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§EA,§Q"NAL QCCURRENCE AND

ABUNDANCE CF MAYFLEES,
QR EPHEMERQP‘TERA, E'RQM A
RESKECTEQ AREA QF SELL LAKE

T310383 {cw flu; Degree of: M. 5.
MICHiGAN STATE UNEVERSETY
E’hyllis E. Vinton
236.8

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1‘03 . "-'-~L4L.~L “3' F;

I ”’1 1 to t 3°»: Pr. T. ”3733 Porter, Br. Nonald J. ficlgguw,
and Dr. Yarvin V. Lfiwslfiv for their ccntwifictiuua to t 3thms£s
as rathers of my :u 3::33 cc3nittee.

My 9..- tat-Tip}. PM“? aw". si‘mei'o :‘3;.r~tit1;2-t’u3 "a to €th chair-

1’- (-

man 5; my CO.’W;uLQQ, Dr. Allén B
at his 113?: trap 8393133 333 matcorole3iccl reccrfis, in afidition
to pr Vifiifii a tremcrfouq a cumt of CflCC*?T”O?Qfit 3nfl e iim 17.31
adviée.

I a“ a1? 0 brat“ 1 Ea “r. Fr3”3rick 8:0“? in: 352333 eqrifi-
'Eflt and re 9 tare h spa e avai able. Expressiawc cf thnv?s aha

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81:33 0: rc313L no to reinurs of 3? favilj v20 33 wemtafi to sort

some of the "szper babies“ (-”. .i"”‘:93/.

 

Final y, thanks are flue to “'7 fc 3123 atzzfi¢xt3 aafi fvi3233
C... .
waase good -3tured kiwtfi 3:, 33117 r3113 353 3333533 hclxci 320

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Comfiqriacn between nights of :inu and
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LIST OF TARLES

Table Page

1. Average tefiwerature and departure from
the normal, ”ay-Septeflher, 1067 . . . . . . . o . . 20

2. Log. catch of each species at increasinv

minimum temperature ranges . o . . . . . . . . . . 23

3. Total precipitation and departures from
' the normal, May-September, 1967 . o . . . . . . . . 26

h. flunbers of each sex taken on nizhts of
high and low E. linfiata amergeuce . . . . . . o . . 43

iv

.2

Jul.

«1:

 

I'IT‘YWW’TTIUT“

”ryfiiag livin‘ unfit: untural 3c&”;ticn3 arc e?;0305 to a

cowtinually :h3t it; :nAhinrtEOA cf

33vi:c3.tut;1 factors. 1
pi- ys ical environ hit is 003pxinufl pafl sly of €134 tic 33;:or3,
which are relatively “33‘13, au; avatkgr Exctcrz wLich, lific bio-
10¢1331 factcrs, are continually Varyiud, aitfiuugh tic; 1.33 Ely
vary 3.120133: Clizutic 330311;“; whit 2': c2 tug-u. slowly.

“elativc population 0511.;at as may be used {or nah 33 parale-
tion cowparisc33 in space afid time.. Siuio.i:al 13$-3;.3tutivfi of
such esti3at- s is Ciffictslt. Em eve :, since tfie sxnple size is in-
financed by changes in actual numbers of indivi .15, changeg in
their ctivit,, the Segree to 13 icfl SpLJi as or SLR 13 respon-

Siva t3 the Lrap sti:.uius, LL: chtnies in chicit3cy of the trap.

ccafiztions, as 3311 as ulclozical fat-

you

)...._ 0 ‘. r.. -.9 ‘ a .. I-

IL- 4V8 L1¢.'-, 5&quL
J _ .' 7 .. _. ‘ . " It. | . ”I“, ‘ ' ._ ." : »‘.“ . . .. .3 .5 -. ‘ ‘ ~-

ters, nroatly LLL;f‘1u€ gnu aggcxus 33L“; may be prt3out, an} the

L.

\‘ . ‘I '\o A c ‘ Q ‘ ’ '5. ‘9 . ‘ .,¢—| U, a .- ' ‘nx 5%.. . .3 A ..-‘-,‘

53353“ tin 33:33 a hlLS are 1133 7 to we 1:;'1va,3a11e 3533;33
0 Qfl'. -» ‘ - :Q- i. .0".- ’1. .. 9 . v0 .

in w3atttr L3.3 i3petiate e-Lu-t3 en £33 unriLg. u Salividta3s

_ a": ‘1 ‘ .‘fi .. (o .N .' —'.f u.. ,- 1 4 .‘o.‘ In.“ g .t.‘ . .u s v- 'v‘
C315‘li-t o “11'14-33 (17.).‘, Ibsv) a; 212.17%: CH": L; t .5! $.31, 3.0.] b- t--?..'3.lv>’..£".;;

01‘ r r.- -. - ~—.. H J , “- R . n‘ , 'd '~-.'I I . ' v r. . . I 1'... .Q n .‘o '. s t .n .
long i3iga c-iac.3 oi cli :0 an} «v-0 i .3n1a.3 c-f3:ts o; ue3L331

\ _ "‘ ' . < . “ ' ‘ " ' . '5 .‘ ,‘ -‘ .‘ . . " :'-. 1-. '1 v‘ I“. ‘ . "- '- 5:.
b' T.a‘..~1-s' CC Ky. 1'1 than“: 1:32. 1‘: flint. {:31} SLAB.) Z.-.t.:.".L.:53 0;. U1; .1 QISTIL y'J“. .. S}
1~ -- a - fl 3. a v Q r. . ~ «3 g" > .. . 1-0 «1 . .*~ ~ - .
of t-; In. 0‘ c; {AQUCLS t; ggfu. ni:£i : SiliKJpg Poudhntwd at

the sgscific level, are few.

y-o

 

 

 

3»

h)

The objectives of this investigation were (I) to report the
nuwbers and seasonal occurrence of msyfiies (Sgkamcroptfira)
ewe: in: from a rostrictad area of gull Lake, iickijan, and, (2)
to evaluate several environmental paragmters as posaible elements
acetatinq as modifylnq factors in the emergence pattern of the mav-

flies.

a

A few 3333ios of 13333 cou33131233 s maviiies o: to: come to the
$233331 attention every year rwh1n :39? 0 NJ? 3 in enormous nu: be
Aflults of 3333 3303133 a3fiesr consistent}? vent a:ter y 33 in

the same localitiex, on apr"w"i”1rfilv the 3330 dates for tho",
' a

localities, often forming vast swarms near tha water. The en3li3st
pVbIIRWeM retorfis cor cer~1laz Annriczn warflias were descriptions

of sash 343333. In l?é§, Pfiiinflelyhia bctnuiqt thn Bartrafi

n r

(175? made observations :3i3: J23: an”-.uun4 in the Tranarctianq
3f thu AOYal fiaeiety of 3,3303. 01in? ccmnunicatnfl as £0110;n

73V tha $33. 1739. Jr. F3;_r13 per coiJe4 3493 ”av.
Elias had attainad 31343, and v30f0 ver :31: R 93393:
on the 333 as and 43333, 335 by the riV3r sine. Ike
333035 day after their 11.1avi in" tae r1qu3tic at do
they €33 another 9113, site? w§:i3h rtncir tcils a:
Xenzer, and their wings drie 32:3 more transyarent.
Tia 53h and 6th was rainy, tfia 73h wizly; so V333 few
can...» *3 . Tim "ch was 3301; so very few were seen:
33: “11¢ sunrqed 1? ta in tfie e"~vfie; and on tha lith,
lxtfi and 13:1, fhev,suarmfid :bunflaatly. tht he caiis
5133'22 , was t?xrir 3'3“3“i“‘ H33 39 hoes, near tne
aim-3's '0 1211-; 1'31}: i3 63:; gin the water.

Numerous‘ 3‘3 ' 33, Inc' udlnq keys and fiescripticms of the ray.
£1133 of I pn:*c!cu11r rc;10n,hav3 been 33311 33d. L3: W's 04473443

of the fiece 1t “931mgri4ae, 1833; J 1333- 33, stilt serves for the

LA

generic and specific identification of ouch cf the then known
fauna of the worlfi.

Mos: North American species were described by Trevor (1933)
and in I long series of paners published by chufinough (1926, 1963)
from 1921-19é3. Needham, Iraver and H33 (1933) oublifihed a dfitaitmfl
account of the biology of mavfiles and teys to florth American may.
flies. Two excellent reforances for mavflies of the Rich! an area
are: The Mayflies, or Ephemeroptera, of Illinois (Burks 1953),

and écvflies of Tlchigan Trout Streams (leonard afifl Leonard 1962).

I ,uect 93 and «'z at‘mr

 

€¢t§y {fivostljfitIOfis H330 hefcrc S?1f1:t£331
developed were frequofitly doccrlyttvé in nztufa. The c glicgt ox-
teoeiva stuiv of insects an: thsir relation to climmko was eififucfisfl
by B. P. ”var v (1931). In stuajing the responses of insectg to
cnvironmontal factors, Uvnrcv said that it was nefiapzsry to afiply
the afinlytfical nuthfio 394 to investigste the influence of C335 fac-
tor separately. Ho inflicatcfl that it veal: be igcorrcct to nqauuo
that the rosgo“sc of an tango: to the COfififincd notion of covers! fac-
tors will roping at a sum of the racfionscs to easfi factor iwvnlvad.

C. E. Wiliiaws (193°, 1?fi3), witfi t“fi aid of R. L. Fisier.
both worfiivg at the Rntba~5:34 Encerinnfit Stafiicn, Narrcn‘cu,
Engijn4, analyzcd four {cnrs' captors of inaoctn in a lith tram.

.. «at P. n , , -’ .., . ‘ ." o r."’&‘ '\- .- . . .1
Most CLJIVSub were ma\c by flCLMOHJ o; poccial rm :csnlons and

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annivsia of variance; ”iiiians' works from iS3S to present can-
stitute the most comprehensive studies to 'cto dealing with ‘
ratenroinvicai factors and their effect ugon the total insect
ponuiation and activitv. Hilliams investitatod larva hetero~enecus
gown- ations about w hich ho n33u<;}od the tote 1 clzqnf ed slatfly. and
hence, daily chanres in the catch were doc to changes in activity

of t a insec :3. Utilizina Severn years ié'cr..-ion, he was able
to coiroct tzc noun total c tch of en 11rnnts fer its doparturcs
from t'zo not“; -i (of txe four years) in actccroiojical conditions
(1.0., we: mt1-r ans cii;mta), obtaining a V3138 Eur what he be.
lievsfl woulé !.avc bcaen the catch had conditions bean noywalo he
differcnces Panniniog ha Cfillcr tie pngulation eiQafits, and those

qg . . .. “ . . a ‘0. . v - .o I r- .- p .‘ 5 ,v.
vagqcs ware (213.10??? . In 413 33333393 Io among} JJVQOIOIOJEQRI

creent of ;.3 var race of the total

K-
L-

facturn 8700 :31": fcr SU-v

pCéchtioa.

cur .‘P 4' . g _
Lwé croscwt stufiv, n s~nr:1 1g

-. c ICF7.'"ifi1 in fixrn3vfii2r3 3? tifi
a ..I .. .. ‘ .4 -. . .' .1: ' . .— 3 ‘ ' .,.. '1" .- w-r‘ - ‘
IQVUL' c093 Lot 1933 it"a11 to 9;»-Lir a ”13193. Lid rdflilfiiOH
a 0‘! -.. - .f’ --- 0‘ . '. ,.. fl 5 .‘ " "'- ‘_'" “ ’ ... I" A I M
0:. a 3.1111719 53 :93i08 C; ~"2‘-’:..’:.i.u:3 13 FL: CRIN... ”231C {”3- HOS in“? 1;.7";-.§"“.1
.' " '9 ‘- 9 ,. . .. f. f.’ 4" ls -"‘ I, A “ -"~ ‘ "v'" ' l'.‘ b 01“
13.1.1 '. ~.-.«o w 9233:; an. - "zO'n-J “"LE‘i‘...“ V6.9]

potugstiofl stmfilcd by

_.“ . 1:. (J. ...-Q,
r "o 3“ r. cdat 303333-

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TSWEuLjo Aha a-uit 11-2 323“ u; :u}.!ifi.

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,‘i .s‘;r ‘Jcru :;‘:o?s i.."-‘J}p’ ..>V~-- ~p..‘ ...,u-IM? ’d”,{:\ L-Ci :ql‘-_"'."-,:.‘.1tl{:‘§:.ior f‘Ct‘DI‘L'

6

as they affe LCC abunmance of n 9990103 or ggroup of insects. Host
work conducted to date at: the specific leavei remains quit: descrip-
tiva. Leonard and Leonard (1-3-62) recs-moi} the seasonal occurrence
of winged payflios ovnr a ainglo gravel riirlo on the Ecru Aarquecte

River in? 1:1 «:1 ,am.

Tertpera 1:12 re

111113-43 (1’32?) believed to rpcratum was the vast: important
sinrtle clif‘atic factor in a coal reiiperfi e 303:3. {-1 nights Wan
the catch of all insects was Iii-311, mxizmm day and ninimm night
temperatures were 121;;‘wr. {‘0 indicated that the effect of marifim
tez.:purat's-:re £11090 was of less siarm fic ° c3 than the sheet; of
minimum temperature.

