Figure 6. Soil map of Wetland Site 5.

 

4......

”ve-

l"
r1.
(D

vWG

”I
may
at

“Ht
Meg

T?

u

"a,
'(1

g
‘h,
“a:

34
about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish brown to strong brown
and extends to about 30 inches. The underlying material is light
yellowish brown and is mottled.
The somewhat poorly drained AuGres soils are also found in this
mapping unit. The soil management group predominating in this mapping

unit is 5a (see Table 8).

Roscommon-AuGres complex - The soils in this mapping unit are

 

Roscommon sand and AuGres sand. The Roscommon sand is poorly drained

and the AuGres sand is somewhat poorly drained. They occur in a

very intricate pattern and could not be separated on the soil map.

Roscommon has a surface layer that is dominantly sand and ranges in

thickness from 2 to 7 inches. The C horizon is gray and mottled.

The AuGres soil typically has a thin, black Al horizon, a mottled

grayish A2 horizon, and a dark yellowish brown B2ir horizon. The

water table in this mapping unit fluctuates, but is near the surface

for a considerable part of the year. Slopes are less than 2 per cent.
Roscommon sand is more dominant than the AuGres sand in this

mapping unit. Small areas of Tawas muck can also be found within

the unit. The soil management group predominating in this mapping

unit is So (see Table 8).

AuGres-Saugatuck complex (0 to 6 per cent slopes) - The

Soils in this mapping unit are sOmewhat poorly drained. They
are sandy throughout the profile, and range from strongly acid
to medium acid. The water table fluctuates, but is near the surface

for a considerable part of the year. The slopes are between 0 and

35

6 per cent. The AuGres soils are the most abundant soil and are
more strongly developed than the AuGres soils found in the
Roscommon-AuGres complex mapping unit. The colors of the subsoil
are dark reddish brown to reddish brown and contain small patches
of ortstein. The Saugatuck sand is similar to AuGres but has a
continuous cemented layer (ortstein).

Small areas of muck less than 16 inches thick underlain by
grayish brown sand (Roscommon mucky sand) are also found in this
mapping unit. The soil management group pmedominating in this

mapping unit is 5b (see Table 8).

Tawas muck - This is a dark colored, very poorly drained organic

 

soil consisting of layers of highly decomposed woody materials that
are between 16 and 51 inches thick. The water table is at or near
the surface throughout the year. SIOpes are less than 2 per cent.
Also included in this mapping unit are small areas of Carbondale
muck, Roscommon sand, and AuGres sand. The soil management group

predominating in this mapping unit is M/4c (see Table 8).

Woodlot Site 6

 

Site 6 is located in Section 26, Ogemaw Township (T22N, RlE),
Ogemaw County. At this upland site, a cut, approximately 35 feet
deep, was made through firm clay loam materials. The soils at this
site are well drained and topography is level to rolling or moderately
sloping. This site is primarily a beech-maple community with some
aspen and red oak. Figure 3 shows a soil map of the area. There are

four mapping units found at this site:

Graycalm
soil that deve
has textural )
eater table d
:5 time. Slt

also in
Tester and C
but does n01
lack the te.
inches of 1
silty Clay.
Coarse: ma.

EnaGEment

36

Graycalm sand (6 to 12 per cent slopes) - This is a well drained
soil that developed in deep deposits of medium and coarse sands and
has textural bands or lenses in the lower part of the profile. The
water table does not rise above 30 inches for any appreciable length
of time. Slopes are between 6 and 12 per cent.

Also included in the mapping unit are Montcalm, Croswell,
Nester and Ubly soils. The Montcalm series is similar to Graycalm
but does not have textural bands below 40 inches. Croswell soils
lack the textural bands completely and the Ubly soils have 20 to 40
inches of loamy fine sand to fine sandy loam underlain by clay to
silty clay. The Nester soils have less than 20 inches of the
coarser materials over clay loam to silty clay loam. The soil
management group predominating in this mapping unit is 5a (see

Table 8).

Omena sandy loam (6 to 12 per cent slopes) - The soil is well
drained and has less than 20 inches of sandy loam material over a
clay loam or silty clay loam. In many places the surface layers are
loamy sand or loam in texture. The water table does not rise above
30 inches for any appreciable length of time. Slopes are between 6
and 12 per cent.

Nester and Menominee soils are the most extensive inclusions in
this mapping unit. The soil management group predominating in this

mapping unit is 3a (see Table 8).

Menominee loamy fine sand (0 to 6 per cent slopes) - This is a

well drained two-storied soil. The upper story developed in 20 to

40 inches of 10a:
ieveloped in cla
32- inches for an
and 6 per cent.

sensing unit is

v
no

unit is simila
rapping unit.
shile the othe

mu? PI Edomi

Site 7 j
fiCSCQMOn Co.
that

Consist

runeipal fc

w

(n
'C’
(D

h, and I'

e f.-

metately

C
‘A

and .

37

40 inches of loamy fine sand to fine sandy loam and the lower story
developed in clay to silty clay. The water table does not rise above
30 inches for any appreciable length of time. Slopes are between 0
and 6 per cent. The soil management group predominating in this

mapping unit is 4/2a (see Table 8).

Menominee loamy fine sand (6 to 12 per cent slopes) - This mapping

 

unit is similar to the Ubly loamy fine sand, 0 to 6 per cent slopes
mapping unit. This mapping unit is rolling to moderately sloping
while the other is level to gently sloping. The soil management

group predominating in this mapping unit is 4/2a (see Table 8).

Woodlot Site 7

 

Site 7 is located in Section 19, Higgins Township (T24N, R2W),
Roscommon County. At this site the highway cuts through an area
that consists of well to poorly drained, sandy, mineral soils. The
principal forest species found at this site are jack pine, trembling
aspen, and northern pin oak. Figure 7 shows a soil map of the area.

There are five mapping units found at this site:

Croswell sand (6 to 12 per cent slopes) - This is a deep,

 

moderately well drained, sandy soil. In a typical profile the sur-
face horizon is very dark grayish brown about 4 inches thick. The
subsoil is yellowish brown to brown and extends to about 35 inches
and has mottling at depths of from about 20 to 40 inches. The water
table does not rise above 30 inches for any appreciable length of

time. Slopes range between 6 and 12 per cent.

A. A fir.

38

 

 

Soil map of Woodlot Site 7.

Figure 7.

39

Included in this mapping unit are areas of Rubicon sand and
AuGres sand. Rubicon is well drained and AuGres is somewhat poorly
drained. Small areas where the sand is underlain by loam material
are also present in this mapping unit and represent the Menominee
series. Some Graycalm sand, which has textural bands of sandy loam
in the subsoil, is also present in this mapping unit. The soil
management group predominating in this mapping unit is 5a (see

Table 8).

Croswell-AuGres complex (0 to 6 per cent slopes) - The soils in

 

this mapping unit occur in intricate patterns on the landscape and
could not be separated on the soil map. Both soils formed in deep
deposits of sand. Croswell soils are moderately well drained and
AuGres soils are somewhat poorly drained. A typical profile of
Croswell sand is similar to that described for the Croswell sand
(6-12 per cent slopes) mapping unit. Typically, AuGres has a thin,
black Al horizon, a mottled, grayish brown A2 horizon, and a dark
reddish brown to reddish brown B2ir horizon. The water table fluc-
tuates near the surface during the winter and spring. Slopes are
less than 6 per cent.

Croswell sand is the most dominant soil in this mapping unit,
followed by the AuGres series. Inclusions of Rubicon, Saugatuck,
Graycalm, Menominee, and Iosco soils are also found. The soil
management group predominating in this mapping unit is 5a (see

Table 8).

Menominee
two storied so:
and the lower :
above 30 inche
than 2 per cen

Also incl
Cgeraw soils.

Behring unit 1'

Kinross-!
formed in sam
thick on the
Unit, Markey
decomposed he
1° 51 inches
PatteI‘n in 111
site had a t]
dirk reddish
at or near- t
are 1953 tha

Also f0

4O

Menominee sand - Menominee sand is a moderately well drained

 

two storied soil. The upper story was formed in sand to loamy sand
and the lower story formed in loam. The water table does not rise
above 30 inches for any appreciable length of time. Slopes are less
than 2 per cent.

Also included in this mapping unit are Croswell, Iosco and
Ogemaw soils. The soil management group predominating in this

mapping unit is 4/2a (see Table 8).

Kinross-Markey complex - Kinross sand is a poorly drained soil

 

formed in sandy material with an organic layer less than 16 inches
thick on the surface and is the most abundant soil in this mapping
unit. Markey muck is an organic soil consisting of layers of highly
decomposed herbaceous materials underlain by sand at a depth of 16
to 51 inches and together with Kinross sand forms an intricate
pattern in the landscape. A typical profile of Kinross sand at this
site had a thick 0 horizon, a thin, black Al horizon and a mottled,
dark reddish brown to yellowish brown B horizon. The water table is
at or near the surface for a considerable part of the year. SlOpes
are less than 2 per cent.

Also found in this mapping unit are small areas of Roscommon
sand, Ogemaw sand, Otisco sand and Lupton muck. Ogemaw soils are-
underlain by loam materials and Otisco soils have sandy loam texture
bands in the subsoil. The soil management group predominating in this

mapping unit is So (see Table 8).

.*rly drai
could not i
use blac}
loose gray:
naterials ‘
:‘ecomposed
gar of th

Inclu
Wm“: all

in this the

Site
PCSWEATER;

41

Roscommon-Kinross complex - The soils in this mapping unit are
poorly drained and occur in such an intricate pattern that they
could not be reported separately on the soil map. Roscommon sand
has a black surface layer between 1 and 7 inches thick underlain by
loose grayish brown sand. Kinross sand is developed in sandy
materials that are overlain by organic materials that are highly
decomposed. The water table is near the surface for a considerable
part of the year. Slopes are less than 2 per cent.

Included in this mapping unit are areas of AuGres, Saugatuck,
Ogemaw, and Otisco soils. The soil management group predominating

in this mapping unit is 5c (see Table 8).

Woodlot Site 8

 

Site 8 is located in Section 7, Higgins Township (T23N, R2W),
Roscommon County. The site is located at the bottom of 9-Mile
Hill with a north aspect and is transitional between an upland and
wetland. The highway crosses over an area of poorly to moderately
well drained, sandy soils. Aspen is the primary forest species at
this site. Also present are alder, maple, oak and grasses. Figure
8 shows a soil map of the area. Four mapping units are found at

this site:

AuGres sand - This is a deep, moderately dark colored, somewhat

 

poorly drained soil formed in sandy outwash. The subsoil of the
AuGres sand in this mapping unit is less developed than that of a

typical AuGres profile. The water table fluctuates and is near the

 

 

42

 

 

Figure 8. Soil map of WOodlot Site 8.

SJil surfaCe

Per cent.
Areas <

earring ““i'

«zit is 5b

dozinant th
30 inches f
and 2 per C
In a 1
brown abou‘
about 3-4
to about 3
The 3
tent of th

H:'

*«PPlng uri

43

soil surface during the winter and spring. Slopes are less than 2
per cent.

Areas of Roscommon sand were noted as inclusions within this
mapping unit. The soil management group predominating in this mapping

unit is 5b (see Table 8).

