ma accumwca Q? RAFED EVE Movmsmg 93.1mm FREE. EMAGfiW Am: mamm mm: Thesis {'09 flu: Degree of M. A. hfiCHHGAN STATE UNEVERSITY Howwd H. Morishig‘e 196:8 1"" LIBRAR y i jN'iichigan 3521:; i WES|S 1 . . '2 7,, _ UIIIVL‘.I‘:- ”I. 1545 :'w 3 11111111111111111111111111111L ' 3 1293 00870 1 @436 MA»: 1 ,-' '5; ,7 if: ' 1‘: .7517 6112.1 9 3M THE OCCURRENCE OF RAPID EYE MOVEMENTS DURING FREE IMAGERY AND DREAM RECALL By I ,1 0 Howard H. Morishige AN ABSTRACT OF A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Psychology 1968 ABSTRACT THE OCCURRENCE OF RAPID EYE MOVEMENTS DURING FREE IMAGERI AND DREAM RECALL By Howard H. Morishige The purpose of the present study was to determine: (1) whether rapid eye movements (REMs) occurred during dreamlike processes such as free imagery and dream.recall or (2) whether REMs were the result of purely neural mecha- nisms operating as unique characteristics of nocturnal dreaming. This study. through the use of EEG, ECG. and finger pulse monitored while 88 underwent free imagery and a visual recall of a single vivid nocturnal dream. proposed that REMs would occur in the waking state under both experimental conditions. REM recordings were compared in 10 83 under free imagery and dream recall conditions. or the 10 Se. 9 exhibited REMs during at least one of these conditions. Data for both experimental conditions were treated sepa- rately by comparing each with a corresponding resting period as a baseline measure. Significant results of this study were (1) REMs occurred during both free imagery and dream recall, and (2) a pronounced tendency of alpha suppression during dream recall. The type of REM patterns which occurred Howard Morishige during the waking state in this study differed from reported studies of REM patterns on nocturnal dreams (stage I-REM) in that waking state REM patterns were lower in.amplitude, more gradual in slope, and had a tendency not to occur in.c1usters. Hence. the above results do not discredit the possibility that Stage I- REMs is a phenomenon.unique to nocturnal dreaming. This study also showed the occurrence of alpha desynchronization only during the dream recall condi- tion but not during free imagery. It was posited that alpha suppression occurring during visual imagery in ' the waking state was not a specific concomitant of visual imagery. but rather a possible indication of the anxiety producing processes being symbolized by the recalled dream, or even the cognitive task of recalling a previous nocturnal dream. Inspection alone revealed that there was a greater ratio of prhmary process material when the Ss engaged in visual imagery during dream recall than in free imagery. The results of this study suggest that primary process visual imagery is a powerful variable that influences the occurrence of REMs. desynchronization of alpha rhythm, and increase of heart rate. The present study opens avenues for future research in its attempt to explore the role that primary process Howard Morishige plays in.the relationships between psychological processes such as visual imagery and autonomic arousal such as those monitored by the EEG. ECG, and finger pulse. Approved: THE OCCURRENCE OF RAPID EYE MOVEMENTS DURING FREE IMAGERY AND DREAM RECALL By Howard H. Morishige A.THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Psychology 1968 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author extends his sincere gratitude to Dr. Joseph Reyher for his continual encouragement and guidance in.the planning and completion of this study. As chairman.of the committee, he was instrumental in making this research a most stimulating and valuable learning experience. Grateful acknowledgements are also extended to the other members of the committee. Dr. Norman Abeles and Dr. Paul Bakan. for their interest in this study and their helpful clarifications. The writer is also indebted to Dr. Albert Ax and Dr. Donald Caldwell. Directors of Psychophysiology and Psychobiology Research. respectively, at the- Lafayette Clinic. for their assistance in familiarizing materials dealing with the complicated nuances of polygraph recording. The many courtesies and hours of consultation extended by Dr. Caldwell have been deeply appreciated. Special thanks is also expressed to Gerald Gilmore of the Computer Center for his assistance and Bruce Burns for his interest and concern. And to Jean Kawazoe and Stephen.Morishige, a note of appreciation for their patience in serving as subjects during the planning stages of this study. 11 To Alyce For her devotion and continual source of inspiration. 