____:_:_____:::__::____:__‘__:_:_____:___:____ mm 5:..& ~31 '9‘...“ . 4'»; .s. K: I ,4 O ‘p‘ Q {LL} 1, " 7.3", 't .."u A COMPARISON OF CABLE TENSIONETER STRENGTH, l-RM, AND lO-RM VALUES, OBTAINED IN KNEE EXTENSION By DONALD BERTRAM RICHARDS AN ABSTRACT OF A THESIS Submitted to the College of Education of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation 1955 ABSTRACT Title. A Comparison of Cable Tensiometer Strength, l-RM, and lO-RM Values, Obtained in Knee Extension. Statement of the Problem. TLe problem consists of the following two phases: 1) to determine the relationshi, between cable tensio- meter strength and the l-RH value; and 2) to determine the percentage of the tensiometer poundage which most nearly corresponds to the lO-RH value. Methodologl. Two hundred men of the Michigan State University Required Physical Education population were randomly selected, and 187 of this group participated in the experiments. These men were randomly assigned to four levels of all-out performance to determine the value of the lO-RH from tensiometer poundage. he men were contacted in their class and immediately performed the experiments after an explanation of the purpose and procedure involved. The tests administered, in order, were: tie tensiometer test; the 1-?” test; and the percentage level all-out repetitions. Conclusions. l. The relationship between cable tensiometer strength and the l-RM capacity as measured in this study is relatively low (r = .6793). The correlation, though significant, is poorer than was anticipated. Apparently being affected either by the unreliability of the l-Rfi test or because there may be a poor relationship between static and dynamic strength. 2. The lO—RM value lies between the mean of the .30 per cent level (lh.9) and the ho per cent level (7.9). By interpolation, the lO4fl£value was determined to be 37 per cent of the cable tensiometer poundage. 3. The mean of the l-RM data was found to be he per cent of the mean of the cable tensiometer data. These results are contrary to some of the earlier findings. A. A table for use in the selection of l-RM and lO-RI treatment levels has been presented. ACKNOWLEDGEHENTS The writer would like most of all to extend his deepest appreciation to Dr. Wayne D. Van Huss, his major adviser, for his helpful guidance and assistance. Special thanks are also extended to Dr. Bryant W. Pocock of the Engineering Department for his interest and aid in developing the apparatus; and to Mr. Carl C. Ridenour, Supervisor, Buildings and Utilities, for his part in the construction of the apparatus. Others deserving mention for their contribution include Dr. Leo Katz of the Mathematics Department for his assistance in the random sampling technique; and William Coco, Graduate Assistant in the Department of Health, Physica Education, and Recreation, for his ready assistance in contacting subjects. The writer is grateful to the subjects and their instructors for their cooperative and genial attitude throughout the study. Special appreciation is extended to Miss Gayla Dills for the typing of this thesis. The writer also wishes to thank Dr. John N. Kidd, Department of Social Science and former Head Resident Advisor of Men's Residence Halls; and Roger Hermanson, the writer's roommate, for their encouragement throughout his graduate work, and everyone else who has been of any assistance. Donald B. Richards Hichigan State University East Lansing, Michigan August, 1955 ‘ -. T1" ,,_ Pm: ‘ . i-T'md w .«a ~' I "1'” 7'? _J;..J.....‘4_r Ul.‘ bul.......'l.i/J ." T‘C'Flj.‘ ‘ flr’l 11.33:.» .LD.:‘..\J -L o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ‘, ”17"" W "T- 77“:— ”1": "L": 711 :‘ $1VA‘..'.\ L‘HMJJJJKJ'J—llthLAc IQ Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q -r- '5“ “—1 {1‘ 1'3 ‘ "I 1 LID; L2 AJLJLJQ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o T "‘ __'!"1 -‘ "'1 r‘- 'x \ 1" .LJJsMJ. Uh l" .L‘JUJZLLJJ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o C? a. unis", nit—L -44h "' “‘"I .‘ "“'."""H.’"‘x-" lift .L o ll..L-‘LK/.UUKJ.L.L'~'..\ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 Statement of the problem . . . . . . . . Definition of tEILS . . . . . . . . . . Tensiometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ten repetition maximum (IO-Rh) .O. . . One repetition maximum (l-Rh) . . . . Progressive resistance exercises . . . Percentage level . . . . . . . . . . . Reed for this study . . . . . . . . . . Limitations of the study . . . . . . . . II. REVIEY CF LITERATURE . . . . . o . . . . . F Value of prog essive resistance exercise: Ten repetition maximum (IO-Rh) . . . . . One repetition maximum (l-RI) Cable tensiometer testing . . . . . . . Related studies . . . . . . . . . . . . t—J #WWWNNNIV [x T O CHAPTER III. KBTRCDOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . Selection of subjects . . . . . Tests utilized . . . . . . . . . Techniques in collection . . . . Subject contact . . . . . . . Administering the tests . . . Tensiometer test . . . . . . l-Rh test . . . . . . . . . lO—YK test . . . . . . . . . hethods of statistical analysis IV . AlhlLYS IS A151) it ids-SLA‘I‘ATIOIS F DATA xmalySiS Of data 0 o o o o o o 0 3.8 SU. 113 S o o o o o o o o o o o 0 Cable tensiometer poundage and poundage . . . . . . . . . . Cable tensiometer percentase level all- out repetitions . . . . . ; Standard score tables . . . . Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . v. ether, COLTCLUSICLTS AI'ID coast. (-1 ... Duinma IV 0 o o o o o o o o o o 0 viii PAGE 28 CRAITER 3393 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Reconnendations . . . . . . . . . . . a . 55 BlBLIOGIQA—‘FHY o o o o o o o o o o o o o o. o o o o o 56 APREKDIX o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 4O LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I. A Comparison of the Cable Tensiometer and l-RM Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 II. Percentage Level All-Out Repetitions; Ranges of Weights Lifted and Repetitions Per- 2formed in the Various Percentage Levels . 29 III. All-Out Percentage Level Values . . . . . . 50 IV. Tensiometer and l-Rh Standard Score Tables 0" o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 5]. 1. Table and Equipment as Used in Tensio— o o o o o H \O - t O O O O O O O O O O 0 er Te ct Lie { 2. Equipment Utilized in Administering the TenSiOIfletGI‘ TCSto o o o o o o o '. o o o o o 19 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION During the past decade or two there has been considerable apathy in the field of physical education, rehabilitation, and among medical persons concerning the practice of weight lifting. During World War II, T. L. DeLorme and others1 initiated the practice of progressive resistance exercises2 with excellent results. Progressive resistance exercises are weight lifting exercises utilizing the available range of motion of a limb or joint with regular increases in the amount of weight proportional to the strength increase of the particular muscle group in an attempt to regain the normal, or higher, functional strength of that muscle group. The l-RM and the 10- RM3 are the values set by DeLorme and his associates for the administration of the progres- sive resistance exercise program. It is reasonably 1T. L. DeLorme and A. L. Jatkins, Proares sive ..