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THE-:St‘éi

NEW Minimum“ WM ii iii

293 00994 78

This is to certifg that the

thesis entitled

"Effect of Soil Aeration on Germination
and Development of Sugar Beets and Oats"

Bresented b1}

 

John A . Archibald

has been accepted towards fulfillment

of the requirements for

Master Of Science degree iii—Sailjflience

Major professor

l_tate_JJJl)L29_,_lQ.SL__

 

 

 

EFVECT 0F SOIL .’.E’R.-~'1.TION

OI? GERHIIEILTIOI‘I AZTD DE‘I'JELOPLEEIIT

OF SUGAR 1373333 13.331) 0.113

B?

John Arthur Archibald

A T2133 IS
Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree 0!

MASTER OF 30 IEHCE

Department of Soil Science

‘ 1952

 

 

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

_ The cuthor wishes to czprese his sincere awpreciabion
to Dr. A. 3. Erickson for directing his graduate work. Dr.
lriekeon'l constant realiueee to help in any way possible has
greatly facilitated the cexrying out o: the graduate pregram.
The author else wishes to thank Dr. L. H. Turk for aid in
preparing the manuscript and for his eo-oporution during to.
past year. i

. Hention must be made 0: the support given he author
by Dr. I. I. Palmer,‘vireefior, Horticultural Exycrinert
Station, Ontario repartment of Agriculture. without whee.

assistance this graauate work could not have been u;&ertckcn.

‘1 C} -”‘ n '-
. If u‘ . i

I.
II-
III.
IV.

7.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTIONQ--uo----g

REVIEW OF LITERA?URE r f - - u a
EXPERIEHTAL METHODS - - o o .- .-
RISULTS OBTAINED
1) Huge: beete ‘ _

e) Germination 9 - y . - - f

e) Ineidenee et damping-err .

r

e) General develcpnent end yield

8} Oxygen iitrueion readings u

a) flute

.’muna‘1onfifloqnuo

b) Yield . . g - . . - . - -
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BUM! AND GONGLUSlOlIS‘ ,- f- 7 7
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APPBNDII n u - - - . n - . - - .

13

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1.
1. INTRODUCTION

It has long been realized that continuous cultivation
of many of our heavier soils has resulted in marked changes
in their physical properties, with consequent reduction in
crOp yields. In the early years of cultivation. the majority
of these soils had e plentiful supply of organic matter. and
it took many years before intensive or careless cultivation
began to take its tell. The great upsurge of interest in the
use of commercial fertilisers following the beginning of the
present century also resulted in an overlooking of the effect:
of modern agriculture on the physical properties of soils.
Within the last twenty years. however, interest has been
focused more and more on maintenance of coil etructure and
aeration, especially where yields are falling, despite con-
siderable applications of commercial fertilizers.

In Michigan, sugar beet growers are becoming increas-
ingly aware of their relatively 10' beet yields, and the
increasing difficulty they are having in working their soils.
They are especially interested in finding some simple means
of evaluating the physical condition of their soils, with
regard to sugar beet production.

This project was instigated to study the effects of
varying degreee of soil aeration on germination, disease in-
cidence end develOpment of sugar beets. Also. it was desired
to establish whether oxygen diffusion, measured by a compare-
tirely new method, using a platinum nicroelectrode, could be

correlated with crap yields. It was heped, too, that the

2.
minimum limits for oxygen diffusion rates for sugar beets
could be established.‘making possible the prediction of
sugar beet yields for e particular soil.

It seemed advisable else. to compare the response of
sugar beets. a crop believed to be highly susceptible to
poor aeration. with e less susceptible crop. In order to
make this comparison. cats were studied under the same

conditions as were the sugar beets.

3e
11. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Lemon (7) has summarized recently the developments in
soil aeration measurements. This review will be limited
Iainly to the arailable literature on the influence ot_
physical properties of soils on sugar beet derelOpnent.

