E 1:: Ilfllflfl'ljzill'flflfliflflfiflj W“ Ii} I1“: 0.. PLACE N RETURN BOX to move this chockwtfrom you! mead. TO AVOID FINES return on Of befon dd. duo. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE QJ“ '. 1 Ir ‘ 1‘ “it” ' E U k . A , ‘ . P IVA STUDY OF THE MIGRANT NEGRO POPULATION IN LANSING, MICHIGAN, DURING AND SINCE WORLD WAR II , by Rose Teena; Bruneon A PROJECT REPORT Submitted to the Department of Social Work Michigan State College in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER.OF SOCIAL WORK June 1955 Approved: 6:” ( have. 3337\EMH‘E \ ' ‘*'Head of Department ,y/nf "3.x, 4 , n . J, ,«7 6: , 1/7432 4.4%}..124 a (/1 /_’Chalrman, Research Cemmittee L/ we‘ve 5, ///.:7Z2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer is particularly indebted to Dr. Ernest B. Harper, Head of the Department of Social Work for his inspiration and guidance. To Miss Frances Hetznecker, Mrs. Lucille Barber and Mr. Manfred Lilliefors for their time and patience they ex- tended in the guidance and supervision of this study. To the many interviewees I offer my thanks for in- formation rendered willingly. Finally, I extend my everlasting gratitude to my family for their constant support, understanding and general helpfulness while the writer spent many hours on this study. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V1 Chapter ‘ I. INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. . . . . . . . . . 7 III.- METHODS AND PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . 15 Iv. PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA. . . . . . 18 v. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . 5n APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 111 LIST OF TABLES Table Page I. Increases in the Negro POpulation of the City of Lansing During the Census Years 1920-1950 0 o o o o o o o o o‘ o o 1+ II. Male Negro Pepulation Growth in the City of Lan 81 n8 , MIChigan o o o o o o o o o 0 III. Female Negro Population Growth in the City of Lansing,Michigan . . . . . . . . . . 5 IV. States of Migration and States of Birth of Migrant Males. . . . . . . . . . 18 V. States of Migration and States of Birth of Migrant Female 8 o o o o o o o o o 19 VI. Length of Time Migrant Males Have Lived in Lansing O O O O O O O O O O O O 19 VII. Type of Community From Which Migrant Game. 20 VIII. Stated Reason for Migration . . . . . 21 IX. Number of Children per Family. . . . . 22 X. Number of PeOple per Room in the Families Interviewed . . . . . . . . . . 24 XI. General Rating of Interior and Exterior of Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 XII. Comparison of Type of Employment . . . 26 XIII. Source of Employment . . . . . . . 27 XIV. Comparison of Weekly Income Before and After Coming to Lanfling o o o o o o o o o 30 XV. Male Migrant Employment by Jobs at Time of Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 XVI. Female Migrant Employment by Jobs at Time of Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 * XVII. Recreational Activities Mentioned . . . . 3h " XVIII. Comparative Recreation Table One Part 1 O O O 0 O O O O O O O O 35 Part 2 O O O O O O O O 0 0 O O 36 iv Table XIX. LI ST OF TABLES Comparative Recreation Table Two Part 1 o o o o o o o o o 0 Part 2 o o o o o o o o o o Lincoln Center Program . . . . . . Organizational Activities Mentioned. . Services Migrants Received from Agencies Page 3? 38 an 53 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Tract Eighteen of the City of Lansing, M1Chigan o o o o o o o o o o o o o 16 vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Statement of the Problem The increase in the Negro pOpulation from 1,638 in 19h0 to 3,290 in 19501 has created a highly congested area on the west side of the City of Lansing. This increase has brought about a need to examine the adequacy of recreation and social service facilities for these pe0ple. This prob- lem was selected in an effort to determine whether or not the recreational and social welfare needs of this segment of the city's population were being met and, if not, what steps could be taken to improve existing conditions. The writer, for a period of thirteen years, has watched the area on the West side of Lansing grow from an all white community to an almost half Negro community. This is the area which the writer has chosen for this study. The data for this study was obtained by the survey method, using personal interviews with the‘aid of a revised 1U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, I950 United States Census of Populatigg: Michigan Detailed Characteristics, Report P-CZZ, (Washington D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 22-172. and prepared questionnaire by the Sociology Department, Michigan State College.2 The interviewees were selected from City Tract Eighteen of the City of Lansing, Michigan, where the migrant Negroes have settled. Information as to the origin of the family and when and why they migrated to Lansing was determined. Information was also gathered as to their employment, whether any discrimination has been evident, their sources of recreation, any contacts they have had with Lansing's social welfare agencies and their reactions to these agencies. The names and home addresses were taken from the 1953 Lansing City Directory,3 for each block in the Tract, and every tenth house in this Tract was selected. The fact that they were migrants was determined by the use of the questionnaire. When the houses, names of families and addresses were chosen a telephone call was made explaining to the head of the family” the purpose of the interview, [the purpose was stated in simple terms], and that their homes were chosen 2 Revised questionnaire of Dr. Allen J. Beegle, Sociology and Anthropology'Department, Michigan State College, East Lansing, Michigan. 3Polk'LDLansingUngham County, Michigan) City Directggy, R. L. Polk and Company, Detroit, Michigan, Vol. 1952-53 XLVI, pp. 1-218. “Family for writer's purpose is considered husband or wife. for an interview. An appointment was made at their conven- ience. Where there was no telephone listed, in most cases two home calls had to be made in order to interview husband and wife together. When writer entered each home, the purpose of the interview was further stated in simple terms and a cover sheet of the schedule was offered to the interviewee to read. Each interviewee was told that the interviewer would try to answer any questions that he would like to ask before beginning the interview and at any time during the interview. Also if there were any questions on the schedule that he wished not to answer, we would omit them. The intervieWees were given time to think through the questions, but interviewer was careful not to let the inter- view travel on a tangent to the subject of the interviewee's interest. In many cases the interviewer had to encourage the interviewee to retrace a line of thought. An hour and three-quarters to two hours were epent with each interviewee, and no family refused to be interviewed. Setting in Which the Study Was Made Immediately after the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the beginning of_World War II, there were large scale shifts of pepulation. Over 10,000,000 young men left their homes for military service. Men and women, even whole families moved to industrial cities and new war production centers to under- take the thousands of new Jobs that had to be done. Some 20,000,000 persons, including children of all ages, moved to war centers.5 The increase in Negro population in Lansing during the years 1940 to 1950 numbered 1,652. (See Tables I, II, and III.) TABLE I INCREASES IN THE NEGROIOPULATION OF THE CITg OF LANSING DURING THE CENSUS YEARS 1920 - 1950 l 2 3* Nee Year Negro Increases over % of Increases Population Previous Decade in Population 1920 698 "" “-0 . 1930 11‘09 711 10/ .6]. 1940 1638 239 10.9. 1950 3290 1652 100.? 9 Column 3 represents the difference between the total for a given year and that of the preceding census year for the preceding year. 9* Column n represents the per cent increase for that period. SSidney Dillick, Community Organization for Neighbor- hood Development Past and Present, (New York: William MErrow.and Company, 1953). P. 123. 6U. 3. Bureau of the Census, 1950 Population Census, Reprint. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1952), p.32. (L0? .l -O - l'l'.‘v. TABLE II MALE NEGRO POPULATION GROWTH IN THE CITY OF LANSING MICHIGAN (With comparison to 1920 as the basal year) Census % of % of Male of Total Year Number 1920 For Given Year 1920 377 100 5“ 1930 776 206 55 1940 899 238 55 1950 1750 464 53 TABLE III FEMALE NEGRO POPULATION GROWTH IN THE CITY OF LANSING, MICHIGAN (With comparison to 1920 as the basal year) Census % of f of Female of Total Year Number 1920 For Given Year 1920 321 100 #6 1930 633 197 #5 1940 739 230 #5 1950 1540 #80 h? The study was made in the Negro district on the West side of Lansing (Tract 18) which area is covered by a Census Map which supplied the following information: 1. Total pOpulation for Tract Number 18 is h,616. 2. Total pOpulation of Negroes for Tract Number 18 is 2,125. u , . .a . v \ — I u f . 4 0 . a c . ‘I‘\r . . . . .7 . u \I}; I .- , . . I I . . 3. Population for Tract Number 18 contains 6h.5 per cent of the Negro population of Lansing. Average size of family is 3.h7. . Per cent of residences in Tract Number 18 is 73.h. There are 7h2 Negro families in this area. CHAPTER II HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Most advanced peOpleS and cultures take for granted permanent residence and a settled mode of living. It should not be forgotten, however, that there are other modes of living and that they have played important roles in world history.1 Distinction between prehistoric and medieval migra- tions and.modern migrations is the number of people involved ansthe purposes motivating them. Early history migrations involved entire tribes, peoples and nations who carried their culture with them. This caused slight disorganization. Modern migrations are an individual enterprise, there is however, one common purpose: to better their individual condition. Dis- organization has resulted from this type of migration. This disorganization may be eXperienced by the person who moves from the country to the city as well as the one who moves from one land to another. These disorganizations are designated as: cultural shock, culture conflict, and cultural demoraliza- tion.2 1T. Lynn Smith, The Sociology of Rural Life, Revised Ed., (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1947), p. 172. 