Cook (1933) noted that Lepifioptera catch increased with In-
creasing air tangent-zines. the eifect Tine-13;: much greater when

..

hunim‘cy was low. Uvarov (”31) concluded that air temperature

is the chief mwironmonizal factor influencing: insect flight eatin-

‘

vitles, such activities beginning about 1" . with an Optima: tantra

"C

betwuea Z .‘ '8. Hith one 6? caption, Sfifitt and Gpdyke (19d!) fauna
no g-.::‘;eral cor! ‘elation bet.:-ee1 aquatic izsect esrrrzrgence and air
temper-r2321) re .

In his black fly stun 10. .35111113213 for}1 that rmxitmm and
minimum temvamturaa on days pl'ec«.z’-.2:1g the three nights of highest

. .0, g“. .u
cats-1 were 1 .. above the am“ :7 1.2033, 1.3.1 1:131:23 of 1:13:21 activity

(1?:
‘L 1-.

ocmzrring at a minimum temperature above

s:

Chant and Ivfcleod (1952) found twat-amt: mama to have a
close Inverse relation to cart-1:: abundance. This is in aamozzant
with Davidson and Amfrm-Iartha (1933) «"10 foam tesmmtnre rah-3'3
to hnvc a definite influence on tfie ebunfislco of thrios.

Taylor (1‘233) believed than new both an LET‘I'CI‘ an: laws:-
temgeqwture thresholi fer {gs-2t flirts. In a ctr”? of aerial in-
sects, J. A. x’;‘..)‘-:;‘.:r.::.n 135.23) ccllcctnd $10.41: Grecian at a torrpemimt‘e
above 61¢? (16¢C), but baliovcfl tfizt anzearance of many Species in
the air is mare clonoiy asscrlnted with their life kisser? tfisn
with i mmiiata effocts of ta persture. Fustfinr, that "refitlar

daily catches of an aerial insect pawlntion was}?! throw more light

on tho pmz; 1‘2 51. n

Incifieat Lafilation

The soul-ca of heat which alters air teemramture 13 radia.
tion imm tha mm. “than is a ten'icncy for wood. catch-“s to £0110"!

sunny days ('n’i I I 13er 1?-’--G) o

misture

Zillion: (133:5) fauna" r213 (35.5. not Imam a great 02:23.21: (2:1
the C1583}. eli;',0u__:h the 03153;: was mus-.1137 10'3"? :2 to: a rrtif'1j/

Cay. Zia fouzul relative tua:;1t.'ii:y to have no enact on watch.

.Uvarcv (11}31) believed relative imrzi'ilty had an effect on the

 

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activitv of Id“"‘"“fi"“, thugs being an inverse rclatlon hatflhaa
relative hu~i!’ _t? and attlvity 259v; Sfi gyngwenr gpinhiyg yuaggigy

nut—-‘c.’

and a direct 2'“an 1' on below 3'3. pnrcem’: 1-3.1 rims 1's- Wicitg'.

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1.1Gr-1ctr-u'fi.

v-u.» ”o..-

(15") fmu"‘ wtflr~“,ur c 3°“3“"“0 to have no sijni
en ificect ahvnfnfiwe.

£1153 swVfi1.--In ai'nition to lfifiicatini hijh knuidity.
cloud cover prevents r3fitntion of heat from the grauflfl at n! 9:,
tfierofiy ken Egg s£=kt temperature
diatiuu Erna tho ems, there:.y low or.? . maximum terpnfntnre. Clou1y
'53:??311322811‘1 ‘fv ave a 1:37:93: T733: 1113“?) {3’1”} :11: "“132." tifii'.‘1.i.-;=‘2'il tifififififirfiifil 1‘0
than cigar dn's (‘111i3 2 $k9, sount and noises 133-).

’3n9.--;n nu.1!5' is of tho effect of wifii is difficult dug
m

3’?

mu

m)
C
0'
:‘o

to its to aid vs r13 tion in strnrg .33 . :3 interugrien nigh ot“or

wentio: factors. It is pa hg3s for rfiis reason that this pafnuuter
4&3 boon lace olntolv {swastifst95.

L;::£é;L§.--F"lor to 1”" 111i3“3 claifiefi that moonligfit
had a doffinfita effect on he cturnal innnc:ts and that low CRtCu‘
in a Eitht trap, at full moon, are Rut movfllv due to a phvsicsl ro-
'duct ifla 1n effis -3:ny of t“n .rnn. Afro: evaluations utilizini suc-

tion trans wars conducted frav 1*31 to Iii}. awilliawm Sinnh, and El

P I "— ' "‘l » Q ‘...:R - "1! . .. ’5. .. 4" - 0 -
fiaidy ‘1»35 conclafufi that L.c 1313 as it, on nalch they had based

their claims, was accidental and of no hioio;ionl sigxificnooo.
out Of ”0&2-

Furthar, that there was no evidence rolwtinz tfio of

’I "i : .1? V

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9
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4
5‘0
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5
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light to tfie activity or cistYEF“:
did inflizm 91:9 an QXczthion in the case of some ogsstic soooioa, whoto
light a}2;2oa ato infl co emergence f?0fi the water.

Scott and Up<rko (1041) cauvht for Ljpso 9‘”T‘Ofit aquatic
insects in light colored tna n daris c0101 :26 enorgouoo ttoyno They

hypothesized that vixen about to emerqo, 3 ::ae or nymnhs must to

stronuly photota ic to lie at of rather "29k iattutivv.

Lamar movie bi ity.--A lunar riythm has been associuttd with

A‘- A

the ch31 es in activity of mrtain aniraals , him root of the
stablishod can a are marine, and the effect may he partly due

to tides. Hora (19 27) 1'sotod in Intia that Ska! 13 of 3:332:81 soooios

of mayfllos usually apoeored during th 9 full meta period. Hartlang.
Rowe (1955) suzgestod that swarming in an Africa a :aayfly (Poviila

afinqta fiavas) is related to the lunar cycle. He hypothesised

that the lunar rhythm may only be maintained near the equator

where there is little annual variation in day lergth and air tem-

perature.

"\
80x notio

 

Hilliams (1939) found in Agrotis n"""7" 16‘53 and several

other soocioa of Hoctuid use that tonal-as formed a s mallet proportion

. a V
I
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1 . ' ‘
. ~ .
u
. ' 1 ‘
t
‘ 3
O A
. - u
. . o-

.i . . '.

. ;’
v.

.. ...... ....¢_ '—¢‘—-«.v

10

of the catch on nigfits wnon tfia Species was afinnflnnt. Accordin?
’ .. J

to Davis 331 “1111333 (1062) savor3l crazies of black flloa 3303

a similar tronfl.

VEIHQES Au? HATfifiiALS

5"1'. 3‘31
St.“ 1 51‘;

tull La.:e is located in Kalawaa we arm Bar~y Counties, T.lS.
and l N.; R. 9 31d 13 "., in the nontz“33:3rn section of Lower
Michigan. The stuiy was 003533265 at the U. 3. 2311.0; F1013 {3.3
Station, lecatod on the northeast $150 of tho late.

Cull Late i3 auong the daopor and 1333:: of t

n - ‘ J .‘ -~. .a‘ a”. - .a
in southern Lighignn. Tue surface nrua is “33 huctaroso A m3Jor

cf 3L L-C -tcrs. It is classiflsd as a coliaxater l;ke. T33 watcr
is 11721-111ine (9" 7.’?}-nr..{fi.).
351L133 r £9.82? ’CI, 83.: ring-13 are t 18 137: ‘I :f‘: tc::::r1 t‘jy Fat): 01‘}

(.3

areas.

(0
vi
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1?.)
Us
1:]
S
5-;
0
up

I
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biclo;ical survey oft the 13k
T-.o cli;;.te at Gull 3’m alternates ts: »33t1=23t.~l 3nd

,0 "I ’« '
.a.e .io:ijan.

fa.
C
,u
V.
D
0
'1?
U
L
1;:-
5
X'

Se. mi.:arine , due to prev: iliijn 31:?
The air tamper Cure £3113 to .23°C duz’iqg qut winters; there are
apptoximatoly 15 days each 33:.3" when the temperature roaches
33°C or above. Average dates of tho firzt froosi:tz totworat to

in {91.1 and t‘ra last in Spring are October 6 and 33' 8, rosgoctively.

qr

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‘

About '6? parcant of 1:53 3:12?“ total precipitation occurs from:

April, t0 Segre 9211-, w t‘=1 raiix‘all heaviczst in Juno.

?. hU-n

“mgfifiinnl “mango-17¢.
. ..\r. ‘, - . _ .1 1 -'-. I c.
“a. A-_. u. ~A.‘ -.L __ -'

 

An official maat‘xer station is located at the N. R. Hating-2;
{1101931331 Svation. Air tor-mmtum and relative humiiity wave
o'ntnine-c? utilizing a ccn'fiziz'nemzs me 133ng E'7’yr7m-Thenwo-"fmohJ A
contimous record of winger tetmeraturé was: obtnizwd utilizing a
Tat'lor tcfiperatum rec-cried (76 J tzrpé meet-riot). A 10:; was 1331:1-
talncd for v:33’“her conriitions througfrsozzt the stuCy period. Air
temp-Z‘I‘GUJI'B and relative hwaidity were recorded at a distanca of
2 :mtt.;;:r3 from the trap arm 1 meter abofie rrmzmd l3val. Eater
tez'ryxature was r3¢orfiod at: a depth of 13-31? c3z‘atlfiot3r3 and at

6

a difitgmce CE 2 meters from tim 131:9 sham in pracdrflty to the

11352: trap. Thus, nnasurevvznts of the (11:11:! phgmicsl enviromzent

C

were availalne for cmxparieon with light trap captures.
Records of the average air temperature, tote; precipita-
tion, and éerrtures of each from the norm! duriixt t'-.r:.~ past 33

3:0an :m-m ofrtzined from A. N. mot-rnior, State Clir‘wtoicxjjszt,

viuatfagr ’Fumau Office. Innsiimo

S3ecieq stuilefl. Vit?\ ficEes on their hlr.logy

 

(pier-l blnlvnv.---ayflies have a life cycle of 4 stages:

 

egg, aquatic ~Pv“ ., aerial subific o and inn 0. :crflzthr tLo
13330 and subiwaxo will be referred to as "adults."

"fiqus of new rly all “ickigan species inquire a year to
mature (lecnard and Leonard 13(2). Often an overlap in broods

results in a 1313 sea3onal appearance by these species. A few

3 Vitfl two broods per year, and

O‘

species have a shortar life excl
the 13:53 ephsworids usually require tva years to mature (”urko
1953).
Qur3t101 of t: e wingefi stage is u23311y 2-3 days, but varies
somewhat with the s? mecio.3 a. nélvifiumls, and probably with weather
nrn

conditloaa ( e3dhan, Iravmr and Van 1935, Butte ,3) . Sabinegns

anally emerge in late afternoon or evenin3, sgacnfi the sublimaslnal

I:

ata 3e rusting near the water, and make the final molt a day or so
later; than males swarn, met 33 oc cuts. and females denos it efm'
soon aftérwnrd (Burke 93?).

Collefitng at l';Et3 US‘h-117 yielda the largest number of
adults. Subimagos are often strongly attrwwct d to light (éecdham,

or

Iravcr and Van 193:,Bur13 1233, and Loom rd and Lee? 3rd 19’?).

STQClQR prfisewt.--It is assumed that adults of all sgecies
caU5' E.t 9:. r3- cd from Cull Lake.

'txazc :ia i'hsta (Sortille)

     

Habitat: %ole-lika logs of tfie 333335 enable them to burrow into

[id
2'.‘

batten :edimnts of streafffs .3129- 132‘2‘133: 1.2.203 (7292131263. 12.2.5. 1.332232222212313
1962).

Life cvcle: Two years are 22.322.23.117; 3202;23:132-323. a1‘cimr.2.;_j;’.2 the 3,223.13
is completed 1.21 a year 12'. 30:33 of the matter scum-2.2.2131 2": c‘..£s";.3;21
1:13:03 (252.2233: 12.723723). The vim-:02".- strzge often lasts three days (12227."

0.. 9

19:23). Ernriefme mu} swars'2it'2g :22::-2:2 E352: free: c.1253: t. 2'2i-‘12':i2'2?:t

13)
.-

(Er-22.2.22: 121253).

.—'.— - 3..-n. ‘ ‘ ' .
h 1.2 tom 3. .1332? (2 elm-3:)

 

Habitat: I. Z:- 1. .ifl“~‘2h3, min-like 1033 of Hf,2'7‘.";3'=?8 enable t’éetz

to burrow into the su’mtmte P223? i;212.-.'2‘.3'Zt str2332733 322.2! 1:23:09 vii:
consitferable wave action, and are T2031: abundant 1:.1 waters Eu-w 3'25: a

sand and gravel mz‘mtretzm (13072211621 and [Qatari 1233322). They are

less Cort-.2071 in silt 23232.! 7.1"} bars where 11. 1?"~’:.'2$':.‘;: pradmrfirzates

(Leomrd and {canard 1932
Life c7310: The cycle US“: 110 ta: :03 m-c y :23?3 ta co~3lete fiu‘ks
2353). {- vergeuce ls dung; 2.2.23 evening; 3.3:. 52:229.:12'23 occurs over:

the water at 21:29.1: (Lee-med 21.25.322.121 1? :22.) Ace-owing; ta 1.002.222.2123

and board (1)3-) heavy 3:23:33? 33 of 31;. 35.7.3335; usually 2:521:03

p121: a she. t: to :1 days before that: of 1:. 13.24-33.12.