Using the principle that; at a critical potential.
applied betteon s oalonel standard cell and a platinum
electrode. the current flow is proportional to the amount or
oxygen being reduced at the surface of the platinum, Lenon
devised a method of measuring the oxygen-supplying poeer ot
a soil. At an applied potential of .8 volts, and using a
i an. platinun electrode. he found that the current flaring
at the end of five minutes after eloeing the circuit could be
eorrelated with other methods of measuring soil oxygen.
including Raney's diffusion cylinder (11512). Because of the
relative einplieity or his method and the fact that the
dittusion or oxygen is neasured eithin the soil moisture
tilne which elosely simulate the environment or the roots;
Lemon feels that the platinun microelectrcde method is a big
step forward in the determination of the aeration sharacter-
istios or a soil.

Hill (6) in 1922 pointed out that to secure good
yields of sugar beets, deep plowing and subsoiling to a depth
of eight to ten inches. to make a nellov deep seed bed. is

essential to permit the development of a good long root.

 

to

Rover and Farnsworth (1) working with Northwestern
Ohio soils. point out that sugar beet yields on the heavy
soils of that area have been steadily declining. and that
poor aeration conditions resulting from unfavourable soil _
structure. nay be the dominant factor in the declining yields.
They summarised their findings as follows:

(1) Percent loss in stands of beets from blocking and
thinning to harvest is influenced by aeration of the soil.

(2) Shape of beets is determined by structure of the
soil. Poorly aerated soils produce short stubby beets with
many auxiliary roots. sell aerated soils produce long
tapering roots.

(3) soils with non-capillary porosities exceeding 7-
10 percent produce good tonnagee of beets with high sugar
content.

rarnsrorth. in a later article (L’s POints out that
some of the soils investigated had increased in volume reight
from 65.5 lbs/cu.ft. in the virgin state to 81.7 lbs/cu.ft.
after sevsrel years of cultiVation. Total pore space had
decreased from 60.3 percent to 50.5 percent in the same soils.

On addition of large quantities of organic matter, air
capacity increased from 2.6% of total volume to as high as
25.3%. Boot yields increased from 1.5 to 13.0 tons.

In this article (4). 12-22% air capacity is given as

optimum for best growth. This is in contract to the 3-10fi
actually found in most Ohio beet soils.

5.

Davie (3) working with Brookston clay loan. loan and
silt loan soils. studied the effects of cultivation on sugar
beet yields. He found that there was no consistent signif-
leant decrease in yield ac a result of cultivation on these
soile.

Using a Brookcton clay loam coil. Snith (13) studied
the effecte of soil aeration, moisture and compaction on the
growth of sugar beets. Rio compacted soil treatment had a
rolule weight of 1.43 compared to the normal of 1.00. The
compacted soile contained 28.2% moisture. against 25% for
the normal.

Smith's results chewed that compaction markedly
reduced beet yields and that compaction was considerably more
serious than the effects or excess moisture. xrceos moisture»
without compaction. actually increased yields in some cacec.
Additional aeration increased yield on compacted soils where
the moisture content was normal; but failed to increase yield
.en the compacted and more noiet soil. All physical
treatmente which reduced root yield also reduced the root-
tcp ratios.

Painter (lb) also found that excessive seed bed
yreparation decreased non-capillary pore epaee. increased
gampaga1gn, 13.3....4 beet seedling emergence and decreased
seedling growth.

Gregg (5) found no correlation between amount of pore

space and yield. He also found no correlation between extent

of aggregation and yield.

 

‘ ‘Iiral'd‘tJ‘I

 

 

 

6.

With regard to the incidence of "damping off" or
”black root". Nichol (9) found that under conditions of
excessive moisture only 59% or the ccedlinga reached the two
leaved etage. compared to 83% under optimum moisture con-
ditions. He pointed out that "damping off” occurs most often
when boots are in the seedling stage. although the roots are
sometimes affected nearer maturity. The main fungal organ-
ions believed to cause the condition, according to Nichol are
gnome betae. a seed borne organism. and ththi§5.epp. and
Rhizoctonia 522.. both soil borne. As a result of his wmrk
Nichol stresses the importance or adequate drainage in the
control of ”black root“. ~

Goons et a1 (2} list aphanomzccg up]. another soil
borne organism. as also being responsible for a great deal of
"denying oi’i."I lone. They too strecc the fact that excess
moisture contributes to the severity of the disease.

