BIOLOGKAL RESPONSES QF FERWILIZATIQN {N A LAKE AND STREAM That: for Hm Degree of M. S. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Loweii Edward Keup 1958 WW filmlfil'HmlflW HR M 1m: 9929419 BIOLOGICAL ESPONSES 0F FERTILIZATION IN A LAKE AND STREAM By mum um All ABSTRACT Submitted to the College of Agriculture of Michigan State University of.lgricu1ture and Applied Science in partisl fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Fisheries and Wildlife 1958 S r , f" . , Approved 1 \ 6/m L:(\ C\ LgcfiiL( ABSTRACT Hbffman lake, a hard water low production lake, was fertilized in 195#, 1955 and 1956. Previous authors observed some significant changes in the biology. Periphyton production increased during the three years. Plankton production may have increased in 1956. Bettom fauna studies failed to prove conclusive changes. Some species of fish increased in condition during the fertilization period. The year after fertilization, 1957. the condition of the fish returned to or below prefertilization values. The West Branch of the Sturgeon River carries nutrients out of Hoffman Lake. The fertilization produced periphyton responses in the river. Bottom fauna and fish production increases are doubtful. In 1957. fertilizer was added directly to the West Branch of the Sturgeon River for eight days. Bhosphorus was observed to be carried by the stream in an abnormal way. A period of delay was followed by a period of general stability. After the period of stability, rapid decreases in the stream's phosphorus content were observed. Periphyton responded with.an increase during the period of fertil— ization. Bbttom fauna changes were not observed. Beds of ghggg spp. con- tained considerable greater quantities of invertebrates than gravel riffles. The trout of the West Branch of the Sturgeon indicated differences in populations at the various stations sampled. This was not observed in l95h. Length-weight and body-scale length relationships are statistically different at the stations sampled. Mean length.at time of capture and calculated lengths indicate trends towards differences between the stations. BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF FERTILIZATION IN A LAKE AND STREAM By Lauren. sown mm A THESIS Submitted to the College of Agriculture of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Fisheries and Wildlife 1958 I’ze-vci? {7764/ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I extend appreciative gratitude to Dr. Robert C. Ball whose con- stant guidance was generously contributed to the study. I am also indebted to Dr. Frank P. Hooper for assistance in many phases of the project; Mr. David Correll who assisted in the gathering of field data and materials; Dr. Thomas I. Waters and the staff of the Pigeon River Trout Research Station: Dr. Phillip J. Clark and Dr. D. V. Hayne for their advise on statistical analyses; Dr. Gordon Guyer, Dr. R. V. Roelofs and Dr. P. I. Tack for their advise on biological problems; and to my parents for their constant encouragement. The long-term study has been financed by the Department of Fish- eries and Wildlife at Michigan State University. The Institute For Fish- eries Research of the Michigan Department of Conservation and the Agri- culture lxperiment Station of Michigan State University. My participation was made possible through a graduate research assistantship from the Michigan State University'Agriculture Experiment Station. TABIJE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ... ............................ . ........... . .......... 1 DESCRIPTION or THE STUDY AREA ..................................... b METEODS AND PROCEDURES ............................................ 12 Fertilization ................................................ 12 Physical and Chemical ....................... ...... ........... 15 Temperature .............. ...... ......................... 15 Stage ..................................... ...... ........ 15 Conductivity ...... ..... ................................. 15 Alkalinity .......................................;...... 18 Hardness ................................................ 18 Hydrogen Ion Concentration .............................. 18 Total Phosphorus ........................................ 18 Acid-Soluble Phosphorus ................................. 19 Ammonia ................................................. l9 Biological ................................................... 19 Periphyton .... ............. ........ ......... ............ 19 Bottom Fauna ............................................ 21 Fish .................................................... 26 RESULTS ........................................................... 28 Physical and Chemical ........................................ 28 Temperature ............................................. 28 Stage ......... 30 Hardness ................................................ 36 Hydrogen Ion Concentration .............................. 3? Phosphorus ... M iii Ammonia .................... .......... ......... .......... 5h Biological ................. ..... . ....... .......... ........... 5h Periphyton ...... ....... .............. ...... . ............ 5“ Bottom Fauna ............................................ 61 Fish ..........................t.......... ......... ...... 78 SUMMAM ....................................... .............. . ..... 133 APPENDIX ............................................. ........... .. 136 Multiple Range Tests ...................... ....... ....... 150 LITERATURE CITED...on eeeeeeee ooeeo eeeeeeeeeeeeeee 0000000000000... 159 iv 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. LIST OF TABLES PAGE Means and Ranges of Temperature (F0) Records on the West Branch of the Sturgeon River, 1957 .................... 29 Fluctuations in Stage of the West Branch of the Sturgeon River. 1957......C.............O0.0.0....00.......OOOO....O. 33 Total Hardness of the west Branch of the Sturgeon River, 195?; Expressed in Parts Per Million ................ 37 Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Expressed in pH. of the VGSt BranCh Of the Sturgeon River. 1957 0.000.000.0000000000 “0 Calculated Amounts of Phosphorus Added to the west Branch of the Sturgeon River, 1957 ......................... “4 Total and Acid-Soluble Concentrations of Phosphorus in the West Branch of the Sturgeon River, 1957, Expressed in Parts Per Billion ............................. b5 Two-Hay Analysis of Variance on Bottom Fauna Collected From Stations 3a. 6. 7. and 8 Queeooooooooooocoo-0000000..so 69 Bottom Fauna Collected from Chara-Beds, west Branch of the Sturgeon River, Station 7. 1957 ..................... 71 Comparisons of Total Volume of Organims Collected Per Square Foot in a Gravel “iffle and From Beds of Chara, at Station 7 00.0.00...0.00.0000000000000o000.000.000.000... 75 Five Percent 'Multiple Range Test“ on Means of Oligocheata swpled from Beds of Cmra ......OOOCOI.........O...00...... 76 A Covariance Analysis for Length-weight Regression Lines of the Common Sucker, 195h-57 .............................. 8h The Results of Covariance Analyses on In Length - 1n Weight Regression Lines for Common Suckers ........................ 85 Calculated Mean Heights and Lengths of Common Suckers from Hbffman lake 195“. 1955. 1956 and 1957 coo-00.000.000.000... 86 Calculated Total Lengths of beveral bpecies of Fish for Hoffman lake and Other Midwestern Areas .................... 87 A Covariance Analysis for Length-Weight Regression Lines Of Yellow PerCh. 1954-57 so...000.000.0000...coco-0000....no 91 The Results of Covariance Analyses on ln Length- in Weight Regression Lines for Yellow Perch .......................... 92 Y TABLE PAGE 17. Calculated hean Weights and Lengths of Yellow Perch from Hoffman lake, 195“. 1955. 1956 and 1957 .................... 93 18. .A Covariance Analysis for Length-Weight Regression Lines Of common buflish. 195“.57 O.......OOC..........COOOCCIO...C 96 19. The Results of Covariance Analyses on 1n Length - ln Weight Regression Lines for Common Sunfish ........................ 97 20. Calculated Mean weights and lengths of Common Sunfish from Hoffman lake 1954. 1955. 1956 and 1957 ..................... 98 21. A Covariance Analysis for the Length-Weight Regression Lines of Rock Bass. 195h-1957 .............................. 102 22. The Results of Covariance Analyses on In Length -ln Weight RegreSSion Lines for 11001: Base 00.000000000000000.000000..o0 103 23. Calculated Mean Lengths and Weights of Rock Bass from HOffman lake 195a. 1955. 1956 and 1957 0000000000000000o0000 lob 2h. A Covariance Analysis for the Length-Weight Regression Lines of largemouth Bass. l95h-57 .......................... 107 25. The Results of Covariance Analyses on In Length - 1n Weight Regression Lines for Largemouth Bass........................ 108 26. Calculated Mean Lengths and weights of Largemouth Bass from Haffman Lake 195“, 1955. 1956 and 1957 000000000000000000000 109 27. Mean Lengths and Standard Deviation of Trout Sampled from the West Branch of the Sturgeon River. 