E . I I I CONTRIBUTIONS TO A STUDY OF THE BUTTERFLY FAUNA OF INGRAM COUNTY, MICHIGAN. Thesis for the Degree of M. S. MICHIGAN STATE- COLLEGE Bruce V. Wilson 1943 c4 .- .n . .. . I . .. .. .0 . \ .u u. . v. f. . y - . 4K0 .. . .. a 0., .. . . .a . . .. 0 vii... ... . ~ , .3 .1 . .1! $.71}... _. .2...- 4..: u. 7.»... ..,.... .21: {.21 3.1.1:». :2. L 3.6 3mm“... wtsJuna flow“ :2 “LN.V¢5.P.§MH..W.3MH.WJ m... at : :L .. .WWFKnéflu ..n....\:1m... - hr§§.§x£. s...:.x.v-.-..u. - . . 2 .. a .1. m...- ; i.-n.&rfi -. If... .T.r.,...r..a.. 4; . , gent-343333. .- Mam-.mf-Mnxmq my»... arr-.Lx . n .. ..--. --..:I .. ,1 I»..- .I. . a .- .. 139‘}, . a .. ‘01.:H “I! \ .. - . . . . |.«u-:- Trh .a . . v .y .. I. .. - . . . . . u ug“. r Y-. VII-o- ..». I :. w . . . . .‘. .a . - . n . mun-I..- U .- ...» -. . ... ,. -- .-, .. J «- MIG-DJ s22w% DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE MSU Is An Affirmative Action/Equal Opponunlty Institution =3: M m m M W m m w. m m u a m m m m m A m "ILL-W1: I .7at-‘—-lI—f——m IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 31293 00989 9307 .14 m?!“ \ This is to certify that the thesis entitled "CONTRIBUTIONS TO A STUDY OF THE BUTTERFLY FAUNA OF presented by INGHAM COUNTY , MICHIGAN .n Bruce V. Wilson has been accepted towards fulfilment of the requirements for MASIEBL degree 12141111101110ch Major professor Date MAY 29TH, 19%- CONTRIBUTIONS TO A STUDY OF THE BUTTERFLY FAUNA 0F INGRAM COUNTY, MICHIGAN. by BRUCE V. WILSON (F'- A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate School of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Entomology 1943 1H i515 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to express sin- cere thanks to Professors Ray Hutson and E. I. McDaniel for their kind considera- tion and helpful criticism during the course of the work. Appreciation is also extended to the other members of the De- partment of Entomology Who helped in many ways. CONTENTS. IN TRODUCTI ON . BEARING PROJECT CHECK LI ST . FAMILY PAPILIONIDAE FAMILY PI ERI DAE FAMILY DAN AI DAE FAMILY SATYRI DAE FAMILY NYMPHALIDAE FAMILY LIBYTHEIDAE FAMILY LYCAEN I DAE SUEMARY AND CON CLUSIONS LITERATURE CITED ll 22 28 30 35 63 64 '72 74 _ 1 , INTRODUCTION. The primary objective in this study was to determine as far as possible the butterfly fauna of Ingham County, Michigan. The most recent work on.Michigan butterflies by Moore 05) lists the species taken in the state and gives county records for eachone. In his total of 124 species he included only eight from Ingham County, stating in his paper that the "most serious ommission is that of the rec- ords contained in the collection at Michigan State College". The writer investigated these records and found that the collection contained representatives of 46 Species, 59 of which were from Ingham County; The other seven Species have been taken here by the author, with the exception of Oth Eenisgga_tazggxniu§ (Fabr.). Many of these are repre— sented by several individuals, although no attempt has been made to include a series of eachi There is some valuable ma- terial in the form of eggs, blown larvae, empty chrysalids, etc., from eXperiments in rearing 20 species of butterflies. The writer did considerable field collecting in the summer months of 1941 and 1942. This ran from late June through early September, and was most intensive in July and August of 1942. Previous to that time the author had three years of intermittent personal collecting in the same area, and his records from this period of collecting are included. The college land, most of which lies to the south of the camp- us, was covered most thoroughly, This is under cultivation, -,2 - although it contains several rich woodlots of mixed decidu-I ouS trees, wet, marshy areas along the river, and weedy lanes and pastures. Collections were made in all of the various hab~ itats. In addition, excursions were made in all directions to areas within a ten-mile radius of the campus. In such places, however, the butterfly population was only sampled, as visits were infrequent. Of the 59 local species Which were found in the college collection, the writer subseOuently took 85, and added to the list 22 more Species, making a total list of 61 Species collected in Ingham County. Wherever pos- sible, representatives of those Species collected by the auth— or have been placed in the collection at Michigan State Col— lege. . Various lepidopterous larvae were reared in the summer of 1942. A discussion of this experiment will be found on page seven. All Of the butterflies secured by the author, as well as those four Species in the college collection which