To summarize. sugar bcotc have been sheen to be ad-
versely affected by poor physical condition and the accompany-
ing poor aeration of the soil.. There is some difference of
opinion as to Just what degree of aeration is necessary for
optimum development. Adverse moisture eonditiens have been
shown to play a large part in the incidence of severe eut-

breake of black root.

EIPERIEENTAL EETHODS

A well aggregated Brookoton clay loan coil tron Ferden
Farm plots. Rotations l and 3. which had grown alfalfa for
two years was used for this experiment. The treatments used
were chosen for their range in aeration characteristics, and
were as follows:

(1) Natural state of aggregation

(2) Aggregates 0.42-0.84 mn

(3) Ashram-tel 0.25-0.42 an

(4&5) ' lees than 0,4: mm

(6) ' less than 0.25 an

after the coil Inc air-dried. and sieved. e 4-16-8
fertilizer was mixed with each fraction at the rate or one
ton per acre. and ammonium culphate was applied at the rate
of 800 lbs. per acre. These relatively high amounts of
fertilizers were applied in the hepe that no nutrient other
than oxygen eculd be limiting and that further fertilization
of the crop would not be necessary. The coil aggregates were
then uniformly packed into thirty-six tile pct: 18 inches
deep, with an inside diameter of 6.5 inches. The pots had
previously been painted inside and out eith tygon black
plastic paint. and two inches or eand had been placed in the
bottom or each pot. There were six replicates of each
treatment. A cyphon system was installed by means or thich
all pots were flooded. and all pots with the exception of

those for treatmentfeere allowed to drain and cone to

IIGHII 1. POROSIEIIB O? AGGQIGAEI EEIASIIHTB Ar’VARIGUB
BI?!IB IILOI TH! BURIAflI

 

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9.

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10.

equilibrium. with the surface at a tension at 40 on.. or a pr
or 1.6. In the ciao or treatment five; the tension at the
surface of the coil in the pot was maintained at 10 on.

These tensions were maintained throughout the experiment.

0n Iannary a. 1952. titty segmented sugar beet seeds
of the variety Hichigan 2151216 were planted in each pot and
covered with approximately one half inch of soil of the
appr0priate aggregate size. at this time it was thought
advisable to make conditions as favourable as possible for

he development or "damping off". To achieve this end; the
' need was not treated. and the greenhouse temperature was
maintained as near 80'! as was possible.

On January 19, the seedlings still surviving tron the
Iannary 2 planting were removed, and 25 whole seeds of the
variety 3033-0 were planted per pot. Prior to planting. .
these seeds were seated overnight and treated with Arasan.
As hetero rates of germination and incidence of damping or:
were noted.

Platinum microelectrodes were prepared by Joining a
short length or 22 gangs platinun.wire to 22 gauge copper
‘wire. This was placed inside 8 an glass tnbingé'whieh sac
then filled with Gastolite plastic} which was allowed to
harden.' The glass tubing was then broken off; and the plat-
inun tip of the plastic electrode was cut down to i n1.

Thane electrodes were then placed in the coil; with

the platinnn tip of one electrode in each pot two inches from
the surface. and the tip of a second electrode eight inches

 

rill:

‘t fien‘h. 'I-IIB.

 

11.

from the tap. Instantaneous and five minute oxygen measure-

ments were then taken at regular intervals throughout the

course of the experiment.