1957 ................ 116 28. Calculated Lengths at the last Complete Annulus for Age Classes I and II of Trout Sampled from the West Branch of thfi Sturgeon River. 1957 00.000000000000000.0000000000000000 117 29. A Covariance Analysis for Length-Weight Regression Lines 0f Brook *rout Sampled in the West Branch of the Sturgeon River. 1957 00............I...‘......C..........O........... 130 30. A Covariance Analysis for Length-Weight Regression Lines of Brown Trout Sampled in the west Branch of the Sturgeon River. 1957......0.........COOIC.........O.......I.....I.... 131 31. A Covariance.Analysis for Length-Weight Regression Lines of Rainbow Trout Sampled in the west Branch of the Sturgeon River. 1957 .....C....00......0............................. 132 APPENDIX A. .A Summary of Air and Water Temperatures and Degrees of cloudiness ......O......O 0......0. ....... .... ..... O ..... ... 137 vi Density of Extracted Phytopigments from Biweekly Shingles .. 1&0 Enumeration of Bottom Fauna Collected Per Square Foot Surber fimple ......C.OIO.........OCCOOCCOCOOOOCO0.000000... 1““ .A List of Organisms Found in Beds of Chara spp. in the West Branch of the Sturgeon River .......................... 108 vii FIGURE OR CHART II. III. IV. VI. VII. VIII. XII. XIII. XIV. XVI. LIST OF FIGURES AND CHARTS Map of the West Branch of the Sturgeon River Area. showing stations and major points of access ............... Photograph showing arrangement of the equipment used in fertilizing the Best Branch of the Sturgeon River ......... Photograph showing details of the filter used in apply- ing fertilizer to the West Branch of the Sturgeon diver ... Correction graph for determining the density of phyto- Pigments 0.000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 A photograph of a cedar shingle used for the collection Of periIRhJ'rton in the Stream 00.0000000000000000000000000000 ‘A portion of the diurnal temperature fluctuations of the West Branch of the Sturgeon River ......................... Fluctuations in stage about the mean of the West Branch Of the Sturgeon River, 1957000.0000000000000000900000000000 Fluctuations in total hardness of the West Branch of the Sturgeon River. 1957 ............. ..... .......... A.graph showing pH values for various stations on the West Branch of the Sturgeon River. 1957 ................... Results of Phosphorus analyses ......... ...... ............. Fluctuations in quantities of phosphorus added to the river and amounts of phosphorus detected at various stations during the period of fertilization ........................ Graph of grouped data showing general trends of the phosphorus content at various points downstream from fertilization ..................... Changes in standing crop of periphyton at various stations. .A summary of “F" and “Multiple Range Tests" showing which mean values are not significantly different ............... Results of bottom fauna sampling from Station 8 for the years 1951+. 1955. 1956 and 1957 ....... . The mean total volume of bottom fauna sampled at various Stations in 1957 00.0.00....00..........OOOOOOOOOOIIOOI.... Viii RAGE 1h 17 23 32 35 39 uz A6 50 52 57 59 65 68 FIGURE OR CHART XVII. XVIII. XIX. XXI. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. ,XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII. -PAGE Total volumes of invertebrate organisms sampled from bedSOfChara, at station7.00000000000000000000.000000000 76 Log-log transformations of length-weight relationships of common suckers sampled from Hoffman.lake. 195a, 1955, 1956and1957 0.0.0...0.0.000.00.00.00.000000.00.000.000... 83 Log-log transformations of lengthdweight relationships of Yellow perch sampled from Hoffman.Iake, 195“. 1955, 1956and1957 .0......OOOOOOOOOOCOCO00.000.000.00...0...... 89 Log-log transformations of length—weight relationships of comnon sunfish sampled from Hoffman Iake,.195h, 1955. 1956and1957-00000000 00000 00000000000000000000000000000000 91+ Log-log transformations of length-weight relationships of rock bass sampled in Hoffman Lake i95h, 1955, 1956 and19570.0.9.000.......OOOOIOOOOOOIOOOO0.0000000000000000 100 Log-log transformations of length-weight relationships of largemouth bass sampled from Hoffman Lake. 1954, 1955. 1956and1957 ......OOOOIOOOO0.0.00.0.0.0...00.000.00.00... 105 Body-scale length relationship of rainbow trout in the West Branch of the Sturgeon diver ......................... 118 Body-scale length relationship of brook trout in the West Branch of the Sturgeon River ......................... 120 Body-scale length relationship of brown trout in the West Branch of the Sturgeon River ......................... 122 Length-weight relationship of the brook trout in the West Branch of the Sturgeon River ......................... 12b Length-weight relationship of the brown trout in the West Branch of the Sturgeon River ......... ............... 126 Length-weight relationship of the rainbow trout in the West Branch of the Sturgeon River ......................... 128 ix INTRODUCTION Since man first realized the importance of fish to his culture he has undoubtedly been interested in increasing his source of fish in both a quantitative and qualitative aspect. For many centuries fish have seemed an important role in the socio-economic structures of var- ious societies. The earliest culture of fishes began in the Orient. manw'years before Christ. and in tine spread westward into Europe and thence onward into the New World. The English speaking world recognized that there were significant differences in.the fish populations soon after the Renaissance. Izaak Walton discussed these differences as early as 1676 in his classic 1119. W Anglen. Discussing trout. Walton mentions the difference in size and quality of the fish in several of the streams of Britain. Han soon attempted to improve his fishing and the fish. The major. ity of attempts were based on the following methods: (1) prepagation. (2) protection. (3) introduction and (1+) habitat alteration. Many times these procedures failed to produce the desired results. ‘With increasing demands on our natural resources by a rising pepulation it is necessary to improve the [reduction of our available renewable resources. Habitat alteration (stream.or lake improvement in fisheries manage- ment) is one of the techniques being developed in scientific management of our biological resources. Huchnwork has been done in the fields of physically'changing our aquatic habitats. Some of the techniques in- volve the fluctuation of water levels. building of dams and ponds. inn trcduction of shelter and alterations in the channels of streams. Another technique in attempting to increase the productivity of an area. is to add fertilizers to the habitat. This theory is based on the old adage that ”all flesh is grass". All animal life is directly or indirectly dependent on plants for its nutrition. By imreasing the amount of available plant nutrients one should imrease the production of plant life. A larger crOp of plant food may then support more animal life. Il'his technique of fertilization of aquatic areas is not raw; it has been used for mamr centuries in the Orient and for may decades in Europe. At first attempts were restricted to penis designed for food sources only. Discussions of this technique in carp ponds are presented by Snieszko (19M) and Coker (1954). In this hemisphere foundation work on sport fish ponds an! their fertilization was done by Swingle and Smith (1939). Swingle (19W). Ball and Tait (1952) and others. Fertilization of larger bodies of water is relatively new when compared to ponds; outstanding work has been done by Snith (19%). Ball (1950). Ball and Tanner (1951) and Nelson anti Ednondson (1955). Mac- iolek (1951+) provides an adequate review of the fertilization of lentic environments. In 1954 a project was established on Hoffman Lake. Charlevoix county. to determine the practicality of fertilization of a large. 120 acres. lake with a high calcium carbonate content. This lake was fertilized twice each Simmer for three consecutive summers (1954-56). The limno- logical changes were reported on by Alexander (1956). Anton (1957). and Plosila (1958). Immediate large changes were not observed in the fish populations of 110an Lake. It was thought that long term studies of the fish may indicate a significant charge. A portion of this thesis discusses the results of fish sanpling for the smer of 1957 in Hoff-an lake. The outlet of Hoffman Lake ferns the West Branch of the Sturgeon River. a trout stream of low productivity. This geographical situation allowed for studies of charges in the potamology of the stream due to the increased nutrients. This work was presented by Grzenda (1955) . Colby (1957) and Carr (11.3.). The experimntal fertilization of stream is nearly unknown. The author is familiar with only one published art- icle (Huntsman. 