- H. o.“. Resistance Exercises: Technic and I‘Tedical Application. -—.—-——“— -—...-——_ New Yorx. Appleton- Century-Crofts, Inc., 1951, pp. 1-5. 2Originally termed "heavy resistance exercises" but later changed to progressive resistance exercises to be more descriptive of the actual practice. 3F or definitions of l-RDI and 10- RM see page 2. . \ I ~ . t v ‘ . . - ' v , a . » u a . ‘ » .. , - . . . . . . . v _ , - _ . . u N ' v . . \ v . . r . . n ‘ v . Q O . . . . ‘ ‘ I a n u 0 I '1 . z. . . . . c - n . , ' . . . . ,., I difficult and time cons mning, however, to determine these values without some guide as to the strength of the muscle group before applying tr e weight. Statement of the Problem. The problem consists of the following two phases: 1) to determine the relationship between cable tensiometer strength and the 1-RM value; and 2) to determine the percentage of the tensiometer poundage which most nearly corresponds to the lO-RM value. Definition 9: Terms. nggiome£e§,h A gauge for measuring cable tension in which toe earls nasses over two sectors and,when tension is applied, offsets a third sector (riser) which connects mechanically to the face of the device to permit recording in dial units which are convertable to pounds. (See Fi igure 2) Tag Repetition Maximum (10:3E). "The term referring to the greatest weight that can be correctly carried through the available range of motion for 10 repetitions."5 1tManufactured by the Pacific Scientific Company, Inc., 1h30 Grande Vista Avenue, Los Angeles, California. 5T. L. DeLorme, F. E. Nest, and W. J. Shriber, "Influence of Progressive Resistance Exercises on Knee Function Following Femoral Fractures," J01 rLal of Bone and Joint Surgery. Vol. 32-A, No. R, 1950, p. #911. One Repetition Maximum (l-RM). "The term referring to one repetition instead of ten. It represents the maximum volitional effort."6’7 Progressive Resistance Exercises. Originally known as ' this is the administration "heavy resistance exercises,‘ of resistance to movement by use of weights proportional in amount to the strength of the muscle group being exercised. The l-RM and the lO-RM are values arbitrarily set for the administration of these exercises. Percentage Level. Refers to the phase of the study in which the subjects for all-out repetitive lifting were assigned selected weight loads. The loads were assigned by taking selected percentages of the quadriceps extension strength measure as determined by the cable tensiometer. The percentage levels utilized were 30, MO, 50, and 60 per cent. The subjects fully extended their assigned amount of weight the maximum number of repetitions possible (all-out). This was done in an attempt to determine which percentage level most nearly corresponds to the ten repetition level. élbid. 7There is a question, of course, as to wiether the measure is actually the maximum effort possible. Need For This Study. The progressive resistance exercise values of lO-RM and l-RM are empirically derived treatment levels utilized by DeLorme and a host of subsequent workers. Methods of determining these values involve as much as 20 to 30 repetitions through the full range of motion for injured knees at least once each week. This method yields somewhat inaccurate results due to the fatigue resulting from the successive extensions. A simpler and less fatigueing method of arriving at these values would be beneficial both to the patient and the therapist. With the completion of this study it is hoped that the simply administered tensiometer test might be given and with one maximum contraction the poundage might be determined for the l-RM and the lO-RM values in the treat- ment phase. Limitations of the Stggy. l. The test administrator observed in some of the subjects a negative response towards lifting what seemed to be a large amount cf weight. It is believed, therefore, that it is possible some of the subjects did not exert as much effort as they were capable of exerting. The subjects, however, in each case seemed to be working all-out. 2. The battery of tests was given with the cable tensiometer test first; the l-RM value determined immediately afterward; the lO-RM percentage level values immediately following the l-RM test. The effects upon the accuracy of these values because of the successive pattern of adminis- tration is not known and the data are limited by this pattern. 3. In the calculation of the percentage levels from the cable tension strength, the poundage was rounded off to the nearest five pounds, i.e. 76 pounds would be rounded off to 75 pounds and 78 pounds to 80 pounds. GENERII REVIEW OF LITERATURE Progressive resistance exercises are of recent origin, having been started during World War II. The original term of heavy resistance exercise was changed to the term presently used. The original term was inaccurate in describing the technique because of the existing apathy toward weight lifting in general, and the term had the connotation generally associating it with building the largely muscled body.1 For the benefits which have been derived from this system of exercises, there seems to have been relatively little research performed to refine the technique. There is ample evidence, however, for the value of this program as the next section indicates. The main purpose of progressive resistance exercise is for the development of strength, and the technique is based on the physiological "overload principle" utilized by weight lifters.2 From his observation of weight lifters 1T. L. DeLorme and A. L. datkins, Progressivg Resistance Exercise; Technic and Hedical_Apnlication. New York: h”- Applefiafi-CEEEEE§:C?6§ts, Inc., 1951, p. 21. 2 Ibid., pp. 10-11. exercises DeLorme set the maximum repetitions per exercise bout at ten, thus originating the ten repetition maximum (lo-RM). From this he arrived at the one repetition maximum or the l-RM. This he recommends as an index of strength to be determined "once a week"3 and recorded. Egépe of Progressive Resistance Exercises. DeLorme" lists four outcomes for therapeutic exercise: power, endurance, speed and coordination. He emphasizes that progressive resistance exercises are basically for the development of power and strength as it is necessary to have a certain degree of strength before any of the others can be efficiently developed. Studies have been made to determine the usefulness of progressive resistance exercises in various orthopedic conditions. Such a study was completed by DeLorme, Schwab, and WatkinsS on the quadriceps muscles of poliomyelitic patients. Nineteen subjects were used with sixteen of the subjects being tested bilaterally. Three methods of administering the exercises were necessary due to the 3T. L. DeLorme, "Heavy Resistance Exercises," Archives of Physical Medicine. Vol. 27, 1946, p. 612. ulbido, ppo 607-608. 