3123210301 1"2.".:2'2."22‘1 (YEW-21.23321“)

III“
2.1“

Habitat: Legs and body of 2:12. 333133-23. 212:3 2"1.3"‘°'2"’31, offerin

(if
a

little resistance to water 23:21.23“... :31: or action as t‘2ey c1112 3 to
st 32.1233 and 02:22:: r 3223 megr 3d ef2jeazts. T1223; fix-23:21.23 '12-; occur in the

5322111232.: wacer (1.. 33 than 13 0.....- 1'2223'c3rs) of 0.12223 and lakes with

strcng current or wave mtin. (L30? ward and Leonard 1952).

Life ovate: The cycle is c03310to 1 in a your. Cwarjenne occurs

frn: aftarnoon thruugh evmnfing (Eur :3 1 :7. Leonard and Leonard

‘,n4£3 51 alias (53}un3131H)
WW
habitat: 1he flf;\fi culate $11133 nvnphs izahgfirit quiet waterg whe3e

311: and debrEQ collect. Adults are asuux3d to have emvrg3d from

J
I
C
O
h ‘5
i
f‘\
2‘ I
F'
11 A.
H

' I

11:23:00

- no. ,1 “a r.. . ,, 3.... ..-., _- ._ .,9 ~ -.. .
L330 3yciu: 3ne 1!; 3,.39 ls ro«;lcaud in a yuur Lsth heavinst

. .. .1 . . Q . '1 - - I". .J. o'er", "w
rjr. 9-: . . ‘s n v f‘ "'7. 5.. v r- ' . Q - on- v ~ v .- * AQ‘_- fl. {‘9 ,. ‘ ya. ¢ 1-, - -".
04.3); .'-.—1.r‘3 3..}..9 .'.. 113.4 g ‘ ‘1 - ‘1}. ¢ .‘t"' a». (ox'L‘... ' u.) {I ‘. “9.9 .1 '_‘ O L m

suhirm30 3:3 is greatlv aktrevia tad . as eviflfinced by Burk :5 (1?:3)
who observed the subima9inai e.mxvlae heir~ gyt§d flaring flight in~

,. R .2.-. - .. .
M .Lukly a tar extrgance.

(i:

OQF‘IH?$'§~ tr‘fl“"\3fl¢gl.a
- 't .1. . - " ~ . k‘ .

 

Pannrfihtinn of T1Wn 3.-~A 13w Jorsoy Cy 3e [13 t: ap was
ut111333 far the collections from Watch 2:, 1967 to 3L 13°19, 1?C?.
At this time the trap banana 196.-.3ula and was replnnefl with 3
.2t Elvin; Insect Trap, which Operated from July 30
1967 to So; cube: 15, 1967. Both traps cowblne 11ynt (Sew Jew ‘ 33:
incand ascent, Spinsect: black 113%: fluorescent) and suction (ratary
fan) and, therefore, are eSpeciall y us‘o fut for wank fliers. In €03-

!9 not availabla to datarm me the effect that chanzlnq traps

had on the nu3?:er and EW 95 a: insects collected.

‘ . . ,4 ‘ . A) ‘_I. ., .. h; a h .
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T“~% 95““.--?”fi tr?“ V“? lnéateA at tFa K. K. {alln~~ Fie-
. - .‘

lin'u‘m

.-- ”-‘c-‘fl-E.-. c ' ' "5414 -‘o“«". a \~_"\"r\ 5' I '.1.0. a;
10 17:1 up...pn. .u an c-~1 u.¢q J “.ger gram 2 :‘ N 350339

1.3 rip-tars shave irate? lav-7:1, aim”. 1 2‘2""? .1":0'x'o ”-3. "'1 1:‘=.-'01.

,. .. -\-.

“w" 9°" 'r tar x:- -r‘ "-n'r "- 13'"st nn;-~ --w..‘"-‘» .- 1‘
v~\.~g! .-'-'_;- ¢("-..,I. L} l ’)5 §<;§ .- 5'). 4.. é‘Otc'w- i Q 5.1.:

Q-‘ , .‘ .’ “ -,.' .
L3 (3....(3? "1 9‘5 . '3-.\,1.$‘."?--
. .- H v" ' '9 ’- c‘... ’3 "v. .f-- , ‘_.‘v.- 9 ‘. '9 5’ I‘. ,. .... v“ ,~ ...
tac a far)... .u; a ..1 us 3...... and}: to an; .r In : 1.....1 t.:133c1.~.3 or. of

o . 6L.
t.'.-G {Lay-36930

 

 

' ' -‘ ...-‘1 ...£—-— Inn‘s-ha- s .- u’u-n. ‘- 6 “...-«'3‘ an . nub '1‘-
"_ K 4.“.6 :1. ’~.\‘. :.~ -isflvv_; .tu. H- ‘La- 0... r13, ._4.L M: 1.":1- ‘3‘”..‘53'..- A
I" L-‘- -" ~ -,- v .4 1' - Q' 5“ ,-'- -- .- J to-” 1-9- - ,..‘ . n‘: '-> 9".
(SELL ik’t b£l LGL-..'d 5,98 uL‘ 136(53.‘ LO (JUL3J.L£}1..3 u;.:3 (‘1), b-J‘c’lnt (£2. L1?) 5%
I . ,C M H! ‘ . r. g, x a ’ c - ‘ h! ._‘ _Q
81- i LsmL‘. 51R.) ‘1‘. ’02. $1.1)?" 55.3 2.33 Cu”L1..‘.JL.v$ 13y Cu. .P‘ész..1.:§;.) Llid (.11,

 

.. - ‘ ‘3' r- ‘a‘ , : .-‘ .- ‘ ‘ l- .- . a .4 -’fl 6‘: -. "-N'F‘. n . i l Q: Q
tat-21., .. a. anon “1.x" 3.11.110 t.“ the 13.0.3 (1:37.. .31. .... u- C i .. 1 :i-
‘u I. (.2
., . "‘ - 2 ~ . .. .-._ - . ._ .7 a: ..... r. . f... -. . ...-1 .9.._
dual... A. muer svmcios sum can. is»; t... ...3..1;. hubris 51...: SL3...-

. . ' . ' - rs .- ’5.°I:.,~ .- 6',:— at. A t r a ‘ m 8..., -'_'_. .~. 1*:
imC",ud «.113 own“: C’! (.3 .1! ....4.» .5- Sw/u; '1 ..gmzs L... L533 ‘. -" um.

...: ..9 c . u . Q-.. IQ [1‘ r! '. .. - a. . ..-m
G: {II-ink; .0”: £1.10 0: Cnl‘Je ' «'55.; 1. a. Dr 1" a C. ’10 yhtfh. 2:33 ”‘3'in
trargu amzi ,....=J to 8:10 sissy.

'3’?“ (‘5 T7“ -, ...-1a: f‘b.‘ -~‘

I.

___- __.———-_A-— ___A—-

in co varing the manner of mayflias ca: ht, 1033 cf the
nuuburs Hera used, as suggested by Williams (1936. {€51}.

"light to night variation In nfinbers V38 Hora gmnwatritg
than arithxwtifial, 1.a., hluh emerxmmea periods were asrociatefl
with a uultiplication of the catch 5y some factor, not the aflfii-
tion cf some number to the tutsh. It was ficccssary to tonvort
the catch to a 10; scale. so that geometric chanwes became linear
and nswal statistics-1 for‘mias cueuid he used. Since catches
were zero on many nights. 10 arithm of the nunbor cauaht plus one

heat (13 ‘5 1)] U38 used.

Any incruana of .331 in the 102. catch Indicates that tWe

-
..

ca.ch is doublofl.
statistical analysis of 103. catch in relation to meteoro-
lcdifidi factha was limitefl to events during the emotionce fins? flf

a emacies. caly then can adults of that species be expected to he

prasnht. uue to biclotical factors, one would act expect to find

g, sivalann in Augusc, hence thace is no point in considering weathQ?

 

couéitiuna in August as they directly luiiJencq the occurrence cf

.’»--' +-.. 4-1
. 5..-_:93 fluthSC

ks

 

l7

 

H.

O

1 .

50333031 0 -:r*j‘c0 35 t‘- ......fl ,;

1

tum. Lm ... 1 c. mam-5mg“.- s-n-h .r O...

1".70 major vii-01y 39:53-31:53.

.1

for 31. 74mm.

altflr 3611(1) ‘1 \ .t'-..‘

2114:
close and t!? :30? or: core dw:r -:1 a. on;
n... 1-.r—-,' . 1'11

O". 0‘

.' . . 7 .- ..
t :‘1 ,Qtice : 0.”.lale -': J t3?

‘
' W'x‘i‘qi
“3 £'<*: '-.J
.

.‘0\

1. .
Inn tel-‘C'T‘J x 1.... “.....W Lu.

' ~ - "Q "r -.
{I 3'! " -. .: ‘i‘
D
. a , 1 1..-. 0 , ..
Pun ' enewnnco 9013905.: 0.11; .-I' 120 .
"P _--1 4-1:“: . a“ (‘1
“W “lb-“"1“

EI.X)I‘"TQ";CC! "07 '31 t0 .1010

?(

‘20::3: CTRJT‘jCII'CO

" ‘ a ‘I
‘o A .«uan ‘0‘- Q.
0‘ Ex. \”
.-

. - .. . .
‘1—1»m~ ‘4‘...

:‘ ‘3! 3 01‘"?

W

Sffé‘”tfii‘9"‘.3 1'11?i“‘.""-'"

Emergence:

Peak 0: semen-:0 period: May 31 to Jam

.v

. I‘,
.2. ' 4-- n. ..-. - ‘ml.

. .... .J I.‘ _ ..
mm um...»

"-v-~ v0 - -.- u. t ’ fw,‘: . q ". _'.’ . u l.

t..-.0..,_,......c0: ..1 1'13 1.1 to ...-1;. (111:;H
‘ .. .. - 1 ...” r 9...!"

Pom: 0. 01:70-1.” «£101.: .31.}; I: 10 ... 1...?

£13.11!!!" lug-'1 nlhnx'n adults which 0110:0606. du

were noticeably larger than tirose fro-:1

Water tan-pennants, 129.22% 111:: :m-r”

incident: radiation on (11173 6.1 £7112: 1:720

C: i:

:"ay 26 to August 251 ($111100 2)

11,

I. L1I’te

~$

t’ww second

0:10?” 0'10 7.3153"? oft-C010,“; “

1‘

1-.P11i‘fl‘.

1... "<1 1: 1‘: or: 202:7;03110

July 2‘? to 11.130131: ‘2’:

the first :30;I:

peak.

Fifiiamm air termemtum, and

and M 3:11:11“; peak 3 when

 

1m

 

“‘

t5". 10". catch. was 1.60

1.9

or 7.."1‘eszt0r 202:0 cc::.;:3...:c‘.. L310" thzz

-

... --...- ..-... ., «A 1.“; 4,111.
“a: t::.:.~.;?...‘....:...°<="s [..w<P1.. --'1-.-,]; :10

. e r_" "f’? . g a S - o \ .fi.‘ ,‘1 “I 2:.- o
81,3111. 03‘ d; .0130 1::- 13:13 ..c-tc'... 50:00:23. 002.0 :11. .111 11:31. v... 1.1.1.1

air to 7381’5‘112111‘7‘3 [.1')<?('J 6.316)] ; but a 1111:1113! sijnificaut dif-

tem-:co was 1'1L1211?::t~:0cn warn

C P s 1 3.104.772].

:‘C . ‘nufl «.-..q_ ’.‘-00 9554‘ fig. s.
-. . g _ . ., . a ,

 

 

 

friur 117.1 :1 cm":
is 9? interest to note

I “'- ‘r- v-""' 1'” ‘I'N'n'.0f Is
0.... 4 ----)- ......” ..

4....“ ...-M-.-
M: (1.1: t: ~‘”"‘1‘.:t1:**03 we

birth (I‘Effzt-‘OS 1-5). ”'1

a::ge..:tct..:1 to Law; littla

91. --| "
‘ ‘

:-‘. . .9..‘ .. “',-.‘V..-..
51.6 Wau’suu'a. CommisAQub gum; ,2-

3'15! Au “1;"? VJH'H")? 2.3:.“ 31-53304' ~mg

. ‘I-‘v-‘-- 5"”-

‘~?;f30§ survny of SEQNIG 5203033, it

'»~-» .~, ‘1:‘J“':."'A r5.“-
.9-

1}... U...

261 (-3: 1-3:: If? _. 010-071. Ave-32' 3 and mini-

22': 50:10:13.1? 311 !-.:r

“1.11:. 01

iituctc

7, 8).. 37:13:; ,.rlcr to 31113313313

mm amen-19. {"1331 0211;130:030

min}: want”. 3 2‘. 91th“;

non peak periofic. Iii-sh a"; wall

1' .
pm1v~

4

0" a I - .
1.10.1 223.9 1.; :. catch 11.13
'1' tab"t;~3:.°-‘-.T:'ai”a {1.16.1 t3":z;~.-"é-rfitnz‘c 1.05030
. .-’.. . ... I‘ “a 1'
(3...? :02: 01'. ....0 1:17,. 3.30.1 (. .3330:

0-11:3 of 212;}! 10:3. cat-3210.5: 3.0:!

1‘.

occurred 52.332115; mad} p1'3‘rlo'13 Ci:

:13 rain '1" "1“: ti...- cf c" .3030

o}

‘1.-. u'. usyfiv --vo~ Ue— .