19%). The three {reviously mentioned studies on the West Branch of the Sturgeon River indicated very little change in the river. except for the illnediate vicinity of the lake's outlet. It was hypothesized that this was due to either the rapid uptake of the nutrients and/or the dilution by the larger volume flow downstream. A project was then established to determine wl'at affect the direct application of a quantity of fertilizer would have on the biology of a stream. This thesis presents a auxiliary of the biological changes result- ing from the direct application of inorganic fertilizer to a trout stream. Another Master's thesis is being presented by David Correll (11.3.) covering biochemical aspects of the stream's fertilization. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA The area of stuiy lies approximately forty miles South of Mich- igan's Mackinac Straits. Laboratory facilities were established at the Institute for Fisheries Research station on the Pigeon River. app‘ox- imately thirteen miles East of Vanderbilt. Otsego county. Hoffman Lake lies seven miles to the Nest of Vanderbilt in Charlevoix county (T.32N.. 3.101.. Sec. 26. 27. 3a and 35) (Fig. I). The lake has 120 acres of surface with a maximum depth of 22 feet and a mean depth of 10 feet. The lake is 3.330 feet by 2.600 feet. with a shoreline developnnt of 1.2. Previous year's data indicate that thermal and chemical stratifi- cation is of short duration. if it does occur. The water has approxi- mately 130 p.p.m. alkalinity and pH values in the range of 7.9 to 8.5 (Plosila. 1958). The lake basin is almost entirely covered with marl concretions and softer marl deposits. Plosila (0p. cit.) nentions a few shoreline deposits of sand art! fibrous peat. The general appearance of the lake is milky-blm. typical of a marl lake. The shoreline is marly surrounded by logs with heavy marl deposits covering them. The primary source of water for the lake is through mam springs. Springs also feed a small pond. which connects with the lake «1 the west en! via a small creek. Sm‘face water contributions are probably of little importance because of the small watershed. Plankton consists primarily of CyanOphyta and Chrysapmrta. Plosila (19148) recorded the presence of four genera of Chlorophyta fol- lcwmg his fertilization treatment. compared to but one genera prior to treatment. The unfertilized complex of blue-green algae am diatoms Figure I. Map of the West Branch of the Sturgeon River Area. showing stations and major points of access. WEST BRANCH STURGEON RIVER AREA r--——1 1 MILE new l. l ‘ . It 0 STATION 7 a ...—4'”\ ‘L FERTILIZER - ‘v-J" ,. " ® ADDED Z: 6) I8 I? 4 PRIMARY g (A ROAD .0 \ >_ 0 ” l 23 """""""‘ SECONDARY ‘__ IS 20 ‘ ROAD z 3'2 \ o 4 6 0 2 so 29 0' I33N 8 @- LIJ .. X QSI rn- ) 5‘ EL“ Icueeov GAN COUNTY - v > n t", 6 05 2 ‘2‘ -—.’__*_— THUMB LAKE, RD. __ ' u I - N W’ | V g 18 | ‘Q‘ l3 l ' '7 I8 I5 '4 lo __ _"_ _MLELQL&L" r‘k «9 24”“, I9 20 a) 23 I :3 TO meson RIVER 9 l p1 as as 5‘9; 29 2' 2" VANDERBILT e .. ...!2/ "mp. sameness so... - H OFFMAN L AKE l I l 7(5 or is typical of low production. hard-water lakes (Prescott. 1951). The higher aquatic plants are dominated by bulrushes (Scirpus spp.). A limited distribution of white water lilies (wheeze spp.) dominates the vegetation of the Western shoreline. Other vegetation is very scarce and consists of scattered plants of Potamggeton spp. and small status of (M spp. The dominate fishes are four species of game fish and one rough fish as follows: largemouth bass metastases was: rock bass Aahianliiaa magma common sunfish m gibbosgg yellow perch MW comon sucker Einsteins. was; Roelofs (1941) listed the other fishes present as mimic shiner (3191:3221; Muslim). creek chub (W Wise). common shimr (.112- mlzii amiss) . Iowa darter (mashing. gains) - bluntnose ninnw (WW and the log perch (WW- The lake is marginal trout water. Two brook trout. W W. were captured in 1951+ (Alexander. 1956). Alexander also discusses the history of unsuccessful attempts to introduce montana grayling. 1131- M W; rainbow trout. m W; and brook trout. The dominant bottom fauna consists of Ephemeridae. Tendipedidae. Odonata. Sialidae. Amphipoda an! Oligochaeta. The mean number of org- anisms was 132.6 per square foot. with a volume of 0.31 milliliters per square foot in 1956 (Plosila. 1958). The West Branch of the Sturgeon River arises at the Northeast corner of the lake and flows through its narrow valley to Join the . Sturgeon River near Wolverine. Cheboygan county. Grzenda (1955) estimated the watershed to cover fom‘teen square miles. The soils of the watershed are podzolic and developed from.limy glacial drift. (whiteside. Schneider and Cook. 1956). The topography is steep and rol- ling glacial morainic. The majority of the area is covered with second growth maple and poplar. The upper reaches of the stream has a narrow border of confierous swamp. primarily cedar. The watershed has a few small dairy farms which provide the rela- tively small amount of cleared land. Much of the cleared land lies fallow and some has recently been incorporated into tree farms. There are several private summer homes located on Hoffman Lake and a few cot- tages scattered along the valley. In the vicinity of 0.3. highway 27. a few motels and resorts have been.developed. A total of eleven sampling stations has been established along the stream. These stations have been used intermittently in the past four years. Each station will be briefly discussed. m 1. This station is in essence the outlet of Hoffman Lake. The water is briefly impounded behind a road fill and passes through twin culverts to form.the lotic environment of the stream. The stream is approximately three feet wide at this point and still exhibits char- acteristics of the lake. The bottom is primarily marl depositions. This station was abandoned in 1957. $131193 1,. A small tributary that arises from a cluster of small springs and joins the main stream a short distance from.Station 2. This station.exhibits very cold ground water. The area was used as a control during the years 1954. 1955 and 1956; and was abandoned in 1957. m 2. Located at a small bridge appoximately one mile below the lake. The stream has gained considerable volume from.ground water at this point. The bottom is primarily silt and sand. The river supports brook trout here and has been used for fish sampling for the four years research has been carried on. M99 3,. Located about one-fourth mile due West of the Charle- voix-Otsego county line. The river here is broad and shallow with a heavy silt bottom. This area was at one time the backwater for a now inactive beaver dam. The area supported large quantities of water cress. W W: and some rafts of filamentous algae in August of 1957. Many minnows were observed from the bridge here. The station was abandoned in 1957. m 31- Located at the crossing of the stream by the Charlevoix- Otsego county line road. The stream meanders through dense cedar swamps and in places exhibits a tendency to become morphologically a braided stream. The bottom is made up of gravel interrupted with small expanses of silt and sand. Portions of this area are interlaced with fallen trees. Where logs are in the water. marl deposits are comon. Brook trout were readily observed here. This station was established for all types of sampling. except fish. for the summer of 1957. Stream improvement devices are first observed here in the form of an anchored log. These devices increase in number and complexity as one proceeds downstream. M129 3. Located where the stream crosses McGregor Road in Otsego county. The stream is cut down in its valley here and is surroun- ded by dense swamp. The bottom is coarse gravels. This area has brook trout along with a few rainbow trout. This station was not used in 1957. m 5. Located at the crossing of Thumb Lake Road in Otsego county. The stream here is also surrounded by dense swamp. This station was used for fish unpling in 19514. 1955 and 1956 but was abandoned in 1957. Fishes present are brook. brown (M 132311;) and rainbow trout. 