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ABSTRACT

An Improvement Program for New Urban Residential

Developments in West Pakistan

by

Khalid Aziz

(Eighteen years ago, West Pakistan was a part of
British India. This region was developed very little at
that time. It had only a few cities or urban centers.

The well developed area was the eastern part of this region.
In 1947, when the people of Indo-Pakistan subcontinent
achieved freedom, the country was divided into two states,
Pakistan and India, and that is when the surge in urban
problems started. Due to the political disturbances, there
was devastation of urban areas and mass migration of the
people. This resulted in an acute shortage and need of
residential developments in the country.

With the efforts of government and individuals,
this region started to deve10p at a very fast rate in every
field. The residential develoPment was one of these. There
was neither time nor money to make studies and proper plans

for the future to create the "most desirable" residential

 

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developments. The need was immediate and so the mass pro-
duction of plans and deve10pment started.

By and by, over the last seventeen years, the situa-
tion of housing as well as finances has improved, but the
poor development practices went on as before. All physical
deve10pment has become routine work. It lacks clear think-
ing, foresight, contemporary taste and effort for the
betterment of the standards. The danger is that new de-
ve10pments will become obsolete and fall below standards
very rapidly and become problem areas.)

This thesis tries to analyze the specific deve10p-
ments, identify scientifically the defects and drawbacks of
past practices and recommend the areas that should be ap—
proached differently or in a different manner for the improve-
ment in residential developments of the future. The major
emphasis has been on the physical aspects of planning and
development.

The findings of this research reveals that improve-
ment is needed in the following areas:

1) site size and location, and type of housing
ii) layout design and provision of circulation
iii) proper planning of recreation and Open space

iv) overall environment

v) deve10pment program of various facilities in a
residential development.

The thesis recommends an improvement program for

the above considerations and specifically illustrates various

successful examples and approaches taken in other parts of
the world. It also suggests that a different approach be
taken for very large schemes and for smaller residential
development schemes for planning.

In the end, this thesis includes some of the de-
sirable standards for planning housing and facilities. The
intent of thus thesis is to guide the professionals towards
an improvement in the residential developments in West

Pakistan.

AN IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM FOR NEW URBAN

RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN WEST PAKISTAN

by
Khalid Aziz

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of

MASTER IN URBAN PLANNING

School of Urban Planning and

Landscape Architecture

1965

To AZIZS . . . .
Whom I owe all
the pleasantness

of my life.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Most sincere thanks and appreciation are extended
to Professor Charles W. Barr, whose valuable guidance was
most useful during my stay at Michigan State University,
and whose ever available advice and assistance made the
preparation of this thesis possible. Sincere thanks are
also extended to Professor Myles Boylan, Director, and to
all other faculty members of the School of Urban Planning
and Landscape Architecture at Michigan State University
whose guidance, discussions and cooperation have been use-
ful and helpful in making my stay at the University worth-
while.

I am greatly indebted to my father who has inspired
me to take up this task. Without his help it would have
been impossible to carry on my graduate work and collect
the material to complete this thesis.

I also want to thank Mr. Costas KakiSSOpoulos of
Doxiadis Associates, Athens, Greece, and other persons at
Lahore and Karachi who have contributed in gathering data,
and my folks and special friends in the U.S.A. and in
Pakistan for their encouragement throughout my graduate

study.

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Grateful appreciation is also extended to the Ford
Foundation, Institute of International Education (U.S.A.),
and the Government of West Pakistan, Communication and Works

Department for their valuable assistance.

_ iv -

FOREWORD

The past practices in develOping residential areas
in West Pakistan have made many peOple desire improvements,
especially peeple with vision, foresight and contemporary
thinking and taste. The physical developments indicate
routine work with no clear thinking behind them. These con-
temporary new developments are liable to become the trouble
spots and eyesores of tomorrow. This thesis is written with
an attempt to draw attention to the common deficiencies and
drawbacks and recommend different and desirable approaches
to the problem.

The scope of this thesis has been limited to the
physical aspects mainly. However, other areas have been
touched upon wherever necessary. The study and conclusions
are based on the limited data and material that could be

made available here through correspondence.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . .
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF PHOTOS . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter

I. THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE . . . . . .

The Land

II.

III.

IV.

Population Characteristics
Rural Deve10pment
Government

Family Income

Family Structure

Cultural Changes

SETTLEMENTS IN WEST PAKISTAN . . . . .

HOUSING DEMAND AND PAST RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS . . . . . . .

DevelOpment of the Need
Past Housing Programs

REVIEW OF SOME SPECIFIC
RESIDENTIAL SCHEMES . . . . . . . .

Korangi Project:

Nazimabad, Karachi

Jail Area RedevelOpment Scheme, Lahore

Country Club Area Scheme, Karachi

134 Acre Scheme, Lahore

Peeple's Colony, Lyallpur

Rivaz Garden Estate, Lahore

fRecapitulation of Reviews and Areas of
Deficiencies and Drawbacks

“Vi-

Page

iii

viii

ix

xi

ll

18

32

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Chapter Page
V. THE IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM . . . . . . . . 125
Recommendations for Large Scale Schemes
Smaller Schemes
Miscellaneous Recommendations
Summary of Recommendations
APPENDIXES O O O O O O O O I O O O I O O 154
A. SCHOOL AND PARK STANDARDS
B. ACCESS STANDARDS FOR COMMUNITY
FACILITIES OUTSIDE THE NEIGHBORHOOD
BY TIME
C. RESIDENTIAL DENSITIES
D. STATEMENT SHOWING THE PARTICULARS
OF SATELLITE TOWN SCHEMES IN
WEST PAKISTAN INCLUDING KARACHI
E. TOWN HOUSES
F. ILLUSTRATION OF A DEVELOPMENT HAVING

A VARIETY OF HOUSING TYPES AND
DESIGN PATTERNS.

BIBLIOGRAPHY O O O I O O O I 0 O O O O O 160
Books and Periodicals

Documents and Reports
Unpublished Material

- vii -

 

 

 

‘9

.‘

.v.

‘-§

Table

II

III

LIST OF TABLES

ESTIMATED URBAN HOUSING NEEDS
WEST PAKISTAN 1960

ESTIMATED URBAN HOUSING NEEDS
WEST PAKISTAN 1965

COMPARATIVE STATISTICS FOR A
PLANNED AND UNPLANNED SCHEME

- viii -

Page

21

22

148

w:

7.

4%.

CV

Figure

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

l7

18

LIST OF FIGURES

PAKSITAN ON THE WORLD MAP
WEST PAKISTAN - GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY

WEST PAKISTAN - EARLY SETTLEMENTS
AND ROUTES OF SETTLERS

WEST PAKISTAN - URBAN CENTERS

WEST PAKISTAN - CONCENTRATION OF
SHELTERLESS REFUGEE FAMILIES

WEST PAKISTAN - LOCATION OF IMPROVE-
MENT TRUSTS BY 1959

KORANGI PROJECT - ORIGINAL SCHEME
1958

KORANGI MASTER PLAN
KORANGI FORM

TYPICAL LAYOUT OF A COMMUNITY IN
KORANGI

LAYOUT PATTERN - NAZIMABAD, KARACHI

DETAILED LAYOUT PLAN OF A NEIGHBOR-
HOOD UNIT IN NAZIMABAD

LOCATION OF JAIL AREA REDEVELOPMENT
SCHEME, LAHORE

LAYOUT SCHEME FOR THE GOVERNMENT
LAND ON JAIL ROAD, LAHORE

GULBERG ROAD DESIGN

COUNTRY CLUB AREA IN RELATION TO
KARACHI METROPOLITAN REGION

DIAGRAMMATIC MASTER PLAN

COUNTRY CLUB AREA LAYOUT OF A
SECTOR

_ ix -

Page

13

17

19

:11

53
55
59

67

68

76

79

81

{n

 

 

Figure

19

20

21

22

23

24
25
26
27
28
29

30

31

LIST OF FIGURES

(Continued)

LAYOUT PLAN OF 134 ACRE SCHEME,
LAHORE

LAYOUT PLAN FOR A SETELLITE TOWN
AT LYALLPUR

LOCATION OF RIVAZ GARDEN, LAHORE

DEVELOPMENT SCHEME OF THE RIVAZ
GARDEN ESTATE ON MULTAN ROAD, LAHORE

POSSIBLE SITES FOR NEW TOWNS IN THE
KARACHI REGION

LEFT TURN CUT-OFF LANE

USE OF LOOP STREETS
CUL-DE-SAC AND LOOP STREETS
LOOP STREETS

CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT
HEXAGONAL LOTS

THE PLANNED SCHEME AND THE
UNPLANNED SCHEME

USE OF DIFFERENT SETBACKS

Page

90

101

108

110

128
138
141
142
142
143

144

146

149

Photo

LIST OF PHOTOS

A BIRD'S EYE-VIEW OF HOUSES IN
KORANGI

A CLOSE VIEW OF THE HOUSES BUILT
IN KORANGI TOWNSHIP FOR THE LOWEST
INCOME GROUP

ONE OF THE PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN THE
KORANGI TOWNSHIP

VIEW OF GOVERNMENT BUILT QUARTERS
IN NAZIMABAD

VIEW OF ARTISANS COLONY BUILT BY

REHABILITATION CORPORATION IN
NAZIMABAD

_ Xi _

Page

46

47

47

59

59

CHAPTER I

THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE

The Land

 

Pakistan is a new country, a new nation. It appeared
on the map of the world August 14, 1947 when the colony of
India, a major and an important asset of the British Empire,
was given independence and divided into two separate
countries, Pakistan and Hindustan (India). Actually there
were three parts because Pakistan consists of not one but
two geographically separated parts called West Pakistan and
East Pakistan. In local terminology these are also known as
the West Wing and the East Wing. Probably it is the only
country in the world with that peculiar situation. Both
the wingsare separated-by over a thousand miles-of Indian
territory.. In this thesis we are concerned~on1y with west
Pakistan.

West Pakistan lies between 240 and27O North latitude
which is approximately the same latitude as California, and

between6lo and 750 East longitude.l

 

1Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Education and
Information, (Department of Films and Publications, 1963),
Pakistan-—Basic Facts, p. 6.

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West Pakistan has mainly three well defined seasons
viz; winter, summer and monsoon or rainy season. In the
northern parts of West Pakistan, which are in the foothills
of the Himalayan mountains, the winter is extremely cold.
Some of these northern areas have snowfalls, but generally
the climate is dry. The winter season is relatively short.
Summer starts in mid-April and during the next three months
the temperature in the lower plains may reach 1200 F.
Between July and September is the rainy season when the
rainfall averages about fifteen inches in the plains and
about sixty inches in the hills.2

As the map on the following page indicates, the
northern and north-western areas of West Pakistan touching
the Himalayan ranges and the Hindukush mountains are rugged,
mountainous or hilly. The central part is called the Indus
Valley and is composed of almost level plains and fertile
fields while to the south and south-west is the barren
desert stretching to the Arabian Sea. The total area of
West Pakistan is 310,236 square miles.3 As a whole, West

Pakistan is a land of great scenic and topographic contrast.

Population Characteristics

 

Pakistan was created on the ideology of having an
independent and separate state for the Muslims of India.

The areas, at the time of independence, were divided and

 

2Embassy of Pakistan, (Washington, D. C.), Pakis-
tan——A Fact Sheet.

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WEST PAKISTAN
GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY

   
  

[:I Below 1,000 ft. REGIONA

',:,.,"| Above 1, 000 ft. REGIONB

 

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ARABIAN SEA

Fig. 2

distributed on the basis of pOpulation majorities following
the Muslim or Hindu faiths. According to the latest census
figures 85% of the population in Pakistan is Muslim, 13.9%
Hindu and 1.1% of other religious faiths.4 We can assume
almost the~same percentage figures apply to West Pakistan
as well.

At-the time of independence the estimated population
of West Pakistan was between thirty and.thirty-one million.
Immediately after the partition of British India the refugees
from India started pouring into West Pakistan every day.
According to unofficial estimates over seven million peOple
have migrated to West Pakistan since partition as against a
few thousand who left for India.

According to 1961 census, the population of West
Pakistan was 42.9 million. Out of this population 77.5%
was rural and 23.5% urban. The projected estimates show
that the urban population will attain a percentage of ap-
proximately 41 in the next twenty-five years, when the total
population will have doubled its present number. The per—
centage of increase of urban population in the last decade

5 This was due to natural

has been approximately 60.1.
increase, as well as migration of rural population to urban

areas, and this trend is increasing.

 

41bid.

5DoxiadisAssociates, "Revised Estimate.of Urban and
Rural-P0pulation of West-Pakistan and Projections upto 1961";
2.12, Lahore, 1963, Doc. No..RéPLH 40. '

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Rural Development

 

West Pakistan, and Pakistan as a whole are basically
agricultural.

For the last decade there has been appreciable in-
dustrialization, but still agriculture is the main resource
for West Pakistan and the main source of earning a liveli-
hood. This is also apparent from the high percentage of
rural population.. Probably this is the cause for the
majority of uneducated people in the country. The literacy
rate in West Pakistan is only 13.6%, but is now increasing
due to the Government's emphasis on free elementary educa-

tion and increased facilities for higher education.

Government

 

All the theistic religions are aggressive and tend
to regard religious views other than their own erroneous
and inferior and tend to have a provincial self-righteous-
ness.6 This fact is reflected in the political behavior
and conflicts. In West Pakistan this strong provincialsim
has created problems and differences among people. To
eliminate these ill effects and create more unity and-
hanmony, the Government of Pakistan abolished the various
provincial governments in West Pakistan about ten years ago
and made it into a single unit. Still the traces of such

behaviour (regionalism) are found. When planning for West

 

6F. C. Northrop, The Meeting of East and West,
p. 411.

 

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Pakistan this fact will be very important.

At present, the government in Pakistan is a federal
type with the presidential pattern.7 The constitution pro-
vides for a president as a central executive, a central
unicameral legislature known as National Assembly, which is
the source of all law, and an independent judiciary, apexed
by a supreme court, which interprets and enforces the con-
stitution. The President is elected through secret ballot
by an electoral college, which itself is elected on the
basis of adult franchise by secret ballot. The President
is assisted by a Cabinet of Ministers who, as in the United
States, are appointed by the President.

The two Provinces of East and West Pakistan are
headed by Governors and have separate unicameral legisla-
tures known as Provincial Assemblies.

The Federal and Provincial governments have various
departments like Health, Communication and Works and so

forth. Each department is headed by a secretary.

Familyplncome

 

According to the National Sample Survey of 1960 and
its findings, the average yearly family expenditure on con-

sumer goods and services was estimated to be about

 

7Embassy of Pakistan, Information Division, (Wash-
ington, D. C.), This Is Pakistan.

 

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Rs. 1730.008 for West Pakistan. This amoUnt when compared

to the income groups in the urban centers shows that about
52% of the families in urban centers can hardly cover their
everyday needs.9 Obviously,most of the programs of develop-
ment and public work, require effective government initia-
tion, participation and support. So far, government has
been responsible for almost everything, but lately there
have been some fields where government has shared its re-
sponsibilities with cooperative societies or "Improvement

Trusts."

Family Structure

 

Next to be mentioned here and probably the most im-
portant cultural aspect influencing residential development,
is the family system. In Pakistan, in contrast to America,
there is the so-called extended family system. There the
stress is not on individualism like it is in America. This
is a marked difference in the two cultures. In Pakistan it
is thought to be the duty.of one person of-a family in good
position to take care-of the others, whereas in the West,~
particularly in America, everybody is on his own (broadly

speaking).

 

8$1.00 Rs. 4.75.

9Doxiadis Associates, "Population Distribution by
Income Groups in Urban Centers of West Pakistan"; 11.16
Lahore, 1963, Doc. No. R-PLH32, p. 2.

-|

 

 

In

(J

‘0.

§

~bl

This dependency is considered an important obliga-
tion among the close-knit families of West Pakistan. In
simple societies, the family is the government. The family
system affects planning, especially the land-use, and in
particular the housing. The nucleus10 family is better
adapted to industrial societies and it will be worth men-
tioning here that for the economic development of under-
developed countries, it will be necessary to modify the
behavior of the extended family. To do so, housing and the

living environment will play an important and major role.

Cultural Changes

 

The urban people have a tendency to adOpt new con-
cepts and add them to their culture. This is because the
increasing industrialization and related economic changes
are weakening family ties and producing cravings for a new
status and quick satisfactions. The greater acceptance of
new ideas by urban dwellers is probably related to the
higher percentage of literate persons and their discrimating
selection of native as well as foreign material and non-
material products. They are quick to recognize and appreci-
ate the modern ways of life. The educated urban population
is adopting the western ways more and more. (This aspect

would make it easier to introduce new standards and patterns

 

10Nucleus family is the one in which each family.
member primarily performs its role or function independently.
They would normally live independently, too, as adults.

,...

u—«v'l

luv--

Bub.

 

 

‘n

a
a

“-u‘

10

while planning for the residential developments). Neigh-
borhood character very easily identifies the income groups
residing there, as does the architecture which is getting
more and more western in character.

There is some Opposition to intermixing cultures.
Reasons are many: incompatable religious practices and
customs; tOO much freedom Of social intermixing Of Opposite
sexes which, according to the ideas Of Older and conserva-
tive people, creates immorality; and also, there are
certain other Western practices that are not desirable
according to Koranic teachings. This ideological struggle
is creating a Split between modern and traditional culture
and the people.who are facing it are, for the most part,

Of the upper—middle and lower-middle classes.