The instrument used for these readings consisted of s
microammster reading from O to 50‘nicroampers8._ten 3—way
switches, with ten leads to the electrodes; e 1.5 volt
storage battery, and e reaieior with\ehich the potential was
maintained at 0.8 volts. The three positions on each of the
ten switches were (1) ctr. (2) on with current paceing through
the enneter, and (3) on without current passing through
anlster. In this war it was hoped that ten readings could be
taken sinnltaneously. Howeverf it was found that the ealomel

sell resistance built up considerably with increasing total
current; thus giving erroneous readings. It was found
necessary to have an individual calonel sell for cash reading
being taken(’rather than using one ealonel for making several
determinations simultaneously. I

One month after planting. all pote having_nore than
six plants per pot surviving were thinned to six. Two Weeks
later; the beets were thinned to two per pet.

The surface soil or many or the pots was found to dry
out quite rapidly at this stage.'end there was else consider-
able salt accumulation on the surface. Several tines each
week the salt was removed. and the soil in the pots which was
dry on the enrtaee was well watered. This curraee_water1ng'

had an obvious adverse effect on surface structure.

1111 III. 5| . zlldl‘x

 

 

 

12.

The beete were harvestedzune weeks after planting.
Green weights 0? roots and tape. and length of roots and toys
were determined. The plant Materials were allowed to dry;
and the dry weights were taken.

Since removal or the beat roots had disturbed the soil
considerably. the top few inches of soil was removed and re-
placed with soil of the appropriate aggregate nine. to which
0.05 per cent Kriliun had been added. The water level was
then raised and the soil was flooded, than the water was
drapped to its former levels. Twenty oats grainn of the
Eaton variety were planted per pot. he before notes were
made on rate of germination and height of the plants. Oxygen
diffusion measurements were made every other day. These cats

were allowed to grow for one non+h before harvesting.

~13.
IV. RESULTS OBTAIEED

1. Sugar beeta
e) Germination

Rates of germination are sheen in Figures 2 and 3. and
total germination in Table 2. for the two rarietiee used.
Hunters plotted represent the percentage of possible germina-
tion. as determined by germinating duplicate lots or need in
Send.

The varione treatments need appear to divide them.
selves into tee tairly distinct eleeeee with reopeet to total
germination end rate of germination. The two eoareeet treat»
nente; with non-eepillery porositiee or 7.6 end li.‘ per eent.
ere iietinetly superior to the other four treatments with non-
eepillery poreeitiee ranging downward tron 4.4 per eent. It
is else worthy of note that although the eoil at treatment 2
had e nonaeepiilery porosity of 15.4 per eent and that of
treatment 1 had only 7.6 per cent. the germination rate and
total germination were higher in the eaee of the eoil in its
naturei etete. This enggeste that a range of particle eire
with the accompanying range in nine or poree ie prerernble to
only one eine range from the standpoint of germination.

. It can elee be seen that there were atriking dir-
tereneee between terietiee with regard to percentage germin-
ation. In the ease of the variety Michigan 2151216. the
best treatment resulted in less than 59 per cent germination

compared to the number germinated in sand. The oxygen

/ . 11..

FIGURE 2. mm 035' GERMIMTIOEI. VARIETY 2151216

60

 

\B
p

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' natural ttat.

0542 b 0$84 an

' 0.25 a 0.42 mm

' ‘<O&42 mm with 40 an water table
‘<0342 mm with 10 an.wator tabla
<0.25 ‘3

Germination -.ounn1at1vo paresnt
>3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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3
6
10-
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L
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5 10 15 20

Tim. gttor planting - days

rum: 3. an: or GEMINATION," VARIETY 3033-0

15.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Germination - cunnlnttvu percent

 

 

 

 

 

liar _
.~.r ;
100' 2
90' Natural itato
_ 03£2 b 058$ an
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20'
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o . 5 $ 2 :fi 4
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Ill. arts: planttng - days

 

16.

roqniromont for this Variety is apphrontly considerably highor
than it is for tho not Varioty 3033-0 which in thought to ho
oblo to withstand much highor noiaturo oontont in tho soil.