10 sgtign 6. The first station in Cheboygan county. This is locally refered to as the Shingle Mill Bridge ani lies approximately seven miles below Hoffman Lake. At this point the river has become considerably larger in both width and volume flow. The volume flow is estimated at thirty cubic feet per second. A small tributary enters a short dis- tance upstream from this point. The river is relatively open an! bor- dered by only a narrow band of swamp. This station was used for all types of sampling in the summer of 1957. The bottom is composed of gravels and sards with some silt behind streamdeflectors. Small patches of m spp. and My; spp. constitute the higher aquatic vegetation present. The imnediate vicinity of the bridge has many logs lying in the stream. Fishes present are brook. brown/tardftiow Approximately one-fourth mile upstream from this station the fertilizer treatment was begun. m 2. Located at a wooden bridge crossing the stream in section 16. T.33N.,R.3d.. The stream here flows through an area with poplar covered banks and adds to its volume with numerous small springs along its banks and a small tributary stream. The bottom is composed of gravels with some marl conglomerates. Within the stream. bars have developed from sand and organic detritus. On these bars heavy beds of m spp. grow. Other plants present are small stands of W spp. an} limited numbers of W spp. Fishes present here consist of brook. brown and rainbow trout. This station was used for all types of sampling. except fish. in 1957. m 5,. Located approximately nine miles from the lake. A moderate sized tributary. Fulmer Crrek. enters the stream here. The stream is quite open and banked with paplar trees. The bottom is com- posed of gravels. flanked with narrow strips of silt supporting ghazg spp. and Bangngglus spp.. This station has been used continuously for the past four years. Fishes present are primarily brown and rainbow trout. Brook trout are present but not common. ‘§§§§193H2. A newly established station in 1957. It is located at the crossing of U. S. Highway 27. The stream.and its banks are rela- tively open here due to some light farming. cottages and a roadside park. This station was used for water samples only. for a short period before and during the application of fertilizer. METHODS AND BIOCEDURES Fertilization In previous years fertilization of Hoffiuan Lake was accanplished by pouring the fertilizer into shallow water from the stern of an out- board powered boat. Two applications were made each simmer within a short period in late July and early August. The following quantities were added for each summer (Plosila. 1958): Year Pourxis Analys is ( N-K-P) 195“ 5.900 10-10.10 1955 10.000 12-12-12 1956 M960 12-12-12 In tie summer of 1957. the fertilizer was added directly to the stream. Four hundred (400) pounds of diamonium phosphate (Amnitm orthophosphate. mono-H; (NHQZHPOu) was used in the treatment. The analysis of this fertilizer is 21-0-53 (N-K-P). The fertilizer is highly soluble in water. The fertilizer was added at a calculated rate to increase the stream's phosphorus content to 85 parts per billion; from August 8 to August 17. The fertilizer was preweighted and transported to the point of application in polyethylene bags (11.1} pounds per bag). Each bag was emptied into a large tub and thoroughly mixed with ten gallons of strained river water. This solution was poured into one of two barrels. One barrel. 55 gallons. was placed in an upright position with its top knocked out. Another barrel. apxroximately 35 gallons. was placed on its side and held in position by a sawhorse (Fig. 11). The two barrels were connected together with a siphon of copper tubing. Two barrels were used to minimize the difference in head. thereby providing 13 Figure II. Photograph showing arrangement of the equipment used in fertilizing the West Branch of the Sturgeon River. 15 for a more uniform output of fertilizer. A polyetl'wlene tube was then used to siphon the solution from the horizontal barrel to near stream level. This siphon was attached to a filter made of copper tubing and a quart jar (Fig. III). A nozzle was joined to the filter. This nozzle was prepared by heating a piece of polyethylene tubing and drawing it out to a fine diameter. By clipping this nozzle. short distances at a time. the flow of the jet into the stream was calibrated. It was necessary to provide a packing in the filter. whichwas originally designed as a sediment trap. Colloidal particles. larger precipitates and particles from the barrel. were found to plug the required small Jet. Glass wool was tried but was found to trap the very small particles and stop the flow. Sacks of fiberglass cloth attached to the inlet and outlet of the filter provided the best answer to this problem. Additions of loosely packed fiberglass cloth in the jar func- tioned as baffles providing eddies to allow the settling out of the finer particles. Physical and Chemical 1W. Temperatures were recorded for both air and water with a Taylor Pocket thermometer. The degree of overcast was recorded at the time temperatures were taken. These data were taken at times of convenience. gage. Stage was recorded from a strip of U.S.G.S. river stage measuring scale. This was fastened to the bridge at Station 7. W. Conductivity was determined with a portable conduc- tivity cell- wheatstons bridge apparatus as described in Standard Methods 16 Figure III. Photograph showing details of the filter used in applying fertilizer to the West Branch of the Sturgeon River. l8 (A.P.H.A.. 1955). Mechanical difficulties made readings at critical periods impossible and may have invalidated some of the remaining data; thus the results of conductivity will be disregarded. W. Total alkalinity was determined by titrating the water sample with N/ 50 sulfuric acid as described by Welch (1948). Determin- ations of alkalinity in the early phases of the project. indicated that alkalinity values corresponded very closely with values for total hard- ness. Following are comparisons of values obtained for June 27. 1957: Total Total alkalinity hardness Station pe pom. pope me Be 190 192 6 190 188 7 191 190 8 189 188 These rames are within the accuracy of the test for alkalinity (A.P.H. A.. 1955); thus the determination of alkalinity was discontinued early in the project in favor of the more rapid hardness test. gem. Total hardness was determined by the Bach modifications of the compleximetric or EDTA titration method as outlined in Standard Methods (A.P.H.A91955).l° Hflrogen Ion Comentration. Hydrogen ion comentration (pH) was determined with a line-Operated Beckman pH meter. W. Total phosphorus was determined by a slight modification of the method outlined by Ellis. Westfall am! Ellis (1916). The modification consisted of neutralizing equal portions of the digested unple with concentrated sodium hydroxide prior to the addition of the acidified ammonium molybdate reagent. Phenolphthalein indicator is used as the end point for neutrality in one of the subsamples. an equal quan- rThe particular reagents used were MonoVer aE‘TitraVer. trade.“ names of the Bach Chemical Company; Ames. Iowa. 19 tity of the sodium hydroxide is then added to the other subsample. on 'which the Ellis. et. a1. procedure is carried on. It is believed that this procedure. before proceeding into the colorimetric phase of deter- mination. stabilizes the determinations by starting them from a uniform pH. Colorimetric determinations were made on a Klett-Summerson color- imeter. A§1Q;§glgglggfih9§phggg§. Acid-soluble phosphorus was determined by using a fifty milliliter sample and proceeding directly into the "method" outlined by Ellis. et. al. (op. cit.). Digestion of the sample is not used. It is believed that this method determines the inorgan— ically combined phosphorus. Some organic phosphorus may be detected this way. but it is believed that most of the phosphorus tied up in organisms and organic detritus is not measured with this technique. Ammgnia. Ammonia determinations were made by direct Nezzlerization as outlined by Ddbie and.Hoyle (1956). The apparent low ammonia values of the‘west Branch of the Sturgeon.River did not raise the colorimetric values into the sensitive range. One determination shortly after fert- ilization indicated ammonia nitrogen in the order of 0.] part per million at Station 6. Subsequent tests failed to disclose the presence of ammp onia nitrogen. Biological [Egziphztgg. Periphyton is that assemblage of organisms that grows attached to or on a substrate without entering into the substrate. There is confusion in the literature as to the exact term to be applied to this complex. Etymologically. periphyton means around or about plants. The meaning. as used in recent literature. has been construed beyond 20 that of just plants to include all immobile substrates. European liter- ature prefers the termwagggggh§.as used by Ruttner (1953). A history of terminology and techniques of measurement has been presented by Newcombe (1950). In this discussion periphyton includes all forms of benthic algae and invertebrates. Many types of substrates have been used for the measurement of periphyton. Some of these substrates are stones (Gumtow. 1955). glass slides (Patrick. 1949). cinder bricks (Grzenda. 1955). plastic slides (Brehmer. 1958) and cedar shingles (Grzenda. op. cit.). Methods of enumeration vary. Actual counts have been made by Young (1945). Weights have been used by Newcombe (1950). Harvey (1934) devised a method and standard for the extraction of plant pigments; by using alcohol as a solute. In this method the organ- isms are filtered out of the water and placed in alcohol. The pigments extracted by the alcohol are measured colorimetrically for their density. The density reading is conderted to compare with that of an artificial standard. the "Harvey unit“. One ”Harvey unit" consists of 25 mg. of potassium chromate and 430 mg. of nickel sulphate per liter of*water. Further refinements of this method included the addition of a red filter in the calorimeter to remove the interferences of noneplant pigments (Manning and Juday. 