CHAPTER II
SETTLEMENTS IN WEST PAKISTAN

Politically, West Pakistan is only a few years Old,
but historically it is one Of the most ancient lands known
tO man. Its recently excavated cities were founded before
Babylon was built. Its people learned the art Of gOOd
living and citizenship more than four thousand years before
the EurOpean Renaissance. The evidence Of this civiliza-
tion has been found mainly along the Indus Valley and dates
back to three thousand years before Christ. Ruins Of well-
planned cities with burnt-brick masonry, wide streets and
underground drainage systems prove that a highly develOped
civilization existed in this area when Europe was still
relatively primitive. Unfortunately, the successive waves
Of invaders appear tO have swept away this great civili-
zation.

From 1500 B.C. tO the present, the country has been
under the influence Of Aryans, Greeks, Scythian and Huns,
Persians and Arabs, Parthians, Kushans and Other central
Asian peOple, French, Portugese and Anglo-Saxon, each

leaving their marks on the cultural pattern Of West Pakistan.ll

 

11Government of Pakistan, (Department Of Films and

Publications, Karachi, 1963), Pakistan—eA Profile, p. 3.

 

11

OI.

.:

A--

Vi.

-‘

h.“

 

'EL\

~\~

12

The settlements in West Pakistan are, because Of their
function or when they were founded, similar to the eighth
century A.D. deve10pments when the Arabs first came. The
Arabs settled in the Indus region or Indus Valley because
water was the main means of transportation. They approached
from the sea and by the Indus river (see map on next page),
which is the biggest in West Pakistan and a great means Of
communications. For about two hundred years they remained
mainly in the southern regions Of West Pakistan.,

In the tenth century Muslims from central Asia
which included Turks, Afghans and Turkomans came through
Khyber pass and we find settlements in the North-western
regions Of West Pakistan. SO the early settlements were
along these two routes,that is, the Indus Valley and the
Khyber pass down tO the plains in the central and eastern
part.

Moghuls were the most influential rulers by the
seventeenth century. They ruled this area along with the
rest Of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. The Moghuls were
great builders and settlers and their world famous archi-
tecture is still dominant in this area.

The British ruled from 1857 to 1947, when Pakistan
was created. They made an important contribution tO the
development and urban settlement Of the land during the

ninety year period.

.1,

H .

13

WEST PAKISTAN
EARLY SETTLEMENT PATTERN

 

!
\‘ ‘ \\\

.\. \
AFT" $3“ Land Route TURKS so“ \ Khyber

ET . .~ .
10m (ENC, \‘EV‘TsPQSS
“M“...Mi,’ (Sea &River) TURVA.D‘;12‘ 5 x x

.0" («NM Water Route .~ ‘ . - ~

AFGHANISTAN

\ \\ .
\\\\‘\‘\ \“ \ \‘ ‘
o\ \‘

IRAN \ . ‘ \
s ~:~ ~s
\ 5 §
\‘\ §
~ ~‘ ‘ IIQDIA
~.
3: :_
~ ~
55‘ Hyderabad
. ‘ ‘ ~‘
Karachlo $1~ ~
~§ .‘
\\\s \2
\ \:‘\\\ :
\ \
“\Ws \\ §§
o ‘3“
‘ \
a? {4‘ S?
0“" ?

ARABIAN SEA
Fig. 3

Q“

14

Recent history is more closely connected with the
remains found in the present bigger cities like Lahore,
Peshawar, and Hyderabad. In these cities architectural
features and results Of planning are found side by side in
houses, mosques, squares, and city fortifications that
cover the periods from a thousand years Old tO the present
modern forms Of settlements. The origins Of more prominent
buildings and settlements reflect the cultural features Of
the last five hundred years, which includes four hundred
years Of Muslim rule Of the Moghul period.

Recent city location is due tO the economic de-
velopment Of the country and the migration Of people mainly
into Pakistan after independence.

The present settlements in West Pakistan are Of the

. 12
f0110w1ng types:

1. Fortified towns Of the past which have develOped
into commercial and administrative centers.

These are usually the larger cities as they have

been constantly inhabited for ages due to their

location at strategic points on communication
routes. In addition to their age as occupied

urban centers they have expanded in size tO tO the

general population increase.

2. Marketing towns Of the past which have developed
into commercial and administrative centers. These
were mainly marketing towns for fOOd and grain and
were located in agricultural areas serving as local

centers but have develOped into regional marketing
centers.

 

12Doxiadis Associates, "Settlements in West Pakistan
Housing and Settlements Programme-— Third Five Year Plan";
3.10, Lahore, 1963, Doc. NO. R—PLH 26.

151.: \‘ (In

 

m9”!

 

LA.)

15

Both Of the above kinds Of settlements are also
developing due tO the industrialization Of the country.
Out Of the two the second is more prominent in industrial
deve10pment. These tow are the main kinds Of settlement,
however, we can classify some settlements under the fOl-
lowing additional types as well.

3. Communication Centers: These are the settlements
which have and are developing because Of changing
modes and methods Of communication. This also
includes the changing patterns Of communication
lines due to increased facilities, change in
geographic location, political reasons and alter-
nates in View Of strategic considerations. For
example, the smaller settlement on the junction
points Of railroad system west Of Lahore develOped
more after the Partition when the main routes were
not toward the east Of Lahore but went south-west
to Karachi or north-west tO Rawalpindi. Another
influence was the deve10pment Of new routes to the
west Of Lahore to avoid making a detour when com-
municating between the southern and northern parts
Of West Pakistan.

4. Previous Military Cantonments: These settlements
resulted from a change Of function when military
cantonments were vacated and relocated in new
positions. Usually these were cantonments created
in the beginning Of the British rule which developed
into towns due tO commercial needs after being
abandoned for military purposes e.g. Mianmir
(Lahore).

5. New Administration Centers: These were the result
Of the political changes, independence, improvement
in the form Of porvincial governments and adminis-
tration organization. The most prominent in this
category is the entirely new capital city, Islamabad.
In addition to this there are various smaller towns
which have gained importance due to unification Of
various West Pakistan provinces into one province
and subsequent changes in administration. These
towns are also developing as centers of communica-
tions and Of commercial activity.

l6

6. Recreational, cultural and institutional: These

include the development due to the creation or

set up Of academic institutions or centers for

specialized training, resort towns, and any Of

the above kinds which have also become prominent

in cultural activities.

According tO the Pakistan Census Bureau, there is
a total Of 234 urban settlements (Of 5000 population or
more) in West Pakistan. The geographic distribution Of
these urban centers is evident from the map on the follow-
ing page. Out Of these, there are two metrOpOlitan areas
Of over one million pOpulation, 130 settlements of over
10,000 population, 22 Of over 50,000 and 12 Of over 100,000
population.13 The geographic distribution clearly shows
the pattern and trend Of settlements at present. As we
Observe the concentration is in a relatively flat and non-

desert area, which is best suited for agriculture, for

construction purposes and easy communications.

 

13Ibid; p. 6.

17

WEST PAKISTAN
URBAN CENTRES

 

 

 

 

 

LEGEND
Number of Population
° 10, 000- 25,000
0 25,000— 50, 000 ,3
o 50, 000- 100, 000 ' x
O 100, 000- 250,000 . '. 5
a- . ""
U 250, 000- 500,000 Peshawer ,Ao’ .
I- o I
(\ 3. 500, coo-1,000, 000 --\ ‘l ,
I’Zxxl, 000, 000- 0 \fi‘. . -
~-/ 1,500,000 ‘i‘, mm).
x" '0 I'
'\ ‘11, 500, 000- . I/ . ,v ,
.,_,/ 2,000,000 9': l’ o
\‘ l I ’l
i.-. .4... I
'r” '. “-"z .'
. x' 3 ,g____,3“
I‘ lo 0
’ Q‘Quetta 1' 0|. .0 O ’
I \ I I ' '
I \ I I 0”
’0' \\"\‘ I" .’I - .l’
r"’ \‘l I, l. I, 0.0
‘,’ l { )/
-’--’ x. ...... ,1 ,’ o
1’-.. ’I’ll” . :3: O
i, i',’ 1’ “s:
I). I
IRAN 5..-," ° INDIA
: ,'
i , a
v": \
|r \‘ 5‘ ‘ \ 0”--“"\‘
1‘ ‘ '0 ; I. .
.._“_‘fl -. '0' V!" O
rad“ ID derabad
ARABIAN SEA BI '
Source:
DOXIADIS ASSOCIATES Fig. 4

\

7" 3k ‘3.-

 

V :
‘ESL‘JEE
3 n

3+-
1 V‘kas

CHAPTER III

HOUSING DEMAND AND PAST RESIDENTIAL

DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

DevelOpment Of the Need

(In West Pakistan the important bases for the housing
problem were the political and religious distrubances Of
1947 and the floods Of subsequent years. These resulted in
two things: (1) migration Of a great number of people in a
short time into West Pakistan; and (2) destruction of houses
which were either burned during the riots Of 1947 or des-
troyed by the floods. The mass migration Of refugees in-
creased the slums in the urban areas. (The map on the
following page shows the concentration Of shelterless
refugee families.) These causes made the housing shortage
a catastrophe)since it was already critical because Of the
high rate of natural increase and migration Of rural popu-
lation to the urban centers. A minor contribution tO this
demand for urban homes was the increasing number of married
children desiring homes Of their own. While this indidated
a change in the joint family system due tO impact Of modern
life, it resulted in a greater demand for houses by higher

income families. Most families had an income tOO low to

finance the high construction costs Of a home. Thus,

18

 

_.

U

5::
M

lit-.ul—
J
‘ .
‘1 a
q

A

5

19
WEST PAKISTAN - CONCENTRATION OF REFUGE FAMILIES

L E G E N D
NUMBER CF SHELTERLESS FAMILIES IN 1960

JAMMU
KASHMIR

p

AFGHANISTAN

Ouwnomnu

I

AFGOOH/
G . Ooumauvmu

sum-(Hue n A O

I

LI‘ALLI’UH‘ LAHORE

mmo insomnia
g.“ GOJRA

I NALAK 0.
mm ghmuuaw \ )OK’ARA
cum“. NATNI O moonenv
. m PAYIAN
GRAND TOTAL 509 0005111 ”KNEW LO 0:. mick;
THE WHOLE counnv aOaAmwuuwn
CHISHYIAN
OHASIL’PUR
BAHAWl-LP,UR
Owns 090+. E AST

   
   
  
     
  
   

MU LIAN
MUZZAFFM GARHO

OKHANPUR
umuunxm '

O SHAHOAJPUR
QTAN 3C .1 .. M

MIRPUP mus
NV 0 E RA DA 0

ARABIAN 1’

s E A

Sou-c1.- Fig. 5
DOXIADIS ASSOCIATES

J. .

-<

 

:\
nu.

h.—

4“

P44

20

private building was unable tO meet the shortage Of housing.
West Pakistan in 1947 was suffering with inadequate housing
activity, which had almost stopped during the Second World
War. The situation could not be met by constructing new
houses alone.

With the help Of the Pakistan Housing Census Of
1960 and using five persons per family as base, it was es-
timated that the housing shortage in 1960 was 551,400

14

dwelling units in urban areas. Adding the number Of sub-

standard houses, on the assumption that 20% Of Katcha15 and
10% of Pacca houses were substandard, the total need for
1960 came out to be 943.700 dwelling units.

From the above figures for 1960, Pakistan housing
needs for 1965 and 1970 have been projected. For these
projections pOpulation figures Of l96lcensus and National
Five Year Plans were used plus considerations for the for-
mation Of additional families, wear and tear on the existing
houses, and the house building activity in that period.

The total net needs for urban housing in West Pakistan have
been estimated by Doxiadis Associates tO be 1,232,200 for

16

1965 and 4,929,200 (gross) by 1970. (That is the building

 

l4Doxiadis Associates,"Housing Needs West Pakistan
1960, 1965 and 1970";Rept. NO. P-PAK-LH 109 Dt. 6.15.1964.

15Katcha house is the one in which mud mortar and
unbaked or unburned bricks have been used in construction.
Pacca houses are the ones that are made with burned bricks
and using cement and concrete in the construction.

1692. cit.

Av

“.

d4

. bLi.

J

=

rhw

1“

oi

2

x

21

activity has not been taken into account for 1970.) Ac—
cording tO the National Planning Commission, the demand for
new housing nationally is roughly 500,000 houses per year.17
This,ofcourse is not the figure for urban areas Of West
Pakistan alone. The tables below show the need Of housing

in different areas (divisional administrative areas) Of

West Pakistan for 1960 and 1965.

TABLE 1

ESTIMATED URBAN HOUSING NEEDS WEST PAKISTAN 1960

w m

 

 

Housing Substandard Total
Divisions Shortage Houses Needs
1960 1960 1960

Quetta 6,900 5,000 11,900
Kalat 2,400 2,100 4,500
Hyderabad 43,200 43,000 86,200
Sargodha 65.000 30,800 95,800
Peshawar 31,300 15,000 46,300
Rawalpindi 38,700 15,300 54,000
Lahore 150,600 40,000 190,600
Multan 57,300 83,700 141,000
Bahawalpur 19,200 37,800 57,000
Karachi 110,500 102,600 213,100
Dera Ismail Khan 1.900 3,200 5,100
Khairpur 24,400 13,800 38,200

Total 551,400 392,300 943,700

Source: Doxiadis Associates

 

17Government of Pakistan, Planning Commission, Nov.
1963, Guidelines for the Third Five Year Plan (1965-70), p.
121.

22

 

 

 

 

 

oom.mm~.a oom.mo~ oom.Hom.H oom.mmm oom.smm ooe.amm Hobos
ooa.om ooo.m ooa.mm oom.ma ooa.om ooe.em undufloss
ooa.e ooa.m oom.o oom.m ooe.a oom.a cons .H.o
oom.omm oom.oa ooa.mom oom.~oa ooo.oma oom.oaa Arbouos
oom.mo ooH.m oom.ee oom.hm oom.na oo~.mH undaozonom
ooe.oea ooo.m~ ooe.mma ooe.mm ooe.mm oom.am coeds:
oom.oam oom.mm ooe.oam ooo.oe oom.ma ooo.omH ouonoq
oom.a> ooe.aa ooo.mm oom.ma ooo.mm ooa.mm Hocfldaozom
oom.oa ooe.mH oom.om ooo.ma ooo.oe oom.am Hosoamom
oo~.moa oom.a~ oom.maa oom.om ooo.ooa ooo.mo oncomuom
oom.ooa ooo.am oom.ama ooo.me ooo.me oom.me oonouoosm
oom.e com ooa.m ooa.m ooo.m ooe.m bodes
ooe.ea ooo.m ooe.aa ooo.m oom.m oom.o oppose
mesa momanooma moma oomsom momauooma coma
moooz umz >ua>wuo¢ moooz OHOOGoum moaawamm ommuuonm mGOHmH>HQ
mahoaesm mmouo nASm absceuaooa mcflmsom

 

mme Z<BmHM<m Emmz mammz OZHmbom demD DMBfiEHBmm

N mqde

23

These sets Of figures give us a fair idea Of the
magnitude Of housing activity needed for residential de-

velopment.

Past Housing Programs

 

In Indo-Pakistan subcontinent, local planning
started as a result Of a plague epidemic in Bombay in
October 1896. Finding the Municipal act insufficient tO
handle the problems, an Epidemic Disease Act was made in

1898 which did not work too well either. SO, the same

WM" “flmj

year, city Of Bombay Improvement Act was made which was
the basis Of creation Of Bombay Improvement trust. In
1911 Calcutta followed suit and later more improvement
trusts were formed in different cities. Essentially
these trusts were to clear up congestion and insanitary
areas and to prepare and implement housing and street im-
provement schemes. In Pakistan, Punjab Town Improvement
Bill of 1921 is the basis Of various town improvement acts.
At the time Of the partition, West Pakistan was not
one province but comprised Of five provinces under the ad-
ministration Of five provincial governments. Out Of these
five only two, namely Punjab and Sind had a town palnning
organization. These organizations headed by a provincial
town planner or town planning and valuation Officer gave
advice and made schemes for municipalities, improvement

trusts and the provincial government. Later, there were

 

3238! E

re:ijov

..u\.i

“' bait
. .
.0 "n]
§0ny
§
(‘6 .
I." ‘H

24

other agencies and organizations also who participated in
residential deve10pments which are described below.

If we take a look at the Five Year Plans prepared
so far by the Government Of Pakistan, we see that: The
First Five Year Plan for the period 1955-1960 had a budget
provision for about 250,000 new housing units in urban
areas, 100,000 Of which were to be for refugees.18 This
target could not be met and only 49,000 families were
settled during this plan period.19 The Second Five Year
Plan for the period Of 1960-1965 provided for the settle-
ment Of about 98,000 families. According to reports, in
the first two years only about 9,280 families were settled.20
This represents 10% Of the total program. In this plan as
in the First Plan, the target could not be met. Inability
to implement the plans has been due to problems in planning
Of the projects which in turn is due tO inadequate profes-
sional staff and lack Of administrative coordination.

These problems delayed the project sufficiently to prevent

the full utilization Of budget provisions. In the Third-

18Government Of Pakistan, Planning Board, The First
Five Year Plan 1955-60 (Draft) Vol. 1, May 1956, p. 11.

l9,.Doxiadis Associates, "General Framework Of West
Pakistan Housing Programme for Third Five Year Plan"; Doc.
NO. R-PLH 30’ p. 30

20Doxiadis Associates, "Evaluation of the Implemen-
tation Of the West Pakistan Housing and Settlements Pro-
gramme Provided in the Second Five Year Plan"; Doc. NO.-DOX-
PLH 2, 1963, p. 13.

 

 

25

Five Year Plan, provision is for only about 62,500 houses

21 This Ofcourse has been

whereas need is four times this.
planned in View Of the previous experiences Of the two
plans. Unless some policy changes are made and adminis-
trative reorganization is done tO make the planning smooth
and efficient it will be difficult to meet this target in
the next plan. This will aggravate the problem much more.