he did not collect, are listed with pertinent data in the section headed "Butterflies Collected in Ingham County“. The members of the HeSperiidae, however, have not been discussed, as the author is not familiar enough with them. The general plan was to group the material on each butterfly into several sections: adult, occurrence, immature stages, and records. Under the term "adult" will be found a brief description of the adult butterfly, with notes on sex differences when - 3 - present. The wing expanse is included in this description, and is the measurement from wing tip to wing tip of adult butterflies prOperly spread. Under "occurrence" is discuss- ed the abundance, habitat. preference, and habits of the Species. Under immature stages" the larva is described and the food plants are listed. Under "records“ the field dates for the adults are given, usually the earliest and latest dates. The checklist on page ten contains all of the butter— flies collected in Ingham County. In addition to these it also contains those Species which are of possible occurr— ence here. These were arrived at by a study of the ranges and records of the Species, as given by Moore (5), and Macy and Shepard (4). The nomenclature and sequence are from Macy and Shep— ard (4). The works of W, H. Edwards and S. H. Scudder have been consulted. They do not appear in.the list of literature cited, however, as they do not apply Specifically to the butterflies of this region. _ 4 - BEARING PROJECT. The rearing project was carried on in an insectary where the cages were placed on benches and screened from the sun by'a tropical vine, supplemented on the south side in very hot weather by canvas. Little, if any, direct sunlight is essential to the welfare of the caterpillars, but it is a good disinfectant and prevents excess moisture which encour- ages mold. cgfiC FOOD - Fresh food was provided daily, usually dry, though sometimes moistened. Twigs of the food plant were placed in small bottles of water, and the bottle-necks were stuffed tightly with wet Sphagnum moss to prevent drownings. Ordinarily such food would remain fresh.for several days, but it was impossible to keep some Species of plants longer than one day; Especial difficulty was experienced with walnut and sassafras, quantities of which had to be provided for larvae of the silkmoth family and the green-clouded swallowtail. The writer finally learned that if the walnut leaves were cut right at the bases of their long petioles, where-they are much thick- ened, thus exposing the most cambium, they would keep adequate- ly fresh for 24 hours. The sassafras was always wilted by the next day, however. This undoubtedly was the reason the Ergmgthea larvae never attained the size they attain in nature; the green clouds were probably smaller, too, although they gave many perfect, nonmal-sized butterflies. The hardened foliage of walnut and sassafras stayed fresh longer than new or young - 5 _ leaves: with sassafras the tip of the growing shoot was snipped off immediately, as the leaves there always wilted as soon as the twig was cut. On other foliage, however, new leaves kept as fresh as old matured leaves. CAGES — The cages were of various sorts, most of them being large lamp chimneys mounted in Plaster-of-Paris on crockery saucers or pots. The latter were used for earth- pupating forms, the pots being filled with sifted earth. Other cages were Riley cages as well as similar homemade cages of like design.but all of screen. Cleaning the cages was easily performed. Those made from.lamp chimneys that did not contain dirt were simply overturned and the frass emptied out, a long—handled brush'being handy in such oper— ations. Those containing earth could not be inverted, and presented more of a problem. One way was to brush the frass onto a piece of stiff cardboard and lift it out. A better idea would be to rear the larvae in earthless cages and then transfer them when mature to cages containing earth. It is quite easy to ascertain when they are mature, as they cease to feed, become very restless, and frequently turn color. The Riley cages had removable metal trays in the bottom, which.were easily cleaned. These cages contained the large colonies of larvae and had to be cleaned daily. FEEDING - Fresh food was added daily to the cages and, whenever possible, the larvae were allowed to crawl to it from the old food without being transferred by hand. Some- times the old food would not be disturbed for another day, _ 6 - giving the larvae ample time to change. If it was badly wilted, the particular leaves on which the larvae rested were picked off and placed on the