Croswell sand - This is a moderately well drained soil with sand

 

dominant throughout the profile. The water table does not rise above
30 inches for any appreciable amount of time. Slopes are between 0
and 2 per cent.

In a typical profile the surface horizon is very dark grayish
brown about 2 inches thick. The A2 horizon is grayish brown and
about 3-4 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish brown and extends
to about 35 inches.

The somewhat poorly drained AuGres soils make up about 20 per
cent of this unit. The soil management group predominating in this

mapping unit is 5a (see Table 8).

Roscommon muckygsand - This is a dark colored, poorly drained
soil formed in sandy outwash. The water table is at or near the
surface for a considerable part of the year. Slopes are less than
2 per cent. In a typical profile the Al horizon is a black, mucky
sand about 7 inches thick. This is underlain by a deep, mottled,
grayish brown C horizon. Sand and loamy sand types are also found.

AuGres and Saugatuck soils may also be found in places within
the mapping unit. The soil management group predominating in this

mapping unit is So (see Table 8).

44

Saugatuck sand - This is a dark colored, somewhat poorly drained

 

soil. This soil is sandy throughout the profile and has a subsoil
layer that is strongly cemented (ortstein). The water table is at
or near the soil surface for a considerable part of the year.
Slopes are less than 2 per cent.

Included in this mapping unit are areas of the AuGres and
Roscommon soils. The soil management group predominating in this

mapping unit is Sb-h (see Table 8).

Woodlot Sites 9 and 10

 

Sites 9 and 10 are located in Sections 17 and 18, Higgins
Township (T23N, R2W), Roscommon County. Site 9 is an upland site
located on a ridge top where the highway construction activities
have created 40 foot cuts through the area. Site 10 is an upland
area, located approximately a quarter of a mile south of Site 9,
where the roadbed has been built up about 30 feet. The soils found
at these two sites are well drained sands. The principal forest
species are aspen, red maple, red oak, and white oak. Figure 9 shows

a soil map of the area. The mapping units of these sites are:

Croswell sand (6 to 12 per cent slopes) - This is a moderately
well drained soil with sand dominant throughout the profile. The
water table does not rise above 30 inches for any appreciable amount
of time. Slopes are between 6 and 12 per cent.

A representative profile of Croswell sand found at these sites
has a very dark grayish brown Al horizon about 2 inches thick and

a grayish brown A2 horizon between 3 and 4 inches thick. The subsoil

45

 

 

Figure 9. Soil map of Woodlot Sites 9 and 10.

46
is yellowish brown and extends to about 35 inches. Mottles are
present below 30 inches.
Small areas of Rubicon sand and Graycalm sand may be found
within this mapping unit. The predominant soil management group in

this mapping unit is 5a (see Table 8).

Rubicon sand (0 to 6pper cent slppes) - This is a well drained
soil that formed in deep deposits of medium to coarse sand. The
water table does not rise above 30 inches for any appreciable amount
of time. Slopes are less than 6 per cent. The Rubicon series is
very similar to Croswell sand but has a dark brown to strong brown
B2ir.

Included in this mapping unit are areas of Croswell sand, which
is similar to the Rubicon but is mottled in the C horizon; Graycalm
sand, which has sandy loam to loam textural bands in the subsoil;
and Rousseau fine sand, which is also similar to Rubicon but formed
in fine sands. The predominant soil management group is 5.3a

(see Table 8).

Rubicon-Croswell complex (12 to 24 per cent slopes) - This
mapping unit consists of the well drained, Rubicon soil and the
moderately well drained Croswell soil occurring in such intricate
patterns that they could not be separated on the soil map. The water
table does not rise above 30 inches for any appreciable length of
time. Slopes are between 12 and 24 per cent.

Rousseau fine sand and Graycalm sand are also found in places
within this mapping unit. The predominant soil management group is

5.3a (see Table 8).

47

Rubicon-Graycalm complex (0 to 6 per cent slopes) - This mapping
unit consists of the well drained Rubicon and Graycalm sands. Gray-
calm sand is similar to Rubicon but has textural bands in the subsoil.
The water table does not rise above 30 inches for any appreciable
length of time. Slopes are between 0 and 6 per cent.

Areas of Rousseau fine sand, Montcalm sand, and Menominee sand
are found in this mapping unit. The predominant soil management

group is 5.3a (see Table 8).

Rubicon-Graycalm complex (6 to 12 per cent slopes) - This mapping
unit is similar to the Rubicon-Graycalm complex (6 to 12 per cent
slopes) but is rolling to moderately sloping instead of level to
gently sloping. The predominant soil management group is 5.3a (see

Table 8). ‘4’

V. ANALYSIS OF HIGHWAY IMPACT

Some of the significant effects a highway project may have on
the surrounding soil are: l) sediment transport and sedimentation
resulting from the erosion of soil materials, 2) alteration of
natural soil drainage conditions and circulation patterns, 3) salt
contamination of soils from de-icing salts applied to the highway,
4) contamination of the soils by pollutants from motor vehicle
exhaust, and 5) contamination of the soils by chemicals and petroleum
products from accidental Spills and normal use of the roadway.

Table 3 gives a brief assessment of highway impact at each
site. Texture, per cent slope, and drainage characteristics of the
soils are important soil characteristics used to determine and
understand the impact. Surface runoff and permeability are two
important aspects of soil drainage and the runoff and permeability
classes of the predominant soil or soils in each mapping unit have
also been included in Table 3. The soil permeability classes used

in Table 3 are defined as follows (Soil Survey Staff, 1951):

48

49

 

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51

 

 

 

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52

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53

 

Class Rate(inches/hr)
Slow

1) very slow (0.05

2) slow 0.05-0.20
Moderate

3) moderately slow 0.20-0.80

4) moderate 0.80—2.50

5) moderately rapid 2.50-5.00
Rapid

6) rapid 5.00-10.00

7) very rapid >l0.00

The surface runoff classes used in Table 3 are (Soil Survey Staff, 1951):

0. Ponded. None of the water added to the soil as precipita-
tion or by flow from surrounding higher land escapes as runoff.
The total amount of water that must be removed from ponded areas by
movement through the soil or by evaporation is usually greater than
the total rainfall. Ponding normally occurs in depressed areas and
may fluctuate seasonally.

1. Very slow. Surface water flows away so very slowly that
free water lies on the surface for long periods or enters immediately
into the soil. Much of the water either passes through the soil or
evaporates into the air. Soils with very slow surface runoff are
commonly level to nearly level or very open and porous.

2. Slow. Surface water flows away so slowly that free water
covers the soil for significant periods or enters the soil rapidly
and a large part of the water passes through the profile or evaporates
into the air. Soils with a slow rate of surface runoff are either
nearly level or very gently sloping, or absorb precipitation very

rapidly. Normally there is little or no erosion hazard.

54

3. Medium. Surface water flows away at such a rate that a
moderate prOportion of the water enters the soil profile and free
water lies on the surface for only short periods. A large part of
the precipitation is absorbed by the soil and used for plant growth,
is lost by evaporation, or moves downward into underground channels.
With medium runoff, the loss of water over the surface does not
reduce seriously the supply available for plant growth. The erosion
hazard may be slight to moderate if soils of this class are
cultivated.

4. Rapid. A large proportion of the precipitation moves
rapidly over the surface of the soil and a small part moves through
the soil profile. Surface water runs off nearly as fast as it is
added. Soils with rapid runoff are usually moderately steep to
steep and have low infiltration capacities. The erosion hazard is
commonly moderate to high.

5. Very rapid. A very large part of the water moves rapidly
over the surface of the soil and a very small part goes through the
profile. Surface water runs off as fast as it is added. Soils with
'very rapid rates of runoff are usually steep or very steep and have
low infiltration capacities. The erosion hazard is commonly high
or very high.

The impact observed at each site during field investigations

is discussed below.

Wetland Site 1
No apparent highway impact was observed at this site during

field investigations. High water table levels were observed at this

55

site and the water table in the median was above the soil surface
on areas of the poorly drained Roscommon soil and very poorly
drained Markey soil. Initially, it was believed that the areas of
standing water in the median represented an altered drainage
condition; but there was no evidence of tree death, which would
suggest possible drainage disturbance. Also, these areas of stand-
ing water were mapped as flooded areas by MDSH soil engineers
before construction activities began, indicating no apparent

change in drainage conditions (Preliminary Plan Prints, Site 1;

Appendix C).

Wetland Site 2

 

Disruption of natural soil drainage conditions and sedimenta-
tion resulting from erosion of soil materials were observed at
this site. A high water table level was observed on the Tawas
and Seelyeville soils, but this is expected on these very poorly
drained soils. Die—off of some white cedar on the western part of
this site was observed, however, suggeSting that this water table
level is not the same as before construction, but has been raised.

Sediments, between 1/2 inch and 2 inches thick, were observed
in places on the surface of the organic soils within the northeast
quadrant of the interchange. These sediments probably resulted
from erosion of adjacent coarse textured mineral soils during the
construction period. Woodlot Site 6 is located upslope and directly
south of this site and the soils at Site 6, Omena, Nester and
Menominee are susceptible to erosion (surface runoff class medium

to rapid; Table 3). The sandy loam texture of the Newaygo and Palo

56
soils at Site 2 indicate that they may also be susceptible to
water erosion. However, the slope class and runoff class of the

mapping units indicate no to little erosion hazard.

Wetland Site 3

 

At Site 3 the highway cuts through a very poorly drained area
of level organic soils. The natural soil drainage conditions of
this site have been altered due to construction activities. A rise
of the water table level in the median is suggested by the fact
that some trees of each species growing on the Tawas and Seelyeville

soils have died.

Wetland Site 4

 

The natural soil drainage conditions have been altered at
this site. The natural water table of Rifle peat is high and is
at or near the soil surface throughout the year. Standing water
in the median area, which is not unusual for this soil, was observed
during field investigations. The fact that trees of all Species
found at this site were killed in this area indicates a disruption

of earlier drainage conditions or water circulation patterns.

Wetland Site 5

 

High water table levels were observed on the poorly drained
and somewhat poorly drained mineral soils and the very poorly drained
organic soil at this site. In the median the water table was above
the soil surface in places. When this site was mapped by MDSH

soil engineers, these areas were designated as "peat marsh" and

l!

 

 

u

Rik

FIIA

57

1.0 to 1.5 feet of standing water was indicated (Preliminary Plan
Print, Site 5; Appendix C). It would appear, then, that no change
in soil drainage has occurred, but evidence of some tree kill in
the median suggests that alteration of the soil drainage conditions
or water circulation patterns did occur because of highway

construction.

Woodlot Site 6

 

Erosion of soil materials most likely took place at this upland
site during construction activities. However, no evidence of
erosion was actually observed at the site. The Omena and
Menominee soils found at this site are grouped into medium to
rapid surface runoff classes which yield a slight to high erosion
hazard. Also, since these soils have a sandy loam surface horizon
and are located on 6 to 12 per cent slopes, they are susceptible
to erosion.

Some dead trees were observed in the median at Site 6, but
this probably resulted from local increase in evapotranspiration,

due to increased exposure.

