AN ENVESTIGATION OF THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SEXUAL MATURATBON AND PHYSEAL GROWTH AND MOTOR PROFICIENCY IN MALES Thesis for the Degree of M. k MlCHiGAN STATE UINiVERSiTY MICHAEL G. MARSHALL 1967 Sm F” w. W 93 010 I ”WI/112 mam/mm '3; a. -7 ##— ABSTRACT AN INVESTIGATION or THE ASSOCIATIOJ ssrvssm SEXUAL MATURATION AND PHYSICAL egovra AND MOTOR PROFICIENCY IN MA ES By Michael G. Marshall This study was undertaken in an effort to correct the apparent inequality of the classification system of Chronological Age currently in use for evaluating motor proficiency of junior high school boys and to investigate the association between sexual maturation and physical growth and motor proficiency. This investigation was designed to provide solutions to the following problems: (1) to develop reliable and objective soales for the assessments of primary and secondary sex characteristics in circunpubertal males; (a) to arrive at a descriptive value of sexual maturation based on a formula which utilizes the scales of primary and second ry sex characteristics, (2) to conpare the summary data of physical growth and motor performance of individuals grouped according to a sexual maturation indicator value with 1) similar data on boys frouped according to a value from asses nent ( of Pubic Hair and Chronological Age, respectively, (3) to study the association between subcategories grouped by sexual maturation indicator values (independent variable) and the desendent variables of chronological age, height, weight, situps, shuttle run, pulluos, Tichael 3. Marshall standing broad junp and vertical junw by comparing significance within and between subcategory differences. Conclusions of this cross-sectional study of 671 white males of East Lansing Junior high School and Mason Junior High School can be stated as follows: (1) The primary and secondary sex characteristics scales are reliable and objective with the exception of second ry s.x characteristic facial hair. (2) When grouping circumpubertal males for physical growth and motor performance the classification systels SHIV and Pubic hair are superior to a classification by Chronolobical Age when the criteria of maximum range within a classification system and greatest homo— geneity within subcategories is applied. (3) The conclusions of this investigation of the association between sexual maturation as deternined by SHIV subcategories and physical growth and motor proficiency in males is as follows: (a) when classified according to SHIV, indications are that growth in stature increases significantly between subcategories throughout the scale with the possible exception of from D to E. This insignificant difference is attributed to the small sample size in E. (b) the dependent variable, weight, does not vary signifi- cantly from SHIV group A to B and D to E, indicating that weight increases significantly as the boys pass through the other SHIV groupings of B to C and C to D. (c) the ability to do situps does not increase significantly between any SMIV categories. This may be a re ult of the imposed Qichael G. flarshall upper limit of 99. (d) shuttle run scores indicate that progress in agility is not enhanced once the Si: grouping of C is reached, but until this point of sexual maturation, agility improves between successive subcategories. (e) as tested by pullups, the strength of the upper arms is distinctly different between subgroups C and D. (f) the standing broad junp indicates that leg power increases significantly throughout the SHIV scale with the possible exception of groups D to E. (g) vertical jump, another indicator of leg power, shows no significant increase between SMlV groups A and 3. However, there is a significant increase in the group mean between each successive group with the exception of insignificant mean differences between groups C and B and D and E. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SEXUAL MATURATION AND PHYSICAL GROHTH AND ROTOR PROFICIENCY IN MALES By Michael G. Marshall A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation 1967 DEDICATION To Nancy ii ACK N O NILE? GE ‘fFJ R‘- T 3 Special appreciation is extended to Dr. Vernal D. Seeieldt for his patience and untiring assistance given this worker. Dr. Rexford Carrow receives thanks for his c00peration in aiding this researcher in the developing of the pictures used in the study. The investigator acknowledges James M. Oestriech for his help in East Lansing Junior High School and Marvin Pulver at Mason Junior High School. Thanks in the school system 30 to Mr. Neil Winebrenner, Principal, East Lansing Junior High School and Theodore C. Guthard, Craig Marsh and Ronald Horning, instructors at the East Lansing Junior High School. 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS EDICATION O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O ACKI‘IOJYLEDGEI’EDITS e o e e e e e e e o e e e e e e e e e e 0 LIST OF TABLES O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOI‘JS O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O C 0 LIST or APPENDICES L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter I. II. III. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STATEMENT OF PROBLEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SIGNIFICAN E OF THE STUDY. . . . . . . . . . . . . SCOPE OF THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . FCSILATED LIrPERATURE e e e o o e e o o e e e o o o o Assessnent of Sexual Maturity Methods of Classifying Boys for Physical Activity Physical Maturation and Motor Performance Rate of Physical Maturation Physique and Sexual Maturation IIEQTHODOLOGY O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O Restatenent of Problem Description of the Subjects Data Collection Schedule Assessment of Primary and Secondary Sex Character- istics Description of Methodology Reliability and Objectivity of Sexual Maturation Indicator Assessments Treatment of the Data RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reliability of the Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comparison of Classification Systems . . . . . . . iv Page . ii . iii 0 Vi-Vii oViii-ix o X . l . l . 2 . 2 . 2 . 1+ . ll . 18 . 18 . 2O Results and Discussion of the Association Between Sexual Maturation and Physical Growth and Motor Proficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proposal for Classifying Eo's for Physical Activity. V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . SUI'H'TARY. O O O O O O I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O COD‘ICLIISIONS. O O O O O O C O O O O O O O O O O O O RECOMMENDATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BI BLIOGRAPHY O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O I O O O O APPED‘IDIX O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 42-47 47-55 56 56 L: / 61 62 65 Table II. III. IV. VI. VII. VIII. IX. LIST OF TABLES The number of boys within each chronological age group O O O C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Within and between rater reliability of asseSSing primary and secondary sex characteristics determined by Hoyt's analvsis of variance . . . . The reclassification of the dependent variable height according to the independent variable groupings SMIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Means, standard deviation and sample sizes in concise form for each subcategory of the classifi- cation system of SMIV for the eight dependent variables of this investigation . . . . . . . . . Means, standard deviation and sample sizes in concise form for each subcategory of the classifi— cation system of Pubic Hair for the eight depen- dent variables of this investigation. . . . . . . Means, standard deviation and sample sizes in concise form for each subcategory of the classifi- cation system of Chronological Age for the eight dependent variables of this investigation . . . . Mean values of the dependent variable chronological age, classified by the systems SHIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age, tested for sijnificant differences between subcategories by the Scheffe test for multiple comparisons . . . . . . . . . . Mean values of the dependent variable height, class- ified by the systems SMIV, Pubic Hair and Chrono- logical Age, tested for significant differences between subcategories by the Scheffe test for multiple comparisons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean values of the dependent variable weight, class- ified by the systems SMIV, Pubic Hair and Chrono- logical Age, tested for significant differences between subcategories by the Scheffe test for multiple comparisons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi Page 13 19 2O 22 23 24 35 36 38 Table XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XVa. XVb. XVI. Mean values of the dependent variable situps classified by the systems SMIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age, tested for significant differ- ences between subcategories by the Scheffe test for multiple comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean values of the dependent variable shuttle run, classified by the systems SMIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age, tested for significant differ- ences between subcategories by the Scheffe test for multiple comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean values of the dependent variable pullups, classified by the systems SMIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age, tested for significant differ- ences between subcategories by the Scheffe test for multiple comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean values of the dependent variable standing broad jump, classified