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The Jarve number of different editions and tee fPQQNR‘E
quotation of anCQres frnfi Hfijnfil make a few exslannticns
necessary. Quotations are - if nathing else mentioned -

from nhné Tnvmni's uietmiva patinoanhi~nn et “niififiww
" ‘ U ‘ ' " ‘ - H - ' . ' .

 

 

 

dpc étthiQQempng at dn com phne dag énpwréanq dgnq 199

 

 

 

‘ - o
denx Indeq, geneve, 173?, 4 voiume edltion.

 

. ', A .' a ‘ ,y- . ' r7 / T ') )0 Jr a
59 reqi, L0? exaaple, jV/jr/IL, p. 1?“ in a lfintnote,

as Diume IV, vak 17 Chsbter II, Page 1V5 in the gnawe-

I

mentioned eiition.

is the arrangement of the chapters rewmined in general

, Cwuld be flxnuiufitmin the

the same after 1783, reference.

yiven chapter of later elitiohs.

In refer in; t9 Abné Qaynnl'a above mentioned bmqk

lo

the ahurevintifln ”lqtj'

<5.

‘1

l

a dag Inias is used in tfie tEYt

 

find for the f-’:)<)tn(:ntes’ Ir‘jz‘pog, 8'0.

 

INTRVWHVYPION

Many studies have been made in the field of American-
French relations. Therefore I do not think it necess-
ary to repeat all arguments for the necessity of such
investigations. 1 It is undisputed and much has to be

done in order to evaluate all accessible material. 2

As H.M. Jones indicates, there are different ways
of apnroacn for such a study. 5 For members of the
nations iflVOlVBU it is not easy to remain on neutral

ground. We hope, it will be easier for a foreign observer.

In the field of American-French inter-relations
some excellent general studies have been done, e.g., by
H.M. Jones, Fay and Chinard. 4

But we have the impression t-at people sometimes
undertww too much at a time.

we think Ecneverria's ”The French Image of American
C lture" 5 a typical example. We do not doubt the necess-

ity of such general studies but according to our opinion

 

l

 

H.M. Jenes, America and French Culture, 1750-1848.
Q. Pay, The Revolutionary Spirit in France and America.
G. Cninard, Tee rerques huguenots en Ahérique.

_.....

 

 

 

J. Nonagnan, French Travellers in the United States.

 

 

H.“. Jones, 0p. cit.

See note (1)

01430303

D. Fcheverria, The French TMer of American Culture, 1753-
‘ ~J. ,‘. ---'-- mvn h—..._. - - .-.—_— avowed—..-
-1 .JUL) .

 

 

 

1.;rr Is ”,NJ. .d. Q~n;-" tflHt tuey lack a sound basis
and therefore hardly scratch the surface. They Should
be based upon thorough studies of individual authors and
tdeir snare in tie nation 0: an image of a country in
another society. Utterwise they will just compile general
information to be formed in hsnfbuuks, etc. We know very
well tiat generalizations of this kind lead too easily to
a wrong picture of the individual and of his importance in
his time.

One of tdOSB hen wno have been ”strangely slighted” 6
by historians of ideas is Aobé Raynel. He had, without

doubt, an enormous influence in his time, 7

and we hepe to
be able to snow wnat his View of America was.

His widely read Histoire des Indes gives in the 18th

 

century to many Europeans the picture of America.
Critics in his time and to-day accuse him of having

not given a ”right" impression. 8

Everybody and especially
those of us Who had the privilege of seeing other countries
- know how difficult it is to get and to transmit a ”right”

picture. In the case of Raynal we think sometding more, a

basic misunderstanding of his main stress, is involved. We

 

Echeverria, p. 87.

Pay, Bibliosraphie critique des ouvrenes franoais relatifs
aux ?tats-Unis (3373-13305?