Woodlot Site 7

 

At this site the highway cuts through an area of well drained
to poorly drained sandy soils. The drainage of the poorly drained
soils in the median has been disrupted due to highway construction.
The area just south of the overpass was indicated as being a marsh
by MDSH soil engineers, indicating standing water (Preliminary Plan

Print, Site 7; Appendix C). A ditch was constructed through this

58
area and has resulted in the pending of water just south of the
overpass. A few jack pine growing on the Croswell-AuGres complex
just south of the ponded area have been killed, suggesting a rise
of the water table.
To the north of the ponded area, a decrease in the growth of
aspens in the median suggests a lowering of the water table

(Heninger, 1974).

Woodlot Site 8

 

This site is transitional between an upland and a wetland.
Drainage conditions of the poorly and somewhat poorly drained soils
have been altered in the median and near the edges of the right-of-
way. Some tree kill in the median and near the edges of the right-
of-way indicate that the water table level has risen since

construction of the highway.

Woodlot Sites 9 and 10

 

No apparent highway impact upon the soils was observed at
either of these upland sites. Some dead trees were observed in the
median at Site 9, but this probably resulted from local increase

in evapotranspiration due to increased exposure.

Discussion

 

The most important effect that the construction of Interstate
75 has had on the soils of the woodlots and wetlands studied is
the effect on natural soil drainage conditions. All of the wetland
sites and Woodlot Sites 7 and 8 are dominated by level areas of

very poorly drained organic soils and/or poorly drained sandy,

59

mineral soils. High water table levels were observed at all of
these sites and at Sites 1, 4, 5, and 7, the water table was above
the soil surface in places. These high water table levels and
ponded conditions are not unusual for these soils, since they are
described as having water table levels at or near the surface
throughout the year and are grouped into ponded to slow surface
runoff classes. However, the fact that dead trees were observed
on these areas (except Site 1) suggests that the natural drainage
conditions or water circulation patterns have been altered because
of the highway project. A high water table, slow moving ground
water, or stagnant ground waterrestrictsoil aeration and may reduce
tree growth or even kill trees. A tree growth study performed at
these study sites indicated that the reduced growth of trees at
Sites 2, 3, 4, S, and 8 since highway construction was caused by

a substantial rise in the water table level. Decreased growth of
aspens at Site 7 was believed to be caused by a lowering of the
water table (Heninger, 1974).

The high water table and ponded areas at Wetland Site 1 appear
to be similar to conditions that existed before highway construc-
tion. Flooded areas were noted by MDSH soil engineers during
their soil survey and since no dead vegetation was observed on
these areas no alteration of drainage could be assumed. Since the
drainage conditions of all the other sites dominated by very poorly
drained and poorly drained soils were altered, it must be assumed
that the drains and channels constructed at Site 1 were properly

designed and located so as to not alter existing conditions, or

60
that the wetland vegetation at Site 1 is not sensitive to small
changes in drainage conditions.

The sites where deep road cuts were made or fills were made
may have experienced a change in water table levels near the edges
of the roadway or in evapotranspiration rates, but since these are
well drained sites this would represent only a minor ecological
variation.

The extent and duration of these altered drainage regimes is
unknown. It is very possible that they are just temporary and may
be corrected with time if adequate drains and channels have been
provided.

Evidence of erosion of soil materials was observed at Site 2.
Sediments,l/2 inch to 2 inches thick, on very poorly drained organic
soils, probably originated from higher areas or fills to the south.
The texture, slope, and surface runoff characteristics of the soils
at Site 6, to the south, show they are susceptible to erosion.

Further highway impact on the surrounding soil environment of
these ten study sites may occur in future years. After de-icing
programs have been carried on for a few years, the concentrations
of sodium and chlorine ions in the soil may increase to levels that
would have an adverse effect on plant growth or on soil structure.
Because of the sandy texture of the soils at many of the sites,
cation exchange sites are limited and sodium ions could be flushed
from the site by water infiltration and circulation. Salt contamina-
tion of soils would most likely occur at Sites 2 and 7. Because of

the interchanges present at these sites, more salt will be used per

61
unit of adjoining land area and the salt concentration of the runoff
from the roadway will be increased.

A possible beneficial influence of the de-icing programs is
the possible substitution of sodium for potassium as a plant nutrient
in organic soils.

Contamination of the soils at these ten sites by pollution from
auto exhaust, heavy metals from auto parts, and chemicals and
petroleum products associated with normal use may occur, but will
probably be minimal. The levels of gaseous pollutants emitted by
auto exhaust may be drastically cut by 1975 because of federal
regulations. Potential contamination by lead from auto exhaust
will be reduced because of the use of non-leaded gasoline. The
soils will act as a "natural sink" for pollutants and will probably
be able to dissipate the harmful qualities of pollutants present at
low levels. The soils adjacent to interchanges will be affected
most because of the concentrated traffic volume and intensified

disruption of the original site conditions.

VI. ANALYSIS OF SOILS AND LAND USE INFORMATION
FOR ASSESSMENT OF HIGHWAY IMPACT

In this chapter the potential utility of soil and land use
information for highway impact assessment is discussed. The major
sources of information that can be utilized for impact assessment
are soil survey information, remote sensing imagery and topographic
and geologic maps.

Michigan highway engineers probably use soil survey informa-
tion more than any other nonagricultural technical group (Olson,
1964). The detailed soil maps, soil descriptions and interpreta-
tions found in published county soil surveys are not the only
sources of soil information utilized by highway engineers. Soil
association maps, area soil reports, area land use maps and reports
containing correlations between pedologic and engineering classi-
fications are also utilized when available. This soil survey
information is used during the planning, design, and construction
phases of the highway (Lund and Griess, 1961; Matthews and Cook,
1961).

Probably the most important use of soil survey information is
in conjunction with the final detailed engineering soil survey that
is conducted as part of the design phase of the highway project
(Lund and Griess, 1961). The highway engineers must determine the
precise location of soil boundaries along the right-of-way,

62

63
groundwater elevations, organic depths in swamps, depth of over-
burdens and note what construction difficulties may arise with each
soil series (Quayyum and Kemper, 1960). In the past, highway
engineers have been interested in these and other soil features and
qualities and how they affect highway design, construction, and
performance. Engineering test data, estimated soil properties
significant to engineering and engineering interpretations for
different uses are found in published county soil survey reports
(Soil Survey Staff, 1951; Stoksad, 1958).

Highway engineers are not only concerned with the design,
construction, and performance of a highway but also with the
impact the highway has upon the environment. Three important soil
characteristics that are significant for highway impact studies
are soil texture, soil slope, and natural soil drainage. Informa-
tion about these soil characteristics and related prOperties can
be acquired from most of the soil surveys discussed above. High-
way engineers can use this information to predict the erosion
and sedimentation that may occur along a highway corridor and changes
in the natural soil drainage conditions and water circulation
patterns that may occur.

In most recent county soil survey reports published since 1962,
woodland suitability groups and wildlife habitat suitabilities are
also presented for each soil series. This information can be used
by highway engineers to avoid as much as possible soil areas that
can provide excellent woodland or wildlife habitat sites, thus

minimizing the effect of the highway upon the environment.

64

The detailed soil mapping done by highway engineers can provide
specific information for impact assessment but impact may extend
beyond the limits of the right-of-way. Here available soil informa-
tion from other sources should be considered or their soil maps
should include adjoining areas.

The natural system of soil classification is useful to highway
engineers because it provides the maximum amount of information with
the minimum amount of laboratory testing. The Michigan Department
of State Highways has made full use of this type of soil classifica-
tion system in the past.but has made little effort to utilize the
new Comprehensive Soil Classification System that was adopted for
use by the National Cooperative Soil Survey in 1965. The influence
of the new system on the definitions of many soil series has been
appreciable. Their current definitions must accommodate the proper-
ties of the higher categories.

The new Classification System, called Soil Taxonomy, better
synthesizes our knowledge about soils, emphasizes the relationships
of soils to one another and their environment, and develops pre-
dictions of their behavior much better than did earlier classification
systems. One of the main differences between this system and others
lies in the definition of the taxa. Differentiating characteristics
selected are properties of the soils themselves. Definitions are
precise and quantitative rather than just qualitative or comparative
and are written in operational terms (Johnson, 1963; Kellogg, 1963).

A new nomenclature has been devised, using mainly classic Greek

and Latin roots. The names are connotative and formative elements

65

from each of the higher categories are successivly carried down to
and including the family category. Because of this systematic
nomenclature, many statements can be made about soil properties,
simply from analyzing the soil names of the higher categories for
each soil series.

This sytem contains six categories. From highest to lowest
levels of generalization, they are: order, suborder, great group,
subgroup, family, and series. The most important category that has
been used by highway engineers is the soil series. Almost all of
the data that have been collected and the interpretations that have
been made have been at the series level. Thus, this category is
the best defined, best understood and most used in highway engineer-
ing. The Soil Taxonomy does not make obsolete the substantial
engineering knowledge acquired for soil series, nor does it change
very many of the established names. What it does do is to define
more precisely the range of characteristics within a series. This
has resulted in realignment of the boundaries between many soil
series.

Of course slope and erosion phases of the well drained series
may also be very useful in highway design and highway impact assess-
ment or land evaluation.

Use of the higher categories of any pedological classification
system for engineering purposes has been negligible to date. The
feasibility of using the taxa in the higher categories of the Soil
Taxonomy for applications in engineering is greatly enhanced because

of some important characteristics. These are the use of more precise

66

definitions, introduction of new concepts, use of quantitative limits
in the criteria and the development of a systematic nomenclature with
connotative names for every taxon above the soil series (Orvedal,
1963).

An understanding of the concepts presented in the Soil Taxonomy
can aid the highway engineer during the detailed soil survey of the
right-of-way area by giving him precise quantitative taxonomic
criteria and by giving directions to field and laboratory investiga-
tion in support of soil classification and mapping. Most of the
criteria used in the Soil Taxonomy are visible and tactile, can be
measured quantitatively, and the highway engineer would know exactly
what kind of laboratory data are needed to solve classification
problems. A number of such analyses can now be made by the State
Soil Testing Laboratory at Michigan State University on request.

The potential utility of the soil family category for a variety
of engineering applications is substantial (Orvedal, 1963). In
grouping soil series into families, loss of interpretation potential
is at a minimum, because families have relatively narrow ranges in
texture, natural drainage, mineralogy, temperature and pH. Knowledge
of soil families, or their phases, permits rather precise statements
about plant responses and the behavior of soils when used for
engineering purposes, because families are established primarily on
the basis of properties important to the growth of plants or properties
significant in engineering. As there are about 10,500 series and
only 4,500 families of soils in the United States, if families will

serve the purpose, they can result in considerable simplifications.

67

Above the family category, uniformity within each category
decreases; thus, so does the potential utility for engineering
applications. Still, the higher categories may show some useful-
ness in certain cases (Orvedal, 1963).

In Table 4 the mineral soils that were found at the ten study
sites are tabulated in systematic manner based on their relation-
ships involving texture, kind of parent material, and differences
in natural drainage. Also included in this table are the subgroup
and family names of each series, as derived from the Comprehensive
Soil Classification System. The Michigan Department of State
Highways utilizes a table very similar to this one as an aid in
identifying soil profiles in the field (Michigan State Highway
Department). The major difference is that the subgroup and family
names are excluded. Unless the redefinitions of the soil series
are understood, their current concepts of series may now be
incorrect.