by the systems SMIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age, tested for signifi- cant differences between subcategories by the Scheffe test for multiple comparisons. . . . . . . Mean values of the dependent variable vertical jump, classified by the systems SMIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age, tested for significant differ- ences between subcategories by the Scheffe test for multiple comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean values of four dependent variables classified according to SMIV, tested for significant differ- ences within subcategories by the Scheffe test for multiple comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean values of four dependent variables classified according to SMIV, tested for significant differ- ences within subcategories by the Scheffe test for multiple comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proposed table of standards for SMIV body types. . . vii 39 40 Al 43 44 1+6 1+8 51+ LIST OF ILIUSTRATICNS Figure Page 1. Rraphic illustration of the summary data contained in Table? IV, V and VI for the dshonient Variable Chronological age as compared with independent variables of 911V, Pubic Hair and Chronoloqic l {59, respectively 0 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 25 2. firephic illustration of the summary data contained in Tables IV, V and V1 for the de:enient variable height as compared with independent variables of SJIV, Dubic Hair and Chronological 3e, re rectively. 2? 3. “rarhic illustration of the suniary data centsinei in Tables IV, V and VI for the dependent variable “9idht 38 compared with independent Vari ties of EIIV. Pubic Hair and Chronolorical Ego, respectively. 28 4. Graphic illustration of the sunnary data contained in Tables IV, V and VI for the dependent v riable situps as compared with independent variables of C’IV, Puhic H‘ir eni Chronological ige, respectively. 29 5. Graphic illustration of the summary data cont inci in Tables IV, V and VI for the dependent variable shuttle run as ccwpered with indvnendent variahles of 311V, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age, respectively. 30 o. Arsenic illustration of the summary data contained in mables IV, V and VI for the dewvndent variable pullups aecnmpared with independent variables of S'IV, Pubic Hair and Chronolorical '56, respectively. 31 7. “ra tio illustration of the gunnery data contained in tables IV, V and V1 for the dependent variable standing broad junp as conosrnd with ininrnninnt variables of SdIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age. TGFJ9CtiV91Xe e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e T? 3. “rs tic illustration of the sander; d~ta eon; inc‘ in Tables 1V, V and V1 for the dependent variable vertical jump as compwred with independent variables of Silv, pubic Hair and Chronological Age, respect- iVQIF e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 33 viii Figure 9. 10. Height, 538 and SKIV Grid e Jeight, nge and SJIV Grid . ix LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix Page A Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristic Scales. . . . 66 B Pictorial Guide for Genitalia Rating. . . . . . . . . 67 C Status of Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 D Height,Weight, Age and SMIV Grids. . . . . . . . . . . 69-72 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The apparent inequity of the classification system of chronolo- gical age currently in use for evaluating motor performances of junior high school boys and the association between sexual maturation and height, weight and motor performances prompted the author to invest- igate the possibility of constructing a classification system in which sexual maturity was taken into account in the antraisal of motor' I proficiency. STATEMENT OE THE PROBLE? This investigation was designed to provide solutions to the following problems: (1) To deveIOp reliable and objective scales for the assessments of primary and secondary sex characteristics in circumpubertal males. (a) To arrive at a descriptive value of sexual maturation based on a formula which utilizes the scales of primary and secondary sex characteristics. (2) To compare the summary data of physical growth and motor performance of individuals grouped according to a sexual maturation indicator value with similar data on boys grouped according to a value from assessment of Pubic Hair and Chronological Age, respectively. (3) To study the association between subcategories grouped by sexual maturation indicator values (independent variable) and the 2 dependent variables of chronological age, height, weight, situps, shuttle run, pullups, standing broad jump and vertical jump by comparing significance within and between subcategory differences. SIG:I’IFIC£‘~«.E\ICE 9;: THE STUDY The criterion most commonly used for grouping junior high school boys for competition in physical activity is that of chronolcgical age. However, the circumpubertal male has varying rates, velocities and durations of sexual maturation. The positive association between sexual maturation and the components of motor skills provides the possibility for placing individuals into groups where physical abilities are more nearly homogeneous. SCOPE 9}: THE STUDY The subjects selected were the majority of the male students attending East Lansing Junior High School, East Lansing, Michigan and Mason Junior High School, Mason, Michigan during the school years 1965- 66 and 1966-67. The mean age of the cross-sectional sample was 159.52 months ranging from 143 to 182 months. The sample included 671 white males of upper middle class backgrounds in East Lansing and of lower middle and middle class backgrounds in Mason. LIMITATION 93 THE STUDY The data collection was conducted within the school systems. Therefore, the chance of observer error was greater than which one might expect in a laboratory situation. Two reasons accounted for this possibility. (1) Data were collected by the classroom instructors. These individuals were educated in the rating technique without any previous knowledge about their abilities to carry out the instructions. 3 (2) No inducement, outside of the gratitude of the investigator and the possible education which the experience provided was given to those who collected the data. Therefore, accuracy of the assessments depended upon the professional interest of the raters. fihile one might argue that the limitation of having volunteer personnel perform the ratings might unduly influence the outcome of the study, it seemed essential that school personnel without Special competences in this area be able to conduct the assessments of sexual maturity. CHAPTER II RELATED L TERATURE Assessment gf_Sexual Maturity Reports of early attempts to study the process of sexual maturation were concerned with the sequence of development in the secondary sex characteristics of body hair and genitalia. VanDykel stated that generally the onset of puberty in females was announced by pigmented pubic hair and terminated with the appearance of axillary hair. Similarly, ":{ichey2 developed a class- ification system founded upon chronological age at appearance of axillary hair. Richey's Maturity Group I contained boys with appear- ance of axillary hair by their fourteenth birthday while Maturity Group II had evidence of axillary hair by their fifteenth birthday. Maturity Group III contained the individuals who had no axillary hair at fifteen years of age. Greulich3 proposed a method of classifying sexual maturation utilizing genitalia deveIOpment and body hair development of pubic erty on the growth VanDyke, 3.3., The effects of the adv—nt o ub w I : 211-12, March, 1930. in height and weight in girls. School Levi 00 Q Q /’ I .o Richey, 3.3., The relation of accelerated, normal and retarded puberty to height and weight of school children. Monog. Soc. Res. Child. DEVO, 2(1): 6—7, 1937. 7 2n - .. .. w. - - n - '3" - Greulich, J.J., R.l. Dorfman, n n oatchgole, s.I. Soloman, and O O C.S. Culotta, Somatic and endocrine studies of pubertal and adolescent boys. Honog. Soc. Res. Child Dev., 7(3): 15-17, 1942. L, 5 facial, throat, circumanal and axillary regions. Five stages of progress toward maturity, with detailed descriptions of the characteristics at each stage, were provided. Another technique by which boys could be categorized on the basis of secondary sex characteristics was proposed by Ellis,1 and was composed of classification groups very similar to those of Greulich, with the exception that boys were placed into three classes. On the basis of secondary sex characteristic develOpment scales, the boys were graded as prepubescent, pubescent or adolescent. A rating of prepubescent required no evidence of development in any region, whereas a rating of pubescent required the presence of pubic hair and/or pubescent genitalia deve10pment. An adolescent rating required marked increases in total size of the penis and testicles in addition to profuse pubic hair. Methods 21 Classifying £215 £25 Physical Activity One of the first to express the need for homogeneous grouping for athletic activities was Reilly,2 who based his classification groups upon age, height and weight. This system was acclaimed as a great advancement in equating uncontrollable structural and develop- 1Ellis, R.W.B., Height and weight in relation to onset of puberty in boys. Arch. Dis. Child., 21: p.182, l9#6. 2Espenschade, A.S., Restudy of relationships between physical performances of school children and age, height and weight. Res. guart. 3h: p.1e4, 1963 from F.J. Reilly, New rational athletics for boys and girls. Boston: D.C. Health and Co., 1917. 