1941). The advantages of this system.is the rapidity at which an index determination can be made (Tucker. 1919). Recent unpubliShed work by Morris Brehmer and Alfred Grzenda indicates that these values hold true to approximately one hundred "Klett units".2 Above this value the detenminations are drastically reduced as higher pigment concentrations are reached. Through the courtesy of Mr. Brehmer 2 A unit of optica1.density'on.the Klett—Summerson Colorineter. 21 and Mr. Grzenda a correction graph was provided to redetermine values in this higher range (Fig. Iv) .3 Periphyton determinations on the West Branch of the Sturgeon River were made by attaching a cedar shingle. three by twelve inches. to sub- merged logs in the stream (Fig. V). These shingles and their associated periphy'ton assemblages were removed after a two week period and replaced by another shingle in an identical position. The removed shingles were placed in polyethylene bags and transported to the laboratory. In the laboratory. the shingles were brushed and washed off in a pan. This mixture was poured into a Buchner flannel and filtered with the aid of filter flasks and a vacuun pmp. The filter paper and organisms were removed and placed in a one ounce bottle. Ninety-five percent etlwl alcohol was added to the bottle. The bottles were then stored in darkness until completion of the field work. The pigment solutions were again filtered and made up to a uniform fifty milliliters with additional alcohol. This filtered solution was then read on a Klett-Summerson calorimeter and corrections determined by the method outlined above. W. Ten bottom fauna samples were collected from Stations 3a. 6. 7 and 8. These samples were obtained from gravelly riffle areas on a weekly basis. The samples were taken with a square-foot Surber sampler. A cross-stream transect was used to determine the position of the sample and ten samples were collected across this transect. The following week the transect was moved a couple of feet upstream to mini- mize the effects of the previous weeks sampling. The samples were preserved with formalin in pint jars. The samples 3 For examples of original "Klett unit" readings. "Harvey units" and corrected klett units see Appendix (Table B). 22 Figure IV. Correction graph for determining the density of phyto- pigments (Klett-Summerson colorimeter). (From unpublished data of Harris Brehmer ani Alfred Grzenda) . 2000 , l500 l EXTRAPOLATED LINE F0 R [000 SOLUTION OBEYING 900 LAMBERT - BEER LAW 000 7 00 800 500 IIIIII 400 I 300 \ zoo — EXPERIMENTAL CURVE FOR 95% ALCOHOL PHYTOPICNENT EXTRACT KLETT—SUMNERSON AND CORRECTED KLEET UNITS Ioo— , i” I J I l I / 0 o 20 40 so so I00 200 RELATIVE CONCENTRATION 24 Figure V. A photograph of a cedar shingle used for the collection of periphyton in the stream. 26 were picked at a latter date through the facilities of the Irmtitute for Fisheries Research. A saturated sugar solution was used to bow up the organisms which are picked from the surface. with a fine-mesh wire scoop. The preserved specimens were then counted and volumes determined by waterdisplacement with ten milliliter graduated centrifuge tubes and a ten milliliter burette. Bottom fauna samples were also obtained from beds of 93m spp. at Station 7. A slight modification of the Wilding-type sampler (A.P.H. A.. 1955) was used. This sampler had a diameter of twelve inches (an area of 113 square inches). This sampler was forced into the bottom. The water. aquatic vegetation and bottom material. to a depth of approx- imately two inches. were dipped out of the sampler and washed in a thirty-mesh bottom screen. These samples were picked immediately and stored in alcohol. The samples were sorted and volumes determined with a ten milliliter graduated centrifuge tube and a ten milliliter burette. fish. Five species of fish were sampled in Hoffman Lake. These fish were procured with triangular wire-mesh traps. Weights and total lengths were taken in grams and millimeters (lengths were converted to inches via a conversion table to correspond with previous years data). Scale samples were taken. The right pectoral fin was clipped on each fish scale-sampled to avoid duplication of data. Scale samples were embossed on pieces of acetate with the aid of a pressure-roller system as described by finit‘n (1951+). The scale impres- sion was used in a micro-projector to determine age and distance between annuli. The lengths of annuli were recorded on ruled scale cards. The length-weight relationships were determined by a modification of a formulae by Lagler (1952). This modification is as follows: é 1nL Where: In A = Y-axis intercept of the regression line n I slope of the line 1n W = natm°al logarithm of the weight 1n L I natural logarithm of the length N = number of specimens This results in the equation for the exponential curve; 1nd 2 lnA + NlnL. Body-scale relationships were assumed to have a zero intercept. as in previous years (Plosila. 1958). Thus direct proportion methods were used to determine the fishes length at a given annulus. A nomograph and the ruled scale cards were used to determine these lengths. Fish in the West Branch of the Sturgeon River were sampled with a 220 volt direct-current shocker as described in Rounsefell ard Everhart (1953). Methods used were essentially the same as those outlimd for the Hoffman Lake fish. Body length-scale length relationships were determined by tin following fornilae: bljee- zsL_):Z_ N n: $45332) 55 Where: Y-axis intercept of the regression line slope of the regression lira total length of the fish Anterior scale radius nmber of specimens ZM'Qfic‘ "I'll” This results in the equation; F = b o :6. The calculated lemths at a annulus were determined by this formulae. RESULTS Phys ical and Chem is al W. Temperature is a relative complex factor in a river. In lakes the temperature is reasonably stable on a diurnal basis. The immediate surface may exhibit major temperature changes from day to night but on the whole the epilimnion and other stratified layers show slow, long-term fluctuations. In tie stream the complete water mass is renewed in a matter of few hours. The West Branch of the Sturgeon River contains mostly ground water. Within a few hours after sunset the solar warmed water is discharged ard replaced. This imoming ground water has a stable temperature in the high forties. The next day the water mass is rewarmed again. The degree of rewarming depends primarily on how open the stream is above the area concerned and how intense the solar radiation. The effect of temperature changes on the biota of the stream may be only hypothesized. The Q10 law states that biochemical reactions are approximately doubled for every ten degree rise in temperature. From this one may conclude that a ten degree rise in temperatm'e will double the meta- bolic rates of the plants and thereby approximately double the rate of production. Strickland (1958) presents a short discussion on the influence of temperature on productivity. Some of the things that must be taken into account in evaluating temperatures are species involved. temperature ranges in which the temperature change is taking place. availability of nutrients and other ecological factors. such as inten— sity of illumination. Lotka (1956) quotes G. W. Martin as stating that lower temperatures 29 may actually increase production. This is based on the increased sol- ubility of carbon dioxide in cooler water. Carbon dioxide is one of the primary building blocks in sugar and starch production. This reasoning probably has little application to the production rate of the flora of the West Branch of the Sturgeon River since it has been shown that the majority of aquatic plants can secure adequate quantities of carbon dioxide from the half-bound carbonates (Welsh. 1952) which are in.exeess in the river water. Data were collected for the summer of 1957 on the‘Hest Branch of the Sturgeon River which indicate that there probably is a greater seasonal.f1uctuation in the temperatures of the river than previously expected. The mean of the temperatures recorded indicates that there is a negligible difference between stations (table 1). Carr (H.S.) found that in 1956 there was a strong tendency for the stream to be- come cooler as one proceeds downstream. The 1957 data fails to bear this out.“ Table l MEANS AND RANGES or TEMPERATURE (17°) memos ON THE WEST BRANCH or THE meson RIVER. 1957. Air ‘Water Station W R 3a 65.9 5h-77 57.8 u9-67 6 68.2 58-83 55.3 50-60 8 66.6 59-86 56.3 “9-65 9 65.4 60-77 5“.1 49-59 The diurnal fluctuations were found to excede those expected. it was believed that the large proportion of ground-water in the stream's l‘F'or a summary of records of teMperatures recorded. see appendix. Table A. . 30 volume would stabilize the temperature. At each station, proceeding downstream, the volume flow increases due to the addition of ground- ‘water. It was expected that this continual addition would provide for very little fluctuation. On July 17 a series of approximately hourly temperature readings were taken at Station 7. These indicate that the stream temperature may raise ten45 “.0 m2; zoo: _ _ _ mm...