If the subgroup and family names were included as they are in
Table 4 and the highway engineer had an understanding of the concept
of the classification system, he would have considerably more infor-
mation about the properties and characteristics of the soils at
his disposal. For example, a large amount of information about the
Saugatuck series would be known, just by knowing it is classified
as Aeric Haplaquod, sandy, mixed, frigid, ortstein. The formative
element "__pd" from Haplaquod indicates that the soil is a Spodosol.
The prefix "aqu" indicates that the soil has an aquic moisture regime.

The prefix "hapla" means that the soil has in greater than 50 per

68

 

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69

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70

cent of each pedon a spodic horizon in which some subhorizon has a
ratio of free iron to carbon that is less than 0.2. The word "aeric"
indicates that the soil has an ochric epipedon and is not as wet as
a Typic Haplaquod. The "sandy, mixed, frigid, ortstein" modifiers
added to the subgroup names give the soil family name: "sandy"
refers to particle size class of the control section; "mixed"
indicates the mineralogy class; "frigid" is the soil temperature
class; and "ortstein" means that all or part of the spodic hdrizon
is at least weakly cemented (Soil Survey Staff, 1970).

The Comprehensive Soil Classification System may also be use-
ful in grouping soil series for highway impact responses. In Table
5 the soils of the ten study sites are grouped by particle size
class and subgroup name and the potential effects of a highway
project on soil drainage conditions are shown. A "slight" ecological
effect indicates that little to no detrimental effects should occur
and "moderate to severe" ecological effect indicates that detrimental
effects may occur but can probably be overcome with careful design
and maintenance.‘/The potential effect was determined by careful
study of the texture, lepe, and drainage characteristics of the soil.

The natural drainage conditions of the Aquods, Aquents, Hemists,
and Saprists would be most affected by a highway because of their
very poor to somewhat poor drainage characteristics and their slow
to ponding surface runoff classes.

The potential soil erosion loss for each soil is moderate to
severe. Texture, sloPe, and surface runoff classes of the fine

loamy Boralfs, fine loamy over sandy skeletal Orthods and Udalfs

71

Table 5. Potential ecological effect of highway construction on
natural soil drainage conditions: illustrated by
grouping the soil series into suborders and particle
size class*

 

 

Particle size Potential ecological effect on
class Suborder soil drainage conditions
Fine Boralfs slight
Fine-loamy Boralfs slight
Fine loamy over Orthods .
h
sandy skeletal Udalfs 5119 t
Sandy Orthods slight
Psamments slight
Aquods moderate to severe
Aquents moderate to severe
Sandy over Orthods slight
fine loamy Saprists moderate to severe
Hemists moderate to severe

 

*
Only suborder name given for organic soils.

and the fine Boralfs indicate an erosion hazard for these soils.

They are susceptible to particle detachment and transport by rainfall
and runoff. The sandy Orthods, Psamments, Aquods, and Aquents, the
sandy over loamy Orthods, the Saprists, and the Hemists are all
susceptible to wind erosion, if left barren during or after construc-

tion activities.

72

It was possible to use the suborder and particle size class to
accurately illustrate the effects of highway construction because
of the small number of soil series involved. If a grouping like
this was attempted for all of the soil series mapped by the Michigan
Department of State Highways lower categories would have to be used.
Other parameters, in addition to "soil drainage" and "soil erosion
loss" could also be included.

The utilization of soil management groups to determine highway
impact responses is also a possibility. The soil series are grouped
-in Table 6 according to the dominant texture of the soil profile
and the natural drainage conditions in which the soil was developed.
These groups are called soil management groups and are designated
systematically by number and letters. The interrelationships of
soil management groups in Michigan are shown in Table 6. This system
was developed cooperatively about 1955 by the Michigan Agricultural
Experiment Station, the Cooperative Extension Service and the Soil
Conservation Service with the National Project in Agricultural
Communication.

In Table 7 the soil management groups for the soil series of
the ten study sites are shown and in Table 8 the highway impact
responses of these soil management groups are shown for natural

4

drainage conditions is greatest for those soils in 3/5b, 4/2b, 4b,

soil drainage conditions. he potential ecological effect on soil
Sb, M/4c and Mc management groups. This is because of the very poor
to somewhat poor drainage classes of these soils and their slow to

ponding surface runoff classes.

73

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75

Table 7. Soil management group designation for the soil series of

the ten study sites

 

Soil series

Soil management group

 

Adrian M/4c
AuGres 5b
Carbondale Mc
Croswell 5a
Gladwin 4b
Graycalm 5a
Grayling 5.7a
Lufton Mc
Iosco 4/2b
Kinross 5c
Mancelona 4a
Menominee 4/2a
Montcalm 4a
Nester 1.5a
Newaygo 3/5a
Ogemaw 5b—h
Omena 3a
Otisco 4b
Palo 3/5b
Rifle Mc
Roscommon 5c
Rousseau 4a
Rubicon 5.3a
Saugatuck 5b-h
Tawas M/4c

 

*
Modifying symbol used after dash, h indicates subsoil hardened
and cemented.

76

 

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77

The potential soil erosion loss is moderate to severe for all
management groups in Table 8. Water erosion is a potential hazard
for the 1.5a, 3a, and 3/Sa and 3/5b management groups. Wind erosion
is a hazard for the other groups.

Soil texture, drainage, and slope characteristics were used in
predicting the potential soil erosion loss for each soil. So, in
fact, this effect was actually determined by examination of soil
management units. The susceptibility of soil materials to particle
detachment and transport by rainfall and runoff increases as slope
increases and generally becomes serious on slopes greater than 6%.
Slope classes have been arbitrarily established and are designated
by capital letters. Those commonly found in recent Michigan soil
surveys are: A - 0—2% slope, B - 2-6% slope, C - 6-12% slope,

D - 12-18% slope, E — 18-25% slope, F — >25% slope. The soil
management group symbol plus the slope class letter commonly
comprise the soil management unit symbol. Somewhat poorly drained
soils rarely have slopes greater than 6% and poorly drained soils
usually have slopes less than 2%.

It was stated earlier that the differences in names and bounda-
ries of the mapping units used in this report and those described
for the same areas by the MDSH occurred because more detailed mapping
is commonly done by the highway department or because of differences
in classification, or because of personal judgment of the mapper.
The differences that exist at each site are illustrated in Table 1.

In most cases two or more different mapping units that were

defined by the MDSH are included in a single mapping unit for this

78
study. Because the highway soil engineers map in such great detail
it is understandable why they have defined more mapping units.
Some of the soils that were mapped by the highway soil engineers
are described as inclusions in the mapping units defined for this
investigation (Sites 1, 2, 7 and 8; Table 1).

Another reason why the names of the mapping units differ is
because the MDSH does not map all of the recognized soil series found
in Michigan. Approximately 165 different soil series are mapped by
the MDSH (Michigan State Highway Department) (1970). An additional
123 series that are recognized in the state are combined by the
highway department with series that have similar characteristics.

By combining soil series in this way, the highway department is
actually attempting a type of technical classification. The Compre-
hensive Soil Classification System could prove useful in this
grouping.

The Croswell (Sites 3,7,8), Graycalm (Sites 3,7,9,10), Kinross
(Sites 3,7) and Omena (Site 6) soils observed within the right-of-
way during this investigation are four of the soil series combined
with similar soil series by the highway department. In Table 9
these soils and the associated series mapped by the highway depart-
ment are listed.

Careful examination of the soil interpretation sheets for these
series will show that the factors affecting use for highway con-
struction and degree of limitations for highway construction for the
series that are combined are almost identical to those for the

associated series mapped by the highway department. Similarity in

79

Table 9. Relationships of those soil series that are combined with
similar soil series by the MDSH to the associated series
mapped by MDSH*

Soil series recognized in

 

Michigan but combined with Associated series mapped by

Site similar series by MDSH MDSH

3,7,8 Croswell (Entic Haplorthod Rubicon (Entic Haplorthod
sandy, mixed, frigid) sandy, mixed, frigid)

3,7 Kinross (Typic Haplaquod Roscommon (Typic Psammaquent
sandy, mixed, frigid) sandy, mixed, frigid)

3,7, Graycalm (Alfic Haplorthod Montcalm (Alfic Haplorthod

9,1 sandy, mixed, frigid) sandy, mixed, frigid)

6 Omena (Typic Eutroboralf Emmet (Alfic Ha;lorthod
fine-loamy, mixed) loamy, mixed, frigid)

 

*
Soil damily name in parentheses.

family names is also evident, suggesting the possibility of more
extensive grouping of soils for their mapping purposes. Perhaps more
of the soils in Michigan that are classified as Entic Haplorthod,
sandy, mixed, frigid, could be mapped as a Rubicon group and maybe
more of those soils classified as Alfic Haplorthod, sandy, mixed,
frigid, could be mapped as a Montcalm group. Or soil management
groups used to group similar soil series for other purposes might
also be useful. In Talbe 9 only one pair of series, Kinross and
Roscommon, are in the same soil management groups, but the other
two pairs are in the same families.

The highway department also maps some soil series that are not
recognized or are considered inactive by the National C00perative

Soil Survey. Examples from this investigation are Antrim (Site 3).

80

Echo (Sites 2,6,9,10), Ottawa (Site 7), Roselawn (Site 9) and
Wexford (Site 7). The Comprehensive Soil Classification System

may be useful in grouping these soils with recognized series.
Roselawn soils are separated from Rubicon because of geological
origin. Roselawn soils occur on moranic areas, while Rubicon soils
occur on outwash areas. This difference is recognized by the
National Cooperative Soil Survey through slope class. Soil manage-
ment group or unit designations may also be useful in grouping these
soils.

4/ No organic soil series are recognized by the Michigan Department
of State Highways. The organic series mapped for this investigation
were Markey (Sites 1,7), Seelyeville (Site 3), Carbondale (Sites
2,3,5), Rifle (Site 4) and Tawas (Sites 2,3,5). The highway depart-
ment mapped these areas as muck, shallow muck, peat or peat marsh.
Since they are attempting some type of classification for organic
deposits, it may be feasible to utilize family names to better group
organic soils for mapping purposes. Or soil management groups might
also be useful in grouping organic soils.

It is evident that the more detailed mapping done by highway
soil engineers and the differences in classification mentioned above
account for many of the discrepancies in the mapping units and the
soils identified at the study sites. However, some major differences
are still left unexplained. At a number of sites AuGres (Sites
l,3,4,7,8), Menominee (Sites 6,7,9,10), Graycalm or Montcalm (Sites
3,7,9,10), and shallow organic soils (Sites 2,3,4,5) were repeatedly

mapped or identified during this study, yet the highway soil

81

engineers failed to identify these soils when making, presumably,
more detailed maps of the sites. A different understanding of the
current concepts of these series could explain the highway soil
engineers' failure to recognize these soils. In every case, how-
ever, soils of similar soil management groups were identified
instead (Table 1), suggesting personal discretion of the mapper as
being an important factor.

The potential of the New Taxonomy and Soil Management Group or
Unit designations for grouping soil series for impact assessment and
mapping purposes has been stated several times. Soil management
groups or units may be more suitable for MDSH uses for two reasons.
First, the concept of soil management groups and units is much
simpler and easier to grasp than the concepts of the New Taxonomy
and, second, the soil series mapped by the MDSH can be placed into
a smaller number of groups than would be possible even utilizing the
families of the New Taxonomy. In Table 10, all of the 107 Northern
Michigan mineral soil series that are mapped by the MDSH represent-
ing 64 families are grouped into 38 soil management groups to
illustrate the considerable simplifications gained from its use.