fresh foliage, in leaf axils usually so that they would not fall to the floor. PUPATION - When the larvae matured, they pupated in their cages, usually on the foliage, sometimes on the top or sides of the container, or in the earth. Those Chrysal— ids which were Spun on the foliage were removed to separate cages, so that feeding operations would not disturb them. When the butterflies emerged, a cloth was moistened with chloroform and introduced into the cage, a board being placed over the tap of it. When the insect ceased struggl— ing it was removed to a cyanide Jar. In all cases, reared Specimens were kept separate from those collected as adults in the field. _ 7 - CHECK LIST OF INGRAM COUNTY BUTTERFLIES. MICHIGAN STATE AUTHOR'S OF POS— COLLEGE COLLEC— COLLEC- SIBLE TION. TION. OCCURR- ENCE. 23.91112 nhilsmz * Bennie aim * * 2.3321119 W * * Emilio slams. * * Emilia .trcilus * * Emilia mansllna * * chias W * * Zensns nesonia ‘ * Bhoshis ssnnas * Ema liaa * * .flaihalia 1912. * Zinnia amnesia: * * Tigris napi * Eiszis muss. * * Hanan platinum * * Enodia mulandia * .!§31§39.miinhsllii. * Mme» saunas. * fiamodss surmise * Emma alone * * Euptgieta Claudia * Ammonia Liana * W was * -.3- L ICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE COLLEC- TION . Aurfioa's COLLEC— TION. 0F POS— SIBLE OCCURR- ENCE. lusoauxLa anhzodiie. Brenthis mm W 12211993 Thuuuotnxasrxmuuuaal Ekfldduuwa hamzfisud. Phycioges motels liaisigdkai;tharcs .Eolxgnnia.Jazhsrrosaddsmds: * Polyggnia comma Esldusaxha;nresmu2 mama izalhm W13. mm mm m Esmussaa.aiadsuata. W W Vanessa 1531.121 Junomia my; _l :9- EICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE commmmL. axon. AUIHOR'S COLLEC— TION. or POS- OCCURR- ENCE. §izzm2n.iitus §£zxmcn.acadina §izxm2nisdwardaii Strmon falager Strymszn 1mm lasisaliaflaugusius. Incisalia Rim Esaiassa.tarnuiniua Lnuauauasnmu: Lisasaa.hellaidaa Lisasna.dezcaa W W Lycafing W Hemiargug 1591a Ezeasa.£2mxaiaa Plebius scudderii glaucenszchs.lxgdamua LGasnensis.nssudarsiclns. * Ernisidss.slanna. Thathss.baihxllua Thorxhsa,nzladsa ‘Ezraua commuaia Ehnlisara.na£d¥haa sznni§.icslua Erma; 3 2112.9. -,-10- PJCHIGAN STATE AUTHOR'S 01" P08— COLLEGE COLLEC— COLLEC- SIBLE TION . TION . OCCURR- ENCE. Ezmnis martian; * m M -x- Emaia E15125. *- Eazaaia W * * Emmi: beratina * W miner: * * Thymelicus linegla * Hesperia W * W W «- Polites W * * Bellies W * Bellies Lama * games necking * Bellies mails. * Wallengzggia 91119 * * W M91: * mg; W3. ‘ -x- MA to W * W m u a «x- Airxtnns. Logan * mm W * W $19.23. if e- 11 - BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN INGRAM COUNTY. PAPILIONIDAE THE SWALLOWTAILS. PAPLLIO PHILENOR L. 1 Pipe-Vine Swallowtail. ADULT: - The wings on the upper surface are uniformly black— ish with green reflections, which are heaviest on the hind wings. On the under surface the hind wings are deep green, with a submarginal row of seven large, orange Spots. Ex- panse: 109 mm. OCCURRENCE: - Macy (4, p. 43) writes of this Species: "In favored localities the Pipe-Vine Swallowtail is on the wing from early spring to late fall. There are two generations a year as far north as central New York, the butterflies flying first in May and June, then again in late August and Septemb— er." Moore (5, p. 4) reCords it from Washtenaw County, Michi- gan, "July - September,’' and from Wayne County in October. The writer has never seen it in nature. IlfllATURE STAGES: — The larva is blackish in color, marked with red dots along the sides. It bears long fleshy filaments at either end. In June, 1911, several larvae were found on birthwort (W tomatoes.) in the college botanical gardens. These larvae were reared and produced adults on July 8 and 5. In August of the same year more larvae were found, which produced butterflies on September 10 and 12. Three - 12 - adults; four Chrysalids, and one blown larva of this materi- al, are in the collection. RECORDS: - Apparently adult Specimens have never been taken on the wing in this county. ******* PAPILLO AJAX L. Parsnip or Black Swallowtail. ADELE: — The wings are black on the upper side, crossed by two rows of yellow Spots. Between these two rows on the hind wings is a band of blue scales, and at the anal angle is a black Spot partially ringed with orange. The pattern is re- peated on the under surface, but the light Spots are heavier and become orange on the hind wings. The females commonly have the inner row of yellow Spots incomplete, and also show more blue scaling m the hind wings. EXpanse: male, 76-85 mm.; female, 88-92 mm. OCCURRENCE: - Emilio am is a fairly common Species, although it occurs less frequently than any other