It should ho notod that tho moisturo lovoi at tho ooil surfaoo
was considerably higher than field capacity. honoo yooror
gormination oould ho ozpootod than ohould ho onoonntorod in
tiold ooilo with corrooponding non-ohpillory porositioo undor
normal spring gorninating conditions. This may aoaount tor
tho unuoually loo poroontago gornination.

With tho Varioty 30B3~0. oorotion oonditiono in treat-
nonto 1 ani 2 apparontly did not limit gornination. In fact;
tho ovorago gormination with troatnont i Ial 109 por cont o:
tho oana gornination. Howovor; no in tho oioo of tho othor
varioty. thoro wao o rapid drop in percentago gornination
with tho tour poor troatnonto. Tho total gormination with tho
oooond varioty Varioi botooon troatnonto in tho name ordot no
tho non-capillary porosity to: tho tour pooror treatments.

3) Inoidonoo ot danping off

In Iiguroo i and 5. tho rato ot damping oft for tho
two variotioo io ohoon. Tho poroontago dammpod off in thoao
tiguroo roproaonto not tho percentago gorminatoi in oand but
tho poroontago of tho actual moan total of onorgod ooodlingo
for ooch troatmont. .Tablo 2 ohowo tho actual noaa numboro of
seedlings damped oft. .

With both tariotioo. treatment number 5.W<O.42 mm(100n).

shoood tho highost poroontago damping off. This io on would

a...” rd,

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20.

he expected. einee the moisture content at tho soil surface
with this treatment eao considerably higher than tho other
treatmentl. Here. again. the more resistant Variety ahowed
lose damping oft, percentage-wise. than did tho first
variety tested
o) General development and yield

' All BurriVing aeodlings of the variety 2152216 were
removed after it teoano apparent that there would be no
ourvital in a large nnnher or the pots. The oheervationo
noted here. therefore; all apply to the eeoond Variety
planted. 3033-0. '

For the month following germination; the seedlings
doveloyed at would be expeoted with treatments 1 and 2; far
outstripping the ourvivore in the other treatments. Thin is
illuatratod in Figure 6. However, these coarser treatments
then began to slow down.with the result that. at the tine of
harvest. about two months after germination. treatment number
1 produeod the lowest yield per plant or any treatments. It
one noted. at the time of harveat. that the ahape of root
appeared to be eloeely related to treatment. In treatments 1
end 2. the roots were long and etraight. while the other
treatments. especially number 5. resulted in short, stubby,
twisted rooto in most eaoee. Figure 7 shows some or these \
dittorenooe at tine of harvest.

Table 3 lists the green and dry weights or the boots

harvested. length of tone and roots. top/root ratio. and the

number or reylioatee in that treatment having one or more

 

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23.

beets surviving at time of harvest. Since some pots had two
plants surviving, the better plant of the two was ehoaen,
although the epaoing of plants and their small eize should
not have resulted in any marked reduction in development
where two plants were in the same pot.

It in difficult to explain that the poorest treatment;
fron.the standpoint of air epaee. gave the highest weight per
plant in the two oases whore plants survived and that the
lowest weight: per plant resulted tron the soil in its
natural state. Treatment 2. uith the highest non-capillary
poroeity. had the narrowest top/root ratio and the greatest
length of root.

d) Oxygen diffusion readings

Complete oxygen diffusion readings taken after Feb.5
for all treatments are given in the Appendix. It is unfor-

' tunate that. during the period of sugar beet germination,
trouble was encountered because of the resistance offered by
the ealonel otandard cell. For this reason, all readings
prior to reb.5 were discarded.

. Table A shows the oxygen diffusion readings at the 2
inch level on five different dates. The instantaneous
readings lacked significance. oven at the 5 per cent level.
There who. apparently. no correlation then between the oxygen
on the surface of the electrode, at the moment the circuit
wao oloeod. and the treatment, at this depth. After 5

minuteo. the oxygen supplying power. or rate of oxygen
diffusion. wao eignifioantly different between treatments at

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26.

the l per cent level of significance en the first three
sample dates. shown in Table A. On the other two dates,
there was no significance. even at the 5 per cent level; for
either instantaneous or 5 minute readinge.