2Mabel A. Elliott and Francis E. Merrill, Social Dis- organization, 3rd Ed., (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950), p. 577. o I 1 P s Cb For rural sociology four phases of migration seem to be especially significant: (1) the interchange of pOpulation between rural and urban areas, including both the movement from farms to cities and the back-to- the land migrations; (2)-interstate migrations and eSpecially the migratory currents which carry populations to the rural portions; (3) farm-to— farm.movements; and (A) the constant stream of migratory agricultural laborers flowing in many well-defined currents from one section of the country to another. During the period from 1922 to 1929 inclusive, more than two million persons annually left the farms of the United States for the cities of the nation. Although the cities which attracted the migrants are located mostly in the East and North, most of the migrants came from the farms of the rural South.3 It is well established by numerous studies that the movement from rural areas to urban centers is mostly a phenomenon of youth, that the majority of the migrants are between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five. One 8p8C1al phase of the rural-urban migration in the United States is the flight of the Negroes from the rural areas of the South to the cities of the North and East. Although this is largely a movement from the farms to the 3 Smith, 92. cit., pp. 173-205. cities of the nation, it has many of the sepects of an in— migration. In forty years more than a million Negroes aban- doned the South,the overwhelming majority of them moving to northern cities. During World War II a tremendous migra- tion of Negroes from the South to the Pacific coast took place.“ The movement of the Negro to urban centers was greatly accelerated during World War II. In l9h0 more than half of all Negroes lived in rural areas. By 1950 the Negro popula- tion was predominantly urban, with 60 per cent living in urban areas. By the end of 19U7, lb per cent (1.8 million) of all Negroes born on or before April 1940 were living in a different State from the one in which they lived in l9UC. This shift resulted in a decline in the number and proportion of Negroes in the population of West Virginia, Georgia, Kentucky, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. The Middle Atlantic, East North Central, and Pacific States had the most appreciable increases in their Negro population and the percentage increases for Negroes far exceeded those of the white population. Michigan's Negro population more than doubled, whereas its white population increased only 17 per cent.5 “Loo. cit. 5Negroes in the United States: Their Employment and and Economic Status, Bulletin No. 1119, United States Depart- ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, (Washington, D.C.: U. 3. Government Printing Office, December 10, 1952), p. 5. .‘II (A, 'l 10 The House Committee Investigating National Defense Migration found that after Pearl Harbor poorly planned pro- duction in the war effort was the primary cause of unplanned and unnecessary migration. Lack of adequate planning ahead of production created far more undirected migration than was necessary.6 There is a tendency for people to move from areas in which the Suppdrb of publicsgducation: is below the national average to areas in which it is above average. This tendency is one of the most cogent arguments for Federal aid to educa- tion. The loss through migration of the better educated is proportionately largest in the South, eSpecially in the South Atlantic and East South Central States.7 The highest percentage of illiteracy in Michigan exists in the migrant pOpulation. This is true for both youth and adults and includes the white and non-white and Spanish-Speaking migrant population. In addition to literacy education, adult education programs should provide both health education and instruction in home-making.8 6John J. Sparkman, ”Two Years of Work by the Tolan Committee,“ Proceeding; of the National Conference of Social W rk, (New York: Columbia University Press, l9h2), pp.173-l85. 7Edmund deS. Brunner, “Migration and Education,“ Columbia Teacher's College Record, Vol. “9, No. 2, November, 1947, Pp. 98"i67e 8Migrants in Michigan. compiled by the Governor's Study Commission on Migratory Labor with the assistance of the Inter- Agency Committee on Migratory Labor, September, 195h, pp.26-28. 11 There have been several attempts in the Lansing area to better integrate the migrant Negroes into the City as a whole, also there have been several incidents of discrimina- tion which show how they were received by the general pOpula- tion, both white and Negro, of the city. In 19h5, at the Council of Churches Institute at Camp Kiwanis, Michigan, was held a discussion on Negroes Migrating into Michigan. Since the meetings were held near Lansing, examples were given using Lansing incidents. When housing was mentioned in this discussion it hinged en the fear of Negroes moving next door or of Negroes buying property and moving in large numbers into the community. It was brought out that in 1943 a committee representing the majority of the members of the Real Estate Board of Lansing, Michigan, held a meeting to discuss the portion of the City of Lansing in which Negroes should be able to buy homes. This meeting ended in a heated discussion with disapproval of any particular location being set aside for Negroes in the City. (The writer was present at this meeting.) One real estate broker knocked on doors in one section of Tract 18 asking the white residents to make up their minds to sell their*homes to Negroes because they would be buying in the area. Another attempt to secure housing for Negroes was made through a white real estate agent and a Negro saleswoman, Mrs. Mable French. They tried to locate space and build homes for Negroes. Postcards were sent out 12 and a meeting held at Lincoln Center, and a few lots were purchased by Negro people. When this was known to the whites in the section they also called a meeting to stop the selling of newly built homes to Negroes. There has not been a house sold to Negroes in this area. A well known Negro who had lived in Lansing since he was a small boy bought a home on a corner of Washtenaw and Sycamore Streets:a During the time he was moving into the house rubbish was put on lawns at night and warnings yelled from the street. This Negro told of the incident at an interracial understanding meeting at the Y. M. C. A30 Yet the actual conflicts between the races were not numerous. However, before the migrants came to Lansing the above incident was unknown to the Lansing Negroes, for the City had long possessed a relatively small pOpulation of Negroes of culture and some financial means. They had always enjoyed the same social and educational facilities as the whites and courteous treatment from them. With the increase in pOpulation by a group of generally uneducated and untrained persons, these privileges were withdrawn. The old Negro citizens of Lansing resented this and placed the blame on the migrants and stood aloof from them. Negro ministers, such as Rev. Busby; Rev. C. W. Crier, AME Mission, corner of Logan and St. Joseph; Rev. M. J. Wilson, Baptist Church, William and Logan Street; Rev. Bircht, Church of God in Christ on West Street; and Rev. and Mrs. aseptember 27, 1950 lOandury 1;, 19;1 «.- e r n ). f: at» t . , . y , . . i. . a . 1. v. . .c. a . . . A. I \ p tr . I . . a a . 1v .. ~ \ A! . o e v n 4 I. a L n .. . e a e _ I «A a n . a . . . . .. . a p w . . u 9 . . I i w I. . A e , a. e. o . .. e u . A \ o .1 . o a . e. . p . . n i. a. . w . I . ( . . a I F 1.. a . . o . . , v . 1 . z u . . v I: . . e t . . l . ll _. . v . I . . . . I . _ e . . . . Os 1.. . , . a _ , r . e . ._ er . 13 W. M. Parks, who formed the Church of God in Christ at Olds and Middle, invited new arrivals into their churches. One Negro minister, during the writer's visit to his church, in his sermon urged parents to take advantage of the night schools, give good service on their jobs and become an active part of Lansing. He told them that the entire City would be watching to see what advantage they would take of their opportunities. Most of the migrants interviewed men- tioned that they attended this Minister's church because he was from the South and understood their problems. It is difficult to measure just what each committee or organization which the writer has mentioned did accomplish. For the writer's purpose the above incident points out that as an indication of the manner in which the Lansing public, white and colored, received the migrant it would seem that he was highly unwelcome. The Negro migrants are not absolutely blameless in the attitude assumed toward them by the whites and the estab- lished Negro public. While crime and immoralityaimong them never deveIOped beyond controlgj'the actions of a few of their number condemmed all. This situation brings clearly before us the principle in- quiries which the Negro migrant as a whole has raised in the minds of allwwho have studied the problem. Even from the writer's brief discussion of the Negro migrant to Lanaing, the same 1la‘harles Stragier of the Lansing Police Department, interviewed by the writer February 12, 1955. 