5T. L. DeLorme, R. s. Schwab, and A. L. Watkins, "Response of Quadriceps Femoris to Progressive Resistance Exercises in Poliomyelitic Patients," Journal of Bone Egg Joint Surgery. Vol. 30, (October, l9h8), p. 83K. condition of the muscles. These were: 1) the regular technique in sitting position; 2) the gravity assisting technique with the patient in a prone position; and 3) the hip-knee extension method in the sitting position. Muscle strength was determined by the use of Spring scales and the Lovett muscle grading method. After one to four months, of the 27 muscles involved, 17 were graded higher and ten were rated higher within their grade, i.e. normal, good, fair, poor, trace, zero, etc. As a result the authors6 stated: "The qualitative and quantitative evidence presented supports the hypothesis that, follow- ing acute anterior poliomyelitis, the remaining innervated muscles respond to progressive resistance exercises by an increase in strength and work capacity in much the same manner as normal muscles." Gallagher and DeLorme7 studied the effect of progressive resistance exercise on adolescent boys. Twenty-five boys with various injuries of the knee and nine boys with low back strains were studied. Exercise for the knees consisted of knee extension exercises with boot and weight and hip and knee flexion-extension exercises. Exercise for the lower back strains was he trunk extensor exercise 31mm, p. 8-116. 7J. R. Gallagher and T. L. DeLorme, "The Use of the Technique of Progressive Resistance Exercise in Adolescence,‘ Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. Vol. 31-A, No. L, {OctoberT—l9h9), pp. 8&7-fipd. ' with weights strapped to the back. The boys with knee injuries ranged from S to 60 exercise periods and all increased significantly the strength of their legs. The majority doubled the strength of their legs while some tripled their strength. These boys exercised four days a week with the l-RM being determined at the beginning of each week. The exercise periods for the boys with lower back strains ranged from 10 to MS and all of the boys increased their strength, some doubling and some tripling, or better, the original strength. Retests of both conditions at varying periods ranging from two to twelve months revealed very little less of strength in a couple of boys,mnd the rest maintained or had increased their final test strength. Ten Repetition Maximum (JO-RM). This treatment level was set by DeLorme.8 The number of repetitions was empirically derived, based on the practice of weight lifters. The original set of repetitions recommended was 70 to 100, but this number was lowered to 20 to 30 for exercise with heavier loads.9 This 20 to 30 repetition set is arranged in three bouts of ten repetitions f 0T. L. DeLorme and A. L. Watkins, Proxre Exercise: Technic and Medical Ape i Appleton-Century-Crofts, In ., 1931, p. 7. 9Ibid., p. 2k. 10 each: the first bout using one—half of the lO-RM load; the second using three-quarters of the lO-RH load; and the third using the full lO-RM load. The lO-RM lead value is determined once each week and the technique for the initial determination is as follow :10 "Starting with the weight of the boot (5 pounds) and increasing by small amounts (1 l/h to 5 pounds) the patient lifts each weight in ten repetitions. That weight which requires maximum exertion to perform ten repetitions is thus determined." This value is determined once each week and that mount of weight is used for the week following. The al weight used in determining the new lO-RM value is Po init the weight exercised for the past week. A modification of this method was made by Zinovieffll and is titled the "Oxford Technique". This modification was made after the author attempted to use DeLorme's original (70-100 repetitions) technique (lo-RM) with the result that the patients could not complete the exercise due to fatigue of the quadriceps muscles. This modifica- tion of the DeLorme technique emphasizes a reduction instead of an increase in the amount of weight per set of ten repetition bouts and maintains the 100 total repetition 10T. L. DeLorme, "Heavy Resistance Exercises," Archives of Physical Medicine. Vol. 27, lghé, p. 611. 11A. N. Zinovieff, "Heavy Resistance Exercises: The 'foord Technique'," British Journal 0 Physics- Mediciqg. 1101. it, 1951, pp. 120:1???"- 11 per set. This change varies, however, in that the patient tries to increase his lO-RM each day by one pound or works on successive days to increase to the one pound extra until it is achieved. Another variation is that during the repetitions, the foot is rested for a second or two between each lift with the weight supported on an adjustable weight support. Zinovieff tested this modification on 55 out-patient cases with quadriceps weakness. The test resulted in an average girth increase of three-eighths inch every two and one-half weeks. The lO-RM increased on an average of seven pounds every five days, and the absolute strength measured by an iceman's spring scale increased on an average of ten pounds each week. The advantages claimed by Zinovieff are that the Oxford technique gives less strain on the patients knee and provides a satisfactory increase in size and strength with.less difficulty. One Repetition Maximum (l—RM). DeLorme12 also originated the 1-RM test value which is the amount of weight which can be carried through the 121‘. L. DeLorme and A. L. Watkins, Progressive Resistance ZExercises: Technic and Medical Application. New York: .Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1951, p. 127. 12 available range of motion, once and once only. DeLorme explains the function and the determination of this value in the following:13 "As previously stated, once a week the patient exerts his maximum quadriceps power (maximum weight that can be lifted with one repetition the knee going into complete extension). This one repetition maximum (l-R.M.) is determined on the same day as the 10 R.M., in the following manner: When the lO-R.M. has been determined, the increases in weight are continued. With each increase beyond the lO-R.M., fewer repetitions can be done, until finally that weight which can be extended only for one repetition with maximum exertion is reached. This is recorded weekly as the index of quadriceps power." Zinovieff, in using the S.S.L. (single spring lift), gained by use of a spring ice scale, instead of determining the l-RE, stated: "This figure is more easily and quickly arrived at than is DeLorme's l-R.M. Furthermore it does not have the disadvantage of fatigueing the quadriceps during assessment, which makes the l-R.M. an unreliable measure."lit Cable Tensiometer Testing. The cable tensiometer as a device for objectively recording muscle strength was first originated during 13T. L. DeLorme, "Heavy Resistance Exercise," Archives 2: Physical Medicine. Vol. 27, l9h6, p. 612. 