6 l a mental factors. Numerous other reports have used sinilar techniques. Bspenschade investigated the changes in perfornance which accompanied growth and maturity and concluded that any separa— tolosical and skeletal maturity wa »_J I tion of chronological age, phys artificial because of the inseparubility of these variables in the development in the circungubertal male. In a later article, Espenschade recognised the importance of sexual maturation in the relationship between physical perfornance and age, height a d weight. However, due to an inability to obtain reliable ratings, the assess- ment of secondary sex characteristics was not included in her study. .r‘ :hysical M turation and Totor Perfornance In a report dialing with the relationship between physical : na'uration and actor performance, DlflOCK/ stated that acceleration in strength lagged behind the spurt in height and wei ht. The ost- 'd pubescent male at thirteen was found stronger tha; the pre-pubescent hale at fifteen, the difference in strength was especially marked in the first year after the post-pubescent stage. Ceiens, F.Y. and Weilson, 5.0., Age, heiJht and weight as factors I classification of elementary school chiljren. J. H elth ani Ed., 3(10): p.21, 1932. r f 0} e 1..) 3‘ :3 (1" 5* 4-: ~J A 1 d . ~ - , - i - thloy, C.h. and N.C. foungs, Went an; nemsurenents in health , r-. ’1- 7.- 1 ‘-— “ e 3-, .- f] A r 4- 0 ~ ~_‘ 1 .‘. ‘ F ’ A ~. ‘ .’1 r‘v . ,. u'.‘ :_ N r»: :- I and anguluhl educitien. New Yorr: appleton-oentury-oioi s, ly,%. _ e, A.S., flotor performance in adolcscence. j not. ~. uhild Dev., 5(1): 9.75, 1940. D _ C perfornances of school children and eye, height az‘ weight. Ees. '* .-. 7: . a I. ”I .;;U_;.Lrt e , i/Li' . 1.; e l‘TL“ , 19': 3 e “Dinoch, H., A research in adolescence. I. Puhesccnco and fhysical growth. Child Dev., 6: 176-195, 1C7 is enschade, A.S., Restudy of relationshius between physi al .11 '- U U] o C l N I I Clarne and Degatis assessed skeletal ace of hand-wrist X—ryys D on 31 twelve-year-old boys to study the relationships between standing broad jump and various naturational, anthrogonctric and 1 strength tests. They concluded that leg go er of 12—year-old boys C.) as he sures by the standing broad junp we: decendent partially upon body size and muscular strength. ., 2 Q , . , , Rarica and Oyster reported that in pre-pucerty boys sxeletal age by itself was of little consequence in explaining differences in strength and motor proficiency due to the inseparubility of height, weight, chronological age and skeletal age at this early phase of growth and devrloahent. Rate of PhySical Maturation It appears that the age at onset of the circuneubertal growth spurt determines the velocity of bone growth during this period. It is hypothesized that if the onset of this growth phase is early, the longer will be the duration of circunpubertal growth. Cn the other hand, should the onset be late, the duration is believed not to be '7 as long and the resultant growth opportunity is lowc-cd.j Clarke, H.h. and E.W. Degatis, Relationships between standing broad juup and various naturational, anthrouonetric and strengt. tests of 12-year-old boys. Res. lu rt., 35: 253-264, 1964. Rarick, G.L. and N. Oyster, Physical maturity, muscular s and motor performances of young school—age boys. Fes. ,u:rt. 3 531, 1964. Brovernan, D.M., I.K. Broverman, W. Vogel, 3.9. Palmer and E.L. Klaiber, Physique and growth in adolescence. C l 7 3303811, 1961+. 8 Physique and Sexual Maturation Investigations of the interrelationship between physigue and sexual maturation have resulted in conflicting reports. however, the important point of the following review is that the differences in the timing of onset and of velocity in sexual maturation between ectonorphs, endonorghs and nesonornhs are thought to he of insigni- ficant consequence. Reynoldsl studied the association between sexual maturation and physical growth and concluded, using primary a d secondary sex characteristic develoynent as the guide, that early-maturing boys were on the average both heavier and taller than late-maturing boys. _ 2 . . . hunt demonstrated that the timing of onset of sexual maturation was consistently early in physiques with nesoaorph dominance whereas the velocity of sexual maturation was smallest in the fattest boys and greatest in the leanest sample. The average endomorph was found to initiate sexual maturation early, but to move through the stages at a slow rate. The ectomorph, though his onset was late, had a rapid velocity and caught up to the earlier maturing endonorph. Hunt concluded that the anount of body fat may influence the timing and velocity of sexual maturation. 2 J. LI "‘ J ‘ "‘ .1. .‘- .-..-_ sarton, an asSOCiate of hunt, found tha' adult bed? tyne as l estimated by somatotype was fairly unpredictable fron adolescence ”-1 Reynolds, L.L. and J.V. dines, : Is ,- e o iated with adolescence in boys. Aner. J. Dis. Child., 8 : p.54 3 a s c 5, 19s1. 4 Hunt, E.E. Jr., G. Cocke and J.R. Gallagher, Sonatotype and sexual maturation in boys: a method of develo mental analysis. Human 3101., 30: p.90, 1958. Barton, W.H. and E.E. Hunt, Jr., Sonatotyre and adolescence in boys: a longitudinal study. human Biol., 34: p.269, 1962. 9 because boys from age 11% years tended to regress tonard the mean in sonatotype. The extreme prepubertal endonorph was shown to have an early onset of sexual maturation with a rapid velocity, while the extreme prepubertal mesonorph and ectonorph exhibited a slightly delayed onset of sexual naturation with average velocities. On the basis of the available information, it is apparent the following questions renain to be studied. (1) Are there reliable e snent of nrinary and secondary ._ ’1 and objective scales for the as (D sex characteristics of circumpubertal males? (2) Is it feasible to incorporate the scale ratings of the primary and secondary sex Clar- acteristics into a COonnent descriptive value of sexual maturation? (3) Do individuals grouped on the basis of a congonent value of sexual maturation exhibit greater honogeneity in selected traits of physical growth and motor perfornance than those grouped by either Pubic Hair or Chronological Age? (h) Jhat are the associations between sexual maturation and of physical growth and motor proficiency? In an attempt to provide answers to the iuestions above it is the purpose of this investigation to: (1) develop reliable and objective scales for the assessments of primary and secondary sex characteristics in the circuneuhertal (a) arrive at a descri tive value of sexual m turatifin '(J ased on a formula which utilizes the scales of primary and secondary sex characteristics. (2) compare the sun'aery data of physical growth and "actor performance of individuals grouped according to a sexual maturation indicator value with similar data on boys rouged accordin? to a value 3 lO frog assessnent of Pubic Hair and Chronological Age, resgoctivel (3) study the association between subcateiories 5“ouped by T 3/. sexual naturation indicator values (independent variable) and the dependent variables of chronological age, height, weight, situps shuttle run, puilups, standing broad junp ani vertical june by c apuring significance within and between subcategory difference CHAPTER III Restateeent f Problems This investigation sought infornstion regarding the associa- tion between sexual neturstion and height, weight and five flOLOT performance scores of junior high school boys. Four major problems were considered. C1 The first problen was to develoy relieble end objec'ive s sles for tie asses:nents of second ry sex characteristics in circum- rr‘ gion end pubertal males. Assessnents of the three body heir re U) genitalia develanent were cenbined in e foruula to produce a sexual maturation indicator v11ue.(For future discussion this value will be referred to as SJIV.) SHIV was determined from a congosite of scores resulting frou assessments of secondary sex cherscteristics fl OI five distinct body regions. The regions were facial heir, axillarv U hair, pubic hair, penis erowth and scrotum growth. The foraule used Q Y - 4-K _. , was X +( 10 = SAIV, wnere X equaled the stage of development of pubic hair and Y equaled the total of the facial, axillari, penis and scrotum stages of develoynent. For ex11ele, suppose that pubic hair develoonent was equivalent to stu.e three while the deveIijeutel he other four regions equaled fifteen; then (’2‘ total of \‘J .1 A H \H H I O H I\) V II 3 + ——J: 3.3 : SHIV. It is evident that the formula Was heavily hted in favor of pubic hair development. Justification for this 11 l2 weighting is based upon two factors: (1) appearance of pubic hair is generally the first indication of the sequence of changes in body structure which accompany physical maturation, (2) the assessment of pubic hair has been denonstrated to be highly reliable and objective. SHIV ranged from 1.0 to 5.0 with incremental units of .l. The second problem involved a conparison of physical growth and motor perfornance scores based on the classification method of SHIV with classifications according to assessment values of Pubic Hair and Chronological Age. An attenpt was hide to determine which classification technique denonstrated the greatest between- 5roup_differences and within—group honcaeneity. Classifications by assessment values of Pubic Hair were deter ined by scores ‘ned this particular body hair region by the ra values ranged from (1) to (5). Chronological Age groups vere arbitrarily chosen as 11.0 years (127 months to 138 months), 12.0 years = (139 months to 150 months), 13.0 years : (151 montfs to 162 months), 14.0 years = (163 months to 174 months) and 15.0 years : (175 months to 186 months). The third problem was concerned with the association between SHIV groupings, which were arbitrarily divided into intervals of A = (1.0 to 1.5), B : (1.6 to 2.5), C = (2.6 to 3.5), D = (3.6 to h.5) and E = (4.6 to 5.0), and the dependent variables of chronological broad age, height, weight, situps, shuttle run, pullups, standin“ '3 jump and vertical junp. Description of the Subjects The subjects were 671 white seventh and eighth grade boys of 13 East Lansing and Mason Junior High Schools during the school years of 1965-66 and 1966-67. Sons of the subjects were absent on days that data collection took place, therefore there was missinc data in the study. 