14 question occurs: Was the Negro migrant to Lansing able to adjust himself to the environment of an industrial economy? Believing that an understanding of how the migrant functions outside of his home in organizational and recrea- tional activities is an index of the extent to which he has adapted himself to a different environment, the writer has attempted to analyze the organizational and recreational activities of these migrants. CHAPTER III METHODS AND PROCEDURES In determining the study area for this work assistance was obtained from the Sociology Department of Michigan State College. The area in Lansing from which this sample was made may be defined as that area in which the majority of the migrant Negroes have settled. By migrant, this writer refers to those persons who have changed residence, either by leaving corporate limits of incorporated places, farming areas, or otherwise making moves which involve both change of residence and location, and who have moved to Lansing, Michigan, in the period from 19h0 to 1950. _ This area was taken from a Census Tract whichwwas develOped by the Sociology and Anthropology Department, Michigan State College, and is known as Tract Eighteen of the City of Lansing. This tract is bounded on the west by West Street, from Grand River South to St. Joseph Street north, on the South by Grand River and on the east by Walnut Street between Olds and Hillsdale Street, on the north by Hillsdale Street. The total Negro population for this area was also found from the Census Date of Tract Eighteen to be 2,125.1 ' 1Study (unpublished) made by the Sociology and Anthro- ology Department, Michigan State College, East Lansing, Michi an. This study is to be published in pamphlet form in June. 1955.? 15 '16 RIVER VIEW HTS [fj‘i MAX A-VE ‘7 I I: BIRCH I? OWLES ' Nvobfi's O! P—.. r'.._§ 2 O r- ; ' Moo: 2 r: ) D Z ‘ 1< : ._ m____4 L____g 8 s BUTLER- m r—r—n «2 I " I "’ DIVISION S. SYCAMORE :: [LIL] L1G E, I S. IPINE s'cw ESTNUT 17 For the purpose of making a survey study of the migrant Negroes in this Tract, the 1953 Lansing City Directory was chosen. Each address in the Tract was copied, and businesses and white families were eliminated by observing the business places and inquiring from a Negro family in each block as to how many white families lived in the block. Negro families who had lived in this area longer than the period of the study (l9h0-l950) were to be eliminated but none of these families happened to fall in the ten per cent sample. Then each Negro's family name and address was listed and every tenth house was chosen for an interview. There were 7&2 Negro families in this area, and a sample consisting of every tenth family amounted to 74 households (or migrant families). The writer spent from one and three-quarters to two hours with each family. Approx- imately three interviews were completed each day between December, 1954, and January 15, 1955. Most of the interviews were made in thevafternoons and evenings. Often it was nec— essary to return to the homes in order to interview husband and wife together. The majority of the husbands worked on swing shifts in the factories. 0f the 7b families interviewed there were none that objected to being interviewed. After a brief eXplanation of the purpose of the interview, which is clearly described on the cover sheet of the questionnaire, each interviewee was offered a cover sheet and was told if he wished he could keep it. (See Appendix for copy of questionnaire.) CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA The Negro migrants included in this study came from sixteen different states. The majority of these people came from the southern statesmand.Louisiana was the only state represented in which one person was born but from which no one migrated. (Tables IV and V.) TABLE IV STATES OF MIGRATION AND STATES OF BIRTH OF MIGRANT MALES State of Migration Number State of Birth Number Alabama 8 Alabama 11 Arkansas 10 Arkansas 13 Florida 1 Florida 1 Georgia 10 Georgia 11 Illinois 3 Illinois 2 Kentucky 2 Kentucky 1 Mississippi 12 Mississippi 12 Missouri 2 Missouri 2 North Carolina 7 North Carolina 6 Ohio 1 Ohio 1 Oklahoma 2 Oklahoma 1 Pennsylvania 2 Pennsylvania 1 South Carolina 3 South Carolina 5 Tennessee 5 Tennessee 2 Texas 5 Texas 3 Virginia 1 Virginia 1 Louisiana 1 Total 7“ Total 7b 18 TABLE V 19 STATES OF MIGRATION AND STATES OF BIRTH OF MIGRANT FEMALES ==: 1 2* fr 3: State of Migration Number State of Birth Number Alabama 9 I Alabama 10 Arkansas 12 Arkansas 9 Florida 3 Florida 2 Georgia 9 I Georgia 12 Illinois 1 Illinois 2 Kentucky 5 - Kentucky 1 Mississippi 2 Mississippi 1% Missouri 3 g Missouri 1 North Carolina 10 E North Carolina 3 Ohio 1 Ohio 1 Oklahoma 2 Oklahoma 3 Pennsylvania 1 Pennsylvania 3 South Carolina 7 South Carolina 2 Tennessee 3 Tennessee 1 Texas 3 I Texas 8 Virginia 1 TOTAL 74 H TOTAL 74 The majority of these migrant Negroes came during the years of l9hl - 19u2 thus have lived in Lansing from ten to twelve years. See Table VI. TABLE VI LENGTH OF TIME MIGRANT MALES HAVE LIVED IN LANSING Length of Time Number Under a years 1 HI- 6 years 3 7 ~ 9 YGaPB 9 10 - 12 years #2 13 years and over 19 TOTAL 74 II.‘I~ . 20 It was difficult to determine whether or not these people came from strictly urban or rural areas as some tended to be reluctant to admit that they had come from the country. Out of the 7M families interviewed, 11 were from small towns while four gave a definite indication of having lived in large cities. TABLE VII TYPE OF COMMUNITY FROM WHICH MIGRANT CAME Area Number Rural 59 Small City 11 Large City h TOTAL 7“ Table VII reveals that the majority of the migrants came from the rural areas. The most important of the cir- cumstances which impelled the Negroes to migrate to Lansing, Michigan, are classified in Table VIII. Of the 74 migrant families interviewed, 52 indicated that they intended to remain in Lansing and make it their permanent home. One of the migrants mentioned that he came to Lansing after seeing an ad in his hometown paper. The ad stated that the Foster Company of Lansing, Michigan wanted brick layers and helpers and listed a telephone number to call collect. He telephonedthe company, a manager answered and advised him Vs. . . . U I 0 . . 1 s . . . . . . 5.. . . I I a I. II p I A . -1. . I . . T r — r O I . A l . . u . 4 . . V I . x , I . . . . _ o i. .. I . _ s. a v w . . . . s Q . I . s l . If: n I ‘ t v , . . I , . .. .. n, s. . . . o .l v. v V s . n . 4 .I c ’ l . . . 21 TABLE VIII STATED.REASON FOR MIGRATION Reason Number Economic SharecrOpping system 2# Low wages in the south 15 Unemployment due to modern farm machinery lo Renting farms 7 Could not make a living on small owned farms 6 Social Segregation 6 Mistreatment under law 3 Poor schools 3 that the companywould give him $3.00 for each man he would bring as bricklayers and/or helpers, hourly wages would be $3.75 for bricklayers, and about $2.15 for helpers. The company would also pay for the first three weeks room and board, no transportation offered. The migrant said that he brought six men along and sent back for twenty. The manager did as he promised about paying $3.00 per man, the wages, and the room and board. The migrant said that nine of them slept in a basement on army cots the landlady rented, and the landlady cooked for them. This situation lasted for'about six months, then as their wives came up from the South they rented rooms, but they were hard to find. When the Foster Construction Company jobs were finished in Lansing some of the .7 l _ - . 4 l , , \. . . .- _-. k .. -. ‘ Q s a . , ' . . N 1 , I. 7‘ . ‘ .II a .’ . . _ ' , - K I I - . . ‘ ‘e I _ _ . ) . _ __ - I I ,-. I' ' i I o ‘ r . . I . ’l o - a .‘ v . I V. a ,. . .u. 22 men moved on to nearby cities to work for the company, but all of them finally came back to Lansing to work for Christ— man Construction Company, and in the industrial plants. .Family Characteristics and Housing Of the Negro migrants interviewed it was determined that most of them were married before migrating to Lansing. At the time of this study all were married except two (one separated, one widowed). In 46 cases out of the 7A the family was together at the time of the study. In hl<3ases out of the 7h interviewed there had been no change in marital status since coming to Lansing, 17 had been married here, three divorced, three separated and none widowed. Table IX shows the number of children which these Negro migrant families have. TABLE IX NUMBER OF CHILDREN PER MIGRANT FAMILY Children Per Number of Total Number Family Families of Children 1 2 2 2 7 14 3 ll 33 h 15 6o 5 15 75 6 2H 1&4 TOTAL 328 23 When asked if their children had been in any trouble since being in Lansing, 18 answered'yes"and 56'ho”which de- tectedthat for the most part the children have not been in serious difficulty. In an interview with Inspector Charles Stagier, of the Lansing Police Department, it was found that the Negro children have a very low delinquency rate. The records showed that of 2A3 children contacted in 1953 in the Southwest section of the City, which includes Tract 18. only an Negro children were contacted.1 One of the assumptions was that Tract 18 was a congested area. For the purposes of this study, if more than one person per room lived in the house it was congested. The number of rooms should be adequate for the number in the family. It is especially necessary that there be enough bedrooms. It is the custom for the mother and father to share one bedroom. If there are two boys they may share a room, the same is true if there are two girls. If possible each person of a family should have his own bedroom but most times this may be impossible. However, there should not be more than two persons for one bedroom.2 In addition to the health hazard, overcrowding further tends to create nervous tension and adds greatly to fatigue and unhappiness. If the number of rooms are inadequate one can never obtain the privacy necessary for the rebuilding 1Personal interview with Inspector Charles Stagier of the Lansing Police Department, February 12, 1955. 2Justine Rust, Moms and Family Living (Chicago: J. B. Lippincott Co., l9h8), pp. hug-uh}, I ~ . .. 7 ' I ‘V I Ii? » l o ‘ A . . V I I I , ' C - - . I. ‘ ’ . ‘ ' . . . ‘_ ‘ ' . ' . ‘ - I \ I s’ I . . . , - .