Here, again. the two eoaraer treatmente were
consistently higher in rate of oxygen diffneion than were the
others, wherever eignifioanoe was obtained. ihe rate of
diffusion was lowest on the 0.25 mm treatment.

Table 5 gives the oxygen diffusion reading: at the 8
inch depth. oignifieanoe was obtained at the 5 per cent
level with the instantaneous and 5 minute readings on the
tiret two datee and all the 5 minute reading: on the third
date. Again. the concentration of oxygen. on well an the
oxygen enpplyine power. was greateet with treatment one.
There doee not appear to he no close a eorrelation between
the treatment and rate of diffusion at the eight ineh depth

as there is at two inehoe.

2. Oate

Since the experiment was concerned mainly with sugar
beete. the tort with eats did not eover as long a period and
lean detailed data were eolleoted.
e) Germination

Figure 6 shows the germination of Eaton oats. Since
in several of the pots all twenty seeds planted germinated.

twenty was used ae 100 per cent germination. The best
germination with the oats was obtained with treatment 3.

‘3 8‘ 3 8

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27.

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29.

0.25-0.42 on. Treatment 2 had the next highest rate, and
number 5. which had the highest moisture content, had the
poorest germination.
b) Yield

Treatment 5 also gave the highest yield of oat: at the
termination of the experiment. The second highest yield one
obtained with treatment 6 (40.25 on) end the lowest. as with
the anger beete. one treatment 1. with the eoil in its
natural etete. The yields. along with everage height at time
of harveet. ere ehoen in Table 6.
0) Oxygen diffneion readings

Oxygen diffusion readings were taken. end are shown in
Tablee 7 end 8. inalyeie of Verienee eae not run on this
date. but it appeare that there is undue Variation in the
readings. In most eaeeo; the oxygen diffneion rates;
measured at the end of‘s ninntee. were eoneiderably higher
for treatmente l and 2. This is what one found with the
previone eete of readings. end it ehonld be expected that
there would be no drastie change here. It he) be that
eeration eonditione were eubstantially the some en in the
previous engar beet experiment. but efter removing and re-
placing the top layer of eoil. it one probably more difficult

to get e representative reading.

30.

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33o
Vs DISCUSSIOH

Results obtained with engar beete pointed out several
interesting. elthongh nnerpeeted.-taetee

he expected. there were large dittorenees in rate of
germination on the various treatments. It is well known that
oxygen supply is important in the germination of neat seeds.
and sugar beets are no exeeption. While the eeeond Variety
tried gave better results than did the first, the problem of
poor soil eeration cannot be overcome permanently by using
more resistant Varieties. Using the more resistant varieties,
loo per sent germination wae obtained on the two soile having
non-capillary porosities or about 7 end l5 per cent. These
two treetnente were the only two that were near the nininnn.
figure of 10 per sent suggested by Beyer and rarneworth (l).

Ihile e number at ditrerent organisms are capable or
sensing damping off. or "black root” or sugar beets. it is
believed that the anhgnogzoes £33. were largely responsible
tor this condition here. The development or these organisms
appeared. in general. to be rerored by high moisture. high
temperature. and poor aeration. While the treetnent with
Arasan end the inbred resistance no.donbt helped considerably
in.redueing the incidence of damping off. they by no means
prevented it.

It is difficult to explain.why, ones the early stages
at developnent were passed. the further development or the

sugar beets appeared to bear no relation whatever to the

33o

amount of large poree or the rate or oxygen diffusion. This
would suggest that it 1e the germination and early growth
stage or the beet where aeration is neat important. After a
period. thoee few that survive under poor eonditione are
seemingly more vigorous and develop faster than thoee which
have been allowed to develop under nearer normal conditions.
0: eonree. in practiee. if 95 Per eent or the eeede failed to
germinate. or damped or: following germination. the erop
would doubtless be a failure. regardleee or how well the
enrvivore adapted thenoelvee to their environment-

The tact that the roote were eo varied in ehape be-
tween poorly and better aerated treatmente ie alee or eon-
eiderable importanee. In eugar beet predoetionfe long
etraight root ie nnoh preferred to a ehort. gnarled or ‘
twisted one. The root development in thie regard wae die-
tinotly poorer on the sore poorly aerated eeile. due to the
leak or oxygen below the surface.