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PrOblem and Hypothses . . . . . . . . . . . . METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subjects . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eye Iovemcnts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electroencephalogram (EEG) . . . . . . . . . . Procedure.................. RESULTS O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 mam; ‘F k 9 4 he I4 we we EpiBOde O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O Occurrence of REMs . .. . . . . . . . . . . . EEG O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O Finger Pulse O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O raoaoana FUNN MG O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O DISCI’SSION O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O Blmmm O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O “PMI 0E3 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O e: no IO Ia as U! to -q Appendleo...........o..... Appendle..............o... Appendix C e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e Appendix D e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e APPOndlx E e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e MN 0‘) UN 0‘0 iv LIST OF TABLES Page . . 15 Table 1: Means of REMs and Occipital Alpha for Experimental and Relax Conditions . . . Table 2: Mean Per Cents of Finger Pulse for Experimental Conditions . . . . . . . . . . 16 INTRODUCTION In the early development of free association Freud requested his patients to close their eyes and report their visual images. He later discontinued this method in favor of eyes open free association.which is still a standard procedure in orthodox psychoanalysis. However. since Freud's innovation in his free association technique. visual imagery has been used occasionally by a few psychotherapists (Kubie. l9fl3: Jellinek. l9h9: Goldberger, 19 57: Kanzer. 1958; Wolpe, 1958: and Banner. 196?) e Recently. Reyher (1963) reported that eyes closed free association with an emphasis upon visual images. i.e.. free imagery. is a powerful technique in psycho- therapy if used properly. Reyher accounts for the use of this procedure as follows: The procedures involved in free imagery are designed to minimize secondary process and maximize primary process by eliminating or reducing visual and auditory cues that are necessary for supporting defenses and for maintaining an external frame of reference.... When.a client is asked to describe only images. feelings and sensations. he is deprived of cognitive processes and is thrown back upon more subJective media which are easily influ- enced by unconscious material and primary process. (p. #59) In.undergoing free imagery. the client is induced to experience vivid visual fantasies that are dominated by primary process and which clearly manifest the mechanisms present in "dream work." In free imagery procedure. visual fantasies become so well organized that they differ from dreams only in being less disguised. As in dreams. free imagery can produce repressed wish fulfillments.‘ derivatives of anxiety producing drives. and may be characterized by mechanisms of dream production. such as symbolism. Until recently. dream research was limited by the lack of a reliable objective method for determining exactly when a patient dreams. However. a method for detection of dream was described by Aserinsky e Kleitman (1955) who reported the occurrence of ocular motility in sleep. Two types of eye movements were observed: (a) slow eye movements (834s) «slow. often binocularly asymmetrical, with each cycle usually completed in 3-1} seconds: (b) rapid eye movements (Rue) -- bursts of qui ck . binocularly synchronous . singular and grouped ocular deviations often in clusters of unidirectional or multidirectional deflections which complete a single cycle in approximately one second. Dement e Kleitman (1957a. 1957b) and Roffwarg. Dement. Music. 1!. Fisher (1962) reported that nocturnal dreaming occurred mainly 3 during periods of cyclically recurring sleep (EEG emerging Stage 1) characterized by random. low-voltage EEG and by rapid eye movements (REMs). Since these studies were conducted while the subjects slept. reliable self-reporting was difficult to achieve and the type of experimental procedure was restricted. - For example. it was generally necessary to wait until the patient wakened by himself after an undisturbed sleep. or was wakened and then asked to recall the dream.experi- ence. However. by this thme the patient's memory had deteriorated so rapidly that his ability to recount dream content was questionable and perhaps had even affected his awareness of whether he had actually dreamt. Also. Poulkes e Vogel (1965) pointed out that the "dreamlike" process material (e.g.. visual. dramatic. and hallucinatory episodes) occurred during descending EEG stages 1 and 2. and thus refuted the insistence that dreaming occurs only during emergent EEG stage 1 sleep. At the present time. there seems to be two modes of conceptualizing REMs during nocturnal dreaming. Some investigators have interpreted this phenomenon in.rather specific psychomotor terms: they have suggested that eye movements represent the dreamer's scanning of his visual images (Dement e Kleitman. 