i _— —— —— —— _— ——-— —— —_———- ————- .— —_ —— —— —.—- —— —— A RESEARCH STUDY ON sou. STABILIZATION Thesis for .the Degree of B. S MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE G. C Blomquist 1940' 73W WW3: 1111311111111111111111than I 12 301063 93 46 PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. To AVOID FINES return on or before date due. MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE 6/07 p:lC|RC/DateDue.indd-p.1 A Research Study on Soil Stabilization A Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE of AGRICULTURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE by G. C. Blomquist Candidate for the Degree of Bachelor of Science June 1940 THESIS TABLE OF GJNTENTS. Part 1. Introduction. Part 11. Principlee of Stabilization. Part 111. Outline of subject of Stabilization. Part lv. Outline of Procedure. (1) Section 1 - Labratory Lork. (2) Section 2 - Field Work. Part V.. Abstracts on Research Reading. Part V1. Bibliography. Part V11. Drawing of Section of Track. ieavo7 Part 1, INTRODUCTION This report is the result of a study of the factors that influence the service behavior of stabilized and surface consolidated soilnaggre- gate mixtures when calcium chloride is used either as an admixture or as a surface application or both. The eXperiment will be carried on in conjunction with the Michigan State College and the Research Division of the Michigan State Highway Department, who desire information regarding this type of road materials for maintenance of secondary roads with a decreased expense. Highway development, during the recent years, has been toward the improvement of secondary roads. The rural residents are no more pleading for, but are demanding, year around road service, and as a result of these pleas and demands the highway departments are trying to find a type of road surfacing to fulfill it. Before any aupreciable progress can be made on this type of roads, there is the problem of finding a lcwbcost type of surfacing. Prominent in the field of low-cost construction is the stabilized searing course, made up of.a balanced mixture of aggregate, sand, clay, silt, with an admixture of some moisture retentative chemical for maintain- ing the moisture content in the mixture. This type of construction is very good both from the engineering and economic standpoint. These surfaces will provide an adequate and very satisfactory secondary road, and will also provide a very good base for later construction of higher type roads.’ It is the sin of this report to afford and discover practical and serviceable information to the above mentioned cooperative agencies, and also to the engineer and contractor in road design, construction and Iaintenance. £§;ECIPLES OF FTABILLzATION Stability is the resistance to lateral flow when loaded. This principle, in the case of road stability, is mainly dependent on the shear strength of the road metal, and the shear strength is controlled. by the amount of internal friction and the cohesive preperties of the materials. The adoption of these principles in the construction of low cost roads should not be thought of as something entirely'new, but rather an old principle with.new ideas added to it. Lowhcost roads have been built for many years and have been successful as far as practical, but due to the concentration of the construction of primary roads, there is a genera a1 lack of interest in the secondary road types. The road building in the secondary class were carried on in such a manner and with such plans that if a road was a success it was more accidental than intentional. The application of the principles of stabilisation to Icebcost roads overcomes the faults with the secondary type roads and assures quality‘hy preperly combining the graded aggregates and materials to produce a stable road mixture. In.a stabilised road the function of the coarse aggregate is mainky to resist the wear of the heavy traffic the road will carry, the combin- ation of the fine and coarse aggregate furnished the internal friction and the binder soil supplies the cohesion with a properly controlled moisture content. Part 111 Stability is an old English word which, Webster informs us, means 'having the preperties of durability, permanency, fixity or of standing fir-.in place”. Pres this it can readily be seen that stabilisation as applied to soils, or to a combination of soil aggregates, is the resist- ance to flow laterally vhen loaded. The principle of stability is mainly dependent on the shear strength of the road metal, and the shear strength is dependent on the internal friction and the cohesive properties of the soil. Stabilisation is the adaption of the recognised principals of soil mixture for acquiring the maximum density and durability after prcper com- paetien. Stabilisation has been a practice on roads for a number of’years, but their success fell far short of the value of the roads. Sand-clay roads were about the firtt type of stabilised roads that were built. They applied the principles of stabilization unknowingly; They used the sand for supporting and the clay for the binder or cementing value. This type of road was satisfactory without radical climate changes and under light traffic. The next type of road to be tried was a combination of sand, clay, gravel or crushed stone. The addition of the gravel or crushed stone in- creased the stability and also the tearing quality of the road surface. At this stage of'the development the value of gradation was realised. With increasing investigation, it was found that certain clays served to lubricate, instead of bind, the larger particles. The lubri- cations of the clays vary with the molecular composition of the clay particles. Commercial interests came into the picture and research projects acre studied on the value of chemical admixtures to control the moisture content in the mixtures. The admixtures were found to aid in the high degree of connection and retaining the quality over a long period of time. The action of the water, even after heavy rains was found to be negligible except for a fraction of an inch at the surface of the road metal. With all of the experimentation it was found that regardless of the type of stabilization to be practiced there were basic principles that must be followed. A uniformly graded mixture from the maximum to the exp trene fines is required. The larger percentage of any one size of particles the more void space there will be and as a result less stability. It has been found from experiments that mixtures shoeing alkaline characteristics are more effective in stabilization than those which are acid. There is a definite and extreme necessity of the control of moisture in the sub-surface of a stabilized road. One of the first investigations in a road project should be to determine the free moisture variations over different seasons of the year and the control of the extremes in the vari- ations. There should be means of controling underground water sources and surface water. In a stabilized road, the selection of the material is an essential consideration and should be carefully considered. The aggregate from a local source may have the desirable physical characteristics - that is, hardness, toughness, and ability to resist wear ~ but yet be so sized that additional material to correct the deficiencies will have to be obtained from other sources. Either gravel or stone can be used and a binder soil to produce the proper densityt Iany times pit run gravel can be found to fit the require- ments with only the addition of a small amount of clay and fines. While the stability of c cohesionless material may be less than 500 pounds per square feet and the binder soil will have a supporting value of 5,000 pounds per square foot, the proper combination of the two vill give a mixture that will have a supporting value of more than 1,700 pounds per square foot. The internal friction is furnished by the sand, gravel, slag or crushed stone, which is usually referred to as the coarse aggregate. cohesion is furnished by colloidal clays and noisture films in the top soil, sand—clay, light textured soils and moisture film alone. Whether the mixture of granular materials becomes a stabilized sub- grade, soil road surface, or a higher type pavement, the grading and the method of construction are of greater importance than the kind of materials used or on the basic theory. Regardlees of the type of construction the ultimate stability of the mixture depends upon the permanent adhesive strength which can be develOped by the binder films between the soil particles. This strength depends not only on the characteristics of the moisture or chemical admixturee, but also depends on the composition of the soil particles and films of gas surround— ing it or other substances which may cover the soil particles. The wetting power of a soil is an important factor in stabilization. The greater the adheeion, the higher the moisture will rise aboee the Ilter table. The high tensile strength of water caused the moisture to be drawn up into the soil as I surface coating film for the particles, acting is rubber diaphrams to hold the particles in place. The smaller the pores the higher moisture will rise in the soil due to adhesive attraction. This adhesive action is very important in soil stabilization and the use of chemical admixtures, mechanical consolidation and water proof cover» ings