A BIOLOGICAL-LIMNOLOGICAL SURVEY
OF THE NINTH STREET IMPOUNDMENT,
ALPENA, MTCHIGAN

Thesis for the Degree of M.. S.
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
THOMAS EDWARD MEARS
1969

 

 

 

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ABSTRACT
A BIOLOGICAL-LIMNOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE

NINTH STREET IMPOUNDMENT,
ALPENA, MICHIGAN

BY

Thomas Edward Mears

During the summer months of 1968 a study was under—
taken to gather basic ecological information concerning the
Ninth Street Impoundment of the Thunder Bay River at Alpena,
Michigan. Prior to this study 50,000 Chinook salmon
(Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) smolts had been introduced to
Fletcher Creek, a tributary of the reservoir.

Invertebrates were collected primarily from Petersen
dredge samples and fish stomach analysis. Experimental gill
nets were used to secure most of the fish collected. Aquatic
plants were collected incidental to other operations.

The maximum water temperature recorded in the Ninth
Street Impoundment was 26 C. A shoreline development of
2.20 and an insulosity of 22% indicate that the reservoir is
dominated by littoral areas. Dissolved oxygen concentrations
lower than 5.0 ppm were rarely encountered. Methyl orange
alkalinity ranged from 120 to 180 mg/l as CaC03. Phenol-

phthalein alkalinities were as high as 26 mg/l as CaCO3.

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Thomas Edward Mears

pH varied from 8.1 to 8.85. Total hardness (EDTA) ranged
from 186 to 242 mg/l as CaCO3.
Four of nineteen aquatic plant genera collected were
indicators of hard, alkaline waters. Several of the inverte-
brate taxa collected were organisms intolerant of organic
enrichment of their environment. Northern pike (Esgx

lucius), rockbass (Ambloplites rupestris), and pumpkinseed

(Lepomis gibbosus) had growth rates less than the Michigan

 

state averages. Yellow perch (Perca flavescens), and blue-
gill (Lepomis macrochirus) less than age III were smaller
than average while fish older than III were larger than
average. Yellow perch, northern pike, rockbass, large blue-
gill, black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), bowfin (Amia
calva), and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were po-
tential predators on the introduced Chinook salmon smolts.

A summary of all available data indicated that the proba-
bility of a successful introduction of Chinook salmon would
be increased if the smolts were planted in the Thunder Bay
River below the Ninth Street Impoundment rather than in

Fletcher Creek.

A BIOLOGICAL-LIMNOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE
NINTH STREET IMPOUNDMENT,

ALPENA, MICHIGAN

BY

Thomas Edward Mears

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Fisheries and Wildlife

1969

ACKNOWLEDGMENT S

I would like to thank the members of my graduate
committee, my major professor Dr. Howard Johnson and Drs.
E. W. Roeloffs and T. Wayne Porter, for their assistance and
suggestions in carrying out this research and in writing this
thesis. Alpena Community College, through its president,
Jack Petosky, provided the facilities at which field oper-
ations were based. Special thanks also go to Jon Lauer and
Chuck Pecor, fellow graduate students, who assisted in

gathering field data.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

INTRODUCTION
REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

The Thunder Bay River Basin
Geological Characteristics
Water Chemistry

Climate . .

DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA . . . .

BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE AND LIMNOLOGICAL SAMPLING
STATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIMNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Methods

Results .
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen . . . . . . .
Alkalinity, pH, Hardness (EDTA)
Secchi Disc Values . . . . . . .

BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Aquatic Plants
Methods . .
Results . . . .

Invertebrate Animals
Methods
Results

Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Species Diversit

Conversions

iii

Page

vi

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(Dumb)

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17
26
29

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30
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30
32
32
33
35
35
37
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Growth .

Food Studies
Condition

Tagging and Recovery
Gear Selectivity

DISCUSSION .

SUMMARY

LITERATURE CITED

Appendix 1.

Appendix 2.

Appendix 3.

Appendix 4.

Appendix 5.

The Ninth Street Impoundment, Alpena,
Michigan . . . . .

Description of limnological sampling
stations in the Ninth Street
Impoundment

A phyletic list of invertebrate animals
collected from the Ninth Street Im—
poundment June, 1968 to February,
1969 . . . . . . . . . .

Total length-standard length conversions
and scale radius-total length re-
gressions for five species of fish
from the Ninth Street Impoundment

Length-weight relationships for five

species of fish collected from the
Ninth Street Impoundment

iv

Page

40
44
46
48
48
49
S4

57

63

64

67

7O

71

Table

LIST OF TABLES

Oxygen (mg/l), Temperature (C), Secchi Disc
(ft), and Depth (ft), values for selected
stations, Ninth Street Impoundment, 15
June, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . .

Oxygen (mg/1), Temperature (C), Secchi Disc
(ft), and Depth (ft), values for selected
station, Ninth Street Impoundment, 3-4
July, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oxygen (mg/1), and Temperature (c) profiles,
Secchi Disc (ft), pH, Phenophthalein alka-
linity (mg/1 CaCO3) for the Ninth Street
Impoundment during a 22 hour sampling
period, 25-26 July, 1968 . .

Median pH, Total Hardness (EDTA, mg/l
CaCO3), Methyl Orange Alkalinity (mg/l
CaCO3), and Phenolphthalein Alkalinity
(mg/l CaCO3), values for surface samples
during a 22 hour continuous sampling
period beginning 16:00 EST, 25 July, 1968,
at selected stations in the Ninth Street
Impoundment

A list of aquatic plant taxa collected from
the Ninth Street Impoundment, June-
September, 1968 . . . . . .

Phyletic list of fish collected in the
Ninth Street Impoundment . .

Back-calculated total lengths for several
fish species collected from the Ninth
Street Impoundment

Average condition factors (K) at time of
capture for each age group of several
Species of fish from the Ninth Street
Impoundment

Page

18

19

22

27

31

38

41

47

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
1. Thunder Bay River Basin . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Areal geology of Alpena County Michigan . . . 6
3. Monthly total discharge of the Thunder Bay

River at the Ninth Street Dam and monthly
precipitation for Alpena, Michigan, 1963-

1968 12

Vi

INTRODUCTION

During May, 1968, approximately 50,000 Chinook
salmon smolts,_gncorhynchu§ tschawytscha (Walbaum), were
introduced into Fletcher Creek, a tributary of the Ninth
Street Impoundment of the Thunder Bay River in Alpena,
Michigan. The smolts were reared at the Alpena Community
College hatchery from eyed—eggs donated by Dr. Lauren
Donaldson of the University of Washington. The eggs pro—
vided by Dr. Donaldson were from a strain of Chinook salmon
that have been selectively bred for early sexual maturity
and maximum growth (Donaldson and Menasveta, 1961).

The fish were released less than two miles upriver
from Thunder Bay. However, before the smolts could migrate
into Thunder Bay they had to pass through the Ninth Street
Impoundment and over the spillways or through the turbines
of the Ninth Street power dam.

The purpose of this study is to describe some basic
ecological features of the Thunder Bay River and especially
the Ninth Street Impoundment. This study should serve as a
3basis for future ecological investigations of the lower
TWlunder Bay River system because this study is a summari-

ZErtion of previous limnological and biological studies done

on the Thunder Bay River system and a description of the

physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the

Ninth Street Impoundment. The major objectives of this

study,are:

l) to provide a morphological description of the Ninth
Street Impoundment;

2) to describe the relative abundance, distribution,
and diversity of aquatic plants, invertebrates, and
fish in the Ninth Street Impoundment;

3) to evaluate the sport fishery of the Ninth Street
Impoundment by comparing the growth rates of several
fish species with growth rates reported from other
locations;

4) to make recommendations for the management of both

native and exotic fish species.