1”A. N. Zinovieff, "Heavy Resistance Exercises: 'Oxford Technique'," British Journal of Physical Medicine. Vol. IA, 1951, p. 130. 13 world War II by Clarke and Peterson.15 Eventually, Clarke constructed 38 objective muscle tests involving movements of the finger, thumb, wrist, forearm, elbow, shoulder, neck, trunk, hip, knee, and ankle joints. Research for these tests was conducted in the Physical Education Laboratory at Springfield College, Springfield, Mass.16 "This instrument was originally used to measure the tension of aircraft control cable. Cable tension is determined by measuring the force needed to create offset (on riser) in the cable between two set points (the sectors). This tension may be converted directly into poinds’on a calibration chart." Clarkel7 compared the effectiveness of four muscle strength recording instruments, the cable tensiometer, the Wakim-Porter strain guage, the spring scale, and the Newman myometer.18 "As reflected by objectivity coefficients, the cable tensiometer had the greatest pencision for strength testing. It was the most stable and generally useful of the instuments; and was free of most of the faults of the other devices. The strain gauge had a satisfactory degree of precision; but was extremely sensitive to slight tensions, including changes in room temperature. Both the spring scale and the Newman myometer had deficiencies which limited their usefulness. 13R. H. Clarke, Cable-Tension Strength Tests. Chicopee, Mass., 1953. lélbid., p. 2. 17H. H. Clarke, "Comparison of Instruments for Recording Muscle Strength," Research Quarterly. Vol. 25, 195M: pp. 398—ullo 18Ibid., p. 398. 11+ Wakim and others compared the strain gauge and the tensiometer:19 "Simultaneous readings were taken with the two instruments at angles of pull of 90, 100, 110, and 120 degrees (200 observations on 20 young women). The average power recorded with the strain gauge was 61.1 pounds, whereas with the tensiometer it was 57.0 pounds. The average difference in readings between the two instruments was u.l pounds, with the strain gauge giving higher results in 183 observations, the tenSiometer giving higher readings in 10, and the two giving identical recordings in 7. Since the two instruments gave identical readings under static conditions, it seemed as if the lower results with the tensiometer were due to friction within the instrument." Clarke and others20 revised their original form of administering the cable tensiometer test for quadriceps strength with a higher objectivity derived from the new method. In this method the position is the same as in the original test except that the hands are placed 0n the sides of the table and to the rear with the subject leaning backward instead of the subject crossing his arms on his chest as in the original test. The reason for this change is stated by Clarke:21 l9K, G. Wakim, J. W. Gersten, E. C. Elkins, and G. M. Martin, "Objective Recording of Muscle Strength," Archives 9: Physical Medicine. Vol. 31, (February, 1950), p. 9b. 20H. H. Clarke, E. C. Blkins, G. M. Martin, and K. G. Hakim, "Relationship Between Body Position and the Application of Muscle Power to Movements of the Joints," Archives of Rhysical Medicine. Vol. 31, (February, 1950). 15 "In the original testing position, the quadriceps muscles are in a shortened position, and the hamstring muscles offer countertension. In the revised position, the quadriceps muscles are more nearly at their full length and the tension of the hamstring muscles is not so great." Related Studies. Klein and Johnson22 conducted an experiment with six patients with the original purpose of gaining information on the effect of unilateral exercise which later developed into a method of determining the value of the lO-RM in relation to the tensiometer test. These six subjects were exercised according to the "Oxford technique" of maximum lift first bout of ten repetitions and then reducing the weight during successive bouts. The subjects consisted of three post—menesectomies and three muscle atrophy cases resulting from attlotic injuries. The l-RM values were determined with two of the patients, and ten pounds were dropped of for the 10-RM exercise. The patients were capable of doing over the lO-RM limit with this weight. The second day five pounds were dropped off of the l-RM value, and during the three weeks following the "ten R.H. capacity was established by reducing the maximum single by five pounds." All of the other patients were C2K. K. Klein and E. Johnson, "Research: A Method of Determining the Maximum Load, for Ten Repetitions, in Progressive Resistance Exercises for Quadriceps Development," The Journal 9f the Association.for Physical and Mental Rehabilitation. Vol. 7, No. h (July-August, 1953), pp. 130- 131. 16 tested on this method and it was found to work for them. The tensiometer readings were established as equaling about three times the l-RM values. Hettinger and Muller23 report a new method of developing muscle strength. They give evidence that exerting two-thirds of maximum force for a period of six seconds per day will increase the strength of.a muscle 5 per cent per week until it reaches its maximum hereditary strength. McCloyaL‘L indicates, however, that the benefits of exercise should be considered into the administration of this new method of strength development. Strength is not the only value gained by exercise although it is important to exercise. He suggests that this technique be tried along with exercise through full range of motion to get better results. 23Th. Hettinger and A. E. Muller, "Muskelleistung und Muskeltraining," Arbeitsphysiologie. Vol. 15, No. 2 (October, 1953), pp. 116-126. Zuc. H. McCloy, "Something New Has Been Added," The Journal of the Association for Physical and Mental Rehabilitation. Vol. 9, No. 1 (January-February, 1955), pp. 3-74. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Introduction. This study was undertaken in an attempt to establish the cable tensiometer test as a simply administered means of determining the 1-RM and the lO-RM treatment levels. Two hundred subjects were selected randomly from the Michigan State University required male physical education. population. All of the participating subjects were measured for knee extension strength of their strongest leg using the cable tensiometer and then subsequently tested on the 1-RM and the percentage level all-out repetition tests. The data obtained on these subjects were then correlated and tabled. The procedures involved are described in detail in this chapter. Selection pf subjects. Two hundred men were selected as a representative sample of the Michigan State University Physical Education Instructional Program (required) population. These men were chosen randomly from 2,3h2 by use of numbered class 1 lists and a table of random numbers. Eighty two of the 1M. G. Kendall and B. B. Smith, Tables 2: Ragdgm Sampling Numbers, London: Cambridge University Press, 1939. 