are used to aid it and provide the necessary conditions. Some of the admixtures used are; properly proportioned soil materials, deliquescent chemicals to provide moisture films, chemicals to act to re- place air films surrounding the particles with moisture films. The consolidation required to furnish.a well compacted mixture of graded aggregates is obtained by rolling during construction and by the action of traffic afterward. The graded materials required to make a firm and well stabilised road consist of a coarse aggregate and a soil mortar. The coarse aggregate is that portion of the sample passing a No. 10 and retained on a No. 40 sieve, and contains natural gravel or supplemented with crushed stone or slag. The binder soil is all material passing a No. 40 sieve. The binder soil is silt, clay and colloidal material. The coarse aggregate acts as a bed fer other materials and furnishes desired hardness and structural strength, the finer sand is a filler in voids of coarse aggregate, the silt is a filler to keep particles from rocking and clay and colloids furnish pores small enough for moisture films to cause cohesion necessary. Satisfactory mixtures are designed to have interlocking grains and capillary moisture forces sufficient to furnish the mixture with high sta— bility during wet weather and enough cohesion in the binder soil to maintain the integrity of the surface during dry seasons. The degree of satis- faction of mixtures to meet those requirements are indicated by the plasti- city limits of all the soil passing a No. 40 sieve. -4- Liquid limits of 25-55 indicate the properties of capillarity in the soil that will serve for a satisfactory binder soil. The greater the plasticity index of a soil will show greater presence of clays that will furnish cohesion, therefore, the greater the plasticity index the higher the cohesion. Plasticity indexes of 5 or less will be satisfactory for wet conditions, 5-9 under average moisture and 9.15 under arid conditions. Absence of moisture films in a road surface will cause raveling and dust while too much moisture will cause rutting. The more a road surface dries out by evaporation the wetter future rains will make it. Another reason “oil road surfaces should retain moisture is that most of them are compacted partly by traffic. When the surfaces are allowed to dry out a large amount of the binder soil is lost by dust action and revel- ing action. If the moisture films are between the particles of soil com- paction-will progress and the soil particles will wedge themselves together As the soil particles get closer together the cohesion increases and the graded mixture becomes a soil road surface closely bound. Calcium chloride is the principal chemical used as a mosture retent~ ative in soil stabilised roads. The hygroscopic properties of the chloride cause it to take moisture from the air during periods of high humidity'and also slows up the action of evaporation of mdmture from the soil. Calcium chloride aids in the connection by retaining the moisture. The high den. sity attained is shown by weight of 150 pounds per cubic foot for wearing courses treated with calcium chloride. There is an Optimum mosture content that will achieve the highest density and the greatest degree of compaction. This condition can be determined in the laboratory by the Proctor tests. The stabilized material lay either be mixed on the road by scarifying the existing road surface and adding needed ingredients for a stabilized surface or the aaterials any be mixed in a mixing plant and spread on the road surface ready for compaction. The calcium chloride is added to the mixture at the rate of about l/2 pound per square yard per inch of thick- ness and then about 1/? pound per square yard on surface later. Any maintenance of a soil stabilised road should be done following a rain since it will soften the road metal so it can be worked without tear. ing up the surface, and also since the chloride solution will penetrate farther into the road following a rain and in this way the calcium chloride will not be exposed to the surface to be wasted. Calcium chloride should be added in light applications to the road surface two or three times a year.. About two pounds per square yard is added each year. The chloride should be added either following a rain or in the early morning to allow it to be used effectively and be able to ab- sorb moisture easily. The economic advantage of constructing stabilized roads seem to deem their value along with higher type construction and roads. With this type of construction the money for roads can be better utilized and cover more miles of secondary type roads. Part IV A. B.‘ OUTLINE OF PROCEDURE EQUIPMENT 1. 2. 0. e 4. 5. Circular test track and treadometer in the Highway Department Research Laboratory. Soil testing equipment in the Highway Research Laboratory. (a) Proctor tests equipment (b) Mechanical analysis equipment (c) Liquid limit equipment (d) Ovens and equipment for determination of shrinkage limit. Hydraulic stability testing machine, furnished by Calcium Chloride Association. Camera and equipment for taking progressive pictures of the track tests. Profilometer, or some device designed to determine the longi- tudinal and sectional profile of the track as the test progresses. RECOE-ZSTRUCTION OF THE TEST men use TRFADOMETETR ' 1. 2'. Center to be taken from track to provide a cistern in the track section for a supply of water, and will enter from the bottom of the track sections. Drawing included to show finished section. Some alterations are to be arranged for on the treadometer in the driving gears to silence them and also to eliminate jerking and Jumping of the treadometer. (a) Use balloon type tire (b) New gear box (0) New arrangement of gear ratio for drive A. laterials l. 2. 4. Coarse Agegegatg - All coarse aggregate will conform to Michigan State Highway Department Specifications. (a) Gravel aggregate (b) Crushed stone aggregate (c) Obtained pit run and graded in laboratory. W - All fine aggregate will conform to Michigan State Highway Department Specifications. (a) Natural sand .111 be used (b) Obtained from local source B d So - Binder soil will conform to Eichigan State Highway Department Specifications. (a) Binder soils «111 be from different sources to have differ- ent compositions. . (b) Plasticity indexes of the binder soils will be kept within a practical range. W - is specified by the Calcium Chloride Association. JIPAFATION OF MATERIALS 1. 2. Conga égggegatg «- Will be kept in stock and will be graded into different screen 91... (1', s/t-, i/s- and No. 4) m - Will be in stock and will be graded into screen sizes of (No. 4, No. 10, No. 40 and No. 100) and stored in convenient form .nd place. 5. Bindg; §og - Will be in stock and will have plasticity indexes such as to give 0, 5, 8 and 9 plasticity indexes to the resultant stabilized mixture, which also shall have a dust ratio for the four sections of 52,49, 65 and 51 respectfully. Binder soil will be stored in a dry place in bags. -2- 4. Calcm Chloride - Flake chloride will be in bags and kept in a dry place for future use on track tests. 5. Final base course gigture -Will conform to the following: Beet. Gradation - Percent Passing. Dust lo. 1' 5/4' No. 4 so. 10 No. 40 No. 200 Ratio P.I. 1 inc 93 so 69 46 24 52 o 2 100 95 62 48 51 15 49 5 5 100 79 42 32 20 12 65 e 4 100 98 84 65 4s 25 51 9 0. PHYSICAL TESTS TO BE CONDUCTED 1. 2. 5. Eggs Aggegg te - The following physical tests will be performed (a) Sieve analysis (b) Absorption (c) Specific gravity ((1) Fineness modulus I“ e ‘ at - The following tests will be conducted on the fine aggregate (a) Sieve analysis (b) Absorption (c) Specific gravity ((1) Fineness modulus (6) Percent silt and clay W - The following soil tests will be conducted on the binder soil! (a) Liquid limit (b) Plastic limit D. (c) Shrinkage limit (d) Field moisture equivalent (e) Shear strength (f) Compaction (Proctor test) 4. Cglgium Chloride — Should meet requirements of the L.S.T.M. SUBGRADE STUDY Purpose: To determine best graded mixture and rate of compaction for a subgrade under tests. 1. Mix .3 c (a) Dix materials thoroughly in concrete mixer. (b) Add any admixtures to mixture and mix them thoroughly in mixer. 2. ac er' d com t (a) split sample in two portions and store m1: for later tests (b) Divide track into four sections in some convenient arrange- ment with means of keeping sections separated. (c) Place material in track, on top of 12' of coarse gravel in bottom, in two layers and compact it with regulated traffic. Add layers with compacting until within 5' - 4' from top of track walls. (d) Hoisten mixture, before placing it in the track, to aid in compaction. (e) Continue compaction until sections show failure or complete compaction with no further subsidence. (f) Determine best sections with continued regulated traffic and then fill track with mixture of best sections and repeat build- ing up process to subgrade for further tests. -4... E. (g) Control temperature and humidity in room with test track. (h) Use sections in track with calcium chloride admixture as comparison with subgrade materials, Without chloride. (1) Very the water level in the track and note the action on sections at different elevations. (J) Trim sections smooth for the application of the road metal for further tests. 