This study was initiated 12 June, 1968 and terminated

28 February, 1969.

REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

The Thunder Bay River Basin

 

"The Thunder Bay Basin, with a drainage area of ap-
proximately 1,118 square miles, lies in the northeastern
part of Michigan's Lower Peninsula comprising parts of
Presque Isle, Montmorency, Otsego, Oscoda, Alcona, and
Alpena Counties. The basin, irregular in shape, measures
approximately 40 miles long and 34 miles wide measuring at
the longest and widest points. The Thunder Bay River flows
mostly easterly to its mouth in Thunder Bay, an arm of Lake
Huron" (Velz and Gannon, 1960). The largest city in the
basin, Alpena (15,000 population), is situated at the mouth
' of the Thunder Bay River. The major tributaries of the
Thunder Bay River are the Nbrth Branch, draining the northern
area of the basin, and the Upper and Lower South Branches,
draining the southern area of the basin (Figure 1).

Several hydroelectric dams, run-of-the-river type
with small storage capacity, are scattered throughout the
Thunder Bay River Basin and supply all of the electric power
for the region. "In general, hydro-power operation induces
diurnal fluctuations in flow during the hours of the day and

curtailed discharge during weekend shut-downs" (Velz and

 

 

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Gannon, 1960). In most Michigan river systems it has been

possible to relate the size of a drainage area to the most

probable and the once in 10 year minimum consecutive 30-day
average flows (Velz and Gannon, 1960). In the Thunder Bay

River neither relationship could be computed because of the
tremendous influence of power plant operations upon dis-

f'<n

charge (Velz and Gannon, 1960).

Geological Characteristics

The basin is underlain primarily by three different
geological formations (Figure 2). The northern area is
underlain by crystalline, hard Alpena Limestone. The main
branch is underlain by the Thunder Bay Rocks which are alter-
nating layers of various types of limestones and shales,
with limestones comprising the upper 30 feet of the bedrock.
The southern area of the basin is underlain by dense sedi-
mentary rock called Antrim shale (Ver Wiebe, 1927). There
are presently limestone quarries in the northern area and
shale quarries in the southern area of the basin. Numerous
limestone sinkholes and "underground rivers" are found
throughout the northern area.

The entire northern lower peninsula of Michigan was
intensively glaciated several times during different geo-
logic periods. The Thunder Bay drainage is in the Northern
Upland Physiographic Province (Scott, 1921), an area of

great glacial accumulation with extensive moraines, till

 

THUNDER

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure zyArool goology of Alpono County Michigon (Vor Wiobo, 1927).

plains, and broad outwash aprons, the latter constituting

the great sand plains throughout the Thunder Bay River drain-
age. Glacial moraines, till plains, and outwash aprons oc-
cur with such frequency and are of such magnitude that these
formations are obvious even to the most inexperienced

observer.

Water Chemistry

The water chemistry of the river system has been
studied by Moreau (unpublished). He found the Thunder Bay
,River water to be relatively hard (250 to 350 mg/l EDTA).
Average total hardness values from the North Branch were
lowest (250 mg/l), from the main branch highest (343 to 348
mg/l), the upper and lower South Branches being intermediate
(307 to 323 mg/l). Total alkalinity (mg/1 CaCOB) was lowest
in the NOrth Branch (149), highest in the South Branches
(168 to 181), and intermediate in the main branch (152).

The Nerth Branch had the highest color (2.4 mg/l Tannin),
the Main Branch lowest (1.4 to 1.6 mg/l), and the South
Branches intermediate (1.9 mg/l).

Total solids followed the same pattern as alkalinity
and hardness; North Branch highest (319 mg/l), Main Branch
lowest (253 to 264 mg/l), South Branches intermediate (292

to 300 mg/l).

91132.22

The United States Department of Commerce Narrative
Climatological Summary of Alpena, Michigan states that "the
climate along the immediate Lake Huron shore is semi-maritime
in nature and lacks most of the temperature extremes shown
in many cases only a few miles inland. The early winter
temperatures are higher than are common to this latitude
but, as the Great Lakes freeze the temperature commonly ap-
proaches zero oF. Thunder Bay and the river are usually
free of ice by the first week in April. The average date of
the last killing frost is May 12, but frost has occurred as
late as June 9. The average date of the first killing frost
in autumn is October 4, but frost has occurred as early as
September 6."

Precipitation is well distributed throughout the
year. Velz and Gannon (1960) state that the most probable
annual precipitation for Alpena is 28.8" with 16.8" most
probable from May to October, and 8.10" most probable from
.August to October. "The spring thaw and runoff seldom offer
any flood danger" (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1967).

“Prevailing winds are from the northwest with the
exception of May and June when southeasterly winds pre-
dominate. During July and August, when Lake Huron surface
temperatures are near their maximum, southeasterly winds oc-

cur during the warmest hours of the day when conditions are

favorable for sea breezes. During the summer there is a
daily average of more than 15 hours of daylight" (U.S. De-

partment of Commerce, 1967).

DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA

The Ninth Street Hydroelectric Dam was completed in
1910 and is now property of the Alpena Power Company. The
Ninth Street Dam impedes the flow of the Thunder Bay River
creating the 432 acre Ninth Street Impoundment.

In addition to hydroelectric power the Ninth Street
Impoundment provides such recreational Opportunities as
fishing, swimming, boating, water skiing, and turtle hunting
(ten to twenty-five pound snapping turtles, Chelydra serpen-
_£in§ (Linn) are common). The entire impoundment is a water-
fowl sanctuary. Ducks, geese, and swans are year-round
residents.

The Ninth Street Impoundment has several sources of
water. The discharge of the Thunder Bay River makes by far
the largest contribution, so large in fact that all other
sources of water are considered minor. There are two tribu-
tary creeks. One, unnamed, flowing into Lake Besser, is
intermittant, flowing only during periods of high water.

The second, Fletcher Creek, flows continually. In addition
to the streams there are several springs within the Ninth
Street Impoundment (Appendix 1). These springs flowed con-

tinuously throughout the summer of 1968.

10

11

Peak mean monthly discharge from the Ninth Street
Dam (1963 to 1968) occurs in April, the low discharge in
(August (Figure 3). No apparent relationship exists between
mean monthly discharge from the Ninth Street Dam and mean
monthly precipitation at the United States Weather Bureau's
Alpena office (Figure 3).

The area selected for study included all of the im-
pounded water extending from the Ninth Street Dam westward
to the point where the entire discharge of the Thunder Bay
.River is in a single channel (Appendix 1). For convenience
the study area was divided into two units; the area east
(downstream) of the Chisolm Street (US-23 Nerth) bridge was
referred to as Lake Besser and the area west of the Chisolm
Street Bridge referred to as the "Oxbows" (Appendix 1).

An outline map was traced from an enlargement of a
U.S. Soil Conservation Service aerial photograph. Soundings
were taken through the ice during February, 1969, the points
fixed by means of dual compass readings. Depth contours at
depths of six and twelve feet were determined by inspection.
The resulting hydrographic map (Appendix 1) was used to de-
termine several morphometrical statistics. Shoreline length
'was measured with a map measurer and area was determined by
the planimeter method. Length and breadth were measured
from the map with a ruler. Estimates of morphological

parameters as defined by Hutchinson (1957) are:

LIN.)
u
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.
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PRECIPITAION
0
I

TOTAL
d N
I T

O

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no: (MILLION cu. FT.)
b u 0 V a o
I T I I T T

DISCHA
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7 T

TOTAL
T

 

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l J L Ll L _l l L l J L 1
JAN PEI MAR APR MAY JUN JUl AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

FIGURE 3.‘ MONTHlY TOTAL DISCHARGE OF THE THUNDER BAY
RIVER AT THE NINTH STREET DAM AND MONTHLY PRECIPITATION
TOR ALPENA, MICHIGAN, 1963-1968. VERTICAL BARS REPRESENT
RANGES, INTERCONNECTING BARS PASS THROUGH MEANS.
DISCHARGE DATA COURTESY OE ALPENA POWER CO. PRECIPITATION
DATA';ROM U.S. DEPT, COMMERCE lOCAl CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
FOR 68.