‘x ‘ ' I s . . . v . ~ I - . ~ ‘ r U _ . \ . ' . . ' . . j ‘ K ' I . . ‘ ‘ - -- - a. 1 e ‘ I A . ' u . s .. . ' . ‘ , . ‘ fl . s» ' h - - ‘ , . ' ~ . ‘ Q . . . l . . v v .. ' . I - . J . ’ . s s . ‘ ‘ . u . . a . . ’ . ‘ . In I ' I - . . . -. p. - u . . . I - ‘ . ‘ 1 . d ‘ I v I - . I . I _ , ' . I I ‘ r ~ 9 - ‘ fl 5 O 2“ of one's morale and courage, the shelter provided is not adequate. ._~._.-—-— 3 .———--———- TABLE I NUMBER OF PEOPLE PER ROOM IN THE FAMIEIES INTERVIEWED “M _—.—..——.—.-——-—-—— -. ”a, Inter! No. of No. of Inter— No. of No. of view Rooms People Congested view Rooms People Congested l 5 8 yes 38 6 8 yes 2 h 7 yes 39 5 8 yes 3 5 8 yes no 8 12 yes h 5 8 yes #1 5 6 yes 5 6 6 no #2 h 6 yes 6 6 8 yes #3 6 9 yes 7 h 8 yes as 7 10 yes 8 3 8 yes #5 5 8 yes 9 5 8 you 46 5 7 you 10 7 9 yes #7 h 8 yes 11 5 8 yes 48 7 9 yes 12 u 7 yes #9 8 13 yes 13 8 10 yes 50 6 9 yes 1“ h 8 yes 51 6 8 yes 15 5 8 . yes 52 b 8 yes 16 6 9 yes 53 6 5 no 17 h 7 yes 5“ 6 9 yes 18 5 7 yes 55 6 9 yes 19 7 10 yes 56 5 8 yes 20 6 8 yes 57 u 8 yes 21 5 9 yes 58 7 9 10s 22 7 9 you 59 3 6 you 23 6 8 yes 60 b 8 yes 2” 5 8 yes 61 8 1» yes 25 6 8 yes 62 6 5 no 26 3 6 yes 63 6 7 yes 27 5 9 yes 6h h 5 yes 28 6 7 yes 65 5 7 yes 29 h 8 yes 66 7 15 yes 30 6 8 yes 67 5 8 yes 31 8 11 yes 68 6 9 yes 32 3 8 yes 69 h 6 yes 33 h 7 yes 70 6 8 yes 3h h 5 yes 71 7 8 yes 35 7 12 yes 72 5 8 yes 36 5 8 yes 73 6 7 yes 37 h 7 yes 7“ 5 6 you 3lbld.. p. #43. 25 It can be seen by referring to Table X that of the 74 families interviewed only three families were not living in congested quarters, most of them were considerably over— crowded. The general condition of the interior and exterior of the houses was arrived at‘through observation of the writer. The things observed were; (1) whether or not the house was warm, (2) clean. (3) whether interior needed painting. (4) if there was adequate lighting. (5) if the interior needed repair, (6) was the exterior in need of repair or paint, (7) was the 1aWn well kept and the shrubbery cared for, and (8) general overall appearance. TABLE XI GENERAL RATING OF INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR.OF HOUSING Number 0 f Cases Rating Interior Titerior Excellent 10‘ 12 Good 20 20 Fair 34 30 Poor 10 12 TOTAL 7H 7H The families included in the excellent listing were homes which were not in need of any repair or painting. All three of the non-congested homes were included in this category. The homes rated good were, in the majority, the families who had the least number of people in the house, and needed minor repair work. Most of the fair ratings included homes which 26 had children and reomers, and the exterior or interior needed repair work. the poor homes were the ones that needed both exterior and interior repair and where the more overcrowded conditions existed. One of the major reasons for the congested housing problem is a result of the determination on the part of the real estate board“ that the Negro should live only in the part of Lansing in which the majority of the Negroes had previously lived. Vacant houses in other sections were not for rent or sale to Negroes. Employment In 19h1 and since that time there have been definite influences at work to induce Negroes to come to Lansing and other industrial cities. The chief influence drawing them to Lansing were the industries; manufacturing plants and.construc- tion companies. The following table compares the type of employ- ment of these people before and after coming to Lansing. TABLE XII COMPARISON OF TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT --....--—_- ._ __. _..- ._ ~.-_- .- ._ — _- . .. --.— _ _. - _ _. __ Type of Employment Number ' Type of Employment Number Before in Lansing Professional 2 Professional h Self-employed 3 Self-employed 3 Skilled 4 Skilled 7 Semi-skilled 1” Semi-skilled 12 Farm 51 Unskilled b TOTAL 74 TOTAL 7 itUnwritten Discussioncif Lansing Realty Board. 27 0f the families interviewed some obtained their em- ployment through acquaintances or relatives, others by answering advertisements which were run in the southern papers urging them to come here to work, the majority, how- ever, obtained their jobs by directly applying to the company for which they work. Table XIII gives a breakdown of the source of employment of these people. TABLE XIII SOURCE OF EMPLOYMENT Source Number Acquaintance 12 Relative 8 Direct Application 37 Employment Service 3 -Advertising 12 Other (union agent, etc.) 2 TOTAL 7“ In an interview with Mr. James P. Dendy, Director of the Lansing Division of the Michigan Employment Security Commission the writervvas informed that he had worked with the migration of labor in the Muskegan, Saginaw, Grand Rapids, and Bay City region during World War II. He told how the regional office in Michigan recruited the migrant labor. The Agricultural States or states with highest rate of unemploy- ment were picked to get migrants. First, an agreement with the state was made by the regional office to seek the unemployed, at which time recruitment “a- 28 was started. Usually bus fare, or train fare, was paid for each migrant laborer to his destination by the employer and housing was arranged for him. Mr. Dendy stated that the majority of these peOple were Negroes, and the majority were unskilled. He agreed that Lansing has the same type of migrant workers -- Negroes in the majority from the South,and unskilled. He stated that to his knowledge there was no discrimination practiced in employing Negroes. He.said that the meet recent lay- off at the factories in Lansing begn in the last part of October, 195%, which reached its highest point in the first part of November, and tapered off the last part of November. During the first part of December employment was normaltigain. (The number layed off during the period were 11,000.) All em- ployees were told before the lay-off to file their claims for benefits at the Michigan Employment Security Commission. Also, they were told about what time they would be called back to work. All employees were treated exactly the same.-5 Where the writer made the survey, all 74 family heads were working and 22 of their wives were working.: Mr. Henry Wade, Secretary of the Painter's Division of the A.F.ofL. Union, stated that there were no Negroes in his division, however, there was no restriction against Negroes Personal interview with.Mr. James P. Dendy, Director of the Lansing Division of the Michigaanmployment[SecurityTCommission January 7. 1955. Ill’llllll" I, \, ill.“ J" 29 being employed or getting a permit. He stated that there were more Negroes in the common labor division than in the bricklayers, and plasterers. There were no Negroes in the painters, electricity, or plumbers divisions. He said that the Negroes in the A.F. of L. were employed in the more un- skilled labor jobs.6 Mr. Frank Corser, Secretary of U.A.W., 0.1.0.. felt that the problems that the Negroes have are no different from any other race. The problem is the same with the Mexicans and whites that come from the Southern States. Some of the problems that the union has are fights and resistance against management. This sometimes happens when misunderstanding arises over promotion to better jobs. He stated that they practiced no discrimination in the union and that there were no code numbers used on identification cards to distinguish Negroes from white workers. He realized that discrimination may be practiced in plants and that Negroes 7 had many good jobs, but mostly unskilled jobs. or the migrants interviewed, 54 per cent felt that the Negroes in general had the poorer jobs and about the same per- centage felt that they were discriminated against on their jobs, however, only about 25 per cent had tried to get different 6Personal interview with.Mr. Henry Wade, Secretary of the Painter's Division of the A.F. of L. Union, February 5, 1955. 7Personal interview with.Mr. Frank Corser, Secretary of U.A.N., 0.1.0.. February 12, 1955. 'O 3O employment. Table XIV shows a comparison between the weekly income in Lansing and the weekly income before moving here. Table XV gives a detailed outline of the employment of the 7b migrants interviewed. TABLE XIV COMPARISON OF WEEKLY INCOME BEFORE AND AFTER.COMING TO LANSING Weekly Wage Number Before Number After l5‘19e 99 20-24.99 25"de 99 30-3““ 99 35'39e 99 no-uu.99 “5-14'9. 99 50-5““ 99 55-59.99 60-6u.99 65-69.99 70-74.99 26 eo-eu.99 9 85-89.99 9 90‘99e99 3 100 and over 9 TOTAL 74 7h .4 HUNW:'\1N\O F‘O\\Om TABLE XV 31 MALE MIGRANT EMPLOYMENT BI JOBS AT TIME OF SURVEY Company Job Number nstruction Christman Construction Co. Carpenter helper 5 Painter 1 Foster Construction Co. Brick mason tender 3 ‘gggernmental Lansing City School System Teacher 2 Lansing City Garbage Service Garbage truck driver 3 Street cleaner 2 Michigan Dept. of Civil Service File clerk l Michigan Dept. of Property Management Janitor 1 Michigan Dept. of Corrections Councilor 1 [Automotive General Motors Oldsmobile Division Janitor b Belt machine 2 Craner 2 Oldsmobile Forge Hammer Operator 2 Press Operator 2 Oldsmobile Jet Tool Grinder 3 Fisher Body Buffer 3 Truck driver 1 Spot welder 6 Janitor a Net sander 2 Production line 1 Presser 3 Sander 2 Bee Motors Chip hauler 1 Others Atlas Drop Forge Hammer 2 Heater 8 England-Cook Garage Buff cars 2 Lansing Coca-Cola Bottling Company makes coca-cola 1 Lansing Dry Cleaners Presser l Olds Hotel Bus Boy 2 ' Water 1 TOTAL zu 32 TABLE XVI FEMALE MIGRANT EMPLOYMENT BY JOBS AT TIME OF SURVEY Ff Company Job Number AEEQEEELZS General Motors Oldsmobile Division Machine operators 3 Janitor 2 Assembly line 2 Oldsmobile Jet Machine operators 5 Janitors b Fisher Body Machine operators 3 Janitors 3 _L TOTAL 22 Recreational and Organizational Activity Recreation is an important part of every person's life and.authorities assume that recreation is necessary to every- one because of the many diverse physical, mental, and emotional satisfactions which come from it. The reason why peOple find enjoyment in recreational activities is that they sense fun, relaxation, freedom and enjoyment secured through participation in the activity.8 The literature of recreational leaders demonstrates that from eXperience they know what people like to do in their leisure time. Public and private agencies have offered many 8Gertrude Wilsonfland.Gladys Ryland, Social Group quk Practice, (Chicago: Houghton Mifflin Company, l9b9), pp. 212- 21 . . emuy.