 

8 See under his ”Critics and Opponents‘.

will investigate tnis question in our paragraph, ””is Aims”.
First of all We toink it necessary to snow Reynal's
tine and his person in short. This will furnish the nec-
essary background for the choice of his subjects and the
means of information for his work.
After having applied our findings to his way of working
we restrict ourselves in tne main part of this thesis to

the section of his Wistoire des Indes giving information

 

about America. The term "America" is generally used in
this paper in a restricted sense, including only those
Rritish colonies in the East of North America wnich became
in 1776 the United States of America.

In addition to the ”act that there is only a limited
sl'ce available another reason may justify my reetrietien.
Emile fialone dealt with Haynel ‘s writing on Canada with a
somewhat different approach in his ”Guillaume Raynal historian
du Canada". 9

Then it will be easier to understand Raynal's sins
and the errors which occur in his "Histoire des Indes", too.

The confusing number of different editions makes an
overview and an explanation for the caoice of the lVHO
edition necessary. This I used for most of my quotations.
Translations, abbreviations, and imitations contributed their

share in propagating Reynal's picture of America.

 

9 E. Salone, Guillaume Raynal historian du Canada, Paris, n.d.

 

 

The Cantrfll task is then to investigate toe details
of his general View 10 and to deal with the British,
American, and French attitudes toward the American Revolu-
tion woich he presents. A summary of his opinions on the
influence of the discovery of the New World and his outlook
on America's future will conclude this main section.

We do not consider it our task to correct Raynel's
errors and contradictions. We will try to represent his
view of America as it influenced her picture in Europe.
Before the final conclusion we thought it interesting to
give in a short sketch the importance of Reynal's view in
his age, some of his major critics and Opponents and the
reception of his picture of America. We are aware of the
fact test this aspect demands fuller investigation, yet we
hope to show what Waynal meant to his age. We cannot judg
him from our point of view. We have to see in him a re-

presentative of his time writing for 18th century society.

 

 

13
The amount of material makes restriction to a few examples

necessary.

1' flhhé qupgikan intermediary

 

Abbé Raynal was a child of the age of Enlightenment
and was very well acquainted with the philosophy of the
EncyCIOpaedist School and with its main representatives.

As already once during the Renaissance and the Age
of Discovery, and as later in the second half of the 19th
century, science tries to offer a solution to all questions.
All powerful man dares again to reject God, Christianity
and all supernatural powers, he follows Rousseau's call:
Back to nature: and wants to solve all problems on his own.
It says, for instance, in the ”Arrest de la Cour de Parle-

ment" in connection with Raynal's Histoire des Indes:

 

O philosophie: Tu prétens étre adorée comme

une Divinité bienfaisante: Eu veux compre tous

les liens qui attachent les sujets A leur Roi

légitime...et tu aspires a devenir l'idole de

l'numanité...

The eyes of those overenthusiastic people are again
directed to far distances as it was once in the Age of
Columbus. But this time it is not the wish for mere dis-
coveries or only the passion for gold, - this time it is
more that they are at the steps of a new age and are aware

of this fact. Raynal expresses this new tendency in the

introduction to his fifteenth book:

 

l Arrest de la cour de Parlement, Extrait des Régistres du
Parbment du 25 mai, 1781, p. 12.

”Ce n’est plus one we 1'0? que nos avide et
(quels Europfiens iront chercher loin de leur
patrie. veins insensés, s'lls franchissent
encore les mere, ce sera pour se soustraire
aux calamitéa de leurs propres contrées: ce
sera pour trouver 1e repos et la liberté,

pour deflicher des terres incultes; pour ‘
couvrir de filets des rives poissonneuses..'.'d

"La question coloniale est en hombre des
grands problénes politiques qui tourmentent
le siecle.”

says Descnamps in his Histoire de la question coloniale en

 

France. The New WOrld offered a wide and open field. A
chance to escape the narrowness and the difficulties of
Europe arising therefrom, with its religious and political
wars. This view of space and freedom fostered the attacks
of this philosophical age against intolerance, superstition,
servitude, and the ”cupidity of the European governments." 4

The number of voyages to the New World grows and their
reports and the news from missionaries help to increase the
interest in exotic things.