<>>llll mqull .LIZ-IHNI-IHHVJ 8338930 ‘aanivaadwai 33 .eooe e co menopause; ed . 5N6 g 0.. mm .m 6H .. 0+ 0m om MH : 5.. mm .w NH e d. m~.m ma .. m. mm.m Ha e m. mn.m ea . m. «To 3 e m- amp 3 .. HH‘ mm em 0 : HI WN-m HH 3 ma. Ne.e m . m. mm.e OH = S. 36 m .eeom 2.. amp m e we Nmow on e m... mNom m e N... am .w mm .. 2.. mmé m .. an em . w mu ._ mu «N6 m .. m... ON om MN : WI NNow N e a- om.m mm . m- -.m H .we< Nil ON 0 m ON 2 H+ mN o w 0N : ml 3N .w B“ e HI mmow MN .. m- e~.m ma . m: om.m ma e .H. m~.m ea .mee. e. nn.m ma ease gem ” mush amuse Edna #dunH' rmoapaaeoa unapeon omsmo oven {godpwa>on wqapeom emcee open hmmd .mmpHm zomomamh mm“. .3 8255 8mm? BE. ho mo43... z7D> a /\/mqmfll ... O + 100:] V 30 SHLNBJ. 36 Sam. The total hardness of the West Branch of the Sturgeon River is quite constant. Occasionally during long periods of heavy rain and its resulting contribution of run-off water. the hardness drops. (see table 3. July 1+). The ranges of parts per million hard- ness. disregarding the fourth of July. for the various stations are as follows: Station 3a 187-199 " 6 187-197 " 7 186-196 " 8 188-202 " 9 195-200 There were no detectable changes in hardness due to fertilization (For a graphical picture of the hardness changes, Fig. VIII). Hygrggen Ion Comegtzatign. Hydrogen ion concentration or pH. fluctuated around a value of approximately 8.1 (table 4 and Fig. IX). The range was from 7.8 to a maximmn of 8.’+. A water-mass with the quantities of half-bound carbonates that the West Branch of the Sturgeon has is highly buffered and retains a stable pH value. There was a drop in pH during the fertilization period. It is doubtful if this was the result of the addition of fertilizer. The quantity of fertilizer added to the stream was not large. The water level fluctuated during the period the pH dropped and may have influenced the pH values. W. The West Branch of the Sturgeon River is low in phosphorus. The prefertilized values for total phosphorus ranged from zero to twenty parts per billion (table 6 and Fig. X). The higher values occur during periods of high water. During the stable water periods of late July, the range drops to zero to seven parts per billion. This is extremely low when compared to the total phosphorus content of Table 3 TOTAL HARDNESS 0F THEVWEST BRANCH OF THE STURGEON RIVER, 1957. EXPRESSED IN PARTS PER MILLION 37 Date Station Station Station Station Station 1131, 146 1L_ 8 9 June 27 192 190 190 188 --- J uly 1* 175 168 170 173 --- " 11 199 196 199 193 -.. " 18 187 187 186 196 ..- " 25 194 195 193 197 197 Aug . 1 19+ 195 193 196 197 " 8 196 192 191 193 193 I 10 -.. 196 196 201 200 n 11 -... 196 196 202 196 n 12 -..- 197 196 199 200 n 13 —- 19+ 196 196 196 " 1n ..- 193 192 19a 19 5 " 15 194 195 191+ 19? 197 n 16 --.. 193 195 195 196 " 17 -- 193 193 193 195 " 18 ... 196 192 19 5 197 23 199 196 196 197 ..-- " 29 199 196 196 197 --- Sept- 5 192 194 193 195 «- " 11 19 5 196 195 196 --- 38 Figure VIII. Fluctuations in total hardness of the West Branch of the Sturgeon River. 1957. PARTS PER MILLION OF TOTAL HARDNESS 200 I90 I80 200 I90 ISO 200 I90’ I80 200* I90 I80 DATE Jug: OF COLLECTION AUGUST STATION 3A I STATION 6 STATION 7 STATION 8 200 I90 I80 STATION 9 SEPTEMBER ’ Table 4 HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION EXPRESSED IN pH. OF THE ‘WEST BRANCH OF THE STURGEON RIVER, 1957 Station .17 __la: .11 ...330 0922222.22.... “...eeeueeeeeeeee“_n— ...-888 .8nl8888888 32321”an .9922212223232 8888888 —n/enlo.888888888808 323333009912233223222 888888887788888888888 323333989923323214332 888888777788888888888 mm.m.m.....21222w. 1+1 Figure IX. A graph showing pH values for various stations on the west Branch of the Sturgeon River. 1957. CONCENTRATION (pH) ION HYDROGEN DATE OF COLLECTION JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER l l 3.4 — l 3,0 _\_V/\_/\’/\ 7.3 L— STATION 3A a..- T I I vk : C 4 8.0 '- m -— ' STATION 6 _. I ! A I I v ' v f : 4 8.0 r— 7.3 _ STATION 7 3.4 — l I 1 3,0 _W—_\I‘M 7.6 I- STATION 8 8.4 ~— I I l 8.0 —- w“- STATION 9 7.8 — 43 Minnesota rivers. Nineteen rivers in Minnesota had a total phosphorus content of fifteen to sixty-three parts per billion (Smith and Hoyle. 19M) . welsh (1952) says that generally hardawater lakes have a higher productivity than softdwater lakes. In view of the low phosphorus -content it was hypothesized that this was the major factor inhibiting the stream's productivity. The calculated input of phosphorus during fertilization fluctuated (table 5). This fluctuation is due to changes in the hydrostatic pressure of the fertilizing apparatus and mechanical difficulties encoun- tered. There was a slow decline in the phosphorus added as the fertil— ization apparatus emptied. The lowest addition of fertilizer occurred a short time before the apparatus was recharged with addition fert- ilizer the next day. flaking these fluctuations into account, there was a delay in the phosphorus reaching'a given station downstream. Checks made with sodium fluorescene dye indicated that the water-mass from Station 6 arrived at Stations 7 and 8 in two and a half and four hours respec- tively. At station 6, approximately five hundred yards downstream from the point of fertilization, detectable changes in phosphorus didn't occur until after twelve hours. Maximum recorded values didn't occur. Table 5 CALCULATED AMOUNTS OF PHOSPHORUS ADDED TO THE WEST BRANCH OF THE STURGEON RIVER, 1957 Parts Per Billion of Phosphorus Date Time L9! Value Recharggd Y;lug§== August 8 2:45 pm - 78 8 2:00 pm -— 78 9 1:20 am - 78 9 Noon 39 78 10 10:00 am 0 81 11 10:00 am 65 78 12 10:00 am 65 78 13 10:00 am 65 78 1h 11:00 am 59 78 15 10:00 am 59 78 15 8:00 pm 59 78 16 9:30 am 59 71 17 estimated time of flow stoppage; #:00 am. “5 5H mm wH MH mam mmvoa .Hom waves a coavmvm II II NH II II N II II HN II II mH 0H 0 m 0N mH mN aN NN mm mm am mm mm mm 53 Nm mm a: NH mN Nm NN mN om II a mH N m mH II n mH m H OH NH H NH a II 0H 0 II n A II n II II a II II n II II NH II II a w soapmvm onauHm Nam maxed zH nwmmmmaum asde .mmeHa zoaeaeem may no II 0H II HH II 3H II HH 0 m N NH ww mm NH on Na mm Nm on 3N em mH mH mH NH mH NH 0 8|- 5 NH N II H II a II m II HH II 0N om H see a AOHpmpm 83$H°3 NH OH NH 3H m m mm on mm H5 H5 on 0H mm HN w :Oprpm .hav vane mo povhmvn nmemnmENNOAv sOHpmsHHHpnoqumowww nomInwus>_aII E II HH NH : II 0 m . poem II ON 0N : II HH MN : II II 0H a II II NH : II II OH : m OH MH : II II 3H a II II MH 2 II II NH 3 II II HH 3 II II oH .m=< II II a 00 “0 II II z< mmum m .ws< II II pnmncenz II II H.2mv m = II 3H em a a1. .3. 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H o o o o p N . o o o o e : aaeuuaeum s\: p\m s\: s\~ o\o »\s p\: mo.\e m\H nH.\a: ao.\m ma.\ma oaeasoam emuemommzmmmm o\o o\o pxo o:.\H 0\o o\o o\o 0\o o\o o\o o\o o\o seenaoeaoeoapm 0\o e\H p\H o\o o\o S\n o\o p\a p\: o\o o\o o\o «menonm o\o o\o o\o o\o pxo o\o o\o o\o o\o p\a oxo o\o oaenflsane o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o oxo o\o o\o o\o o\o p\a 0\o omeaaaesepea 0\o o~.\e s\: e:.\s o\o mm.\o: s\a 0\o p\: o\o e\H mo.\e maeneanae o\o o\o 0\o co.\m so.\m mo.\n 0\o e\e o:.\m p\m s\H ma.\m omeaeonmeem m\H no.\m: S\H m:.\os e\n ma.\~m p\a oH.\mm p\: p\s s\ea «\a omenecanecoe ammamun m a e m s m N H a m m fl .oz eammmw 5H m. w." .3; m .33. 5.3 Sofiafiagv anvoficapsooV R9“ .m. 292.3% #5me 280% ME. ...B 8233 935 .0850; 30mm 8983.50 $54k 20.5.8 m 03.3. 73 mnmvadflufi 5 guamwuo Mo mandoimeflmmwuo mo .885: o owe: oNo 03 So o3 owe 2o! oxo 03 oxo So 2d 2% H\N O\o o\o »\N p\H o\o o\o p\N. o\o O\o o\o o\o omuHEopomoHHnm 0\o 0\o o\o o\o 0\o o\o O\o 0\o o\o o\o NH.\N 0\o mmuHHHgaoomanm 0\o 0\o 0\o o\o o\o 0\o o\o :H.\N Ho.\N 0\o 3H.\H o\o omuHHHnamcsHH o\o 0\o H\N 0\o O\o N\N HH.\m »\H mo.\m o\o p\H mo.\m omuHccmHoz o\o O\o o\o 0\o o\o o\o 0\o H\H o\o o\o 0\o o\o mmnqummNpsm 0\o o\o p\: »\H o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o O\o owuHHNEogohmm oH.\N o\o p\n p\H c\o mo.\: o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o mwuHNmoopamH mo.\m nH.\m o\o o\o O\o o\o 0H.\m o\o o\o mo.\H 0\o o\o omquommaopnhm o\o p\: p\m o\o N\H »\H p\N No.\m 0\o p\H mo.\N p\H mmuHupzoohzomum «Haemoona o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o 0\o o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o omcHHNHm o:.\m o\o NH.\H o\o mo.\H HH.\H ma.\H mm.\H o\o o\o o\o oH.\N mmuHHmuhuoo «Haemoqcom: o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o 0\o o\o o\o o\o 0\o o\o o\o omquqaoc o\o o\o o\o o\o H\H 2m.\H o\o mm.\H o\o o\o Hw.\H mo.\H caqumpmaNoHscnoo o\o o\o o\o o\o O\o o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o omuHsHHmpHH _ «.388 HH.\m No.\: p\H no.\: p\H .mo.\: »\N no.\m o\o p\N 0\o »\N naooanHoomH: H:.\m 3:.\N o\o No.\N o\o mo.\H Hw.\N mo.\N o\o o\o H\H oo.\N HHHNHNHN. “umnmmnnmxnm «Nmemoomgm Qo mm.\N 3.? 8.? $4} Elm HH.