The past activity in the field Of housing is described

below:

Improvement Trust Schemes

Lahore Improvement Trust is the Oldest in West
Pakistan which was created in 1936. By the end Of 1959
there were nineteen improvement trusts in West Pakistan.
The location Of these trusts is shown on the map on the
following page. In an effort tO broaden the scope Of
work, functions, responsibility and_powers Of these trusts,
they are now being cOnverted into Development Authorities.
These trusts prepared some eleven schemes during 1947-1950
period for the areas burnt and damaged during the 1947
riots in Punjab. These burnt areas were mainly residential.
A few schemes were prepared for other vacant land areas.
However, these efforts were not enough to COpe with the

situation.

 

21Memorandum Of the Secretary tO Government Of West

Pakistan, Communication and Works Dept., "Comments on Guide-
line for the Third Five Year Plan—— Housing and Settlement
Sector," Dec., 1963, p. 13.

26

' WEST PAKISTAN
LOCATION OF IMPROVEMENT TRUSTS
by 1959

 

 

IRAN

 

ARABIAN

SEA

Fig. 6

nu.
~. 8
A." ‘

- o

in.“

sun" ‘

o
*r- l‘

A:

,9-

~‘U

I :4...'_

mus

K.
UE

.-
6005

a:
I
Y ..

~A
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.18 I

C a I h...

AV r .1

Q» .fiu

.1. I. I.
I Q In! .I

I... w x ul‘

27

Satellite Town Schemes

With the rapid increase in population as well as
industrialization the problem Of housing became acute
enough to force the central government ordered the pro-
vincial governments to prepare large residential schemes
in the vicinity Of towns utilizing the funds made avail-
able through a new tax. This tax was called the Refugee
Tax and was levied on a number Of items and other sources
Of income. It was collected by the central government and
redistributed to the provincial governments.

The schemes made under this program were called
satellite towns. The provincial government Of Punjab es-
tablished the Urban Rehabilitation Department in 1952 for
the purpose Of housing shelterless and displaced families.
The Department prepared a number Of satellite town schemes
for various locations.- These were actually not "Satellite
Towns," but suburbs or colonies with a dormitory function.
None Of these prOposed deve10pments provided means Of em-
ployment or assumed an independent existance of their own.
All of these schemes were inside existing city boundaries.
Later, however, many schemes, especially the ones develOped
within existing builtup areas on large vacant tracts were
named colonies or housing schemes.

The overall size Of these satellite town schemes
varied very much depending on the size Of the existing town,

need for housing, the amount Of land belonging to government,

 

 

 

g.

on...

28

and availability Of evacuee land. The bigger schemes pro—
vided for as much as 47,000 persons. (Appendix D shows
some particulars of satellite town schemes.) The satellite
town schemes had different housing categories. The lots
were Of the following four categories mainly depending upon

area:

 

A Category Lots 1210 sq. yds. or more up

tO 1 acre
B Category Lots 302 to 1150 sq. yds. L”
C Category Lots below 302 sq. yds., usually

212 sq. yds.

D Category Lots about 106 sq. yds.

There were some colonies planned for one type Of house also
which were for low income people. In other schemes the
policy was to provide 50% Of the total area for the two
smallest lots. This was only followed for the schemes in
the beginning. Generally all the lots were developed pro-
viding all utility services and part Of the smaller cate-
gory lots were built upon by the government and given tO
the peOple on easy installment basis. Houses on the other
lots were built by the people, which were all for single
family detached house. The "C" and "D" category houses
built by the government were either single story quarters
in rows or single story duplexes. The deve10pment and
construction work was carried out by the Buildings and Roads

Branch Of the Public Works Department for the Government.

29

By June 1960 48,931 families22 had been settled in such

schemes. 23

These schemes had many deficiencies. The biggest
defect was in site selection. These were not selected on
the basis Of planning principles, any studies or relation
to the places Of work, but in a very haphazard manner.

The sites usually had poor location and poor physical
features. The reasons for these actions were many. The
colonies were develOped on government or evacuee land to
save cost so wherever the land was available, it was taken.
A second reason was the lack Of technical skill in planning.
These resulted in them ignoring the long range effects. A
thirél important factor was the inadequacy Of available

funds -

Housing and Settlement Agency Programs

An important role has been played by the National
Housing and Settlement Agency in this field. National
Housing and Settlement Agency was created by the central
government in 1959. Later, in 1962, under the new consti-
tution (June 1962) all public functions relating tO housing
were brought under the jurisdiction Of provincial govern-

ment. The National Housing Agency was transferred to the
N

22This fugure does not include Karachi area.

De 23Government of Pakistan, Communications and Works
partment, Sattellite Towns in WestPakistan, Appendix "A."

30

provincial government and renamed West Pakistan Housing and
Settlement Agency. The Urban Rehabilitation Department was
also merged in this agency the following year, that is in
1963.

The first major assignment Of this agency was to
handle the housing problem in Karachi which was more acute
than anywhere else. This was because Karachi was only a
small port town before independence. After independence,
Karachi became the Federal Capital Of Pakistan, the major
seaport, as well as the major international airport on the
eastern air map. It develOped very rapidly into the biggest
center for commerce and industry in Pakistan. The National
Housing and Settlement Agency sponsored two major projects
in the Karachi area under the Greater Karachi Resettlement
Program. These were Korangi Colony24 and North Karachi
project. The Korangi colony alone has a provision for some
500,000 people. This colony was planned for the shelterless
refugees (100,000 families out Of 35% Of Karachi population

25

that needed houses ) in Karachi who were living in huts as

squatters.

 

24This scheme is discussed in more detail in the

next chapter.

5Government Of Pakistan, Ministry Of Rehabilitation
and Works, National Housing and Settlement Agency, The
Korangi Story 1958-1961, p. 3.

 

..-s.

(h

(’l

H
Vol

~‘F .
f 1")

”Vol 1

:9:

‘o- ‘-

8. 4‘”
‘dyJ

..

A'VR
- \
Mvfl.‘

 

.
"' FA
hcks‘,

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..VV

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f f

l J

“I
Fl.

 

 

 

31

Colonies for Government Employees

In addition tO various programs for general public,
the central and provincial governments have carried out
some housing schemes for their employees. Usually these
schemes are Of one or two classes. These colonies, exclu-
sively for government employees, are at various large urban
centers which were also administrative centers. This was
an effort tO solve the overall housing shortage and in par-

ticular provide added facilities for its employees.

Housing Society Schemes

In addition tO the housing projects by government
through various agencies and Improvement Trusts, there were
projects initiated by some wealthy land owners or OOOpera-
tive housing societies in bigger cities like Karachi and
Lahore. Some Of these schemes are Of fairly large size.
The Pakistan Employees Cooperative Housing Society
(P.E.C.H.S.) scheme in Karachi is bigger than any Of the
satellite town schemes. Such schemes have contributed a
lot in meeting the housing need, as well as improving the
architectural and environmental standards Of housing which

usually are lacking in government schemes.

CHAPTER IV

REVIEW OF SOME SPECIFIC

RESIDENTIAL SCHEMFS'

In this chapter we will review some26 past residen—
tial schemes and projects in more detail. This is to give
the highlights, and salient features of such schemes and
then bring out the defficiencies, drawbacks and debatable
points Of such endeavors. While reviewing and evaluating,
we will look at the three main aspects: (1) the purpose
and Objective of the scheme; (2) the policies and principles
Observed in planning and developing the schemes; and (3) the

design or physical organization Of the scheme.27

 

26It is not possible to cover all the schemes or
all the similar details of the schemes due to the unavail-
ability Of complete data, reports, and necessary infor-
mation.

27The financial aspect Of the development schemes

other than brief non-statistical consideration is con-
sidered beyond the scope Of this thesis.

32

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33

Korangi Project

 

I. Purpose and Background Of the Project:

Korangi Township project is one Of the largest
governmental housing programs for refugees in the country.
It is the first Of two under "The Greater Karachi Resettle-
ment Program." This program was started in 1958 with an
aim to house the shelterless families Of Karachi, mostly
refugees and squatters who migrated to Karachi after in-
dependence in 1947. According to estimates at that time
there were about 120,000 families or about 600,000 people
out Of a population Of two million without proper housing
in Karachi who lived on pavements and in shacks.

The project was started by the Ministry Of Reha-
bilitation with Karachi Development Authority as its agents
to handle the project and execute the work. Originally the
project started in December 1958 with a program to construct
15,000 one room houses initially, with a target Of 30,000
finally. In early 1959, realizing the acute shortage Of
housing in Karachi and the need for a huge number Of resi-
dential units, the scheme was revised entirely. The work
was entrusted to the newly created National Housing Agency
whose main job was to tackle the housing problem Of Karachi.
(The two plates on the following two pages show the original
Korangi township scheme and the master paln Of the revised

scheme.) The revised scheme was not tO be a residential

KORANGI PROJECT - ORIGINAL SCHEME

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36

suburb but entirely a new self contained community Of 100,000

residential units.

The Objectives of the prOject now were:28

a) TO meet as great a proportion Of the needs Of Karachi
as possible.

b) TO serve as a training ground for the town planners,
architects, Civil engineers etc., as well as for
other Specialists like economists, sociologists,
and administrators who are required in Pakistan. It
was intended, by this process, to graudally render
the country self sufficient in the skilled person-
nel needed tO promote its effort in the field Of

ekistics.29
c) TO be a pilot and demonstration project permitting

conclusions to be drawn in 21 scientific manner

on the best methods Of action in all fields con-
nected with housing and settlement, which would in-
clude building materials, methods Of construction,
self-help methods, management, etc.

The scheme is financed by the Government Of Pakistan and

the Government Of the United States. The consultants for

programing, planning and designing are Doxiadis Associates

 

28Government Of Pakistan Planning Commission, The
Greater Karachi Resettlement Programme, January 1962, p. 3.

29"Ekistics" is the term developed by Dr. C. A.
Doxiadis Of Athens, Greece, for "the science Of human settle-
ments."

 

Ta

37

of Athens, Greece.

II.

Planning Principles and Policies Observed:

a)

b)

C)

d)

The basic principles involved in this project are:
The Korangi Township is intended tO be self suffi—
cient settlement that is providing the employment
Opportunities for its residents is part Of the pro-
ject design. It also privides for trade, industry
health, education and recreation in addition tO
residences.

The settlement will be comprised Of the full range
Of income groups and they will be in the same pro-
portions as the population Of Karachi. This is tO
avoid the character Of a limited suburban city.
During actual deve10pment on the site, only nuclei-
houses for the lowest income groups were constructed
at first. The lots were, however, develOped for the
middle and higher income groups. These people were
tO build the houses themselves. The people granted
nuclei-houses also are supposed tO complete the
houses through personal efforts by self—help methods.
The people would fully pay for the housing facili-
ties provided by the government on a long-term
installment basis. Houses for the lowest income
groups are subsidized 30% by the government. De-

veloped lots for the higher income groups are made

e)

III.

a)

b)

38

available on the basis Of the commercial value which
they will acquire when the area is fully develOped.30
The project is a long-term project and will be com-

pleted in 14 years time (that is in 1972).

Physical Planning Aspects:

The Site

The site Of Korangi project is about 8 miles east

Of the central city Of Karachi 21nd includes an
existing settlement or colony called Landhi. Korangi
is a more or less rectangular site Of 9 to 10 miles
in length and a maximum width of 4 miles covering
approximately 40 square miles area. On three sides
it is surrounded by water——Malir River, Gizri Creek
and Korangi Creek which extend to the Arabian Sea.
The Form

Essentially it is a "linear city" or "spine and ribs"
arrangement. The area on both sides Of the Spine

or main highway is distributed into rectangular sec-
tors which comprise Of various "neighborhoods."
Rectangular areas for light industry are located all
along the central highway. In the center these rec-
tangles have been provided for administrative, Civic
and commercial areas. A belt tO the south Of the

first southern residential belt is provided for

 

30This was to make the scheme more self-financing.

 

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C)

40

institutions and Special buildings, and then half
the length is again a belt of residential neighbor-
hoods. Almost three sides of the settlement, be-
tween the water areas and the urban areas is a

belt of agricultural and gneen areas. The forth
side on the east is blocked by the main industrial
area. This means the settlement can grow only up
to the designed capacity inspite of the fact that
it has a "growing form" of a linear city. which is
according of Doxiadis' theory of dynapolis the form

with growing center.

Lay out of residential neighborhoods though varying
in size in different sectors is overall on a rec-
tangular grid pattern. The low income houses are
in straight rows arranged parallel to the main road
and walk. The following page shows the plan of a

typical neighborhood design.

Circulation

Each of the sectors is bounded by multi-lane, boule-
varded streets providing acceleration and deceler-
ation lanes at the crossings. The central road

(or spine) is proposed to have well designed cross-
ings. In the neighborhoods emphasis has been given
on pedesterain circulatione—walking, especially in

low-income neighborhoods. Vehicular access inv

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DOXIADIS ASSOCIATES

Eiomrrcne

d)

42

these neighborhoods is only to the schools and
neighborhood civic and commercial centers through
cul-de-sac streets. (See plan on page 41). The
four way intersections have been avoided by making
T—intersections and there are only about sixteen
major four way intersections which are regulated

by design. For regional transportation, the cen-
tral road is connected to the main Karachi-Lahore-
Peshawar highway towards the east. Towards Karachi,
in all, six roads lead from various "sectoral" con-
nections. A railroad runs parallel to the central
road but between the northern light industry belt
and the residential belt. This connects the main
Karachi-Lahore line on the east side and may be

extended to Karachi on the west too.

Community Facilities

Each neighborhood, on the average, has three primary
schools, one high school, and a civic and commercial
center. This civic and commercial center is comprised
of a mosque, cinema, tea house, food market, shelters
for pedlars, firewood stalls, toilets, shops and a
community center grouped together. The community cen-
ter, depending on the community class, would include
common rooms, offices, courtyards, kitchen, showers

and toilets for one class and library, exhibition

e)

43

halls, auditorium, etc. for the other. Bigger civic
and commercial centers also include bank, health
center, restaurant, gas station, public baths, and
theatre. In addition to these there is a central
administrative, civic and commercial center (shown
in Figure 23) which is planned to have all these
facilities on a still larger scale. The watersupply,
sewerage and electric services are available to the
area, but not to the individual at present. Com-
munity water taps have been provided for every few
units. The same arrangement has been made for

sewerage and electric connection.

Recreation and Open Spaces

There is one main area set aside in the total plan
for parks and a sportground which is north of the
center. Another large area south of the center and
a narrow belt to the south-east are earmarked as
green areas with special buildings. These are in
addition to various smaller open spaces and green
areas in the civic and commercial centers, neighbor-

hoods and adjacent to the schools.

Recreation for the youth is provided mainly through
the playgrounds connected with the primary and high
schools. For others the cinemas, theatre, auditor-

iums, exhibition halls and community centers are

f)

9)

44

included in the plan. The Open areas are suffi-
cient to provide for the traditional pastime and~
recreation of all classes, low classes in particular,

which is just sitting and talking or playing cards.

Houses

The lots for low income residents are designed for
single family basic houses. The government has I
constructed and plans to construct most of these
houses as one or two room nuclei houses, to be com-
pleted in the future by the beneficiary families
themselves. These lots are 120 square yards in
area. The ultimate number of low income, middle
income and high income residential units is 56,000,
33,900 and 9,600, respectively. The photographs on
the following pages show VieWS' of low income houses

already built by the government.

Population and Future Growth

The whole project has been designed for an optimum
population of 500,000 in 100,000 units. This, how—
ever, is the target for 14 years from the date of
starting. The scheme is mainly for housing existing
displaced and shelterless families. There seems to
be no consideration for further growth, unless the

settlement is to change its preSent or designed form.

 

 

 

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45

IV. Evaluation

Two aspects of this scheme seem to be very prominent
The linear form,emuithe introduction of a pedestrian scale
in the residential neighborhoods and the home-work relation-
ship. The linear pattern of layout has always been subject
to criticism. In this particular case there is no separ-
ation between the areas for home and place of work except
the street which is not so very desirable when the inuds-
' trial zone goes all along the length of the settlement.
The northern residential belt is bounded by a main traffic
route and a railroad, which is highly undesirable when
there is the Opportunity to plan an entirely new community.

Further, the site is close to the sea which is to
the south-west. The wind blows at a fair velocity most of
the year. The wind direction being south-west, any areas
to the north-east of industrial sites are liable to be
under the influence of one nuisance or the other. Another
important fact is that there is a new oil refinery under
construction in the south-west corner ofthe site. This
will have major adverse effects on the areas next to it.

Considering the road standards, we notice that in
residential areas the pedestrian scale is used, but the
streets around the sectors are multilane roads. In View of
the fact that the majority of the sectors are for low income
people, the use of automobiles is expected to be very limited.
So the provision of such elaborate roads seems wasteful and

unnecessary.

46

In the house design, the majority, of course, is of
low income, the minimum is one room house expandable to two
rooms or so. Living in one room, for a family, is no less
than living in any shack whether it is constructed by straws
or cement concrete. In view of the number of persons per
average family, which is five, and the cultural and religous
traditions that demand more privacy and segregation of sexes,
and above all, in view of social and human requirements, this

design is absolutely inadequate.

A Bird's Eye-View at Houses ls Koran!

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Photo No. 1

47

Photo No. 2

‘VW

 

A close vlew of the houses huiltln the Koran! Township for the lowest Income group

Photo No. 3

  

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One of the eleven primary schools provided ‘n the Korangi Township

 

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5,: v

48

This pattern of layout has been obviously adOpted
with the assumption that the peOple will be next to the
area of work. In this instance this is not practicable
at all. The industry or the places of employment are way
behind in deve10pment or establishment in the ribbon pro-
vided. Later, if we assume that the deve10pment of
industrial zone takes place all along the belts as planned,
how can we say that the people living nearer to certain

establishments will work in those too. This cannot be

 

achieved unless there is a whole reshuffling of residences
or the jobs in various establishments and the peOple em-
ployed. We duly recognize the urgency of housing those
peOple and the time element involved, but it might have
been better to devise another way of housing these peOple.
It could be in multisotry apartments nearer to the central
city or the existing industrial estates for as much as
these areas of employment could absorb. For a big project
as this, it could have been better to make it a real
satellite town and build it at least fifteen miles or

more away from its present location along with the con-
struction of industrial establishment. In its presest
situation, there are many people who have left these houses
and gone back to the city or still commute to the places

of employment and work in the city. There is no enthusiasm

5.