Rousseau finds in these reports examples for his theory
of the'hoble savage”. He contrasts nature, which is always
good, with society, Which is always bad. It needs Nontesquivu
who recognizes the complexity of all problems and who sees
that the good and the bad are always intermingled in this

world.

 

2 Indes, IV/lE/Entrod. p. 1

3 i. Deschamps, Histoire de la question coloniale en France,

p. 991.

 

4 Fay, Rev. Spirit, p. 9

 

Put it is not only B.-".3nte.:qt.lieu's clear-sijhted modera-
tion, it is also his different opinion about the importance
of commerce wnich distinguishes him from Rousseau who re-
garded the scirit of commerce as bad. We could call Hont-
esquieu the founder of economic science in France, and we
will come across his name again in connection with the
slavery problem. He answers the question, ”l'esclavage est
avantageux - mais a qui?‘ in the following way; "a la partie
riche et voluptueuse de la nation." 5

Many of these trends of his time we will meet again in

Raynel's Histoire des Incas, especially, (1) the tendency to

 

deal with philosophical problems, (2) the preoccupation with
economic questions, (5) the taste for exotic things, and

(4) the knowledge about colonial expansion and all questions
connected with this problem — snould be remembered as

characteristic for the latter half of the 18th century. 5

 

5 Jameson, Montesquieu et l'esclavage, p. 365.
6

 

 

It cannot be the task of this paper to develop a complete
picture of the 18th century. For furtier references
see: P. Fay, Revolutionary Spirit. It gives us quite
a good impression of the time when Raynel's Fistoire
des Tndes was published for the first time in 1770.

We trie§*to point out that the interest in America was
already rouse; by other books, too, e.g., We Pauw's
Rechercnes pnilosophiques sur les Americains, Paris,

auhiTI, Un frécurselr de la Revolution, l'AUbé Reynal, late.
Tengere gives additional infor.ation in Chapter III,

Ravnal at son temps, p. 65-97.

 

 

 

 

 

D U‘q Dpvzci-sn 1
0 _u.- _‘ :1. _.

min-n.

 

Guillaume Thomas Wranqois Reynal, born in 1715,

educated at the Jesuit college at Pé7enas, was ordained

priest. Rut he left the Church soon and went to Paris
in 1747.
1 \
Tenwere Characterizes him: "Rien dans son caractere/

Inten dans son talent ne 19 met a part, he 1'éleve au-
dessus de la médiocrité," 2 and takes at least half of this
statement back in saying in a flotnote to this sentence:
”I1 est bien entendu que cette médiocrité est toute re-
lative. Elle est celle d'une élite fort distinguée quand
on la compare an commdn des hommes." 3

Then he adds in his text: "Et pourtant ce mediocre, a
peine débarqué de sa province, as fait tout de suite sa
place an soleil.” 4 Raynal writes for the ”Nouvelles
littéraires” and edits from 1750-1754 the ”Mercure de France.”
Here in Faris he has the best chances to absorb the "spirit

of his age", and we will see how well he succeeds.

 

 

1 We are very sorry that we could not get hold of Reynal's
bibliography by M.B. Lunet. (aiopraphie de l'abbé Reynal,
Rodez, 1866.) We had to depend on A. enéere and notes
in seneral Riographies for the information we thought
necessary at this place in our thesis.

2

Tengére, Precurseur, p. 9.

 

3 Ibid. p. 9, note (as)

4 Tbid.

 

ff ‘| l 4.. .
‘Us ut‘n«s ~79

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n'éteit qu'entre les meius we zp*oci "ts et fie glel
Nunistree.” I?
" 1 ‘ h ' -‘- r
tenfere, :rvcurseur, p. “o
'.‘ ~ .- ‘ "v "
TQWMHGQe oJ XKB Siecle, Peris, lt.d, p, 945

Precurseur,

 

77

 

9 Raynql, Hictgire {les IL’ldeS

 

10 Reynnl, Histoire

 

 

d 11

j:
.K.

— w I
stethjumenst

-.-—-- .— _.

 

 

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——_-—.