7he mean age was 159.52 months with an a of 143 months to 182 months. Table I illustrates the nunber of boys within each Chronological Age group. Table I The number of boys within each Chronological Age group. Chronolofiical Age grouging , - 11.0 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 1E0 ] 132.0 1 Total 1 1 I 98 | 335 | 215 I 22 l 671 |‘ . <——_l Data Collection Schedule The data were collected during the month of January for the years 1966 and 1967. The 1966 collection involved only East Lansinw Junior High, whereas 1967 data collection took glace at both East L—l :3 C”) F" :3 S d Mason Junior High Schools. Assessment of Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics Policy accepted by the raters as easiest and most functional when assessing the secondary sex characteristics was as follows: Before the commencenent of class seven boys entered a well lighted roon used for assessing secondary sex characteristics. Sheets for L14 secondary sex cha1acteristics assessment were arranger in albhabetical order by class. (A couplete description of the iteus on the assessment form is given in Appendix A.) The boys were requested to stand nude approximately three feet from the rater. The subject raise his arms over his head and upon commands looked left—then—right. flhile the student continued looking to the right, the rater checked the appropriate scale point within each region. The required testing 14 time per student was not greater than thirty seconds. A pictorial 'X) was irovided as a refer- :l \ J m i3 o I_J guide for genitalia rating, (see ence to insure rater consistency in these ratings. Uritten instruc- tions of heir developnent for the facial, axillary and pubic regions were provided for each rater. The sane procedure was followed at the tersination of the class, thus allowing the instructor to assess fourteen boys per class period. Age was recorded in years and nonths and later converted to months for conputational purposes. If a boy was 12 years and 4 ’3 9.1: months plus 12 days old, his age was recorfed s 13.4 or lh8 months. If more than 14 days from the last nontly anniversary date had elapsed, his age was recorded as 12.5 or 149 months. Heihht Height for subjects at East Lansing Junior high School was measured with the subject standing free, with the arms at the side. A sliding anthropometer with a horizontal arm was placed in the nidsagittal plane. Height was recorded to the nearest one fourth of :n inch. At Mason Junior High School the subjects were measured standing a ainst a W211, with the heels flat on the floor in contact with the wall as were the buttocks and shoulders. In all cases the neasurenent was taken and recorded by the instructor. Height was recorded in inches to the nearest one fourth of an leCh. The balance arm weight machine was used in hast Lansing. In Mason a bathroom scale was used after it was checked for accuracy 15 and found that it needed no calibration. l. The students wore athletic supjorters only. 2. Weight was deternined and recorded by the instructor. 5. feight was recorded in pounds to the nearest one—half pound. Situns Descrigtion: The student was on “is back with legs extenued on.'the Q; and feet abducted to shoulder width. his hsnds were place back of his neck with the fingers interlaced. A p rtner held the ankles down, the heels being in contact with the net or floor at The student set up, turned to the left and touched the right elbow to the left knee, returned to the starting position, then sat up, turned the trunk to the right and touched the left elbow to the T 1" he re "2"? Ls). $3.. gated, alternatinr ei right knee. The exercise wgs re: 0 K2 was no tine linit, but the boys were not allowed to rest between attenpts. Scoring: One point for every properly executed novenent. Taxinuu liuit w s set at 99. Shuttle run Description: Two parallel lines (A and n) were glaced on the floor 30 feet apart. Two 2X2X4 blocks of wood were placed behind r) ”1 line B. The student stood behind line A. On the siynal ”Ready. to!” ) the student run to line B, picked up one block, run beck to line A and elaced the block behind the line; he then ran back to line B m and picked up the second block which he cyrried acre 5 line A. Practice runs were allowed without timing. 16 Scoring: The score to the nearest tenth of a second w1s recorded. Fulluos Description: At East Lansing Junior High a ladder used for hand over hand traveling was used for the pullups. At Mason Junior High School a chinning bar was used. The pronated hand position (back of the hand toward the face) was used. After assuming the hanging position, the student elevated his body until his chin was raised above the bar. He then lowered his body to a full hang and again elevated his body as many times as he was able, always returning to the full hang. Scoring: One point for every prOperly completed pullup. Standing broad junp Description: The student stood with his toes to the starting tape. Feet were abducted to shoulder width. Preparatory to jumping, the student extended his arms and flexed his knees. The jump was accomplished by simultaneously extending the knees and flexing the shoulder joint. Practice jumps were allowed. Scoring: The score was recorded in feet and inches and later converted to inches. Vertical jump Description: The initial measurement consisted of having the student extend one arm upward with the tips of the fingers touching the measuring board or tape marked in inches. Students at East Lansing Junior High School used a bo rd and Mason Junior High students used tape. Feet were flat on the floor and adjacent to the wall. The number nearest the extended finger tips was recorded. The boy 5 17 then lowered his arm and moistened his finger tips in preparation to jump. He bent his knees and swung his arms backward. The jump was accomplished by simultaneously extending the knees and thrusting the arms upward. The finger tips of the arm used to obtain the initial measurement touched as high as possible on the board or tape. The number at the moistened spot was recorded. The score was the difference between the initial and final values. Reliability and Objectivity f Sexual Maturation Indicator Assessments The second-trial assessment values of primary and secondary sex characteristics were used to demonstrate the reliability and objectivity of the raters. These data were analyzed by Hoyt's Analysis of Variance test. For the purposes of this investigation an assumption of equal intervals between the primary and secondary sex characteristics scales was m de, thus meeting the requirements of Hoyt's Analysis of Variance technique. Treatment pf the Data One-way variance analyses were applied to the data which consti- tuted the dependent variables. F-statistics were derived from between and within subcategory mean squares of dependent variables, classified according to SMIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age. The Scheffe test of multiple comparisons1 was employed to isolate subcategory differences within dependent variables when significant F-ratios were detected. Hays, William, Statistics for Psychologists. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Chicago, 1965. CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The following results demonstrate the utility of the SVIV formula as a means of describing the sequential phases of male sexual development as a point value system. In addition they demonstrate the ability of the SHIV groupings to show significant and meaningful differences between the subcategories of eight dependent variables, including age, physical growth and motor proficiency tests. It should be noted that subcategory A of SHIV included boys given a descriptive value of 1.0 to 1.5. Such a classification makes it possible for an infant to be assigned the value of 1.0 in this subcategory as pre-sexual maturation. By requiring a value of 1.1 as a minimum value, the mean age of this subcategory would be increased. In subcategory E (4.6 to 5.0) the reverse relationship existed. A full adult would be rated at 5.0. The age range permitted by this classification would be narrowed considerably by requiring that the maximum value for this subcategory be 4.9. For the purposes of this investigation, all 1.0 and 5.0 scores were included because the age range of the sample was narrow and the amount of misappro- priation was believed to be minimal. Reliability of the Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics Scales The data used to determine rater reliability were collected on the Saturday immediately preceding the week of as essment of sexual l8 l9 maturation and the eight dependent variables. The three raters were introduced to the primary and second ry sex characteristics scales on the pictorial guide for genitalia rating initally one hour before rating a randomly selected sam le of twenty—six East Lansing Junior High School boys. The boys were placed in random order for each of the two rating trials. Hoyt's Analysis of Variance technique was used on