\H RH3Hoxm ...... ‘ d .N N .N N H .H no. .N . «H. HNN .N .. m 3mm fin OWN qm owNN mm INN wHNN a? a; Co 0 g o o o4 «H 0 man. mam. amm NuH. “ma Maw. .nmw mam _wmm Ina. Ham. «HNHmoooHHo o\o o\o o\o N\H o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o O\o o\o O\o mamszco o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o O\o 0\o O\o o\o o\o o\o oavHagowp¢ o\o om.\H o\o mo.\m 0\o 0\o o\o 3o.\H o\o o\o o\o o\o mogoooq mH.\N no.\H o\o o\o mo.\H o\o om.\H mn.\H o\o o\o oH.\H o\o acHHuqu magazHHumome 0\o o\o o\o p\H o\o o\o 0\o o\o 0\o o\o o\o oso owcHomeha 0\o »\N H\H pr p\H o\o p\m o\o o\o H\H o\o H\H mauHsHu «guanomgco o\o o\o o\o 0\o o\o o\o o\o p\H o\o 0\o o\o o\o omuHcomwpaom 30.: o? mo.\H 3.: 03 £0 o? o? so.) 0? o? mH.\N g ummmunmm MH. NH 0 0 m3. NH n.N N: mo.H HN no. H m:. N mm. NH :m. s o o so.\N mm. m «Huuuuuuu \ \ \ \ \ \ \ H \ \ \ flag oH.\oH mo.\mH »\N p\m N\N N\H p\m H\: o\o o\o o\o p\H omanomm «mmamommzmmmm 0\o p\H 0\o o\o o\o o\o O\o o\o 0\o o\o o\o o\o mauHHgaHm o\o o\o 0\o 0\o o\o 0\o o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o mH.\H oanHHNEOprppm O\o o\o o\o wo.\H o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o N0.\N ounauopaogohpm »\n »\N N\HH o\o H\HH p.0H p\mH »\w a\H p\H o\o p\w manHonm nH.\H o\o o\o O\o H\H o\o 0\o no.\N o\o o\o 3s.\H o:.\N omnHHgnHH o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o o\o oNuHHbaogpc< mo.\: o\o wo.\: o\o o\o mH.\N oH.\N :o\H mo.\N o\o mH.\N “\H oaoHampaa OH.\m No.\m »\H :o.\m p\H mo.\0H 0H.\NH p\N H\H m\H p\n p\N oauH:0Hmwnm a\m p\: N\OH p\m H\N H\N no.\mH p\m o\o p\N p\: »\m omanomHucma «mmemHa «HHH m N m m a n! N H a m N H .02 mumz .6873. -..-.. mac. (A43)! = .0h87 :F .651r0 (mac) "' For a detailed eXplanation of the test. see Appendix. “ The periods of sampling are coded as follows: A.. July 3 3.. July 16 8.- l7 0.. August 27 D.. September 10 8: ll "* Two means appearing together in parentleses are not significantly different. Two means not together are considered different on the basis of the null-impothesis. 80 condition factors are for an unfertilized environment. assuming no latent responses or influences of the fertilizer. Alexander (1956) believed that the fish pOpulation of Hoffman Lake was relatively small. This was based on the general success of trap- ping in which only yellow perch were readily taken. Recaptures were reportedly quite frequent. Young fish were also unobtainable in 1951*. Alexanier postulated that this was due to predation by the adult popul- ations. Anton (1957) observed that fishes were also in poor condition. except for largemouth bass. in 1955. Anton also detected a ten percent increase in weights for the yellow perch in 1955 over 1951‘. Plosila (1958) observed that the yellow perch maintained their imrease in weight in 1956. Plosila also detected what he considered as increases in the condition of the common sucker. In 1957. the capture of common suckers was difficult compared to previous years. Four weeks of trapping produced 33 specimens. Small fish were not captured. The total lengths at time of capture were a minimumlz inches and a maximum 16 inches. These fish ranged from three to seven years of age. The scarcity of smaller common suckers my be the result of efficient predation on their population. The condition of suckers was improved in 1955 and 1956 over 1951+. The respective length-weight relationship regression line formulas for the four years being considered are as follows: 195“: nat.log. weight a .0.u388 . 2.3852 nat.log. 1ength 1955; nat.log. weight - -l.6995 a 2.9183 nat.log. lemth 1956: nat.log. weight = -l.’+658 .- 2.8318 nat.log. lergth 1957; nat.log. weight I -0.9352 1- 2.5972 nat.log. length A covariance analysis was performed on the combined data as outlired by Snedecor (1956) (table 11). This test indicated that the differences 81 were in the slopes of the individual regression lines. This indicates that different size-classes gain their respective weights disprOpor- tionately. Individual covariance analyses were then performed comparing the lims in groups of two (table 12). The individual 1inee are depicted in Fig. XVIII. A review of the results of covariance analyses indicates that the suckers increased their weight in 1955 and 1956 over that of the pre- fertilized period of 195a. The larger fish gained weight more rapidly than the smaller fish. In 1957. a year after fertilization. the suckers didn't gain as much weight as in the two previous fertilized years. This did not drop the lengthaweight regression line to as low a value as the prefertilized year. 1954 (Fig. XVIII). The 1954 and 1955 lines are not significantly different at the five percent level. The common.suckers exhibited generally slow growth in comparison with other specimens from a similar latitude. (table 14). The scale samples indicated slow growth after the suckers reached a total length of ten inches. Table 11+ presents the mean lengths for the Age Classes III through VIII. This table indicates a trend toward slightly increased growth rates in the 1957 samples over the 1956 samples. The rate of growth of yellow perch in Hoffman Lake is less than in other lakes of the Midwest (table 1“). The scales indicated this slow growth rate with their compaction of annuli. The closeness of annuli made age determination difficult and unsure in many specimens. Contest- able age determinations were rejected for age and growth studies. The lengthpweight regression lines for the four year studies are as fella-1s: 82 Figure XVIII. Log-log transformations of length-weight relation- ships of common suclcers sampled from Hoffman Lake. 195“. 1955. 1956 art! 1957. NATURAL LOG OF WEIGHT (GRAMS) 6.4?- 6.2 —- 6.0 '- 5.8 1L- 5.6 5.4' I955 COMMON SUCKERS 1 J l 5.2 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 NATURAL LOG OF LENGTH (INCHES) Table 11 80 A COVARIANCE ANAHSIS FOR mommmur REGRESSION LINES OF THE oonuon sucxsns. 195h.57 W W Total 237 Due to general regression 1 Deviations from general regression 236 Sum of Mean .§gaazaa. §anazea 24.4352 0.1031 22.5886 22.6886 1.7466 0.007u 1. Can one regression line be used for all observations? Gain from four separate regressions over general regression 6 Deviations from.separate regressions. 230 (."F' I 7.056. answer is no) 0.2714 0.0452 1.4752 0.006“ 2. Can a common slope be used for the separate regression lines? Deviations about lines ‘with common Slope but fitted through mean of each set of data 233 Further gains from fitting separate regressions (difference between slopes) 3 Deviations about separate regressions 230 (”F" = 7.082. answer is no) 0.1363 0.0454 l.h752 0.006h 85 Table 12 THE RESULTS OF COVARIANCE ANALYSES 0N 1n LENGTH - lnHWEIGHT REGRESSION LINES FOR common SUCKERS (based on 3% level) Years Compared Differences in the Fish 195a and 1955‘ 1951» ani 1956‘" 1954 and 1957 1955 and 1956" 1955 arr! 1957 1956 and 1957 Weight gains greater in larger size-classes in 1955 than in 1954. . Weight gains greater in larger size-classes in 1956 than in 1954. There were no significant differemes in weight gains. There were no significant differences in weight gains. All fish gained weight less rapidly in 1957 than in 1955 . All fish gained weight less rapidly in 1957 than in 1956. * (Anton. 1957) *" (P105113. 1958) 86 Amman .denOHmv use Ammoa .GOp:co opossum» a 50.0H mH.0H 0.0 HHH Nw.o no.5 0H.m mH.m 03.5 50.0 amma .mueHe zoaempem may as eczema emeremme . ---I 55.0 35.0 quauIqmaqIA5nawtJHumrqmamIAumwflIJananamaunlmemmlxemumrqmmw H a medpeaoon oneocevm use.mmmmw.neeao ow< me.o 5H.o no.0 em.0 0N.N wa.m mm.m 0~.N Nflom Hmem lAmmxm r soaoosm o ceases» prone scanner m soaseom o possess aroma cream m soaeeom w coupmam N coaumvm aroma soonm o o m m 20mm omumxMG Qmwm ooemnspm on» no museum pee) on» a“ uses» some“: he mgeoogmflea news: onoelheom .HHHNN 0.33m ON. Om mMEE. map—b.2315). 00. Om 0m 2. mac/um m4Hxx 0.3%; air/In?" ON. Om mug... mmwhwijnzz 2. CO. CO CO m3.oxx enema h O_N Om ONE... mmm...w.z_...:2 Z. man—4m. w...106.787 result‘" (c.D)' = 791104.039 (B—A)’ = 646>104.039 ‘ (CED) (B-D)‘ = 70 :P 98.889 ..-..- (D-A)' = 1587 98.889 (A) * The stations are coded as follows: A. Station 3a B. Station 6 C. Station 7 D , Station 8 *‘ Two means appearing together in parentheses are not significantly different. 153 "Multiple Range Test" to Determine the Stations Not Significantly Different in Periphyton on August 20. 1957 a) Analysis of Variance Source d.f. m.s. s = AIR—s" between stations 3 1.868.357. «...-...... error 35 98.753. 314.24 b) Critical Values 9 (2) (3) (4) Zp 2.88 3003 3011 8'13 905 952 977 c) Ranked Treatnent Means am Replication Numbers“ A c D B 141.6 598.7 626.8 1197.0 (10) (10) (9) (10) 01) Test Sequeme result“ (B-A)' = 337.49>977 (B-C)‘ = 1892.007952 (13.0)' = 5401.857905 (B) (D-A)’ . 4596.60>952 (D-C)’ - 266.214‘905 (DC) (C-A)' 2 1445.99:>905 (A) _— fi— " The stations are coded as follows: A. Station 3a B, Station 6 C. Station 7 D. Station 8 " Two means significantly together in parentheses are not significantly different 154 "Multiple Range Test" to Determine the Stations Not Significantly Different in Periphyton on September 3. 