2:300:11: cf? 1.. w - «m- 51':';’£vi.‘:t313

~ a "Q 1"". v. 0‘. KM . 0’... hit.“ F a.
..fmzt, or I..i 1a was ..2 rs: aw... ....z, -..-‘21,;

.1 ‘ - ' ‘ \.- '-'. e " Q' It " ‘ ~
-‘5 LU‘I? i144 ~20..9 0‘ 15’ $12,; «13.3.: t’CM‘

to. ‘t- n tzzzrz was :35. n at; 1.1 .21-, twt my 11117.“; ".:.; oft):- £01231:~:~d

by a 103' etch (Figures 11-153

water tapea'afzttr: 3 0r".

.50 0- 131130.100 1-3.1". 953010:er 1.1.3911 (:10

_ Efia;‘ -u 01“
3..-11 v (1. -;'- 10.3 1-1).

W

W

\I‘

-—.-

W

20

J
;.

”at? rfiffi”§§fi' Pfi5fi7?t§73
Hoteonflodlcal pammters harvestizatm? were:
1. Tamar-Arum

2. Ificiiént Iadirtivn

Termrntu re

A3? t-ww'zrfiwra.--

 

Tabla Inc-Average t‘:3=*1:¥.1rntvr9 9.. (10932171111: from the normal,
Tiny- :cjpt =37 7101“, 1'35?

 

“(nth Av. tame). '- Dan-:vvrtvre from now-31*"

 

:m' ' ' 12.10;: (53.70:) 4.3.": (-4.305)
J:ne 21.30: (73.3°:) +1.19% (+3.06;)

_.fl... (’1.' to ) ‘ ...,L,‘ .3 40)
'-. I. C OI ‘- -.Jo .' s

n , 1 Irm- -O~- : -—- a 90.
[5311;145:1112 “$.50: \U'JOJ' L) ”10"in (-.....) T)

 

a r=- .. ' 'm "
i‘-. 1...... 17 - w n! '9-- _- ., '90 1 :1 u.”-
QJ13h~du~-cr o .1 d QhOO' a. .JOJ u -h.\3 ‘—
_4 n. 5 "
. a. - ...
J . 1.- L U}. 1., k. 3...: L. .3 1 51:11.3.
A 1 \_ ' . . 1' ,g I ,
1‘ ~ _p no .13....- -, I} --.__~ . 6.. ,--. ... fi .0 - in rt.) Iv .A ; . .v - .§

”a .‘ .. »,\ . ~ ’ 13- O o. . no. r 'J;£~ ,‘ - -<.-. ._ ' '- -. r.’
...-.11“ 1...-.;"‘(.. °-‘ {DULV‘J the 11:1: 10.1 a. L‘.§Q 133')”. ijf} .; 1 Y3-.L’3§o

‘.-;'- no .. 1-. .I. ’ dr‘.. -- n."_-..'— .:.-x. “'5“ .v‘ .. :- Iy o - "39. - .og. v’-~ d:.-..— ‘30- '1' .I}.fi
-. ..- .. l. .. : . .- ~ . .O¢-ALA\'4 .:.“. .j ...-”11.... 9-... .1;Jv.?...1...1.4.-..-...

, .... . '1 . . . .9- J 0. ...... 3 . . I... . . .. , .3 1". - 1‘ 3.03 1..
-r (V . . 8.3 . _ A. . \ _ ..‘4,’ . ._ _ _
Ls. L--J.IJ rm-c.-¢. aJQ L 1.x. - ls..-¢.u- .:on ,- M - J

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21

.. .~ - .t. av .. ,...,_. P'- , , 7 '. :.2-
(Lava Draczrc‘raz. 9:220 £13.24: 1.21.7.1? 3.2f't'i .22....L:.2. . 1 21.153 c..:£»'~.'3 32.2..
,"\
A fix". 2‘ o I

t“e TIEQ'"? — ‘ '. t“!"" ‘. ”tau “3 a, 1" u." g“. . ‘ITV .. .‘f- *‘."‘.I“-' ‘? ')'°Vr.v."" '.‘..-_‘.|.-. 2‘
L. ..‘. .‘M L'n ~422.-)‘-r-..h- 4.1"?“ J--" \I Ludokan‘r". [Ky-7“ "1;...I'L‘] h- ""“l diu‘fi‘ufi’

. . . 4. ...... . .3 5. . ‘3‘." - 1..
but i.1;:.'.in t3; rams, 132:2'1‘ . 'as.2'.2 £23."; 3:2. 3.2.22 .232... 2.32 muse; 0:2 3:31;.

2:111:27? .11- tflzfij'mran-‘i‘im 63$ 13: .3 31:11:52 1.13 usually re-
cov’sd a'waut 6 am. It increasnd from 1-3022 in eariy may to 110':
bafom .171}! I:2:1'-_"1ir.-22 or-nnaui. '31-'32. 22232212343: 2;" 373:2 .21"; 3 01:02: .22:-
cn'rrarmled pct-rials 0:! 2:12:32 2:2?ny exam-3:12.22 (51271521.: 1-3).

;V:;;““1 1; 53:3 was most fz'aqmntiy ta..en warm I L'ininm
ta: paratum of 11-17623 v.33 recorded (Tabl 2). 22:22.12: vile ranf'n,
theta was no slznlflsmxt cc 2*1 “simian L'~""'3n six: of the 3.0.2:.
ate? and z". 2-1;:1:' tcmmtum [3303:3332 Earl: Convrlatimu .10(P

(r, z .253” .

3;. '3'! :13 was taken at all minis: 3: tangy- ruture

.:.-Dom

 

ram-ea commemc’ (Tabla 9.3.12.3 lag. ca. ink. 23.22:: .'.= . :21"; the 3:12;:
for c'f‘h 1‘1“!"

Egan-3222 :22. 1'2": LL21 also 333 2:37:32. at all ran-22.23 Maiden-2:22.;

 

(12.4319 2) but, 115112 a K111531531“ 13.13 01's: ay $311131: of '2'az'ianr-e
by! 1'13 3:, taora was a highiy 5i nlf‘lca-nt 31532311323233 siw'm mama-2;

10".. catches at. (—233 3': mi" 12:12.3 Cat? pez'aL'Jra range ["91“ 2-3.3)(..2-1]
Ranges I}! and I?" were ccfiaincd far: testing because of the s: :21].
Hangs 1'? sample. I!“ .3: mt! LL of these data shows first the 1-33. catch
size can greatest from 14-1902: and deem..med with decreasing mid-am

tmpcmmms. Them argonmd 1:: be a 001.. 39:10: : batman leg. c..t3h

size 3:.! 23111.3 2 tom; {‘“V't‘” (323"???‘2‘1: 02'. Elia-3:128 2'2; {.3 2.21.231 an L: “WWW"

‘/

r—w

RE
A}

1.5 '2': 132-. 23.2'1'3'1'; (T131223: 53}. it: this 2.2.22.2: :2 31:21:13 M'*'""""3‘:".:"'2“.
f! A W": V C . - - ‘ .‘ .-~ .2 g o fiv I ~ r ' I‘ ~ -
(... ... 2. 31:31.23}.an bee-2 n.~.;11n2- for t3 2.”; war-32.2: ' m L... r22.._.i\ p23.)-

,.... '2 , ..'.- _. ... 2 9 :-..' ' I a- .-.- .‘...2 .. 8—? . ..

pC-"ZLi .lfli t~‘ L443 inl'chOH') a!) ‘0'. C(E..2..'.h 'J‘ Livia-L. —’..‘. t..'~'.."-'."2'2.2 L:’..'.“.‘f:’
"Q-vc q.‘ ., 0.“. r ao‘w- 7.2

of; so n-:t-..z , t ...rca v.22; a madman: .cr-..a.i..-2 3-..22.71 Lzqu...:2..2n

t! ‘ '31": Q-at‘\-‘- cg “‘ fi“_‘1 - "-‘..': 'auq t ..." _ ...~‘-g5."- :y -Q . '1": ~.‘o ,1-1‘ 7‘. ‘.-:o

.18 5.1.“. (... ,1 ......m. ...:.u ..1..Jl...:..-u ...-.173... 2......u .- .2~‘~z.__..-.‘.... 1.4.2,...

. .'! .-. .. ,’ f""")
(Tc-'19... -132 1 P- r‘ 2.31.]

"—-—- Iv. ’-—--"‘ . _ TI ..- f-O“ -2 —-~-¢- An.
2 ...2'3 ' - 3; was 5:33:32. 3*: 11-4.. .. 13.11755. t‘22,:::-:...‘3

Mo“. .09 m}---~......' -

(",.'.'.. N2) -' .. . ' .. .- .1 r" .. - "' . - a «L
3:.: &.‘ o ...2!.3.C 1.1-53.5: C .3. .:.. . 1".-.) fi ‘ ‘I.'g..' Cu( 1 ”0.73: 12'?

.... 2°~ 1"". .5 A “4' an Y'AM“ 0"”) “aka“ 9-.- h.~‘~pfi0
‘3 I «1} ‘ no v \ Ir'. .‘1 A.

"1 2‘. 25'1‘ 9 ‘ ‘. 4-.

LA ‘p'x- L‘Jl ‘Is..--—-’ ‘.'-.I.k-'.~'"’o 2..» - In - 2-4- - r;a.-_ ~.'-~’-t tum
I'¢"-'"";' {...-r Q. ""'l‘ ”Am: 9 "Q

Lo‘..-..-J.‘ ”L4. ,’L¢.~-'..’.--‘4'i'_.‘).

Ava! ., u .-'_ -'.' \ 3'. "7' t1 '7 . ....
"'2'" r .1: t'."-"-‘"t2. "gnu-2 3.27.2...3 ....) C1312. . {2:21. ......“

A. ___'_L'_AA;u ... _- _. __‘
u-u‘g.‘ '_.o ‘3 . t. .? ‘u' I} .1 ... s. 1— :1 -. ' ho ‘ \‘- ».rp,\t'- u-x. ‘_‘ 3‘ ~'.; g ' ‘5‘ ‘h.-" V':" T. A 1 .;
{353133. .1 a.) .C l t. .u L-tal ] V‘- :t. 2"; 5.3.3 'i“"‘ an: -\4 6A.. 0 o-ocl .:."! .1, 0&5 :. "J59 ll "

' F\.-." ' o - ’ v‘ o .. ? " \r- ‘7. u": ., 2- 0 - ~ . . . n I
aver. .:.: 3' “ a... £33132..qu LO tin-.2 1.20.2 ,..:_.1ur L2... $2.3 333110;...

1
.‘.v‘,. ’ ... 1" I ’9 ”a.
may”; e .3 .--...10 (f i; 52.31::3 ...-2.).
"--..,. .. -‘Y. '. ‘ . a... . .. . ‘ . ‘- .. ...f. .... ‘. . .
-2.-. 12. 2.32.3 223.231: 5122 imam” tr?- cn "2...; t_.e 32.20:.» o
0-.- M ' "

 

t-R'zl‘32'?:i"‘.7THI‘-.i r..::._';~:'2.2.! Inz‘awgzc-zi 12-2103. "it'fizin this r33. 3 t3....1°2"2 .. 3.23
no Si,’_‘jflif'i.t'3;ii2.t 30332.:- 22th:} 132523.331} size of 11.23. "1.1:23‘2 9722:? E‘ICL‘"
3.11" tame-1321:. t1...- [5' :«.-.;;::':.'.:2:1 22.21.13: ifor‘rlxti-Logi s .5361}. 32.3.1?)<.1’)_].
...;JLI "5-23 3392333 32: :.2' 1 3V '2': .3 to 7';";":.'-.:L.'2'2:;23 9.2;...
{2123237322}. "235223221 E2123 13'1'1'20 31“.? .733 of." 11222.2:3'22312. y Eli'fin 12: . cg. 2'92 2.22:")
23:22:15.7: 22:23:. ’3'"?! t-‘z‘ft, (3:33 3:33 3?:zc'm 2*""’--~t"...-.) twin: 32 97222.5er

Pol-A. 5' . F“. _.. . 2 22.2., -- . 9 22' F9 9’ ‘7...“ r' ' .. ,,.
«3.143;: \Iy’i.L-31-3-- 30:1 tgz:t. Lou:§.3 ‘i"~.~3 a 85_V::-b~ocztftzlt (415.L0l.\)air:'3 29:3? . i‘ 1 1‘ ’0‘ 25.1

size of 123.7,. catch 0311:! as": 111 ntézr; 231-22%" [N23 2.-’-':~73)<.C-I":'.')

"I

5

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Tz‘le 2.--L03 earth of ear? Sfecies at in9?019£n' mifi1""1 t. *<“fitur3 rfi:;cs.
*‘ ““”‘“““‘
3:)GCiGS (31.2" I $351362 I! 3!} 3 III 1; 1-.3 I”
(1:. , t‘m‘a. 1'9": (11 . 130:) (1 . 1:30.: (17 . 1We)
”C"i“,”i".'f".f_ .79
1". '-.."v" 10.3.} 05.}:- 1.6,! 1026 103.7;
3 1.:13 (3.59)
loififi :20533 10 35 :goffj
2011 1095 2.fifi 9.0G
1.§3 .31 .7?
.95 .&Q .31 .70
1.11 0.33 1.?6
1.7} 2.55 .fil
37"“:3' "4‘2": . .‘z "1' '3 ."' Z?
Wu.-
zi¥lifa§ 2073 2.57 201g 193}
2'-73 10:73

 

 

 

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1-51

 

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07L) 0"”5 0.00
.95 0.3) 1.31
.30 l.€3 1.48
107‘? 1066
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2%
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1‘,‘
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Tn Win 3. 3 3. 2 3.?1 3.73
=""¢:3 3.73 3.73 3.2; 1,15
3.?1 3.35 3.17 $.53
3.73 2.33 .73 .33
3.79 7.03 “ 37

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3.73

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larl‘y tnm.1.-acnt the st_l.\._-/ '.'n.‘.'.-‘G~- 523-: r r...“ «A. y:,,_,;w,.. U

103- CBCCh (Titure S).