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... a.

 

 

49

on the part of the peOple to take possession of the lots
or even the built-up houses on very easy installments
provided by the government. A very recent news item31

shows this very clearly. The hesitency on the part of

the peOple to move to Korangi is very apparent.

In develOping this project, the government's
policy of charging for lots and facilities serving upper
or higher income groups on the basis of commercial value
that they would acquire when the area is fully develOped
is not favorable to achieving the goals of a balanced
and desirable community. No doubt this policy will give
a return to the government's investment if successful,
but from the View point of the customer it is unaccept-
able. If the government is unable to sell these lots
it will discourage the deve10pment of a community having
all income groups and all types of occupational classes.
The danger exists that the project in the long run will
end up all of the lower classes.

Besides the above considerations, there is one
last objectionable policy observed in planning the pro-

ject. In planning for the various income groups, the

 

31Dawn (Karachi), Nov. 25, 1964, "KDA asks A1-
lottes to Take Possession of Quarters in W. Karachi and
Korangi within 15 Days."

50

prOportions followed are the same as for Karachi city. This

we cannot say is very appropriate. Before it was adOpted,

it needed an investigation as to the desirability of the

social structure of Karachi.

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51

Nazimabad-Karachi

 

I. Purpose and Background of the Scheme:

The objective behind this scheme was the same as for
most of the other new residential deve10pments built during
the first years of independence, that is, to house the refu-
gees and other shelterless pOpulation in Karachi, and to
accommodate the overspill of the pOpulation. During the
first four years after independence the pOpulation of Karachi
had risen to four times its population in 1947. This created
such overcrowding and congestion that the city was in danger
of becoming a big slum. Consequently, back in 1950, the cen-
tral government decided to develop a satellite town, and this
was the beginning of Nazimabad, which has since been com-
pleted.

The overall layout plan was prepared by a firm of
town planners. The detailed layout within the framework of
that overall plan was then completed by the central Public
Works Department.32

It was planned more or less arbitrarily, to house
about ten thousand families. (Lately an extention scheme

for this deve10pment was implemented which is not included

in this review.)

 

321t may be noted that in 1950, Karachi was the
Federal Capital of Pakistan and was administratively inde-
pendent from the rest of the West Pakistan. All the con-
struction, development and maintenance works in such area
(or directly relating to Federal Government were and are
liandled by P.W.D. of the central government.

 

52

II. Policies and Planning Principles Observed:

In planning and deve10pment of Nazimabad, the fol-

lowing policies and principles were observed:

a)

b)

C)

d)

e)

III.

a)

The scheme was to provide housing for low and middle
class people.

The scheme was to be near the potential employment
centers.

The scheme was to be in the Karachi Centrally Ad-
ministered Area, yet outside the existing partially
developed area.

The lots were to be develOped and leased out to
people on an annual installment payment basis.

For those poor refugees who were absolutely unable
to build houses for themselves, the government
built 3,000 dwelling units (quarters) and the Refu-
gee Rehabilitation Corporation built 250 additional

dwelling units.

Physical Planning Aspects:

The Site

Nazimabad is located north of the central city of
Karachi beyond Lyari River. (See Figure 11.)
Lyari, though a seasonal river, was a natural bar-
rier to urban growth until Nazimabad was planned.
The land to the north and north-east of Lyari was

vacant and barren. North of Lyari and west of

Industrial Estate

53

LAYOUT PATTERN, NAZIMABAD, KARACHI

‘2‘
“i .3
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Source:
Nazimabad Brochure
by Govt. of Pakistan

10 MAiN C‘

Fig. 11

b)

54

Orangi Nalla,33 an industiral estate was already
being built. So the area to the east of Orangi
Nalla up to Gujro Nalla was selected with a View

of providing employment opportunity for the people
in the industrial estate and utilizing the cheep
land.

The,Form

Since the site is narrow and rectangular, the lay-
out is more linear in form. A main road runs north-
south in the center of the site dividing it longitu-
dinally. The lateral or east-west roads then form
the neighborhood units. So, each neighborhood unit
has major thoroughfares on three sides as boundaries
and Nallah, a natural boundry on the fourth side.
(See Figure 11 on last page.) Each neighborhood
unit is aobut 200 acres in size and provides accom-
mocations for about 2000 families. The figure on
the following page shows the layout of a neighbor-
hood unit. The size of the unit being large, the
focal point or center is not a primary school but
an industrial-commercial center. It is in the shape
of a horse-shoe in the center of the neighborhood.

The three primary schools are distributed through

 

river.

33"Nalla" in Urdu language is a brook or very small
Nallas usually are seasonal, that is, they flow in

rainy or flood season, and remain dry or have very little
flow at other times.

55

DETAILED LAYOUT PLAN OF A NEIGHBORHOOD
UNIT IN NAZIMABAD

 

BLOCK N24

 

 

 

”unuuuuunuml .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 12

 

C)

56

the rest of the area. The "center" contains ser-
vice industries, market, mosque community center
and other conveniences. The most valuable land in
the neighborhood viz; the corners and in the center
next to the major thoroughfares had been reserved
for public buildings. Most of this land has been
utilized by public offices and government colleges
etc. Curves have been used in combination with
straight lines in laying out the street pattern.
Circulation

The major circulation pattern is produced by one
main north—south thoroughfare. This directly con-
nects the area with the central protion of Karachi,
and four east-west off-shoots from this central
thoroughfare carry the traffic to the major place
of employment, the indistrial estate. The right-
of-ways for the main thoroughfare and the major
off-shoots are 320 ft. and 200 ft. respectively.
However, the metalled width is only 22 feet. The
excess area is for berms, tree platation and future

extention.

The internal circulation of the neighborhood unit

is by streets of nominal width of 40 to 80 ft. for
the use of mixed traffic. On most of the internal
residential streets there is no provision for side-

walks.

‘4..-

d)

e)

57

Community Facilities

As mentioned above, each neighborhood has three pri-
mary schools at different locations, a shOpping
center, and a mosque. Some of the area earlier re-
served for public buildings has now been used for
high schools and colleges which serve not one neigh-
borhood but the entire area of Nazimabad. The
scheme also includes a police post and medical
clinics. The utilities, electricity, water and
sewerage, are provided for each lot. The telephone
facility is available, but due to inadequate ca-
pacity of the system it is not extended to every lot.
Mail service is adequately provided.

Recreation and Open Spaces

Except for the grounds at the school sites, open
spaces are very few and small, usually at the angu-
lar intersections of streets. The only spaces pro-
vided for recreation in the paln have been sites for
cinema houses. For light and air the need of open
space is sufficient due to the extensive street sys-
tem and the low height of the structures. The excess
land with the 320 ft. major throughfares at present
serves the purpose of playgrounds for the youth and

sports grounds for others.

f)

9)

58

The Houses

Except for the 3,000 quarters provided by the
government and 250 by the Rehabilitation Corpora-
tion for the refugees of the poor class, all the
development is mainly of detached houses. There
was no architectural control and the development
encouraged self-help housing, or the building of

a home by the land owner. Due to the fact that

the construction was done by the tennants or owners
on these lots, the houses have various designs, in-
ternal and external. All the buildings are made of

burnt brick, or cement concrete, or concrete blocks.

The houses provided by the government are in rows.
Each of the units has two rooms of 10 x 12 size

each with a verandah in front and a courtyard at the
back with kitchen, bathroom and privy. Each row is
identically laid down one after the other as shown
in the layout in Photo No. 3 and Photo No. 4 on the
following page.

Population and Scope of Future Growth

The total population of Nazimabad is about fifty.
thousand. The site and the general layout plan pro-
vides for future growth towards the north. It was
believed that the same neighborhood pattern concept

could be extended miles to the north by extending

m .02 30am

 

55:3
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60

the central north-south thoroughfare, and still

maintain unity for the overall development.34

IV. Evaluation:

The choice of the site for Nazimabad was very wise.
It is on the main route from the central area of the city
and next to,a big potential employment center the indus-
trial estate. (Though not planned as an integral part of
Nazimabad, the industrial estate developed more or less
side by side.) Nazimabad is contained on three sides by
natural boundaries which provides a sense of the whole,
singurality to the development, and facilitates controlled
growth in the future on the one open side. The drainage of
the area is good.

The river or nallah banks were ideal for developing
park areas, but unfortunately the river and nallahs are‘dry
most of the period of the year. Still these belts could be
developed into parks which would not only provide recreation
and esthetics but alos help maintain the dry beds in good
sanitary conditions. At present they are more like ill-kept
"back alleys" of the neighborhoods.

As far as the overall layout plan of—the scheme goes,
it has been very well laidout. But, the design of each

neighborhood is highly undesirable. It looks like a typical

 

34The area to the north of Nazimabad is currently
under deve10pment and is very appropriately called North'
Nazimabad.

61

office draftsman's design with a big "focus" in the center
and streets, or a grid of lines woven around it. Curves
which have been very generously used lack skill and imagi-
nation. There are too many small blocks some even with
two lots only. Many streets meeting at a small angle have
produced undesirable intersections. Some have been im-
proved by making triangular open spaces at the intersec-
tions which are too small to be used for any useful purpose
except as a green patch which usually is hard to maintain.
This street system has resulted in wastage of land, irregu-
lar and odd shaped lots, more land under streets and conse-
quently higher road and utility costs. This layout is
inconvenient for the visitors too. The numbering system
becomes very difficult and odd. Overall it lacks sense of
order and is wearying and confusing.

Useful Open space is absent in the total design.
The usual recreation of people is to sit outside the house
or walk around and talk on the streets. Provision of neigh-
borhood parks, ideal for such things, was very necessary for
this scheme and it is missing. The schools seem to have
been located without reason. The primary schools are meant
to serve a certain area or a certain group of residence and
so should be in the center or near the center of these groups.
All the three sites in the neighborhood shown on page 55 are
wrongly chosen for this purpose. These are on major streets

of the neighborhood but in the absence of any plan for a

62

school bus that seems no reason of their location. Lastly,
the public housing for the poor (3,250 quarters) has not
been given any consideration as regards to its distribution
or choice of design. They were placed in rows parallel to
each other with the back of one set of houses towards the
front of the next row which is not a very good way of orient-
ing houses. The space left on both sides of the rows of
houses was intended to be landscaped. However, lack of
landscaping, and sanitary controls has created unhealthy
conditions. Overall the environment of these locations is
very displeasing. Socially these peOple have been segmented
into one, low class. With a little ingenious layout and
variety in house design this area could have been made very
attractive and constructive for the social, physical and

moral uplift of the resident.

63

Jail Area Redevelopment Scheme

 

Lahore

I. Purpose and Bakcground of the Scheme:

As the name implies, the scheme has been prepared
to redevelop the area where the district jail used to be.
The jail site was over two hundred acres in area when the
farm property attached to the jail was included. Residen-
tial development surrounded this site. The jail buildings
were very old and it was decided to shift it to another
place and use the buildings temporarily for housing certain
government offices. However, the need for housing had in-
creased in Lahore like most of the bigger urban areas.
Lahore being the second biggest city of West Pakistan and
the provincial capital, there was and is acute shortage of
housing, second only to Karachi. This added to the fact
that the jail area was in the best residential locality,
made the government redeve10p the area primarily for resi-
dential use. There are some provisions included, however,

for certain offices and institutions in the plan.

II. Policies and Planning Principles:
The following policies and planning principles were
observed in the outline, design and development of this

scheme :

64

a) It is a residential deve10pment with necessary
amenities and community facilities.

b) The scheme provides developed lots for all income
groups.

c) The lots are offered to the general public at open
auction. However, 30% of the lots of each catee
gory are reserved for government employees. These
are given at the minimum rate worked out per unit
area.35 The selection of applicants is by ballots.
If a person or a member of his family owns a house
or lot in the Lahore urban area, he is not eligible
for another one in this scheme.

d) The government will build single bedroom apartments

for bachelor officers in the same scheme to provide

rental accommodation for young single officers.

III. Physical Planning Aspects:
a) The site
The site of the scheme is located in the vicinity
of the most pleasant section of the city, the best
residential areas, colleges, and the hospital. The-
race course and famous Jinnah garden, which incor-

porates many social and recreation clubs, is only

35The minimum rate has been worked out on the basis

0f development charges viz: roads, sewerage, water supply
and electricity provision costs; plus the cost of construc-
t$0n of a new prison at another place and providing addi-
tional accommodation in other existing jails.

65

LOCATION OF JAIL AREA REDEVELOPMENT

SCHEME, LAHORE

N

A

KMLVAY
R0 AD

C N4 AL
RWEK

33 H H

/

 

 

 

 

 

(’v/
, - /'\
.\ ’ //’\
Gr. /
///
FORT R. ‘51“-
GOVT.
HOUSE
0‘4,
Q L
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a: S'TE V
.2 V; C
b
,S'
5’
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33.
‘a
«p
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MODEL
«own 0

Fig. 13

 

 

b)

C)

66

one-eighth of a mile from the scheme. It is within
the civil lines and located on the Gulberg road,
which leads to another fairly new and beautiful
residential area called the Gulberg. The sketch

on the previous page shows the location of the site
in respect to the old city and other important areas
of the city.

The Form

The site is L-shaped which gives the layout two
major divisions. The lots have been laid out in
straight strip-blocks around four open spaces, two
being with the primary schools. So we can say there
is not one or two, but four focii created by four
big open spaces. In those particular areas these
open spaces give the feeling of a "square" in the
center of the development, and will give the feel-
ing of a group among residents of the area. The
layout of strips is parallel and perpendicular to
each other. However, there are many so called
"nodes" at the end of straight streets created by
another block or school. The blocks vary in length
as indicated in Figure 14, on the following page.
Circulation

There is no real significant pattern of circula-
tion indicated by layout. However, a north—south

wide road and the Gulberg road on which the site

67

LAY OUT SCHEME FOR THE
GOVERNMENT LAND ON JAIL ROAD

LAHORE.

SCALE!-

     

 

300 '1" TO AN INCH.

 

”CRIN! . "AYIKNT OF ’LOT..
now

Go tum. non. u

0 u m non.

OI. an» “no. u

.0 “Int m. .0.

iflfléflg

Ono Inn-u an".
Omamm.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

OIIICTOI '0'!» 'L AII
LANG“ llc-on‘ LING

out. a!
u

U"

 

68

is located make the two axes.

The main traffic

will be carried from and to the scheme by Gulberg

road which leads to the more central parts of the

city, the commercial and other working centers,

and the recreation centers.

This road has been

redesigned to provide segregation of different

types of traffic. As Figure
is boulevarded in the center

and flanked on both sides of

sidewalks and bicycle tracks.

15 below shows, it
for automobile traffic

the central road by

<3ULBERI§ROAI>DESKH§

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“ T f‘fv( :’ L‘ V ' ' (“j . ‘ ~’\v" 5‘
Bicycles
Pedestrians
Vehicles
'l ‘\V '“ ‘..‘. . “‘.\‘.....-\“.(-.'T t.\\\‘
’31:: ”I .Q’Iiéfinstrlp‘: 9'“ fl
Vehicles
Pedestrians
Bicycles
C,-’k.)-v§/- ,4 “I!“ \ C I ._ a I". \‘ _ \‘._ l~._ '( \1‘ \_ \ _(\k I. rn \I. \_ 'I,
Fig. 15

This road has a total right of way of 142 ft.

The

other, north-south axis road is 140 ft. part of the

length and 120 ft.

the rest of the length.

The

d)

69

third major road which will come under the extension
of this scheme to the south is 114 ft. wide. The
secondary and collector streets are 50 and 80 feet
wide, respectively. The connection between Gulberg
road and Ferozepur road in the north-west corner of
the scheme is 100 ft. wide. As the cycle is a com-
mon man's means of transportation, it is expected
that most the the residents will be using cycles

or public transportation plying on Ferozepur road
and Gulberg road at present.

Community Facilities

The scheme provides for tow primary schools and one
high school. Two women colleges already exist next
to the scheme on the north and a third one is about
one mile away. Boys colleges are not more than two

to three miles from the scheme.

There is no provision for a dispensary or hospital
in the scheme, but there is an existing hospital
adjacent to the scheme. Two mosques have been pro-
vided in the paln and there are two already existing
just outside the scheme and one inside the scheme
boundaries. A shopping area has been provided all
along the upper part of the north-south axis road

and a site for the gas station.

 

|m:yn-u1.'~1 (M -v -_-.

e)

f)

70

Roads are planned to be paved as the development
and construction of private houses progresses.
Watersupply is being provided from tubewells and
two reservoirs. All the lots will ultimately get
sewer connections to the main sewerage system.

Electricity is also being provided to all the units.

Recreation and Open Spaces a
Lahore is one of the biggest cultural centers. Most

of the cultural activity is centered around Mall

 

lr".

road, Jinnah gardens and the institutions around
these areas. There are many clubs, social and for
sports, like Lahore Gymkhana, cosmopolitan, ladies
club etc, and an Open air theater in Jinnah gardens.
Race course is on Gulberg road about half mile down.
Cinemas are on Mall and Mcleod road mostly and also
near the southwestern corner of the scheme. All
these palces are one-eighth of a mile to two or

two and one half miles maximum from the jail area

redeve10pment project.

There are four open spaces in the area itself which
will provide recreation places for the youngsters

and add greenery to the overall area.