Various forms of remote sensing imagery provide information
that is useful in highway assessment. In Michigan, the prospective
user of remote sensing can choose from three types of imagery at
four different scales: NASA Earth Resource Technology Satellite
(ERTS-l) Imagery; NASA high altitude Earth Resource Aircraft Photo-
graphy; medium—altitude Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation
Service (ASCS) and other public agency photography (Sullivan and

Higgs, 1973).

82

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83

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86

The ERTS-l provides images of the earth from an altitude of
about 572 miles. The satellite contains two types of remote sensing
equipment: a return beam vidicon camera, which became inoperative
shortly after launch, and a multi-spectral camera, which does not
take photographs but detects spectral radiation from the surface
of the earth and records on magnetic tape the amount of radiation
detected.

Multi-spectral methods can be used to identify and map water
distribution and various classes of natural drainage of the soil in
bare fields. General categories of vegetation can also be mapped
and individual species can be identified.

The high altitude imagery of Michigan is usually of high quality
with excellent resolution. Black and white, color or color infrared
(false color) film is usually used for this photography. Conven—
tional color film shows the landscape as it would be seen by the
human eye from an aircraft, thus, interpretation is eased. Although
color infrared film has an unconventional color scheme, interpreta-
tion is even more eased for vegetation differentiations with
experience.

Most of the medium altitude photography of Michigan is black
and white panchromatic, but some is black and white infrared pho-
tography. Black and white panchromatic film gives good quality
images of the ground factor. Black and white infrared photography
is similar to color infrared, except it is presented in shades of

gray.

87

Interpretation of aerial photography can be used to identify
and map vegetation communities, some soil properties, hydrologic
characteristics and land use. These data can then be used as aids
for highway impact assessment.

An investigation conducted by the Environmental Research Insti—
tute of Michigan and Michigan State University (1972) presents a
detailed discussion of the potential uses of remote sensing tech—
niques for assessing the impact of highway instruction.

Topographic maps, geologic maps and other geologic reports
provide information needed for assessing some highway impacts.
These sources can provide basic information about the landforms of

an area and the relationship to soils, vegetation and hydrology.

VI I . CONCLUS IONS

l) The areas most sensitive to the effect of a highway project
on the surrounding soil environment are the wetlands. Natural soil
drainage conditions are easily disrupted at these sites. Thus,
whenever possible, large wetland areas should be avoided during
highway construction.

2) Drains and channels must be properly designed and constructed
to avoid excessive alteration of natural soil drainage conditions.
In this study, more adequate drainage seems necessary.

3) Erosion and sediment production, both during and after
construction, need to be controlled. This can be done by making the
best use of topography and drainage patterns for protecting the area
during the construction stage and by permanently stabilizing the
surface as soon as possible after construction.

4) Research needs to be conducted to determine how much salt

may be applied to highways during winter de-icing programs without

During the thesis defense, Dr. Erickson suggested altering
the designs of the culverts under the highway might eliminate the
current tendency to cause poorer drainage in highway construction.
If the bottoms of the culverts were dry only at the season of.water
table in the somewhat poorly to poorly drained soil areas, there
would probably be little interference with the environment for the
native vegetation.

88

89

adverse effects on the environment. Determining the susceptibility
of different Michigan soils to salt damage as it is being removed
during spring and fall rains and how these affect associated vege-
tation would be important aspects of this research.

5) Serious consideration should be given to the potentials of
the Comprehensive Soil Classification System for use in assessing
potential highway impact. The family category may be particularly
helpful for interpretive purposes, perhaps with subdivisions into
phases of families.

6) The soil management groups or units may also have possi-
bilities for interpretive purposes and assessing potential highway
impact.

7) The detailed soil mapping done by highway soil engineers
can provide specific information for impact assessment, but impact
may extend beyond the limits of the right-of—way. Available soils
information from other sources could be used to extend soil bounda-

ries or the highway's soil survey should include adjoining areas.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

PROFILE DESCRIPTIONS OF SOILS

APPENDIX A

PROFILE DESCRIPTIONS OF

Wetland Site 1. . . . .

Markey Muck. . .
AuGres Sand. . .
Roscommon Sand .
Tawas Muck . . .

Wetland Site 2. . . . .

Newaygo Sandy Loam
Palo Sandy Loam (Variant). . . . . .

Tawas Muck . . .
Wetland Site 3. . . . .

Grayling Sand. .
Seelyeville Muck
Tawas Muck . . .

Wetland Site 4. . . . .

Rifle Peat . . .
Saugatuck Sand .

Wetland Site 5. . . . .
AuGres Sand. . .
Roscommon Sand .
Tawas Muck . . .

Woodlot Site 6. . . . .

Graycalm Sand. .
Omena Sandy Loam

Menominee Loamy Fine

TABLE OF CONTENTS

(Variant) . . . .

Sand. . . . . .

SOILS

Page

88

88
89
90
90

91
91
92
93
94
94
94
95
96

96
97

100
100
101
101
102
102

103
104

Page
Wbodlot Site 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

AuGres Sand. 0 O O I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 105
Croswell Sand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Kinross Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Woodlot Site 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
AuGres Sand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Croswell Sand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Roscommon Mucky Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Saugatuck Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Woodlot Sites 9 and 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . llO

Graycalm Sand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Rubicon Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lll

APPENDIX A

PROFILE DESCRIPTIONS OF SOILS

Wetland Site 1

 

Markey Muck

 

Location: Wetland Site 1, Arenac County, Michigan
SEE, ka, SWk, Sec. 34, T20N, R3E. 100' east of
highway

Soil Classification: Terric Borosaprist sandy, mixed, euic

Vegetation: Cattails and Sedges

Drainage: Very poorly drained

Slope: 0-2%

Physiography: Outwash plain

Horizon Depth Description

 

0al 0-14" Black (lOYR 2/l); sapric material; 25% fiber,
less than 10% rubbed; moderate, medium,
granular structure; sodium pyrophosphate
dark brown (lOYR 4/3); primarily herbaceous
fibers; neutral (pH 7.2 in H20, 7.0 in
CaClz); gradual, smooth boundary.

Oa2 14-30" Black (lOYR 2/1); sapric material; 35% fiber,
15% rubbed; weak, coarse, sub-angular blocky
structure; sodium pyrophosphate dark brown
(lOYR 4/3): primarily herbaceous fibers;
neutral (pH 7.0 in H20, 6.5 in CaClz); gradual,
smooth boundary.

0a3 30—48" Black (lOYR 2/1); sapric material; 25% fiber,
less than 5% rubbed; massive structure;
sodium pyrophosPhate dark brown (lOYR 4/3);
primarily herbaceous fibers; slightly acid
(pH 6.6 in H20, 6.2 in CaClz); abrupt, smooth
boundary.

90

91

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

IIClg 48-66" Grayish brown (lOYR 5/2); sand; single grain;
loose; neutral.

AuGres Sand

 

Location: Wetland Site 1, Arenac County, Michigan
swk, 53%, NEH, Sec. 33, T20N, R3E. 150' west of
highway

Soil Classification: Entic Haplaquod sand, mixed, frigid

Vegetation: Maple, Paper birch, Hemlock

Drainage: Somewhat poorly drained

Slope: 0-2%

Physiography: Outwash plain

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

Al 0-3" Black (SYR 2/1); sand; weak, fine, granular
structure; friable; medium acid; abrupt
wavy boundary.

A2 3—14" Gray (lOYR 5/1); sand; common, fine, distinct
yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4) mottles; single
grain; loose; medium acid; abrupt irregular
boundary.

BZlhir 14—17" Dark reddish-brown (SYR 3/2) with common,
coarse, distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)
mottles; sand; weak, coarse, granular
structure; very friable with a few %" to
1" weakly cemented chunks of ortstein;
medium acid; gradual, irregular boundary.

BZZir 17-32" Reddish-brown (SYR 4/3) with many, medium,
distinct yellowish-red (SYR 5/8) mottles;
sand; single grain; loose; medium acid;
gradual, irregular boundary.

823ir 32—50" Reddish-brown (SYR 5/3) with common, medium,
distinct reddish-gray (SYR 5/2) mottles;
sand; single grain; loose; medium acid;
gradual, wavy boundary.

C 50-66" Brown (lOYR 5/3) with common, medium, dis-
tinct yellowish-brown (lOYR 5/6) mottles;
sand; single grain; loose; slightly acid.

92

Roscommon Sand

 

Location: Wetland Site 1, Arenac County, Michigan
uwk, swx, swx, Sec. 34, T20N, R3E. 100' west of
highway

Soil Classification: Mollic Psammaquent sand, mixed, frigid

Vegetation: Alder, Sedges and Cattails

Drainage: Poorly drained

Slope: 0-2%

Physiography: Outwash plain

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

Al 0-6" Black (lOYR 2.5/1); sand; weak, medium granu-
lar structure; very friable; slightly acid;
abrupt, smooth boundary.

Clg 0-22" Grayish brown (lOYR 5/2) with common, medium,
distinct, light brownish-gray (lOYR 6/2)
mottles; sand; single grain; loose; neutral;
gradual, wavy boundary.

C29 22-45" Light brownish-gray (lOYR 6/2) with common,
medium, distinct dark grayish-brown (lOYR
4/2) mottles; sand; single grain; loose;
neutral; gradual, wavy boundary.

C3g 45-66" Grayish-brown (lOYR 5/2); sand; single grain;
loose; neutral.

Tawas Muck

 

Location: Wetland Site 1, Arenac County, Michigan
53%, SEE, swk, Sec. 34, T20N, R3E. 100' east of
highway ’

Soil Classification: Terric Borosaprist sandy, mixed, euic

Vegetation: Paper birch, Hemlock, Sedges

Drainage: Very poorly drained

Slope: 0—2%

Physiography: Outwash plain

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

Oel 0-9" Black (lOYR 2/1, rubbed); hemic material; about
50% fiber, 15% rubbed; weak, medium, granular
structure; fibers primarily herbaceous;
neutral; gradual, smooth boundary.

93

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

0a1 9-24" Dark reddish brown (SYR 2/2, rubbed); sapric
material; about 15% fiber, less than 5%
rubbed; massive structure; fibers primarily
woody; neutral; abrupt, smooth boundary.

IIClg 24—41" Grayish brown (lOYR 5/2) with common, medium,
distinct grayish-brown (lOYR 4/2) mottles;
sand; single grain; loose; neutral; gradual,
wavy boundary.

IICZg 41-66" Light brownish gray (lOYR 6/2) with common,
medium, distinct dark grayish-brown (lOYR
4/2) mottles; sand; single grain; loose;
neutral.

Wetland Site 2

 

Newaygo Sandy Loam (Variant)

Location: Wetland Site 2, Ogemaw County, Michigan
SEk, swk, swk, Sec. 23, T22N, RlE. In the NE quad-
rant of the West Branch Interchange
Soil Classification: Alfic Haplorthod coarse loamy
(This is a coarse loamy variant of Newaygo which is
classified as fine loamy over sandy skeletal)
Vegetation: Paper birch, Maple, White Cedar
Drainage: Well drained
Slope: 0-2%
Physiography: Outwash plain

 

 

Horizon Depth Description

01 +1-0" Organic layer of partially decomposed forest
litter.