3. Sub ade stu est (a) Shear test with.hydraulic shear testing machine (b) Wear‘test (c) Tests on water content (d) Rate of compaction by record with profilometer 4. ggb-bage variation; (a) Add chloride to portion of exact sample and run same oper— ation again for comparison without calcium chloride (b) Use portion of same sub¥base material and run tests on it with surface stabilization. Use same procedure as in pre- vious experiment with same tests. ROAD EETAL Purpose: To test different graded mixtures and determine the effects of admixtures of chloride in varying amounts on action. Lair-ace (a) Hix materials thoroughly by blading materials with a spade. (b) Add water sufficient to dissolve calcium chloride and in amount to bring mixture to it's optimum moisture content predetermined by the Proctor test. (c) Vary amounts of calcium.chloride in mixtures to get relative comparison and results. ’5’ 2. [lacing material and connection (a) (b) The mixture is added to the compacted subgrade in suEfL— cient amount to have l-l/Q' of road metal when compacted. Surface is compacted with pneumatic tire and uniformly dis— tributed traffic until no subsidence is noted and then sections are in condition suitable to testing. 5. Epsts on track with continued traffic (I) (b) (c) (d) (a) (f) (g) (h) (1) Rate of compaction should he noted at intervals and recorded Profile of track, longitudinal and sectional, should be recorded. Fitting action and loss of material should be noted. Drying out and raveling of surface should be noted. Action of artificial rain action should be tried and re- action to surface noted. Vary height of the water table and note action of the road metal at the different heights. Test sections with hydraulic stability machine designed by Mr. Fred Burggref. Add bar to track to give bumping action and cause chatter bumps and give impact. Vary thickness of a stabilized base and also the thickness of the seal coat to give comparative results of the value of heavy coating and thin base or thin coating and heavy stabilised base Section 11 FIELD STUDY 2953083. To study stabilized gravel road in place for the purpose of correlating test track results with field conditions. A. B. C. Survey of certain existing gravel roads 1. Observations to be made a. b. c. d. General surface conditions Failures Subgrade condition Shoulder condition Drainage Selection of gravel roads to be studied 1. 2. 5. 4. 5. 6. 7. With relation to geographic position With relation to traffic count With relation to materials With relation to degree of maintenance care they have received With relation to type of construction With relation to appreciation of chemical conditions With relation to public reaction. Factors to be studied 1. 2. 5. Road failures and Causes Maintenance Physical characteristics b. Condition when wet Condition when dry Calcium chloride content D. d. Moisture and density a. Gradation f. Plasticity Index Track tests on materials 1. 2. 3. Sample of road to £111 sections of track will be sent to laboratory and tested there to determine deficiencies. Carry same procedure as described in laboratory work on track tests. flake necessary corrections in mixture to provide satisfactory stabilised road and proceed with tests on test track under conditions that gave poor results in the field. Part V, Form M~Sl6 F MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Murray D. Van Wagoner Project State Highway Commissioner No. ”a RESEARCH DIVISION Date elegy ABSTRACTS Subject: Subgrade summation Purpose: Stag on Research {rouge Reference: Author: 3th? R. Blith Title: Th ABG‘I Of &g3tabw Source: Burton Publilhing 00. (3022135) Date: Jul. 7 - Ian 9 9 Volume and page: 12 35th ROME! Ed Egg gum; Contents: (1) General diaeueaien of terms applyflng to atebiliaatiea or aeiia. (8) Drainage or eoile and valnee of drainage to eoile atabiliaetiea. f (8) Soil identification ad the grouping of lane. (4) Importance of gradiatien or eoila and Stabiliaed mixtures. (‘5) Importance databilisation and tests to determine varying prepertiea of the aoila that affteet etabiliaatioa. ’ . .1. " -- ---’—-.-.-. qr— -_.._ 3" .-. u r... .o soc-o; ‘- e a... ay - --.. Form “9816 F MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTth T Murray D. Van Wagoner Project State Highway Commissioner No. RESEARCH DIVISION Date #3/9'7/40' ABSTRACTS Subject: Stabilising Effects of Calcium Chloride h . Purpose: Study on eeearch Problem. Reference: Author: Calcium Chloride Association Bulletin. Title: o c um Ohlo id. Source: 0 a 1 Eu Date: muses I Volume and page: at N Contents: (1) Increasing Density by using calcium chloride in soil stabilisation. (a) Incrs see compaction by retaining moisture in the soil and therefore getting progressive consolidatidn. (8) Adding ealoium chloride will give base stability and add additional strength to the graded material. (4) Calcium chloride added may determine success or failure or the road. «.0... Form M—Sl6 F MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Murray D. Van Wagoner Project State Highway Commissioner No. I RESEARCH‘DIVISION Date 35/29/49 ‘ ABSTRACTS Subject: Calcium Calfri-de Qtabllultlon; Purpose: “ Study on Rosevrch Problem. Reference: Author: ‘ Arranged by Fred Mm. Title: (I Soil Henchsnice 8: Soil Stabilisation, Source: Proceedings ‘3’. ghth Annual Meeting of Highway Research Boas-3g; Date: 1933 - ' Volume and page: PIN 2 132. 209 - 256 Contents: (1) Study of principals of stabilisation. (2) Designing mixtures of soil and calcium chloride for stabilisation. (3) Preperties of calcium chloride and functions in stabilisation. . (a) Mbisture attraction. (b) Vapor_Pressure. (c) Surface tension. (d) Binding prepertiss. (e) Effects on density of minutiae (4) Surface consolidation. (5) Design stabilised roads. (a) sizing plants. (b) Methods of using and amount of calcium chloride used. (a) Compaction methods. (d) crown design. "4’ . . o H , \ a , .1 -~,__,_,. .... fl. ._ a‘ ,ws 5 r . . but: ——.._ -- _..— - -__..v -_—— - '-———' g’-_.-_-_ -, -—., -v - .- .-- .-_- . a e “‘ e , - a - _ _. .4, ' . —- -.y-,-..._ e ——.._ --, .,_'-o. _- - - , , - , - , -l ..s u _, ‘- _.—- . ------—.—-.—.~'. _.. .i»e . -<--- ‘<-- - . - _ e a , . - a .. i’ -4 ,_,_. .- - Av -- -7 -. - - - .--. ,,‘.o.‘c——-- ._ , _ —--_ - ___ _- ,--.-—e‘4‘~»4—v,'-- -- -.A- ‘-- .4 I'L - e. .e ‘- - _. __-.- ,_ ._ F‘,-'—--a-.—— -— -.-—- #0. n - -- .~.. -- .-. - -., ...., _\ - — .._— .. .—. . - _ c e . . _, - - _._. _. ———w‘- _.- sen-4 ra— ~.. ---_._... -. --_. _ . -‘ ._... i - .. . .. - _ , A, .4 ~- A. )u Form M9816 F MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Murray D. Van Wagoner Project State Highway Commissioner No. RESEARCH DIVISION Date 3/28140 ABSTRACTS Subject: Stabilisation with calcium chloride. purpose: Study on Research Problem. Reference: Author: Title: 1939 Brought States more Miles 33 Better roads for Less Honey Source: Calcium chloride Association News. Date: “femur-y 85 February 1940 Volume and page: Contents: Photographic study and «session of typical surface consolidation and stabiliiing effects on experimental roads. a IA ‘ ..\' ' '.~ --"_ .‘a ‘. ' ‘ a .r‘ v.‘ V H . I ...u "- ‘7‘ . . ' .J .- .ua . u _ , > ts" oa-““. ..-‘ V * A I _ a..~."‘...‘. a ‘ . I . a u... _. . .. v .I h“) - ..-I-~ ' it. I v .a .. ‘ . ." a' ' h .“ 5 Dr" ’ ' h“ s .V I - . ‘ . C I a e- .. ~ x U. .. . ‘ ' l . . ' ‘ . '- . . u I . s‘-'_- . 5 I l.‘ '. "> . '. * II. .“ ‘ _,.a r a" . . ’.~ ' “ -~'. e .~- I _.o H ' D '. h '- I I.-- .’ I! V a y .n .A . ‘ I e _. Iv_.~' ' .~ -‘ .. "‘w C a ‘ . .u. l.-"’ h I - > A \ ---~- ‘ . I . . ‘ V . . t | . e - a Form M—Sl6 F MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Murray D. Van Wagoner Project State Highway Commissioner No. RESEARCH DIVISION Date $140 ABSTRACTS Subject: W purpose: Stay of Research Problem. Reference: Author: P303008 Comlttee on Stabililed Hold Isrfaees. Title: 318"” “see arch Board Source: Highly Research Information Service. Date: 1935 Volume and page: Contents: (10 study of general theory of soil stabilisation. (2) Design of soil mixtures for stabilised road sure faces. (5) Theatnent for soils with calcium chloride. (a) Calcium chloridd as a dust layer. (b) Construction principals with calcium chloride as an admixture. (c) Control of loose mulch on the stabilised mulch. '-C - .. . .- —.O‘ 4. e. . -p-u. .. .. _. . ,-. ., ‘, 1- . . .., . a ..a a 0 ‘ . H'v- .' ., -~ - .. ~. .e.~... .7... -. .au. . . - ... - .. .. . . ' . .. . . I 's..l. I . t .. . ‘ - .., .. ' 's» .. —.. .. . 'v. e, ,5.” . .. ..A p .‘ '-"" s cw .- . . h _‘ . . - .. ‘ _‘ .‘ ‘ "' - ... . . ‘ _ ' ..- . ‘ eWOJ 'i‘elaae cl- ‘ . a . . 4-. ' e .a... Is... “-o-. ... .~‘. ‘na -. . . s -. ' a . .s e . e c .- sea Form M~316 F MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Murray D. Van Wagoner Project State Highway Commissioner No; L RESEARCH DIVISION Date 412/40 ABSTRACTS fiflfiect: Stabilization of soils. purpose: Study of Research Profiles). Reference: Author: R. W. Miller. Title: Effect! onQuality of Clay on Soil Mortar. Source; Highway Research Posrd. Date: November 1936 Volume and page: Contents: Correlation of swell tests and compaction tests,ni th plasticity index, on stabilised road soils. 1'13 animus: plasticity index depends on clay binder soil which is being used. ”N.“ -c— s‘ an I.\I.-'. a... s -- a-mao- as. .-.o 4e-~ ‘-.'.a- ’ ~IV h-s. ~\’-... A. on ....... e-re‘ -«e‘muu soc-pr'w‘.rll‘sw< . r u u. e -.e. ~~ .nuvvvvse-ap 'O-gnfiv-hn-a 0-s'.. ' . . 5.: -,. ..ov-.