13

Length of the Ninth Street Impoundment - 1.364 miles
Breadth - .980 miles

Maximum Depth - 21 feet

Shoreline - 6.41 miles

Total Area - 432 acres

Area of Lake Besser - 2,602,600 sq. ft.

Shoreline Development - 2.20

Insulosity - 22%

At some point in geologic time the lower stretch of
the Thunder Bay River (that section including the area 3 to
4 miles upstream from Lake Huron) reached the limit of its
downward cutting and began meandering. The result of this
meandering can be readily observed in the number of various-
ly aged meander scars. The Ninth Street Impoundment can be
characterized as an area of extremes as far as water depth
is concerned. The deeper waters (6 to 12 feet) are remnants
of the more recent river channels, the shallower waters are
primarily areas inundated subsequent to the impounding of
the river by the Ninth Street Dam. Several of the more re-
cent river channels still have currents of water moving
through them (Appendix 1).

Insulosity is that percentage of a lakes total area
that is occupied by islands. High values for both insulosity
and shoreline development indicate that the Ninth Street Im-

poundment has a relatively large littoral zone.

BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE AND LIMNOLOGICAL

SAMPLING STATIONS

Migratory Chinook salmon smolts tend to follow the
direction of water currents. Presumably, after introduction
the smolts followed a fairly direct route through and out of
the Ninth Street Impoundment. Most probably the smolts,
after leaving Fletcher Creek, moved down the flowing channels
either east or west of Sportsman's Park and through the
short stretch of the Thunder Bay River that separates the
Oxbows area from that of Lake Besser prOper. The smolts
probably followed one or more of the three current channels
through Lake Besser and eventually passed through the tur-
bines of the Ninth Street Dam.

In that this route of migration was thought to be
highly probable, it was decided to study the limnological
and benthological conditions of this area more thoroughly
than in the remainder of the impoundment. (Accordingly, the
con (Coho Hall Oxbow Area) stations were established in the
channels surrounding Sportsman's Park, TBR (Thunder Bay
River) stations were established between the Oxbows and Lake
Besser, and LB (Lake Besser) stations were established both

in the limnetic (channels) and littoral (shallow) areas of

14

Lake Besser.

Appendix 1.

 

15

Sampling station positions are recorded

Stations are described in Appendix 2.

in

LIMNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Methods

Water temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles were
measured with a Precision Scientific Galvanic Cell Oxygen
Analyzer-Thermister Unit. The oxygen probe was calibrated
by the Rapid Azide modification of the Iodometric Method.
The Rapid Azide modification differs from the Azide modifi-
cation (Amer. Publ. Health Assoc. -§£‘§1., 1965) in that
twice the quantities of manganese sulfate solution and
alkali-iodide—azide reagents are used in the Rapid Azide
modification.

Hardness (EDTA) total alkalinity, and pH values were
determined for surface samples only. Alkalinity and hard-
ness (EDTA) tests were conducted according to Standard
.Methods (Amer. Publ. Health Assoc._§§.§1., 1965). pH was
measured with a Beckman pH meter.

On both 15 June and 3-4 July single dissolved oxygen
and water temperature profiles plus Secchi disc readings
'were taken at each station sampled. Beginning 08:00 EST, 25
July, water temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles,

Secchi.disc readings, and surface alkalinity-pH values were

determined at four selected stations every two hours for 22

16

17

consecutive hours. Total hardness (EDTA) was measured at

each of the four stations at 16:00 EST, 25 July.

Results

Temperature

Water temperatures at the stations sampled ranged
from 16.0 to 18.7 C on 15 June, 15.1 to 19.5 C on 3—4 July,
and 21 to 26 C on 25-26 July. Ranges of temperatures within
each temperature profile for TBR and LB stations never ex—
ceeded l C on any sampling date (Tables 1 to 3). Ranges of
temperatures within each COA temperature profile were as
wide as 2.5 C. There was never any indication of a thermo-
cline at any sampling station. Station COArZ was the only
station to consistently exhibit thermal stratification. Ap-
parently long term thermal stratification was impossible at
the shallower stations because changing air temperatures
rapidly affect a large percentage of the profile. The re-
mainder of the deeper stations had some degree of water
currents, the mixing action of which kept the water column

nearly the same temperature from top to bottom.

Dissolved Oxygen

 

Dissolved oxygen values at 911 stations generally
ranged from 6 to 12 mg/l. Dissolved oxygen values lower
than 5.0 mg/l occurred only at station COA-2 on two sampling

dates. At 11:00 EST, 15 June, values of 4.0, 3.3, 3.3, and

 

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Table 3.

21

Oxygen (mg/1), and Temperature (C) Profiles,
Secchi Disc (ft), pH, Phenophthalein alkalinity
(mg/1 C3CO3), Methyl Orange alkalinity (mg/l
CaCO3) for the Ninth Street Impoundment during a
22 hour sampling period, 25-26 July, 1968.

(D0 = Dissolved Oxygen, T = Temperature)

Alkalinity
pH M.O. Phth.

10

4 6

Depth of Reading
2

Secchi
Disc

Station COA-2

(Air
Temp.

 

 

 

Table 3.
Time\
-.( EST)

150

8.50

T 22.8 23.1 22.9 22.6 21.5 21.0
DO 10.1 8

8.5

21.8

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12
22
14
14
14
18

162
156
150
148
144
124
138
144
158
138

8.35
8.40
8.50
8.60
8.60
8.65
8.65
8.60
8.55

8.55

0

21.3

5.8

21.0
21.3
21.5
21.5
21.5
22.0
21.4
22.2
23.0
4

2

21.5
21.7
21.7
9.0
21.8
21.0
8.3
22.5
22.4
22.5
22.5
8.

7
7

9.4
9.6
23.3

22.3
23.0
22.6
24.5
9
23.2
23.6

DO 12.1 11.8 11.4 10.3
8

4
24.7
03

23.7
23.6
24.0
10.6
24.5
25.0
12.4
9
24.5
9

6

9.1
24.8 25.0 25.0 23.0

11.4 11.8 10.9
9

10.1 10.4
23.4 23.3 22.5

24.2
24.9
25.4
DO 11.1 11.5
25.4
25.2
11.6
24.0 25.0 25.1 23.1
10.2
24.3
24.6

T 23.4
DO 10.4 10.4 10.2
T 24.4
DO .
24.8
T 24.4
T 24.2
23.6
DO 12.6
23.3
T 22.9
DO 10.9
23.5
10.

T

T

T
DO 10.7
T

DO

8.0
8.5
8.5
0.0
0:.

8.5
8.5
6.5

27.0
20.0

24.7
26.1
15.0
21.5
22.0
21.0
20.8
18.0

10:00
12:00
14:00
16.00
18:00
20.00
22.00
24.00
.00
4:00

23

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mumme acaumum A.e.ucoov m magma

24

 

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mucoo coaumum

A.6.ucoov m magma

25

 

 

 

 

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26

3.0 mg/l dissolved oxygen were recorded at the 2,4,6, and
8-ft. levels, respectively (Table 1). On 26 July, values of
4.1 and 4.0 mg/l dissolved oxygen were recorded at the 10-ft.

levels at 02:00 and 04:00 EST, respectively (Table 3).

Alkalinity, pH, Hardness (EDTA)

Methyl orange alkalinity varied from 120 to 180 mg/l
as CaCO3 (Table 3). Phenolphthalein alkalinities were as

high as 26 mg/l as CaCO but were not present in all

3,
samples (Table 3). pH varied from 8.1 to 8.85 (Table 3).
Total hardness (EDTA) ranged from 186 to 242 mg/l as CaCO3
(Table 3).