Al 0-4" Very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/1.5); sandy

loam; weak, medium, granular structure;
friable; slightly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.

A2 4—8" Brown (7.5YR 5/2); sandy loam; weak, medium,
granular structure; friable; slightly acid;
clear, wavy boundary.

B2ir 8—24" Reddish brown (SYR 4/5); sandy loam; weak,
medium, subangular blocky structure; friable;
slightly acid; clear, wavy boundary.

94

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

BZt 24-34" Dark brown (lOYR 4/3) gravelly sandy loam to
loam; weak, medium, subangular blocky struc-
ture; friable; neutral; abrupt, irregular
boundary.

IIC 34+" Pale brown (lOYR 6/3); sand and gravel; single
grain; loose; calcareous.

 

 

 

Palo Sandy Loam (Variant)
Location: Wetland Site 2, Ogemaw County, Michigan
ssh, swk, swk, Sec. 23, T22N, RlE. In the NE quad-
rant of the West Branch Interchange
Soil Classification: Aquic Eutroboralf coarse-loamy, mixed,
frigid
(This is a variant of Palo which is classified as fine
loamy over sandy skeletal)

Vegetation: Paper birch, Maple, White cedar

Drainage: Somewhat poorly drained

Slope: 0-2%

Physiography: Outwash plain

Horizon Depth - _Description

01 +3-0" Organic mat of partially decomposed forest
litter.

Al 0-6" Very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2); sandy
loam; weak, medium, granular structure;
friable; slightly acid; clear, wavy boundary.

A2 6-10" Grayish brown (lOYR 5/2) with common, medium,

distinct brown (7.5YR 5/4) mottles; sandy
loam; weak, medium, granular structure;
friable; slightly acid; clear, wavy boundary.

B2t 10-23" Brown (7.5YR 5/4) with common, medium, dis-
tinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and pale
brown (lOYR 6/2) mottles; sandy loam to fine
gravelly sandy loam; weak, medium, sub-
angular blocky structure; friable; slightly
acid; clear, wavy boundary.

IIC 23+" Pale brown (lOYR 6/3); sand and gravel;
single grain; loose; calcareous.

95

Tawas Muck

 

Location: Wetland Site 2, Ogemaw County, Michigan
ssz, swa, swk, Sec. 23, T22N, RlE. In the NE
quadrant of the West Branch Interchange.

Soil Classification: Terric Borosaprists sandy, mixed, enic

Vegetation: White cedar

Drainage: Very poorly drained

Slope: 0-2%

Physiography: Outwash plain

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

Oal 0-3" Black (SYR 2/1, rubbed); sapric material; 30%
fiber, 10% rubbed; weak, medium, granular
structure; sodium pyrophosphate light yellow-
ish brown (lOYR 6/4); fibers primarily her-
baceous and moss; neutral (pH 7.2 in CaClz);
gradual, smooth boundary.

Oa2 3-9" Black (7.5YR 2.5/0, rubbed); sapric material;
25% fiber, less than 5% rubbed; weak, medium,
granular structure; sodium pyrophosphate
brown (lOYR 5/3); fibers primarily woody;
neutral (pH 7.2 in CaClz); abrupt, smooth
boundary.

0a3 9-14" Dark reddish brown (SYR 3/2, rubbed); sapric
material; 30% fiber, less than 5% rubbed;
weak, medium, granular structure; sodium
pyrophosphate dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2);
fibers primarily woody, some woody fragments;
neutral (pH 7.1 in CaClz); gradual, wavy
boundary.

0a4 14-30" Black (SYR 2/1); sapric material; about 20%
fiber, less than 5% rubbed; massive struc-
ture; fibers primarily woody; neutral;
gradual, wavy boundary.

0a5 30-46" Black (7.5YR 2.5/0); sapric material; about
30% fiber, less than 5% rubbed; massive
structure; fibers primarily woody; neutral;
abrupt, smooth boundary.

IIC 46-66" Brown (lOYR 5/3); loamy sand; single grain;
loose; neutral.

96

Wetland Site 3

Grayling78and

 

Location: Wetland Site 3, Crawford County, Michigan
522, swk, uwa, Sec. 34, T25N, R3W. 300' east of
highway along old dirt trail

Soil Classification: Typic Udipsamment sandy, mixed, frigid

Vegetation: Jack pine, Oak

Drainage: Well drained

Slope: 0-2%

Physiography: Outwash plain

 

 

Horizon Depth Description

01 +1-0" Organic mat of partially decomposed forest
litter.

All 0-1" Black (7.5YR 2.5/0); sand; weak, fine,

granular structure; very friable; strongly
acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.

A12 1-4" Dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2); sand; single
grain; loose; medium to strongly acid;
abrupt, wavy boundary.

B2ir 4-18" Yellowish brown (lOYR 5/7); sand; single
grain; loose; slightly acid; gradual, wavy
boundary.

Cl 18-50" Yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4); sand; single

grain; loose; neutral; gradual, wavy boundary.

C2 50-66" Light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4); sand; single
grain; loose; mildly alkaline.

Seelyeville Muck

Location: Wetland Site 3, Crawford County, Michigan
NE%, swk, uwk, Sec. 34, T25N, R3W. 100' east of
highway

Soil Classification: Typic Borosaprist euic

Vegetation: White cedar, Black spruce, Tamarack

Drainage: Very poorly drained

Slope: 0-2%

Physiography: Outwash plain

97

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

0el 0-3" Black (SYR 2/1, rubbed); hemic material;
about 50% fiber, 25% rubbed; weak, medium,
granular structure; fibers moss and herbaceous;
neutral; abrupt, smooth boundary.

0a1 3-11" Dark reddish brown (SYR 3/2, rubbed); sapric
material; about 30% fiber, 10% rubbed; weak,
medium, granular structure; fibers woody and
herbaceous; neutral; clear, wavy boundary.

Oa2 11-20" Dark reddish brown (SYR 3/2, rubbed); sapric
material; 40% fiber, 15% rubbed; weak, medium,
granular structure; sodium pyrophosphate brown
(lOYR 5/3); fiber primarily woody, some woody
fragments; slightly acid (pH 6.1 in CaClz);
clear, wavy boundary.

0a3 20-37" Black (7.5YR 2.5/0); sapric material; about
30% fiber, less than 5% rubbed; massive
structure; fibers primarily woody; neutral;
clear, wavy boundary.

0a4 37-56" Dark reddish brown (SYR 2/2); sapric material;
about 30% fiber, less than 5% rubbed; massive
structure; fibers primarily woody; neutral;
abrupt, smooth boundary.

IICg 56-66" Dark grayish brown (2.5YR 4/2); sand; single
grain; loose; moderately alkaline.

Tawas Muck

 

Location: Wetland Site 3, Crawford County, Michigan
NEk, swk, ka, Sec. 34, T25N, R3W. 100' east of
highway

Soil Classification: Terric Borosaprist sandy, mixed, euic

Vegetation: White cedar, Black spruce, Tamarack

Drainage: Very poorly drained

Slope: 0-2%

Physiography: Outwash plain

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

Oel 0-2" Black (SYR 2/1, rubbed); hemic material;
about 50% fiber, 30% rubbed; weak, medium,
granular structure; fibers primarily moss;
neutral; abrupt, smooth boundary.

98

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

Oal 2-14" Dark reddish brown (SYR 2/2, rubbed); sapric
material; about 30% fiber, 10% rubbed; weak,
medium, granular structure; fibers woody and
herbaceous; neutral; clear, wavy boundary.

0a2 14-20" Dark reddish brown (SYR 2/2); sapric material;
30% fiber, 10% rubbed; weak, medium, granular
structure; sodium pyrophosphate dark brown
(lOYR 4/3); fibers primarily woody, some
woody fragments; neutral (pH 6.8 in CaClz);
clear, wavy boundary.

0a3 20-31" Black (7.5YR 2.5/0); sapric material; about
25% fiber, less than 5% rubbed; massive
structure; fibers primarily woody; mildly
alkaline; abrupt, smooth boundary.

IIClg 31-48" Dark grayish brown (2.5YR 4/2); sand; single
grain; loose; moderately alkaline; gradual,
wavy boundary.

IIC29 48-66" Dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2); sand; single

grain; loose; moderately alkaline.

Wetland Site 4

 

Rifle Peat

 

Location: Wetland Site 4, Roscommon County, Michigan
NEE, NW%, SE%, Sec. 30, T24N, R2W. 100' east of
highway

Soil Classification: Typic Borohemist euic

Vegetation: White cedar, Paper birch, Black spruce, Tamarack

Drainage: Very poorly drained

Slope: 0-2%

Physiography: Bog

Horizon Dgpth Description

 

 

Oil 0-3" Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, rubbed); fibric
material; about 90% fiber, 60% rubbed; fibers
primarily Sphagnum moss and some woody frag-
ments; massive structure; strongly acid;
abrupt, smooth boundary.

99

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

Oel 3-14" Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2, rubbed); hemic
material; about 40% fiber, 15% rubbed; weak,
medium, granular structure; fibers primarily
woody and herbaceous; strongly acid; clear,
wavy boundary.

Oe2 14-36" Brown (7.5YR 5/4, rubbed); hemic material;
about 60% fiber, 20% rubbed; massive struc-
ture; fibers herbaceous and woody, some
woody fragments; medium acid; clear, wavy
boundary.

0e3 36-66" Brown (7.5YR 5/4, rubbed); hemic material;
about 65% fiber, 15% rubbed; massive struc-
ture; fibers herbaceous and woody, some
woody fragments; medium acid.

Saugatuck Sand

 

Location: Wetland Site 4, Roscommon County, Michigan
NEk, nwk, 53%, Sec. 30, T24N, R2W. 100' west of
highway
Soil Classification: Aeric Haplaquod sandy, mixed, frigid,
ortstein
(This is a frigid variant of Saugatuck not yet
differentiated.)
Vegetation: Aspen, Oak, Paper birch, Black spruce, Tamarack
Drainage: Somewhat poorly drained
Slope: 0-2%
Physiography: Outwash plain

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

01 +2-0" Organic mat of Sphagnum moss and partially
decomposed forest litter.

A1 0-2" Dark reddish brown (SYR 2/2); sand; weak, fine,
granular structure; very friable; very strongly
acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.

A2 2-6" Reddish gray (SYR 5/2); sand; single grain;
loose; very strongly acid; abrupt, wavy
boundary.

B21hirm 6-12" Dark reddish brown (SYR 3/3); sand; massive;

strongly cemented (ortstein); very strongly
acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.

100

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

B22ir 12-18" Strong brown (7.5YR 5/6); sand; moderate;
fine, sub-angular blocky structure; some
weak ortstein; strongly acid; clear, wavy
boundary.

B3 18—30" Yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4) with common,
coarse, distinct yellowish brown (lOYR 5/6)
and grayish brown (lOYR 5/2) mottles; sand;
single grain; loose; strongly acid; clear,
wavy boundary.

C 30-66" Brown to pale brown (lOYR 5.5/3) with common,
coarse, distinct dark brown (lOYR 4/3)
mottles; sand; single grain; loose; medium
acid.