~--- I-... sou». -Oe~~o"‘“ .I-I'V.‘II . ..-: ‘. :-.-r‘l>r.a:- . ,. u ..‘.‘ ,.. ., , . unui-q . we u.......-..‘ no .- ...- ~-. . ..-....'. - .‘- u u -. ..~ . e ,. .,. a Q. —.~. ..... ._,...- .-ap "4. ... .._. . . . . ,‘V., . .- . .09..-§- »- .5..-~. - ~ — f ‘c-Ii.‘ .5...- .n.‘.e u... .. .. .. . - . .., . . - e .- .- >-.. -‘a' g... J4...--...-. h... ...,.,... ., .. _. . . ,. - . . ._ . in ... .a- -- -‘ '0.- ..... . 7....- n..- .... .. ,.. ... . ~..-:-» .-.I . 0":- I— e -. --..u 0-." use...- run. .c- .A. 5‘ IV. .I l—WIOUA‘ hi . «v-u .v --.. .. 'b’l’... V. s~‘... fi-, --'.0- e0 .0- a e -. a - - e a . .., -A. -r .v --..e~.. \w ---~— «n», . . p..- seal- r... . -. . eV' .a l ’1'. air. :1. . I ,. n..u.A...a~<--. .-.‘-..-.... a. . . I .-v- e -.- . .oe. . ,.,. ..o- s s.--.~ ‘ n). -. .e- a... .. u.,. a ’- v Form M—Sl6 F MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMEN T Hurray D. Van wagoner Project State Highway Commissioner No. RESEARCH DIVISION Date “8/40 ABSTRACTS Subject: Road Stability. Pmmxme: Study on Resesrch Problem. Reference: Author: Fred B'urggr af Title: Stabilisation With 0.101113 ChlGl‘ldO. gfluce: Calcium Chloride Association Bulletin. Date : 1939 Volume and page: content“ The major advancement in the stabilized road composition with calcium ohoride is the joint importance of gradiatinn and the plastic properties of the silt and soils passing the no. 40 sieve. who upper limit of the plasticity indexzused should be about 6, and the amount of fines should be lowered. The relative stability varies with the moisutre content. The are two methods of constluotionj (1) surface eon- solidation, (2) Stabilisation. The addition of calcium chloride to the soil will in, crease the density appreciably and will also speed up the con- paction. ‘ Calcium chloridd treatment saved tout 601 on the loss of road metal due to raveling and dust losses on an experment run in conjunction sith.the University of Michigan on their tests. .- I .. \ .. e.- a r ' a' k . . ‘ ' ' . . I I ._ . ‘ . . . ,. I ‘_ v V . . ’ ,_ . .: I I . ‘ g . .! ~ . . . « ,i . . . - s .- . . r . n In. A ,‘ _ s ._ o _ .n v . , s C ‘i ‘\ s -. .Y - . .s ,,..._..... ,....-q,.. ..,,....-. .,.........,...i.... .\ . ~.v-. . u v . , . . . . a ‘ ' ‘ . - I '. ‘ ’ ' l . I . ' . ~. .... . ,5 .-.--. .g-s.... .n- no. . . x - . .~ . . ‘ ‘ ' ~ e . _ _. . . a s u, .u I‘chr~ s'.--<.-~.~..-r-sot-e”... .n...--~r.ae leg-p“. 'p~.ss..as-..--e-'..g-. a.--.~.u-..an-.s~ll. ..“..-’4 -..,.V~.- .v. . . ..v.. .I; ,5 H .. .‘ “,1. -- ‘ - I _ e I. - n. ‘ I us I-vv » ugtv' nls lh~...--u-- go... ... —.n. . .,-....._- L‘s-u -~v.- ,, “souls-sm-e-4-“n «m uu~ . u' e . .. .e-... ...- g _ w .s a s -- ._ .4. . . . , .s. ..t a . v. V ‘s-' I 1‘ --n u e. .s. ---. .0 -s- .. '— ~_‘. rCVUC’J s¢' Iv'OQ-l-I-fi' v -u-~.~o '.~‘.-—-'r --\., .--e 'e' .I‘O.‘ .-ve.,...s.--e v- J. A I...--~--. C -v - .e- __ .~ 'H- .. ' '- 'v . '1veu . ....-.- v y‘.«-. . .v..h-.l. -..'o--.a..-.-_o..raa... 7.”,- a er...'.e..'-.. ~ee . . . s . -. '-.. yI . - ... t- .u:-...- .45. ... . . . A .,‘. r q.‘< _, ‘ . . . A.‘ r . . as..- . -..o~~~.-.-.-. a ”.0 'I~\IQO~.'MMIA." 41‘. Hu..§-" c.- s~~..d-v “nil - . a o. ..... ~.. 0». ,~ .. ., pg-ac.e‘- ~ . .~. - was 0 ~ -~\ -' .. .. - ' -\" '~ ~ - e I ‘ . . , - .l . l ‘ .’ .--.>u. ..—.~.s— -.—. u. ‘. . 4.... :s vs~.~a,..--.- .-e.--...e,a--.- .- --.eli...~‘olou- . . , _,. .. r- ,~. n—-.( n. s. a . . .. . .. _ . . 4 , . in. -e ,..-. n C e Form MES16 F HICHIGAN :nursruommwfimnumnmmT Murray D. Van thoner Project State Highway Commissioner No. RESEARCH DIVISION . Date 4/3/40 ABSHUSTS Subject! W amqnee; Study on “clearch.problcm. . ‘ Reference: Auuume T: W. Delahanty_ T3103 W Source: Jhaniuls - Date: W Volume and page: Egg: 10 Contents: calcium Chloride was originally used as a curing agent in concrete and for a dust pallative on highways. Calcium Chloride is now coming into use as a binder in gravel roads and as a stab- iliser. . The production of calcium cholorde increased from 45,000 tons in 1914 to 200,000 tons in 1950. The original cost of calcium chlorde was $40-$50 per ton and it is now only $20-$23 per ton. Canada imported calcium choloride from the United States for the use of highway maintenance. s - .47 *‘ us - ‘ ‘.. . ‘ . .|.~ - . u y. . . f v"' . . » .- , ‘ _ ‘ . -‘.h‘§‘§o.ns~a‘ . A4\‘ 5 A .. - ‘7 -' v p'.‘. fif.‘ . . . . . . J , l . A. - i . 9 ¢ . '._ . of . " r- - e.\ ‘ . ‘ s ’ ‘ . .A. 'J v V .n... .- -- - _-. .._ gaun-v- -_ w-—- i“.- s . v n. . ,- .. -. - A ' l ‘ a I ' . I 1 ‘ A - . - .1. 4-1.: I a. w i .4. . o __ .. i.- .. .4. ._. ‘4‘ _.... .-.- . I H. ._l. . — —.__... -3 -_~-‘~. H-’ *1. —_.new.—‘. . -»-:.- m- .o—A'«m-¢-t . c \ . w v"-¢‘v*‘w~ 6-“: +“0‘ ' A -. ‘ Qa‘wfir- ”Mn-.ei’ J. i.’ I— ~ dash-Ann“..- -’- m s I so - 4v v——-v ‘0- —\-—.r"‘- "‘ s.- A» .- .. _.-.-v.--c- . -. .w-...-s A 00-.-- o w~.' . J'I—J- -. ”ea-‘hnq—Q-s-hw _ r.-. --A,--— -‘.l-+--..,-o -—- firm I I ' e .--.— —. -..— —.. . - ——-o_- v‘ -.—.—.. .i.--1“..--—e—-—.-o-e . b r— —-e- m- — can-“4 «a --u . . 1 --....--._.----.._.7M “ u.- --~ --_. .-- '-. --.._.. om... .vv'PV‘F“. -. -. .- “v‘-” .u.—~....-4. “abuse-«p...- ... s~~—--M...a- -~.-a.‘o . -~—.~-.—.p- ‘ C _ I O p—n- -5.———..~o.—. a-” «_ A "k a... .-——o w. -~-..- ~.—- “.4 Lite» .4. — v-H- ~.. 3 on— M.—........._. -.- .o—-..- _ r. «4-- . - ‘a—F-‘o.~.r se- Fflcb‘ ~.-~m-l-—‘-.~H-‘ Ah -«g.._ci, ., - .‘ a,“~-.‘>h _ ~ . ‘ . . . .. .p, .. . ' lg . 5 - 5., our .- . . . _.- #- _..... .r. .--4_.....-....__u ——.*——p ”-1~~—“—- av .— fl-'—.-Jv- “u‘ y. 4...“; . d..- d'fi‘v-—- . nfl—W ‘ . ‘ 7 A U . I _ . a ‘ I - a h 0. ~ Form M~816 F MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Ilm'ray D. Van Wagoner Project State Highway Commissioner No. A RESEARCH DIVISION ' - Date M n, ABSTRACTS sunset: ium do 0 Co tru ion i Maintenance finTpseg LStudy on neast-‘91: Problem, References Author: H. F. Gianni: ifltle: Dee of Calcium Chloride in Construction and Maintgnancs Some new a b n I Date: 4 December 19312 Volume and page: W31. '75. pp; 497 - 8 g Contents: Calcium chloride carries a direct value as a stabiliser on gravel roads and soil combinations. Calcium Chloride is valuable as a duetpallative since it retains moisture and has a natural affinity for water. Calcium Chloride solution has a low vapor pressure as comapred with water and this accounts tor the slow evaporation. Calcium Chloride is lost from the roads through three methods whiCh are (l) Rainfall, (2) Chemical reaction with the soil (base exchange), (3) Maintenance manipulation. Calcium chloride 3 a practically industrectable materail if taken care of properly. Calcium chloride flocculates soils thus bringing small particals together, giving permeable soil, and in this way it reduces the loss of the road metal by dust or rutting and raveling. o- - a . . -— V A. c h - - ‘ I I - .--- , . _ if... - v ’ _ a . . - - . v - - _ _ -e A. ' r“-- -. ..- ... a . l v - I ~ . v. _ . I v V I a V ’- v s (l- Form MFSl6 F IUfiHGfli anxnssrmmuxlmnusnmsr Murray D. Van lagoner , Project State Highway Conissioner No. l f RESEARCH DIVISION Date M ABSHMKHS . Subject: W- I -A - . a Purpose: 333d: 9g Egggggh Egghlgmr . _. Reference: Author: M If I _ A mm W Source: Roads e STvreetng A _ ' Date: MEI 193§ _ U _- . . A Volume and page: V01: '75. 22.18139. W Couuumg. Road stability required a graded granular aggregate with binder soil. The binder censists of inner filler and cohesive camp ent. Silt is a good filler for soil road slabs since it does not expand much on moisture change and is fairly stable in the particals themslcves. Colliods furnish cement for the granular soil particles. The Clacium chloride added to maintain mo’sture in the soil, thus aiding in the stabilising action of the soil, and it also reduces losses of dust and road metal considerably. The losses of the calcium chloirde is due to chemical action in the soil and is dependent on soil acidity,losses due to rain and the maintenance manipulation. Maintenaneé should be carridd on following a rain when calcium chloride layer is down below sur- face considerable. The amount of binder soil used in road metal is dependent on expansive prOpcrtics of binder soil as as to fill the voids to a maximum. .. -._.Y _ .-A__ _ . ‘ ‘ ’u— “-‘v -- .. -- -s-o _ u " - -‘. v '- .- FM‘ - o , - t . -u‘ e- 0. .or- 1 N- . 1 . i . - cod-I-” _ __-- ‘V _ -...v '7‘ 7. ‘ ‘ "“.-e-‘ .Arc .. v _- no“ -.. _ ‘ M 1'“. ‘e. ‘ . "‘ s -fl‘ ‘C-vr .. . . l . -.--. —_ * .u-a—J __.. o—u... ._ -—o“ 'v..- -o.- ._‘ -‘4—Q-‘ ". ”- a-. V”,- ... . ‘ . _‘ .‘ n L- _"—'-5. _ F"“_up‘ ...~.__.--l-- .. ' e... I“. I..- .- "0-“. ‘,‘~. . ~.~ -— __ —,-. ~ '— ,- V-oga -~_ V ‘s.‘_ - _ _ -- "‘ "ufis '_‘ .. .. . e - '9 .. o- ._ _. ‘V --;y. ." . ‘ n‘. e "’0 u..- ‘u---. __.-. o .r , ‘ _. - l‘ ‘ ' d- ‘v _ ‘ 9' ~- _ e u- ~ .. r- t.. s c -_ _ 0- . "“ g.“ 1-. ‘O .. ' o ‘. l A . , ‘ . A ‘ ‘ e -.- ‘F ._- I. '— . a... ".--'-. Form M~816 F lflhflGfll EHNHEHEMflMIIHTNKflENT inurray D. Van Whgoner 4 Project State Highway Commissioner No. . RESEARCH DIVISION Date All!“ .MKHRMHB 7 anuect: Calcium Chloride Stabilizations. finmnse: Study on Research Problem.