the second rating trial to determine the reliability between raters. The first and second rating trials were used to detect within rater reliability. For the purposes of this investi- gation it was assumed that there were equal intervals in the primary and secondary sex characteristics scales and SfiIV as this was a requirement for use of Hoyt's Analysis of Variance test. The coefficients for within and between rater reliability (See Table II) indicate the ability of the three raters to agree on the descriptive rating to be assigned a boy for each body region. Table II Within and Between Rater Reliability of assessing primary and secondary sex characteristics, determined by Hoyt's Analysis of Variance. FACIAL AXILLARI PUBIC PENIS SCROTUH WITHIN EATER I .30 .95 .96 .9h .87 WITHIN HATER II .81 .86 .93 .39 .80 WITHIN HATER III .AO .87 .91 .96 .9h BETWEEN RATERS .h9 .95 .95 .76 .87 0n the basis of the size of the reliability coefficients it is clear that raters had the greatest difficulty agreeing on the rating of facial hair (.Q9) while the greatest agreement between raters was noted for axillary and pubic hair (.95). The range of within rater reliability coefficients was for facial hair .50 to .81; for axillary 2O hair .86 to .95; for pubic hair .91 to .93; for penis development .89 to .96 and for scrotum develonment .21 to .9#. The size of the reliability coefficients for both the within and between raters indicates that with the exception of facial hair the primary and secondary sex characteristics scales were reliable and objective tools for obtaining a numerical value for describing the observable signs of sexual development in the male. Comparison of Classification Systems (see Appendix C for status of data) Table III provides a comparison of the change in sample size of the subcategories for the dependent variable height as a result of the classification systems STIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age. Table III The reclassification of the dependent variable height according to the independent variable groupings SfiIV, Pubic Hair, and Chronological Age, respectively. ( SHIV) sample ( Pubic Hair) sample (gnological sample (A) 117 (l) 105 (11.0) 1 (B) 208 (2) 150 (12.0) 98 (C) 20h (3) 161. (13.0) 335 (D) 131 (1.) 237 (14.0) 215 (E) ' 11 (5) 15 (15.0) 22 It should be noted that a change in the method of classification also results in changes in the number of subjects and summary statistics in the subcategories within the classification system. For example, in comparative subcategories of SMIV, Pubic Hair, and Chronological Age the sample size shows (A) : 117, (1) : 105, and (11.0) = l. Continuation of similar comparisons between SHIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age throughout the remainder of the su categories 21 results in the following sample sizes: (3) : 208, (2) : 150 and (12.0) = 98; (c) = 204, (3) = 164 and (13.0) = 335; (D) = 131, (4) = 237 and (14.0) : 215; and (E) = 11. (5) = 15 and (15.0) = 22. This redistribution of sample size indicates that although the SHIV was centered upon the Pubic Hair rating, the corrective factor of the remaining four regions did effect the number within the subcate- gories. Tables IV, V and VI present summary data in the form of means, standard deviation and sample sizes for each subcategory of the classification systems of SHIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological age, respectively, for the eight dependent variables. It will be noted that the F-statistic for each dependent variable reached significance, regardless of the major classification used to obtain the subcategories. As a result of these findings one must look to the size of the means and standard deviations and to the results of the Scheffe test of multiple comparisons for information regarding the advantages which one classification system night have over others. Figures 1-8 are graphic illustrations of the summary data contained in Tables IV, V and VI. Each dependent variable is individually compared with the independent variables of SMIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age. For the purposes of this investigation wider range and narrower degree of one standard deviation overlap between the subcategories of the independent variables was used to indicate the superiority of one classification system over another. Figure l, a comparison between SHIV and Pubic Hair classifications, indicates that the range for the SHIV classification system is 1ar er but the overlap of standard deviations shows no appreciable differences. lililtlli. +l:.fl \ .i‘i‘T \ - 333 mo. 23 3.01mflouaadondn 5253 305.8836 #533330 zone 3 hm.m :33 93g .3 3 H550 on vase gamut 3.3 . no.5 3.... .53 $.m .364 3.3 9.8.... fl d 3 g d n . d n .34.. 8.3 mo.~ 3.0 >512” 3.5. maé .n.m 3.3 5.3 Q...» 23¢ .3 :3 5.1:” 8&3 Aswan . a filamlallg g $4 a: mm A? «NW a aim mica can 2.6 3.9“ 3.3 .84. dd 3.: 8.2. a... 2.4. né. 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Em 00300.3» 0000000000.“ 00.“! 100000.00 00 0&0 aamoaogo 0:300» 000100001 00..— .Hou H» v00 > .5 00309 0.“ 3580000 300 haul-50 000 mo 00303qu 0.2.00.5 t H 0.99: 5030-030." H.300: 00 00030 0230.0» 000000000 0 00 0M0 7030800000 0.35 00.3030 033.00» 0000000005 05 00 m3 . anon—”0.303058 . A3 23 R V 3.0 “S mm." , NS” 8H «3 en 03 H u 0 w a u .r I. L. J. 5000 A5 A3 Q: 23 $4 RH 2H moH 8H on H 8H " w u h .r .r L. A El A3085 mo 0.0838900 26 Figure 2, a comparison of the summary statiszics for the dependent variable height according to the clas ifications of SHIV, Pubic Hair and ChronolO§ical Age, indicates that SHIV has the larger range and a smaller overlap between the standard deviation when compared to Chronological Age subcategories. however, the overlap in standard deviations of SfilV and Pubic Hair are very similar. A comparison between the su categories of weight for classifi- cations according to SHIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age (see Figure 5) indicates a slightly larger range for the SHIV classification system, but no appreciable advantage for any classification system in the amount of standard deviation between subrroup categories. Figure #, a comparison of the dependent variable situps, provides no meaningful differences in the size of the range or in the amount of overlap between standard deviations of the classification systems. Subcategory comparisons of shuttle run, classified according to SHIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age (see Figure 5) indicate a slightly larger range for the SHIV classification systen but no system appears to have an advantage regarding degree of overlap in the size of the standard deviation. Figure 6, a comparison of the dependent variable pullups according to SHIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age classifications, illustrates that the SMIV classification system h.s a larger range but no superiority in standard deviation overlap is evident. Similar results were detected for dependent variables standing broad jump (Figure 7) and vertical jump (Figure 8). ,naopaaoonoou .om< Haoauaaocouno can add: manna .szm .oaaaauu» acoucuauuaa nu“: conga-co nu anmaog casuaua> anu'auaov one you H» can >.>H .oHpua ca nonaaaaoo away nun-gun on» «a nodunuaanaaa oagnquo.t u unsung Ao.mav no.4H Ao.mav Ao.wav Ao.aav an on m0 " a iv an on mm a t. " Amv Ana “so “my “av an on mm we so we no mm an 0 p p D p D 'H' Anogocav amoaam .3300000000 .004 7000300005 00.0 000: 0.300 .063 00:00.»: 00000000000 0003 00000000 00 000003 0.300000 000000000 000 now H0 000 0 .pH 00:09 00 000000000 0000 g0 000 «0 00000000030. 00000.5 I n 000000 3.938....3 8A3 8.03 3.03 00H . 3H and . I u v . a V an.” 03393.0. 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MHam onam w J as om om cm on vw "w .n.» 1 .I. 11%;. *1II’IIIIIIIIIIIIVlI ll- “gorgeous: .ou< ”noduaaonouno «as “an: oanum pme uoandgg.» unannonouafi nufl: wouugaao a» gnaw Huoaauop «Hpaauup 3.32.2. 2:. Bu 2 a5 > a 82d 5 35380 33 balsa 2: «o coda-upafld 3.396.. m an»: «o. NHV Ao.aflv H «H oH L J- Ao.navao. :Hv Ao.mav ow ma ma ma 0H ma 3H .7 I Anv Aav Amv om ma ma 1r Iffi mad gHwQHOmO. ”no v I “av “av ADV ‘1? BS“. AdoHHflfl> J:- ‘L .L 34 Cn the basis of comparisons between classification systems. regarding the total range within a dependent variable, the SIIV system appears more discriminatory. When comparing the size of standard deviations with suocategories of a dependent variable with those of another classification system it appears that no one classification system has an advantage over the others. Tables VII-XIV show the mean values of the eight dependent variables, taken independently as classified by the systems of SEIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age, tested for significant differences within subcategories by the Scheffe test for multiple comparisons. The classification systen of Chronological Age has only one subject in the subcategory of (1.0). Although this subcategory wa included for the sske of similarity between tables a discussion of results is meaningless. Table VII, a comparison of between subc tegory differences for the dependent variable Chronological Age, shows no significant differences between subcategories (l) and (2) of Pubic Hair while all other comparisons between subcategories are significantly different. Significant differences between all subcategories were detected in the classification system SWIV. Table VIII, showing between-subcategory connarisons for the dependent v riable height, indicates that classification systems of SMIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age are equal in significant differences between means. Table IX (dependent variable weight) shows that a greater number of between—subcategory differences were detected in the SHIV lHays, William, Statistics for Psychologists, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Chicago, 1963. 