During the early part or the experiment. there was a
direet relationship between oxygen diftueion rate. total air
volume. and percentage germination. Thin relationehip held
at both the two and the eight inoh depths. The concentration
of oxygen at a epeeitie point in the eoil water. ae at the
enrtaee of the platinum electrode at the moment the eirouit
wee eloeee. doee not appear to be related to the rate or
oxygen dittneien at the two inoh depth. At the eight inch

depth. however. there did appear to be some relation between
theee two. ihe fact that there is no relation between the

 

 

34-

two ooto or roadings noar tho surraeo Mo: to duo to the that
that tho closer proximity to tho ourtaoo roanlto in an
accumulation of oxygon. in certain locations. whioh is not
rolotod to tho oxygon supplying powor of tho ooil.

As growth oontinnod. tho readings obtainoa gradually,
booano noro and noro orratio. Several factors probably oon~
binod to oanoo thooo rooulto. including tho groator vari-
obility in oxygon oontont which would to overacod out at o
grootor lopth-

Porhopo tho nest roasonablo oxplanation night to tho
diroot otroot of tho roots on tho olootrodoo. thus diotuzbing
tho plotinnnnontor-ooil rolationahip. It has boon indicatod
that it in difficult to ooonro ootiotootory roadingo in soil
for this too-on. and thoro is no roooon to toliovo thnt tho
oano thing would not apply in tho oaoo of sugar boots.

' Anothor possiblo roaoon oonld ho thot tho root hairo
in tho vicinity of tho olootrodo oro constantly ronoving
oxygon tron tho onoll volnno of tho ooil oyoton whoro
litfnoicu rota is boing nononrol. It tho oonoontrotion or
oxygon in this oroo is constantly boing roduood. it is only
natural thnt tho amount dirruaing to tho olootrodo anrtaoo
would 11:0 to roduood.

Doopito tho linitation that roadinga should ho taken
in rolotivoly taro ooil to avoid root orrooto. it soon;
poooihlo that thio nothod or noasuring oxygon diffusion rate

would to or waluo in dotornining tho suitability. with rospoot
to notation. of o sugar boot alto. With tho oquipmant used in

350

this czporimont. oxygen diffusion roadingo of from 5.5 to 7.6
mioroanporos for a nuhbor 22 platinum oloctrodo i mm. long
oppoarod to to tho rango in which tho two boot troatmont
roadingc toll. For Optimum fiold conditions. thooo figures
should probably to considered as minimum. at tho two inch
depth.

With outs, roaulto_woro not as significant as they
woro with tho sugar bcoto. A nonncapillary porooity of about
A no: cont. and oxygcn diffusion roadingo of about 3.0 micro?
auycroo at a two inch coil depth ooomod to to most dooirahlo.
It in difficult to undorotand why this pooror troatnont gavo
much hotter yioldc than tho two coat-oat troatnonto. Grasaol;
than. or oats at loact. appoar to thrito undo: conditions
whoro gorninotion and Carly dovolopnont of ougar boots is
dofiuitoly hindorod. Also. thoro oppoarod to to no rolation
botwoon cxygon diffusion and cat dovolcpmont. It should to
horno in mind. hooovor. that thcco oato wcro harvoctod ono
'month otter planting. If they had boon allcwod to mature.
tho rooult night havo boon quito difforonta

36.
VI. seamen ABE-D co 3:: unions

The work reported here was undertaken to study the
effect of soil aeration on germination and deveIOpnent of
sugar beets, a crop considered to be rather sensitive to low
oxygen supply. Following the beets, a crop of cats was
grown, which was considered to be representative of crops
being less in need of good aeration conditions.