| g Reference: Author: 0, AL HOgentOgleerJr. - nu... Stabiliggtion of lo! cost Roadsfibz galgium ghloridg, Some” Roads 8c Streetg, . Date: __Octoberk 1933 Volume and page: V91. '76 up; 359 0-60 Contents: Low cost roads consist of granular particles and silt fill- er with clay binder soil to furnish the cohesive preperties ‘ithinu the~structure. The absence of water within the road and on the surface causes ravelling and rutting of the surface. The proper gradiation_ of granular soil particles e binder soil with.proper preportions of moisture stabilising chemicals will give a stabilized road W. Stability is defined as the: resistance of a road metal b Intting and ravelling. - _ The weight of the soil particles has a definate bearing on the stabilizing power of given soil mixtures. ‘ The moisture film between particles is the factor with' which high stability in soil structures are determined. Moisture films have produced higher pressures in soils than can be attained with mechanical means on the same soil sample. The Calcium Chloride is added to soil mixture to retain soil moisture & absorb moisture from the sir.for storage in the main- tance of the road metal. -nr-.- a.-- a- n . .uAA ‘.. .., o -- a" w - _ _.o—. v ¢.. .14.- -' . -- A ‘7 um - .-.-~ .-.- .e- V' .. , .- , . H on. - —- - - . . .s. . 4...... . a do... ,_.‘. nu- I—..-~ as r -I.'*-- .I-r-n , r s‘. 1.1. . ..,,- . yum-mu. ‘-—-—--—‘—- -m. .4..- ~e 4 ',_-.,. . ”.u-c ‘ . a... .7 -~¢—.O .-"-.-—-_ — ._.—-.-..q , -‘a— «a I. . r“ —~.C--W v- . . ,-- .- ‘wh -V - ----_ . .. . .. -e-“*-. -. V! a —‘v V.- I.... _ A .- r4...“ .- . _M_ . , 7 “a -. i I -‘.~ --i.- . a e a . x J _‘ --.« .h as"... C a- A-» ..- -7“... —-n - rip -4... e .__.“ p .m‘ .- A o *———1. e - A 4 n *--‘~~ ‘§.,-— .-~ “ I , .. . .- . -. Form MF816 F , IHEEKMH SINHBHDHNMIIMEMRDEKT Hurray D. Van Wagoner Project State Highway Commissioner No. pi RESEARCH DIVISION Date we ( ABSflUCDS Subject: MW - e Purpose: W- , - Reflnumce: Autumn Title: WW- Velma and page: gamma 143' pp. 213 mmflmmts: Chemical "Rainmaker” in the form of calcium chlordie is used to draw moisture from the air, even on the hottest and driest days, to be used in the soils. The chemical acts during the periods when the humidity is high to collect mositure and hold it for later use in use as a dust pallative and also for use as a binding moisture film to increase the stability of the soil structure.. The usual procedure is two applications during hot summer months to the road surface and this will give the same effect as a shower each day as far as the dust preventive power is concerned, and will also give the required amount for the stabalising qualit- ies desired. ..- 4- q - --- .. D-O , - up- .- _— . "-4 0.. Tr- A .— .-—-r _‘ ....._—ew-—._.-.e -_ - . r_. . _- ‘ I. \ -w. ,.- v ‘ --- . L .—r—o .- ..1 , _-._.; -..- _. > ~_ _. .. i-.." ---- - . 0‘. .-Ioa-..— a. . .--o—o-..— I .u . u... um-- -, .- ..-4 ~— _- .— __A r;— n... ._-‘-.o ~—r~...-‘ r ‘ c _ - e- ‘ v -u -a .O-"ifi-A- ‘h 1.. - 4..---e-e e ... _.- e .4. an. A-‘ or H - - .— —-e-.o.. . .c u—»-—. -n 0“ 1 “0—...— -. -._. .v.‘ .u- “-0... “U a ~-_1. ”a. I. -- . ..-,.n ”L. -- 5..... -~ ha. .~-. 4 nude-gt. net's; d-q-uu_o “—sq ..-+--——-—-- ., o . -w-¢“M .— - --—-.— a. u L” at -HA I‘m O I -‘-&hI-F.>O MflflflGNi '* SINHBHEHNMXIHEWRHENT MMrnnrD.‘Wm1Whgnmm State Highway Commissioner RESEARCH DIVISION ABSHUSTS mnuect: Stabilization of Soils.gg “esearch Problem, Pm'pose: Ptudy on Reference: Author: Ray AL Giddings, Title: Soilficoncre teig Source: . Chemicals 1 Date: September 18 #1933 Volume and page: PP e 9 L .— Contents: Form M—816 F Project No. Date 04/40 Stability and durability are the primary requisites of a good surfaced highway. Soil concrete is an intimate mixture of natural graded soils proportioned so as to give the maximum density and stability. The stability of a simple structure of soil depends directly on the soil mortar, or the portion as used that passes a number ten sieve. The primary factors in stability are, (1) Internal friction, (2) chhesione Calcium chlordie used on soils to build up and maintain the. Very essential preperty of water films between soil particles to maintain stability at all times. Roads treated with calcium chloride should not be scraed or bladed except after rain when the chloride leyer,has gone down considerably below the road metal. "it. . . . .- .-.- . ‘- w: .- I . - ' - -.. _._-.- .. a. ’. - . - . _ “1 ,.- .- ar—nr ‘ win-n--.r~-— .w - ~.-~ .w-‘ ‘C7‘—‘ - a.: ,.-A.. -. 77-.g_.v - ‘ - - i » v - ..‘ . , , r-._'.i- A ..-_~ ..,, ._,,_ ,7..- ,,‘ ‘1 u- . . . a. _ I ’ ....—_-..-. r. -o. .9..—. ’4‘. .-§. c- “A a- —r-- .u I H A o . a - -- d -._-os '09-. as u-‘fi-Q“‘--‘—-Ofl_'ugh ‘- —, , p . ---..- . - . - A . —- \ ~e~ b -. .——---~.- - -“LH .- te-vd~~ rp- -. H4- .» “a m. v-e— ,_ a. o x.'.- nu- A.v-.'.,.._, ~ . - -.-r.. .. vmy. 5.. . . L..__l_‘_",-- a q... .n. c -h a-“-" C-'~ n.’ -§ -.~..J§- -60. v o- m v -.- vwol..-.-~- .-.- a.“ t‘ ~.I~-,-u.- u-«aw . a~'0.—o 0-...- . . .— ..'- .—~~-. . .s- .\ v-.. - . - .‘..- y . ~n~.--r.u---I»—v--- . any .4 ,v V» u..‘._. A... -V..+,--...-.- .1 c.7‘. — _- r a may. -_.. ‘O-’ - '.- .‘1 a, - . 4 . . ,. .- u.“ .. .- +3.5; A. . o . .— Va. ; . . o n - .fi,_ - “- 4 v . u-‘O s~ :1 . .~ v I ‘..-: C . -H . i . O _ ' I .e I l'IL . A s e G. a . n 2,. H a, - IICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT aneyIL melagmer State Highway Commissioner RESEARCH DIVISION ABSTRACTS Subject: 8011 Stlbllll Ition Rumbas: Study on n’esearch Problem. Reference: Autumn ._A _‘ w W Title: Chemicals iniflighwal Construction, Source: Chemicals. D8130: J Inuary 18 '1932 fit wvfi Vohnunandxnge: P‘8° 5 Conumms: Form M~816 F Project No. DE“, 4/1/10- Calcium chloride has been used as a dust pallative for many years, and throught its use as a dust pallative it has been found usfull as a binder in sand and gravel roads. Calcium chloride is exported into foreign countries for use in road building and soil stabilization. In 1950 4g,voo,ooo pounds were exported to Canada for road building purpOses. a , e -.—- -v . .- _ _ --—.— _s - fl ‘1” .- , . . -v- - ‘m-ves- — 0A -——Ao .H- —--..—» - .- ~~ —, -. . 410-- w --.-.— n. — -m- “-1.- -.. --.--- no-- . _ ’— .— - u- a V -\ an.- . .. n..<-—d—Qo_ s- I o a, , . wa -.-. .-.~ A- —-__._.—-— -4.- ..r-ya..__a “V,.~_...A‘L~-- you- ... ..—._ A." ,‘_ . .-.,~.—.._. f—w' .._.V.....-g- ....-—- -_...--' -- . —.- vhu— . _. . ,. _ -.- _--—¢ - ~a-e u-‘g‘ .-- —. “.1.-. - .v... \u~~k‘-D~-fl--—r&mm*r—fl .-— '0‘, I w -7 p"... “1-Ovt- . .4 7.».I ~— ~— -A- ~ ‘.~ - .« ..._. . >—- -o-.. - - .Io—-v fem..--r.~ - r <- a - e -.~ n.. . e..— -. un-‘~ w-wr ~—--~'o - >9-‘w h -a-qr‘ ---..- .—-.a.~--o : -0. ,o—... ,. He - .. a... —.- in .-. 4— ~wy‘a-_~1-I- «h- ...._+-..-.._,_... -.--.—.,. _-..- flew —~- ~w unim~ 0-1 -ub—“JH . -- ~~-—4-v—v9~---»uer q-fifi cun- :— - CI." 1.4 r . an "-- vgo-‘n . -¢t—-—-—-’ .'.- ‘ .fi.--’ .m-o u-n.-lh——-.—ucn-- .- I~O. ~--- .— >1 7,. Gnu—s- "0‘.- .r ...-~~ .- u: A..- - .w_s_. --w§...-ea ‘__ 9-0- "I . -. l . . \ z A. ~ ‘ ‘ 6 x O v I Form M~816 F MHhHQMV STNHDHDHMMIIMflmRmENT Murray D. Van wagoner , Project State Highway Commissioner No. RESEARCH DIVISION Date 4/5/40 ABSHUCTS sunset: fiRoad 3tabilization Purpose: Study on Research Problem. A Reference: Authorxwfi R. P. TifaverL _ I Title: Low cost Sgt-Filized Road ConstNQWJ. Date: W March 1954 Volume and page: Page 120 :24 F Contents: Stabilized gravel roads are used in sections where con- crete isn't practical but road improvements are necessary. Stabilized gravel roads are a combination of coarse gravel, fine aggregate, silt, clay and calcium chloride. Ample drainage is a very important factor in stabilised roads. Material in the base coarse, passing a forty mesh sieve, should have a plasticity index between 8 and'lz, since the plastic index is a measure of the cohesive preperties of the mixutrs. The function of the gravel is to give rigidity and high internal fric- tion, the fine sand fills the voids in the coarse aggregate, the silt has capillary preperties and serves as a reservoir for the calcium chloride solution, and the clay in the mixutre supplies the cohesion. The clay also acts as a reservoir for the calcium chloride. When the road has to web coarse material on it some of tie sholder material, 1: suitable may be bladed in, and It not suitable. material for the addition has to be hauled in.' -- r- . — u - 1 - - s» -.-ov.- “-0—.- ‘~ —‘ -~‘.--.-.- o u- 4 —Il , - a .. 1 fi-O—‘OM - _._ - e -—-.-_ --- .xafir, _V .L *--——‘L -.—.w---—..‘_- . g, - o .. - —- * "-u—_a.._.-_.-—— - -_ - MO. I i -4-,. a... , .. ale--- - -i--.-.- - .— - a a.-_..- _ c (Cont e ’ with ordinary type gravel roads. It is very important that stab ilised gravel roads be maintained at the preper time. Patching cone with.mixture of clay, sand, chlorde, close to mixture of original preparation used. . Blading should be done only follwing a rain when the calcium chloride has gone into the road metal considerably. An advantage of stabilisation is the increased benifits obtained from the use of calcium chloride, by two or three applic- ations and will act as d dust palliative for the entire year. 416/40 Slbject: Road stabilisation Purpose: Study on F‘esearch Problem. .Anthor: Walter 0. Dow. Title: Ilthed and Cost of Stabilisatien.of gravel Roads in a Mich. County. Source: Roads a Streets. Date : Hay 1934 Volume and page: Vol. 77, pp. 203.. 