4.300503 Hang: on .. 09030 0.3023 0003300 on» 00 0M0 703398.20 :33 00.39500 0.33.3» 05309005 05 00 0m< Haoamoaoaofio Hound no. one 0.0 0030300030 £00.53. ooocououfiu 053.3%? 0000035. * 35 .00.» A85 3.9.; 4 $3.3 35.3 #36 ASN.3 No.92” m #3:: 35.3 30.5 Admév 0.33 84.3 36.3 m soméa 30d V :34. 23.3 *mm.m $0.3 +34 80.3 8.43” H 3 0mm m3” an." on: aim $.05 3.9a «0.03 3 .mmH 232 n a n u an 035 700..” no . 2.3 an noanowovuonar 50303 003203.20 afioaawau 000.0305" a. .006 23.3 8.3” n t8 .3 A mm .3 *3 .4 3m .3 om 43 0 1.4.3 R33 tom .0 393 :3 .4 30.3 «0.03 m 203.41 $0.3 fiafl 30.3 *8; 53.3 .33 84.3 2:5 4 d mm.” 8w 08 on a 8.2.." Q .mfln ON .3." No .03 3E! a a 0 m 5.0 iguana-30 033E now 0000 ouuonom 05 hp 0030900250 :0253 0005.83.20 98033030 you 00000» .03 703323.30 in. 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For examdle, weight subcategory differences were detected in all groups of SHIV and Pubic Hair classifications except A and B and D and E, and l and 2 and 4 and 5, respectively. However, in Chronological Age only the subcategories of 12.0 and 14.0, 12.0 and 15.0 and 15.0 and 14.0 showed significant differences. Subgroup differences in situps (see Table X) were not detectable at the .05 level in any of the classification systems. This is believed to be due to the conservative nature of the Scheffe test. Comparisons between subgroups at the .10 level resulted in significant differences in SMIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age, respectively, between A and D, A and E, l and 4, and 12.0 and 14.0. Table XI, shuttle run, provides no apparent superiority in any classification system as determined by the number of significant differences found between subcategories. Similar results were detected when subcategory differences were determined for the dependent variable pullups, based on classifications according to SHIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age (see Table XII). Between subcategory comparisons for SHIV and Pubic Hair classifications resulted in significant differences between identical subcategories (SHIV : A and D, A and E, B and D, B and E, C and D and C and E; Pubic Heir : l and 4, 1 and 5, 2 and 4, 2 and 5, 3 and 4 and 3 and 5). 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H: .2..." 1+2 Table XIII (standing broad jump as the dependent variable) indicates that classification according to SMIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age classification systems discriminate equally well between subcategories; namely, differences were detected at every meaningful subcategory comparison for all classifications. Table XIV (vertical jump) shows that Pubic Hair and ChronolOEical Age classification systems result in one more significant qucategory difference than the SHIV classification system. This discrepancy between classification systens occured when the Scheffe test failed to detect significant differences between C and E subcategories of SHIV. From the comparisons of the significant differences between subcateeory means for the clas ification systems of SHIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age as tested by the Scheffe test for multiple comparisons, it is not possible to recommend any one system as superior to the other two. However, it may be stated that classifi- cations according to SHIV and Pubic Hair generally resulted in a greater number of subcategory differences than a similar classifica— tion according to Chronological Age. Tables XVa. and XVb. show the mean values of the eight dependent variables classified according to SHIV, as tested for significant differences within subcategories by the Scheffe test for multiple comparisons. These values provide the basis upon which the associa- tions between SHIV subcategories and the dependent variables of chronological age, height, weight, situps, shuttle run, pullups, standing broad jump and vertical jump were studied. As demonstrated in Tables IV, V and VI (summary data) the application of one-way £3 Hound m0. 0:» 00 0000000000050 0003000 00o¢000~udu an0oaudcm«0 00»0o«0¢« 0 14.0.0 3.3 «0:: 0;: $0.0 «3.3 .000 $0.00 9.00 0.2 35 .00.: 30.3 :0.“ 399 3.00 0.00 0?: 2.0.03 8.3 80.03 s... 3.03 00.0. 30.03 00.3 0.: mm 80 an a. 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Results of the Scheffe test of multinle comoarisons were as follows: Chronological Are - significant differences were detected at every conparison between SMIV subcategories. Height - significant mean differences were detected between all pairs with the exception of D and E, indicating that growth in height increases significantly throughout the scale with the possible exception of from D to E. However, the small sample size of E (11) makes this a questionable comparison. Weight - all comparisons except those between A and B and between D and E were significantly different, indicating that between the subcategories of B to C and C to D the boys gain a significant ahount of weight. Situos - no significant differences were detected between any comparisons at the .05 level of significance. However, because the Scheffe test is conservative,1 placing the significance level at .10 demonstrated significant differences between SHIV subcategories of A and D and A and E. Shuttle run - significant differences were detected in all but three comparisons; namely C and D, C and E, and D and E. This finding indicates that development in agility did not increase si3nificantly l l . . . i . a Edwards, Allen L., Experimental DeSign in Psychological nesearch. p.154, Holt, Rinehart and Hinston, New York, 1960. Table XVe Mean values of four dependent variables classified accord tested for significant differences within #6 test for multiple comparisons. ing to SHIV, subcstegories by the Scheffe CHRONOLOGICAL AGE (months) B c p E MEAN 156.62 161.20 165.21 172.09 SAMPLE 118. .' 208 206 132 11 A 151.17 (2.1.3)2.z.5* (2.1.3)7.03* (2.68)11.0l.* (6.65)17.92* E 156.62 (2.06)l..58* (2.31.) 8.59* (6.53)15.h7* 0 161.20 (2.31.) Incl" (6.53)10.89* 0 165.21 (6.62) 6.88* HEIGHT (inches) B O D E MEAN 60. 81 63.1.1 65.51. 68.18 SAMPLE 117 208 201. 131 11 ‘ A 59.57 (0.99)1.2A* [(0.99)3.81.* (1.91)5.97* (2.77)8.61* B 60.81 k0.86)2.60* (0.98)I..73* 2.77)7.37* 0 63.1.1 I (0.98)2.13* K2.71)I+.77* D 65.56 [ 12.77)2.61. WEIGHT (pounds) B C D E MEAN 102.89 114.70 126.95 161.27 SAMPLE 117 207 203 131 11 A 100.85 (7.1.8)2.0A (7.1.8)13.95* (8.25)26.10* (20.1.5MO. B 102.89 (6.1.1)11.81* (7.21.)21..06*(19.56)38.38~ c 11h.70 (7.27)12.25* (20.08)26.57* 1) 126.95 [20.3621A.32 srmps B c 0 E MEAN 71..39 77.h5 79.11 91.. 54 SAMPLE 116 209 20!. 128 11 A 69.39 (9.61)5.00 (9.52)8.06 (10.52)9.72 (25.8A)25.15 B 76.39 (8.07)3.06 (9.18) z..72 (26.18)20.15 c 77.65 (9.18) 1.66 |(25.31.)17.o9 0 79.11 [(19.56)15.l.3 * indicates significant differences between suboetegoriee st the .05 level 1+7 once the SHIV subcategory of C was reached. This is a possible result of the center of gravity stabilization at this point in development, thus enabling better control in stop-and-go movements. Pullups - significant differences were detected only between subcategories C and D indicating that strength in the upper body does not significantly increase until subcategory C of SHIV. The sample size (11) of E prohibits discussion of increase in strength from D to E. Standing broad jump - significant differences were found between all comparisons except D and E indicating that leg power does increase significantly throughout most of the SHIV scale. Because execution of the standing broad jump requires agility as well as leg power, it is not surprising that the results of shuttle run agree with those of the standing broad jump. Vertical jump - significant differences between comparisons in all but A and B, C and E and D and E were detected. In this respect the vertical jump differed from the standing broad jump. As mentioned earlier, it is believed that the additional consonent of agility in the standing broad jump resulted in significant differences in the earlier ages. Since significant differences in chronolo ical age were demon- strated at every comparison between SHIV subc tegories, a logical extension of this investigation was undertaken. Height, weight, age and SflIV grids were developed using the information of the mean age for the SHIV groups conbined with the height and ame ani weight and . . . l , . . . . . age Grids of deredith. Meredith's Grids prov1de a lonfiitudinal Copies may be secured through the order departnents of the American Medical Association, 535 N. Dearborn St., Chicajo, Illinois, 60610, or of the National Education Association, 1201 Sixteenth St., N.fl., V”9:114'nm‘th n_f"_ 9001A Table XVb LB Mean values of four dependent variables classified according to SHIV, tested for significant differences within subcategories by the Scheffe test for multiple comparisons. sum mm B c 0 3 (seconds MEAN 10.62 10.26 9.95 9.76 SAMPLE 115 201. 192 128 11 A 11.08 «can-0.46% (0.31)-O.82*|(O.31)-1.13* (O.80)-l.32|* B 10.62 (0.27)-O.36*I(0.28)-0.67* (0.80)-0.86* c 10.26 |(0.32)-0.31- (0.83)-0.50 0 9.95 [ (0.83)-0.19 pumps B c 0 E m 2.57 3.26 4.59 6.72 SAMPLE 110 198 199 131 11 ‘ A 2.3!. (1.08)0.23 (1.08)0.92 (1.11.)2.25* (2.86)h.l.8* B 2.57 (0.92)0.69 (1.02)2.02* (2.77)I..15* A c 3.26 (1.02)1.33* (2.83)3.l.6* D L.59 (2.8222.;2 33301110 BROAD B c 0 E MEAN 66.19 72.16 76.02 81.27 SAMPLE 115 206 196 121 11 A 62.16 (3.39)l+.03* (3.39)10.00*(3.76)13.86* (9.12)19.11* B 66.19 (2.86) 5.97*i(3.29) 9.83* (10.78)15.081 c 72.16 I(3.39) 3.86* (8.93) 9.11*| D 76.02 I (9.09) 5.25 I VERTICAL JUMP SAMPLE A 3 C D MEAN 116 .17 16. 