swallowtail except 2. marcellus. Its flight is erratic and near the ground, and it frequents meadows and fields, but rarely wooded or park-lands. IMMATURE STAGES: -— The caterpillars feed on members of the Umbelliferae, and have been taken by the writer on wild and cultivated carrots, dill, and anise. When the larvae are half— grown or older, they may be found clinging to the vertical _ 13 - flower stems of their hosts. When on garden carrots, they are often visible from above, eSpecially the young larvae, which have conspicuous white saddles. Rows of dill are the easiest hunting grounds, as it is a favorite host, and the rows may be inSpected rapidly. The larvae are often unwittingly collected by gardeners when they pick their dill. Another way to collect them is to in— Spect plants of wild carrot where it lines country roads and lanes. The butterflies fly up and down them, depositing eggs on the plants growing alongside. For this reason, it is more profitable to hunt along roadways than to search at random in Open fields. The mature larva is bright green with a black band on each segment, enclosing six yellow spots. The species passes the winter as a chrysalis. RECORDS: - May 50 (1952) - September 14 (1927). *9|(~***** PAPILIO CRESPHONTES CRAMER Giant Swallowtail. AQQL_: — The Giant Swallowtail is black on the upper side, with a large V of yellow Spots across its wings, the base of the V'being at the base of the abdomen.and the arms extending to the apices of the fore wings. There is also a submarginal row of yellow spots, separated largely by the black veins. _ 14 - There is an orange lunule at the anal angle of the hind wings. The wings on the underside are largely yellow. In the hind ’wing the bases of cells M2 and M3 are orange, and there is a row of narrow blue lunules contained in,a black band crossing the center of the wing. EXpanse: 96-122 mm. OCCURRENCE: - This large butterfly is primarily a creature of open woodlands and low brushy pastures. It is a common in- sect with us, and may be collected from June to August. It has strong powers of flight, and may often be seen hovering about in the tops of trees. Along the banks of the Red Cedar River the writer has seen it fly over the tops of the fringe of trees rather than search for an opening in the foliage. The adult butterfly feeds abundantly on Joe-Pye weed, (Eupatorigm purpuzeum). In the garden, it is fond of zinnias, and will return often to a favorite patch of them. One butter- fly was seen to feed at twelve flowers on a single visit. IMMATURE STAGES: - The larva is "an elongated brown and white blotched object pinched in the middle and looking far more like bird lime than like a thing of life." (3, p. 58). The larvae feed on prickly ash (zanthgxngg) and hop tree (Ptelea trifgliata). They are found most abundantly on prick— ' ly'ash, but late in August of l942 they occurred on hep tree quite commonly. The thickets of the former shrub were then ragged, and many of the leaves were turning yellow, which may have caused the butterflies to oviposit on the hop trees. On August 50, however, a dozen larvae of all sizes were found on a healthy prickly ash bush growing in a damp woodlot. _ 15 _ The eggs are laid on the upper surfaces of the leaves and are amber yellow in color, turning darker before the larvae hatch. 0f seven eggs under observation on a garden hop tree in.l942, two hatched in the late afternoon of Aug- ust 24; one larva was discovered eating his way out of the shell, which he later consumed. These eggs were deposited by a female butterfly which frequently visited a nearby'zin- nia patch. For over a week new eggs were discovered almost daily, and the larvae they produced were observed until they were mature. By that time the hop trees were nearly defoliat- ed. Like other larvae of Eapilig, these caterpillars have white saddles when young. They spin.silk on the surfaces of the leaves, but do not build shelters for themselves. They feed at all hours, even at night, and have been found feeding on the exposed upper surfaces of leaves even in a steady rain. These particular larvae did not pupate on the twigs of their host plant, nor could they be found.on.nearby shrubbery. It is rather noteworthy that two half-grown larvae secur- ed from prickly ash were successfully transferred to hop tree without any trouble; they began eating the hop tree foliage immediately on being placed there. These caterpillars seem to have few enemies. They take no precautions to conceal themselves, as though they were un- palatable to birds, as indeed they must be, Judging from their vile odor. The writer has never found any parasitized larvae, and has never lost any larvae from any cause whatever. The chrysalids are dark brown and gray, and in captivity are Spun usually on the twigs of the host plant, the thorny - 16 - contours of prickly ash rendering them very inconspicuous. RECORDS° .. July 22 (1942) — August 25 (1942). ******* EAEILIQ.