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1.!

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in lap; I .:.," a: 'u-.ich tLI‘C‘ t:I-w 1.3.1.31.- 3.11.» 5.“; Q.$'_-'.'..|I“~..:._.:Q “1.38 "f;‘::r., .1.
“ '1‘ ' .. L . :-."..... .'! ...., -.. .7 . 'T"r"-"
(110mm: 0 1, L). JaLor tame-1.3L 11m ce.::.;.;..xc.. 123:...‘3383313 to- £1.) ..,

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vnriur. be Lm-oea 23 .. and if; -. Lzzuil 0.-.‘.I.‘Ij .‘,-..,.1.r;t, Luen sic“? 1' cc)-

Clix-wt ((53:31:11) I).

Teugmcrwi. nan: menisci it this; 9:12:33; aware c?.:r'..:.~..i:';:;;‘:1 in the
littural 2014pr the 1:30. hater te.u.,1.4.-;;m 1..~r..‘..t~..»n for all
.strata cf tin 1:13: as veil as substrate ‘53:: 3::1‘ .:Lz'i‘s “3‘1 71"“; 811:“er
for a fem (EL-tailed analysis of the tQ".§;:.’.i‘;.".,11i1121;‘<3 game shaci‘y "st-to-

pcri:.--.;u:1 by 22.9 ua'u'ilus.

a ._..-J.‘ -- .‘Z‘ _.. I £1--- fi’“"

I I. I .-.'II. can. ' a.‘

“an.“ ..- «.:.-._.."
' ' It?“ t1.) ’1‘:th '~§ (33"‘m‘wm-1Mru‘. '7~q~~ ’73 "0 fi'm‘“ I"§1'i't19~ €30 XV?"
och . w.."' ‘9 lac—U ~-‘\—".;‘- IK‘oLa J. .. ~ “J ‘3 L" I.” \J H \. ‘— ‘- ‘5 b. [311 pd

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ablhl “Lg-IS: e1M£\_-,‘«J..J‘3 $16.34;.-

r'--{ ,. ..fi,. 1 _..-9_-_,...
.L- ‘ . .5. ..I .5
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mater ta“‘;,;c:. "' gram C‘Ti «3.3 the June cz'orgcnca peak steadily

“AG I

inert“:- J fro“. 17 to a... ...

|"A_..__ _ ._..“A’- _t. _ -_‘
4.».th .-.I I'..- ‘1’ :3
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-‘ W ‘ "‘-\W- "C" 'I - \ob.‘ \l‘. x- -o o .... - ARC" . .
«aw: 1.3:. “at . :J in ‘ {so-1 11 Lo .1; «ruling the June

" I) "\,’I\ -.

-. .- Q-, r«'-’. 1 i 5- f- ,A , e. ,- . ~,.‘. In? . v. .. . . A
0:'&32’,;J-s~30, 3.13.4 £0831 rhu: 1....) I'm, ..4 -.. F~.I‘Lu'_, L'flk} Al‘_'.:5at efnr’je‘fleo

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y.‘

 

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v.1

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Lwcwie Si'vléfie

”atnr tecccraturc durini C. siwniawc emeriance was ya to

..wm

260:0

Incident Radiation

Sunliqht docs not directly affect the catch since trappina
is between Sundown and sunrifie.

Peaks in incident radiation often occur during the day of,
or a day or two prior to, an observed increase in lca. catch. (me
markcd exception did occur when the E. rurrtn catch was high dur-
ing a period of cloudy, rainy weather (Figure 5). A period of very.
hiqh radiation, however, immediately preceded the eme:ccnce peak.
At low log. catch levels there anpeared to he a linear relation
between log. catch and incifiect radiation, but the relatinn co-
cave geometric, even though locarithms were used, during periods
when great nucficra of individuals exerted.

Incident radiation and fighcrcre sictifins low. catch ap-
peareé to correspond very closely (Figure 5), but the nuwher of
days of emergence was too small to warrant statistical aneivcis.
The leg. catch appcarcd to increase gc0ie-ricaily in relation to
incidcwt radiation during vary .igh cwacrsnce periods of tcc

other thrie cgscies, therefore normal stctietical tests aaeuninz

linesrity could not be uccd.

P.

' .

Table 3.-.Total precipitation and departures from the normal

 

 

 

W— —~ W ._.u-Lm
Month ‘ Total Precipitation Dctnrturc from actual“
Hay 5.9écn(2.3¢ in) al.90cm(-l.39 in)

June ‘ 15.3?cm(6.03 in) '+&.57cm(4i.30 in)

July ’ 7.32cm(2.98 in)' + .33cm(+.01 in)

August 6.83cm(1.99 in) Agog-«4.75 n1)- '
Scctcctcr 7.82cm(3.3R in) - .Och(- .01 in)

 

 

\. ,. ....' ..".. .-4 - “'3 v' ...o
* "Of-R91 (If Lana: [LL-9i. JH yuuu.So

‘-

Tablc 3 shows that total precipitation was about normal in

i .

July acd Sectawbcr, but well above normal in June, and well below
norfial in Ma? and August.

In standard weather records rain is recorded from 9:00 a.w.
to 9:09 a.m. Rain falling up to 9:00 a.m. is crccitcd to the
previous day. Buring this study, day rain was rcccrficd from 6:53
com. to 6:80 p.m., and night rain recorded from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00
a.m. (Tigurc A).

L. :2
HQ 9:.

facts of rain hcva been discussed previously (page 7).
Belgtive huwiflity.--Vaximum rclativc humidity commonly
reached 80 to 92 percent about 6 a.m. There appears to be no re-

lation between log. catch and maxiru~srclctivc humidity (Figure 9).

 

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I . a.

Do 4‘ ,

.

. .. A - .‘ .

.4 ‘ . ' ‘ 4 ,
. . .

’A ‘ ‘4 ' I ‘ ( y. .'

u . a ‘ -’ _ _. . A

I:inifluuuroigtivéhhuriiity raried from 13 to 92 fig? cut, and tfiahz
usually recorflcd about_3 pom. No relation between lag. catch ant
minimum relative humidity was Apparent (rig-um 113‘}. Av--2m,;o
.tEIQtive humidity was usually 45 to 75 percent With no appc chi

-rolaticn to leg. catzh (Figure 11).

32mg? parlo‘icitgw-Ifays of full and new 2201231 were not-wt

 

lunar periodicity in ems-game was not agtparent. The the apart
of the study {rs-s too short, ixouewzr, to warrant my cousin-31011:.
«x rgtio of nattdfinia lififiatfi £1 FLEitiflfi is (fianfgqu.--
T3113 S Show; the nunhor of ladividuals of each 331 CSRJHC fluriw:
périofs of high cue fence and low emergence.

tying the wilcoxon sum test, a siqnificant uifferencc is

I“ 1"

shown betweed the nuwbers of.eacfi sax cau;ht on fligfits of h ;h
marge-me [.5'1(P(h§9)(.02]. The data Show that the I'Mnsirar of

males greatly exceeds the nu;ber'of females on thnse niwhts.

, .-

n;

LLJ

Tabla a..-uumhers of each sex taken on ninhts of high and low

Pifa;;nia lifitita (Serville) euerxence.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

IT__.__
High cmerdencc (over A0)
Date 971%: anfi'b
nuubor 10w.(u+l) nuvher loq.(n+1)
August 1, 1967 159 2.20 10 1.00
August 6, 1°67 378 2.50 51 1.72
August 7, 1967 55 1.75 35 1.56
August 8, 1967 7a 1.08 10 1.00
August 15, 1967 17 1.26 26 1.53
August 13, 1367 26 1.03 38 1.50
August 19, 1967 26 1.h3 18.3 1.?9
Auqust 20, 1007 26 1.53 10.3 1.29
August 21, 1967 26 l.&3 18.3 1.29
August ?0, 1067 123 2.09 5 0.78
August 25, 1067 433 2.65 18 1.23
Auuust 26, 1967 303 2-03 50 1.70
Low 62"":(‘1I'A-‘fi‘1fi’38 (In: it? 0'3)

June 23, 1967 2 0.08 2 0.58
June 24, 1967 1 0.30 0 0.00
July 2, 1967 1 0.30 0 0.00
July 8, 1967 O 0.00 1.5 0.11
July 9, 1967 0 0.00 1.5 0.41
July 19, 1967 l 0.30 3 0.60
July 2a, 1967 0 0.03 1 '0.30
July 25, 1967 0 0.00 2 O.h8
July 27, 1067 0 0.00 l 0.30
July 29, 1067 a .0.70 0 0.00
July 30, 1067 9 1.00 9 1.00

' August 2, 1967 7 0.90 16 1.23
AUgust h, 1967 h 0.70 2 3.&8
August 5, 1967 2 0.48 0 0.00
August 9, 1967 2 0.08 0 0.00
August 11, 1967 1 0.30 0 0.00
August 10, 1067 5 0.78 7 0.00
August 16,-1967 l - 0.30 5 0.7%
August 17, 1067 1 0.30 15 .27

. Angust 22, 1967 13 1.15 6 0.85
August 23, 1067 1 0.30 14 1.13
August 26, 1967 5 0.78 0 .00
August 27, 1967 5 0.70 1 .33
August 29, 1967 5 0.78 3 0.60

’3

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51.):333131m 1(1). £1”: ..

The catch on any one night is 53:11:13! to to a rr-“vann-
1:11.113 83:71:11.3 of mayfliea fiytq 1n 1:719 vicinity of the tram. Tan
area 13:9": 2:11Cn they am attractad 1:: not 3.1307311, 331:2 :1:1;£.::;1’.-’1: €3.33-
fcrs far :2th suede-13, for the 5.51.11 specie-3 c111. r‘?iffer:1nt 21.1 ._'I_-{‘.‘.",
and 3101...1211y15fers between $.10: .1 sums of the 53-19 5519;211:111.

The catch is orcmrtioml to 130% he 93511231121021 amils’zle
for £331: 5:11:15, .723 activity of the indithtalh 1:1 turn, 13-11112fiL-11
and 319:1?‘233' .:.-1:: a. "v*-“ by ”10104111 f:..:‘.<1::. such. :13 ’1'1'123

and 2.0 11'..;....'-'"7 of t? .3 31%;.312‘13, and f‘u’rwz. x11 :21 1.1 £31101“. :, 1.0.,

"i‘:'.12=:t-.3' st":r?‘:’ (17'7) o... fro cahoots of. ms: «1-1 1.1 1:11
(2011.7115107‘..- 071. t’m 3121.22: 7.1’ ‘1... of 133031;... 4:24.11. 1.11;}; mmzl-ztirzn .7214.
uct1vit‘v. 2‘13 13 to 3:31:51 .1 co::€:5...t:~r.1..:r: szzcccrmiat‘. of gilz‘iflifl'jfi
1112.31.21.73: 1:: a 13:1??? cutzzfifntzt €037.11 WW3“ i131- 1. {"10“} considering

‘ ' r0 ‘ v _.. “ .. .- (2" Q ...- '- J
immutg, at: t ,3. srwfil.-1c 1:11:111, 1:1ch 1‘, 9.1.9 21.13....9 m t1. 8'133'1-13

0‘

dictum that there 1:111 he ;::>.:::£o<.‘.s :23 i1;.k. 3.2:; 3:: :'..;‘:‘E::2-:-:: (21:31::-
cEiv131121r1. 312.313 t".c.~ life 91,3171. of? 1'10 ”’2“! .:.-":33! 1:1 S‘réfif’:,

1139?: t???) mamas 1:111 1":61-1cflje 1‘13 1-21. him size (:2 the Misti;

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to- e _..:1. .1.v.~.~.1.¥.-1.
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.. 101 ‘ ‘3 £ . - 6.3%, .
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"7

33

we; '12: co: d.’ Liens can h? 61;:Wtcd to in 13:32 a

fine Caiiy e;u159nce 331.1 activity of the m2;21£'3

‘~*\m IOQ‘-'.rc g 1-0:»... i-ia
3 - . y...,‘. .n ( do -‘_‘-"

fl
our;
rm:
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2
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r1:.-- CI“?! r:

be obtained by using several trays 5,1.MLCLLVLL117. illiaua (1?'C

use: a second tra p. 5:: up under n0 yi cutie 1 ccniitlcns to

a test the reliability of a Plfljlc tr;;. Ccrreistic.

v . - . . ’5' - .. ,,~.— '1‘." ”1" ° . '.. .. .. 1 .
Lctz.3u tfupa Let thaev.s cuuzht was OUuOOSg. snLLLHg that tna ervor
... "l‘“- ‘Q-p b a a— _ o _- ..‘I-- _- “..- .... ,_ .. ‘Al" ._
was suulL. v.3;5 ua. ChO tr.g may 1“trauH3u 05‘: a “Cblxéia‘e ersor.
.szft g??? tzéfi_§;ti“irncv £11 29;;32 I t’31h.—-.ra“s

 

nn. 0 P

with fans are more ez;1:1cnc in cat :hi; guraquitcua than traps

without fans (frcst 1937). The 8.10 19 LSObJ‘JIY rge for mayfliefi,

since t”ev a

113 L

tions.

30033.1

tion in the

O-
5‘

t.)
<3

(I
.b
it»

0-0
:3
n”.