As would be expected, pH values at each station
generally increased during daylight hours and decreased
during the night. The time at which highest phenolphthalein
alkalinity values occurred at each station, approximately
20:00 EST, was the time at which lowest methyl orange alka-
linity values occurred (Tables 1 to 3).

When median pH value, mean phenolphthalein alkalinity,
and mean methyl orange alkalinity for each station over the
22-hour sampling period (25-26 July) are coupled with total
hardness (EDTA) data (Table 4) the inter-relationships be-
tween these four parameters become apparent. Station COA-5

has the highest median pH followed by COA-2, LB-2, and TBR-2.

Mean phenolphthalein alkalinity decreases while mean methyl

27

 

 

 

Table 4. Median pH, Total Hardness (EDTA, mg/l CaCO3),
Methyl Orange Alkalinity (mg/1 CaCO3), and
Phenolphthalein Alkalinity (mg/l CaCO3), values
for surface samples during a 22-hour continuous
sampling period beginning 16:00 EST, 25 July,
1968, at selected stations in the Ninth Street
Impoundment.

Parameter Station
COA-5 COA-2 LB-2 TBR-2

Total Hardness (EDTA) 186 210 222 242
Mean Methyl Orange

Alkalinity 135.5 146.5 167.9 170.9
Mean Phenolphthalein

Alkalinity 12.2 9.1 3.6 2.5
Median pH 8.70 8.55 8.50 8.45

 

28

orange alkalinity and total hardness (EDTA) increase with de-
creasing median pH values (Table 4).

Phenolphthalein alkalinity values larger than zero
for a sample means that metallic bicarbonates are present in
solution. Methyl orange alkalinity indicates relative
amounts of metallic monocarbonates in solution. Metallic
bicarbonates are kept in solution by dissolved free carbon
dioxide. Station COA-5 (located in a rooted aquatic plant
bed, depth of 2 ft.) has the highest median pH value and
mean bicarbonate alkalinity of the four stations because the
rooted aquatic plants and associated organisms inhabit the
total water column and, therefore, make up a higher theoreti-
cal biomass per volume of water. This concentrated biomass
yields a high concentration of free carbon dioxide. High
levels of free carbon dioxide indicate that higher levels of
bicarbonates are also present. Bicarbonates are used by
aquatic plants as a carbon source, the chemical reaction
giving off hydroxide (Ruttner, 1963). High bicarbonate
levels therefore induce high pH. Station COA-2, second
highest median pH and mean phenolphthalein alkalinity is in
the limnetic zone, but is surrounded by rooted aquatic plant
beds. Station LB—2, third highest median pH and mean
phenolphthalein alkalinity, is also limnetic, but receives
the waters of the river station, TBR-2 (lowest in median pH

and mean phenolphthalein alkalinity), after the waters have

29

moved through and around the massive aquatic plant beds of

Lake Besser.

Secchi Disc Values

Secchi Disc readings ranged from 4.5 to 8.5 ft.
(Tables 1 to 3). On any sampling date Secchi readings were
higher for COA stations than for LB or TBR stations.

Secchi Disc readings are proportional to the depth
of light penetration. They thereby indicate that the photo-
synthetic zone in Oxbow area (COA stations) extends to a
greater depth than in the Lake Besser area (LB stations plus

station TBR-2).

BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Aquatic Plants

 

Methods

During the summer months of 1968 enough qualitative
aquatic plant samples were secured incidental to fishing and
bottom sampling that the author learned to recognize many
genera on sight. An attempt was made to identify all aquatic
plants encountered in the reservoir. Field collections
probably included all of the genera of aquatic plants grow—

ing in the Ninth Street Impoundment.

Results

A total of nineteen genera of aquatic plants were
collected (Table 5). Nearly all areas where the water depths
were six feet or less (Appendix 1) were densely crowded with
aquatic plants. Relatively pure stands of Myriophyllum sp,
Angcharis canadensis, Chara sp, and_Potamoqeton pectinatus
were common in both Lake Besser and Oxbows areas. .MXIIQ’
phyllumysp was the most abundant rooted aquatic plant.

Chara sp was also quite abundant. Chara sp and Utricularia

 

sp were commonly lime encrusted.

3O

31

Table 5. A list of aquatic plant taxa collected from the
Ninth Street Impoundment, June—September, 1968.
References- used for identification of rooted
aquatics and algae were Fassett (1968) and
Prescott (1962).

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rooted Aquatics Algae
Anacharis canadensis (Michx) Chara sp
Cladophora Sp Oscillatoria sp
Eleocharis sp Spirggyra sp

 

 

Equisetgm fluviatile L
Lemna_minor L
Megalodonta Beckii (Torr)
Myrigphyllum sp

Nuphar sp

Potamgqeton natans L
Potamoqeton pectinatus L
Scirpus sp

Sparganium sp

.Typha latifolia L
Utricularia sp

Valisneria americana

 

32

All of the aquatic plants found in the Ninth Street
Impoundment are widely distributed throughout North America
and many genera are cosmOpolitan (Fassett, 1966 and Prescott,
1962). Fifteen of the taxa collected are capable of growth
in rather broad ranges of environmental conditions. The re-
maining four taxa are tolerant of such small ranges of en—
vironmental conditions that these taxa are used as indicator
organisms for the rather restricted circumstances in which
they grow (Prescott, 1962; Fassett, 1966).

Cladophora sp is almost invariably confined to hard

 

or semi-hard water and in general is an indicator of high pH
(Prescott, 1962). Potamogeton pectinatus and Chara sp occur

in hard water (Fassett, 1966; Prescott, 1962). Anacharis

 

canadensis requires calcareous waters (Fassett, 1966).

 

Invertebrate Animals

Methods

Invertebrates were collected from the established
stations using Eckman and Petersen dredges. An aerial in—
sect net was used to collect adult insects both from shore
and from a boat. Many organisms were removed from fish
stomachs.

Three separate series of Petersen dredge samples
were collected during the summer of 1968. The series were
collected on 19 June, 3-4 July, and 1 August. Single samples

were secured from each station on each date.

33

All of the zooplankton were removed from fish
stomachs. Surface hauls of the Wisconsin type plankton net
were carried out during daylight hours at two-week intervals
during June and early July. Stations sampled were the
Thunder Bay River at the Ninth Street Bridge, TBR-2, COA-7,
COA-2, and the Thunder Bay River immediately above the Ox-
bows area. The purpose of this sampling scheme was to de-
termine the effect of the Ninth Street Impoundment on the
composition of the zooplankton of the Thunder Bay River. No
zooplankters were collected by this method and the plankton
hauls were eliminated from the overall sampling routine.
Probably the ZOOplankton sampling project would have been
more successful if it had been conducted at night.

No attempt was made to take quantitative samples.
Petersen dredge samples and fish stomach analysis were the
primary methods by which invertebrates were obtained.

Invertebrate animals were identified by the author
using the keys of Edmondson (1959), Pennak (1953), Heard and
Burch (1966), and Burks (1953). Organisms were classified
to the smallest taxon that the author could confidently

assign.

Results

Thirty—four families, thirty-nine genera, and four-

teen species of invertebrate animals were collected (Appendix

34

3). Tendipedidae were the most commonly collected organisms.
Coenagrionidae were second in abundance.
Several invertebrate taxa collected (Baetidae,

Cladocera, Polycentropus, Stenonema,_Hexaqenia limbata,

 

Oectis) are listed as "intolerant" organisms in the Michigan
Water Resources Commission Report of Thunder Bay and the
Lower Thunder Bay River (Fetterolf, Robinson, Seeburger,
Newton, and Mills, 1968). That report defines intolerant
organisms as those "organisms whose growth and development
are dependent upon a narrow range of optimum environmental
conditions, rarely found in areas of organic enrichment, not
adaptable to adverse situations and therefore are replaced
by less sensitive organisms if the quality of their environ-
ment is degraded."