§LADQE§.TDBNE§.L- Eastern Tiger Swallowtail. ADULT: - The upper surface of the wings are straw yellow with wide black borders containing yellOW'SpOtS. 0n the hind wings this black border is overlaid with bright blue scales, especially in the females; in the males the blue is largely confined to the anal area. The fore wings are crossed by four black bands, only the first one of whiCh reaches the inner margin. This band also crosses the hind wing, passing through the discal cell. There is an orange lunule at the anal angle of the hind wing. The pattern is repeated on the under side. but the ground color is a much.paler yellow, and the light lunules in the black border of the hind wings are partially orange. The brown,:melanistic female form, E, glaucus glaucus (L.), occasionally occurs here. Expanse: 79-96 mm. OCCURRENCE} - The tiger swallowtail is a relatively abundant Species, being eSpecially common in spring, when it may be taken on §yringa, Eesperis, Anchgsa, and other flowers. It is a strong flier, often venturing across large fields and ascending high among the trees in groves and cpen woodlands. ._.17.. Individuals may.occasionally be seen fluttering about in high.branches, as though selecting sunny Spots where on to alight or lay their eggs. INKATQRE STAQES} — The larva is powdery green, with two yelloweringed eye-Spots on the thorax, and a transverse yellow line back of them. On August 25, 1942, four were found on a small Shrub of Ems gem, and later in the season a small colony of them was discovered on a sapling tulip tree. They match very closely the color of the leaves on which they rest. These larvae were found less frequently than the larvae of the giant, parsnip, and green clouded swallowtails due, perhaps, to their protective coloration. Since they feed on tulip trees, it.may be that the larvae oc- cur on the higher foliage of the trees, where the collector would not find them. (The other three swallowtails feed on shrubs or herbs). The colony of nine larvae on the small tulip tree were the product of a Single female butterfly which visited a large patch of zinnias nearby; By September 29, these nine larvae had with- stood two killing frosts on successive nights. Later, two of them died, two had.matured and left the tree, three were cone fined to pupate, and two half-grown ones remained. Those con- fined pupated on October 9, and did not produce butterflies un- til the following Spring. Before pupating, the larvae turned a sooty black in coloration. One Chrysalis was Spun on a leaf, and in nature would certainly have fallen to the ground when the leaf fell. This Species passes the winter as a chrysalis. -18.. ECORDS: _ May 2 (1942) — October a (1955). ******* PAPILLO TROlLUS L. Green—clouded Swallowtail. ADULT: — The upper surfaces of the wings of this Species are mainly'black, crossed by a Single submarginal row of Spots. These are nearly round and pale yellow on the fore wings, and crescent-Shaped and pale green on the hind wings. The hind wings above are crossed centrally by a powdery band of pale green or blue scales, which suffuse the outer half of the wings. There are orange Spots at the apical and anal angles. The pattern is repeated on.the under surface, except that there is a double row of Spots on both.wings, more or less incomplete on the fore wings, and orange instead of green on the hind wings. Cell M3 of the hind wing, however, does not contain an orange Spot, its absence being a very prominent character for the Species. The fore wings of the female, especially their outer halves, are a much.duller black than those of the male, which are deep jet. The fore wings of the female are sometimes nearly transluc- ent, so that the inner row of light Spots below Shows through. Expense: 75—82 mm. OCCURREN E: - This is a familiar butterfly of Open woodlands and the borders of woods. River valleys are excellent places to look for it, though it occurs also in uplands where its food plants - 19 - abound. Adults of the second brood appear about the last of July, and the insect then becomes most common. The adults may frequently be taken on wild bergamot and clover. The flight is leisurely and only a foot or two above the herbage. TMMATUEE STAGES: — The larva is green with light yellow eye— Spots on the enlarged third thoracic segment. The segments