6 Contents:- Stabilization of loose gravel roads by the addition of clay and silt with applications of calcium chloride. Drainage is of prime importance and should be carefrlly exercised on a stab- ilised road project. Soil samples taken from road and are tested in the lab- rationy to determine what was needed for the stabilization of the soil. The plasticity index of the soil mixture should range be- tween 5 - 10. I Clay and gravel should be throughly mixed on the road bed and spread out uniformly on the surface. The road should be shaped with.a crown at least of 5" per foot and up to %” per foot. When the final shaping is done the calcium chloride is added at about } cu. foot per sq. yd., and it will alsorb moisture which will be used to aid in the process of compaction. Maintenance cost on stabilized road is very low compared Form M—516 F MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Murray D. Van Wagoner Project State Highway Commissioner No. RESEARCH DIVISION Date i/b/‘O ABSTRACTS Subject: _§dmixtures for Frost Prevention. Purpose: Study on Research Problem. Reference : Author: HeHe ”1110, & DOD Ne SMIithe Tails: Methods for Prevention of Road Failures due to Frost. Source; R°.d. 3t StrOCtS. Date: 331121 1954 Volume and page: V910 7" ”021° " 21 Contents: , Failure of the road surfaces are due to the h teral or vertical flow of the subgrade. Failures are also due to frost ac- tion and they are vertical flow. There are two methods of applying calcium chloride to the road subgrade; (l) drilling holes in the road metal and about 8 ft. deep and filling them'with.s misture of pea gravel and calcium chloride. The holes are spaced uniformly on the road sur- face sc the entire road is serviced by at least one of the wells of chloride and pea gravel, (2) pumping solution of calcium chlorv ids under the road to prevent frost action. This operation is done during the winter and has proven very successful. The first maths of is the best and the most practiced method of the two mentioned. These methods also serve as side to stabilisation of the soils by the addition of the calcium chloride. .e. . .‘.. ‘ ’4 ‘ ' a - .. V ... e.- I s | i re: I ‘ . ‘ c Q) . .- . , ,. . . ~ —< i . ,V . t ; . . . 4.. \ . _ . ' _..A,...,:. ...--..- ..~-» _ ' s . - . v ' ‘ . . s ' .. .. s ‘ ‘l b ' . ‘ i s .- . . t , . ‘ .. I e. ' e . ,I-- : 0 s . ' - . . n . .‘ - ' ‘ ' I." e. .- ‘, n, _. _s . s. - e . ., ..' . -. : - ‘ .A. .e .- ..-,. ..e-l......... --.'.. ...‘ - .. .. , .. . . . . e . ‘ .-a f '. ‘, . ' w .. . . u . ‘ . . . - . .. - -,c-..i....p. a. .... . ... .. .. v. ,_ . 7 .. z i ’ ,, ;. ' O r - . n e . . Ive: _-..s~‘ — .vu.-n.A -~-;...- .. , .u - .. ...n "1.. . . J _’._ .. _ ,,. .. .._’.~ .F-... 'u‘ . . . - .. . i . . ..O..-. . .. . 7......‘~..I. ‘n‘ - ..~.e~a A.» —.-¢ -h‘u-.‘I‘.‘."a“h--»‘-“=.D‘i--,» -.. . .,. .. , .. .. . .A,—~. ._ ..‘.-.- ‘s-.~-”-\vIl-<— H.»' ~ -- ' ." .-a ‘ v . . . O I ' 1 - .u, -- . s .v--~«s.-u -I n-uvmun :.-.a..--,\1-... ..,..., ~~..'....e.......‘ .g. ~~¢‘..l"4~ ~"‘--‘1e nerd" . in. ,. .v a .. 4.1... ‘9... , ,- -, ,., 4 '.. 4.- - e.- .' -~ . v ‘ . — ' ' ' - <.. u . v-wv men-n .. . . s-.J -.._... sn- .' .. v -..s‘-s..’>-.Q.,_uv.--V 5...... *"s"he .e-w I'QI‘ -: . ~ - - v . . . q .' .-- .0 out. .- ,.,_‘.“ --.s.‘-v~.. - --.-u-‘ u» . --.u- '- -.- s "'0 '- . -' .A . ...,,.A.\v-.s..-....u....-,.....,.yn...,. w-.ee~.-.4.q-e.-....--..s., -4.- e , < .. ..—..o .‘. c---se --'-0- 'i'l‘ : -‘-' 0"- ... . .. s .—.- . . . --.v-.v 'wlfir'Dn'.-~\-i.°t"~-’\‘j‘v."-II‘. -- I we Ve-v- nun. unw~ v ,~ ' ’01 .-v-- .7. - ~. 9': . I ~ 0- - ' u“ - ‘fl- " ' -‘ '- "' """‘ " " ' " ' " " " n a ‘9. ' " . o ‘ i u. ' . . - .- ' .-s.--\ u: ..A....‘ .. .4-..L a“...'p.- . .‘A. .n. ..~,.-H-. .n- t. . . . - e . a . .. , - , .. . ..~-- I v -. .‘ spa..- ‘-~o.-.r O ’ . s \ C u Want.) a proper amount of cohesive material such as clay, is kept constant- ly damp, it consolidates and hardens under traffic and continues highly stable against lateral displacement. The function of the calcium chloride is to retain moisture in the soil. The stability of a soil to lateral displacement is a direct function of the internal friction and cohesion. Qhe clay supplies the direct cohesion and it is a maximum when each particle is surrounded with a film of water. Losses of calcium chloride due to (1) base exchange, (2) washing cut by rain, (3) improper maintenance methods. Calcium chloride when a plied to a stabilized raod sur- face acts as a primer to attract moisture into the capillary ducts, and by hygroscOpic nature sets up surface tension which limits evaporation of the soil moisture into the air. As an addativc valfie of the calcuim chloride it alos acts as a dust palliative, Form M~516 F MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Murray D. Van Wagoner Project State Highway CommissiOner No; A K R -i RESEARCH DIVISION Date 4/8/40 ABSTRACTS ' Subject: Road Stabilisation. Purpose: Study on Research Problem. Reference: Author : i Title: Stabilisaifi Gravel Roads in Onondaga CountyLHJ. source; Engineering News Record. Date: December 2! 1933 Volume and page: Vol. 111 pp. 529 :- 52 Contents: “cede are constructed from pit run gravel and when it does not have a balanced gracing the defecienciss are added to it to the correct the needed amount. The difference of this type of read to sermon gravel is in the addition of calciwm chloride b the ”face. Penetration of the surface layers by the chemical develops moisture film cohesion, consolidation of the clay which produces high internal friction, giving high induratiou of the road surface. Haintsnance of this type of road calls for honing dawn of the surface and retreat ‘ent at intervals with calcium chloride. Retrsstment comes about twice a year with about i of a pound per square yard. Boning mould be done following a rain so as not to waste the calcium chloride, since chloride goes down with rain to return by capillary action when the soil drys out on the surface. The theory of calcium gravel road is: If a gravel» sal mixture, graded to obtain maximum interlocking and supplemented by .. O 0'. v .. u . . . -. . ...,,.. _.‘y_.., - . . ...._ - new ‘...-.a..~ .., ’(h- ...;4.. . . ,e -1v'-1 v-— ans' . .e... a . . J , . . C . .. ,. -. VA . ‘ u .s v' .e....-._ .... ..-..-‘,.. -s< . u. :u.-”\-u..-JI a». -'.-~._.. 4'... ',.. “l. . ~.‘-‘."A ._- a go. --‘a’-‘— ds and the mixing of the stabilized materials. The seasoning period is the period during compact- ion and the calcium chloride plays an inprotant part during this period. It lowers the vapor pressure of the contained moisture and thus reducing evaporation, thereby giving great- er density with the same degree on compation. 3here is a dixcussion of the maintenance of stabil- ized roads. blading should is done only following a ra’n, when the surface is workable and the chloride solution is far enough in the road ted so it will not be exnosed and wasted. 'C;lcium chloride should to applied to the surface to maintain, the staiilized surface and these applications are made following a rain or early in the mornings. Form M—Slé F MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Murray State Highway Commissioner No. D. Van Whgoner Project RESEARCH DIVISION Date 4/95/40 Subject: Purpose: Reference: ABSTRACTS Stabilization Study on Research Problem. Author: H. F. Slammer Title: Sterilization of soils Source: Roads 3: Streets. Date: December 1936 Volume and page: V01. 79‘ pp. 41 .44 Contents: Main principle in stabilization is to obtain the maximum density from the exisfiting sourlss of materials to give year around stabilization. so much clay makes roads rutty than wet and not enough clsy will make them dusty and cause I loss of the road metal. A stabilised road is vitally dependant on the cone. tinned presence of moisture in an aptimum amount and this is obtained by many engineers by the use of calcium chloride as a moisture retentive, The grading of soil materials anould he auch.as to furnish.sufficient cesare aggregate to assure resistance to abrasive action and to provide scarce and fine sand in proper proportions to interlock and prevent sliding during wet weather. (can‘t) The base is compacted in l yers dzout 3" thick and with regulated truck traffic or pneumatic tire rollers. both sodium-h Calcium chloride have been used to retain the moisture during the compaction peridd, and they have both been found very effective. MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Murray D . Van Wagoner State Highway Commissioner RESEARCH DIVISION ABSTRACTS Subject: Road Stabilifition Engmse:_§igdy of Research.Problem. Reference: Author: A. E. Stoddard. Title: Stabilized Base Construction. source; Engineering flows Record, Date: JanuarIQB. 1937 7 Volume and page: V01, 118 PP 122 . 5 Contents: Form M—Slé F Project No. Date __ q ZQZL‘Q Common practice is to have a stabilized base from 5" to 12" thick and the average runs around 5”. The stabil- ized base should be 2' o " wider than the road metal to prevent wearing of the edges. The binder soil, clay, should to throughly pulverized tefore applying the compaction to the road curvace. The (:37 may be pulverized on the road bed of in the pit with pulverc ing machinery. The materials may be either read mixed or plant mix- ed depending on the conditions and the distance of haul. In the final stages of the miring the moisture content much 3. corrected to the plastic limit of the mixture. the moisture content has a direct bearing on the density that can be att- sinted upon compaction, and the moisture content mat is maintained throughout the compaction period. .... --_. (Con't) cium chloride is specified to mivture about 2/3 is added to mixture and remaining 1/3 added to surface of the compacted road‘metal. Experience has shown that a pneumatic tire roller is the best method of compaction since it provides a knead- ing action along with the straight compaction. When compact- ingthe preper crown should he maintained since it will allow surface water to run off and will pre”ent raveling.fhe crown should to maintained between 1/2" and 5/R”per foot. All bladins of surface should be done following rains when the road metal is worialle and the chloride is below the road metal sufficiently to prevent it from being exposed directly to the dair and wasted. Form Isl—>316 F hflCHHHm STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Murray D. Van Wagoner Project State Highway Commissioner No. RESEI‘RCH DIVISION Date QZEQZ'QQ ABSTRACTS Subject: Road Stabilization Purpose: Study on Research Problem. Reference: Author: In L. Allen. Tithn Methods a Costs of Road Stabilization in Minnesota. Source: Roads adn Streets. Date: Mar ch 1937 v_._r Volume and page: V01. 