‘ 33 recreational programs from which people may choose to arrive at maximum satisfaction. Bradley Buell and Associates9 have classified these recreational activities into a fivefold classification as follows: [1] Sports and games -- a generic term for a multitude of physical activities; [2] Social occasions -— the friendly association of people which recreation offers, such as visiting, parties; [3] Art -- is an outlet for a creative capacity, which is found in the Opportunities of participa- tion and in the appreciation of the arts; [#1 Informal education -— intellectual interests constitute the common purpose of informal education; [5] Friendship groups -- meet a special need ofadult groups and teen-age growth. Using the ideal five point recreation program set up by Bradley Buell as mentioned above in this study, and details of which are shown in Tables XVIII and XIX, a comparison was made between the recreation available as revealed by the inter— 10 views and the recreation deemed necessary by the program. A summary of the activities mentioned by the migrants inter- viewed appears in Table XVII. 9Bradley Buell and Associates, 99mmunitnglanning for Human Services (New York: Columbia University Press, 1952). p. 358. 10Bradley Buell, _p, cit., PP. 376. 3“ TABLE XVII RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES MENTIONED __—-——-— Activity Times Mentioned by Interviewees Skating . 7 Hunting 21 Movies 14 T. v. 23 Fishing 9 Picnics 19 Reading 6 Sewing 4 Swimming 6 Visiting 19 Parties 12 Car Riding 22 Golf 2 Tennis 1 Church 1 Clubs 2“ No mention made 6 Tables XVIII and XIX compare the ideal characteristics for recreation with those availahe to the migrants interviewed. One of the most important centers for youthful re- creation in City Tract 18 is the Lincoln Center. In an interview with Mr. Morrison Ryder, Director of Lincoln Center, he stated that Lincoln Center is mostly a Youth Center. The planning of a program at the center is always controlled by the limitation of space in the center, which is located in a school. Mr. Ryder feels that although with limited Space this staff has provided some of the recreational satisfaction for the youth. He felt that the majority of the children TABLE XVIII [Part 1] COMPARATIVE RECREATIONAL TABLE ONE 35 Ideal Characteristics for Recreation 11 Major Facilities Requiredfw e vel r is ti R i d _¥A8 Le 0 gan a on equ re Indoor Outdoor Preschool Child Supervised games and Playrooms Neighborhood A89 2'5 play playgrounds Parks School Age Childl Supervised games Game Room Neighborhood Age 6-13 Gymnasium: playgrounds Ybunger 6-9 Parks Older 10-13 Organized sports and Game room _ Neighborhood games Swimming pool playgrounds Arts and crafts . Gymnasium Parks supervised friend- Craft rooms Special areas ship groups Club rooms The Adglescent Social occasions Lounge Playfields 1b-18 Organized sports and Swimming pool Parks games Gymnasium Special areas Informal education Arts and crafts Craft rooms Club rooms or snak bar The Young Social occasions Swimming pool Parks Adult Sports and games Gymnasium Playfields l9-2b Arts Lounge Special Areas Informal Education Craft rooms Club rooms Assemblyrpoms The Adult Social occasions Lounge Parks 25-59 Informal education Assembly room Playfields Arts and Crafts Craft rooms Special areas Organized sports Swimming pool and games Gymnasium The Elderly Social occasions Lounge Parks 60-p1us Arts and Crafts Craft rooms Passive sports and Game rooms games Infbrmal Education ll e e . no!” 1'. av. u . . i. Carl- -.¢ 0 __- .- n~ ——---.—-—- TABLE XVIII [Part 2] COMPARATIVE-RECREATIONAL TABLE ONE 36 Characteristics of Recreation Offered to Migrants Major Facilities Available Age Level Organisation Available Indoor ’ Outdoor Preschool Child Lincoln Community Community Neighborhood ‘ Age 2-5 Center-Seriously Nursery Seri- Playgrounds inadequate ously inadeq- Parks ' ' uats ‘ Sofie! eCEIId EInchn‘ 'Emmunfiy 5:6"mmunity Neighborhood— Age -13 Center-inadequate Nursery playgrounds Younger 6-9 Inadequate Parks Older 10 - l3 Organized sports and none Neighborhood games Gymnasium, playgrounds Arts and crafts craft room Parks supervised friend- and club Special area ship groups all inadequate Playfields The Adolescent none lh-lS none none Parks Gymnasium Special area Crafts - inad- equate none The Young none Playfields Adult Gymnasium Parks l9-2h none none Special areas The Adult Parks 25-59 none none Playfields Special areas The Elderly 60 - plus none none Parks TABLE XIX [Part 1] COMPARATIVE RECREATIONAL TABLE TWO 37 Ideal Five-Point Recreational Program 12 1 2 3 h 5 Sports and Games Social Occasions Arts Informal Friendship [inside a cut] Education Groups Swimming Social dancing Music Classes All group Boating Square dancing [vocal Forums associa- Fishing Parties of all and Lecturers tions Ski ing kinds inst ru- Dicus si on unde r Skating Club meetings mental] groups supervision Biking Church suppers Theater Bicycling Picnics Graphic HorsebackRuding and Hunting Plastic Camping Arts Tennis Drawing Golf Painting Bowling Sculpture Squash. Etching Handball Photogra- Paddleball phy . Table Tennis Handcraft Archery Quoits Shuffleboard Croquet 12 Ibid. 38 TABLE XIX [Part 2] COMPARATIVE RECREATIONAL TABLE TWO Activities Now.Availabls Under Recreation Program as Mentions in Study 1 2 3 u 5 S orts and Games Social Occasions Arts Informal Friendship Finside & out] Education Groups Skating Parties [specific Movies Reading none Hunting House and Elks] T. V. super- Fishing Church suppers Sewing vised Swimming Visiting Golf Picnics Tennis who use the center are children of migratory parents. The prob— lems that they come in contact with are no different from any other children. The majority of the Problems seem to be emotional. These children are living in a different environment, and it is much harder for their parents to adapt to the new environment. For this reason Mr. Ryder is interested in adequate space for adult activities.13 Table XX is a schedule of the activities at Lincoln Center, and the following is from a descriptive paper put out by the Center. 13Personal interview with Mr. Morrison Ryder, Director of Lincoln Center, February 21, 1955. 39 Lincoln Center is a group work agency whose purpose is to give services of various types to children and adults living in the City of Lansing; these services touch the fields of recreation, social adjustment, civic improvement and human relations. There are four full time staff members and two part-time workers. It also serves as a referral agency to persons who need services not covered in the program of the center. The staff and volunteer personnel of the center recog- nizing the importance of interdependent living also cooperate with other organizations such as social agencies, child treatment institutions, and the police department to promote and coordinate services to all citizens of Lansing, wanting or needing assistance in solving mutual day life. The center operates its programs in three different buildings. They are Main Street School, High Street School, and Lincoln School. The center promotes -- this is limited because of lack of space -- a program of intramural and competitive sports for all age level groups. Mass participation is stressed, in most cases, rather than individual pro~ ficiency. The center is represented by basketball teams in the city Class A basketball league and a state-wide community center conference. 0n the educational side there is a Community Lecture series in which outstanding authorities on informative current thought are presented monthly. These series are open to the public, free of charge. Also included in the educational program of the center, is an annual area-wide Youth Conference; the purpose of this conference is to assist youth in solving the com- plicated problems with which confront them. All youth agencies, including many faculty members of Michigan State College, Hillsdale, Wayne University and local youth workers assist in this two day event. Clubs: The center personnel also sponsors many club and organizational activities, such as Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Brownie Scouts, cooking, folk dancing, dramatic clubs and adult recreation groups. There are manyaffiliated groups which meet regularly in the center, such as: National Association for the Advancement of Colored Peeple, Ministerial Alliance and various lodge groups. O .4 .ooenu no Mona cu use vossapcoomdu coon own names . _ so .xum onuunoona wmmwm anumuoonn .m.m onun - cola .:.monumuooua .x.< oouma-oouoa .x.a oounnonua .x. C ' S I’ll s . . r , . y ,1. ‘.A . _ x .\ . . . \ .- upr n I: e It . | a a .D a I s a o . Q . I v 4 s . - Ills 1. Ciao- is \f y. I. at lyaqil s . a . . 1.0.. t .2 A r I r J 1 y s a in I n. u 0 .1 5 : 9. V 1 . ._ - ,‘I.'v I". . t , V _ . w v I . .. x .. p s . . .. - . . .. a f a . .. if . r - i. I- I. .0 2- . .... Ls. '- ill. .I t. '1; .