Wetland Site 5

 

AuGres Sand

 

Location: Wetland Site 5, Roscommon County, Michigan
NEk, NEk, NWk, Sec. 3, T22N, R2W. In median
Soil Classification: Entic Haplaquod sandy, mixed, frigid
Vegetation: White cedar, Black spruce, Tamarack
Drainage: Somewhat poorly drained
Slope: 0-2%
Physiography: Outwash plain

 

 

Horizon Depth Description

02 +3-0" Organic layer of highly decomposed forest
litter.

Al 0-2" Black (lOYR 3/1); sand; weak, fine, granular

structure; very friable; strongly acid;
abrupt, smooth boundary.

A2 2-20" Grayish brown (lOYR 5/2) with common, medium
prominent dark brown (lOYR 4/3) mottles;
sand; single grain; loose; medium acid;
gradual, wavy boundary.

B2ir 20—34" Dark yellowish brown (lOYR 4/4) with common,
medium, distinct brown (lOYR 5/3) mottles;
sand; single grain; loose; slightly acid;
gradual, wavy boundary.

101

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

C 34+" Grayish brown (2.5YR 5/2) with many coarse,
distinct, dark yellowish brown (lOYR 4/4)
mottles; sand; single grain; loose; slightly
alkaline.

Roscommon Sand

 

Location: Wetland Site 5, Roscommon County, Michigan
NE%, NE%, NWk, Sec. 3, T22N, R2E. In median
Soil Classification: Typic Psammaquent sandy, mixed, frigid
Vegetation: Black spruce, White cedar, Tamarack
Drainage: Poorly drained
Slope: 0-2%
Physiography: Outwash plain

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

Al 0-6" Black (lOYR 2/1); sand; weak, fine, granular
structure; very friable; neutral; abrupt,
smooth boundary.

Clg 6-22" Grayish brown (lOYR 5/2) with few, coarse,
distinct brown (lOYR 5/3) mottles; sand;
single grain; loose; mildly alkaline; gradual,
wavy boundary.

C29 22+" Light brownish gray (lOYR 6/2) with common,
medium, distinct brown (lOYR 5/3) and dark
brown (lOYR 4/3) mottles; sand; single grain;
loose; mildly alkaline.

Tawas Muck

 

Location: Wetland Site 5, Roscommon County, Michigan
SE%, SE%, swa, Sec. 34, T23N, R2E. 150' east of
highway

Soil Classification: Terric Borosaprist sandy, mixed, euic

Vegetation: Black spruce, White cedar, Tamarack

Drainage: Very poorly drained

Slope: 0-2%

Physiography: Outwash plain

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

Oel 0-4" Black (7.5YR 2.5/0, rubbed); hemic material;
about 60% fiber, 30% rubbed; weak, medium,
granular structure; fibers primarily moss and
herbaceous; neutral; abrupt, smooth boundary.

102

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

Oal 4-10" Black (7.5YR 2.5/0, rubbed); sapric material;
35% fiber, 5% rubbed; weak, medium, granular
structure; sodium pyrophosphate brown (lOYR
5/3); fibers primarily woody; medium acid
(pH 5.6 in CaClz); abrupt, wavy boundary.

0a2 10-28" Dark reddish brown (SYR 3/2, rubbed); sapric
material; 30% fiber, 10% rubbed; sodium pyro-
phosphate brown (lOYR 5/3); massive, fibers
primarily woody; medium acid (pH 6.0 in
CaClz); abrupt, smooth boundary.

IICg 28+" Grayish brown (lOYR 5/2); sand; single grain;
loose; mildly alkaline.

Woodlot Site 6

 

Grayealm Sand

 

Location: Woodlot Site 6, Ogemaw County, Michigan
SWk, NWk, NEk, Sec. 26, T22N, RlE. 300' east of
highway
Soil Classification: Entic Haplorthod sandy, mixed, frigid
(Graycalm is currently classified as Alfic Udipsam-
ment, but this soil is probably more prevalent or a
taxadjunct.)
Vegetation: Sugar maple, American beech
Drainage: Well drained
Slope: 10%
Physiography: Moraine

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

02 +1—0" Black (7.5YR 2.5/0) organic mat of highly
decomposed forest litter.

A1 0-3" Very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2); sand;
weak, fine, granular structure; slightly acid;
clear, wavy boundary.

BZlir 3—14" Brown to dark brown (lOYR 4/3); sand; single
grain; loose; slightly acid; gradual, wavy
boundary.

B22ir 14-30" Brown to dark brown (7.5YR 4/4); sand; single

grain; loose; slightly acid; gradual, wavy
boundary.

Horizon Depth

 

A'2 30-47"

A'2+B'2t 47-59"

C 59-66"

Omena Sandy Loam

 

103

Description

 

Pale brown (lOYR 5.5/3); sand; single grain;
loose; slightly acid; abrupt, broken boundary.

Pale brown (lOYR 6/3); sand, single grain,
loose (A'2 horizon); brown to dark brown
(7.5YR 4/4), sandy loam, massive, friable
(B'2t horizon); B'2t bands are discontinuous
and a" to %" thick; slightly acid; abrupt,
wavy boundary.

Pale brown (lOYR 6/3); sand; single grain;
loose; calcareous.

Location: Woodlot Site 6, Ogemaw County, Michigan
ka, swk, NEk, Sec. 26, T22N, RlE. 150' east of
highway
Soil Classification: Typic Eutroboralf fine-loamy, mixed
Vegetation: Sugar maple, American beech
Drainage: Well drained

Slope: 11%
Physiography:

Horizon Depth

 

02 +l-O"
82 0—2"
AIBI 2_9Il
B'2t 9-21"

Moraine

Description

 

Black (7.5YR 2.5/0) organic mat of highly
decomposed forest litter.

Brown (lOYR 4.5/3) sandy loam to loam; weak
fine; sub-angular blocky structure; very
friable; slightly acid; abrupt, irregular
boundary.

A'=Brown (lOYR 5/3); loam; weak, coarse,
granular structure; and B'=dark brown (lOYR
4/3); clay loam; moderate, medium, sub-
angular blocky structure; the A' horizon is
present as tongues into the B' or as thick
coatings on the peds of the 3'; neutral;
gradual, wavy boundary.

Dark brown (lOYR 4/3); sandy clay loam;
moderate, medium, sub-angular blocky struc-
ture; firm; neutral; abrupt, wavy boundary.

104

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

C 21+" Yellowish brown (lOYR 5/3); clay loam;
moderate, medium, sub-angular blocky struc-
ture; firm; some lime fragments; mildly
alkaline.

Menominee Loamy Fine Sand

 

Location: Woodlot Site 6, Ogemaw County, Michigan
Nwz, swk, NEH, Sec. 26, T22N, RlE. 200' east of
highway

Soil Classification: Alfic Haplorthod sandy/loamy, mixed,

frigid

Vegetation: Sugar maple, American beech

Drainage: Well drained

Slope: 12%

Physiography: Moraine

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

02 +1-0" Black (7.5YR 2.5/0); organic mat of highly
decomposed forest litter.

Al 0-3" Very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2); loamy
fine sand; weak, medium, granular structure;
very friable; slightly acid; clear, wavy
boundary.

B2ir 3-8" Dark brown (lOYR 4/3); loamy, fine sand;
weak, fine, granular structure; very friable;
slightly acid; clear, wavy boundary.

A'2 8-20" Pale brown (lOYR 5.5/3); loamy fine sand;
weak, coarse, granular structure; friable;
slightly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.

B'2t 20-27" Dark brown (7.5YR 4/4); sandy clay loam;
moderate, coarse, sub-angular blocky struc-
ture; firm; slightly acid; clear, wavy
boundary.

IICl 27+" Dark brown (7.5YR 4/4); coarse clay loam; weak,
medium, sub-angular blocky structure; firm;
neutral.

105

Woodlot Site 7

 

AuGres Sand

 

Location: Woodlot Site 7, Roscommon County, Michigan
ka, ka, SEE, Sec. 19, T24N, R2W. In the SE

quadrant of the interchange

Soil Classification:
Vegetation:
Drainage:

0-2%

Slope:

Entic Haplaquod sandy, mixed, frigid

Jack pine, Grass

Somewhat poorly drained

Physiography:

Horizon

Depth

 

01

02

Al

A2

BZlhir

822ir

823

B3

+2-+1"

+1-0"

O_l"

l_9l'

9-14"

14-21"

21-27"

27-36"

Outwash plain

Description

 

Organic layer of partially decomposed forest
litter.

Black (SYR 2/1); organic mat of highly decom-
posed forest litter.

Black (lOYR 2.5/1); sand; weak, fine, granu-
lar structure; very friable; strongly acid;
abrupt, smooth boundary.

Grayish brown (lOYR 5/2) with many, medium,
distinct, dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2)
mottles; sand; single grain; loose; medium
acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.

Dark reddish brown (SYR 3/3); sand; weak,
fine, granular structure; loose to very
weakly cemented ortstein in places; medium
acid; clear, irregular boundary.

Reddish brown (SYR 4/4) with many, medium,
distinct yellowish brown (lOYR 5/8) mottles;
sand; single grain; loose; medium acid; clear,
irregular boundary.

Yellowish brown (lOYR 5/8) with common, medium,
faint brownish yellow (lOYR 6/6) mottles;

sand; single grain; loose; slightly acid;
clear, irregular boundary.

Yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4) with many, medium,
distinct yellowish brown (lOYR 5/6) mottles;
sand; single grain; loose; neutral; gradual,
wavy boundary.

106

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

C 36+" Brown (lOYR 5/3) common, fine, faint grayish
brown (lOYR 5/2) and yellowish brown (lOYR
5/6) mottles; sand; single grain; loose;
neutral.

Croswell Sand

 

Location: Woodlot Site 7, Roscommon County, Michigan
NEk, swk, NEH, Sec. 19, T24N, R2W. 100' NE of
interchange

Soil Classification: Entic Haplorthod sandy, mixed, frigid

Vegetation: Jack pine, Oak, Grass

Drainage: Moderately well drained

Slope: 7%

Physiography: Outwash plain

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

A1 0-4" Very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2); sand;
weak, fine, granular structure; very friable;
medium acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.

A2 4-8" Grayish brown (lOYR 5/2); sand; single grain;
loose; medium acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.

B21ir 8-18" Yellowish brown (lOYR 5/8); sand; single
grain; loose; medium acid; gradual, wavy
boundary.

B22ir 18-33" Yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4); sand; single
grain; loose; medium acid; gradual, wavy
boundary.

C 33-60" Brown (lOYR 5/3) with common, coarse,distinct
yellowish brown (lOYR 5/6) mottles; sand;
single grain; loose; neutral.

Kinross Sand

Location: Woodlot Site 7, Roscommon County, Michigan
ka, ka, SEE, Sec. 19, T24N, R2W. In the SE
quadrant of the interchange
Soil Classification: Histic Haplaquod sandy, mixed, frigid
(This subgroup is not yet established. Has been
included as a taxadjunct of Kinross.)
Vegetation: Swamp grass

Kinross Sand (cont'd.)

 

Drainage:
0-2%

Slope:

107

Poorly drained

Physiography:

Horizon Depth

 

 

Outwash plain

Description

 

 

02 +9-0" Black (SYR 2/1); sapric material; primarily
herbaceous fibers; strongly acid; abrupt,
smooth boundary.