18 one hundred and eighty4seven men of the two hundred randomly chosen participated in the experiments. Thirteen men did not wish to participate, and no attempt was made to substitute for these thirteen men. The total sample was numbered consecutively from 1 to 200. This number was used to place them into one of the four percentage level catagories by the following method: Each number was divided by four and the remainder of the division used for category placement. Remainders of O, l, 2, or 3 were placed in the 30%, 40%, 50%, or 60% level groups respectively. Tests Utilized. The cable tensiometer test was administered as described by Clarke2 with a change made in the table to facilitate the reading of the tensiometer3 (see Figures 1 and 2). This change was accomplished by placing a moveable pulley at the rear of the table and fixing the cable just above seat level at the back of the table. The pulley was 2H. H. Clarke, Cable-Tension Strength Tests. Chicopee, 'Mass.: Brown-Murphy Co., 1953, p. 29. 3Bryant w. Pocock, research engineer at Michigan State University was consulted regarding the change. He stated that the cable tension would be the same at the measurement poini: in this table as in a direct hook—up like Clarke's, neglecting the slight friction of a single pulley. -19 Figure 1. Table and equipment as used in tensio- meter test. - Figure 2. Equipment utilized in administering the tensiometer test. Top: Chain, cable, and strap apparatus. Right: Tensiometer. Left: Goniometer for setting joint angles. 20 moveable so the cable angle at the leg could be maintained at 900 as recommended by Clarke." The l-RM was determined following the measurement of the cable tension strength. The subjects were given various weights,and through several repetitions the maximum weight which could be lifted to full extension once was determined. The percentage level all-out repetition test followed and concluded the tests. In this test the subjects exercised with the assigned percentage levels of the tensiometer poundage. Repetitions were continued until fatique made full extension impossible. Techniques 3g Collection. Subject Contact. When the men were selected, the information, including name, class sport, class section, instructor's name, and hours and days the class was scheduled to meet, was recorded on a separate card for each man. (see Appendix A). These cards were then arranged according to class and section and the men were contacted in their class just prior to performing the experiment. The instructors had been notified approximately one week in advance and arrangements made to excuse the men for the testing period. The purpose of the experiment and the procedures were explained to the subjects who then EH. H. Clarke, 9... it., p. 7. 21 participated in the experiment one at a time. The subjects were very cooperative and demonstrated interest in the experiment. Thirteen of the men were unable to participate for various reasons. No attempt was made to replace them. Administering the Tests. The tests were given as they are arranged on the card (see Appendix A). lle men were tested one at a time for the complete test. Height and weight measurements are not accurate in all cases as the subjects were dressed in various clothing at the time of their contact and the men usually had classes to meet during the next scheduled class hour. Requiring clothing change would have hindered them in meeting with their classes on time. Therefore, height and weight are merely indications of the true measurements. Tensiometer test: The men were requested to sit on the table facing the proper direction with their hands placed at the back of the table5 and the back of the knee SH. R. Clarke, E. C. Elkins, G. M. Martin, and K. G. Hakim, "Relationship Between Body Position and the Application of Muscle Power to Movements of the Joints," Archives 9f_Physical Medicine. Vol. 31 (February, 1950), pp. 81-69. (This is a revision of the original method of performing this test. In the original test the subject crossed his arms over his chest. When the subject was allowed to do this, his upper body position changed, possibly affecting the reading as he either leaned forward or backward when pulling against the cable. The following is an explana- tion for the revision of this new test position: "The position is the same as for the original test except that the subject is sitting and leaning backward with the arms extended to the rear and the hands graSping the sides of the table . . . In the original testing position the quadriceps muscles are in a shortened position, and the hamstring muscles offer counter tension. In the revised position, the quadriceps muscles are more nearly at their full length and the tension of the hamstring muscles is not so great." p. 85. 22 against the front edge of tte table. Clarke's method of testing knee extension was then conducted with the revision of the hinfs at the back of the table rather than on the side to prevent flexion of the arms.6’7 Two readings were taken successively and recorded. The mean score of the two readings was used except in varia- tions of more than four places on the dial on the face of the tensiometer. If the readings were more than four places apart, the highest recorded number was used as the indication for poundage pulled. l-RM test: This test was administered directly after the tensiometer test with no rest except for the change from the tensiometer strap to the boot and weights for determination of the l-Rh. 6The writer found that with the hands at the side of the table, some subjects were inclined to bend their elbows upon extension of the leg. Therefore, the subjects were required to place their hands on the back edge of the table and to keep their elbows straight. The small table top 'made this applicable. With the hands at the back of the table it was more difficult to bend the elbows, and a more consistent position and recording is obtained since the subjects concentrate on the leg extension instead of gain- ing advantage by leaning backward. Body position was changed slightly, if at all, because the size of the table top was small and the back edge of the table was close to the subjects sitting position. 