- .itl ' . n II s9 . v .c bl Spudent Employment Bureau: The purpose of this organiz- ation is to prepare and assist worthy boys and girls into responsible positions. Music: Free training in piano, band and orchestral in- struments is offered in beginners and advanced pupils who wish to take advantage of this service. Lincoln Center is Jointly sponsored by the United Com- munity Chest of Ingham County, the Board of Education and the Lansing Department of Parks and Recreation. It has an! interracial advisory board and is open Monday through Friday, from 3:30 until 9:00 p.m. It is open Friday evenings for Teen-Age Dances and Sundays for special groups and special events. Its average weekly attendance is approximately 2,500 and club membership is currently fixed at #97. Church.and Religious Activities The most frequently mentioned organizational activity by the migrants was the church. In the City Tract 18 there are a Methodist Church, three Baptist Churches, and four Churches of God in Christ. One Church of God in Christ is a mixed church with a Negro pastor, the rest are all Negro churches. There were three migrant Catholics, and there were several migrants leaving the larger Negro Baptist Churches and attending the smaller Churches of God in Christ. Within the period of this study, three Churches of God in Christ organized and began services in a small store front, a house, and one has a basement church started. The mixed church is composed of Negro and white, with.white in the majority. The writer visited all of these churches, and found that the majority of the members are Southern migrant Negroes. Several migrants told the writer that it was more like "back #2 home“ in the Church of God here, but they were Baptist or Methodist members back home. In one of the oldest Negro Baptist Churches there were not enough seats for the people. The writer was informed that the pastor was a native of Georgia, and it was announced later that the majority of the peeple in services that Sunday were visiting the church and that they were natives of South Carolina, Georgia, Arkansas and Mississippi. This pastor stated that the church had doubled its membership in the two years since he had been pastor, with the majority of the new membership being the migratory Negroes. The Negro Methodist Church's membership is in the majority natives of Lansing, this church has not in- creased its membership as extensively as the Baptist Church. Other organizations mentioned were three social clubs made up of migratory Negro women. There were no Negro social clubs for the men. One Lansing club whose members are camposed of husbands and wives, has as its members peeple who have been in Lansing over fourteen years, except one couple who is in the organization and seems to be in most groups. The Unions provide some recreation for their members, however, the writer found very few who mentioned participation in these activities. Lansing's Association of Women's Clubs is an organiza- tion designed to meet some of the inadequate recreational needs, but its housing facilities are inadequate. Migrants “3 who room and live in small apartments have to use this club home for many social affairs and parties at a small rental price, but the space is inadequate for large groups. The Masonic Lodge once used its hall for a club for the public which seemed to give an outlet to some recreational need, but the overcrowded situation, fights, and profane language seemed to have been the reason for closing the doors except to members and selected friends. It is said that, in general, the migrants are excluded. The Elks Home is open to the public and seemed to be a week end meeting place for the migrants. Thetvriter observed one week end at the Elks Club to get a picture of this club. It was very dirty, noisy, and in general seemed to have ques— tionable recreational value. The mixed groups which the migrants participated in were the Unions, Parent-Teacher Association, Veteran's Clubs, and one Church of God in Christ. The only mention of segregation was in the unions. Five veteran migrants met often with the Veteran's Club, which is affiliated with the Veterans of Foreign Wars. This is a mixed group, the organ- ization has social functions to which the families are some- times invited. The social clubs before mentionedare a neighborhood club and a bridge club, which were formed by the migrants themselves to stimulate the social activities, which are very definitely limited. an There are no organizedrnr supervised recreational activities for adults in Census Tract 18. Table XXI gives a summary of the activities mentioned by the migrants during the interviews. TABLE XXI ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES MENTIONED Organization Times Mentioned Churches 28 Social Clubs 16 Lodges 5 Unions 16 Veterans 5 P. T. A. 11 Nothing mentioned 12 Social Welfare Agencies The public assistance provisions of the Social Security Act passed by Congress delegated to the States the responsib- ility for setting up the administrative structure to carry them out, as well as the responsibility for determining who is 'needy.’ The social security legislation stipulates that the state must help to finance the programs; that its methods of administration must be such as are necessary for proper and efficient Operation, specifically the selection of personnel on the merit basis, and that a single state agency must have administrative responsibility for the plan. The public welfare agencies are tax supported services. In this community there I III I’ll.) #5 are numerous social welfare agencies which could be grouped into the following categories: Family Services; Child Care Services; Health and Medical Services; Mental Hygiene Services; Public Welfare and Assistance; Courts, Probation, and Parole; Leisure-Time Services; and Other Social Welfare Services. For this study the writer included on the questionnaire the following from the category of public assistancqzlh Aid to Dependent Children, Old Age Assistance, Aid to the Blind, Aid to the Disabled,and Direct Relief, however, none of the families interviewed had had contact with these agencies. In addition to the agencies which are partially supported by federal funds there aretaocial service agencies supported by other funds including the Community Chest. The following social service agencies were selected by the*writer in this study as being available to the migrants and those from which the migrants had received service: Lgnsing Child Guidance Clinic: -- Purpose and Service: To help families where children are having difficulty in adjusting adequately to their environment in the home, school, or community. The clinic provides psychiatric and psychological services as needed by any child from birth through age 16 with.residence in any of the following counties: Clinipn, Eaton, Ingham, Jackson, Livingston, Hillsdale. 1“Michi an Social'Welfare Commission Seventh Biennial Report,gg:y I9EO-Sune 19324_1Lansing, Michi an: State of Michigan, Department of Social Welfare, 1952 , pp. 33-74. 15Ingnam County Council of Social Welfare, Social rvice Resources of Ingham County, Michigan,(Lansing, Michi an: s; A Red Feather Service of the United Community Chest, May 195 ,)p. 11. '0 u‘ | i l, . . t s . I ' ’ s . s . .- o . ' I . . ' .n D o . ‘ . a , . . - 1 ' t C ‘ ‘ ‘ v I . . . r . . .. ‘ ‘ . . . . ' , - , a o . . \- . I ‘ ‘ My l ‘ . s ‘ . . D ~ _ ‘ o \ I t ' . . . u - I _ , . . . ‘ a C ' ' . s _. f ' , _.. . s . 1 . ‘ . . a ' ‘ a ' a -P , . > . \ ’ V » ' , I I. -- . . ,3 - . ' , v . , , . '_ » .'. s . - a _ . . .I . s . s ' A ' . - 1' ‘ . . . p . . . ‘ ,» . - ,1. . ' f - O . . - . .,. s u , v \ ‘ ' i . _ E ' S .. I I ‘ ' . I ' I . . _~ . _ - a b . I ' V 4 . . A . u , ' ' . v " 1 a . . ‘ ' . ‘ . g . - A n s I . ‘ 7‘ ‘ 3 ‘ ‘ ‘f . y _ . . t _ _ i - o ‘ \ n 0 ~ ' V ' f ' a - - .. .- - - . « . ’ . . - , . s , s ' . - . . . - . ' r. . .o v . n l . ( .. . u . .. ' - ( _ , . . U - w . v . . . v o - .I . #6 Six families out of the 74 interviewed for‘this study had received assistance from the Lansing Child Guidance Clinic. Very few of the peeple interviewed had a proper conception of the services available through the clinic. Some of the typical comments received concerning this agency were: 'Give children medicine; ' 'Take care of bad children;' "Keep children for poor people;' "Take children from the parents;' “Will help you rear your children right;' IFind fault with parents;' "Take care of fatherless children;' and "Help the mother to understand her children.“ Iggham County Tuberculosis and Health Society. -- Purpose and Service: Rehabilitation. To provide personal counsel and assistance in vocational guidance for Ingham Sanatorium patients before dis- charge and during the period after discharge when patients must make an adjustment to the demands of everyday living. Health Education. To encourage wider teaching of health practices to the youth of Ingham County; to inform the public concerning tuberculosis, by means of motion pictures, radio, exhibits, newspaper pub- licity, pamphlets, and talks before community groups, to stimulate interest in chest X-gay as a means of early diagnosis of tuberculosis.1 Three families out of the 74 interviewed fcr'this study received assistance from this agency. There were no direct comments about this agency. Eamily;Service Agency. -- Purpose and Service: To assist individual members of any family in deveIOping the opportunity and the capacity for satisfying useful lives. Service is carried out through two major functions: (1) social casework 16Ibid., p. 10. 47 treatment available for persons needing help in utilizing strength, dealing with handicaps within themselves, in their family relations and in their environment; (2)community leader- ship in the advancement of education for family living and in the improvement of social condi- tions directly affecting family life. Out of the 70 families interviewed four had received services from this agency. Some of the comments regarding this agency were: "Help you from getting a divorce;' 'Take care of children;' "Help you make up your mind;' “Gives food orders;' I'Help you get to a hospital;' and III heard that they will talk to you about your troubles.‘ Ingham County Circuit Court. -- Purpose and Service: The Circuit Court has general trial and jurisdiction of civil cases where the amount involved exceeds $500 and concurrent jurisdiction with justice courts where the amount involved is less than $500 and ex- ceeds $100; jurisdiction in criminal cases where the penalty that may be imposed exceeds 90 days in jail or $100 fine or both; supervisory control over lower courts from which matters may be appealed to_the Circuit Court; jurisdiction given by the constitution to issue writs of habeas corpus, and such other writs of general equity jurisdiction having authority in divorce action, injunction suits, and mortgage foreclosures. Four terms of court held a year begin- ning the second Monday of January at Mason; second Monday in March at Lansing; and second Monday in May at Mason; and second Monday in September at Lansing. The Friend of the Court collects all.alimony and support money for children, makes investigations relative to custody and care of children, and inforces orders of the court in all divorcecases. The Probation Officer prepares pro-sentence investi- gations on all persons convicted in the Circuit Court; supervises all persons placed on probation by the Circuit Court Judges and in that connection collects fees, costs, restitution and carries out such other orders pertaining {g the probation as the Circuit Court Judges may direct. 