17.19 c 0 16.03 17. 19 200 129 1.1h)2.86* (1.23))..024. 2 08 1.08 1.16* 18.61. 11 2.99)5.h7* 2 i 2. 2 2.61 * indicates significant differences between subcategories at the .05 level 49 record of physical growth of boys beginning at age four and termina- ting at age eighteen. There are five channels for height and weight, respectively. Channels for height are divided into tall, moderately tall, average, moderately short and short, respectively. Channels for weight include heavy, moderately heavy, average, moderately light and light. For the purposes of this study, the Meredith Grids were modified to include only the ages of 11.6 to 17.0 years. Each channel was divided into three equal sub-channels which were labeled #1, #2, #5 reading from top to bottom. The height and age grid has height on the ordinate and age in six month increments on the abscissa. A similar pattern is followed for the grid depicting weight and age. Meredith's Grids were utilized because in the author's Opinion they represent the most complete and simply illustrated growth curves available on boys. In order to clarify the function of the SHIV grids that were developed as a result of this investigation, the following sample is given. Suppose that two boys, Alpha and Beta have the following characteristics. Alpha is 14 years and 0 months old with a SHIV rating of 2.0 while Beta is 15 years and 0 months old with a SHIV rating of 4.0. Both are 58 inches tall and weigh 90 pounds. By comparing the height, weight and age grids of Meredith, which are the same as the ordinates and upper abscissa of the height, weight, age and SHIV grids, the following classifications result. (See Figures 9 and 10) By entering the height, age and SWIV grid at the upper abscissa value of 14.0 years and moving downward to the height in inches of 58, Alpha's height and age subchannel is Short #1 designated by. 50 RIGHT, AGE and SHIV GRID CHRONO— IDGIGAL 12 , 6 w 5323. Ararat m m Figure 9 WEIGHT, AGE and SHIN GRID LOGICAL 12'. 6 13.6 my I!’ ‘ AVER j‘ll / (Owned) mama 31m turns 80 52 on the grid. By following the same procedure for the upper abscissa value of 13.0 years and height of 59 inches, Beta's sutchannel is Moderately Short :52, shown as. on Figure 9 for height and age. By entering the weight, age and SMIV grid on the upper abscissa for 14.0 years and moving downward to the ordinate value of 90 pounds, Alpha's sutchannel of weight and age is Hoderately Light #3, designated by®. Following similar procedures for the upper abscissa value of 13.0 years and ordinate value of 90 mounds, Seta's sub- channel for weith and age is I“-'Ioderr-.Lte1y Light #1 indicated by. The Meredith height, weight and age body type, a combination of the su channel values for height and weight, for Alpha is (Short #1, Moderately Light #1) and for Beta is (Moderately Short #2, Moderately Light #1). To obtain the SflIV body type, a similar procedure is followed in the height, weight, age and SMIV grids, utilizing only the lower abscissa and the ordinate. Alpha's SHIV body type, represented by .on Figures 9 and 10 for a height of 58 inches, weight of 90 pounls and a SH V of 2.0 becomes (floderately Short 32 Ioderstely Light #1) whereas Beta's SMIV body type for the same height and weight, but a SEW'IIV of 4.0 becomes (Short #1 Moderately Ligh 7.33) illustrated by. on Figures 0 and 10. It is apparent that the SEIV body type considers / the sexual maturation of the early-and—late—maturing boy and ad usts the height and weight subchannel accordingly. The classification of Alpha, the late-maturing boy, was modified fron a height, weight and age rating of (Short #1 Moderately Li ht #3) to a SWIV body type of (Moderately Short #2 Moderately Light #1) moving up twa subchannels on each grid. The early—neturing boy, jeta, changed from (Moderately 53 Short #2 Moderately Light #1) to (Short #1 Moderately Light #3) moving down two subchannels on each grid. The logical step after determing a SHIV body type (for complete Height, Weight, Age and SMIV Grids see Appendix D) is to develop a set of standards in the form of tables for age, height, weight, situps, shuttle run, pullups, standing broad jump and vertical junp based upon this body type and SHIV subcategory. An e'anple of the proposed standards is shown on Table XVI. The utility of the proposed standards is shown by the following exanple. If a boy with a SMIV classification of Moderately Tall #2 and Moderately Heavy #3 wished to determine his physical growth and motor performance status in comparison to peers of similar maturity and body size, he would enter the table at his appropriate SMIV body type and SHIV Classification and determine the mean score and standard deviation for any of the variables listed. Due to the small sample size in a vast majority of the standards presently developed, only a representative example showing two SMIV body type categories is given. Although these tables represent the most complete data, they fall far short of the necessary sample size to test for significant and meaningful differences between and within categories. 5h Thblo XVI d Proposed Table of standards for SHIV body types. Em BODY TYPE I HEIGHT=MOD TALL 2 I WEIGHT: MOD HEAVY 3 1 AGE HEIGHT WEIGHT SITUP HUTRUN PULLUP TBRJ VERJ UMP (A) mean 155’00 6300 115.0 9900 1100 200 6000 1000 Bod. 0000 0.00 0.0Q 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 N l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3236 162.0 64.7 121.0 19.0 9.9 1.0 63.0 13.0 Bod. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 N 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 (0) mean 163.0 65.08 12 Sad. 601*0 051 La 5 5 1 2 5 mean 167.33 66.23 126.h4 85.0 9.h2 5.12 80-55 1 3 Oh 9 80d0 5025' 1024 N 9 9 9 9 9 9 ""057 mean :.d. (no inlplo a ilablbrn this trooo-aoitional 1tto) [W BODY TYPE lHEIGHT: MOD TALL 2 [WEIGHT= AVERAGE 1 J (51 mean 146.0 61.5 100.0 76.0 11.8 2.0 56.0 11.0 5.d. 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (B) mean 161.0 69.85 111.5 80.5 9.85 1.5 77.0 15.5 3,d. 9.90 .21 .71 26.16 .149 2.15 8.1118 2.12 N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (C) mean 162.5 65.75 114.5 94.5 9.6 2.5 87.0 19.5 Bod. 9‘19 0035 071 6036 .42 2.12 101*]. 071 N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (D) mean 158033 65066 118.33 65033 10053 5066 70066 1500 3.d. 8.39 .29 1.53 29.19 .15 1.15 Ill-.614. 1.73 N 3 3 3. 3 3 3 3 3 (E) mean (no T-plo junk in thin Ion-«T101131 if“) Bod. N 55 Future plans call for continued collection of data to insure adequate sample sizes within each of the SIIV subcategories. CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIOYS, and RECOMIENDATIONS S U I'VIL‘M RY This investigation was initiated in the winter of 1966 as a study of the association between sexual maturation and chronological age, height, weight, situps, shuttle run, pullups, standing broad jump and vertical jump. Cross-sectional data were secured during two testing periods, the first being in January of 1966 and the second one year later. The sample consisted of white males ranging in age from 143 to 182 months of upper middle class background in the public Junior High School in East Lansing, Michigan and of middle to lower middle class backgrounds in the public Junior High School in Mason, Michigan. In order to study the association between sexual maturation and physical growth and motor performance, it was necessary to assess the sexual maturation level of various individuals. Scales of primary and secondary sex characteristics were developed and tested for within and between rater reliability. Three classification systems, SHIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age were used to group the dependent variables. An attempt to determine the superiority of one classifi— cation was investigated by: (1) comparing the change in sample size within the subcategories of a dependent variable for each classifi- cation system, (2) comparing the ranges of the various subcategories within each classification system with those of other classification 56 57 systems, (3) comparing the degree of overlap in standard deviation between subcategories of the three classification systems and (4) comparing the significant differences between subcategories of the three classification systems as determined by the Scheffe test for multiple comparisons. The association between sexual maturation and the physical growth measures and motor performance scores was discussed on the basis of the significant differences detected between SMIV subcategories by the Scheffe test for multiple comparisons. The purposes of the investigation were as follows: (1) To develop reliable and objective scales for the assessments of primary and secondary sex characteristics in circumpubertal males. (a) to arrive at a descriptive value of sexual maturation based on a formula which utilizes the scales of primary and secondary sex characteristics. (2) To compare the summary data of physical growth and motor ,erformance of individuals grouped according to a sexual maturation indicator value with similar data on boys grouped according to a value from assessment of Pubic Hair and Chronological Age, respectively. (3) To study the association between subcategories grouped by sexual maturation indicator values (independent variable) and the dependent variables of chronological age, height, weight, situps, shuttle run, pullups, standing broad jump and vertical jump by comparing significance within and between suucategory differences. The results of this investigation based upon the cross-sectional data collection of circumpubertal males are as follows: 58 (l) Scales of the primary and secondary sex characteristics were demonstrated as