80 J pp. 65-68 C t t 3 r on en 3 in. classification of stabilized roads out”) naturla soil mixtures, (2) treatment with substances involv- ing chemical reactions productive of permanent crystallisa- tion, (5) treatment with bituminous material, (4) treatment Ii th a flocculatilg substances, (5) treatment Ii th a flocc- ulating chemical, as calcium chloride. The plasticity index ranges between 6-15 for mat- erial passing a 40 mesh sieve. The thickness varies from 5-12 inches depending on the base. The soil binder is pulverized on the road ted by traffic and also by working it with barrows and diahs. When preperly pulverized the soil binder is mixed with the gravel materila and spread on the cred bed to insure through mixp ing. When spread out on the road it is sprinkled with.wat¢' and compaction of layer about 3" trick is started. When cal- (Con't) There are three methods of constrncing soil graded roads: (1) Phant mix; (2) hoad mix: (3) Stage Construction. In stage construction the material is just added to the need in amounts needed and it is depressed with traffic action and is regulary bladed and dragged. Form M—Sl6 F MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Murray D. Van Wagoner Project State Highway Commissioner No. RESEARCH DIVISION Date 1139140 ABSTRACTS Subject: Stabilized Rough Emmpomn study 3n Research Problem. Reference: Author: C. A, Homgtoglgz Q E. A; Willink Tfltle: Stabilgsgd Soil Rgggl. Source: Eng; Egglnogz, Date: December 1955 Volume and page: V01. 5 , pg. 758 q- 60 Contents: Admixtures of soil materials are to provide a road material containing enough coarse aggregate to resist the abrashive adtion of traffic, coarse and fine sand to pro- vide interlocking action and prevent sliding, silt to act as a filler, and provide capillary bod and clay to retain minute cohesive films to give stability. A.delequesent chemical is added to maintain the IIPfIOO dampness and cal- cium chloride is used for this. ahose chemicals have the preperty of absorbing moisture from the air and slows up act- ion of evaportation. “he stability of a soil is dependent on the thin films of moisture surrounding the soil particals and the funtion of the calcium.chlorids is to displace the air films, that originally surround the particles, with moisture fills. Ian. (con‘t) Shrinkage and swell must be under complete control is soil is to have prOper stability for use in road building. Drainage is one of the prime requisite for good road construe ction. Potassium clay is'the most stable since it has less molecules surrounding it, and lithium clay the most unstable. llhe principal aims of soils stabilization are) (1) make soil as dense as possible: (2) to prevent moisture fillm from changing. Subgrade soils for the maximum statility must have the prOper prOportions of additional aggregate and hinder soil. Ihe density of the prOportions depends on the thick- ness of the moisture films. Form M~316 F MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Murray D. Van wagoner Project State Highway Commissioner No. 4 RESEARCH DIVISION Date ABSTRACTS 4/29/40 Subject: ”11308“ W Reference: Study on Research Problem. Author: Title: II ; Sirens Sauce: 3.4: Stahiaisatien (Part 3‘ I Date: WM V0111” “imam Contents: Vol. 81, pp. 25 o 30 Soil stabilization is the process of giving natural soils enought adrasive resistance are shear strength to ace- omodate traffic or loads uden prevalent weather conditions, without detremental deformation. The optimum water content is fundamental with grad- iation. the general methods of accomplishing stabilization are as follows:- (1) selection of natural soil sith.Einder which funnishes high stability) (2) Adding soil binder to granular material or adding granular materials to clays; (5) Treating graded soils with delequesent substance: (4) waterprofltin',soil with bituminous surface: (5) densification of naturla soil by any means. “he blocation will decide as method to be used and the materials to be used. v- ~ss a- , ,.o . a. . . _ s ,. . .. .,' . . we... . s .. . . e . . .. ..,. ‘..se -seOQ ‘ - O .. I. e are. a . . .. . ‘. - ~,~ . .. . . J - s: - - ~ en”. . . .n. . —- o i: 'Ie.v 'u- .v e. , ‘r a" e Form M~816 F MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Murray D. Van Wagoner Project State Highway Commissioner No. RESEARCH DIVISION Date 4/29/40 ABSTRACTS SMflect: Soil Stabilization Purpose: Stud! C3n Research Problem, Reference: Author: V, 2! 39pm a C. A. Hogsntogler, g2. Title: 5011 Stabilization (Part 2) Source: Egads 3: Streets Date: Marchfl Volume and page: V01. 8;. pp, 53 040 Contents: Article deals with testing methods and the class- ification of soil. aha important preperties of a soil are; (1) Texture; (2) Color: (3) Structure; (4) Consistency: (5) compressabilityi(.) Chemical composition. These are Ile preperties that are noticed during the soil survey. General discussion and discription of the tests run to determine properties of the soil. Surch tests as plastic limit, liguid limit, Mechanical analysis, flioisture equival- ents and shrinkage tests. .‘se~.e» s-.,’....... ..fi-I 1 av. , s - . 1‘ a I. - ..e--- .a- A ..a . s a. .. . s .4... - '- u s- , s r . -nes .e.. Form M9316 F MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTI‘. T Murray D. Van Wagoner Project State Highway Commissioner No. RESEARCH DIVISION Date MM ABSTRACTS Subject: Snj] 0.. tlbjljggtion mewse=__Sindz_cn_§esaanab_£rnhlema Reference: “WON—1.4.1.20”? Title: 391] StIhjjjl.tjgn (2-; $finfifi=.iflaadaa&_fiireetae,I Date: ‘92:] 1959 Volume and page: Va]. 81' pp 33 - ‘0' Contents : {Di 1 Article contains a general discussion of the methods of mixing aggregates and the mine used with gradation scales. Discussion-of four types of stabilized road surfaces; ‘(l) Graded mix of test local materials, (2) Craded mix with ‘ prepertioned mix, (3) Graded mix with bituminous surface treatment, (4) Natural soil base stabilized with.ldmdziureao a..— 1.»- Form M~816 F MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTLENT Murray D. Van Wagoner Project State Highway Commissioner N0- ESEARCH DIVISION Date W ABSTRACTS Subject: W Purpose: Jtndmmflasammm Reference : Anthonw Title: WW) Source: M Date: ‘31 _1938 i Volume and page: W Contents: General discussion of soil tests concerning inter- nal friciton, cbhesion, shear and moisture variations. Hy constructing curves of different preperties aid conditions of saturation or maximum density, from these curves you can determ ne the future behavior of the soils for diff- erent field eonditons. u... e , .. ~ c‘ -. _ H um... . u.' , "v- r"-' A I an-e ‘ .. ,_, ..-... >1 ». . u .- ‘ p. . .‘e , 0.1. s”. N s Form M—Sl6 F MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Murray D. Van Wagoner Project State Highway Commissioner No. I A- RESEARCH DIVISION Date 4130/40 ABSTRACTS Subject: Sci; Stepizization Purpose: Study on Research from Reference: Author: Frank T I Newman, in. Title: 301; summation (Part4) Source: Roadg a: Streets. Ihte: §gn§cmteg 1938 Volume and page: Vol. El. pg. ‘31 .12 Contents: The article deals with a discussion of the test methods in the Texae highwey Department in soils stabili- Iation work. The most importh eoil tests used are liguid limit; plasticity inddx and linear shrinkage. There is a comparison of a nuhber of tests samples ta‘ren from highwaye of known behavior and correlated and “to ed. “be present requirements of the Texas Highway Depart- ment are: (l) Panning 2' .................100% Passing 40 mod eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 15% " 50% Paseing liquid limit of binder .. Lees than ‘6 Plasticity index of soil binder" Leas than 15 Linear ehrinkege soil binder eeee Lese than 8.5 ‘0. .n- z a‘.. s e o. -_. .a e. .-o .‘e' c.‘ u. t an I. MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Murray D . Van Wagoner State Highway Commissioner RESEARCH DIVISION ABSTRACTS Subject: a ‘I I 0 Form M9516 F Project No. Date ‘Zao {‘0 ______ Purpose: Stud! 91‘ Research Prom Reference: ‘ Authorzwm Title: 3911 §tapuigationirgt QL Source: ‘Eggga g Streets. Date: W38 Volume and page: W Contents: Ihe article expleains the use o f and advantages of a stabiliomster for determining usuable vaines and the prin- ciple upon which it is built. s . 7, , . ‘. ,. . s _ . ' e C . . - ‘ .... ‘ ". x , . ' ‘ 0 . \ ., a , . .‘ r . , “ .7 t , e - . 2' . v‘ ‘ , e - . 0.“! ,.~.. A. ~ , .. . , W. - .. e . A . a ! Arm: . -.. . e ,e o... .y.... ._ ..~c.s--_‘e ...'r. -.,. ...... n... .. - m, " 7..... I , e ’ . . .s. -: “I _. ~.-. -~-,'...- . --A-.-§ 0-..a- ->.~ ,.- ., , .. . .. . A .a I ..,‘ . I e . . e -. .e~ u....on. uses... .~.a.-... .v..