' A well aggregated Broohston clay loam soil was used for
the experiment. Six treatments, covering a wide range of
non-conillary porosities were carried.

Two varieties of sugar boots were grown. The first,
Hichigan 2151216. did rather poorly. so was replaced by a
variety BOBB-O considered to be less demanding with regard
to oxygen supply. These boots were harvested after about
two months. end o trap of Eaton oats was grown. Oxygen dif-
fusion readings were taken at frequent intervals through the
course of the experiment. ‘

Results showed that there was a definite relationship
between the aeration status of the soil. and the germination
of both varieties of sugar beets. There was also o less per-
fect relationship between aeration and incidence of damping
off.

Oxygen diffusion readings during the early stages of
the sugar beet experiment could be correlated with crap gor-

nination and devolOpnent. During the later stages, root and

other effects seemed to adversely affect these readings, and

they became very erratic, having no significance at the 5

37.

per cent level.

Once the early critical stage had been passed, sugar
beet development did not appear to be related to aeration.
However, shape or root did Vary between treatments, with the
better aerated treatments producing straighter roots, and
narrower top/root ration.

With Eaton onto, there was less response to treatment,
even in the early stages, than with the sugar beets. This
indicated that this eroP is not as sensitive as sugar boots
to poor aeration.

Reenlte obtained with oxygen diffusion readings indie
onto that this method of characterizing aeration not have
value in field work where the aeration levels or the eoiliean
be measured while no erop in growing. Roots seen to cause

eoneidereble deviation from the normal functioning or the

platinum mieroeleetrodee.

l.

2.

4.

5.

6.

10.

ll.

12.

1}.

58
LITELATUflS CITED

Bever. L. D. and Farnsworth, L. B. Soil Structure Effects
in the Growth of Sugar beets. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Iroo.

Coons, G. H., Kotile, J. E. and Bockstakler, H. W., Black-
root Investigations in michigan and Ohio. Iroo. Am. Soc.
Sugar Beet Tech.,2nd £eg. meeting, )5, 1941.

Davis. J. F. The Effect of Cultivation on Yield of Sugar
Beets. Iroo. Am. Soc. Sugar Beet Tech.. 2nd Beg. meeting,

52-530 1941'

Farnsworth, R. B. Soil aeration and Sugar Beet Growth.
Prco. Am. Soc. Sugar Beet lech.. 2nd heg. Meeting.
6-9. 1941.

Gregg, C. M. A Study of the Effects of Some Lificrent
soils and hertilizers on sugar beet Yields, 1h. D.
Thesis, n. 3. 0.. 1950.

Hill, E. B. Sugar Beet Culture, m. s. Thesis, n. s. C..
1922. '

Lemon. E. h. and Erickson. A. E. The Measurement of
Oxygen Diffusion in the Soil with a Ilatinum Micro-
electrode. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Iron. 16:2: 160-163. 1952.

Lemon, E. R. Soil Aeration and its Characterization,
1h. Do Thegis. Mo 3. Co. 19520

Nichol. G. E. The Influence of Some Agronomic Practices
on Prevention of blackroot of sugar beets. m. S.
Thesis, x. 5. C., 1941.

fainter. C. G. Effect of Soil Aggregation and Seed Treatment
on Germination of Segmented sugar Beet Seed and _
Emergence of the seedlings. n. s. Thesis, n. u. C., 1948.

}aney, w. A. Field reasurement of Oxygen Diffusion Through
5011. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. free. 14: 61-65. 1949.

honey, e. A. Oxygen Diffusion as a Method of Characterizing
Soil Aeration. Eh. D. Thesis. Cornell University, 1950.

smith, F. r. Effect of soil Aeration, roisture and
Compaction on Nitrification and Oxidation and the
Growth of Sugar beets lollowing Corn and Legumes
in Iot Cultures. m. S. Thesis. L. 5. C.. 1946.

 

 

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