7H. H. Clarke, Cable-Tension Strength Tests. Chicopee, Hass.: Brown-Murphy Co., 1953, p. 29. he l-RM poundage was determined by the addition or subtraction of weight with each extension of the leg until the amount of weight was too much to be lifted to full extension once. The subjects were not told how much they were lifting until the experiment was completed. The subjects hands were placed at the back of the table as in the tensiometer test. The s.me table was used in all three tests. A riser was placed under th knee at the front edge 8 1 of the table as recommended by DeLorme and Watkins. when the subject was in the correct position for knee extension with weights applied to the boot, he was instructed to lift the boot as high as possible without swinging the weight or kicking it up and to keep his arms straight while doing this. The weight of the boot was not figured into the poundage lifted as the same boot, bar, and clamps were used throughout the testing. The smallest weight used was five pounds. Smaller denominations of two and one-half pounds would be necessary in using the l-RM in treatment but is not necessarily needed in determining raw weights on normal knees. The l-RM determined in this manner is not precisely 8 . . . . T. L. DeLorme and A. L. fiatkins, ProgreSSive ReSistance Exercises: Technic and hedical Apnlication. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1951, p. 92. 22+ accurate anyway, since the number of extensions required varies with each person and the degree of fatigue would be different according to the number of extensions perfonned. The men were not given any more rest than was obtainable during the changing of the weight. While the weights were being changed, the subject was in a half-sit and half-stand position at the front of the table. The weight of the boot was lifted and held by the administrator of the tests until the subjects were ready for extension so as not to tire the muscles more than necessary. ' lO-RM test: This test was broken down into the four percentage levels and followed the administration of the l-RM test. The poundage for the percentage level was arrived at with the use of the table in Appendix B. The subjects were instructed to lift the weight on the boot at a slow rate of repetition allowing a pause before each extension to avoid advantage gained by swinging the weight and also to get full extension each time. The same leg was used throughout the three tests. The position of the subject for the IO-BM test was the same as for the l-RM test. The number of pounds lifted and the number of repetitions performed were recorded in their proper places on the individuals card immediately after each test. 25 Before administering any of the three tests, the subjects were questioned as to whether they had ever injured either leg and were assured that there was no danger in the performance of these tests. The stronger leg according to the opinion of the subject, or the better leg which.was not injured was used for the three tests. Methods of Statistical Analysis. The coefficient of Correlation was determined for the tensiometer and the l-RM data. The mean, standard deviation and standard error of the mean of the two tests were also computed for these data. The means, standard deviations, and standard error of the means was calculated for the four percentage levels of the lO-RM in an attempt to determine which percentage ‘or two percentages most nearly corresponded to the actual lO-RM value. The cable tensiometer and l-RM data and the correSpond- ing lO4RM percentage level data (interpolated) were then tabled in McCall9 T-Score Tables utilizing the 6 sigma range. 9J. F. Bovard, F. W. Cozens, E. P. Eagman, Tests and Measurements igLPhysical Education. (Third edition; Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Company, 1950), p. 317. CEAPTER ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF DATA In an attempt to determine the relationship between cable tension strength tests and the one repetition maximum (l-RM) and the ten repetition maximum (lo—RH) values this study was performed. One hundred and eighty- sevcn men of the two hundred man sample performed in the experiment. The subjects, ranging in age from 17 to 27 were randomly selected from the Michigan State University male required physical education classes (total enrollment, 2,342). The subjects were tested successively for cable tension strength, l-RM poundage value, and in the all-out lifting of a weight percentage of the poundage recorded on the cable tensiometer test. The last test was an attempt to determine which percentage of the cable tensio- meter test poundage most nearly approximated the lO-RM value. The subjects were assigned to the arbitrarily selected 30, MO, 50, and 60 per cent levels. The method of assignment was to divide by four the consecutive number of the subject's selection. The remainder of the division determined the assignment, i.e. remainders of O, l, 2, 3 27 V were assigned to the 30, he, 50, or 60 per cent levels i—Jo respect vely. Analysis of Data. ——._.—_—..-lh—-——. —_ -——_—.—.- m‘, lne data were analysed in the following manner: The cable tensiometer strength poundage was correlated with the l-Rh value and the standard deviation and the standar error of the mean determined on each. McCall's T-Score formula, using the 6 sigma range, was then utilized and standard score tables developed for the two values. The percentage all-out repetition scores were then averaged and the standard deviation and standard error of the mean were determined. The approximate weight value of the lO-RH Jas then determined by interpolation from the above mentioned results. Using this interpolation value the lO-RM value was added to the above mentioned standard score tables as a rough estimate of the lO-RH value from the cable tensiometer results. It is to be noted, however, that the lO-RM values are not actually standard score data but were arrived at through multiplication of the cable tensiometer score by the percentage. This methodolog , of course, has strict limitations, but the author considers the method presented more objective than any method presented heretofore. 28 Resultg. Cable tensiometer poundage and l-RM poundage: A coefficient of correlation of .6798 was found between the cable tensiometer poundage and the l-RM poundage. This correlation is highly significant though not as high as had been expected. Thea-35 was 9.30 which is considerably greater than the 2.58 value necessary to conclude with confidence the universe value for r is greater than zero.1‘ The mean value of the cable tensiometer poundage was determined at 206.27 pounds. The standard deviation equaled 50.97 pounds and the range was from 105 to 3h0 pounds. The standard error of the mean was 3.73 pounds. The mean value of the l-Rh poundage was 96.71 pounds. The standard deviation was 21.06 and the range from 50 to 170 pounds. The standard error of the mean was 1.5h0 pounds. Table I lists these figures. TABLE I A COMPARISON OF THE CABLE TENSIOMETER AND l-RM ESULTS Range m lb 3 . ) o' Gil H3531 Low N Tensiometer - 206.27 50.97 3.73 3&0 105' 187 1-RM - 96.71 21.06 1.5a 170 So 187 lQuinn McNemar, Esgrcholoanical Statistics, raw York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 19H9, p. 122. 