Vcrheyens 193C

t0§3$ty or 3136 cf :59 1: sisaouentiy Lzaught a30ut by the 3'

J

. , Q 3 ,.
1.53". 31‘... US$33: £1,193.30

a, 01131:, an”: Czalan ( foam} t1; .3 slick-ed {31:3
in s to be more ufficiont tLga trays ia eu;osed Icca-

at any alter trap efficianzy, 51x30 it C:ns*s a reduc-

clative light 1..-qutj of the “"1 ( illia 3 Q35,

:
.3

-""«..° -“~‘ "14. .... .0 .._.,- __- r- :—.- .Ff'i‘
.91..'s__”.l l‘rJl. '-1A..|.L¢, .:.,a. .‘I."’_.. 31.1; L. _.Z‘i‘p; t;‘a".‘).

‘ius (liliiaws 1251. Williams, F-3nch and Hear! 1§:3;,

Barr’g;.:1. 1363) indicate that an incrm 13% in in-

33:1-

tuticu of nu Citra-vic1;t 1519 for an i.quVV'C‘3: amp usua 113i 19d

to an harassed cat: 1.

.4 v- '"o'- a ‘1‘ -- _._ ..o .. a. '— .
.ul} LJCL C.) {figs usefi 34 the Sgtfiy did varv

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31

3032333131? 1‘1 efficiency. Pm. ocevrnr, low. catch data collected during:
the agar-anon of the first trap were not conrpamd to thou collected
aux-1.3.52 over-anon of the second trap.

F?"‘t‘1‘__f'fi"t‘. 3.33133imager-twrgno-fi single myfly, which is
the unit: of masmrament, is small in cozmtison to the total catch
it many [mimiduns were caught. Khan the catch is amll. t’w
unit of "hasurament ls hljh in compariso w. to th: fatal, so small
chm . :3 have a wreater eff33t.‘

An estimte, rather than n dlmct count, should have no
effect on ti. 3 maul-t 8, since (32‘ rim-ates ware made only when bran-

saw:- n:f C. sis-”1.3333 were cauglz

 

‘ PAFAP-“fl? "3. 3 § .333! n 'av‘n' .fii‘.fi*‘l‘;

A _...—
_

?ha nuwier of ifisacts present is affected by wastfier con-
ditions pmvnilizc at: the tine of activity 3131* by t‘.~. :3 of 3:1: of

previous 3303‘; war ccfifitions (371 the level of the yx.3-3z.=i:32;iczz (313.1? 31:?

r‘ n n , - -vr-‘. . --'-,~,"'1 a _n-‘n. ..,'.-l~~- 1': p
II»). 31:30 3:31.33 am 619.2%.13, .323. .3. and i H‘N {34" «.3. ....i...~......c 3.3...-

- , -. ,., _33 .. - H v...,
3:130 J 3.123.:tcrs, aw! 1 .~ .tv. 3. 39:9. trrmstrial \-.....‘...::r. 3 m3 ‘2’ :LL'. .1,

a 9 e_ . -. 0 «I!
.n . . \ a. i ('1. .M . . ,, .f. ...,fl.-. .5 ,, .. 1 , . .... ,.,.1_ ‘. ,. ..-
.41 vi?~.~.-1y 1.091;. 3‘... 31:93 .99 t. ;x.. <:~.:‘..-{.. ....33‘530 L1; 22$ 1U CH...‘ 3. .3 3:23.33“? .:. 3.53.? CI,
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5.11: no.

a“
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‘s . 3d -. Edna-4.. n. u

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[12' r3 “AWWH-h’).-- iii; fi’...’ £?"I'.‘.(é:"“§..:t.ls;-.'3, tin? aduitg of ail

-_..L

«R O ,‘ I C .‘o . '-'o 5‘ 3‘s . g .- . . . - n '- '0"
war 5 «ecia, s; 93.1z«..-1c.3..-'. more c.-. _ :1. :3... a 1,-2 serum.»- ranro o: U-..-‘J a...

0'

Tireso torpemtums fall 3«ri{;“::i:\ 3:32-33 1-3:.1333 cf? ’:~?:3-"‘3 at which (may? 3".13.

h‘ d:

- -.‘ 2'..- - ..-.-.’ -. ..‘3 .
(Hi-.5) emu-M" 3:1 to fix"? a ...-.:nrstcn 3 :‘---_.s-..t'»’ (.:. {unpalation a?”

 
 

:1 do!“ ant-n am: A“;
using than on: 03' air-hm a! mm a ‘.mm-Hym r ~-:
«1:! JM .1: “it at! m "Juno's div-'uuukMH! we 2'!
and .xmaammmngmu W101. z,-
“ .mnomn‘m’umwn

oil “M2“ an!!!» a w W ...-n13» m
.mmwum Madam dim )0 “a:

i" -; - .m“o m' lent!!! .1 h ‘0; -;'

«mofiznisnw (d b03093: 3i ‘Jnsze'xq 339mm} ‘30 Gemini? or?!
'30 aydfiifi us: we bun yjtviflfin 30 ualJ cfifl an gnfllcvsxq urolnlb
amslllld) noifinlucoc sin 30 Iona! hflfi no enoidlbnoa xedsnav anotvawq
on; 91:“. sulbeumi has 33m; .olzsqm ma adqmgn coma .(EOOI
.mtflhnao refines»- Ic- i'itl§£;=."-‘I‘.If)3 afiakhmml has .a'xonssafi Iasncaruo-zl-v
30 cantbnufla Ovzjnla. Han aanarzusoo 9d: aoaeullnf 32¢¢ 2333601q
.2311?!»

51116839717.” '4

119 30 aSSubs ofia .aflolflqooxa we? -EE «o.ggugsuggzag §lé
_.OOOS-B 30 ngau axggngganI n 35 fiflgun: 33am b01b03a zoleoqa 1U03
W“. ffsirhz 35 3083.?! 3C. mtm;i- 4".7‘ 132.33.: Ila: rimuda‘s'S—q—fi'aj 02:93?

.5915 L’s-Hahn“! 'x‘o ‘(L’lmg-ziw LS -..a:.r‘"ru.£ ms 32*“ 0'1 'Mfizi'fifiqa (3:...91)
(a L

i" “1»1‘91‘9 0? 9:?99i93 Of tab.” 1 have-ts. Mr tannemmre pmmwy
12213222322303 t 23 rmcurrtm 33 a 2:3 322.222.122.230 of a an: 22"li23 322 33:13:?

22222233 than 3222: other 31:2."13 weather £33331: oval 22'236 '3‘213 13 in

'4

warhead?“ 2:12:211113223' HIV! ’3} f1:2- 1.22.223 err 2:.. . 23.:2 9:313 total 1:233:27:
yoyahtion, ‘22:: 1': cm tract to cofifiunkns of 3322*: 23.22.11 03:23:23.3 (1311)
that: there is no gone-22:22! 32222123132132. bums-..:: 312‘ 2:37.; era-t 2:223- and
aq2.x:.t131m:c::t (22122222322352

522.22.233.21 3324133 22:22. 57:02:21 that afir tor'js-utcr22322m is; he
622119.202: mats}. actor 2:20:22: 1361223223122: 131*. ‘22:: activity (Cock 1923’s.,
Uvamv 1""1, T312132: 1"‘-"3)-

T320 12:25:. :2th2 2.. .3 21.32.2211}! hi=f¥3¢f when whit-2:222 322:1 22223223223
3'12 taunt-.1243 2.2.2:... b.1222, but 2322:1222: term-22:22:20 3:22! tea-22723312322229
range: 22.2.: no 37:29:32.2;2 effect :23 39202222 by F‘imms 7 and. 8. :‘izz‘fif’vfl
terspcz‘anm 3.42706. :20 (22:22.... - 222231252313? 2222;232:2230 it: was 223313.333 :23
a Magic faster, 3:23 22201-331132 comm-:1 Meat 3 9.22., a time 2.42.322
1223224512233 are 1--..3t1v3 0 42065.33, Traver 22222.! ".322 1? -5). But 52'an the
rem-.322 tar-"(fled to be higher oh-nlgézts f01§.:2-2.r’£:23 2:222"! days-2, ‘ 22:23:52 mm
tamer. tum room 213: has! at: indirect effect tux-ouch 3220223222: and
221211.323 (23:23:22.2;23222293. fj'xzrgclm and 32223122122 .3 activity of 221222231139
13 2222222221131 Honest: from (2.22522: tc mic32213‘2t, 24222221 t‘2e- air tamfnbzm
is 12.12;;2‘ 1" 1:233 than the averizrw daily: tiny-.2 222.2th -- and {CIT-22...? .2212 c.2221
t '29 mi 2212.22.32 t’vwwmur... (At-32.22: :2 p.222... the air to2mrntum generally

{UPI 7217-10903 t‘w daily average; the 222.22.123.32 temgwratum is nos-.1: often

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mcore‘ a 42:: :6 am.)

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v -. _ "A ,~. -~ — rm") ... ,. 4,: 9. ..a
heungrn 3i; Liouarl (1:4- 0-3ervtu tae fin”

pa
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we
g
[-0
{‘3
n“
'9
(J

to be sroiowgci t' Egjtira teflpojttrCS cf 16°C or lower, but

a“.

temperatures at uuil Lake during the enfir;unce pariofis ranginef

1”)-

$ .. ' 2... a .a-« a 4"- r ‘0 Q ’4' . "t ' ." t"""' "‘ '
agave 10 9. .:”d an temk3-4taze turodfihout tue s.¢dy pelxod

3 o v' ‘
remaiaéd above 6 C, a temperature ahove union williams (1“’¢

capttrcfl the greatest nudbers of emergent black i; 35.

Since bioiogy of the species as well as factors other than
temperature igfiuence the catch. and since extremely unfavorable con-
diti0ns may act as a limiting factor to daily catch, exceptions
occurzfil. in which the catch was sometimes low when temperature
cofiditions seemed favorable. and vice vet: .

Tha air ttmperature ét which activity of the adults was

1

noteu varied somewhat with the Species; g, ehrum an 3, Si ultra

were rctive at a greater ran a in averaze and minimum temperatures

than‘g. lin%ata or.§. sinulaws. This may be advantageous for'go

3..”
0
’1‘

rxbrxn and g, situlnrn, since their crerwence peaks are earl-
in tfie syring, when a greater fluccuaticn in tam;e*aturu is Iiacly.
_ggfier E? par tur¢.--Eatcr tum;wrature increased steadily
to 17°C before magfly enafgfiuce V35 note&.
A cgrgnrigon of vanthfir parameters at tfie time otlg. “v“t

~'- 1' ‘ a I‘ 'V ‘ . T 0 I u .0 In ._. -' .a ‘ -u C n ‘ .3
emer;eace pa“.3 in wane and in Angus; sdonad no aloniLicaHt c1;-

fcraaco betwce: any of the factors investigated, except water

93.13 Isuzu-Mm qt: ugh-ado ($9.91) Mung“ hm hm:

m @091.”sz 30, W: NW 24 W .4 o:
WWI-9W ,.!3,:'WIQ and 1100 a m:
”MW?” WW «mum. ., 0°01 "9‘,
(90?!) “In” mm min nun-1m: a 52°C M W”
may." mas-wok 3191:9me Mame

tutu-"Wane” no um on: an “up“ we ..
.noo «mum In!!!” can): hm .dcaso m mm “naps:
“WWW.” ulna o: ”19.33.321st 9.» up 29 man:
(W m not "trim on: fleas; qt: arguing). Mm
’ _ .mn nah! m «Hum: m mum

fig DWI! on: 30 um». um- 23- «W sin 3‘!

“95"“! mt 3.030;“. mm» W but-up m
. m: mm- tn- omuy’fijnl,”,ma a a: who. an
alM- mum-,- uwAm sauna .92 to m in w
.m'.: uwag “We mum a M ant-u an at

UIW.WIQHIW? “afiw'w *
.m an: ems-mu than $303.4 ,2?“ on

“walk” 3“ 1,- now-*1 name 10m” A ,
*mtummmmmnt Mamas-um
”33' noon .baztngiazmi none: ads .39 named mo)

 

‘LJ

+~

M.
'l

i tar dn? 3? the August Sink. Aflvits

s

to “Fr mture, wfiifih was
which ener‘gd in Jur e acme Irrtor than c411t3 v‘:i::u cwrv‘ofl in
August. Farkgps lower early 363303 w~tc—r rmwanwn umes haé pee“-
ponci efiorqa..:o, rcsuitlng in a latter nfflfih ans larfier 3331:.
It a; your": tar): water to mar." 11' .- 723‘; trl gjtrzr or 30329319
mavfly emergence. Laboratory stufiies and field data for SEVfiffil

years would he ncefiod befnra any such conciusions could be made with

Cft-Iif‘tt?o

Incifieut 734133‘0“

Sunlijht Cid net directly affecg the catch, be: ML 30 trfltp-uq
was 1nae uéhwozq Sundgwn and suwrise. Sunny dsya ottcn ooczsrrcd
{are intely before or a any cr tin prior to tmi 33 with 3:“33331
log. catch, hut this is 1i f 1' dale to an lufirert 0'

efzect on air tcfivcriture. Ra iatiox also influcgccs the 3353? t2“-

1)
71
(J
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m
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'7
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H-
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:9
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L.)
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N

peracure, but its c---c
avcrgwe air LLtp crature vat; c 2‘1 ccincl 33 with

Ira-'31 iii.) 10%.
cksistum

Rain did not wraafilv nffccc the catch of any of the CTQOEQS
evaluated. Its of facts were more noticeable durin lot: n"??1“_"~'.‘i31“.\3
periods, but drriny emotioncn peaks, the catch wn3 hl'h rehardlonn
of rein, although emergence tafnmr! off (ht-1.1". mrtmh or? pmimrmd
thin. Noodh9*, Traver aué $33 {$33}, 3a5 hurts (ICS?) indicatéfi

that rain poqnlbly hinders 31:13" fllfitt. Apparently, however, mayflies

2‘3““‘4 ’3 2s: W us ”It!!! Wild 9".” W
'—" W “"73""? “Q?“ a-msmm

:, ~ . m;
was, m

M -
«ii-(WE? 2*; 4.4 42.4“: '93; fess-sis-

m , 111"»:an um
R «5,433. r???" aims: am; am?- mz ,m‘flws-qm‘bv

O
V ‘4 _b . I
- u
h - 4‘ '-I I _.
.. ~' ..- ‘ 1' 'c‘ ‘ . . '56.
~. s. r- A: W 9

  
    
 

   
    
  
 
    

u-
!»s‘u 4:; was sss s47» as w- m m
or a ._ a. } ' -. k‘
. .. ;J ,2 s * . ...- mumgumumn—n
~ ..sj{r*a-* _4_ 943,: 'o‘sa #1:. “£43.44; at 4%.. s)

u this
fiérggafififi gm 13344:?