1957b). Others have suggested z. an.alternative which conceptualizes REMs as a non- specific neural mechanism which is a concomitant of attentive activity (Amadeo e Shagass. 1963). Prgblg! and Hngthgsis The present study attempted to examine: (1) whether REMs are associated with "dreamlike" processes. more specifically during free imagery and dream recall condition. or (2) whether REMs reflect neural mechanisms which are uniquely characteristic of nocturnal dreaming. On the basis of previous investigations which affirmed the occurrence of ocular'motility during the waking state (e.g.. Amadeo e Shagass. 1963: Singer e Antrobus. 1965). this study predicted the first alternative. METHOD Subjegts Ten.volunteer1ma1e college students enrolled in.an introductory psychology course were Se in the present study. Only male 83. whose ages ranged from 18 to 29. were used in order to avoid possible confounding sex differences. Except for the selectivity for1ma1e Ss. this was a heterogenous group unselected for age or personality characteristics. Eye Mgvggents Generally. voluntarily executed movements with eyes closed are distinctly recognizable. However. involuntary eye movements such as those occurring during free imagery are obscured by numerous artifacts including those produced by muscle movements. brain waves. ocular tremors. and blinks. Eye tremors and blinks. for the most part. occur vertically and can be detected on the vertical electrooculograms (EOG). To reduce the effects of the aforementioned artifacts. only eye movements monitored on the horizontal EOG 'were used to detect the occurrence of REMs. Eye movements were measured by electrooculograms essentially according to the technique used by Dement & mum (1955. 1957a. 1957b). Conjugate horizontal eye movements were monitored by attaching a pair of Beckman Biopotential electrodes at a point approximately 1 on lateral to the external canthus of each eye. Vertical eye movements and blinks were identifiable by means of supra and infra orbital Biopotential electrodes on the left and right eye. respectively. Bipolar potentials ‘were recorded for both horizontal and vertical electrode pairs using an electrode attached to the mastoid area of the left car as a ground. According to Aserinsky a. “Kleitman (1955). the soc contains two patterns of ocular activity (SEMs and REMs). distinguished mainly in terms of duration and latency. In the present study. counts of eye movement frequency were restricted to the more rapid pattern. In.order to avoid difficulties in counting very small baseline oscillations and borderline slow eye movements. deflec- tions (REMs) were counted only if they met the following criteria: (1) horizontal EOG deflection was equal to or greater in amplitude than the corresponding deflection on the vertical EOG: (2) amplitude of the horizontal ECG was equal to or greater than.h'mm (10 uv): and (3) duration from base to peak of 0.5 sec or less. Waking REMs of 75 uv (30 mm) or greater in amplitude and occurring in clusters were considered to be comparable to REMs occurring during nocturnal sleep. Elegtgogncgphglograms (EEG) EEG was recorded bipolarly from the occipital area. Two silver cup electrodes filled with Bentonite electrode paste were attached to the skin by applying U.S.P. colloi- dion. The positioning of the occipital EEG was done according to the International 10-20 Electrode System (Jasper. 1958). The S's right and left ear served as a common reference electrode. Due to the limitations involved in scoring attenuated alpha rhythm activity by visual inspection. occipital alpha activity was defined as the presence of not less than 3 consecutive waves of 8-13/sec frequency and 2 mm (5uv) or greater in amplitude. Per cent time occipital alpha (z alpha) was defined as the duration of the total observed occipital alpha activity in seconds multiplied by 100 and divided by the length in seconds of the total duration of the episodes or period examined. In addition to the EEG and EOG recordings. finger pulse and electromyogram (EMG) were monitored to obtain an index of heart rate and muscle activity of the chin. respectively. The finger pulse device. provided by Ax and described in Ax (et al.)