29 Cable Tensiometer Percentage Level All-Out Repetitions. The mean number of all-out repetitions the subjects were capable of at the various percentage levels are as follows: 30% = 14.9; hofl = 7.9; 50% = 3.4; and 60% = .29. The value of the lO-YH lies between the 30 per cent and AG per cent levels of the tensiometer values. The percentage equivalent to the lO-RM, by interpolation, is approximately 37 per cent of the tensiometer poundage. Table II lists the ranges of the various percentage levels according to pounds lifted and_number of repetitions. TABLE II PBR-ENTAGE LEVEL ALL-OUT REPETITIONS; RANGES IF WEIGHTS LIFTED AND REPBTITIONS BEFORHED IN TEE VARIOUS PERCENTAGE LEVELS ,,f ,4 ,J/ . Lbs. Reps. Lbs. Reps. Lbs. Reps. Lbs. Reps. Low Values - 3S 9 an 0 6S 0 65 0 High Values - 110 26 130 23 170 17 200 7 Table III lists the mean values of the pounds lifted and the number of repetitions with the standard error of the mean for each. It is to be noted the lO-RM value lies between the 30 and to per cent levels. By interpolation the value is approximately equal to 37 per cent. 30 TABLE III ALL-CUT PERCENTAGE LEVEL VALUES Percentage Levels Eggs .) ‘31 11—33mm ti ans "-1.1 in 30 60.9 i 2.7 1u.9 T 2.02 M7 40 86.6 i 3J1 7.9 i .98 43 50 101.6 T u.0 3.u : .76 Ms M 60 125.7 f u.7 .29 i 1.00 as ' Standard Score Tables. Table IV was arrived at by use of McCall's T-Score formula for equal intervals.2 This table is an indication of the weights which may be used for treatment. The table would be used in the following manner: A subject would be administered the cable tensiometer test and the poundage would be determined from the tensiometer calibration chart. When this value is found the administra- tor would use the l—RL and the lO-RM values which will be directly across in the next two columns respectively. The mean of the l-RH data was 96.7 pounds, which is M6 per cent of the mean of the tensiometer data. These 2J. F. Bovard, F. W. Cozens, and E. P. Eagman. Tests gnd Measurements in Physical Education. Third edition, Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Company, 1950, p. 317. TABLE IV TENSIOLETLR AND l-RK STALDAED SCORE TABLES Standard Percentile Tensiometer l-RM lO-Rh‘ Score Score Pounds Pounds Pounds 100 99.9 559 160 155 95 99-7 544 155 127 90 99.2 529 147 122 85 98.2 515 141 116 8O 96.4 298 155 110 75 95.5 28 128 105 70 88.4 268 122 99 6 81.6 252 116 95 60 72.6 257 169 88 55 61.8 222 105 82 50 50.0 206 97 76 45 58.2 191. 90 71 1+0 27.4 176 .84 65 55 18.4 160 78 59 50 11.5 145 72 54 25 6.7 150 65 47 20 5.6 115 59 42 15 1.8 9 55 57 10 .8 84 46 51 5 .4 69 4O 25 o .1 55 94 20 *The lo—Rh values are not based on the total distribution. These values were arrived at by multiplying 57% times the tensiometer value for a rough estimate of that standard score level. results are contradictory to those of Klein3 who stated the l-RH measures were approximately one- -third of the tensiometer values. Discussion. The method presented is rough and is yet to be tested. The advantage lies in its simplicity and objectiveness. There are, however, serious limitations to the technique t’” before it can be generally adopted: 1) The lowness of the correlation between the tensiometer and l-RM results indicate that eit er the 1- RH value is too unreliable or that there is a difference between the static tensi01eter test used and the dynamic l-BM test. Ouelletteu in studying the effects of quadriceps weight training on leg speel obtained significant increases in the l-PM bit rot in tensiometer res1lts following a seve1~reek trair 111g program; 2) The table, as presented, assumes the Interpolation between the 30 per cent and the £0 per cent levels to be correct. There is no assurance the data are linear as the interpolation would assume. The data, in fact, 3x. I. Klein and E. Johnson, "Research: A Iethod of Determining the haximum Load, Eor Ten 7eneo1t1ons, In Pr0“ressive Resistance Exercises -or Quadriceps Develo pLent T_5_ Journal of th.e Association Eor Phygical and Lcntal - - _’ _....__-._ -._--.. _———-~— .- .- — c—.-. -—.~_ -.~ -_.- _§ehao lrtntion, Vol. 7, No;“h , July . ujust, 195* , pp. ~130— 131. MR. C.Oue11ette, ""The Effect of Quadricops Development on Sprint Ru mnning Time. Unpublished Master' 8 thesis, Mi higan State University, East Lansing, Aurust,1955). appear to be curvilinear when percentage values are plotted with repetitions. The table also assumes tie 37 per cent value is applicable at both the top and bottom of the scale. There is no assurance this is true though the standard error of the mean at the hO per cent level is less than one repetition. The table, however, is easily used and is objective. The value of the method will have to be determined by further investigation. SUIKARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMIVNDATIONS Surnn 8. r1. One hundred and eighty-seven of a randomly selected two hundred men from the Michigan State University male required physical education classes participated in a battery of three tests. The tests included: Cable tensiometer strength, one repetition maximum, and a tensiometer poundage percentage level all-out repetition test. The purpose of the experiment was 1) to determine the relationship between the cable tensiometer test and the l-Rh test and 2) to determine what percentage of the cable tensiometer poundage most nearly equaled the ten repetition value. A table for the selection of the l-RM and lO-RM treatment levels from the simply administered cable tensiometer test was arrived at for an easier and more objective determination of the two measures. Conclusions. l. The relationship between cable tensiometer strength and the l-Rh capacity as measured in this study is relatively low (r = .6798). The correlation, though significant, is poorer than was anticipated. Apparently being affected either by the unreliability of the l-RM -55 test or because there may be a poor relationship between static and dynamic strength. 2. The lO-PI value lies between the mean of the 50% level (14.9) and the 40% level (7.9). By interpolation, the lO-Rh value was determined to be 57% of the cable tensiometer poundage. 5. The mean of the l-Eh data was found to be 46% of the mean of the cable tensiometer data. These results are contrary to some of the earlier findings. 4. A table for use in the selection of l—Rh and lO-RM treatment levels has been presented. Recommendations. l. The table for use in the selection of l—Rh and lO-Rfi treatment levels merits further investigation in longitudinal studies. 2. A further study should be made of the 57% value to determine its accuracy at selected standard score levels from O to 100. 5. A longitudinal study utilizing different numbers of repetitions should be completed to determine the valid- ity of the lO-EM measure. BIBLIOGRAPHY ITBIIOanxirl 1 1301 1:3 111:1) 1911;111:111 A. I Bovard, J. F., F.1.. Cozens, and E. L. Has. man. Tests and Leasurements in Physics 1 Education. Third edition Lhiladelphia and London: M. B. Saunders Company, 1950. 