Fresh water sponge colonies were numerous and large
in size. Sponge colonies were found on submersed railroad

ties, rocks, and aquatic plants. The sponge_ngenia mulleri

 

is characteristic of alkaline waters. Pennak (1953) states
that 1M: mulleri has not been reported from waters with less
than 5.6 ppm calcium." He further states that M. mulleri
requires a minimum of 1.6 ppm silicon dioxide. Mollusc
shells were not pitted, another indication of calcareous
waters.

The remaining taxa collected have general ecological
requirements and therefore cannot be used as indicators of
year-round environmental conditions within the Ninth Street

Impo undme nt .

35
£3.82

Methods

Three 100—ft nylon experimental gill nets (four 25—
ft sections each, two nets with bar mesh sizes %"-l"-l%"-2",
one net with k"-l%"-2"-3” mesh) were set at many sites
throughout the entire impoundment, but primarily in the Lake
Besser and Coho Hall Oxbow Areas. Effort was concentrated
in the lower reaches of the impoundment because of the need
to gather information concerning the fate of the introduced
Chinook salmon smolts. One hoop net with three foot diameter
hOOps, a 1%" square mesh cod end, and a 50 ft lead was set
in shallow areas of the Coho Hall Oxbow. At least two gill
nets and the hoop net were fished almost continuously from
June 11 to August 28, 1968. Net catches were supplemented
by hook and line angling and by one spot poisoning (approxi-
mately 2 ppm rotenone).

Fish were identified by the author using the key of
Eddy (1957). Common and scientific names used are those ap-
proved by the American Fisheries Society (Bailey, 1960).

Total and standard length (Lagler, 1952) was measured
to the nearest millimeter. Fish as heavy as 490 g were
weighed on a 500 9 capacity dietetic spring balance. Fish
heavier than 490 g were weighed on a 50 lb capacity spring
balance. Scale samples were taken from the left side of the

fish, approximately half—way between the insertion of the

36

dorsal fin and the lateral line. Stomach contents of 208
fish were examined under a 10 power dissecting microscope
and the numbers of each type of food item counted.

An attempt was made to estimate the total number of
several fish species and to acquire some information on the
extent of movement of individual fish. Accordingly a great
effort was expended to tag as many fish as possible. Fish
were marked with a numbered streamer-type tag applied to the
dorsal caudal peduncle by the method of Joeris (1953). The
following numbers of each Species were tagged: 17 yellow
perch (Perca_flavescens), 36 rockbass (Ambloplites rupestrish

63 pumpkinseed (Lepgmis gibbosus), 26 northern pike (Esox

 

lucius), 8 black crappie (Pomoxis niqromaculatus), 25 blue-

gill (Lepomis_macrochirus), 10 redhorse (Moxostoma SP), 11

 

bowfin (Amia calva), 3 carp (Cyprinus carpio), 4 bullheads

 

(Ictglurus sp): 6 largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides),

 

and 9 white suckers (Catostomus commersoni). Numbers of
fish at large and methods of recapture available were in-
adequate for a pOpulation estimate. Some fish were re—
captured and their minimum distance from point of release
was noted.

NOrthern pike, pumpkinseed, bluegill, rockbass, and
yellow perch were selected for age and growth analysis be—
cause they were the Species most commonly caught during this
investigation. In addition, these five Species are the most

important game fish in the impoundment. Northern pike,

37

rockbass, yellow perch, and large bluegills are likely preda-
tors on Chinook salmon smolts.

Northern pike scales were mounted dry between two
microscope slides. Plastic impressions of pumpkinseed, blue-
gill, rockbass and yellow perch scales were made by the
method of Smith (1954). Scale mounts or impressions were
placed on a Bausch and Lomb microprojector and examined at
43x. Scale radius (mm x 43) and relative positions of annuli
were recorded on scale analysis cards. Scale radius-total
length and standard length-total length regressions were
calculated for five species. Standard length-weight curves
were calculated from the general length-weight relationship
W = an (Rounsefell and Everhart, 1953). Condition factors,

K, were calculated for all fish using the equation

100,000W

L3

K:

where W = weight in grams and L = standard length in milli-
meters. Total lengths at times of annulus formation were
back-calculated using the Lee method (Lagler, 1952). All
lengths are reported in millimeters; all weights are reported

in grams.

Species Diversity

Twenty-five species of fish were collected from the
Ninth Street Impoundment (Table 6). Single walleye

(Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) and burbot (Lota_lota)

 

 

38

4.
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.

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pmmcaasn 3oaamw Ausosmmqv mflamumc mSHSHmDUH

 

 

 

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memo msomccfiq oemumm.msceumwu

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39

 

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xomnoaxoflum xooum Apcmauuflxv mcmumcoocfl maamosm

 

uonusm Amsowccfiqv muow.muoq

mmpwoumm

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moEHomewumoumummo Hopuo

ompwpmw
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A.e.ucoov o magma

40

Specimens were collected during the sampling period and both
species were regarded as rare in occurrence. Pumpkinseed,
yellow perch, bluegill, northern pike, and rockbass were the

most abundant species.

Conversions

Total length-standard length conversions, total
length-scale radius (mm x 43) regressions (Appendix 4) and
standard length-weight regressions (Appendix 5) were calcu-
lated for yellow perch, northern pike, bluegill, pumpkinseed,
and rockbass. These equations were included for the con-
venience of those investigators who may wish to transform

values reported in this thesis.

Growth

The growth rates of Ninth Street Impoundment northern
pike, rockbass, pumpkinseed, bluegill, and yellow perch
(Table 7) can be most meaningfully compared with Laarman's
(1963) Michigan state average lengths (hereafter referred to
Simply as "average") for each age of the five species.
Pumpkinseed, rockbass, and northern pike have a slower growth
rate than average. Yellow perch and bluegill are smaller
than average at ages I and II, approximately equal to average
at age III, and larger than average at ages IV and V. Age
class IV and V yellow perch from the Ninth Street Impound-

ment were as large as the largest values reported in the

’1 ode-Ailuanmln n- unutolli E

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41

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42

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44

literature: Jobes (1952) from Lake Erie; and Carlander
(1950) from Lake of the WOOdS, Minnesota.

Nerthern pike and rockbass were each smaller at any
given age than the Pennsylvania state averages (Miller and
Buss, 1962), while yellow perch, bluegill, and pumpkinseed

were larger at each age than the Pennsylvania averages.

Food Studies

Early in the summer, stomachs of young—of-the-year I

bluegills, pumpkinseed, rockbass, and yellow perch all con— ;

 

tained primarily zooplankton with some small Tendipedidae.
.As the summer progressed and the fish grew in size 200-
plankton were replaced with small Amphipoda, Odonata, and
TrichOptera. Feeding habits of Ninth Street Impoundment
young-of-the-year bluegills, pumpkinseed, rockbass, and
yellow perch agree with those reported by Keast and webb
(1966), Keast (1968), Pycha and Smith (1955), and Ewers and
Boesel (1935).

Age classes I to VI of pumpkinseed and bluegill con-
sumed adult terrestrial insects, Amphipoda, ISOpoda, and
adult and larval Tendipedidae, Ephemeroptera, and Odonta.
Similar consumption patterns were reported by Keast (1968)
and Seaburg and Moyle (1964).

Rockbass from ages I to VI contained the same types
of food as age I to VI bluegill and pumpkinseed. Keast and

Webb (1966) reported that rockbass larger than 77 mm began

45

to vary their insect, amphipod, and isopod diet with fish
fry and crayfish, and at 120 mm consumed primarily crayfish,
fish, and Anisoptera. Crayfish were apparently quite
abundant in the Ninth Street Impoundment. Why so few cray-
fish were included in the larger rockbass diet remains a
mystery.