17Ibid., p. h. 181bid., p. 6. 48 Four families out of the 7b interviewed have required the services of the court. Some of the typical comments were: l'Try you when you do things;' ”Get a divorce;' "Get problems settled;' I'G'ret your rights taken away from you.“ Ingham County Probate Court.-- Probate Division: Purpose and Service: Probation of estate of de- ceased and missing persons, mentally incompetent per~ sons, and minors; appointment of guardians for minors and mentally incompetent persons; commitment of insane, epileptic and feeble-minded persons to state institu- tions; hospitalization of children under the Crippled and Afflicted Children's Act; handling of adoptions; authorizing change in name of adults; waiving of five days' wait on marriage license applications; restoration of insane persons to sanity; handling of delayed registrations of birth, performing secret marriages, jurisdiction in cases of dependent, neg- 1ected,and delinquent children; authorization of sterilization of mentally defective persons. Juvenile Division: The Probation Officer and County Welfare Agent have charge of investigation of all complains and petitions for dependent and neglected and/or delinquent children,:represent such.children at hearings, places and supervises them in boarding homes, makes investigations for board homes and adoptions, investigates homes for boarding care and placement, makes investigations and recommendav tions for adoptions, supervises boys on parole from the Boys' Vocational School, and girls from the Girls Training School.1 Nine families out of the 74 interviewed have required the services of this court. Some of the comments in reference to this court were: “Find out what people are doing;' “Take children from parents;' “Always dipping into folks business;' 'No good for me;'I “Put things that happen on my children;' I'Put children in a home;' and “Put people in jail.“ 19Ibid., p. 9. m " . ' ‘ ’ e n , ‘ Q o ‘ v . s . . . . e C . ‘ I , . . . . I r x u i 1 I‘ . . ‘ ‘ I s . - , , v . . o - s . ’ A ' 'r . . I . A ‘ k . . ‘ C 1 . I . v . s ' » u ‘5 . n ' ' ‘ \ . ‘ . . '- . I I 1‘ 0 - l L - . ' . . - . I. ‘ ‘ e . < k . . s v - ‘ . I ‘ ' \ I . v A p O I v , x ‘ ' . ‘ ' . _ ‘ ' l ' ' q . l . ‘ A ' ‘ . , :.' . s m i . I . I a . . . . -.¢ . l .,. 1 A | , ' D e u _\ ~ ' v 7 . ' . _ ' . ' s - ,, . l ' . . . ‘ n. . J“ v ' c 1 . . . ., . . ‘ . I ' . , , , . A . . . . O s '> \ ‘ . -, . I t o l I” Q. ' . ' I ' C ‘. . Is .‘ I l . ’ ~ ' U' I - . . . l ,- n . . - . . 3. ~ ‘ . ; ~ ‘ I _ . r - y b , ‘ s‘. . c 3 ,- - . . .- ..~ , - . ., . . . can— . .- O ._ -io ”9 Home Service, American Red Cross. -- Purpose and ggivtfig:vegggznszidifiispdgviggg ggmiay service p n . There were four families out of the 74 which had received assistance from the Home Service of the Red Cross. The comments concerning this agency were: ”Help you find your peOple in the war service;' “Take care of you until you hear from your husband;' "Get your relative home if some person of the family dies;'I ILends money to veterans;' "Help the boys get back to the Army or Navy;' "Gives blood;' 'Help get the soldier's body home if they die;' and 'Helped me get home.“ memunityNursery School, -- Purpose and Service: To provide day care for pre-school children of working mothers by furnishing environment and activities which will stimulate maximum physical, intellectual, social and.emotional development. Family Service Ageaiy provides a caseworker for intake interviews. There were seven families out of the 74 interviewed receiving assistance from the Community Nursery School. The comments on this agency were: “Keep children for working mother;' IPlays with children;' ”Nurse children.” Other agencies which increase the opportunity for youth to have well directed and character building recreation are: Boy Scouts. -- Purpose and Service: To promote the program of Cubbing, Scouting and EXploring for boys in the counties of Ingham, Eaton, and Clinton and the townships of Portland and Danby 201bid., p. 9. 211bid., p. 3. Allis.- ..III' I} II. II I . .9 50 in Ionia County. The organization provides character building and citizenship training for boys through the medium of activity programs. Leadership is by volunteers under supervision of committees appointed by the sponsoring agency which is usually a church, school or club. Super- vision is given further through a Commissioner's Staff and Training and Camping Committees. The Council directs summer camping activities at KiRoLiEx on Clear Lake in Jackson County and winter camping activities at Kiwanis, 4 miles east of Mason. 2 Four families out of the 74 interviewed participated in the.activities of the Boy Scouts. The comments made con- cerning this organization were: “Make good boys out of bad boys;' "Teach them to go camping;' I'Keep boys out of trouble.” Greater Lansing Girl Scout Council. -- Purpose and Service: A group work.agency serving approximately 3,000 girls with the purpose of developing the girl to be a better citizen in her home, community and country. Under the guidance of trained volunteer leadership, small groups of girls hold weekly meet- ings where they plan their own activities. Eleven fields of interests are covered by the Girl Scout program: agriculture, arts and crafts, community life, homemaking, nature, out-of-doors, sports and games, health and safety, music and dance, litera- ture and dramatics, and international:friendship. Three age groups are served: Brownie Scouts, from 7 to 9 years old; Intermediate Scouts 10 to 14; and Senior Scouts, over 14. Camp Deer Trails located on Long Lake near Harrison is operated every summer for eight weeks. Day camping and tESOP camping are provided at the Waccusta camp site. Eight families out of the 74 interviewed partidpated in the activities of the Girl Scouts. The comments about the organization were all of a complimentary nature such as: “Teach girls good manners,“ ”Learn my girls to cook and sew,‘ and “Have good clubs.‘ 221b1d.. p. 1. 231bid., p. 5. .. . b 4 ‘ . I . . ' ' ‘ ' ‘ I ' 4 . ’ D A ' f , ' . ‘ . I f I . . ‘ ‘ I . b ' I l . . . . . l i . 1 a ' I \ . _ t - > . ' > . . t k X . . I I ' I . 1‘ ' ' e . . O ‘ . . v . I. . ‘ - ’ ‘ . . v . ' v . k . . . . . « ,-- ' ‘ A v . ' I ‘ r t , . I = t v V . ' I . i “ ‘ . ‘ v I . . I . . . . u ‘ . . h , . . IV - 2 . 0 - e - . . _ - ) h v. I ‘ ’ . g ~ ‘ . - . _ . . I . O l . - I I. . ‘ - . _ ' t . O : I ’ I ‘ ‘ r f O . . V ‘ fl . ‘ . a ‘ - . ’ . , v 3 . . A . V . . , ‘ ’ I ' I '- : . '3 ~ . I . . I ' '* -— . r ‘ v ( t‘ ‘ . ‘ . I . I . ‘ . , _ v . . . . ~ 1 ‘ . . . . . I l h ‘ I. . ' . ‘ . . I ‘ ‘v‘ I , I ‘ ‘ ‘ . ~ . I b ' u ‘ . J . . I . , 0 ~ .- _ ‘ \.' ‘0 ’ _ . _ I; . . ‘0 ‘r ' I ’ v I ‘ . c I- V. . I ' ‘ I . . . _ ‘ - I l . h r A _4 s \‘ ‘ . . - . ~ - A ’ . ' C Q ' A. v . ~ . .; , - ‘ ‘ .. ’ j P , ‘ i \ '. ‘ - . U H. i : é . . ‘ ‘ . . ‘ - > . ' . ‘ . . . — .s. o . ,- ‘ . a . ‘ ' ' 3 '- ‘ U ' ‘ « ’ s w . . . _ ‘ ‘ . . H . r ’ I I I - . ‘ I ' . . , ‘ ‘ ’ , ' ‘ n ' I v . A _,v¢ 0‘ ., ‘- _ ‘ I r, ‘ - ’ s . ; ‘ v 51 Y,M,C.A. -- Purpose and Service: A characterb building organizaticn with a religious education, physical, social, recreational program for boys, co-eds, young men, men and family groups. The Association moved into a new building in January, 1951, completely equipped with two gymna- siums, Benny F. Davis swimming pool, three handball courts, one squash court, special exercise rooms, Health Service Department with masseur in charge. Food Service, grill and banquet meals, club rooms, craft shop, meeting rooms for community groups, 173 residence beds, five rooms with complete bath facilities, 20 rooms with washbowls, serving per- manent and transient guests. Organizations includes: Father.and.Son Indian Guide, Gra-Y, Junior Hi—Y, Senior Hi—Y, CoEd group, Mother's Club, Toastmaster's, Two Y's Men's Clubs, three Young Married Couples Groups, Chess Club, Contract Bridge Club, Clubs for boys out of school, basketball leagues for churches and Sunday schools, Family Night programs, Industrial Clubs for young men and supervisors. The Y.M.C.A. cperats Mystic Lake Y;M.C.A. Camp in Clare County, capacity 90 boys, a day-camp eight miles frga city, and a summer building recreational program. Of the 74 families interviewed three had participated in Y.M.C.A. activities. The comments about this group included: IMen can go and live;' “Men can join clubs,” and "They send boys to camps.” I;W,C.A. -- Purpose and Service: An organization with a Christian purpose which is basic to all of its programs and determines its convictions and actions. Its services and activities are open to girls and women of all racial, nationality, economic and religious backgrounds. Educational and recrea- tional programs for girls in school include "I” Teen Clubs and Town and Country Day Camp; for young adults, the Career Girls Club, Overseas Wives Club, and Ladies Day Out; for New Americans, classes, social life and personal. counselling. The Health.Education Depart- ment offers classes in keeping fit, swimming and the dance. Food service is available in the Pantry Monday through Friday from 11:00 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. Club rooms are available for social or business 2nIbid., p. 28. l ' . ‘. i I v . t " J ‘ . p ‘ . Q . -3 ’ 4 ' ‘ ,.- - - '~ I " ’ . . ,. . , . . . . o. " ... " y ‘ I. -- . '0 v a D . a ' ’ ' . ' f ‘ I . . ' , ' l l l .' - .. . A ’ . . A u . _.. . . . .- . a v , A . r n . . “ O A . I l .. , . 4 ' - . . . - a .— a O O ' o I . ~ . .. '. ‘ 0 * . o . -’ ~ ‘ . 0 . . . y . ‘ - , . - I . A b . o -‘ ~ . L O “-4 I ' ‘ 1 . ' 9 . . . . _ - . . . . ) . 6 . O . I \ O O I l | N ‘4 63 10. What do you like about living in Lansing? 