The Houses
Except for the government-built apartments, all the

houses will be of the single family detached type.

9)

71

There have been some restrictions put on the con-
struction and height of the houses which will
result in a general harmony of the structures.
Maximum height permitted is 40 ft. and three stories.
Other usual regulations like land coverage, build-
ing line etc. will take care of the general en-
vironmental and healthful conditions. The apart-
ments palnned to be built by the government for
bachelor officers are in double storyed buildings.
Each building has seventeen apartments.and a common
dining room, kitchen, pantry and recreation room.
Each apartment has a living, a bedroom, a bath and

a small room for storage.

POpulation and Scope of Future Growth

The area is divided to provide a total of 730 single
family houses plus the apartments. This gives an
estimated population of 3,650 persons. The layout
design provides for connections to possible future
extensions toward the south-east, south, or south-

west which are the only possibilities open.

Evaluation:

The setting of the site for a residential develop-

ment is excellent. But, considering the value of the site

and its location in the best high class residential area,

decision to develop it more into middle and low income

72

group housing does not seem to be very commendable. The

lower class lots are too many in number. It could have

been better to provide some more 2 Kanal36 and 4 Kanal

lots. Especially along Gulberg road, all lots should have

been of the biggest category as this road on the other side

has some of the most expensive houses or sites for that 1
class of houses. Inside also, at one instance (marked "x"

on the plan on page 65) houses of one category face other

type on the other side of the road. This is not a very

 

desirable practice. It creates imbalance in the setting.
In this layout the orientation of end lots being exactly
the same as others creates an unbroken line between the
two lots back to back which is also not a very desirable
situation. There are too many unnecessary streets which
could be avoided along with the small blocks.

The layout is again typical, stereotype like most
of the satellite towns in West Pakistan designed by the
Public Works Department or the Town Planning Department in
eastern and northern regions. No innovations are made and
no effort has been made to produce some variety and some
interesting different design.

In circulation, the design of Gulberg road has some
objectionable points. Most important is the placing of a

sidewalk right next to automobiles and inbetween the cycle

 

361 Kanal = 5,445 sq. ft. and 8 Kanals = 1 acre.

.
-_-\ ~4
flu;

II)
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73

and autoways.37 It could be unsafe both ways. Also the

width Of cycle track is wasteful unless this is to be used

38 and other slow traffic too, or,

as side road for tongas
part of it is developed as a green belt between the property
line and the sidewalk. The streets provided are of so many
different widths like 50, 80, 100, 114, 120, 140, and 142.
In one deve10pment there are seven different kinds of
streets. There is nothing particularly wrong in doing so
except that this shows ill-planning and that no standards
have been used. There are too many access points from the
busy main road that is Gulberg road and some of them are

too close to one another. These may obstruct the smooth
flow of the traffic on the main street and make it unsafe
too.

The plan for implementation of this scheme seems
very workable. However, the government may find it dif-
ficult to sell the lowest category lots to the poor people
of that class in Open auction. It is possible though that

the speculators with money might but it and construct houses

for rental purposes.

 

37In plan no sidewalk has been shown next to the
property line. It is therefore assumed none is provided.

38Tonga is a two—wheeled horse driven carriage used
for passengers or sometimes freight.

 

'Ql

74

Country Club Area Scheme

 

Karachi

I. Purpose and background of the Scheme:

This is another Of the several Town Extension schemes
prepared by or sponsored by Karachi DevelOpemnt Authority
for the city of Karachi. This particular scheme was prepared
by the chief town planner of Karachi DevelOpemnt Authority
under the guidance of a U.N. advisor in 1959. The main pur-
pose of the scheme was to house a part of the exploding popu-
lation of Karachi. However, because of the scale of the
development or scheme, commercial and trade or employment
areas had to be included in the scheme. Also, the Government
at that time had prOposed to build a railway line to skirt
the buildup area along Karachi's northern edge. The exist-
ing railway line passed through the southern area to the ter-
minal located at the heart of the city. This prOposal was
for a three fold purpose:

i) to divert national passenger traffic from the exist-
ing congested terminal on Mcleod Road
ii) to conduct the national goods traffic to the port
through the Sind Industrial Estate, and,
iii) to provide an east-west suburban rail link.

The proposed line passed through the country club

area and so the new railway station for national railway

terminal was also proposed there and included in the scheme.

75

Figure 16 (on the following page) shows the railway line
and the location of the scheme in relation to the Karachi
Metropolitan region. The regional traffic pattern and
major routes indicated on the master paln of Karachi Metro-
politan Region39 has influenced this scheme, although the

Master Plan was never formally adopted.

II. Policies and Planning Principles Observed:

The majority of the population needing houses being
poor or of low income or low-middle income groups, the
greater percentage Of lots are designed for those people.
However, for desirable social and economic reasons, a per-
centage of houses has been arbitrarily set aside for middle
and higher income groups. The policy was40 to develop the
area and sell the lots to persons wishing to build their
own residential or commercial premises.» The price would
increase with the size of the lot upto the full market value.

Because of the nature Of traffic, the slow and fast
traffic has been segregated, as well as the vehicular and

pedestrian in planning the area. The future has also been

L.

39The master plan for Karachi Metropolitan Region of
about 560 square miles was prepared by Swedish consultants
in 1952. This paln was under excessive fire by other experts
and critics mainly because of laboured layout pattern which
ignored natural features and extravegance in road and subur-
ban railway proposal.

40The latest progress report on the scheme could not
be Obtained. Therefore it is not possible to say what-its
present shape is. The scheme discussed here is what was pro-
posed.

 

 

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77
very much kept in view while planning for traffic with a
pretext that houses can be changed later but roads once

laid are laid for centuries.
Planning for economic considerations of present

 

 

included safety and convenience Objectives guiding the

residential areas and facilities directly connected to "1

them like shopping, education and recreation. The plans

were made simple so that they could be understood by the

limited staff available locally in the drawing office and ‘1
J

at the deve10pment site.

III. Physical Planning Aspects:

a) The Site
The site of the scheme lies between the Lyari river

to the north-west and a range of low hills to the
south-east. (See Figure 16 on page 76.) It incor-
porates the area of Karachi country club and Karachi

Flying Club and the area around it on Country Club

road. The site is about three miles long and one-

half mile wide covering an area Of about 2,600 acres.
41 links

major roads and the proposed suburban railway
it to the major employment centers to the west, east,

and south. Except for the Flying Club activities,
there was nothing on this site that had to be relo-

cated or needed to be transferred to another place.

41Half of this line has recently been completed.

b)

78

Mostly it was vacant and barren land, only a strip
of vegetable gardens existed along Lyari river.
Important existing features around the site are
(and were at the time Of planning) KDA water supply

filteration plants and reserves, Dalmia cement fac-

 

tory and pipe factory to the south-east, Sui gas PTJ
terminal station to the north-east, and a small ,
light industrial area to the south-west. Topogra- E
phically the site consists of slightly rolling hills. ;
From all considerations, this was a good site for E:

the scheme.

The Form

The main features of the plan are four major roads,
two on each side with the country club road as a
spine, the railway line, grouping of residential

areas, and the open Spaces.

The residential areas are grouped into nine sections,
seven of them being in northern half of the scheme,
and two on the other side of Country Club Road in

the southern half. Each residential group has green
and open areas on at least two sides and has a major
road on the third and a road and commercial area on
the fourth side. All through traffic has been dis-
couraged in the residential areas. Along the inner
parallel road space for cottage industry has been

provided alternately with the commercial areas.

 

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Fig. 17

80

Each section is served by three primary and one

high school located in the T—shaped Open areas.

The southern half Of the scheme, except for two

residential sections, is commercial and has the

new central railway station and reserved land for Fag
goods storage yard. In this area land has also I
been reserved for exhibitions, mostly industrial.
The land adjacent to the railway station is re-

served for a road transport station in anticipa-

tion of growth in local bus traffic.

down of land use areas is:
Residential
Recreation
Education
Transport
Public Utilities

Employment Areas

Total

643
422
122
606
182

687

2,662

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

 

v -
:31.
“I, I

The break

The plan on the following page (Figure 18) shows

the design of Section b, a typical section.

It

may be noted that two sides of each block are

surrounded by open space.

cial center is between the two blocks, but
side. Cottage industry is a strip between

major road and the residential area on one

The convenience

commer-
On one
the

side.

81

COUNTRY CLUB AREA LAYOUT OF A HOUSING SECTOR

          

 

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C)

82

Groups of different sizes of lots have been inter-

mixed tO break the monotony.

Circulation
The circulation is provided through three types of

roads and a cycle way system. The local main road,

PTa
parallel to country club road is 135 feet wide with g I
33 ft. carriage way for motor traffic and 16 ft. E
carriage ways on either side for all other mixed
traffic.42 The secondary streets within the resi- g

 

dential areas are 60 ft. wide with 16 ft. pavement.
Minor streets or collectors are 40 ft. wide with

12 ft. pavements. Because of the intensive use of
cycles by the people, especially of lower income
groups, a system of 30 ft. wide cycle ways having
12 ft. pavement is provided for more safety and to
reduce traffic on other roads. The cycle tracks

pass through the center of the residential blocks.

 

42The following figures for different types of

registered vehicles in Karachi (in 1957) will give a fair
idea of mixed traffic there.

Private cars 17,636 Donkey carts 1,746
Motor cycles 4,197 Victorias

Motorcycle-rickshaws 2,000 (buggies) 1,122
Taxi Cabs 625 Tongas 802
Buses 1,638 Cycle rickshaws 9,000
Trucks and vans 4,095 Hand carts 544

Camel carts 971 Cycles 83,703

83

d) Community Facilities
Each of the residential sections is provided with
three primary and one high school as mentioned
earlier. All schools are located in the open area

on the side and between the two residential blocks

 

in the section. The primary schools are located 5“
in the three "ends" of the T—shaped open area. t
Each section has a shopping center with shops, mar- :
fi‘ 1
ket stalls and "hawkers" to fulfill the needs of all :.§
#9

classes of shoppers. A mosque is provided next to
the shOpping center in the open area for each resi-

dential section.

There is no specific mention of health clinics,
colleges, police post and post offices but space
has been provided for public buildings. So it is
assumed that these will be provided as the develOp-

ment progresses.

Utilities like water, sewerage, electricity have
been provided. Gas43 and telephone service are be-
coming more and more common and could be furnished

on demand.

 

43Gas was found only in the mid fifties near Sui,
about 300 miles from Karachi. Soon after the pipeline was
laid to Karachi it was introduced as a fuel. Now it is
mainly used in industries.‘ Gas as a domestic use is still
not common.

e)

f)

84

Recreation and Open Space

Open spaces has been provided quite generously as
compared to most of the other schemes. 'Roughly

3 to 4 acres per 1000 persons has been provided.
It is also providedin.consolidated form which can
be used for recreational purposes, active as well
as passive. The schools have playgrounds in addi-
tion to this space. The shopping center also has
a tea house which is a very popular and common
means of recreation and passtime for the people of
Karachi. The National Stadium is situated to the

south, next to the scheme.

The Houses

A variety of house size and type are provided in
the scheme on different sized lots. The majority
of houses are for low income or middle income
groups and are therefore small. The size varies
from a minimum of 120 square yards to a maximum of
1,500 sq. yds. Section Six (Figure 18) has three

types of lots and houses:

120 sq. yd. lots — one room dwellings 70%
200 sq. yd. lots - two room dwellings 15%
400 sq. yd. lots - three room dwellings 15%

Some sections have 600 sq. yd. lots for 4 room
dwellings. The bigger lots are fewer in number and

for sale at the full market price.

"(1‘

 

n Nae-‘1'» .3. .n-’

85

Varied house types have been intermixed in certain

definite patterns, in small groups to make the form

and environment interesting. Most houses do not

face the major roads but interior minor roads. The

sections also have some area for apartments as pub-

lic housing on the open space end of the residential J

blocks.

g) Population and Future Growth ;

The total accommodation planned in the scheme is

 

" my.» . x‘

about 12,000 residential units which means for about
60,000 people. Residential area being 643 acrea,
the average net density comes to 19 persons per acre.
However at certain instances it is as high as 110

persons per acre.

A future extention of this scheme can be made to the
north upto the new campus of Karachi University. Be-
yond that there is all kinds of space for future

growth, and future developemnt, as shown in Figure 16.

V? Evaluation:

This scheme has many interesting, desirable and use-
ifill— features like the overall design pattern in the residen-
'tiéil_ part, layout of residential sections, circulation pattern,
SegI‘egation of traffic;,especially separate tracks for cycles
Euléi

intelligently provided Open spaces and schools. (However,

't
11$: :future maintenance of the open areas is doubtful because

 

86

of the soil, limited water supply and expense.) Safety and

convenience for residents and particularly children has been

achieved to a great degree. The intermixing of different

sized lots has avoided long straight monotonous front lines.
The location of section five right next to the rail-
way freight yard without an adequate buffer zone in between

will be nuisance for the residents of that section, or the

block next to the yard. Sections 8 and 9 have a buffer

 

between them and the highway, but the location of a primary

school next to the highway may prove to be very undesirable
=

by the parents of the children going to that school. The

railway will be a nuisance to the residents in sections 5,

The quarries located to the east of the main

These two

8' and 9.

residential area is another source of nuisance.
and the cement factory can also become potential sources for
air pollution though the ‘chances are very low due to the use
of modern equipment, openness Of the area, and the fact that
the breeze is almost always blowing at a fair rate.

The need of a community center and a theater or

Clnema has been overlooked.

The policy to provide very minimum standard houses
or lots may be perfectly right for the present, but the

planning should be done, in these cases, for future also.

The present percentage distribution of different dwelling

types does not seem proper for a good social balance. For
t . . . . .
he economic stability and success of a scheme it is also

de - . .
s:Lx'able to have more higher income areas or lots.

87

Having houses face away from major roads is good

for design and safety, but this method would result in

<3ostly developemnt.

 

88
134 Acres Scheme, Lahore

I. Purpose and Background of the Scheme:

This scheme was taken up in the early fifties to

meet the acute shortage of housing accommodations for the

average man in Lahore. By average man it is meant the IF"

people Of middle and lower middle classes. The area is to

the south of another big scheme for middle classes called

Sumnabad. It is also in the general direction of the

growth of the city that is the southern side. When the 1.,
s..-

 

scheme was prepared, it was not given any particular name.

This name, 134 acre scheme, was generally used due to the

fact that it covered an area of 134 acres. Like most Of

the housing projects, this one was prepared and executed

by the Lahore Improvement Trust. The scheme has been com-

pleted.

II - Policies and Planning Principles Observed:

The scheme was developed to give initiative as well
as assistance. The Trust built one type of two roomed
hOI—ISes on one-third of the total lots and sold them on easy
installment to the people of lower and lower-middle class.
The rest of the lots were developed and sold to the public
who built their own houses.

In designing the layout, provision of openness,

light and air, pleasant physical environment, safety and

C' . . . . . .
C311‘7enience were kept in mind. In planning the Circulation

89

loattern, discouragement of through traffic in general and
loreakage Of monotonous straight lines were major considera-
‘tions. The vehicular traffic is assumed to be not very

lieavy in the area due to the economic level of the community.

IIII. Physical Planning Aspects:
a) The Site
The site is located to the south-west of the main
city near the major highway linking all the major
urban areas of West Pakistan. Officially known as
National Highway, it is known as Multan Road locally.
Being in a region of flat plains, the site has no
significant topographical features. To the north
of this scheme is all new residential development,

mainly for middle or upper middle class people.

b) The Form
A large Open space is the focus of the design. If
we include the convenience shopping center we can
say the community has a rather enlarged focus. The
layout is not of>a routine type, or made with a
straight edge and a setsquare but has a design. The
curvilinear layout pattern has been set inside a

frame Of streets parallel to the boundary.

As shown on the plan (Figure 19) the streets parallel
to the boundary have been designed to connect this

scheme with existing and possible future developments

 

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C)

91

around it, to "enclose" the area for a better image
Of unity and to protect the inner area from through
traffic. Various spaces have been created by intro-
ducing loops or triangular intersections and boule-

varding the street to form a small block.

The shopping area has been developed around a broad
boulevard functioning as a mall. The market has
been located in the area Opposite to the shOpping

center for convenience Of the area's residents and

 

a balanced design. The lots have been provided in
blocks for single family houses. On the eastern
side of the central Open space are two schools which,
with their Open spaces adjacent to the central park,

expand the Open center considerably.

Circulation

The internal circulation system of the scheme is
comprised Of three kinds Of roads and streets laid
down according to the function and prOportionate
traffic they are expected to carry. We can call
these three; main roads, secondary streets and
collectors. The collectors are 30 ft. wide and

bring the traffic from loops, small blocks or small
connections between the two streets, to the secondary
or main street. The secondary streets are 40 ft.

wide, longer in length than the collectors, and do

92

not run through the whole length of the scheme.
These secondary streets feed the traffic to four
main roads which are 50 ft. wide for external cir-
culation mainly. These run from one end to the
other through the scheme. Three Of these roads

are parallel to the boundary and the fourth curves
through the shopping center diagonally from the
south-east corner of the scheme to the northern
corner. Main streets meet from five different di-
rections at only one point in the scheme. Here a
traffic circle has been provided. The fifth outlet
has been provided for possible future deve10pment
to the south. All other intersections are the stan-
dard "T" and cross form with the "T" intersections
being used to minimize traffic within the housing

area proper.

d) Community Facilities
Two schools, a boys high school and a Model school

for girls44

have been provided in the area. How-
ever, no primary school has been included. Both

the schools have been allocated extra open space for

 

playgrounds.
\
tll' 44There was no clarification in the material whether
t) J—SB is a primary or high school. In View of the site for a
f‘33" 5 high school; it is assumed that this is a high school

girls.

e)

93

For general.shopping facilities, there is a shopping
center to the west of central open space and a mar-
ket to the east of central Open space. For major
shopping, the residents will have to use the bigger

shopping areas in the main city.