Yellow perch from 90 to 200 mm total length (one,
two, large three, and small four-year-olds) contained pri-
marily Coenagrionidae, Libellulidae, and Hyalella azteca.
Yellow perch larger than 200 mm (large three-year-olds and
older) contained mostly crayfish and unidentifiable fish re-
mains. Similar trends in yellow perch food habits were ob-
served by Pycha and Smith (1955), Pearse (1918), Moffett and
Hunt (1943), Ewers and Boesel (1935), Keast and Welsh (1968),
Tharrett (1959), and Keast and webb (1966).

All of the Northern pike stomachs examined were from
fish larger than 100 mm. One—half of the northern pike
stomachs examined Were empty. Nearly all the stomachs that
contained food contained fish remains (usually unidenti-
fiable). An occasional Hexaqenia naiad was found in northern
pike stomachs. Rawson (1951), Lawler (1965), Franklin and
VSmith (1963), Frost (1954), Hunt and Carbine (1951), and
Nelson and Hasler (1942), concur that northern pike larger

than 100 mm eat almost exclusively fish.

'3)‘6$..'JIK .37 . - 3‘",

1'
I

' u
a

46

Condition

Average condition of each age class of yellow perch
for age classes I to V ranged from 1.86 to 2.46 (Table 8).
Average condition of each age class of Ninth Street Impound—
ment yellow perch was much greater than those values re-
ported by Hile and Jobes (1941) for Saginaw Bay, Beckman
(1948) for Michigan, and Eschmeyer (1937) for a stunted
northern Michigan population. Ninth Street Impoundment
yellow perch were in approximately the same condition as the
"very plump perch" reported by Carlander (1950) from Lake of
the Whods, Minnesota. Indeed, the Ninth Street Impoundment
yellow perch were the plumpest ever observed by the author.

Condition factors determined for northern pike from
the Ninth Street Impoundment, .91 to 1.01 (Table 8), were
very similar to the Michigan "average values" for this size
range as reported by Beckman (1948), but were poorer than
values reported for northern pike from Houghton Lake, Michi-
gan (Carbine, 1944).

Ninth Street Impoundment bluegill and pumpkinseed
were-each in much higher condition (Table 8) than Michigan
average values reported by Beckman (1948); while rockbass
were in approximately the same condition as the state

average.

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48

Tagging and Recovery

Six fish were recaptured. Two rockbass, two pumpkin-
seed, and one yellow perch were recaptured in the same
general areas in which they had been released. One pumpkin-
seed, captured and released in the Oxbow area 100 yards west
of Sportsman's Park, was later recaptured at the railroad

bridge that crossed Lake Besser (Appendix 1).

Gear Selectivity

Age classes 0 to III northern pike were commonly
caught in the experimental gill nets. Very few northern
pike larger than 500 mm were captured. A great deal of time
in both summer and winter months was spent by local anglers
fishing for northern pike in the Ninth Street Impoundment.
The fishery is by Michigan law restricted to fiSh larger
than 500 mm (20 inches). These local anglers probably would
not fish in the Ninth Street Impoundment if they did not
catch some legal fish. I, therefore, believe that the
sample of northern pike was not representative of the Ninth
Street Impoundment population.

From personal observation it seems that a high pro-
portion of young northern pike are extremely active and
voracious. Older pike, probably III + years old, seem less
active and more wary. Gill nets (the main mode of capture
for northern pike) being stationary would be selective

against younger, smaller, more active northern pike.

 

DISCUSSION

The Ninth Street Impoundment can be classified under
the system of Forel and Whipple (welch, 1952) as a third
order temperate lake. The seasonal surface water temperature
varies above and below 4°C while the instantaneous temper—
ature of the bottom water is very similar to that of the

surface water; there is constant mixing of surface and sub—

 

surface waters.

The hard, alkaline waters of the Thunder Bay River
System in general and the Ninth Street Impoundment in par—
ticular are usually indicative of high biological pro-
ductivity. The amounts of monocarbonate and bicarbonate
alkalinity present indicate that there is a vast amount of
free, bound, and half-bound carbon dioxide available for pri—
mary production.

Those organisms collected from the Ninth Street Im-
poundment that have very limited environmental requirements
are in every case index organisms for hard, alkaline waters.
These index organisms provide evidence that the high levels
of hardness and alkalinity found in the Ninth Street Impound—
ment are not a random occurrence but are characteristic of

long term water quality.

49

50

The Ninth Street Impoundment has a high shoreline de-
velopment index and a high insulosity value. Shoreline de—
velopment and insulosity are cumulatively an indicator of
the potential effects of the littoral zone on the limnology
and biology of a lake. Shoreline develOpment, insulosity,
and personal observation reveal that the Ninth Street Im-
poundment is largely if not entirely littoral. The combi—
nation of morphometrical and chemical potentials indicates
that the Ninth Street Impoundment is biologically a very
productive body of water.

The productivity of the Ninth Street Impoundment
would probably lead to an oxygen deficiency for aquatic
life if it were not for the slow currents of water that
branch off from the Thunder Bay River (Appendix 1). The
Slow currents provide just enough mixing action that oxygen
is always present in adequate quantities for life at practi-
cally all depths. It appears that deposition of Silt and
sand is occurring at the head of the Ninth Street Impound-
ment, the point where the major Slow currents originate. If
the Slow currents cease to flow I believe that the entire
Oxbows area (with the exception of the most recent river
channel) will become a stagnant swamp. It appears that peri-
odic dredging will probably be necessary to maintain the Ox-
bow area as a sport fishery.

The unusually Slow first year growth of Ninth Street

Impoundment perch is most probably explained by competition

 

51

for food with several other fish Species. Yellow perch in
their first and early second summers of life, inhabit
"heavily to moderately vegetated areas in association with
young largemouth bass, bluegill, pumpkinseed, black crappie,

and black bullhead (Ictalurus_melas)" (Ridenhour, 1960).

 

Johnny darter (Etheostgma nigrum) and banded killifish

 

(Fungulus diaphanus) are littoral (Lux, 1960). All of these
small fish consume the same type and size arthropods that
young perch eat. There is probably direct competition for
the available food resources of the littoral zone between
young yellow perch and the small largemouth bass, bluegill,
pumpkinseed, black crappie, bullheads, johnny darter, and
killifish. In addition, adult largemouth bass, black
crappie, rockbass, and bluegill inhabit the littoral zone
for at least part of the summer (Cady, 1945) and while in
the littoral zone undoubtedly consume some of the food avail-
able to young yellow perch.

Most yellow perch probably abandon inshore areas
prior to the time of formation of the third annulus (Parsons,
1950). Yellow perch leave the littoral areas to forage in
the relatively uninhabited waters deeper than six feet. The
very fast growth rate of Ninth Street Impoundment (annulus
III and IV yellow perch) probably reflects the relatively
higher food concentration at depths greater than those at

which dense weedbeds occur.

1.4}

. . 3.7—0- ”nae-l : .m. "F~_—';‘..J;o~.iii‘l':"‘fl _’."". “i
.—" 1
'c

52

Adult yellow perch are an active, probably constantly
moving, fish (Hasler and Bardach, 1949; Hergenrader and
Hasler, 1967). The faster growing perch should be the most
active and the most vulnerable to gill nets (the main gear
fished). However, I believe that the yellow perch sample is

not particularly biased because it is only within the last

a
., mg?”

10 years that perch have been captured in the Ninth Street
Impoundment by sport fishermen (personal communication with
several local fishermen). The growth rate exhibited by the

larger perch sampled corresponds to the growth rate of a

.ri -.u‘£"3 W; I 1' ELLIEW ‘u'ifn (.2! 3‘1 a

!

rapidly expanding population that has not yet filled its

'1
I

niche.