    

_. _"- '- ... l: ‘ -_ -.: .-
I .

‘6' " t- 4 ' “‘f‘r .‘ . '-‘-' "' ‘ .~.~ :s .. ‘- ‘ .. -4 -.:-,

~ ,- ’-’--- -.. ‘ “1' HAWK ‘ . - .

‘ 1 c .1 . -: , . l

_ v ‘ I ‘ q I '.“
u ‘ .,"_ ‘. - p,- . . on .’ . .45 ..: _ ' it.’ .‘i‘.’ ’31
.W s. . fi ,3

' ,- ‘ ’   ‘ ’ ' I.

.-'J. 3
'6 ;- '
' f p ‘ _. .
' " . " s
. . «._.

- «Mm WW ......

I" o 9’ -
W) ‘ufi’; 4 r;¢-”:‘ ' _t -.' .. ' 3:5”? '1'"; '{9:'. r'flw‘yi .‘f .8340:

1

    

35

are 2%10 to £17 during most iny vcat*er, rswardleaa o! the size
of :99 individual.

The of f'ec*s cf r:.1n are prubnhly clean}? reiated to those
of t:;rJGrnturc, since da ay rain seems to rrw m: a the catch more tfian
night rain, which night he expected to havu the greater effect.
“ainy days are ununliy cooler, and follosod by cool nights. Rainy
n£:“ts gens: fily have a hEth.r temperature due to cloud cover
(u111133¢’ 194%, Chant and Hnlnod 19C?). It nppnars that some
cffczta of rain tend to 0p nose tnos o of ta4paraturod

There was no apparent difference between maxlzmm, 1.:12113'El.zr.3,
or avarnga rethtiva huwlfiity between nights of high and law 101.
catch.' It mitht ha inferrad than, that th;ra {a no selection of
damp or dry 313339 for activity or emarganca. But relatlva nu.
midity is dependent on temperature, and the actual moisture
cantont of tha air is :L ch gran tar on warm nights than on cool
ni~ht3 of the same :91: tive haw ldltv. Since the catch 15 generaliy
hijhar on warm nights, and since thore 19 no diffcrmnce in rQIa-.
tive Humisity between ni3hts of high catch (wars) afld nights of
low c;t ch (:cl-), it fallo:s thzt tristure beaten: of the air is
hi~~cr on 1ma : niwits. izar'fnfin, Ifi . :r catches are associated
with $369, warm fil3hts, and lever cw'fi :3 are ansocinted with dry,
c001 313 ts.

§

f*"h”-i‘" to Ea mar? (1993), n.7,fli s, ezgcclally subimasos,

Q o

are vorv vulnrrzbie to nqsztett'

H"
Q
1

4. “ninaiva huwiilty at night

Q I

gcncyzily 23.1:d4 7C -93 per out, and agcuid no= h.ve been cric ca

o o
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o ' . :3'1
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_ _ v ‘ 1 ‘ ' \- ., X a

a O u I. l . o I o .
U 4 - I I " I. f ' I l' I“ ' o ‘ ' .J- . J' 'u a ‘ a. .‘

man-0 when”): ”PM W «am :1 «I:
In om m an Mao-um» (I: m ho M
alum mum :1 WM a.» mu
otMMfl’Wt “Miami-la
m to W on Oh how tum
.44: una1mumo§ommu a-..“ «sum...
44. .- 44, 3T- . . - . .. “to". M1!»

.4... “a. that mks-9mm km» a w .
.M~meno,..u4a.m...m,m m at but”.

  

.I’VJ i.— ‘ ‘v-L‘ “’fiév' " ,0“- "er
(“mum-inhalant”!!! unaided?
Watts 31; - 4;: :m »
mumuwxmmafinw mum» mum
41“ A4529: 9* ;: flan-'4? 4.11.

air! Inn: :- aim) new: “in ecu-n ‘10 2M «adamant» aim-

K.‘
‘

halluhofltdlubnl mono» .Mmhménl coma
OW)?" “ ‘43 "’79 “r?- 311% 4,;4'5 '4 g. .. ; -.:
«an» Iota-lo!!! 2d Mm at us: a: cab 30 Qflvlm ad:
9‘: - 7‘? ,

.me who oil: yahoo”: an 44:35.: Inn-

. .-
... .‘V
’a' .‘a‘ ' ’~\ ‘ ‘ '1‘:

37

If no ~21 é1fercnce In the sex rrtio ev1.ts, the spheront

h fl”. :15” a ' «:7 an r' n '12..
'21“ r‘c‘:.';'~t ‘v- 4‘: 1‘ “Ia-i ’ j 't "1"?

Q...
r?
I":

4.- r.‘ r!.. ' fi-o. ".‘Q". ‘nnf‘ - . a . s. .

13 ' P3 aLLJC»; g 1.6 1 ."o 1 111913 3U ufitcu LW*' -a the
'- . .1 ~ - an... ....-v‘v - -. a c - 1..» _g r _ . a
uchg-a’, A: s.r11£r f?t?u+-.cfi o. .:~1»3 1“ n.. A 3.tc;r3 cca11

’ - ' - ‘ - a . a 8- ‘ e - ‘ I .t u— " — . o~ "so .. m ' 1.-
1'3 15-!” I - «\ - s .v-eu F (V Y! 33!! f. .. . ' ~95 tn . r- R- r
«)3: M. ...- *~; 4.. . .‘a! a; ‘ - 3. ~.. .4. . t .1 ...; ! . ' . , . .’ ~~ h. * i ‘¢ ‘4‘ ._. if ‘4 .. 1| ’ \ n- or

CE t1: tr 3. Further, if the 12*Ht trap at“:nct€ naiaa Even a

 

:rcrte" are: :fizz fitslcs on :1 if: cf Pi,h ahtiVi”y Vtcn £13110 fin
wigs: Es cmgsgci in egg laying. a diff or;z?e En catch fi133t result.
"0t 1a 215“) few 1 an :étgdl vrrinfiion in the cox ratio in ‘vIEo-

0:177; caught 1: sevc.:1 £1170":2t s.t':cl..

w ._-

mm id: at!!!» can»: an: -. -- --.:2. : 2:1
0:! so: an: 29 van-132m: man a. .....v . 3.4.3:. “4.16:4. uwa'éébih
9:23 at 3nd: 1293893303 (9801) amnufi 4239:» an: yawn moan!
More» actions: and :1! ”his?! to 5:02nt 1911243! 0:13 .ubimn
animus m8 all: a! «£31m cut mm 505m! fl inculcate ad
a. misfits! mm «2:: 3:13.21 9913 3)....2m an: m to
3.1m! mums» data 10 2:12:41 m mun-2'; Mia-am sum;
.:uunn m men n] mouth-n mum: at a: m 81‘ mt-
w at almanac at: m mlthaJulos as has»: 03?” um.
.abodam Mint W !‘ Mall. m'

 

L)
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fl~vm'1’\r—' 1731mm?
. .- -'.a - 1.1.

The results (ascriood were based an one year of contlnxous

trnpgiag of 1133: 3 with a 31~313 11:32 trnn. Lfst calzulntions

- I

were 33:13 for all :33 333313: of adult anvil-.133 (-33.3133! at L431].
lake. It f-rtner s vdies of tnia type are r'one, tne follow: ng sugges-
=t10n8 are made!

1. Thara should be several traps wcrklng simultaneously
um‘er 1:9 31:11 in: co-~dltions as 1303311313. This V111 {five 133:3 um-
baa-.3 of a species and redness the sampling error.

2. the study should be extenied over sevarnl (cars so data can
b3 115-:er for co::part:.=ons of nights fem-r2 year toyear as wall as high”.
wit? 3:1 y-ars. This vii! allow :23 ace of more pcwerZul statistical
tests.

3. A selecterfi species would be considered, rather than .011

33133 of any one grvuo. Snrting the thousaafls of duliCé‘L 3 (3-fi
m in length) £33113 giggija fmta all of the 36133: insects in each
day's catch was an overs-(1131:1213 task.

In. I:.--<.~ ... 33-313 1*".‘331'2 13 suvrtesi. ed for mu. - at: inverzthntion

 

('0

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on t .3 113° (:13 on.“ its 1301133135.; cf-mrmtori t (:3:

a. It has r3iwtlvely 14?: 5332353 of hutfi p333

n

c.' It is eesiiy filatiavuicfiu3 irw’ 013.0r i sects
Czu-’.. “ {'1 t :3 tirgw.

.' ‘ f‘, t“ ." ’..'-|~“- 1 l'.‘. "-“n:
{.0 303203 {2133 0:23.13; 131.7391v-;',....'..'|...:3‘..‘.;.-Oo

‘2— w s «5-: 3 a, 'arfi ‘ ‘ , Oi ftr'.‘ L,” .1: ' .; ‘ 5‘ ._ r.' ' , “-. I ‘ “-' 3 3?; 3:: J r. 3:
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iIsY' fix in, 23'4 3 1331:rnxt 15E'*."; 3({(~<. ‘.
{.3 . «a: .3533? 332-: ' 5-1:. . w":

 

Vfamnr (V :13 11.32;? :H

‘5‘43. ..

 

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(?". 1"- II'” “.‘.- ’ 7‘"? '.'.-‘.'. . " ' .(M'i‘s‘i'f‘w
3:2’ 1:??§.£.'.:.~’ ‘.:"3". ,1), (:53 ..: ' a .S-f; '1‘ ." - 3
ii" Want? '12'377'3'75 ... v, ":'.('-'~?",::.z_.~ ('1‘ "(315"?- ' "5:33”. 313339323;
’a‘} f'.‘:_ “I... ._s.) .:. ‘31" ’2 . '3" ‘ ‘ I". 1"»; .‘IU‘i’li‘ ‘

   

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171 t.‘.¢ 0-3.1“..-“0 0.: tZJQ ”11-);235 .20

An 513331-11: ms given of the aquatic: u:-;'v'1:'o.'..':c:'~.t, 32:31 or? t'u

0113313 33:! 393.11? (.29. t:.:::r 337311.10?- ' 5013' t: 33 310.3.

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o v . . - - . f ' f. -d .. fi- 7 t. u; V i. g:

yfiis of the effect of each "c~““>r factor on the Occurrence
and abundance of a sancics is n: is more difflc It by the canals: inter-
action of r22‘y cf the f2“to.$.

A comparison of weather c0212: i<2n1 on ni*‘ts cf hign an! 16?
10.2.. catch c2 515324213 Imavm! t....‘c £919.11er .nrf a "am-“re air tumm-
VHDTS‘UO?O ungaiiy hiufinr on L131:3 who: :30 catch kzs hfgfi, and that
a low 10;. Cutflh was urua1§.y associated with a io'nr minimum 3M1} avcrn e
air tarpar‘2t212. The ma: yum zir t\:p:r2tara afijrzm ;-v 2&1 mo direc
effect, but artin 1y had an indirect effoc t on tau average and minimum
air tugxurxtuzwa.’ I watfir taugaz ZtJTQ of 13°: wgs. starficd in the
littorxl 202’ at tha time of the 'irst n.2rf'v cat ex. Throughout the
ret"2':3.;"z.,'i-. 1" Cf t'fl .. ‘.J rat‘EcJ’ vat-91' t1: :yjzf-wtmtm 7*:v‘1r'ig'w2d above this
level. Tatar ’erg2ernturo may uossiblyi inva trig «:red or pas tnonod

9-,91M« “ ' -r\ 7‘ '4“... '1'. .-=
0,: '4‘: :\5. Juurb. ‘-.1‘3.r 32:4»..1L3 ‘Qijo

i need to be can? :tal b2:::2 an?
coucics 1019 Cwuid he mane vitil co“ .aintv.

{fir22125133 012:1 r: cc’ed a? 12::wa;91 3mg. catch, bat this was
11:01} E13 r::“1t of an 1:fi1.3ct effect tfiruuvh tannerarure.

V. 9* J . .
naln tu$u

.\ ..0 ¢ , 02.‘ ,. . v . .._ .. .. -
an to Lo'or Lue 10a. eaten SOA€%JCL. a1: Zsou :h not

firnztiyo Tue log. eaten ofton was lower fUEEGWi97 rainy 5133 :53“ it

7‘s on r.911ny n1 Itfl, pczzibiv because rein? days were cooler. U173

’ ‘5-._ n ”a. ~.~~:g,m'_-—.~‘J u...”-'.‘ -.;2.- .,.-..§ - .‘~I“.. -
3C '. ‘11-.-‘ .3): “an Izur‘l-i Lzl' p ’3 lul“ 5:".5'4.'—'l‘ Vi‘ wt: ‘. »;n:._.f? (1‘1. ‘1') 33-! 1‘J3.. 31‘ I a 10’."