Al 0-1" Black (lOYR 2/1); sand; very weak, medium,
granular structure; very friable; strongly
acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.

B21hir 1-3" Dark reddish brown (SYR 3/3) with common,
coarse, distinct, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)
mottles; sand; weak, coarse, sub—angular
blocky structure; very friable; strongly
acid; gradual, wavy boundary.

822ir 3-7" Dark yellowish brown (lOYR 4/4) with many,
coarse, distinct, dark reddish brown (SYR
3/3) mottles; sand; single grain; loose;
strongly acid; gradual, wavy boundary.

B3 7-18" Yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4) with many, coarse,
distinct, dark reddish brown (SYR 3/3)
mottles; sand; single grain; loose; strongly
acid; gradual, wavy boundary.

C9 18+" Grayish brown (lOYR 5/2) with common, medium,
distinct, yellowish brown (lOYR 5/6) mottles;
sand; single grain; loose; strongly acid.

Woodlot Site 8
AuGres Sand
Location: Woodlot Site 8, Roscommon County, Michigan
swE, swE, SEE, Sec. 7, T23N, R2W. 100' west of
highway

Soil Classification: Entic Haplaquod sandy, mixed, frigid

Vegetation: Alder and Swamp grass

Drainage: Somewhat poorly drained

Slope: 0-2%

Physiography:

Outwash plain

108

 

 

Horizon Depth Description
02 +2-0" Organic layer of highly decomposed litter.
A1 0-2" Very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2); sand;

weak, fine, granular structure; very
friable; slightly acid; abrupt, smooth
boundary.

A2 2-12" Grayish brown (lOYR 5/2); sand; single grain;
loose; slightly acid; clear, wavy boundary.

B21ir 12-26" Dark brown (lOYR 4/4) with many, medium,
distinct brown (lOYR 5/3) mottles; sand;
single grain; loose; slightly acid; gradual,
wavy boundary.

C 26+" Brown (lOYR 5/3) with common, medium, dis-

tinct yellowish brown (lOYR 5/6) mottles;
sand; single grain; loose; neutral.

Croswell Sand

 

Location: Woodlot Site 8, Roscommon County, Michigan
SWE, NWE, NEE, Sec. 18, T23N, R2W. 150' west of
highway

Soil Classification: Entic Haplorthod sandy, mixed, frigid

Vegetation: Aspen, Red oak, Red maple

Drainage: Moderately well drained

Slope: 0-2%

Physiography: Moraine

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

Al 0-2" Very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2); sand;
weak, fine, granular structure; very friable;
medium acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.

A2 2-5" Grayish brown (lOYR 5/2); sand; single grain;
loose; medium acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.

BZlir 5-18" Yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4); sand; single
grain; loose; medium acid; gradual, wavy
boundary.

BZ21r 18-33" Yellowish brown (lOYR 5/6); sand; single
grain; loose; medium acid; gradual, wavy
boundary.

109

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

C 33+" Brown (lOYR 5/3) with many, coarse, prominent
yellowish red (SYR 4/6) mottles; sand; single
grain; loose; slightly acid.

Roscommon Mucky Sand

 

Location: Woodlot Site 8, Roscommon County, Michigan
swE, swE, SEE, Sec. 7, T23N, R2W. 100' west of
highway

Soil Classification: Mollic Psammaquent sandy, mixed, frigid

Vegetation: Aspen and Swamp grass

Drainage: Poorly drained

Slope: 0-2%

Physiography: Outwash plain

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

Al 0-7" Black (lOYR 2.5/1); mucky sand; weak, fine,
granular structure; very friable; slightly
acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.

C 7-66" Grayish brown (lOYR 5/2) with common, medium,
distinct yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4) and dark
brown (lOYR 4/3) mottles; sand; single grain;
loose; neutral.

Saugatuck Sand

 

Location: Woodlot Site 8, Roscommon County, Michigan
swE, swE, SEE, Sec. 7, T23N, R2W. Center of median
Soil Classification: Aeric Haplaquod sandy, mixed, frigid,
ortstein
(This is a frigid variant of Saugatuck not yet
differentiated.)
Vegetation: Alder, Aspen, Grass
Drainage: Somewhat poorly drained
Slope: 0-2%
Physiography: Outwash plain

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

Al 0-3" Very dark gray (lOYR 3/1) sand; weak, fine,
granular structure; very friable; strongly
acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.

Horizon

Depth

 

A2

BZlhir

BZZir

B3

C9

Graycalm Sand

 

Location:

taxadjunct.)
White oak, Red oak, Maple

3_9"

9-12"

12-19"

19—30"

30+"

110

Description

 

Grayish brown (lOYR 5/2) sand; common, fine,
distinct brown (lOYR 5/3) mottles; single
grain; loose; strongly acid; abrupt, wavy
boundary.

Dark reddish brown (lOYR 3/3) sand; common,
coarse, distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)
mottles; massive structure (ortstein);
strongly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.

Dark brown (7.5YR 4/4); sand; common, coarse,
distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles;
single grain; strongly acid; gradual, wavy
boundary.

Yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4); sand; common,
coarse, distinct yellowish brown (lOYR 5/6)
mottles; single grain; loose; medium acid;
gradual, wavy boundary.

Grayish brown (lOYR 5/2) sand; common, coarse,

distinct yellowish brown (lOYR 5/6) mottles;
single grain; loose; slightly acid.

Woodlot Sites 9 and 10

 

Woodlot Sites 9 and 10, Roscommon County, Michigan
swE, swE, swE, Sec. 17, T23N, R2W. 100' east of
highway
Soil Classification: Entic Haplorthods sandy, mixed, frigid
(Graycalm is currently classified as Alfic Udipsam-
ment, but this soil is probably more prevalent or a

Well drained

 

Vegetation:
Drainage:
Slope: 6%
Physiography:
Horizon Depth
01 +1-0"
A1 0-2"

Moraine

Description

 

Organic mat of partially decomposed forest
litter.

Black (lOYR 2.5/1); sand; single grain; loose;
strongly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.

lll

Horizon Depth Description

 

 

AZ 2-9" Grayish brown (lOYR 5/2); sand; single grain;
loose; strongly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.

BZlir 9-20" Strong brown (7.5YR 5/6); sand; single grain;
loose; medium acid; gradual, wavy boundary.

A'2 20-34" Light yellowish brown (lOYR 6/4); sand;
single grain; loose; slightly acid; gradual,
wavy boundary.

A'2+B'2t 34-56" Light yellowish brown (lOYR 6/4), sand, single
grain, loose (A'2 horizon); brown (7.5YR
5/4), sandy loam, weak, medium, sub-angular
blocky structure, (B'2t horizon)’ B'2t
present as discontinuous bands E" to l"I
thick; slightly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.

C 56-66" Light yellowish brown (lOYR 6/4); sand; single
grain; loose; neutral.

Rubicon Sand

 

Location: Woodlot Sites 9 and 10, Roscommon County, Michigan
SEE, SEE, NWE, Sec. 18, T23N, R2W. 300' west of
highway

Soil Classification: Entic Haplorthod sandy, mixed, frigid

Vegetation: White oak, Red oak, Maple

Drainage: Well drained

Slope: 12%

Physiography: Moraine

 

 

Horizon Depth Description

01 +l-O" Organic mat of partially decomposed forest
litter.

A1 0-2" Black (lOYR 2.5/1); sand; weak, fine, granular

structure; very friable; strongly acid;
abrupt, smooth boundary.

A2 2-7" Grayish brown (lOYR 5/2); sand; single grain;
loose; strongly acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.

B21ir 7—17" Dark brown (7.5YR 4/4); sand; weak, fine,
granular structure; very friable; medium acid;
gradual, wavy boundary.

 

Horizon Depth
B221r 17-29"
B3ir 29-35"
C 35+"

112

Description

 

Strong brown (7.5YR 5/6); sand; single grain;
loose; slightly acid; gradual, wavy boundary.

Yellowish brown (lOYR 5/6); sand; single
grain; loose; slightly acid; gradual, wavy
boundary.

Light yellowish brown (lOYR 6/4); sand; single
grain; loose; slightly acid.

APPENDIX B

RESULTS OF LABORATORY ANALYSES

113

, . is .1,

.y .\ w}. ..x.~mfl\3mmfifi.bkd [mg , V .

 

 

 

 

men «\n Ewen e.mm v.v m.n mmuen unmmm eoonnem onwm
me» «\e amen v.em n.mn . enun nnnmm coonnsm onem
unnmm
nwm e\n anon m.em ~.on n.m mnum .nnnnmm nosnnmsnm m
mm» m\m anon m.mm ~.e . sum unmmm mm0n:nn a
men e\m mnm.e n.0m n.m m.n mun unsnmm nnoHEnE a
men m\e mnon m.em n.m n.e mnum unnmm nnmsnono e
0a «\m anon «.mm m.» u emunm mmm menusn 5
mm» nxn anon e.nm e.e n.~ nmuen unmmm manage e
nun «\e mum.e o.nm o.n o.m en-m unsnmm mousse a
0: ~\m mem.m e.mm n.om 5.0m nmum u~.m sense 0
mm» e\e anon n.em e.m e.m mmuom nnmmm nmnosa m
was e\e anon N.nm e.e v.e omuen unnmm menosm m
0: m\e anon n.mm e.e m.e mnne unmm nannnmno m
sownnoo umou n0noo osnm w unnw w wnno w A.ono EONnnom mamanm ounm
onoomm munnmmoomonxm mmmencn nnoncnoomz guano
ummu nonso
mneOm nnnosnE "momxnnnn Snounnonnn Ha mHQNh

nun .

114

 

 

 

 

 

unnemn on on mv mn mxm anon 0.0 mmuon mmo mazes
unwenn m mm onv om m\m anon n.m enue nee mm3ne
enema om mm mn.om.mn mn.on.ov «\n mnon m.n noun m.m.nmo mnnnm
onnmnn mn as on ov m\m mnOH n.n o~-nn mno onnneonnmmm
onnEmm on em on ow m\e anon m.n om-en mmo mazes
onnmmn mv om mv.mv em.om «xv anon n.e neuen m.emo enema
unnenn mv em onv on «\v anon n.e enum mno meets
onnmmm mv mm mv mn m\m anon ~.e mum Nae ensue
onudnm on em mn mm exn mnon ~.e muo nee means
unnmnm on mm m.mn mn.om mxm mnon n.n em-o nno.nmo nn3ne
unnenn mv mm my mn mxe mnon ~.n we-0m mmo tanned
onnmmn mn mm on mm m\« anon m.n omuen mno cannna
onMEEn on mm onv om m\e anon o.s enuo nmo emnnna
nannmuns nmhhsm emhhsne: nmhhsm emhnsnes one» “once «Home A.Eno eonnnom mneemm eunm
onsnmno umnu ononm mnnEnumn ononm ounomwosmonhm mm guano
mo omae noonm ucoo nmm

 

mneOm oncnono ”mommnncn anonnnonnn

.NH manna

APPENDIX C

MDSH PRELIMINARY PLAN PRINTS

115

 

 

 

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LITERATURE CI TED

LITERATURE CITED

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y—aufi

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