The pumpkinseed, bluegill, and rockbass pOpulations
of the Ninth Street Impoundment are almost unexploited by
Sports fishermen. It is not surprising that the average
size of these Species caught by hook and line is large and
their growth rate slow. I have no explanation why age III
bluegill suddenly begin to grow very rapidly.

The fish populations of the Ninth Street Impoundment
would be more efficiently cropped if anglers would shift
some of their fishing pressure from northern pike to yellow
perch, pumpkinseed, bluegill, or rockbass. Cropping the
larger panfish would yield higher growth rates for all the
species in the lake. Higher growth rates would make possible

a larger potential harvest of all Species; increasing the

53

value of the Ninth Street Impoundment as a recreational
fishery.

The motive for introducing Chinook salmon into the
Thunder Bay River system is to establish a fishery for re-
turning adults.

The migration rate of Chinook salmon smolts in the
Snake River System is greatly slowed by impoundments (Raymond,
1968). While impoundments on the Snake River are much
larger than the Ninth Street Impoundment and present some-
what different problems to the Chinook smolts, this author
believes that the Ninth Street Dam and Impoundment probably
retard downstream migration. Any retardation of smolt mi~
gration leads to increased mortality due to predation by the
numerous piscatorial residents of the impoundment thereby
decreasing numbers of Chinook smolts reaching Thunder Bay.
The number of smolts entering Thunder Bay should be pro—
portional to the number of these fish that will return as
adults. I believe that the probability of establishing an
adult Chinook salmon run in the Thunder Bay River large
enough to serve as an egg source for future plantings is sub—
stantially reduced by planting the smolts above the Ninth
Street Dam. I recommend that future Chinook salmon smolt
plants be made at the base of the Ninth Street Dam, down—

stream from the Ninth Street Impoundment.

 

SUMMARY

1. This study is a summarization of previous limnological

and biological studies done on the Thunder Bay River system Ra

.\,, £1.31.
.
l

 

and a description of the physical, chemical, and biological

’D‘l'

characteristics of the Ninth Street Impoundment of the

Thunder Bavaiver at Alpena, Michigan.

.4 e (r-

2. .The Thunder Bay River drains a basin of approximately
1,118 square miles. The northern third of the basin is
underlain by limestone; the southern third is underlain by
shale: and the central third is underlain by a mixture of
limestone and shale. Glacial moraines, till plains and out-
wash aprons are abundant throughout the basin. Precipitation
is well distributed throughout the year with 28.8 inches
annual precipitation most probable.

3. The 432 acre Impoundment was created in 1910 by the com-
pletion of the Ninth Street Hydroelectric Dam. From that
time the reservoir has provided such recreational opportuni-
ties as fishing, swimming, boating, water skiing, and turtle
hunting .

‘4- A hydrographic map was constructed and was used to de-
ternnine several morphometrical statistics. Shoreline de-

velr>pment was 2.20 and insulosity was 22%.

54

55

5. The Ninth Street Dam impounds waters over an area where
extensive river meandering had taken place. Deeper areas
(6 to 12 feet) of the reservoir are remnants of the more re—
cent river channels. Several of the more recent channels
still have currents of water moving through them.

6. Water temperatures recorded ranged from 15.1 to 26 C.
There was never any indications of a thermocline at any -f
station. Dissolved oxygen concentrations lower than 5.0 ppm
were rarely encountered. Methyl orange alkalinity varied

from 120 to 180 mg/l as CaCO Phenolphthalein alkalinities

3.
were as high as 26 mg/l as CaCO

 

3. pH ranged from 8.1 to r”

8.85. Total hardness varied from 186 to 242 mg/l as CaCOB.
7. Four of nineteen aquatic plant genera collected were
indicators of hard, alkaline waters.

8. Invertebrates were collected primarily from Petersen
dredge samples and fish stomach analysis. Thirty-four
families, thirty-nine genera, and fourteen Species of inverte-

brates were collected. Baetidae, Cladocera,_§91ycentropu§

sp, Stenonema sp, Hexagenia limbata, and Oectis sp are organ-

 

isms present in the reservoir that are intolerant of organic
enrichment of their environment. Fresh water sponges were
abundant.

9. Fish Species composition was typical for a warmwater
lake. Yellow perch, northern pike, rockbass, large bluegill,
black crappie, bowfin, and largemouth bass were potential

predators on the introduced Chinook salmon smolts.

56

10. Northern pike, rockbass, and pumpkinseed had growth
rates less than the Michigan state averages. Yellow perch
and bluegill younger than age III were smaller than average

while fish older than III were larger than average.

 

LITERATURE CITED

American Public Health Association, American Water Works
Association, Water Pollution Control Federation.
1965. Standard methods for the examination of water
and wastewater including bottom sediments and
sludges. Amer. Publ. Health Assoc. New Yerk. 769 p.

Bailey, Reeve M. (Chairman). 1960. A list of common and
scientific names of fishes from the United States
and Canada. Amer. Fish. Soc. Sp. Publ. No. 2.
102 p.

Beckman, William C. 1948. The length-weight relationship,
factors for conversions between standard and total
lengths, and coefficients of condition for seven
Michigan fishes. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 75:237-256.

Burks, B.D. 1953. The mayflies, or Ephemeroptera, of
Illinois. Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. 26:1-216.

Cady, Earl R. 1945. Fish distribution, Nerris Reservoir,
Tennessee, 1943. I. Depth distribution of fish in
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Carbine, William F. 1944. Egg production of the northern
pike, Esox lucius L., and the percentage survival of

eggs and young on the Spawning grounds. Pap. Mich.
Acad. Sci., Arts, and Lett. 29:123-137.

 

Carlander, Kenneth D. 1950. Growth rate studies of saugers,
.ggizostedion canadense canadense (Smith) and yellow
perch,_gerca flavescens (Mitchill) from Lake of the
WbOdS, Minnesota. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 79:30-42.

 

Donaldson, L.R., and D. Menasveta. 1961. Selective breeding
of Chinook salmon. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 90:160-
164.

Eddy, Samuel. 1957. The freshwater fishes. wm. C. Brown
Co. Dubuque, Iowa. 253 p.

57

58

Edmondson, W.T. (Editor). 1959. Ward and Whipple's fresh-
water biology. Second edition. John Wiley and Sons,
Inc. New York. 1248 p.

Eschmeyer, R. William. 1937. Some characteristics of a

population of stunted perch. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci.,
Arts, and Lett. 22:613-628.

Ewers, Lela A., and M.W. Boesel. 1935. The food of some
Buckeye Lake fishes. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 65:57-
70.

Fassett, Norman C. 1966. A manual of aquatic plants. U.
of Wisconsin Press. Madison. 405 p.

Fetterolf, Carlos, John Robinson, Michael Newton, James
Seeburger, and Blanchard Mills. 1968. Biological
surveys of Thunder Bay and Thunder Bay River Alpena,
Michigan 1957 and 1965. Mich. Water Resources Comm.
16 p.

Franklin, Donald R., and Lloyd L. Smith. 1963. Early life
history of the northern pike, Esox lucius L., with
special reference to the factors influenEing the
numerical strength of year classes. Trans. Amer.
Fish. Soc. 92:91-110.

 

Frost, Winifred E. 1954. The food of pike, Esox lucius L.,
in Windermere. J. Anim. Ecol. 23:339-360.

 

Hasler, Arthur D., and John E. Bardach. 1949. Daily mi—
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Wildl. Man. 13:40—51.

Heard, William H., and J.B. Burch. 1966. Key to the genera
of freshwater Pelecypods (mussels and clams) of
Michigan. Mus. 2001., U. of Michigan. Circ. No. 4.
14 p.