(1962). was made from a tiny piezo-electrio crystal applied with elastic tape to the forefinger of the 3's non-preferred hand. Muscle activity potentials were recorded according to the pro- cedure suggested by Caldwell e Domino (1967a). Silver disc electrodes filled with Bentonite paste were secured by elastoplast tape to the mentalis muscles at the floor of the chin.and digastric muscles immediately lateral to the 8's left side of the mentalis placement. Both of these indices were recorded for interest's sake and were not directly used for the hypothesis being tested. The EEG. EOG. EMG, and finger pulse were monitored on a Grass Model 5 polygraph machine. Electrode res-is- tances were checked prior to running the Se and any electrode giving a reading above lOK ohms was reapplied. The standard EEG constant speed of lO nun/sec was used and the gain set so that a 20 mm deflection was equiva- lent to 50 uv. Proo ure The 8s were given a pre-experimental session indivi- dually in order to allow them to experience free imagery and to become accustomed to the laboratory stress situation. The Be were instructed to abstain from all sedatives. stimulants. or alcoholic beverages at least 21! hours prior to their experimental appointments one week later. The S sat on a reclining chair in a dimly illuminated soundproof room adjoining the main laboratory in which the experimenter and recording equipment were situated. The Be were told that the purpose of the investigation was to determine the relationship beWeen visual imagery and certain measurements of cortical and autonomic activity. No mention was made of eye movements. The experimenter then attached the electrodes and instructed the $3 of the need for keeping still. being relaxed. and having his eyes closed for the duration of the procedure. After a five minute allowance for adaptation to the laboratory situation. a trial run of one minute eyes closed resting period (Relax l) was recorded to establish a baseline measure for later comparison with free imagery. During this relaxed period. the S was asked to relax. refrain.from thinking thoughts or visualizing images. i.e.. to "keep his mind blank.” Subsequently. each 8 was thoroughly briefed on the procedure of free imagery as outlined by Reyher (1963): The E instructed 8 through an intercom tape recorder system to "lean.back in the chair. close his eyes and report everything that crossed his mind. including images. feelings. and physical sensation. with the focus on visual images." If S reported that he was upset. bothered. or used some other vague term. E asked. "Can you tell me more about that?" to help 3 express and label poorly differentiated thoughts and affects. During prolonged periods of silence. E asked. “Are there any more images?". The 3 was instructed. once the experiment began. to inform the experimenter when.he visualized each image and when it disappeared. by pressing a switch with his preferred hand. The switch. powered by a 3 volt (D.C.) battery. 10 activated a signal light in the recording room and thus allowed the experimenter to note the onset and termina- tion of each visual imagery episode on the graph. In order to avoid the possibility of forcing the Ss to conceptualize and concentrate on how to report an image concurrent to his experiencing it and thus possibly contaminating the results. the 8s were asked to describe in detail what they saw 3113; each imagery episode. The latter was recorded on a Uher l+00 remote-controlled tape recorder with a built-in two-way intercom system. The- free imagery sessions were monitored for a period of #5 minutes. In addition. in order to determine whether the mechanism of "dreamlike" processes such as free imagery are comparable to the processes involved in nocturnal dreaming. a dream recall condition was monitored in this study. Upon completion of the free imagery phase of the experiment. the Ss were allowed to relax again for 5 minutes. A second trial run of one minute eyes closed resting period (Relax 2) was monitored to establish a - baseline measure for later comparison with episode of visual imagery occurring during dream recall condition. After the trial run. the Ss were instructed to close their eyes and visualize scenes from a single previous "vivid" 11 nocturnal dream. As in.the free imagery phase of the experiment. the 8s were asked to signal the onset and termination of each visual imagery episode which occurred during the recalled dream. Again. they were asked to describe what they saw after the entire dream.was completed. The polygraph record of this phase lasted until the completion of the 8's "dream." RESULTS £243.54: The total number of visual imagery episodes during the #5 minute free imagery phase of the experiment ranged from 28 to 116. with an overall mean.of b8.1 and SD of 27.6. In comparison. the total number of visual episodes during the simulated dream.phase were less scattered with range between 1 and 6. mean of 3.6 and 1.7 standard deviation. As expected. the mean duration in.aeconds of the visual episodes for the dream phase (i - 30.4 sec) tended to be longer than those occurring during free imagery (11.1 sec. t - 6.98. p 5 .001).