reliable and objective with the exceqtion of the secondary sex characteristic of facial hair. (2) A comparison of methods (SWIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age) for classifying individuals denonstrates that: (a) the total range of the dependent variable values is greater when based on the SflIV classification system than for the classification systems of Pubic Hair or Chronological Age. (b) a comparison of the standard deviation size, used as a basis for determining homogeneity within subcategories does not demonstrate the superiority of any classification system. (c) the Scheffe test of multiple comparisons between' subcategories within the SHIV, Pubic Hair and Chronological Age systems generally results in more between-subgroup differences in the SXIV and Pubic Hair classifications than in subcategories class- ified by Chronological Age. No differences in number of between- subcategory differences are detected when SWIV is compared with Pubic Huir classification. (3) When clas:ified according to SHIV there are sijnificant differences between the subcategories of each dependent variable of chronological age, height, weight, shuttle run, pullups, standing broad jump and vertical jump. No significant between-subcategory differences are detected for the dependent variable situps. The results of the multiple comparisons are as follows: (a) SAIV groupings differ significantly in chronological age in every comparison within groupings. (b) Height(inches) as classified by SHIV is significantly 59 different in all comparisons except D and B which may be a result of the small samole size in E. (c) Weight(pounds) is not significantly different between A and B and D and E, but is significantly different between all other subcategory comparisons. (d) Situps do not differ significantly between any subcategory comparison. (e) Shuttle run is significantly different between all subcategories except C and D, C and E, and D and E. (f) The only significant difference in pullups is between subcategories C and D. (g) Significant differences in standing broad jump are found in all comparisons but D and E. (h) Vertical jump failed to show significant differences between sub atezories A and B, C and E and D and E but do show sirnificant differences in all other subcategory comparisons. CONCLUSIONS (l) Cn the basis of the findings reported herein, it may be concluded that the primary and secondary sex characteristics scales are reliable and objective with the exception of secondary sex characteristic facial hair. (2) When grouping circumpubertal males for physical growth and motor performance the classification systems SHIV and Pubic hair are superior to a classification by Chronological Age when the criteria of maximum range within a classification system and greatest homo- geneity within subcategories is applied. 60 (3) The conclusions of this investigation of the association between sexual m turation as deternined by SJIV suECgtegories, and physical growth and motor proficiency in males is as follows: (a) when classified according to 8 IV, indications are that growth in stature increases significantly between subcategories throughout the scale with the possible exception of from D to E. This insignificant difference is attributed to the small sample size in E. (b) the dependent variable, weight, does not vary signifi- I cantly from SHIV group A to B and D to E, indicating that weight increases significantly as the boys pass through the other SJIV groupings of B to C and C to D. (c) the ability to do situps does not increase significantly between any SflIV categories. This may be a result of the imposed upper limit of 99. (d) shuttle run scores indicate that progress in agility is not enhanced once the SAIV grouping of C is reached, but until this point of sexual maturation, agility improvestetween successive subcategories. (e) as tested by pullups, the strength of the upper arms is distinctly different between subgroups C and D. (f) the standing broad jump indicates that leg power increases significantly throughout the SHIV scale with the possible exception of groups D to E. (g) vertical jump, another indicator of leg power, shows no significant increase between SMIV groups A and B. However, there is a significant increase in the group mean between each successive 61 group with the exception of insignificant mean differences between groups C and E and D and E. RECOMMENDATIONS (l) The usefulness of the secondary sex characteristic facial hair needs to be re-examined by conducting another test of rater reliability. (2) A longitudinal follow-up of the present samale should be undertaken in order to determine the length of time spent in any of the phases of sexual development. A longitudinal study of the association between sexual maturation indicators and physical growth and motor proficiency may ascertain information which is masked by cross-sectional analysis. (3) The SHIV body type tables need to be completed by collecting additional cross-sectional data to insure appropriate sample sizes within each SMIV body type and SHIV subcategory. BIBLIOGRAPHY 62 63 Books Edwards, Allen L. Experimental Design in Psychological Research. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1960. Hays, William, Statistics for Psychologis s. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Chicago, 1965. McCloy, C.H. and N.O. Youngs. Test and Measurements in Health and Physical Eiucation. New York; Appleton-Century-Crofts, 195E. Periodicals Barton, William H. and Edward E. Hunt, Jr., Somatotype and adolescence in boys: a longitudinal study. human Biol., 54: 254-270, 1962. Broverman, Donald 1., Inge K. Broverman, William Vogel, Robert D. Palmer and Edward L. Klaiber, Physique and growth in adolescence. Child Development, vol. 55, 857-870, 1964. Clarke, H.H. and E.W. Degatis, Relationships between standing broad jump and various maturational, anthropometric and strength tests of 12-year-old boys. Research Quarterly, 55: 258—264, 1964. Cozens, F.fi. and N.D. Neilson, Age, height and wei ht as factors in the classification of elementary school children. Journal 2: Health and Physical Education, 5(10): 21-58, 1932. Dimock, H. A research in adolescence. I. Pubescence and physical growth. Child Development, 6: 176-195, 1935. Ellis, Richard N.B. Height and weight in relation to onset of puberty in boys. Archives 2f_Disease ip_Chi1dhood, 21: 181-189, 1946. ESpenshade, Anna S. Motor performance in adolescence. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 5(1): 1-126, 1940. Espenshade, Anna S. Restudy of relationships between physical perform- ances of school children and age, height and weight. Research Quarterly, 34: 1&4- 55, 1963. Gruelich, N.W., Dorfman, R.I., Catchpole, H.R., Soloman, 0.1. and Culotta, C.S. Somatic and endocrine studies of pubertal and adolescent boys. Monographs 2£_the Society for Research in Child Development, 7(5): 1-22, 19MB. Hunt, Edward E., Jr., Grace Cooke and J. Roswell Gallagher. Somato— type and sexual maturation in boys: a method of developmental analysis, Human Biology, 50: 75-91, 1958. 64 Rarick, G.L. and Nancy Oyster. Physical maturity, muscular strength, and motor performance of young school-age boys, Research Quarterly, 55: 522-551, Dec., 1964. Reynolds, E.L. and J.V. Wines. Physical changes associated with adolescence in boys, American Journal 2f_Diseases in_Childhood, 82: p.532-535, 1951. Richey, Herman G. The relation of accelerated, normal and retarded puberty to the height and weight of school children, Monograph of the Society for the Research in Child Development, 2(1): 181— 'I89. 1937. VanDyke, G.E. The effects of the advent of puberty on the growth in height and weight in girls, School Review, 58: 211-212, 1950. ADPLHDIX 65 66 APPENDIX A Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics Scales facial axillary pubic penis *— no hair unpigmented hair at sideburns downy, lightly pigmented hair at corners of uoper lip lightly pigmented, coarse hair visible on upper lip terminal mustache no hair slight, unpigmented hair downy, lightly pigmented hair in one or both armpits small area % to 1 inch of pigmented, coarse hair coarse, curly, well-develOped hair no hair downy, unpigmented hair sparse pigmented hair, note it is straight curly, coarse, pigmented hair, but not extensive hair extending to medial surface of the thighs early childhood slight growth evident increase in shaft length, glans proportionately small total increase in length and diameter of shaft maximum size scrotum and testes formula: early childhood scrotum and testes visibly larger, one testes ma show lower than the other one testes definitely shows lower than the other scrotum shows darkness beginning maximum size and darkness X +.X_:_E§ = + - : lO 67 Plctorlli Gold. for GOHHIHI Influx: no. 1 APPENDIX B APPENDIX C Status of Data The data presented in this investigction is the first data of a longitudinal study. Consequently, rather than print the d t1 at this time, the data will be kept for inspection :t the hue n inorgy Research laboratory, “onen's Intraxural Building, jichigan State University, Past Lansing, {ichi53n. I "null 7| 1 | l l 67| l I{ / I. / E6” I l :1 I r I l3 ' V IDER TELY 1 .l I I I/ 64‘ ATALLI ‘ 2 63' r y I l/ m, 62/ “Ant/“EA :31" .O “.0 71 canono- mcn'r, AG! and smv can) mGIOAIlZ.6 - 15.6 p 3...: 4:- U1 l'l'I >N < ; \ 11+O . L H \N U1 (W) mam g..- \N O __x_ L gnu—gag \ g Q 5 125 - — L 120 ' "\— Rl'l'm 115 ' H O 72 CHROM- WEIGHT, AGE and SHIV GRID WICLL 12'. 6 l5 .6 m/ I’ 105 gm a a E ' /. E. l l / l/ 1‘ on film"; \rl 90, LIdHT I 1 | / I I '85I/ I 2 I a .H'T A L .0 3 .0 HICHIGQN STRTE UNIV. LIBRQRIES III" 31 III II III"! III III lllllllllll HI 2 3010604902