103. catch V29 9ftnn associated with firy, cool EiJRt;

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..., 7. .". - . ‘ q’ I. .9‘ .A‘ ._.‘ - ~o -4 --..~ ‘0'; 0" a- Ht — fifi
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.- m€*~--“v.

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manpmnmuauwam 1am:

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3"" {2'1 :.;_,.1*.33 G~ ‘1 1i ‘1 “593-01,!" ‘=¢ '0 -‘a.I‘.L!.L’-C;;"3v

FE 1;‘:1p"iflo 837 pp-

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Univ. Press}, Loa:.‘«.*..‘,»1. ....) 9:3.

H 0.1 a.’ it. ~. :1 . --....... .- r- I: .99.... "1"“
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5‘.1:1.3..1-1270

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)0 11 '9 . n _ 1 \ 1.- A", 3mg; 1 :1 .' ._J.--_-- M: i.“
in a 521.2. ..'-.'3’.’.'2 £17.30 5: lug-v.1. 42...). -..-...;,'"3. mt 399.11 ‘I
I ' <3 . .:.». -..
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‘ .‘ ' o- “ 1' 1‘, v ‘4- ,7. ‘u r ‘ .. [1:1 I‘ i“ '.w\ I? {'7 O ’4 r: J‘- ~~ - -~
.Jelto'i. P. . 3.51.3 Pu. s- O 5“ 1.3"3- ~...‘“1 . L ,, 'V'J. JC We :- {16".J’ 3 ‘2" ’.'::~.. 1‘33:
2 -...7.. . 1' 1 .r. 1-. 4-». . ' 1'. '-t- ”-.. .... , .' a.
two cats C5 0; Le»..u:.¢13 11 1; - L. was *1. Lb».
v," i'."'
1 9330:).- )7.
'07 7 f“ F.’ 9‘ '7'“ .. .:. ...: .- "‘ .. ‘.. v..':. .- u ... ‘ . . ._,.‘ . '?
titan, I. -. 1.9-. qu t; .4313 19.3 an .rtgr.;1 213:1:n2 o;
- n » -\ o ..’,.I..... V g-.'.. 2:" '51:}:.-":’
3'1 11?: 4?, pay. - ‘-.-...*.::1. u. A..r-..:*. 9,21... . 117-2.}.
. fl g“!7 'r . .,-,3.,.. 0 1‘3 - ,‘ VIP. 1 .... _ ‘ ......
“1133. 'vo I. 1 H1 0 ".."i’fi' 4 “a '3. "1 . Huh. 1 7. “.31.. o ..‘3 ”" 3- 11-1,
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Burns, t. D. 1033. The mfv7iiéq, er Cwfisuurnpt5?1, 0.:111i.wfiis.

@nll. Illinois ra5xrsi hiatuxv Surv~y. T'(1}:1-”IG.
r ' -

Chant, D. A., sfifi J. N. 7% uofi. .?32. Effnét of cartri: rliautic
factor: 0: the ésilv :Wuwfianée 2 'fi: Enro~~9n er“”i ,
Lligjcwld.gjfiiqglnTifl 1. (ftrwagttrniFor~23J11~nc), £21 V33-
cogjmr, Wri;.;1 ;ui;qli3. Can. SHE. 23:1?1-173.

 

 

(:3

Chamn, R. 2., 12m. mad-Warhm 512 21:79:19 of auvlmm..1ta1
factoz 3. Ecol. 93111-122

Chittv, P. 1737.- qun11“10n stutian 1hr neianti fie meth0401027
(Rovimw). Bflto J. “‘11. «‘31. 8255-55. .

Cock, “. C. 1?25. Clinnfii2 Va: 12121)} and math fii t?”3 at
Eoeawafl. t.aw. E22. {6:22 ) W23!

Cutri it, C. R. 102?. Notes on cowwutius flown t2m2222ture for
biologital u? ,0. A22. Ext. 322. «nor. 20:2?3-?51.

:‘a‘bridI-jj“... TO, {17111 .N‘dW-JJH'Z‘iflo 10.3130 TL, lflnlhn’fl‘ma or 7321in811,
cvnfinv2tian, Pi7d a“'2sphorio pranqu~o on f'untuatlous in
the size or: a natural penul2tion c? lHr‘22 5-2—‘*‘~ (1~v5nn-
ovtora). J. Aria. H201. 17:?O¢.?22.

a”twist. L. 22” C. V. “1111222. 1‘62. "t“fiic2 on Elwék fli.2
(nit-2mm: t’itniiidm) takan 121 a .“l‘”'_ht try; 12': 52022141223.
1. Rnflano 11 dinter21 inn, 52% ntiza, ax! {2:21:11 conci.
ticn cf catcnms. Trzflc. R. Hut. 302. Leanna. 11$ :1-9u.

Freedvan, 4-4. 19 '50 Rtuflies in difitrifiutlon of inaocts hy aerial
entrants. The insect population of the mi? from ground
19‘31 to 333 feet. J. Ania. Ecol. 1%:13”. 231.

Lrost. S. N.’ 1953. Resnonse of insects to black and white lixut.
Jo K202. Ext. &5(2)337§-3770

 

. 1“58. Inzcc t2 attracted to 11:52 trqna placed at
* 1

£31....C -""'~‘.t F191" ‘tSo Jo «P100310 .4 It. .3 J"...1}10

i;‘§1‘3"<‘“"""‘*"2u 2"“37177330 173,3! 3'77.

13z13t13..,;".'=,'J-. ‘.J.’ 0133:! '3. H. Sweeney. 1?:1’. 1'71 t...) ”5.9.33.1“:
t0"”“ qturc in30322fled‘2 in a B1012 Raul Clank. 1 00. :nt.
“a“. (“’31. ”Cl-'1':- ('2323’1’2-222'3110

:3.
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30111.,Cncrt:, J. P., C. P. 12?”:2, P. A. 3110?, :14 W. W. Crah2m.
1T1. {Tc-m fmtnrs 1:2??1-«121312 lirz'J: try-2:) collections.
do 1:001. Ento 5’1830i1."2{)13.

Horn, 3. 1. 1027. J. Asint. €00. flan". -3('1)3 119. (Paper not
saqn in original fora.)

‘ ' - . -fi — -. .-:. .- .‘ ‘1 \ 0" “ "_ a ' "“" ha“
Hunt. 3. P. ITS3. T12 12;: hiuto;y gnu afiaza‘12 iu-O;Lm18 a 0” a
burrouifiw P~V‘17. V£fi<2otin 152w229, i2 sgntharn ’ic hi"2n
i”.
I!

Lakes. 5311. 4. 12¢t. far 212 . '22. 421-131.

'2’ - 27‘ 3:1“ army: 9.3: $5:

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Butchiason, 3. 8., an4 E. S. Peave;, lfihq. “ce!o~lca! studies on
papal tic fin. Harv. Bio. Frog. 2:325-359 -

Ida. F. P. 1330. Cofitributions to the binIOjv of Ontario nav-
flies with fln9~'1**!nfls a new 3939135.. Can. Eat. '
6q3‘?{y“?13. . e a ' ,. . ‘ _ ‘

Johnsc#.. C. U.* 1937. The Cintrlbt. tion of {“99cts in the air and
tNe emrerifla! rvlatlnn of dn“.¢vty to bei~ht. - J. Ania.
Egn1 26:’79.fl_0a. - '

Judd, J. V. 1351. A study of the populfitfcn of insects ewergin;
as ndwlts from tfie Dunflnn “anh, ":"!3_tnn, Ontario, during
‘lgfifi. Awar. “ldl. Mar. d9:801-82’ ’

Yottlz, D. S. l?51. Sex ratio awmfifi ”5"31 3h ?’12¢:i*bfi. Proc.
‘3. E“to SOC. IflYTflO" A. 30:7GO720 I

 

YIOitTSW. ”3t331ie1. 1359. “iolonical UW}ms n‘d cycles.
' PH¥3131. “avg. '2911-39. '

KrusLaI, N. P., and Wallis, w. A. 1952. Use of ranks in one-
critericn variance an: 1v.3is. ~J. Aver. Statis. Ass. 47:
$.517o ' ' ' ‘

leewarfi, 3. V. awfl F. A. Leanfirfl. .1962. anflias of H!chigaw
Trout Screams. *Cranhrcak Inst. Ste. 139 pp.

fichuvnourH, J. 1926. Note% on North Averican Ephemernptera with
fleaerirtions of a new spacing. Can. Eat. 53:185-196.'
flotsam, A. R. "1913. A covtriEr.tinn to the biology of may-£1199.

«'1

Eat. Soc. Am. flan. 6:111-’r:1.

P. 1960. Sampling insect pcpulations.‘ A. Rev. Eat.
3

Mundio, J.F. ~1951'. "The ecoiazv of ”hircfiaviflae in stern;e
racervclrs. trans. E. flat. 89c. Lend. Iflfisth-ZBZ.

'. 1967. Emergence traps fa? nqmmfiic insects. Un-
guhl‘sErd monofirnah. 2% pp.
foeflhwfi, J.€., J. R. Traver, and YiH-CE! ”9". 1035. The Rielnfiv
of ”n"f1!es. «Cvn3t0¢“ Pu‘113H'nw ('m, L Ecca, N. Y.

759 3}. ' ‘ '

. . o o c c' .u l- 1
- .- ‘n J p. . ' . p o .a . o :Ih ‘ s. o v ‘ :" t ' . n.! .1 . ‘ ‘9')!
... . . .- '- .. t'. ' -'i'.-a : ~23:

has“: on: a! smart! 39 «alumna no _ 9815 m
.uIi at. #113394 in whack to Indium CC!
_.flMh‘k 0“}

03m! 30 11012131qu ”3:! to than .1 .Ctu .u .v ,M

' W *W TM“ M
mm ”“933”: mm“ m .13... m 4291 a .5 ..:mx
a“¢0¥‘°£ .5 M 0* 0“ 0‘

«am ... mm tum-1m '.' W
. . ._ .033: «mum
«no u! m :6 can .:2“ ..s .3: am... Ii.” ..: .u .:m
' an new .13!“ .‘am .1. mm ”Alums: ,

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mmm in mm.“ .:an manna .:. hi In .w .t. mm
..th It! ...on. mm .m an? .-

daw amoral-dc! In“

 

mun-um 39 untold an“ WA .30: .H .A .m

lbfl ”a,“ «00.1 0‘ 0; .Im

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0163, E. G. 1938. fiistributions of sums of 5 Mia 03 rank dif-
ferences fro Sffill numbers cf infiividuu 5. Ann. nath.
Statist. 23:117-113.

Pa 30?. A. H. 19fi9. 0bservation.z on acts: mal and dailj i3' “1 0:.xca
°f ”“53”" 'i'mns- rh Erato :m. Imam. 1::-'}:17<‘.1*:;3.

Scott, J.. alld D. F. Oadyke. lgél. The energonce of insects
Eton «'inona Law Izavestigatioln of Iafiinna Lakes and
Streaks 2. 136.1; -na Dept. ionsorvnt‘an, fiiv. fish and flawe.
and Dept. Of ?4\)931C';_1_?, Ifkralflilfl 3111‘]. 3,123. 33-15.

Sout thnOOd. 1. a. 1. 19‘6. L30 10;,1331 Hcthofis with 9artiuular
Rezerenco to the Staiy of I Lccgt Populations. Hothvon and
50.. LE“... LORIdOlIo 3gb Pp.

Taube, ’.fi., atd E. H. Essen. Lake IR WV; n..ory Summary 30. 2,
1"th fiat FiSho K030, ..i'3i‘.o DC :Ito £109-13W-1210110 5; :33).

Taylor. L. R. 1950. Distribucion of innects at low levals in the
air. J. Anim. Ecol. 39:43-63.

. 1§63. Analysis of the effsét

ignects in flight. J. 11%. Teal. 32

 

of CC)???“- 1‘at12 m on
:‘HQ-lll

Uvarav, D. P. 1931. Insects and climate. Trans. R. int. Soc.
' LON-£20310 . ‘2' : 1.247 0

villinfis. C. B. 1936. Tzie in l.uance of me 0: li ht on t1n activity
at cart31n noctu rrgl ingects. 9aELiPLJGr1] 0: the family
:‘OCT‘. 11(130. as 1315i cau“: by a 11' '33:: 1:153:30 {Hil- TI‘C.:;30
ROE-'9. 1 30¢ . 101.1" ‘3‘]. 23 3337-3‘) {'3 .1).

. 1937. The usn of 10 a1ith15 in the interfiretaticn
curtain entOIOJorical prohlovs. Ann. Appl. 3101.

‘.I.
5-35:- .41".

 

. 1939. An analysis of four years captures of 1a: :ccts
in the light trap. Part I. Cefinral Survey; se" pronortio on,
phenoloyy and time of flight. Trans. R. Lnt. Soc. London.
09 79 1‘3"!

u I - .14..

 

. 1040. An analysis of four years cafituras of innncts
in a light trap. Part II. Tte effect of teqthc-r confliticns
on insect activity; and the estimation nd fcxo castln::; of
changes in the insect population. 1‘3315. R. fiat. 303.
Iflildono 903...._3.7- {)6-

 

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