* * All reported t tests in this study were computed according to Walker and Lev (1953: pp. 151-15#). 12 W Of the 10 3s. 9 exhibited REMs during at least one phase of this study. The amount of R343 which exceeded 75 uv in amplitude and occurred in clusters were essentially negligible. Table 1 shows the mean RMs/min under each experimental condition. Data for both the free imagery and dream recall were treated separately by comparing each with a baseline measure or control. in this case Relax l and Relax 2 periods. respectively. Analysis of rapid eye movement measures for both experimental conditions yielded significant t tests (both p 5 .05) and show that there is an increase in RBIs during the free imagery and dream recall conditions. Recalling a dream did not raise Bills above that found during free imagery (t - .33. p).50). are; The comparison of mean per cent alpha between the visual imagery episodes occurring during free imagery and the resting period (Relax l) are presented in Table l. The results indicate that there was no decrease in alpha activity during free imagery (p). 50) . However. there was heightened alpha desynchroni zation during the visual imagery episodes occurring during the recalled dream when 13 compared to the second resting period or Relax 2 (p 5 .005). This result is due to a gross difference between the two Relax conditions; the per cent alpha was the same for the experimental conditions. ginger Pulse To obtain an approximate indication of any change in heart rate while the 8 was visualizing images during either of the experimental conditions. three mutually exclusive scoring categories were devised: low to high. high to low. and constant. Only two categories -- low to high. and high to low -- were used since they reflected visible changes which occurred in the amplitude of the monitored finger pulse record. The starting point was the onset of each visual imagery episode. There is an inverse relationship betwun amplitude and heart rate. Table 2 shows the mean per cent corresponding to each of the aforementioned categories. There was a greater per cent increase of heart rate for the dream recall condition but not for free imagery. Although the remaining results were uniformly insignificant. the differences betwoen both experimental conditions in terms of increase of heart rate was great enough to be suggestive. 14 pig The amount of muscle activity of the chin during both the experimental conditions were essentially negative. The MG when monitored from the chin did not appear sensitive enough to be considered a reliable index for this study. 15 TABLE 1 Means of REMs and Occipital Alpha for Experimental and Relax Conditions Episode 3? 5.0. t Rapid Eye Movements (Mean REM/min) 1e RCIIX 1 1.0 e9 * Free Imagery 2.9 3.1 2.08 2e RCIIX 2 le6 3el * Re-called Dream 3.3 5.4 1.99 3. Free Imagery 2.9 3.1 R..CCll.d DIC‘I 3e3 Se‘ e33 Occipital Alpha (Mean 1 Alpha) 1. Relax I 33.0 23.2 Free Imagery 33.7 23.5 .11 2e RCI‘x 2 45.0 25e5 ** RC‘C‘IICd Dr“. 32e9 26.6 6.10 3. I'ree Imagery 33.7 23.5 RC‘CCIICd DIC‘. 32e9 2‘e6 e28 Note: N310 *pé .05 (one-tailed) **p§ .005 (two-tailed) 16 TABLE 2 Mean Per Cents of Finger Pulse for Experimental Conditions Episode 2' S.D. c Finger Pulse Amplitude Trend (Mean X) 1. Within Experimental Conditions a) Free Imegery‘ 1) Low to 1.131." 19.2 12.0 11) High to 160° 24.7 11.2 1.0 b) Re-called Dream‘ 1) Low to high 11.6 17.6 * 2. Betwun Experimental Conditions a) Low to highb i) Free Imagery‘ 19.2 12.0 11) Re-called Dream‘ 11.6 17.6 1.3 b) high to 1on° i) Free Imagery 24.7 11.2 ii) lie-called Dream 39.3 29.0 1.6 Note: N310 *p g .05 ‘ Intrinsic ninety-producing properties 1’ Transiticnfl'om low to high amplitude (decrease of heart rate) 0 n " high to low " (increase of heart rate) 17 DISCUSSION Ens characteristic of nocturnal sleep were not obtained in either experimental condition. According to shimazono. Ando. Sakamoto. Tanaka. Eguchi. dc Nakamura (1965). REhs occurring during nocturnal dreams are generally lower in amplitude than waking Rule and take less time for deflection. Aserinsky a Kleitman (1955) noted that Ens during nocturnal dreams show relatively Jerky moti one with short arcs (generally .2 sec). and tend to occur in clusters. 