1957 a) Analysis of Variame Source d.f. m.s. s = 15:8.- betvwen stations 3 16.240.2 ...--..-.. error 35 3,906.0 62.498 b) Critical Values 9 (2) (3) (4) Zp 2.88 3.03 3.11 R'p 179-99 189.36 194.37 e) Ranked Treatment Means and Replication Nmbers" A B c D 128.8 174.4 176.7 184.7 (10) (10) (10) (9) (1) Test Seqmnce result‘ (D-A) ' = 529.57 > 194.37 (D-B)' = 97.58?189.36 (DOB) (640' "-' 151.47?19’4.37 (ABC) * The stations are coded as follows A. Station 3a B. Station 6 C, Station 7 D. Station 8 " Two means appearing together in parentheses are not significantly different. 155 “Multiple Range Test" to Determine the Stations Not Significantly Different in Periphyton on September 17. 1957 a) Analysis of Variance Source d.f. m.s. s = 351-:8. between stations 3 36,767.? -------- error 36 2,561.6 50.6162 6) Critical Values 9 (2) (3) (4) Zp 2.88 3003 3011 R'p 145.77 153.37 157.42 0) Ranked Treatment Means and Replication.Numbers‘ A D c B 66.3 132.9 173.0 207.5 (10) (10) (10) (10) d) Test Sequence result" (B-A)' = 446.0 7157.42 (3'1”. 3 23500 7153037 (B—C)‘ = 109.02145377 (BC) (C-A)' = 337.4 7153.3? (0.0» . 126.0 7145.7? (CD) (D—A)‘ = 210.0 7145.77 (A) w—‘ —— * The stations are coded as follows: A. Station 3a B. Station 6 C. Station 7 D. Station 8 " Two means appearing together in parentheses are not significantly different. 156 l'Multiple Range Test”. to Determine the Sampling Periods Not Significantly Different in Periphyton at Station 6 a) Analysis of Variance Source d.f. m.s. s = {m.s. between periods 5 1,919,476 -------- error 52 389.653 624.3 b) Critical Values 9 (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Zp 2.84 2.99 3.09 3.15 3.21 c) Ranked Treatment Means and Replication Nmbers‘ A c e E F D 39.3 109.1 113.3 174.4 207.5 1197.0 (10) (8) (10) (10) (10) (10) d) Test Seqmnce. result" (D-A)’ = 3660.99> 2004.0 (D-C)' . 9670.1271966.5 (D-B)' = 3426.9871929.1 (D'E) ' 3 3233076 7186607 (D-F)' = 3129.0971173.O (D) (F-A)' s 531.894’ 1966.5 CBEFA: (F-C)‘ = 874.65 4,1929.1 (CBEFA) * The sampling dates are coded as follows: A. July 9 B, July 23 C. August 6 D. August 20 E, September 3 F. September 17 ** Two Means appearing together in parentheses are not significantly different. 157 ”Multiple Range Test" to Determine the Samplixg Periods Not Significantly Different in Periphyton at Station 7 a) Analysis of Variance some def. m.s. 8 = 4111.8. between periods 5 391 . 905 ...... error 54 20 . 162 141.99 b) Critical Values 9 (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 2p 2.8+ 2099 3009 3015 3021 R'p 403.25 424. 55 438.75 447.27 455.79 c) Ranked Treatment Means and Replication Numbers" A c B F E D 46.9 110.8 132.4 173.0 176.7 598.7 (10) (1o) (10) (10) (10) (10) d) Test Sequence result" (D-A)’ - 1744.96; 455.79 (D-C)’ = 1542.89 >447.29 (D-B)’ 2 1474.587 438.75 (DJ)' : 1346.197 424.55 (0.1:) ' = 1334.49; 403.25 ' (D) (E—A)‘ - 410.47.;944737 (ACBF'E) "' The sampling dates are coded as follows: . July 9 July 23 . August 6 , August 20 . September 3 F. September 17 *‘Two means appearing together in parentheses are not significantly different. MUOUI> "Multiple Range Test" to Determine the Samplirg Periods Not Significantly Different in Periphyton at Station 8 158 fl a) Analysis of Variance Source d.f. m.s. s =1/m.s. bemeen periods 5 ' 440.470. ------- error 52 12 .842 113.323 b) Critical Values 9 (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Zp 2.84 2.99 3.09 3.15 3.21 R' p 321.84 338.84 350.17 356.97 363.77 c) Ranked Treatment Means and Replication Numbers" (A) (C) (F) (B) (E) (D) 23.1 85.6 132.9 136.0 184.7 626.8 (10) (10) (10) (10) (9) (9) d) Test Sequence result“ (D-A)' = 5719.2 >363.77 (D-C)' = 5127.1 >356.97 (Dc-F). = “67900 7350017 (D-B)' 3 4689.6 7338.8“ (D-E)' 8 3987.9 7321.84 (D) (E-A)‘ -"-' 1530.97356.97 (E-C)' 3 938.8 7350.17 (E-F)' ' 490.7 7338.84 (E-B)' - 461.4 7321.84 (1:) (B-A)' ' 357-0 7350.17 (B.c)' : 159.41, 338.84 (can) (F-A)' = 347.2 >338.84 (F-C)' = 149-639321.84 ..-..- (C-A)' - 197.6 54321.84 (Ac) * The sampling dates are coded as follows: A. July 9 D. August 20 B. July 23 E. September 3 C. Angust 6 I", September 17 ** Two means appearing together in parentheses are not significantly different. LITERATIRE CITED Alexander. Gaylord Ray 1956. The fertilization of a marl lake. Master's thesis. Michigan State University. American Public Health Association 1955. Standard Hethods. 10th ed.. N.Y.. 522 pp. Anton. Nickolas - .7 “fr/"7 1957. Biological. chemical arr! physical changes resulting from fertilization of a marl lake. Master's thesis. Michigan State University. Ball, Robert C. 19%. The relationship between available fish food. feeding habits of fish and total production in a Michigan Lake. Mich. State 6011.. Ag. Exp. Sta.. Tech. Bull. 206, 59 pp. 1950. Fertilization of natural lakes in Michigan. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.. 1948. 78:116-155. ‘ Ball. Robert C. and Howard D. Tait 1952. Production of bass and bluegills in Michigan ponds. Mich. State 0011.. Ag. icp. Sta.. Tech. Bull. 231. 24 pp. Ball. Robert C. and Howard Tanner 1951. The biological effects of fertilizer on a warm-water lake. Mich. State 6011.. Ag. Exp. Sta.. Tech. Bull. 210. 28 pp. Brehmer. Morris L. 1958. A study of nutrient accrual. uptake and regeneration as re- lated to primary prodmtion in a warm water stream. Ph. D. thesis. Michigan State University. Burks. B. D. 1953. The mayflies. or Ephemeroptera. of Illinois. I11. Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. Vol. 26. Art. 1. pp 1.216. C arlander, Kenmth D. 1953. Handbook of freshwater fishery biology with the first supple- ment. Wm. C. Brown Co.. Dubuque. Iowa. #29 pp. 160 Coker. Robert E. 19511,. Streams Lakes Ponds. Univ. N. Carolina Press. Chapel Hill. 327 PP. Colby. Peter James 1957. Limological effects of headwater fertilization on the West Branch of the Sturgeon River. Michigan. Master's Thesis. Michigan State University. Cooper. Edwin L. 1951. Validation of the use of scales of brook trout. Salvelinus fontinalis. for age determination. Copeia. 1951. No. 2. pp. 1141-1148. 1952. Body—scale relationship of brook trout. Salvelinus fontin— alis. in Michigan. Copeia. 1952. No. 1. pp. 1J4. 1953. Growth of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in the Pigeon River. Otsego County. Michigan. Trans. Mich. Acad. Sci.. Vol. 38. pp. 151-162. Dobie. John and John Hoyle 1956. Methods used for investigating prodmtivity of fish-rearing ponds in Minnesota. Minn. Dept. of Cons.. Fish. Res. Unit. Spec. Pub. No.5. 5’4 pp. Duncan. David B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics. 11(1):1-J+2. 1957. Multiple range tests for correlated and heteroscedastic means. Biometrics. l3(2):l6’+-176. Eddy. Samuel and Thaddeus Surber 1914/7. Northern fishes. Univ. of Minn. Press. 276 pp. Ellis. M. M.. B.A. Westfall and 14.3. Ellis 19%. Determination of water quality. 0.5. Dept. Interior. Fish am Wild. Ser.. Res. Kept. NO. 9. 119 pp. Frison. Theodore H. 1935. The stoneflies. or Plecoptera. of Illinois. Ill. Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. Vol. 20. Art. U. pp 281-101. 161 Grzenia. Alfred Richard 1955. The biological response of a trout stream to headwater fert— ilization. Master's thesis. Michigan State University. Gumtow. Ronald B. 1955. An investigation of the periphyton in a riffle of the West Gallatin River. Montana. Trans. Am. Micros. Soc.. 7M3): 278-292. Harvey. H. W. 1934. Measurement of phytoplankton population. Jour. Mar. Bio. ASSOCQQ 19: 761-7730 Mayne. Don W. and Robert C. Ball 1956. Benthic prodmtivity as influenced by fish predation. Limno- logy and Oceanograplw. l(3):162-l75. Hepher . Be 1958. On the dynamics of phosphorus added to fishponds in Israel. Limnology and Oceanography. 3(1):8(+-100. Hubbs . Carl L. 1922. Variations in the number of vertebrae and other meristic characteristics of fishes correlated with the temperature of water dm'irg developmnt. Am. Nat.. 56: 360-372. 1926. The structural consequences of modifications of the develop- ment rate of fishes. considered in reference to certain problems of evolution. Am. Nat. . 60:57-88. 19141. Increased number and delayed development of scales in ab- normal suckers. Mich. Acad. Sc.. 1940. 26:229-237. Huntsman. A. G. 1918. Fertility and fertilization of streams. Jour. Fish. Res. Ed. Canada. 7(5):21+8-253. Hutchinson. G. Evelyn 1957. A treatise on limnology. Vol. 1. Geography. physics. and Jordan. David Starr and Barton Warren Evermsnn 1902. American food and game fishes. Doubleday. Page and Co.. N.Y.. 572 pp. 162 J uday. Chancey 19142. The summer standing crop of plants and animals in four Wisconsin lakes. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci.. 34:103-135. Lagler. Karl F. 1952. Fggshwater fishery biology. Wm. C. Brown Co. . Dubuque. Iowa. 3 Pp. Leach. Glen C. 1939. Artificial propagation of brook trout and rainbow trout. with notes on three other species. U.S. Dept. Interior. Bur. of Fishe. F1311. DOC. N00 9550 7“ Pp- LOtka. 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