An electric substation in the scheme serves the
power needs Of the community. Water for domestic
and other uses in the area is supplied by a tube
well and an overhead reservoir, whereas a sewerage
system takes care of the waterborn sanitation.
Telephone service can be made available by the de-

partment concerned if required.

Recreation and Open Spaces

In addition to the large central open space the
scheme has various smaller open spaces in the resi-
dential area and between the two rows Of shops in
the shopping center. Ample Open space has been pro-
vided with the school sites also. The scheme has a

total of 30 acrea of area as Open spaces.

The only recreation facility in the scheme is the
Open areas that can be used for sports like volley-
ball, cricket Or badminton, which are popular neigh-
borhood sports or media Of recreation. The other
common recreational activities are walking or sitting

in the green areas and talking in the evening. The

f)

9)

94

cinemas, stadium, art centers and other such places
of recreation, cultural and sports activities are
available at a distance of one and one half miles

to four or five miles from here.

The Houses

The Improvement Trust built 344 so called "N-type"
houses which were sold to people. These houses,
are usually two room houses with a courtyard at the

back and a kitchen and lavatory in the courtyard JA

 

attached to the houses, and are built in pairs with
a common wall. The design of one is symmetrically
Opposite to the other. This type saves space on one
side, is economical and at the same time does not
look so small from outside. It is like a single

story duplex.

The rest of the area was developed into 635 lots of
varying size from 10 Marlas to one Kanal that is
2722.5 sq. ft. to 5,445 sq. ft. for single family
houses. According to regulations for these lots,
it is necessary to leave space in front and on one
side. Almost always the houses have courtyards at

the back.

Population and Future Growth
The scheme is designed to hold a population of about

5,000 people at a net density of about 36 persons

95

per acre, which is typical of such development for

single family houses.

There is no sc0pe for future growth in the scheme
itself but the scheme can be connected to future
developemnts through road connections provided on
each side. For convenience and an overall harmony
in the adjoining developments, the same design as

of this scheme can be adOpted with some improvements.

IV. Evaluation:

This scheme has an entirely different approach than
the previous schemes presented. We might say size has in-
fluenced this but that is not enough. It is just one neigh-
borhood and may be campared with the neighborhoods in the
larger projects. The design is an attractive combination
of straight lines and curves creating pleasant physical en-
vironment with the help of "islands" or Open spaces. Many
spaces have been formed in the scheme which are lacking in
most other schemes. The circulation though not for segre-
gated traffic, has been very well handled. The only objec-
tionable point could be the north-western corner intersection
of two main roads in the scheme meeting at an angle.

The overall percentage of Open spaces is sufficient,
but the location of another large Open space (that with the
school) next to the large central Open space unbalances the

sense of "Space" in that part. If it had been at another

96

place it could have not only avoided the visual conflict
and too much proximity for overall usefulness with another
space in the same area but also served more conveniently
the residents of that particular surrounding. The distri-
bution would have improved too.

The major deficiency of this scheme is the ommission
of primary schools. The pattern of the layout could have
very easily accommodated these schools. The road develop-
ment does not incorporate sidewalks. On a road carrying
mixed traffic it becomes more necessary to have a safe path
for pedestrians. This being middle and low-middle class
community, the majority would be using cycles. The second
most commonly used mode of transportation will be the public
bus from near by settlements for which people will have to
walk some distance. The paved width of road is also kept
small as a usual practice for economic reasons, which creates
traffic hazards with the mixing of pedestrians, cycles and
tongas. So it is much more important to have sidewalks as
part of the initial scheme on the secondary streets and ad-
jacent to the market areas.

Lastly, it is quite desirable not to intermix the
classes too much that is poor class in upper class communi-
ties, but there should be some intermixing for social uplift
and social benefits. In this scheme how there are only
lower-middle class and so to say middle-middle class peOple.

It would have been better to include a small percentage of

97

higher-middle calss people as well. This means inclusion of
some 1 l/2 and 2 Kanal lots in the scheme. This would have
also enhanced the esthetic and architectural variety of the

area.

 

98

People's Colony, Lyallpur

 

I. Purpose and Background of the Scheme:

This is one of the 36 schemes carried out under the
name of satellite towns by the Provincial Governments in
the early fifties. Primarily these schemes were meant to
house shelterless and displaced families in thirteen urban
areas namely Lahore, Lyallpur, Multan, Montgomer, Jhang,
Rawalpindi, Sargodha, Gujranwala, Bahawalpur, Rahimyarkhan,
Mirpurkhas, Newabshah and Hyderabad. These schemes are not

45 but suburbs or dormitories developed

really satellite towns
inside the city limits.

People's colony was developed on a 589 acre site in
Lyallpur, a growing industrial town about ninety miles from
Lahore. The scheme was prepared by a provincial town planner

46 and executed by the Public

of the former province of Punjab
Works Department, Buildings and Road Branch. (Recently an
extension scheme for the original People's Colony scheme was

implemented which is not being included in the review.)

II. Policies and Planning Principles Observed:

The scheme was to provide housing for all groups of
EHeople, that is upper class, middle class, and lower class.
As a policy, peOple's colony has four category lots, (more

detailed description is given in a later section) for single

\

4SSee Ch. III, p. for detailed description of satel-
lite towns.

46See Ch. III. p. , para. 2.

 

99

family houses of maximum two stories. The lots belonging
to the two lower categories were built upon by the govern-
ment and allotted to the people of the lowest income groups.
A major consideration in site selection was avail-
able government Or evacuee land. The site selected was
inside the city limits so no provision has been made for ”“5
the employment of the people within the project area. All
other community facilities were provided.

Following the general policy for the satellite town

‘q‘fi , _

schemes half of the total area has been developed into "A"

 

and "B" category lots and the other half into "C" and "D"
catetory lots.47 Though mainly meant for refugees, the ac-
commodations have also been provided for the local people

in the best interest of implementing the scheme. However,
the local peOple were not eligible for any concession in

the cost of acquisition or deve10pment of land. Development
costs included the construction of community buildings by
the government. The commercial areas were not sold but

leased.

III. Physical Planning Aspects:
a) The Site
The site is located on the main highway between
Lyallpur and Lahore. It was not selected on the

basis of scientific principles, but was picked up

47For description and sizes of the lots see Item "f"
‘3I1 p. 104 of this chapter.

b)

100

as it was available vacant government and evacuee
land. However, being in the city limits was suit-
able for such a development as far as the proximity
of employment areas is concerned. It is an abso-
lutely flat site without any interesting topographi-
cal features. The boundaries of the site, unlike

many schemes of this size,are quite regular.

The Form

A mosque is the focus of the scheme. The main
features of the layout are two semi-circular resi-
dential areas surrounded by the straight housing
blocks. (See Figure 20 on the following page.)

This form breaks up the monotony of solely grid
pattern and long straight blocks to some extent.

The access from the main highway on which the scheme
is situated is provided through four roads. Two of
these roads lead to the center of the scheme and
join in the shape of a semi-circle in which the
mosque is situated. The major community facilities
have been located along these two roads. The chord
of this semi-circle is a boulevard which runs through
the scheme from east to west. Another major road
runs through the center of the semi-circle at right
angles to the east-west boulevard. These roads di-
vide the scheme into four quadrants. These four

quadrants have been named block "A," "B," C," and "D."

F‘il

 

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C)

102

The blocks have been further sub-divided into lot
blocks, open spaces and sites for more community
facilities. The block length varies anywhere from
200 feet to 700 feet. A green belt separates the

colony from the main Lahore-Lyallpur highway.

Circulation

The circulation system of the colony consists of
seven kinds of streets. The widths of these streets
vary from 20 feet to 100 feet according to their
function and the area they serve. The 20 and 30
foot streets service blocks of the smallest category
mainly in the south-west part of the scheme. Forty
feet streets are provided to carry the residential
traffic from all other classes of houses except the
largest ones, which are more likely to use auto-
mobiles. In this case 50 foot roads have been pro-
vided. Fifty and sixty foot wide roads are provided
on each side of the boulevarded streets. Eighty and
hundred foot roads carry traffic the greater length
of the colony or to the central community facilities
and feed the traffic to the external circulation.
All the large open spaces and schools have streets
forming their site perimeter. This gives maximum

possible access to these functions.

103

d) Community Facilities
A primary school is in each of the four blocks and
two of the alternate blocks also have a middle

school.48

Neither a high school or college has
been provided in the scheme but the facilities exist

in the main city nearby.

The central area has a club and a swimming pool, a
ladies club, bank, post office, bus and tonga stands,
gas station and a number of shops in the semi-circle
around the central mosque. Smaller shops have also
been provided in the northern part of the scheme
where there is a group of small houses and a higher
density. Two maternity and child welfare centers and

a site for a hospital have also been included.

Water supply is available from a tube-well through
an overhead water reservoir. Sanitation is managed
through a sewerage system and a refuse collection
dump. Electricity is provided to every tenant and
telephone service is available on request, subject

to the load on the telephone exchange at the time.

e) Recreation and Open Spaces
For the recreation of the community adequate areas

have been ear-marked. Club, swimming pool and a

 

48Middle school is equivalent to a junior high
school in America.

f)

9)

104

cinema for the elders, and a recreation center for
children is in addition to the play grounds with
the schools and Open spaces. Open spaces in con-
solidated large areas are located in all the four
parts and the center of the scheme. The area
covered by the open spaces is 3.5 acres or 9.29%
of the total area. This is a sufficient percen-

tage of Open space.

The Houses

The colony has been subdivided into seven kinds of
lots ranging from seven marla to eight Kanal in
size. Specifically speaking, the lot sizes are
seven, ten and fifteen marlas, one, two, four and
eight Kanal. The lots having an area of two Kanals
or more are in category "A"; lots from ten to thirty-
nine marlas in area are listed as category "B"; and
lots of seven marlas belong in category "C." Cate-
groy "D" lots measure 3.5 marlas. The minimum house
accommodation is two rooms. The smaller lots are

located away from the highway or the main roads.

Population and Future Growth

The colony houses about 10,000 people with a net
density of about 37 persons per acre. For future
growth the site has major road connections Open to

the south-west and south-east. The other two sides

105

are blocked by the highway or existing developments.

IV. Evaluation:

In view of economic consideration, the site selected
and type of development is very appropriate. All the re-
quired facilities viz; schools, recreation areas, utilities
and other community facilities have been provided quite ade-
quately with the exeception of a high school. An effort has
been made to avoid monotonous, drab and unpleasing physical
environments by incorporating curvilinear residential blocks
or commercial blocks and including different sized lots to
be built upon by the private investors to Obtain varied
house plans and architectural designs.

The combined use of straight lines and curves in the
layout has many advantages and is desirable, but it has pro-
duced many small blocks. In other areas there are also quite
a few blocks of short lengths. Undoubtedly these can be con-
venient for pedestrians but these have resulted in producing
more and unnecessary intersections and excessive use of land
under streets. Consequently, this increaseS'UMedevelopment
cost on streets as well as utilities. The blocks with
smaller categories have back alleys which end up in becoming
the most insanitary places in the community and are hard to

maintain.

106

Rivaz Garden Estate, Lahore

I. Purpose and Background of the Scheme:

This is the last and the smallest scheme under re-
view, areawise and populationwise. Rivaz Garden Estate was
one of the oldest colonies built in Lahore and was being
used for housing government officers. It contained small,
cottage type single family homes built on large lots. These
homes were built in early days with wood, mud, burnt and un-
burnt clay bricks. They had deteriorated structurally and
were not fully equipped with prOper modern sanitation or
sewerage system. To maintain mud-plastered walls and mud,
tile and wooden roofs had become very expensive and almost
impossible to do. So the government decided to tear them
down and redevelop the area. In this way the total area
could be utilized more efficiently. The present develOp-
ment plan is the result of those decisions. A scheme was
parapred earlier, but then revised in 1963 which is the
program under discussion. The location of Rivaz Garden
Estate is excellent and very close to the main city. As a
matter of fact is would not be wrong if we say it is in the

main city.49

 

49This does not imply the old walled city of Lahore,
but in the civil lines area——the area of major business,
cultural, educational and official (governmental) activity.

107

II. Policies and Planning Principles Observed:

It was intended to accommodate middle class people
and more in number than this estate originally provided for.
The redevelopment scheme has been prepared in keeping with
the economic conditions of the proposed occupants. As such,
the lot areas have been reduced greatly from their original
size. However, the lots facing the two main roads are bigger
due to the value and importance of this location.

In planning the new environment for the neighborhood,
there has been an effort made to consider the general com-
fort, convenience, safety and health of the peOple. However,
stress has been placed upon privacy, which is always desired
by the residents of West Pakistan. Climatic conditions are
also recognized through the type of development by preparing
the scheme for single family houses with backyards and shel-
ter areas for summer use. It may be noted that the people
prefer to sleep outside or on roofs in summer nights.

Due to the location of the Estate in relatiqn to
most of the community facilities (educational, recreational,
health, etc.) it was not necessary to include them in the

scheme.

III. Physical Planning ASpects:
a) The Site

The site is the same as of the Old Rivaz Garden Es-

tate. No change in the boundaries has been made.

It is situated on the major road connecting Lahore

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with Multan, another big urban area of West Pakistan.
Rivaz Garden Estate is in the fully developed (see
map on the previous page) area of Lahore, exactly
one mile from the district courts which is the start-
ing point for all milage recordings for Lahore, and
about 3/4 of a mile from the town hall and other Fm“
major activities of the city. It is about one—half
mile from the West Pakistan Secretariat.50 In the i
immediate vicinity of the site are: a boarding

house for the National College of Arts, the Office

 

of the Game Warden for West Pakistan, the M.A.O.
college on the north, and the university sports and
athletic grounds to the east. The other sides are
all existing residential areas mainly for middle

class people.

The land is flat. Many trees and some shrubbery
existed on the site and along the sides of the two

roads serving the site.

b) The Form
The layout is mainly of straight blocks except for
one area where it is curved approximately parallel
to the boundary line. (See Figure 22 on the follow-
ing page.) The blocks are not long and their orienta-

tation has been varied, which resulted in some

 

50Governor's office and other high government offices
are located here.

 

 

 

 

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111

variation. The main access from Multan Road to the
neighborhood takes you directly into the shopping
area on a boulevard street. This access has been
provided with open areas on both sides for an im-
pressive entry. This kind of approach is almost as
imposing as an arched gate or gateway pillars mark-
ing the entrance to a locality or community. If
landscaped well, this could be a nice feature which
will give a "setting" to the neighborhood. The
housing blocks are set all around it. The existing
roads on the two sides of the scheme have been used
to face the lots located on these two boundaries.
Most of the blocks or parts are grouped around open
spaces. The access from each of the main roads has
been limited to two. The layout pattern does not
encourage through traffic that is attained by im-

plying T-intersections.

Circulation

The internal circulation of the scheme is formed by

a set of 50 fOOt wide streets with lots on both
sides, or lots on one side and a major open space on
the other. In places where there are lots on only
one side or the road is only a connection street, the
width is 30 feet. Another place of departure is the
shopping area which is served by a boulevard with 40

foot wide streets on each Side and the main entrance

d)

e)

112

links to the two roads parallel to boulevard which
are also 40 feet wide. From almost any place in
the scheme one can reach the shopping area or tonga
stand or mosque by making a maximum of two turns.
This circulation does not encourage through traffic
in the area. The external circulation 18 over the
two roads on the northern and eastern boundary of

the scheme.

Community Facilities

Other than the paved roads, local central water
supply, sewerage system and electricity, the area
has its own mosque, a tonga stand and a shopping
center of 26 shops. Public transport serves the
area from the two roads on the boundaries. All
the major activities as mentioned above can be
reached on foot or by means of any public trans-

portation very easily.

Recreation and Open Spaces

There are three large open spaces and four small
ones. The large spaces can be used for active rec-
reation. However, this is possible only on limited
scale as the space is not large enough to be used
as a soccer field or other such games. A part of
the university sports grounds area is available for

sports to the public. All kinds of other recerational

113

activity is Ofcourse available outside the project

area at reasonable distances.

f) The Houses
All the lots inside the scheme are of 10 Marlas in
size measuring about 33'x 70h The lots on the main
road to the east are of 2 kanals each, about 76'x
120'and the ones on the north side road are of l
kanal each, about 50'x 90 in size. Totally there

are 343 lots, all for single family detached houses.

g) Population and Future Growth
The scheme in its present boundaries would hold
about 1700 people with a net density of 74 persons
per acre. The future growth of the area can only
be made possible to south and west sides, because
these sides, particularly south-west side has such
builtup developed areas that might need redevelop-

ment after some time.

IV. Evaluation:

Under the circumstances, that is need for more lower
middle class accommodations and the economic conditions, the
decision to redevelop the area for such a residential type
was very appropriate. It has worked very well, especially
because the total area of the scheme was comparatively small.
The policy of providing bigger lots at the periphery has

helped to retain the environment and character of the

114

surrounding areas as well as serving the need of some units
of the higher middle class.

The principles observed in laying out the blocks as
far as their size and direction goes is good but at certain
places blocks have been broken like to provide access to
the open space for the rear blocks in the south-western area
and for no reason on the western boundary. This could have
been avoided by slight adjustment and relocation. Ending
of a 50 foot road into a 30 foot road in the southern area
(See Figure 22 marked *) does not seem right as it is in
the general direction of flow of traffic for external cir-
culation while coming from the south side and the crossing
30 foot roads are connections from the south-eastern side.
The curved street around the water reservoir is not in
alignment with the 50 foot road connecting the main entrance
to the scheme. This intersection will develOp traffic
hazards. Another important intersection that is liable to
become hazardous is the western end of the shopping or main
boulevard. The tonga stand has been located right in front
of that. According to the circulation pattern, the 50 foot
street at the west end of the shopping boulevard (marked
W in Figure 22) will be the second busiest street after the
shopping boulevard. The movement of tongas and people from
and to the stand at the intersection will undoubtedly be

hazardous.