0n the basis of the aforementioned general characteristics and the 75 av criteria of nocturnal amt. the type of RBIs which occurred in this study were definitely different in terms of lower amplitude. more gradual slope. and tendency not to occur in clusters. Also. the dream recall condition in this study seemed more like hypnagogic dreams rather than nocturnal dreams. according to the descriptions of Foulkes e Vogel (1965) and Roffwarg. _e_§_a_l_... (1962). First. the entire recalled dream lasted only for a relatively short period of time (mean of 1.11 min) much as though the dream was temporally condensed. As a means of comparison. Dement a Kleitman (1957a) and Caldwell e Domino (1967b) reported mean durations of 9.0 and 11.2 minutes. respectively. in the 18 first occurrence of Stage I-REM. Second. there was almost a total absence (9 out of 10 83) of visual continuity of images during the recalled dream. Third. the EEG patterns which occurred during the dream recall condition involved alpha or alpha desynchronization rhythm. whereas emerging stage I EEG during nocturnal dreaming is characterized by low-voltage. non-spindling EEG tracing with occasional theta (lint/cps) waves. Hence. the results of the present study does not negate the possibility that stage I RBIs is a phenomenon uniquely characteristic of nocturnal dreams. Although stage I type REM did not occur in this investigation. rapid ocular movements meeting the criteria of Anadeo 8c Shagass (1963) and Brady 8. Rosner (1966) did occur. Recently. Lorena a Darrow (1962) postulated that the increase of ocular movement activity during mental multiplication relates to the visual images formed by Ss during calculation. 0n the contrary. Amadeo a. Shagass (1963) stated that the increase of waking REM rate is a non-specific concomitant of attentive activity. whereas Singer & Antrobus (1965) found that REMs characteristic of the waking eyes-closed state are associated with suppression of imagery rather than with the entertainment of an 19 ongoing fantasy. Mcruzzi e Magoun (19h9) have shown that alpha blocking is associated with alertness and activity and have also outlined how both external stimulation and cerebral cortical activity affect the blocking of alpha rhythm. More recently. Short & Grey‘Walter (195”) hypothesized that the suppression of the alpha rhythm in the waking state provides an Objective index of the use of visual imagery in solving problems. Barratt(l956) and Costello & McGregor (1957) qualified Short's hypothesis by reporting that the amount of suppression of the alpha rhythm during visual imagery for either problem solving or structured imagery is a result of at least two factors: (1) the vividness of the visual image. and (2) the extent to which thought. associations. or what may collectively be called the higher thought process. are involved. Since visual imagery occurred during both free imagery and dream recall condition in this study. it was expected that alpha would be suppressed for both condition. Contrary to expectations. alpha desynchro- nization (relative to a baseline condition) occurred only during the dream reall condition. thus indicating 20 that alpha suppression was not a specific concomitant of visual imagery. Foulkes. ej__;a_l_._ (1966) have suggested that "dreamlike" reports which are accompanied by REM and discontinuous alpha EEG during sleep onset is the ego's defensive response to pressures. e.g.. increased instinctual tensions. which arise outside of the ego. rather than a process initiated or directly controlled by the ego itself. In addition. Burns (1967) and Reyher a: Smeltzer (1968) reported that the primary process regulated imagery is a powerful and influencing variable. In their studies. whenever Ss experienced visual fantasies during visual imagery that were dominated by primary process. there were increases in conductance as well as GSR activity. Inspection alone revealed that the bulk of the imagery during free imagery was not primary process regulated. They were visual memories of real events or images of real things. In contrast. the imagery of the recalled dreams was often bizarre. reflecting primary process regulation or the "dreamwcrk." It is tempting to conclude that alpha desynchronizati on which occurred during recalled dreaming in the waking state 21 was not a specific concomitant of visual imagery m but instead is a possible indication of the