of the abdomen have blue, black—ringed dots; two on the first and six on each of the others. The larvae eat sassafras and spicebush. They are one of the easiest to search for and may be found in numbers. On a group of two to three foot seedling sassafras trees, that grew beneath a large parent tree on a river bank, 19 larvae were gathered on July 9, 1942. The larva has the habit of Spinning Silk on the surface of a leaf, drawing its margins together and forming a tube in which the larva Conceals itself. This leaf, eSpecially when inhabited by a large caterpillar, is seldom eat- en. When young, the larva often folds over the corner of a leaf, adjacent to an eaten Spot, probably being then unable to curl an entire leaf, and requiring besides only a small tube to house itself. The writer has never found the larvae feeding, and suspects that.this is done at night. The chrysalids were formed on the leaves and twigs of the host plants, and on the sides of the screen cage. They were mostly tan and light brown in color, though some were pale green. They are very smooth on the ventral surface, and bear a pair Of broadly divergent projections on the head. A promin- _ent carina runs laterally from the tips of the entire length of the Chrysalis, dividing sharply the dorsal and ventral areas. - 20 _ According to Comstock (3, p. 61) the Species is double— brooded and passes the winter as a chrysalis." However, all of the 19 unparasitized chrysalids in the author's experiment produced butterflies the same summer, emergence taking place from July 21 to August 18. The larvae, then, gathered in the period from June 29 to July 19, were members of the first brood. As the adults emerged from July 21 to August 21, the larvae of. the second brood ought to appear in August and September. None of these could be found. These larvae were quite badly parasitized by an ichneumonid, which emerged as an adult from round holes cut in the sterna of the chrysalids. The caterpillars, however, showed no signs of harboring the insects. Out of 25 chrysalids emerged 19 butter- flies and Six parasites. RQCOEDS: — July 28 (1942) — September 4 (1942). ******* PAPILIO LARCELUS CRAMER Zebra Swallowtail ADULT: — The wings of the zebra swallowtail are black on the upper surfaces, crossed by white or greenisheWhite bands. The hind wings have one or two red spots at the anal angle and long, white-edged or white tipped tails. On the under surface the markings reappear and the hind wings contain a red stripe through the center of the broad central black band which commences at the costal margin and reaches almost to the twin red Spots at the anal angle. The two cells below the tail each contain a - 21 _ blue lunule, and the black area is dusted with light green scales. The spring fonms have not been taken here. The adults from larvae reared by the author were individuals of the summer form lecontei, which differs from the two Spring forms by being larger and by having much longer tails, which are edged with white nearly to their bases. For distinctions be— tween the three forms see Clark (1, pps. 198—199). EXpanse: OCCURRENCE: - This butterfly is uncommon in the vicinity, probably due to the rarity of its food plant, the papaw. The imago has been seen on the wing Only three times by the author: June, 1940, July, 1942, and August 26, 1942. It seems to fly nearer the ground then others of its genus. Its flight is rap- id and at times quite direct. LMHATURE STAGES: — The larva is pea green, marked with yellow and black bands. In addition to papaw, they are reported to feed on Spicebush and upland huckleberry. On June 26, 1942, seven larvae were secured from a large patch of papaw on the north bank of the Grand River, in the southwest corner of section five, Delta Township. Evidences of larval feeding on the large entire leaves of papaw are very conspicuous. The caterpillars commence feeding at the margin of the leaf and cut large circles out of it. While resting or preparing to molt they often sit on the.midrib of the leaf, on the upper surface, where they are very conspicuous. The chrysal- _ 22 _ ids were formed in the folds of the leaves and on the sides of the Jar. Some were light brown, others green; there was no difference between the adults that emerged from them. Emergence of adults occurred on Julv 1'7, 18, 19, and 21, 1942. RECORDS: _ June (1940) — August 26 (1942). ******** PIERIDAE The Whites. Yellows, and Orange-Tips. CQLlAS CQYSOEEME (ESPER) Orange and Clouded Sulphurs. gang: — Austin H. Clark (2, p. 185) writes of this Species: "There is no. character or group of characters by which W and W may be distinguished ... philodice is only the northeastern form of W, and hybridization occurs at all points where the ranges of these two forms overlap ... Comparison between W and the EurOpean and Asiatic W fails to Show any features by which the two may be differentiated; eyrytheme and the forms associated with it Should therefore be regard- ed as forms of Colias W (Esper)." From a total of 46 different names, Clark lists five "significant" forms of which two, 99111: W W de. and 9911.21.91 chrysotheme philodice Godart, occur here. _ 23 .. An analysis of 41 of these butterflies, collected on October 5, 1942, follows: Sixteen were orange W, fifteen were yellow philgdice, and Six were albino females, probably of both forms. Four individuals, two males and two females, were intermittent in coloring, being yellow with a faint orange flush on the wings. The males of W ranged from Specimens with wings only flushed with orange to Specimens whose wings were a deep orange with violet re— flections; these latter, however, had the costal area of the front wing and the anal area of the hind wing quite yell- ow. The females of W differed by having the black. borders of the wings much wider, and enclosing isolated yell- ow Spots, completely on the front wings, and partially on the hind wings. One large female, whose wings expanded 56 mm. , had the hind wings heavily dusted with black. The forms of W exhibited the same differences be- tween the sexes. The males, however, had narrower black bor— ders to the wings, while two of the females had wings so black that the characteristic yellow Spots, contained in the borders of the front wings, were only represented by a few yellow Scales. Here, too, the females expanded more than the males. Among the albino females one Specimen is very melanistic. The black margin of the fore wings is extended inward between the costal margin and M3 clear to the black Spot at the end of the discal cell. The entire front wing, with the exception of cell 2A and the lower part of cell Cu2, is dusted with black Scales. The hind wings above bear no‘ black margin, only _ 24 .. traces of it, at the tips of the veins. Below, the disc of the fore wings is largely dull black, due to the great ex- tension basally of the antemarginal Spots, which leave the costal and anal area adjoining the bases of Cul and Cu2 quite white. The hind wings below have a dull reddish disc, becom- ing olive-green basally. All four wings are conspicuously edged with pink. It eXpands 41 mm. Expanse of Species: .— 41-60 mm. OCCURRENCE: — These two forms occur commonly in the county, philgdice outnumbering Meme in all seasons except possi— bly in the fall. They are butterflies of the sunshine, and are always to be found in clover and alfalfa fields. On hot days in midsummer the yellow clovers, W, may also be found about watering places and mud holes in old roads, where they collect in numbers on the damp earth. They are quite gregarious and even dead individuals on Spots where the but- terflies are drinking will attract others of their kind to the same Spot. In the fall both forms may be taken in great numbers on the wild white asters: In a large patch of these flowers the writer collected on October 5, 1942, 41 perfect Specimens in a short time, and no diminution in their numbers could be seen at all. The author noticed on that afternoon that whenever the sun went behind a cloud, these butterflies settled down on or near the ground. AS soon as the sun reap- peared, the butterflies became active immediately. IMMA URE S' AGES: - The larva is velvety—green with a lateral .. 25 .. whitish or pinkish stripe running the length of the body. The food plants are various clovers (W. RECORDS: - May 8 (1889) - October 11 (1941). ******** EUREKA LLSA (BOISDUVAL AND LE CONTE) Little Sulphur. ADULT: - The wings are lemon yellow on the upper surfaces, marked broadly with dark brown at the apices and more or less along the outer margins. The ~costal area of the fore wings is dusted with brown scales. On the under surfaces, the wings are a deeper yellow marked with brownish, the hind wings bear- ing a salmon-colored Spot near the apex. In most individuals, both pairs of wings are much rounded in outline. Expanse: 34 mm. OCBURRENCE: — Only one Specimen, a rather worn one, has been collected by the author. It was taken on October 11, 1941, on a calendula‘ blossom. lMMATUfiE STAGES: - The larva is green with a darker line down the dorsum and another light stripe down the sides. The food plant is wild senna. RECORDS: - October 11 (1941). ******** - 26 _ PIERIS PROTODICE BOISDUVAL AND LE CONTE Checkered White. ADULT: — The checkered