Hergenrader, Gary L., and Arthur D. Hasler. 1967. Seasonal
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Mendota as measured by sonar. Trans. Amer. Fish.
Soc. 96:373-382.

Hile, Ralph, and Frank W. Jobes. 1941. Age, growth, and
production of the yellow perch,_gerca flavescens
(Mitchill), of Saginaw Bay. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc.
70:102-122.

' SELL: ..

 

59

Hunt, Burton P., and William F. Carbine. 1951. Food of
young pike, Esox lucius L., and associated fishes in
Peterson's Ditches, Houghton Lake, Michigan. Trans.
Amer. Fish. Soc. 80:67-83.

Hutchinson, G. Evelyn. 1957. A treatise on limnology, vol.
1, geography, physics, and chemistry. John Wiley
and Sons, Inc. New York. 1015 p.

Jobes, Frank W. 1952. Age, growth, and production of
yellow perch in Lake Erie. U. S. Fish and Wildl.
Ser. Fish. Bull. 70:204-266.

Joeris, Leonard S. 1953. Technique for the application of
a streamer-type fish tag. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc.
82:42-47.

Keast, Allen. 1968. Feeding of some Great Lakes fishes at
low temperatures. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 25:1199-
1218.

Keast, Allen, and Deirdre Webb. 1966. Mouth and body form
relative to feeding ecology in the fish fauna of a
small lake, Lake Opinicon, Ontario. J. Fish. Res.
Bd. Canada 23:1845-1874.

Keast, Allen, and Linda Welsh. 1968. Daily feeding period,
food uptake rates and dietary changes with hour of
day. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 25:1133—1144.

Laarman, Percy W. 1963. Average growth rates of fishes in
Michigan. Mich. Dept. Conservation. Institute of
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Lagler, Karl F. 1952. Freshwater fishery biology. wm. C.
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22:1357-1377.

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several Species of Minnesota fish. Prog. Fish-Cult.
22:81-82.

.Miller, Jack, and Keen Buss. 1962. The age and growth of
the fishes in Pennsylvania. Penn. Fish Commission.
26 p.

 

60

Moffett, James W., and Burton P. Hunt. 1943. Winter feed-
ing habits of bluegills, Lepomis_macrochirus
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(Mitchill), in Cedar Lake, Washtenaw County, Michi-
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food, distribution and relative abundance of the
fishes of Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, in 1941. Trans.
Wisc. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Lett. 34:137-148.

Parsons, John W. 1950. Life history of the yellow perch,
_gerca flavescens (Mitchill), of Clear Lake, Iowa.
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61

Scott, I.D. 1921. Inland lakes of Michigan. Mich. Geol.
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York. 538 p.

APPENDICES

 

1.
‘1‘:-

Appendix 1. The Ninth Street Impoundment, Alpena,
Michigan .

62

 

 

 

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(“5

63

NINTH STREET IMPOUNDMENT

ALPENA MICHIGAN
no 31v, ll! SEC'515,16,21,22,2I

SCALE Im
O :00

LEGEND @ sumo

-———-) DIRECTION OF FLOW

LAND

SHORE OUTLINE FROM U.S.SOIL CONS, SER. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH

SOUNDED FEI.,I969 DEPTNS ARE IN FEET

PUILIC
ACCESS

 

"55!! co

  

 

 

 

Appendix 2.

64

Description of limnological sampling stations

in the Ninth Street Impoundment.

Station Depth (ft)

COA-1

COA-2

COA-3

COA-4

COA-5

COA-6

4

11

Bottom type: Soft gray marl with gray
and black organic debris.

Vegetation: MyriOphvllum Sp,
Utricularia sp

Invertebrates: Hyalella azteca,
Polycentropus sp, Physa Sp,
Lymnaea sp, Planorbidae, Sphaerium

SP

Bottom type: Soft gray marl

Vegetation: None

Invertebrates: Caenis sp, Hexagenia
limbata, Hyalella azteca, Sialis
sp, Planorbidae, Lymnaea sp, Physa
sp, Sphaerium sp, Polygentropus sp,
Asellus Sp

 

Bottom type: Soft gray marl

Vegetation: None

Invertebrates: Tendipedidae, Leptocerus
sp, Sphaerium sp, Helisoma sp,
Lymnaea sp, Caenis sp, Planorbidae

Bottom type: Rock, large rubble, cement
blocks

Vegetation: Myriqphyllum Sp

Invertebrates: Sphaerium Sp, Leptocerus
Sp, Enallagma sp, Lymnaea sp,
Physa Sp, Planorbidae,_Nehalennia
Sp, Tendipedidae, Dugesia sp,
Campeloma sp, Meyenia mulleri

Bottom type: Soft gray marl

Vegetation: Chara sp, Utricularia sp,
Valisneria americana

Invertebrates: Asellus sp, Dugesia sp,
Hyalella azteca, Enallagma sp,
Banksiola solina, Sphaerium sp,
Lymnaea sp, Physa sp,_§blycentropus
sp, Oecetis Sp

Bottom type: Soft gray marl with black
gray organic debris
Vegetation: Myriophyllum sp

 

IF.

‘1,-

d

Appendix 2

Station

COA-6

COA-7

COA-8

TBR-1

TBR-2

LB-l

LB-Z

Depth (ft)

3 (cont)

13

12

12

65

(Continued)

Invertebrates: Physa sp, Lymnaea sp,
Planorbidae, Sphaerium sp, Asellus

sp, Ischnura sp, Hyalella_§zteca

 

Bottom type: Soft gray marl with plant
remains

Vegetation: Myriophyllum sp

Invertebrates: Caenis sp, Tendipedidae,
Campeloma Sp, Planorbidae, Physa
sp, Lymnaea sp, Sphaerium sp,
Tetraqoneuria sp

Bottom type: Hard-packed sand

Vegetation: Potomogeton pectinatus,
Myriophvllum Sp ,

Invertebrates: Hyalella azteca, Caenis
sp, Physa Sp, Campeloma sp,
Sphaerium sp, Dugesia sp, Poly-
centropus Sp

 

 

Bottom type: Rubble
Vegetation: None
Invertebrates: Lymnaea sp, Sphaerium

sp, Elliptio sp, Villosa sp

Bottom type: Rubble
Vegetation: None
Invertebrates: None

Bottom type: Rubble

Vegetation: None

Invertebrates: Spongilla lacustris,
Campeloma Sp, Sphaerium sp

Bottom type: Rubble

Vegetation: NOne

Invertebrates: Spongilla lacustris,
Sphaerium sp, Hexagenia_limbata

Bottom type: Soft gray marl

Vegetation: Potamogetgn pectinatus,
Megalodonta Beckii, MyriOphyllum
SP

Invertebrates: N0ne collected

 

I. 35:59-10: _

66

Bottom type: Firm gray marl

Vegetation: Valisneria americana

Invertebrates: Sialis sp,_§phaerium sp,
Lymnaea sp, Planorbidae

 

Bottom type: Soft dark gray marl with
much organic debris

Vegetation: Anacharis canadensis,
Megalodonta Beckii,_Myriophyllum sp

Invertebrates: Campeloma sp, Lymnaea Sp,
Planorbidae, Sphaerium Sp, Hyalella
azteca, Enallagma Sp, Tetraqoneuria
sp, Hexagenia limbata

 

 

 

 

 

Appendix 2 (Continued)
Station Depth (ft)
LB-4 ll

LB-S 4

LB-6 5

Bottom type: Soft gray marl

Vegetation: Potamogeton_pectinatus,
Myriophyllum Sp

Invertebrates: Physa sp, Lymnaea sp,
Planorbidae, Enallagma sp,
Tetraqoneuria sp, Polycentropus sp

 

 

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MICHIGAN STATE UNIV. LIBRRRIES

 

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