anxiety producing processes being symbolized by the recalled dream and/or the cognitive task of recalling a previous nocturnal dream. This interpretation is supported by the significant increase in heart rate during the visual episodes of the recalled dream and the slight increase in Ms. Future research should attempt to separate these effects. With respect to finds. it should be pointed out that the Be were forewarned "a week prior to their experimental session that they would be asked to recall a nocturnal dremn. That is. the recalled dream during the experimental session was not a spontaneous (on-the-spot) request. Thus. threatening aspects of the 8's original nocturnal dream may have been fairly well controlled by secondary revision and ensued by a consequent reduction of anxiety. This investigation suggests that further research should focus on the role of primary process as one avenue in pursuing a meaningful articulation befieen psychodynamic processes and psychophysiology. 22 BIBLIOGRAPHY hadeo. 11.. a Shagass. C.. “Eye movements. attention. and nosis." J. Nerv, Ment. Dis“ 1963. 136: 139-1 50 Antrobus. J.. Antrobus. J.. .3 Singer. J.. "Eye movements accompanying daydreaming. visual imagery. and thought suppression." J , Abn. soc, szchol" 1961!». 69:2114-252. _ Aserinsky. 3.. e Kleitman. N.. "Two types of ocular motility occurring in sleep." J. 92112; thgiolg. 1955. 8‘1’90 Ax. A" Beckett. P.. Cohen. 3.. Prohman. C.. Tourney.G.. s Gottlieb. J .. "Psychophysiological. patterns in chronic schizophrenia. " Recggt gvancgs in Biglog; ggl Psychiatry. 1962. 43218-233. Barrett. P.. "Use of the m in the stud; of imagery." Bflte Jo P826110]... 1956. “73101.11 0 Brady. J .. a Rosner. 3.. "Rapid eye movements in hypnotically induced dreams." .1. Neg, Kent, Dis“ 1966. 1&3-28-35. Burns. 3.. "The effect of repression on visual imagery." 33gblished Masters Thesis. Michigan State University. Caldwell. D.. s Domino. E. . "Electroencephalographio and eye movement patterns during sleep in chronic schizophrenic tients." EEG Cling NMM£1glgg 1967a. 223hlh- 20. . "Patterns of sleep in schizophrenia." In G. Tourney .1: J. Gottlieb (Eds.) The Lafayette Clinic Studies on Schizopggenia. To be published by Wayne State University as. 19671). Costello. C.. e ncGregor. P.. "The relationships between some aspects of visual imagery and the alpha rhythm."J, 1421:. 301.. 1957. 103:786-795. 23 Dement. W. . "Dream recall and eye movements during sleep in schizophrenics and normals.“ J , Neg, fight: D18” 1955. 1223263-2690 Dement. U.. a: Kleitman. N.. "Cyclic variations in EEG during sleep and their relation to eye movements. body motility. and dreaming." EEG Clin. Nemmzsigln 1957a. 9:673-690. T . "The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity: An objective method of the study of dreaming." J, Egg. Psycholg. 1957b. 533339-3u6. Foulkes. D.. 8: Vogel. 6.. "Mental activity at sleep onset." J. Abn. Psychol.. 1965. 70:231-2h3. Foulkes. D.. Spear. 2.. s Symonds. J.. "Individual differences in mental activity at sleep onset." Jo Am: 822: szOhOIe. 1966. 713280-286e Goldberger. E. . "Simple method of producing dreamlike visual images in the waking state: A preliminary report." Psychosgg. Med.. 1957. 19:127-133. Hammer. 11.. "The directed daydream technigue " W Thggzz. Research s Practice. 1967. (u$:172-1 . Jasper. 3.. "Report of the committee on methods of clinical examination in electroencephalography " EEG gin. Neurophysiolk, 1958. 10:370-375. ' Jellinek. A. . "Spontaneous imagery: A new psychotherapeutic approach." Amer, J. Psychotherapy. 19b9, 3:373-391. Kanzer. 11.. "Image formation during free association." W: 1958. HMS-Wk Kubie. I». "The use of induced hypnagogic reveries in the recovery of repressed amnesic data." M Mflgggr 01111.. 1993. 7:172. Lorens.A.. 8c Darrow.C.. "Eye movements. EEG. 683. s EKG during mental multiplication." EEG Olin. Neumphzgiol. . 1962. 1M739-7lt6. Mcruzzi. C.. a: Hagoun. 3.. "Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG." EG 0119.. Nm2h1§101.. 1916. 1:14:55. 21+ Reyher. J .. "Free imagery: An nncoveri procedure." J, Clin. Psychol.. 1963. l9(h):lr5 4:59. Reyher. J. . 8: Smeltzer. W. . "The uncovering properties of visual imagery and verbal association: A comparative study." J . Age. sec, Psychol,. In press . Roffwarg. H.. Dement. 11.. Huzio. J.. 8. Fisher. C.. "Dream imagery: Relationship to rapid eye movements of sleep." h Ge . Ps iat.. 1962. 7:235-258. Shimazono. 1.. Ando. K.. Sakamoto. S.. Tanaka. T.. Eguchi. T.. d: Nakamura. 11.. "Eye movements of waking subjects with closed eyes." Arch. Gen, Pszehiatn 1965. 