115

It is assumed that the boulevard will have one-way
streets on either side. To avoid the congestion at the two
end intersections, a turning lane should be cut through the
median strip at a central location. Also at the ends the
center strip should be cut to provide U turns. If this
small shopping area develops attractively, it is very likely
that it will not only be used by the residents but also by
the people residing nearby.

The other deficiency observed in this scheme, and in
some of the others too, is the facing of corner lots. In-
variably the end lots are left as the rest of them which is
not a desirable practice. LeaVing that aside, in this scheme
there is potentially a beautiful main entrance with two Open
spaces on both sides but when you look from Multan Road you
can only see the sides of the buildings. Unless expensive
architectural treatment is given, which in these schemes
always has been avoided due to economic reasons, this area
will be unpleasing. The lot line between the shops and
houses runs through unobstructed, which would produce bad
layout effects unless the property is walled. In that case
walls may become unattractive.

In laying out roads, some have been taken through
to the southern and western boundaries obviously to connect
to the future deve10pments on three Sides, or just to get
people to roads on other sides quicker. But the layout of

the blocks to the end of the boundary and the layout outline

116

of existing streets and buildings beyond show lack of com-
prehensive and coordinated planning and foresight. Doing
so the lots could have been faced on the boundary road
and so saved more space inside.

The last defic1ency,but an importnat one, is of
a primary school. With a population of 1,700 and a nice
new neighborhood, a primary school should have been pro-
vided. It is necessary especially because the site is
surrounded by an area in which the traffic is becoming
more and more congested everyday. It would be much safer
and desirable for the children to remain in the neighbor-

hood.

117

Recapitulation of Reviews and Areas

of Deficiencies and Drawbacks

We have reviewed seven residential deve10pment
schemes of sizes varying from 38 acres to 3,000 acres in
area, for ultimate populations of 1,700 to 100,000 people.
These schemes are in three of the most populated cities
of West Pakistan namely Karachi, Lahore, and Lyallpur, and
have given us a cross-section of all kinds of urban resi-
dential development schemes prepared so far.

Except for Rivaz Garden Estate and Jail Area scheme,
which we can classify as redevelopment projects, all the
deve10pments are on new sites. Primarily the schemes are
to rehabilitate the refugees and displaced persons and meet
the growing need of housing due to migration of people from

rural to urban areas and the natural increase.

Common Policies and Planning Principles

All the developments are for single family detached
or semi-detached houses with back yards. The public housing
is in identical rows.

The larger schemes have been planned to be self suf-
ficient. The employment areas are part of these large schemes
and are provided by incorporating industrial sectors in the
plan. The smaller schemes are mostly located near the exist-

ing employment areas.

118

Efforts have been made to develop SOCially balanced
communities by including all classes of people. This, how-
ever, has not been very successful. The percentage of poor
classes or lower middle classes is far too high in most of
the schemes. In View of the present economic considerations,
in most cases absolute minimum standards have been adOpted
for accommodation space, circulation and in some cases for
recreation. This has put minimum shelter as the most impor-

tant consideration.

Physical Planning Aspects

The sites for most of the schemes were in undeveloped
areas on the fringe of the city and on lands belonging to the
government or the prople who had migrated out of Pakistan,
that is the evacuee land. All these Sites are located on the
major roads or close to them.

In planning the larger schemes, the effort to use the
neighborhood concept is very obViouS. The usual practice
noticed is to form sectors large enough to support two or
three elementary schools. In other words a larger neighbor-
hood has been adOpted than in American planning. Almost all
the schemes, bigger or smaller, incorporate the neighborhood
shOpping areas and some sort of community center with facili-
ties depending on the size and the scheme.

The smaller schemes have been more adequately pro-
vided with the utilities like water supply, sewerage, and

electricity than the larger schemes. The Obvious reason

119

being inavilability of construction material and skilled
personnel.

All the schemes incorporate a circulation system to
be used by all kinds of traffic. However, one scheme was
planned for separate bicycle-ways and another has segre-
gated the type of traffic only on the major road on which
the deve10pment scheme is located. The right-of-ways in
the schemes are of various widths, anywhere from 30 feet to
300 feet. The schemes do not definitely provide for the
developemnt of paved Sidewalks and curbs though Space pro-
vision is there.

As stated earlier, the schemes have most lots de-
signed for Single family detached houses, or duplexes, all
with yards. This iS mainly because of the warm weather
conditions. However, the houses built by the government
for the poor people are in rows and identical. Back yards
have been provided in this type of development as well.

In planning for receration and Open space, all the
schemes have been equipped with some green Open spaces and
some areas for cinemas and theatres. The Open spaces in
smaller schemes especially are in various small sizes and
sometimes as areas not intentionally created but as left
over space due to the streets layout.

Looking into all these developments, we find un-
desirable practices repeated in the majority of schemes.

There are drawbacks found in almost all and some that are

120

in only one or two. These areas of deficiencies and draw—

backs are identified below.

1.

Size, Type and Location
of Development

As we have seen, the deve10pments have been of two
extremes in Size. The smallest being a few acres,
the Size of an average subdivision and the larger
being a new city, as in the case of Korangi. The
other two aspects; type and location are inter-
dependent and influenced by Size. When a project
was located in an already developed area, the size
was limited to available land. Therefore, it was
normal to build one kind of housing, unless the size
was exceptionally great. Similarly if the Site re-
quired is large, it will affect the location which
would be most likely on the fringe. In this case
the type of housing and develOpemnt could have more
variety and choice. This, however, has not been
found in the deve10pments reviewed. The types of
developemnt are limited to a couple and typically

repeated with slight variation in different places.

The larger schemes like Korangi have brought many
unsuccessful results. The main deficiency of this
big project has been its location. It is not close
to the existing fully develOped areas of work nor

at a sufficient distance from the big city to develop

internal employment successfully.

121

Layout Design

The layouts are mostly based on crisscrossed straight
lines and the ones with curvilinear layout, except
one, have too many curves laid out without careful
consideration and imagination. Usually it has re-
sulted in small blocks, streets meeting at small
angles, useless small Open Spaces and imprOper lots
of odd Shapes. There is no sense of order, imagery,
or pleasing environments created by layout design.
A common imbalance of setting is due to location of
two different types and different classes Of houses
facing each other on the same street which is not
very wide. Location of traffic generators like

tonga stands and shOpping needs more consideration.

Circulation

Considering the immediate needs, the circulation is
workable to a certain extent but, from a planner's
view point, it lacks efficiency and foresight. It
is found that some schemes have introduced pedes-
trian scale residential streets because the community
was for the lower class, yet the motor streets are
multilane wide roads. At other places the provision
of street widths is minimum for all kinds of mixed
traffic, there are too many access points to the
busy streets and no proper intersection designs are

made.

122

Absence of Sidewalk pavements in the initial de-
ve10pment is found in most of the schemes. Having
most of the peOple of lower income groups and using
walking as the major part of the mode of transpor-
tation, this seems a big deficiency. This does add
to the cost but we are looking for improvement in

the future, and this is a necessity.

The next most common mode of transportation is the
bicycle. Only one scheme has tried to incorporate
bicycle ways, others do not provide any separation
of different kinds of traffic which is a great hazard

and hinders the efficient movement of traffic.

The Houses

For the lower class houses all the schemes provide
minimum space standards for floor area and number
of rooms, which is inadequate, create congestion in
the house and provide no privacy which is very much
a part of the Eastern culture. The accommodations
provided by government built houses particularly

have these deficiencies.

Improper distribution (physical spacing) of houses
over the entire scheme area is another drawback in
most of the schemes. Limiting housing to one type
and one design provides little choice or variety.

On the other hand, they create drab and monotonous

123

appearance. Socially people have been segmented.
No effort has been made to look into the possi-
bility of two storied or multi-family dwelling

designs.

Absence of minimum utility services, landscaping
and upkeep have resulted in unhealthy and un-

pleasant areas in many projects.

Community Facilities

Under this heading the most common weakness is
location. Once again the school provisions indi-
cate that there is no set criteria or standard

that has been used for schools.

Recreation and Open Spaces

Insufficient provision for useful Open areas like
playgrounds, and adequate green areas for passive
recreation is very much felt. In many schemes the
open space has been provided, but there is no in-
dication as to why it was made or the purpose it
will serve. Many small open spaces are going to
waste due to irregular shapes or insufficient up—
keep. There is no attempt made to provide neighbor-
hood parks and community parks. In some projects
two large Open spaces are provided next to each
other which is a wasteful, inefficient and uneco-

nomical design.

124

The cinema is the only other type of recreation

provided in larger schemes.

Social

AS already mentioned in the section on Houses
(item 4) the people are segmented socially by pro-
viding a mass of one type of houses or lots in one
area. Social balance, though sought for, has not
been achieved successfully through the planning of

these schemes.

Environmental

Esthetics, variety, and pleasant environment have
not been considered. These factors have been ig-
nored for the sake of economy. This neglect will
have detrimental effects in the future on the areas.
Coordination in

Different DevelOpments

The bigger the scheme, the more comprehensive ap-
proach it requires. It becomes necessary to develop
the work area one step ahead of the residential
areas, especially when the whole settlement is not

close to existing areas of employment.

A residential development should also be coordinated
with the work on utility services which is even more
important. This has been found lacking in some in-
stances. The services Should be available when hmumm

are occupied.

CHAPTER V

THE IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM

Improving the new residential development will rest
upon the participation of the government in implementing
the program as it plays the major role in this field of resi-
dential developments. Also it will necessitate the modifi-
cation and improvement Of existing controls and regulations.
Some policies will also need changing. Governemnt will have
to take the initiative, set examples and provide for the
encouragement of other private and public developers (local
governments).

A housing improvement program must be considered at
two levels: the new city level when the scheme is usually
large and will form a big community, and at the residential
areas scheme level. To make the difference of the two more
clear, we can say that a residential area scheme is the;
scheme to house a certain pOpulation in one consolidated
area which would not include provisions for employment. The
peOple living here would be working outside this development.
The large scale scheme would involve deve10pment of work
areas, maybe industry, and would be composed of two or more
smaller residential areas. The large scale scheme would in-

clude housing and employment areas for the residents as an

125

126

integrated design. Broadly speaking this large scale scheme

will be for a town and the other for a residential neighbor-

hood or part of a neighborhood.

I. Recommendations for Large Scale Schemes:

Korangi Township was the example reviewed and is the

basis for the following recommendations.

1. Location

This is the most important factor of all. Such a

large scale scheme should be developed according

to either of the following policies:

a)

b)

In the shape of different neighborhoods
close to existing areas of employment and
industry to provide for the employment of

the peOple housed in the project area.

These neighborhoods will then form a number
of small residential schemes, the planning
of which will be done according to the recom-
mendations stated later in Section II, for

smaller developments.

AS a satellite town or new town: In this
case it should not be at an inbetween dis-
tance from the main city so that the people
living there will tend to commute back and

forth to the main city or have the tendency

127

of moving back to the main city. The pre-
ferable location of these towns will be 15
to 50 miles away from the boundary of a big
urban center. For illustration, the figure
on the following page shows possible Sites

51

for new towns in Karachi region as sug-

gested by a planning expert, Vernon Z.

Newcombe.52

It is further recommended to develop exist-
ing very small settlements into a new town.
These towns must be located on the major
highways, or main railway routes connecting
existing major industrial and commercial

urban centers.

2. Employment Areas
For the survival of these towns it is necessary to
establish industry in them. These industries should
be established just before the peOple are moved in

and not afterwards.

 

lVernon Z. Newcombe, "A Town Extension Scheme,"
Town Planning Review, October 1960, pp. 221.

52Vernon Z. Newcombe was a visiting U.N. advisor
for town planning working with the Pakistan Government in
the early 1950's.

 

128

POSSIBLE SITES FOR NEW TOWNS IN KARACHI REGION

   
  

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October 1960

3. Composition of the Community

Determining the criteria as to how much of one class
should be settled in the new town or community is as
difficult as it is important. In Korangi the ratio
of this distribution was made the same as in Karachi
with no other specific reason. Karachi has consider-
able unemployment and an excess of the illiterate

and poor class. It is not desirable to have the same

129

composition in the new settlement. For the healthy
existence and survival of a new community improve-

ment in this ratio is recommended. The percentage

of middle class skilled people should be increased

in future schemes depending, of course, upon the

type and quantity of industry that can be created,

Layout Pattern

The residential areas of the schemes should be Split
into sectors or "neighborhoods." The "Neighborhood
Unit Concept" has been almost universally accepted
as the best approach. A Neighborhood Unit is the
minimum planning unit which permits organization of
physical surroundings to eliminate inconveniences
and hazards and provides for basic facilities and
conditions along with a physical form favorable for
the deve10pment of community life. The extent of
the neighborhood is determined by the service area
of a primary or an elementary schooL The sector
may be composed of a group of two or three neighbor—
hoods. So the overall area may be split in any of
these ways. (The recommendation on the layout of
these neighborhoods or sectors is given in the next

section.)

A layout pattern for the entire new town should be

selected in such a way as to have definite boundaries

130

for these neighborhood or sectors, elimination of
through traffic in these sectors, easy and con-
venient access to the work areas yet at the same
time be out of the adverse affects of these same
work or industiral areas. These two major kinds
of areaszmay be buffered or separated by recrea-
tion areas, green Open spaces or major circula-
tion channels. A layout Should be adopted which
has least overall distances and the one which

does not produce present or future danger or traf—
fic congestion. Lastly, it should have a sense
of order, identity of different areas, interesting
vistas and the natural beauty of the site to create-
the best environments for living and not the pro-

vision of a mere shelter.

II. Smaller Schemes:

As stated above, the smaller schemes range in Size

from one neighborhood to one sector of upto four neighbor-

hoods.
for the

1.

These schemes do not include any area of employment
residents but are only residential areas.

Size and Type of Development

The size of the scheme Should be large enough to
form a neighborhood. A primary or elementary school
is the basis for a neighborhood. By studies and ex-
perience, it has been determined that an enrollment

of 350 to 500 students is most desirable for an

131

elementary (primary) school. However, the minimum
and maximum limits are stated to be 150 and 700.
These limits in turn give the total number of people
in the neighborhood which may be determined by the
composition study of the population intended to be
housed in the scheme or the neighborhood. The geo-
graphic size Of a neighborhood should be so that

the maximum walking distance from the school is 3/4
of a mile. (Most desirable is l/2 mile). The maxi-
mum size of the sector may be determined from the
high school which may in turn be supported by two
junior high schools (middle schools) or four (ideally)
elementary schools. The recommended standards for

schools are given in Appendix A.

At this point it is very necessary to know about the
population that will be living in the area, its com-
position, average family size, their places of work,
income level. Basically, this data will be deter-

mined early in the planning program to know the type
and magnitude of the housing need, public facilities
required and desirable. (This data also can be used

in determining location.)

The development should have intermixing of people
from various professions and income levels, as well

as the type of housing. Though people always want

132

to live in compatible social groups, it is desirable
to have all the classes in the neighborhood. How-
ever, the percentage of one over the other can be
determined seeing the need and the purpose of the
scheme being developed. For example if it is a
scheme for middle class peOple mostly there will be
a little percentage of some high middle class and
low class houses. If it is for low income people
like most refugee colonies, it will have the same
percentage of middle and high income peOple. For
presenting the values and wishes of people, as well
as the physical environment, the type of houses
should be grouped together or buffered by land-
Scaping. It is recommended that, contrary to the
previous practices, single family, row houses, two
family houses, multi—family apartments, town houses
and planned-garden apartments be provided in the
scheme to enhance the physical environment of the
area, as well as to provide choice and variety for
the people. Sketches of such possible designs are
given in Appendix. The inclusion of multi-family
dwellings will provide variety and choice for the
peOple and different environment, reduce walking
distances and limit excessive usage of useful land
and cost of services. However care must be taken

to avoid congestion, traffic hazards and lack of

133

privacy, air and light and other Open space facili-
ties which might occur in an effort to save land.
The recommended housing density standards are given

in Appendix C.

To provide these types of deve10pments the codes,
zoning and other development regulations will have
to be modified and improved to aviod haphazard and
unorderly development. Caution is necessary to
avoid the indiscriminately mixed development to
occur, i.e. having adjacent lots used for a succes-
sion of housing types. Different-types should be
in groups and buffered from other types by green
areas or community bindings. (See sketches in lay-

out design section below.)

Site Location

The biggest factor considered in Site selection has
so far been the availability of cheap land. There
are many other factors equally important which should

be given due consideration. These are:

a) Spatial Relationships
The site should be located close to areas of
employment and/or bus lines. It should have
convenient access to other major educational,

commercial, cultural and recreational areas

134

of the community or city. (See access stan-

dardS in Appendix B.)

b) Physical Features
The site should have a more or less regular

shape and some topographical interest. The

 

surface drainage of the area should be good, Pmflm
as well as the soil. The area should not

have a slope of more than 8% unless it is in

a very mountainous region. It should not be J
in flood plains. LS5

The neighborhood site should be located away from the
adverse effects of industry, the airport and its ap-
proach zones, major traffic routes and railroad
tracks. There should be no industrial areas, pre-
sent or proposed, nearby in the direction of the pre—

vailing winds.53

The location should preferably be
close to the existing utility line viz., sewerage'

system, water mains and phone, and electricity lines.

In site selection good agricultural land and the
land with natural scenic features like woods, etc.
which may be develOped as recreation areas, may be

avoided for housing.

 

Colony.