11. Have your children been in any trouble since living here? 12. What do you dislike about living in Lansing? 13. Are you (or husband) regularly employed? 13a. Where do you (or husband) work? 13b. Can you tell me some more about (or husband's) Job? (What do they make or do there?) 13c. Does everybody doing this Job get the same pay? Yes ; No. . 13 d. If no how do you account for the differences? _ 13e. How long have you been working for this concern? 13f. What is your hourly pay? 133. What would you say your weekly income is? 13h. How did you get this Job? __ 131. Did you contact the State Employment Service? I“. Are there any other negroes working where you do? 1. Yes ; 2. No ; 3. Don't know ; h. Comments lbs. If so, do the people working there like them, ? How do these people feel about them? lub. Would you say that the negroes had: 1. Better Jobs than most other races 2. As good Jobs as anybody else 3. Generally poorer Jobs h. The poorest Jobs .l. 'l O V ‘ ‘ a 7 I _ - _ - . - a a . . . _... . . ' . V w x , ,.. .. . U. ' w . . C . ' fl‘ ‘ ' h ' - - 0 o i - ._ ,- V l I I v . ‘ \ .. v ‘ . . ‘ ' . . . , . . ‘ . . V I 5 . fl -- .r. , i , _ - . > 3 I - 4 e '— v ' ' ' t . - . ,,, - , v - .. . . - - t _. , .-. ‘ . h ' l ' ‘ . . ' ° C a , '1 ' I a . ~ ' . A v t , . ‘ 'l . ‘ ,. A . ‘_.. I . . . . . .4 i ’. ‘ . . I‘ a ' g . . . - . ___‘l. C . , . ~ .» 4 - . g 7,. . -v.. .r-p—a o—c . - u.--.- -7. . ‘ : . . l . Q * o . 3‘" s 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 6h What nationality would you say your immediate superior is? How about promotions in the plant? Do you think partiality is shown for other races? Is there any better work that you are qualified to do other than your present Job? I. Yes ; 2. No . 17a. If yes, what would it be? 17b. If yes, have you tried to get work in this line in Lansing? 1. Yes ; 2. No . If yes why didflt you get it?*g If no, why didn't you try? 17c. Do you feel you are doing a Job for which you are qualified? Comments 17d. Do you feel that you have been discriminated against on your Job? __ What kind of work did you do before coming to Lansing? How much did you make a week then? How much schooling have you completed? Highest grade____ 20a. Any vocational or occupational training? pp Is your present house adequate? #_ 1. Number of persons and number of rooms? 2. General condition? 2. Interior? . Exterior? 5. Rating? Do you own your home? . 22a. Buying? How is it financed? What is the rate of interest? . How much did you pay for it? . 22b. Do you plan any additions or changes to your home? 220. Renting? . How much is the rent? Week ' ; Month . .1 \o 65 23. 'We would like to know something about the organizations and the activities you are interested in outside work. Clubs, lodges, union, churches, veterans organizations. P.T.A.. etc. l 2 3 h 5 How often Where does What % of Large or Organizations does it it meet?‘ meetingsdo> small meet? you go to? group? 6 7 8 9 Are you or Are you or Has there Mixed Group? Organizations have you have you been dis- been an been a com- crimination officer? mittee mem- against yo ber? 2”. Outside these organizations how do you spend your free time? Summer: Winter: Spring: Fall: 25. Do you get together with other people to visit, have parties and things like that? Visit how many times per month? Parties how many times per month? 25a. How many relatives? How many friends? Are these peOple relatives or friends or both? I. r‘ 66 26. How did you get to know these friends? 27. Where do your friends live? 2 3 b 5 6 ‘ 1 Most Some None How Many? Where do they work? Neighborhood In other places in Lansing? Outside of Lansing? 28. Do you participate in many recreational activities as a family unit? Type: 29. Have you or your family had services from any of the Agencies? 29a. Health: a. Child guidance clinic. b. Adult mental health.___ c. Physical curative workshop. d. T. B. e. Others 29b. Family and Child Welfare: a. Family Service. b. American Red Cross, Home Service c. Catholic d. Community Nursery School. e. Courts. 29c. Recreation and Group Work: a. Girl Scouts. b. Boy Scouts.__ 0. Lincoln Center. d. Y.W.C.A. e. Y.M.C.A. f. Others. ll..- lllq'lllll A’lllllll! III] a ‘ v e o O y. — e . . . C . — e _ . ' a . i v. — . , . v . o . , . . ‘U - I u s . r , D . , _ c . . . . . O . u . - t . .. I o . . v . . u .v. . I. _ .An. 0 r . ~ N 4 . .n e c . | u n . . A _ O I. II?! 4 r . a _ I. , o a. . I s C c Q . . . . i v A I . . . . . . . o _ . _ A . J Illl‘lllllllfllltlll 67 29d. Public Welfare: a. AgDoC. b. OQAOAO c. A.B. d. General Assistance e. 0.41. S. I. 30. Have you had any other contacts with the Social Agencies while in Lansing? 31. What do you feel the Social Agencies should offer to you? 313. Health Services 31b. Family and Child Welfare Services__ 310. Recreation and Group Work Services 31d. Public Welfare Services Interviewer: Date of Interview: Time of Interview: Remarks about Interview: Address of Person interviewed: BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS Buell, Bradley, and Associates. Community Planning for Human Services. New York: Columbia University Press, 1952. Dillick, Sidney, Community Organization for Neighborhood Development - Pas; and Present. New York: William Morrow and 00.. 1953. Elliott, Mabel A. and Francis E. Merrill. Social Dis— organization. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950. Phelps, Harold A. Contemporary Social Problems. New‘York: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1938. Polk's Lgnsing (Ingham County, Michigan) City Director . XLVI. Detroit: R. L. Polk and Company, 1952-53 Rust, Justine. Home and PM Living. Chicago: J. B. Lippincott Company, 19 Smith, T. Lynn. The Sociology of Rural Life.L Revised ed. New York: Harper and Brothers, l9h7. Wilson, Gertrude and Gladys Ryland. Social Group Work Practice. Chicago: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1949. ARTICLES Brunner, Edmund DeS. ”Migration and Education,“ Teacher's College Record, Vol. #9, No. 2., November, 1957. Gaumnitz, Walter H. IEducating Migrant Children-- Some Proposed Solutions,I School Life, Vol. 29, No. 3.. December, l9h6. "Migrant Labor--Educational Aspects,“ School Life, Vol. 30, NO. ‘4', January, 1948. PUBLIC DOCUMENTS U. S. Bureau of the Census. 1250 Papulation Census. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1952. U. S. Bureau of the Census. 1250 United.§¢ates Census pg Popg- P lation: Michigan Dgtailed Characteristics. Report Washington: Government Printing Office, 1952. 68 69 U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Negroes in the United States: Their Employment and Economic” Status. Bulletin No. 119. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1952. REPORTS Sparkman, John J. "Two Years of Work by the Tolan Committee," Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work. New York: Columbia University Press, 1952, pp. 176-185. Migrants £3 Michigan. Compiled by The Governor's Study Comp mission on Migratory Labor with the assistance of The Inter-Agency Committee on Migratory Labor, September, 1954. ggAMPHLETs Beegle, J. Allen and J. F. Thaden. Population Chang_ in Michigan With_§pecial Reference to Rural-Urban Migration, lguo-gu. Special Bulletin 387, October, 1953. East Lansing: Michigan State College, Department of Sociology and AnthrOpology. Ingham County Council of Social Welfare. Social Service Resources 2; Iggham County, Michigan. Lansing, Michigan: A Red Feather Service of the United Community Chest, May, 19530 Michigan Social Welfare Commission Seventh Biennial Report, July, 1950 - June, 1952. Lansing Michigan: State of Michigan, Department of Social Welfare, December, 1952. The Annals - Child Welfare. Vol. XCVIII. Philadelphia: American Academy of Political and Social Science, November, 1921. UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL Beegle, Allen J. Revised questionnaire of Sociology and Anthropology Department, Michigan State College, East Lansing, Michigan. Brown, Ezell Richard. ”Some Social Correlates of Physical Movement: A Study of Migration.“ Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Sociology and AnthrOpology, Michigan State College, 1952. I x . ' 0 1 I C O . . ,. . . . . l - . . 4 ‘I .w I ‘ A - q . 2 9 . . .- , ‘ : _ . . . . . c . V V . . . ’ _ ‘ . ‘ . ’ ' . ; ‘ .0 $- .'I .. c I ' 6' o ‘ . - . . , _ i . . - v . ’ a, . ' I ». C K . . a u . l I . - . . ' o . . . . ' 0 0 ~ . ( ' . . . ‘ . . . . ., . . _ _ . . . .. ‘ I .- o ' . ‘ ... - . ... o C 0 ~ «C . 4 u .. e '. . '. » . . . . . , \. ~ ~ . g . . . ‘. . . ' . . ,. . I , ' ' M c . . . . n l . v . . .-.- ... , -.. .. .. ., ,.. _ ‘ _ I - . . z - . . , . ‘ ‘ .. .' c c w . 1 ‘ V .- . o a . n _ . - . ... . a .-. . . .. . - . . A . ' . o a . - .- . . . . . ' S _. .. g ' l '_f _ .0 : I. . '1 t ... o . O O . « ‘ . .- . » i > - o . . . - g , . . . .k . , . ‘ ‘ a . . . . ‘ ' ' ' - u » u . ':. . . - 7 ~ ‘ ' _. '. . " . g . _ . . l , ‘ ; ' , . ‘ I - h I’ I , o . _ _ , ,v‘ t . . f . r o I ' I . I . ~ I .'. o . w . .. . '_ . A . I \ \ 70 Real, Myrtle R. "A Study of the Lay Opinion on the Family Service and Other Social Work Agencies in the Jackson Area.” Unpublished Master's thesis, School of Social Work, Michigan State College, 1952. Study of ICity Tract of Lansing, Michigan" made by the Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Sociology and AnthrOpology Department, Michigan State College, East Lansing, Michigan, to be published in pamphlet form in June, 1955. PERSONAL INTERVIEWS Charles Stragier, Lansing Police Department, interviewed February 12, 1955. Thomas Handcot, a migrant from Arkansas, interviewed January 14, 1955. James P. Dendy, Director of Lansing Division of the Michigan Employment Security Commission, interviewed January 7. 1955. Henry Wade, Secretary of the Painters Division of the A. F. of L. Union, interviewed February 5, 1955. Frank Corser of U.A.W., C.I.O., Secretary, interviewed February 12, 1955. Miss Ruth Koehler, Chief Psychiatric Social Worker of Lansing Child Guidance Clinic, interviewed January 29, 1955. Mr. Morrison Ryder, Director of Lincoln Center, Lansing, Michigan, interviewed January 21, 1955. Illll”Nilll!llll”IWilllllllllmllllllllllllllllHHIHIHI 93008712154