133537-543- Short. P.L.. 8c Halter. W. Grey. "The relationship betwaen physiological variables and stereognosis." EEG Clin. Neurophysiol.. 1951!. 6:29-“4. Singer. J .. a. Antrobus. J .. "Eye movements during fantasies." Arch. Gen. Psychiat” 1965. 12:71-76. Walker. 3.. 8r. Lev. J .. Statistical Inference. Holt. Rhinehart 8c Winston. 1953. New York. pp. 151-15“. Warren. 14.. "The significance of visual images during the analytic session." J . Ameg. Psychoanal. Assoc” 1961. 19: 501+-518. Wolpe. J .. Pezehotherapy by Reciprecal Igibitien. Stanford niversity Press. 195 . 25 APPENDICES 26 APPENDIX A Total and Mean.Vslues of the Subject's Visual Imagery Episodes as a Function of Duration Total Number and Meen.Durstion of Visual Imagery Episodes [gee {negegx Re-cslled Dream Total Total No. Mean Total Total No. Mean Duration of Duration Duration of Duration (sec) Episodes (sec/episode) (sec) Episodes (sec/episode) 1 449.4 ‘ 29 15.5 74.1 1 74.1 2 660.9 75 8.8 108.9 6 18.2 3 215.8 28 7.7 52.8 4 13.2 4 567.1 30 18.9 79.5 4 19.9 5 354.9 45 7.9 97.2 5 19.4 6 706.4 32 22.1 g 89.7 2 44.9 7 193.9 39 5.0 68.9 3 23.0 8 541.6 47 11.5 64.4 2 32.2 9 290.2 40 7.3 126.1 3 42.0 10 734.6 116 6.3 100.2 6 16.3 TOTAL MEAN 48.1 11.1 86.2 3.6 30.4 Notes: 1) S's listed in the order which they were tested. 2) RELAX Period used as beseline:messure (Control). Each Relax Period Duration is 60 sec (or 60 cm). 27 APPENDIX B Total and Mean Values 0: the Subject's Visual Imagery Episodes as a Function of Per-cent Occipitsl Alpha Total and Mean X Occipital Alpha Subject .1315; W 42.12.12... W Total Mean Total Mean Total Mean Total Mean Alpha 7: Alpha 7: Alpha 1 Alpha 1 (sec) Alpha (sec) Alpha (sec) Alpha (sec) .Alpha 1 11.0 18.3 139.2 31.0 27.8 46.3 32.0 43.2 2 50.6 84.3 497.6 75.3 46.8 78.0 85.5 78.5 3 10.0 16.7 57.7 26.3 14.0 23.3 10.3 19.5 4 31.4 52.3 92.0 16.2 10.6 17.7 5.2 6.5 5 8.8 14.7 75.1 21.1 6.8 11.3 14.5 14.9 6 14.9 24.8 449.2 63.6 50.2 83.7 55.1 61.4 7 16.5 27.5 23.8 12.3 33.4 55.7 17.7 25.7 8 32.2 53.7 290.9 53.7 39.2 65.3 32.3 50.2 9 7.1 11.8 8.2 2.8 15.2 25.3 5.6 4.4 10 15.4 25.7 248.2 33.8 26.3 43.8 24.8 24.8 TOTAL MEAN 33.0 33.7 45.0 32.9 Notes: 1) S's listed in the order which they were tested. 2) RELAX Periods used as baseline measure (Control). Each Relax Period Duration is 60 sec (or 60 ca). 28 APPENDIX C Total and Mean Values of the Subject's Visual Imagery Episodes as a Function of Rapid Eye Movements (REMs) —*-—- Rapid Eye Movements subject 3‘1fl5_£ Free Imagery Relax 2 Re-called Dgegg REMs Total No. Total Mean REMs REMa Total No. Total Mean per of Duration per per of Duration REMs/ min REMs (min) min min REMs (min) min 1 2 49 7.49 6.4 8 20 1.20 16.7 2 1 53 11.02 4.8 1 9 1.82 4.9 3 2 2 3.60 .6 0 0 .88 0.0 4 2 1 9.45 .1 0 0 1.33 0.0 5 O 18 5.92 3.0 0 1 1.62 .6 6 0 3 11.77 .3 O 2 1.50 1.4 7 2 29 3.23 9.0 7 9 1.15 7.8 8 0 35 9.03 3.9 0 0 1.07 0.0 9 O 0 4.84 0.0 0 l 2.10 .5 10 1 12 12.24 1.0 0 2 1.67 1.2 TOTAL MEANS 1.0 20.2 7.9 2.9 1.6 4.4 14.3 3.3 Note: 1) S's listed in the order in.which they were tested. 2) RELAX Period used as baseline measure (Control). Each Relax Period Duration is 60 sec (or 60 cm). 29 APPENDIX D Total and Mean Values of the Subject's Visual Imagery Episodes as a Function of Finger Pulse Amplitude Trend Finger Pulse Amplitude Trend Subject FW W Lw>H HgtL Constant Liza szL nggtant Total Total Total Total Total Total NO. x m. z No. 7" NOe Z “Ge 75 “Ce 7‘ 1 O 0.0 5 17.2 24 82.8 0 0.0 O 0.0 1 100.0 2 30 40.0 7 9.3 38 50.7 1 16.7 2 33.3 3 50.0 3 6 21.4 8 28.6 14 50.0 2 50.0 2 50.0 0 0.0 4 3 10.0 11 36.7 16 53.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 100.0 5 5 11.1 7 15.6 33 73.3 0 0.0 3 60.0 2 40.0 6 11 34.4 13 40.6 8 25.0 0 0.0 2 100.0 0 0.0 7 4 10.3 13 33.3 22 56.4 0 0.0 1 33.0 2 67.0 8 10 21.3 11 23.4 26 55.3 0 0.0 1 50.0 1 50.0 9 8 20.0 13 32.5 19 47.5 1 33.3 1 33.3 1 33.4 10 27 23.3 12 10.3 77 66.4 1 16.7 2 33.3 3 50.0 TOTAL MEAN 19.2 24.7 56.1 11.6 39.3 49.1 Note: 1) S's listed in the order in whthh they were tested. 2) Libfl 8 Low to higher amplitude (decrease of heart rate) 89L 8 High to lower amplitude (Increase " " " ) Constant 8 No gross changes in amplitude (or " " ). 30 APPENDIX E Intercorrelations Among the Various Conditions for Rapid Eye Movements (REMs) and Per-cent Occipital Alpha ‘ Variable 1 2 3 4 AA. Rapid Eye Movement to Rflllx 1 e339 e564 e484 2. Free Imagery .830** .723* 3e Relax 2 e928** 4. Re-called Dream 8. Per-cent Occipital Alpha 1. Relax 1 , .636* .486): .595 2. Free Imagery .810** .941** Be Rel‘x 2 0902 4. Re-called Dream ' Pearson Product-moment Correlations * Significant beyond .05 level. we a n .01 n ““1183 HICHIGRN STQTE UNIV. LIBRRRIES ”ll!!!“ 59 01 lllillll |||| || II ! "HI ”I 9 312 300870