white may be distinguished from the cabbage butterfly by the presence of a squarish black mark at the end of the discal cell on the upper surfaces of the fore wings. There is a variable number of black Spots beyond this; the males being much whiter than the females. The wings on the lower surfaces are marked along the veins with olive gray. Expanse: 45 mm. IMMATURE STAGES: — The larva is striped longitudinally with yellow and greenish.purp1e and dotted with black. It feeds on members of the Cruciferae. OCCURRENCE: — This butterfly "frequents open fields and dry hillsides, although it is occasionally met with.in swamps“ (4, p. 85.). RECORDS: - July 10 (1942) - September 12 (1940). ******* . £1§§L§.RAEAE LINNAEUS. Cabbage Butterfly. ADULT: - The upper surfaces of the wings of this common in- sect are white, dusted with gray scales basally and at the apices of the fore wings. There are two submarginal black Spots on the fore wings of the female, the lower one of which is absent in the male. Both sexes have a black spot at the _ 27 _ apex of the hind wing. Expanse: 44 mm. OCCURRENCE: - The butterfly is abundant in patches of cabbages and rape, and feeds in numbers in clover and alfalfa fields. It never rises more than several feet above the ground, but its flight is nervous and erratic. The adults may be gathered by the scores by visiting a patch of rape or cabbage early in the morning and picking them from their sleeping places. They rest beneath any low protecting foli— age, and may be easily discovered. URE GE : - The mature larvae are pea—green, with a pale yellow dorsal stripe and one Similarly colored down either side. They feed on cabbage, rape, broccoli, nasturti- um, and other crucifers. RECORDS: .. May 2 (1942) .. October 11 (1941). ******** £1E§;§_NAPL LINNAEUS. Mustard White. ADULT; - This Species has wings which are white on.the upper surface and faintly tinged with.yellowish beneath. The wings are usually unspotted, although the veins may be covered with gray scales, eSpecially basally. "Sometimes there is a dark Spot in cell MS of the fore wings" (Comstock, 5, p. 75). For notes on the forms 912149.44. 41.431.441.12. W. and the race virginiensis, see Macy (4, pps. 66-67.). - 23 _ OCCURRENCE: - This butterfly is said to be ”locally abund— ant in the northern forests," Macy (4, p. 67). Clark (1, p. 51,52), in Speaking of the "extirpation of one butterfly by another," says that "the disappearance of the native Whites (mi nap; W and 2. Wis) - weaker and less active butterflies than the EurOpean white, from much of the territory formerly inhabited by them in the Eastern.United States may have been due to the same cause,“ i.e., the per- secution of them by a."more powerful competitor," Pieris lggpgg. The writer has never taken it. There are two adults in the college collection. IMMATURE STAGE§:.— The larvae are "pea green and feed on wild and cultivated cruciferous plants ... The green chrys— alids somewhat resemble those of P, zapae in shape. There are at least two generations a year in Minnesota." (4, p. 67). RECORDS: .. July 20 (1897). ******* DANAIDAE The Royal Butterflies. DANAUS PngiPPUS (LINNAEUS) Monarch Butterfly. ADULT: — The wings of the monarch are orange-brown on the upper surfaces, with black veins and wide black outer margins - 29 - containing a double row of white Spots. There are several preapical dull orange Spots on the fore wings. On.the low- er surface the ground color of the fore wings is nearly as bright as it is above, but the hind wings are duller, being a soft buff. The male bears on vein Cu2 of the hind wings a conspicuous scent pouch, which distinguishes it from the female at a glance. Expanse: 97-117 mm. OCCURRENCE: - This familiar butterfly does not become very abundant until late summer, although a few individuals are nearly always present. The agits are fond of flowers, and frequent such wild plants as Joe-pye weed, milkweeds, clov- ¥ M'” ' “WUWW er, vervain, and goldenrod. In gardens they also frequent lfimr-4-—~‘-‘——-—"—-—---__. _ ‘ wl—uw—j ..-...4 blooms of cosmos, verbenas, and zinnias. The flight is lei- surely and sustained, characterized by much soaring. IMHATURE STAGES: - The mature larvae reach nearly two inches in length, and are a combination of black, white, and yellow, each segment being white with yellow borders and a black band through the center. The second thoracic segment and the . eighth abdominal one each bears a pair of long, wavy, black filaments, evidently sensory in function, as the caterpillars are continually waving them about. The face is black and: yellow, and the legs are black, ringed basally with.white.