-. ....-_ .-.. .,. .......- .‘\ .. _. ., .. .. ..v ‘7’. a...‘ - - . I A. . u. I. -..::~.. ,.‘. ‘--.- u.- -. ~ . . '. -~ —- «- ‘.~ g .- --~ .‘-, ,( .. .. ‘ ‘ . ‘ , . :- u- '\ ’ _-. e . <. ... . ..t ., .,.~- . I. - ,.‘ - .‘ .-.. .,», . , .- hut. ‘. . -. ‘.- _ ... . . . ..... -_.-.A- _ . , ~ .-‘ .., . . ,. .. A _ . .. .j . .., .-.. . . . ,‘ , . . ,. . .. .. . .. . ' e s .7. I . A . . n ,‘ . . _ . ,. ,,... ., .7 .. .. . .. - . . . . ‘ .1 .t e Form M~816 F MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Murray D. Van Wagoner Project State Highway Commissioner No. RESEARCH DIVISION Date 4160/40 ABSTRACTS Subject: Sterilization OLSollle Purpose: Study on Research Problem; Reference: Author: J; C. Flack Tituu Production and use of stabilized Maintenance Material in :Southern Michigan. Smuwe: .IAI Roafij_§_§Innglll_ Date: J1me 1.958 Volume and page: V01. Elmppgjs 9 §9 Contents: The article gives the specifications set up by the Highway Department for the job and the amount of materials or ingredients to use for said sch. fihere is a general discussion and diecription of the equipment and Operation of each equip-Int and the stabilis- ation practice. _ . The author tells of the hauling and placing of the stabilized material on the road shoulders and the compaction used. The project proved very satisfactory and is used a great deal today in all sections of the country. .. .e - . .- ,. .-,.- ....-. ...e a~.- .0" ll: 7-.0‘- Form M~816 F MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Hurray D. Van Wagoner Project State Highway Commissioner No. I ESEARCH DIVISION Date 5/1/40 ABSTRACTS ‘ &flflect: Stabilized ”Gill- HnTmse: Study on Research Problem. Reference: Author, a; A. man. I Titun Gr'd°d I011 Mixtures for#§cad Surface and Base Courses. Source: Roads 3: Streets. Date: January 1959 V0111” anti Page: V°1° §2, DP. 95 - 50 Contents: The fo?loeing principles were presented in the article: (1) Central of both grading and plasticity index of the mixe turee nesessary to assure satisfactory service behavior over a poroid of years. A (2) Through mixing is necessary to insure uniformity. (3) Presence of controlled amount of water is necessary be- fore compacting action can produce maximum.density. About 8%. 12% of water needed. (4) Should haze completed and stufficient compaction of base course before adding surface course. to reduce movement in the base course. (5) Local materials can be used if properly preportioned. e .' A .sa’ _. :- . ..n' . o“ Form M—Slé F MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Murray D. Van Wagoner Project State Highway Commissioner No. RESEARCH DIVISION Date we ABSTRACTS Subject: Wells- Purpose: We Reference: Author: D. H. Burmlstuer Tithn Essential consideration in S abililation g; 3911;. source; American SocietLof Civil: Engineers nggggflngg. Date: 11211.]. 1938 Volume and page: Vol, 64. 29. 792 a 92 Contents: Article contains a discussion of the essential qualities of soils for stabilisation, and aloe a number of physical relation that are fundamental. Some of the physical relations considered are, fineness, grading, plastic characteristics, coarse frantic of soil and clay content. clhere is also a general discusse ion on compaction tests and the grain sise determination. e V .- ,... . . e V . V .‘ . < . l . . .- - -aI pus. V .' ‘ '. _ . ‘ .‘. e'..I .I- . - an .V.ae.,-..‘-. . o‘... .-. an 7".' cusses-u'.c .g..-.... .<--..~n ‘ Av- - —~ ' 0 “ <' I ‘....r.. .... A.q._,. .A q - j...‘ .-. I. . Is ..4 ...-.. C. . . ..I <. ,.. . .. . ..s-‘- ... .,- . - -.v.e- s -.--.\I.e.. ...s s s..s. s 9-.e. ‘,.-. .1... . . . . ..- . ~ ‘ I ~ . u .. --V s - .., i... .I..~-~..a..: e...~. ~0- - . a. - .~. . ,, -.- . s _. .. s . .,..e-.. . -.- .. L - ,.V -. .-..-. .....v.v..e'a:..- .-H. I .. ,A..se A e . -. u .- on. -'- g . e..- ev ..~ ..§- . I» :v u lea . e 'e‘ e1.l . - . ‘.~.- ' .7» e ' ., . A ~ --. . ‘_ . .- ae- . . .--I A- . ’u 1 7 . A s. ,._. . . or .-.. .., o .s- .s- s I ~.-. .. ,r, ‘--, ‘ u... ..,, Q a F Part V1 1. 2. 5. 4. 5. 6. 7. 9. 10. 12. is, BIBLIOGRAPHY Periodicals 'Chemical Products and Highway Progress', by T.W. Delahanty, ' 'Chemical', January 12, 1931. ”Use of Calcium Chloride in Construction and Maintenance", by H.F. Clemmer, “Roads and Streets“, December 1952. "Road Stability Using Calcium Chloride', by H.F. Clemmer, I'Roads and Streets“, May 1953. 'Stabilisation of Low Cost Roads by Calcium Chloride“, by C.A. Hogentogler, Jr., ”Roads and Streets”, October 1953. “Chemical 'Rain Meker' Helps Hodern Highways', “Scientific American', September 1930. ”Soil Concrete“, by R.A. Giddings, "Chemicals”, September 18, 1935. 'Chemicals in Highway Conetruction', 'Chemicals', January 18, 1955. 'Los Cost Stabiliscd Road Construction in Onondaga County, New York", by R.B. Trevor, "Roads and Streets”, March 1954. 'Hethod and Cost of Stabilised Gravel Roads in Michigan”, by Walter 0. Dow, 'Roads and Streets', Hay 1954. "Methods for Prevention of Road Failures Due to Frost", by H.H. Miller and D.N. Smith, 'Roads and Streets', June 1954. ' 'Stabilisation of Gravel Roads in Onondaga County, New York', by R.B. Traver, ”Engineering News Record', December 2, 1935. 'Maintenance “ethods of Stabilised Gravel Roads", by 3.0. Tiney, ”Engineering News Record', November 16, 1955. V 14, 15 and is - ”Theory of Soil Stabilisation“ (four parts), by La. Collings and 1.0. Stewart, ”Engineering News Record', Hay 24, 1954, June 7, 1954, June 14, 1954 and June 21, 1954. 17. “Salt Stabilized Road Practice Developing Rapidly“, “Engineering News Record“, July 4, 1955. 18. “Premixed Stabilized Soil for Road Surfaces“, by L.C. Stewart and S.J. White, September 19, 1935. 19. “Presticel Soil Stabilisation“, by 0.1. Hogentogler, “Roads and Streets“, March 1955. 20. “Progress in Road Stabilisation“, by Fred Burggref, “Roads and Streets“, April 1935. 21. “Stabilised Surface Methods and Costs“, by J.H. Barr, “Engineering News Record“, June 27, 1935. 22. “Stabilized Soil Road Maintenance“, by H.G. Sours, “Engineering News Record“, June 27, 1935. 28. “Plant Hiring of Stabilized Soil Road Surfacing Materials“, by L.C. Stewart and S.J. White, “Roads and Streets“, Hovember 1955. 24. “Experimental Stabilisation in Ohio“, by J.W. Reppel, “Roads and Streets“, December 1955. i 25. “Use of Rock Salt in Stabilized Road Construction“, “Roads and Streets“, August 1935. 26. “Plant-mixed Stabilized Construction in Illinois“, by J.C. Black, “Roads and Streets“, August 19S6. 27. “Stabilized Road Surfacing in Ohio“, by 8.0. Linzell, I'Roads and Streets“, November 1956. 28. “Stabilization of Soils“, by H. F. Clemner, “Roads and Streets“, December 1956. 29. “Stabilized Base Construction“, by A.E. Stoddard, “Engineering News Record“, January 28, 1937. 50. 51. 52, 58. 59. 40 e 1. 2.- 5. 5. 69 7. “Hetnods and Cost of Road Stabilization in Hinnesota“, by L.L. Allen, “Roads and Streets", harch 1957. “Stabilized Soil Roads“, by C.A. Hogentogler and E.A. Willis, “Civil Engineer“, December 1955. 55, 54, 55, 56 end 57‘. “Soil Stabilization“ (six parts), by v.J. Brown, “Roads and Streets“, 1957. “Production and Use of Stabilized Eaintenance fiaterials in Southern Iichigan“, by J.C. Black, “Roads and Streets“, June 1958. “Graded Soil Hixtures for Road Surface and Base Courses“, by'E.A. Willis, “Roads and Streets", January 1959. “Essential Consideration in Stabilization of Soils“, by D.H. Burmister, “American Society of Civil Engineers“, April 1958. Bulletins “The Stabilizing Effects of Calcium Chloride“, Calcium Chloride Association, April 1958. “Calcium Chloride Association News“, January and February 1940. “The A B C's of Soil Stabilization" by A.R. Smith Highway Research Board, Progress Report of Project Committee on Stabilized Soil Road Surfaces. “Low Cost Roads Stabilized with Aggregates, Binder Soil and Calcium Chloride“, by Calcium Chloride Association, Fulletin No. 25, 1959 Edition “Effects of Quality of Clay Soil on Soil Mortar“, by R.W. Miller, Columbia Alkali Corporation, Proceedings of Sixteenth Annual beating of Highway Research Board, November 1956. '“Stabilisetion with Calcium Chloride“, by Fred Burggraf, Calcium Chloride Association, Reprint No. 145, March 1959. Books 1. Soil Hechanics and Soil Stabilization, Proceedings Eighteenth Annual Heating, Highway Research Board 1938, Part II Part V11 \,\ SQ {SKQNW E \XVRUR \,_ ‘QQQkNW £39m. . 130‘; \ MC?“ \4 3 x5“ ‘ . K ; . x m \ . .N p o x '- . , 4 . ‘ . . . ‘ ,,, , ,x . x, ._. a, ‘ x/ .«V x ‘ I. I. . x . . x . ‘ .‘ ,I. r! V , t )ulz' It. IV‘1LV‘L ‘r! t, In) . .V fl» L ‘V Illr if} ..b?- .r ‘ :V‘ V .Ll \qu‘ .r . 1 VTIIV, ,i bri, L .7 air ,7 V NIH/II V] ‘r IMVIIltf. upr‘l .bvl‘ L [1!“ l‘rl: ,r. x 4 . '4 A , ., 1 ‘ nl‘ . . . . fiir III 1'. III N1 c a m k BdEE .r ~ 0 _ . C _ c _ _ n . Q _ a . _ Q 4 a q ‘ . k c o . H _ a o _ . o M A v i .0 q a 1 li: . V3! -11 a . ” Qty t 1’ ‘ Or [ J 'I. . I * x Am .0 ‘ \ .0 .O i \ a . 5 ll} .1300M USE 0w N122 Dec 7 '4'9 . .. I :0. I . I- . I u I I . . ....dv ( I. r .0 5,17 (US. I . (.4 MIT; v1.4. _ . . I.‘ I . I . . . I . Vb. ”é.-. ..n4.II.I... 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I... ...... ruff ..... .I SJ.....:1.~.I4’I_nuI... rift. .xmqfi, Chm r... r». .V... ..\.\W 104.4... ,4cmw...v.u.n.. ....I .IVJ...PI.$|InI...). H7 . . I ....I r. . ... . I .I0 I I I u I . . . .H. I . . ~ . . I ... . .... I. .u .I. . I .. I . .... . . __ . . . , .. L .0 . . ,r. . .u ..4 ...a. . I . I . ... I.II . V . J MICHIGAN STRTE UNIV. LIBRRRIES 3129301 06393