315 pp. Clarke, H. H. Ca ble Tension Strength Tes ts S. ChiCOpee, Lassachusetts: Brown—Lurphy 00., 19% . Uatkins. Lro ”res ive Leslst nee DeLo rme, T. L., and A. L. Lew lora: Exercis-s; Technic and Medical npolicatiOL. Appleton—Century-Crofts, Inc., 1951. Kendall, L. G., and B. B. Smith. Tables of Random Sampling Numbers. London: Cambridge University Eress, 959. B. PERIOD CALS "Heavy Lesis tance, Low Lepetition Lxe ercise 1?unction in the Lnee Joint,” Love 25: 597—400, l9“6. Anderson, E. H. in the Restoration of Scotia Ledical Bulletin, of Clarke, H. H. "I mprovement of Objective Stre Ltth Tests Lesearch Luscle Groups by Cable Tension Lethods," gparterly,'2l:599-425, 1950. "Objective Strength Tests of Afiected Luscle Groups lnvolved in Orthopedic Disabilities," Research Lpar- C tE’I‘lY, 19:118-147, 5'40. "Testing Luscle Strength," Research Reviews, Janiary 1950, pp. 1-8. , T. L. Bailey an nd C. T. Shay. "Lew Objective Strength Tests of Iuscle Groups by Cable Tension Lethods," Research wuarterly, 25:2:156—148, May, 1952. , B. C.-leins, G. L. Lartin, and K. G. 1a.ia. "Lela- tionship Between Body Position and the Application of Luscle Lower to Lovements of the Joints," Archives of 1 . - .. -. . . — r, .= -_. , _ #— LhySical LGQlClne, jlzol—89, Leoruary, 1950. “ DeLorme, T. L. "heavy Resistance Exercise," Archives of Physical Lcdicine, 27:607-650, 1946. "Restoration of Luscle Loner by Heavy Lesistance Sxercises, " Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 27: 645, CctoEer, 19457 , R. S. Schwa b, and A. L. Watkins. "Response of guadriceps Femoris to Progressive Lesistance Exercise in Poliomyelitic Tatients, " Journal of Bone and Joint Surr:;r , BO—Az854, October, 940. , B. G. Ferris, and J. L. Gallagher, "Effect of Pro»- r-ssive Resistance Exercise on Luscle Contraction Time," Archives pf Physical Ledicine, 55:86-92, February, 1952. , and A. L. Watkins. "Technieues of lrogressive Eesis- tance Exercise," Archives pf Physical Ledicine, 29: 265-275, l0 )48. , F. E. West, and W. J. Schriber. "Influence of Ero- gressive Resistance Exercise on Knee Function Following Femoral Fractures," Journal 2f Bone and Joint Surgery, 52-A:4:910-924. Elkins, E. G., U. L. Laden, and K. G. Hakim. "Objective Recording of the Strength of Normal Luscles," Archives 2f Physical Ledicine, 52:659, October, 1951. Gallagher, J. R., and T. L. DeLorme. "The Use of the Tech- nioue of Progressive Lesis tance Snercis e in Adolescence," Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 51-A:847—858, October, 1949. Hettinger, Th., and A. E. Luller. "Huskelleistung Und Luskeltraining," Arbeitsphysiologie, XV, Lo. 2, October, 1955, pp. llb-lEb. Hoe? D. G. "Phxsical Theran in Orthonedics: With S ecial u , -. ~-. 0 «L L —--~ 0 o —-. ‘. . Leference to Heavy Leelstance, Low Lepetition Sxer01se Program," Physiotherapy Review, 26:291-294,194o. Houtz, S. J., A. L. Parrish, and F. A. Fellebrandt. "The Influence of Leavy Resistance Exercise on Strength," Ehysiothera oy Leview, a6.299-504, 1946. -59 Klein, K. L., and L. Johnson. "Lesearch: A Lethofi of Deter- mining the laxiEAm Load, for Ten Lcoetitions, In Lro- gres sive Lesis tance Lx1rcises for wuadriceps Develop- ment, The Journal of the Association for Lhysical and Lent 1 16h: oilit.t1on, 7:4:15S-151, July-August, 1955. Levenson, C. 1. "Therapeutic Exercises in Lanagenent of gar Injuries," Archives of Lhysical Ledicine, 28:587—596, 9117. LacQueen, 1. J. "Lecent Aévances in the Technique of Lrogres- sive Resistance Exercise," British Ledical Journal, Lo. 4898, Lovember 20, 1954, pp. 1195-1198. LcCloy, C. L. "Something Lew has Been Added," The Journal of the Association for Vhlrsical and 1ents 1 ;era0111ta- tlon, 9:1:5-4, January-hcbruary, 955. McGovern, L. 3., and H. B. Luscombe. "Useful Lodifications of Lrogres sive Resist nce Lxercise Technique," Arclzives 2; Lhysica 1 Iecicine, 54: 8: 475-4 7'7, August, 1955. LcLorris, L. 0., and E. C. LlLins. "A Study of Production and LValuation oi I.uscu1ar Lypertroohy, " Archives of 1%vsica11 Eedicine, 55: 7: 420-426, July, 19 Loland, L. L., and F. A. Kuckhoff. "An Adapted irogressive Assistance Sxercise Levice," Physical Thera:y Leview, 54:7:555—558, July, 1954. —‘ fakim, K. G., J. I. Gersten, E. O. 31: ns, and G. L. Lartin. "Objective Lecordin“ of1.usc1e Strengt1" Archives of 1hysica11.edicine, 51:90—100, February, 950. “atkins, A. L. "Lrectical Applications of Pro ressive Lesis- tance Sxercise, " Journal of the Aneric; n Ledical Assoc- iation, 148 ”6 445—448, be eoruary 9,1952. Zinovieff, A. N. "Heavy Lesistance Exercises: Oxford Technic,‘ British Journal of Physical Medicine, 14:129-152, June, 951- Zorbas, L. 5., and E. V. Harpovich. "The Effect of Yei ht Lifting Ugon the Speed of Luscular Contractions, icSecrca guarterly, 22:9:148, Lay, 1951. END IX P. r. f: APPENDIX A Card For Recording Data. Numb er Name Address Class Sport Section Instructor Class Hours: M-W-F T-Th Age Weight _w__~_lbs. Height ft. _ in. Kid-leg Length in. Tension Strength Raw ‘/ Lbs. l-RM lbs. lO-RM: percontage__ lbs. Repetitions Comments: APPENDIX B Tdble for Determination of Percentage Level All-Out Repetition Pbundage From cable Tensiometer Reading. Teneio-_ meter 39.92.”; 19 22 25 28 31 3h 38 6 £13 116 1:8 50 52 5h 56 58 60 61 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 9O 95 100 105 110 115 125 percentage levels fihfifl Q 15 16.5 18 19.5 21 22.5 28 25.5 27 28.5 30 31.5 20 22 2h 26 28 88 25 30 27.5 33 30 36 32.5 39 35 hz 37.5 85 ho he h2.5 51 85 h7q5 57 SO 60 52.5 63 55 66 57.5 69 60 62.5 75 65 6745 81 70 72.5 87 75 7745 93 80 82.5 99 85 102 87.5 105 90 108 92.5 111 95 uh 97.5 117 100 120 102.5 123 105 126 107.5 129 110 132 63 6h 66 67 69 70 72 73 7h 75 76 78 79 80 81 82 8h 85 Tensio- meter £22.: 225 230 235 percentage levels fiéfl 67.5 90 69 92 70.5 9h 72 96 73.5 98 75 100 76.5 102 78 101; 79.5 106 90 108 91.5 110 93 112 9h.5 1m 96 116 97.5 118 99 120 100.5 122 102 103.5 126 105 128 106.5 1130 108 132% 109.5 13h 111 136 112.5 138 111; Iho 115.5 182 117 12.1. 118.5 11.6 120 1118 121.5 150 123 152 12h.5 15k 126 156 127.5 158 129 160 1211155 Sign 112.5 135 115 138 APPENDIX B Table for Determination of Percentage Isvel All-Out Repetition Poundage Pram Cable Tensiometer Reading. Tensio- meter £225.: 19 22 25 28 31 3h 38 6 ha 116 he 50 52 5h 56 58 60 61 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 180 11.5 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 1 1 888%5‘5 percentage levels 261mm 15 16.5 18 19.5 21 25 30 27.5 33 30 32.5 39 35 112 37.5 1:5 10 118 h2.5 511 115 1.7.5 57 50 52.5 63 55 66 57.5 69 60 62.5 75 65 78 67.5 81 70 72.5 87 75 77.5 93 80 82.5 99 85 102 87.5 105 90 108 92.5 111 95 1114 97.5 117 100 120 102.5 123 105 126 107.5 129 no 132 Q 63 6b, 66 67 69 70 72 73 7h 75 76 78 79 80 8]; 82 8h 85 Tensio- meter E 229.: 225 230 235 210 215 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 325 percentage levels flflfl 67.5 90 69 92 70.5 9h 72 96 73.5 98 75 100 76.5 102 78 10h 79.5 106 90 108 91.5 110 93 112 9h.5 uh 96 116 97.5 118 99 120 100.5 122 121. £972. 112.5 135 115 138 117.5 m 120 um 122.5 117 125 150 127.5 153 W511?!“ "'mwmmmm... 12M" fipPENDI x c. p 7 an»?! 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