53AS is the case of an oil refinery and the Korangi

135

Finally, the site should have natural or man-made
boundaries like a river, streams, canals, hills,

or major streets.

Circulation

Next important neighborhood development feature
which is more so in larger schemes, is circulation.
The type of development, income level and class of
people will influence the type and pattern of cir-
culation. The areas for higher income people need
a circulation pattern for cars, the middle class
use mostly bicycles or buses and the poor class go
on foot, bicycles or use public transportation like
buses or tongas. The present mixing of so many
different kinds of traffic on roads is resulting in
an undesirable congestion which is increasing every
day. Only one scheme has tried to segregate the
traffic somewhat. In view of the convenience, ef-
ficiency and, above all, the safety of the street
users segregation of the traffic is the only and
best way, widening the street for more traffic is
not. It is recommended that in all schemes pedes-
trian circulation, bicycle circulation and other
vehicular circulation be separated entirely,
especially at the boundaries of neighborhoods and
in the major circulation of large schemes. In

vehicular circulation, separation be provided between

136

the Slow moving traffic of tongas and carts, and
the fast moving traffic or cars and buses by pro-
viding or at least assigning different lanes.

The bicycle ways may not necessarily be put along
the other vehicular streets, but with innovation

in layouts, the pedestiran and bicycle ways can

be routed as "short cuts" through the settlement,
Open areas and community areas. The exclusive
bicycle tracks Should be between 2 l/2 to 5 ft.
wide depending on the expected intensity of traffic

and be provided as one-way tracks.54

For pedestrian circulation a system of sidewalks
should be provided. In a planned unit or garden
apartment type development it is not necessary to
keep the walks next to the road or street side.

The walks (as well as other circulation) must be
built to provide access to dwellings, neighborhood
community facilities and the areas outside the
neighborhood. The width of the walks may vary from
2 1/2 to 6 feet depending on the expected use and
traffic. The streets carrying vehicular traffic
should be assigned a definite function according to

the layout and type of houses they serve. The width

 

tax.

54Government has long been thinking to levy cycle

A nominal amount of tax on bicycles can easily cover

the costs for these bicycle tracks.

137

of these streets will be designed accordingly to
that demand. The widths of streets in 134 Acre
Scheme, Lahore, has been designed with this View

point only.

Another important item here is the curb and gutter.
The provision of these is as necessary as any other
item of the circulation. This is because of less
vegetation and dry soil conditions. The vehicles

go over the berms and they produce clouds of dust
creating nuisance and hazards for pedestrians and
other traffic. In the rainy season the water staying
at many places or on the berms forms mud which is
splashed to the Sides on pedestrians or carried on

to road pavements. This is dried on the pavement

then blows all over with the traffic.

A cul-de-sac may be used very desirably with cluster
or garden apartment type deve10pments. However, the

length of a cul-de-sac should not exceed 600 feet.

Improvement of intersection deSign is needed too.

At heavy traffic intersections an improvement can be

55

made by introducing left turn out off lane as il-

lustrated on the next page.

 

55In Pakistan traffic moves on the left hand Side
of the street.

138

LEFT TURN CUT-OFF LANE

 

 

L
:_ ___
F

 

 

 

Community Facilities

Most of the community facilities are already being
provided in the new schemes. The following are
recommended policy improvements.

a) The neighborhood Shopping center Should be
designed for the convenience shopping of
the neighborhood only and not to replace
the main and major shopping areas.

b) A wood, coal and kerosine oil stall may be
added to the neighborhood Shopping area.

c) A more adequate water supply Should be pro-
vided with provision for individual water

connection available 24 hours.

139

d) In addition to the school facilities the
community center Should provide a meeting
room, lecture room, TV room and facilities

for adult education.

e) A dispensary and clinic should be located
for each sector or two to three neighbor-
hoods.

Recreation and Open Space

Neighborhood parks for the passive recreation of
all ages and playground for active recreation should
be provided along with the school located near the
center of the deve10pment. Standards for these are
given in Appendix 1. The park areas should be de-
velOped for walks and idle sitting. A couple of
other Open Spaces for the same purpose will be de-
sirable too. The playground should be developed
for school children as well as adults for games of
cricket, basketball and badminton. In a bigger
scheme comprising a few neighborhoods or a sector,
a separate ground for adults would be desirable.
Indoor recreation can be provided in the community

hall or center.

In Pakistan, peOple not very much interested in
active recreation, spend their time outside the

house walking, talking or playing cards. The

140

climatic conditions in most of West Pakistan neces-
sitates passing the evening outdoors. It will be
excellent if the recreation areas for these activi-
ties are designed as informal narrow long open
Spaces in the shape of green belts. The same may
be used for pedestrian circulation or even bicycle

ways if wider.

According to desirable standards one acre of recrea-
tion and outdoor play space is required for every
800 persons in addition to school playground for

children.

Layout Design

Most of the previous designs have been very poor,
drab, uninteresting, and resulting in poor circula-
tion, unnecessary intersections, small blocks and
were monotonous. It is urged that more imagination,
originality, and innovation be introduced in this
area. Pleasant physical environments, livability,
esthetics, safety, convenience diversification and
variety, all can be and should be achieved through
an intelligent design. The recommendations offered
when discussing the type of housing and circulation
will play a major part when attempting to improve
the actual layout. Some recommendations for better
designs are illustrated by the following sketches

and diagrams:

a)

141

Use of loop streets and cul-de-sacs in Single

family detached residential neighborhood.

'The Sketch below shows an example of a neigh-

borhood layout for 532 lots of 7,000 sq. ft.
each with a central school-park area of 11.3

acres and 25,630 lin-ft. of streets.

USE¢IFI£KHPSTREETS

 

 

\7‘0‘3 -‘uITmIIIJEUumUTflim

 

 

 

Source: ULI T.B. 47

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cam—Pu A004 En “00A 2 Oflafifiéug

b)

143

Clusters

Cluster development allows a greater percen-
tage of land to be left for open space as
evident from the figure below. This has 499
units of Patio houses with 31.8 acres open
area and 23,400 lin-ft. street. Where mass
housing is done, such an approach can be

very well adOpted.

C LUSTER DEVE LOPMENT

 
   
  
  

00.) .00 r!“ 00. V

0,. {.:0. 'oo
0

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._ L) 'o
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Source: ULI T.B. 47

144

The design below shows another approach by

C)

changing the lot shapes and introducing

more open spaces.

 

   

0..

 

 

 

 

29

Fig.

Source: ULI T.B. 47

145

d) Illustration of a Planned and an Unplanned
Scheme:
Figures on the following page Show an area
with unplanned and planned schemes for com-
parison. The two schemes have the following

features.56

UNPLANNED SCHEME

1.

10.

11.

12.

There is a complete absence of parks and recreation
areas.

No church Sites are provided.

Shopping areas are small and located on the perimeter
instead of being central. No Off-street parking is
provided.

Only one school site is provided, and it is not cen-
trally located..

All roads are of equal width and are potential
"through" streets.

There is no variety in types of residential zones.

Some very long, narrow house lots are shown. These
are uneconomical. Others are poorly Shaped.

There is an unnecessary duplication of utility lanes
in some places.

There are variations in the width of the main road.
Half-jogs in the roads in some places are unsafe,
and there are some dangerous junctions.

The light industrial zone has no place in a residen-
tial area.

Likewise the agricultural zone seems out of place,
especially with houses allowed in it in excess of
a ratio appropriate to such a zone.

Residential zones are all one-family.

 

Canada.

56"Sherbrooke Neighborhood Unit," Edmonton, Alberta,
Urban Land Institute, T.B. 47, "Innovations vs.

Traditions in Community DevelOpment."

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147

PLANNED SCHEME

1.

Sites are provided for parks, playing fields and
recreational areas.

Church sites are provided in convenient locations.

There is a central shopping area, with off-street
parking.

Two school sites are provided, reasonably accessible
from all parts of the neighborhood. The Catholic
school is off-centre because it also serves adjacent
neighborhoods.

”Through" arterial highways, of adequate width, are
separated from local service roads by limited access
planted strips. Thus, both "local" and "through"
traffic are safeguarded. There are feeder roads for
bus routes. Local residential streets are designed
in such a way as to discourage "through" driving,
yet remain adequate for local purposes.

At the corners of the area, there are intersections
designed to keep "through" traffic moving.

One-family housing is created in an aesthetic as

well as a functional setting. Set-backs are arranged
to allow for a "rhythmic variation." A buffer strip
separates housing from an adjacent industrial zone.

There are also apartments and row housing in a variety
of types.

A neighborhood "focus" of larger buildings and open
spaces is included as an essential ingredient of a
well-designed residential area.

TableNo.III Shows a comparison of the two schemes of on the

following page (148). The first scheme has only one type of

housing, whereas the second one has three types of houses,

with all the facilities for the neighborhood and definitely

having better environments.

 

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149

e) Use of different setbacks, house designs
and orientation in a unit development
created interesting environment as against
the single line setback and repeated de-

signs, as Shown in the figure below.

USE OF DIFFERENT SETBACKS

 

 

 

  

 

  
  

KNNEY STRE ET

3_. . w; -.
HARTSHORN H0
(Rmhwcmd,fiflfl'

 

 

 

Source: ULI T.B. 50 WEST LElGH snack-r

Fig. 31

 

III.

ones .

150

Miscellaneous Recommendations

The recommendations given so far are not the only

There are many other factors and aspects which will

help in improving the future residential developments. So

it is recommended that:

1.

To avoid the incompatable uses and adverse effects
of such uses, the appropriate residential areas
should be earmarked. To maintain an "urban discipline"
and guide the future growth prOperly each urban area
should be required to prepare a comprehensive plan.
Every urban area should have zoning, subdivision
and other necessary regulaltion, and that the zoning
(as well as other) regulations be modified, changed
and improved to accommodate modern trends in urban
deve10pment and give reasonable flexibility to the
residential development type and pattern.

The objective Should not be to provide just shelter
but a place to live, and an environment that is
healthy and elevates the moral, social and physical
characteristics of the area and the people.

To save the bigger urban centers and the regions
from over pOpulation and congestion, an overall plan
be prepared for the regions and the province to dis-
tribute the pOpulation for a better balance.

The regulations for the maintenance and upkeep of
the residential areas be enforced and the refuse

collection requirements and services be increased.

151

Summary of Recommendations

 

As a result of the study and consideration of the
past urban residential deve10pments in West Pakistan, the
following recommendations are offered as an improvement
program for the new urban residential development.

1. The larger developments in the form of new towns
should be located 15 to 50 miles away from the
existing large urban center, on the major highways

or rail links.

 

2. DevelOp only residential neighborhoods near exist-
ing large employment centers of the area.

3. Establish industry in new towns before and not
after the people move in.

4. Plan residential areas on the neighborhood concept.

5. Smaller housing schemes should be kept large enough
to form a "neighborhood."

6. Raise the percentage of skilled and literate per-
sons in the new settlements.

7. Plan housing developments for the entire cross-section
of peOple, i.e. peOple of all classes, all income
groups and all professions. At the same time the
type of housing may be diversified as well. The dif-
ferent type of houses and classes, however, must be
grouped.

8. Change, modify or introduce codes and regulations to

provide for the above mentioned diversified development.

10.

11.

12.

152

The site for these developments must be selected
scientifically. It Should have spatial relation—
ships with community facilities outside the neigh-
borhood, offered by the community or city. The

Site should have a regular shape and be free of
flood hazards, bad soil and bad drainage conditions.
It Should also be free of adverse influences of in-
dustries, airports and traffic. The site Should

hold scenic and esthetic value.

The area should be bounded by man-made or natural

boundaries.

Depending on the type of deve10pment, the pedestrian,
bicycle and vehicular circulation should be separated
from one another. The vehicular streets be designed
with a specific role in mind. Provision of curb and

gutter must be made compulsory.

Intersections should be improved by providing cutoff

lanes, through lanes and turning lanes.

The neighborhood shopping center should be limited
in its function and be develOped only for convenience

shopping by the residents of the neighborhood.

The elementary school should be located in the center
and combined with playgrounds, neighborhood parks and

the community center.

 

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

153

Water supply and sewerage system should be provided

more adequately and as soon as the peOple move in.

Effort should be made to provide green belts between

the house lines or at random for passive recreation.

(Same may be used for pedestrian circulation.)

Most attention should be given to the layout design
to provide better livability, variety and esthetics
as well as convenience and safety. Loop streets
with cul-de-sacs, cluster plans and varied setbacks
Should be introduced along with the different type
of house viz, town houses, patio houses, garden
apartments as well as single family detached and
attached houses, and planned unit schemes.

Comprehensive plans for urban areas be prepared.

An overall approach Should be taken at the provin-
cial or regional level to disperse and distribute

the pOpulation (as well as the industry) instead of

developing more and more residential areas in aleardy

congested urban centers.

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155

APPENDIX B

ACCESS STANDARDS FOR COMMUNITY FACILITIES

OUTSIDE THE NEIGHBORHOOD BY TIME

District or City Facility Maximum Desirable Time
from Farthest Dwelling

 

 

1. Secondary School:

Junior High 15 to 25 minutes by
bicycle, car, bus or
tonga

Senior High 20 to 30 minutes by
bicycle, car, buS or
tonga

2. ShOpping, cultural, 20 to 30 minutes by
religious and recreation bicycle, car, bus or
(district) tonga

3. Employment Centers 20 to 30 minutes by

bicycle, car, bus or
tonga

4. Urban Center - commerce, 30 to 45 minutes by
cultural, governmental bicycle, car, bus or

tonga

5. Outdoor Recreation:

Major Park 30 to 60 minutes by
bicycle, car, bus or
tonga

Athletic Playfield 20 to 30 minutes by
bicycle, car, bus or
tonga

6. Health Services Should be available in

district urban center

156

APPENDIX C

RESIDENTIAL DENSITIES

Class and Type of Housing Density Standard
(No of d.u. per net acre )

 

 

 

 

 

Higher Income 3
#
Single Family Detached 0.8-2 3
Middle Income
Single Family Detached 4—6 j J
L!”
Two-Family Detached 6-8
Row Houses 10-12
Planned Apartments l6-20
Multi-family 25-30

Low Income

 

 

Single Family 16

Row Housing 25-30

Multi-family 40-50
1

"Net acre" means that the area used for density
calculation is exclusive of all street, open spaces and
other areas for community facilities.

157

APPENDIX D

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. 4000 '11' type austere
32 in M Lottie“. - 1000 2057 653 112.55 51.88 .. 5.00 15.00
. 20a '0' type gun-ten _
33 .‘ mu. 2m - - ’ ‘2e54 33e‘6 I e 'ile '11e
. 2000 'D' W ween
M .‘ We a” - - - 24e53 22e1‘ e e '11- .tle
any.
a. leeetee mull leeettleeeet let-en-
. W M). 9500 4‘” 3.50 2350
b m m M. - - 4350 3300 10450.00 1184.00 .. 350.00 790-00
. ’34 my. - - - -
m III— 4”“ 1m 9059 1062 12735.86 2253.17 174.11 476.00 1362.56

 

 

APPENDIX E

HAD

 

”00Msom

 

00251 5.6%

 

159

APPENDIX F

Illustration of a development having
a variety of housing types and design
patterns.

   

Model of first village at Resmn.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books and Periodicals

American Public Health Association, Committee on the Hygiene .
of Housing. Planning the Neighborhood. 1948. f

 

"Building Traffic Safety Into Residential DevelOpmentS," l
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Dawn, (Karachi). "KDA Asks Allottees to Take Posession of
Quarters in West Karachi and Korangi Within 15 Days." ,L_O
(Nov. 25, 1964), p. 4.

 

Department of Films and Publications, Government of Pakistan.
Pakistan—— A Profile. Karachi 1963, p. 3.

 

Doxiadis Associates, Athens, Greece. Ekistics. May 1961,
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Federal Housing Administration. Planned-Unit Development.
Land Planning Bulletin No. 6.

 

Information Division, Embassy of Pakistan, Washington, D. C.
This IS Pakistan.

 

Lynch, K. Site Planning.

 

Newcombe. Vernon. "A Town Planning Schemef'Town Planning
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NorthrOp, F. C. The Meeting of East and West. p. 411.

 

Qureshi, Ishtiaq Husain, Dr. Aspects of the History, Culture
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Orgafiization, Bankok, Thailand, 1963.

 

 

Urban Land Association. The Homes Association Handbook.
T.B. 50. 1964.

 

Urban Land Institute. Community Builders Handbook.

 

 

New Approaches to Residential Land Development.
B.

T. 40. 1961

160

161

Urban Land Institute. Innovations vs Traditions in Community
Development. T.B. 47. 1963.

 

 

Vogler, Paul. Medizin Und Stadteban. Verlag Von Urban und
Schwarzenberg 1957. Munchen, Berlin, Wien.

 

Walter Gropuis. Rebuilding Our Communities. Institute of
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Whyte, William H. Cluster Development. American Conserva-
tion AssociatIOn. New York, N. Y. 1964. I ”1

 

Documents and Reports

Department of Films and Publications, Ministry of Education
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Basic Facts. 1963, p. 6. 7h“?

 

.w -‘
‘7‘.“7 ..
fl

 

 

Embassy of Pakistan, Washington, D. C. Pakistan-— A Fact

 

Lahore Improvement Trust. Lahore Today and Tomorrow.

 

Government of West Pakistan, Department of Communication
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Government of Pakistan, Planning Commission. The Greater
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162

Ministry of Health and Works, Karachi. Nazimabad, The First
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West Pakistan Engineering Congress. Symposium on Housing
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Unpublished Material

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. Housipg Needs West Pakistan 1969, 1965 and 1970.
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. Revised Estimates of Urban and Rural Population
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. Settlements in West Pakistan Housing and Settle-
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.Memo of the Secretary to Government of West Pakistan,
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ROOM 138‘;

(3111.1,

M*m€“

 

 

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