 

Erlemat

 

*. - n " . . - .‘ .‘ .... , ,t
He starts to collect material Phd ”spree avoir eaivi,

durant plus de vingt ans des débats qui le passionnait

t P. _)
CO we - rdveir, cmmne homme d'axfaires, comme citoyen..." 1“

:—

he is ready to edit for the first time ”une histoire generate

de la colonisation comparée.” 15 ...his Histoire des Indes.

 

Nith his philosophical and political andfis he
especially interested in the conflict between Great Britain
and her American colonies. He follows its development closely
and comments on the facts in the new editions of his work
in 1770, 1774 and 1780. 14

But he does not write so much for the sake of facts.

He writes as a Frenchman and as a patriot. We hnve the
impression that his critics did not evaluate this fact

highly enough. If we take tnis under consideration, we

will find it easier to understand ”inconsistencies”, "errors”,
and reproaches.

We cannot help, but we do not think his patriotism
superficial or half-hearted. And it is not only a phrase

when he says in his Histoire des Indes about the Frencn:

 

 

12 Tengére, Préc., p. 159
13

Salons, p. 13.

14 Further details under "Editions”.

. . u» . . : --iw - 2
”talgré toua les ellorts cue l'on a iait pendant is siecles,

U}

pour éteindre dans nos fines le sentiment patriotique, 11.n4
I A o
hexiste peut-etre chez aucune nation plus vif et plus

15 This patriotism lasted through all his

energique.”
life.

We think it was not only the wish to become famous or
to make propaganda for his work in the world which made him
issue the 1780 edition. It was at least to the same degree
his sincere conviction that his obligation toward his country

made this step necessary. We Know that it lead to the Arrest

d3 11 cour £3 Parlehent 16 which 0rd red that his work

 

 

should be burnt and that he had to leave the country.
He was in time informed by his friends and went from
1781 - 1784 to Belgium, Germany and Switzerland, never

-< u

losing France and his WJrk out of his eyes. ”row 135% as

a; he spent in exile ;; the Provence and was then allowed
to return to Paris. And even if the letter to the Etats
Généraux is not written by him 17 his well known letter to
the National Assemhly 13 proves to me his "consistency" on
one line: the constant care for his country until his death
in 1796. This deeper consistency and the strong influences

of his age will help to explain many shortcomings in his

work.

 

15 Indes, IV/l7/XV/P. 225°

10 Arrest de la cour de Parlement Extrait des Régistres du
Parlement, du 25 mai, l7ol.
17 8.7. Grimm, Correspondence littéraire. vol. 13, p. 530.
18 , - , . ,
Qaynal, Iettre de M. l'Aboe Raynal, lue e l'Assemblee
Nationals.

, ': 7h m
l. i s “”4

 

1 General quaqhg

 

a) subjects

 

We considered the tendencies and currents in the 18th
century and saw how Raynal had a chance in Paris to watch
them closely. His deep inte'est in historical events and
his contact with the philosophers of his age led him to the
field of history. Yet he does not want to write the history
of wars but that of com arcs and peace.

We think we can recognize from the beginring his
already mentioned care for his own country. He is looking
for examples to improve conditions in France and he looks,
like his illustrious predecessors, Voltaire, Nontesquieu,
and Rousseau, toward England, and toward Holland, the lands
he praises so often for their freedom. We saw that the

Histoire du stethoudérat and uistoire du Parlement d'Angle-

 

 

terre were the first results of his historical studies. 1
But this is only a prelininary stage of his career, and his

Anecdotes 2 as well as his Considerations sur la paix de

 

 

 

1783,:5 and his Essai sur l'administration de St. Dominique,4

 

 

 

See above, p.
See above, p.

Raynal, Considerations sur la paix de 1785.

 

 

4 Raynel, Essai sur l'administration de st. Dominique,
1785. ‘"’

 

 

are only minor offsprings besides his major work which made

‘l

nim famous all over the world, his uistoire deg Indes. Here

 

he has found his subject, a subject wqicn offers him an
epoortunity to meet the demands of his age 5. to give in-
formation about the world and especially about the newly
discovered areas, but at the same time he has a chance to ex-

press his own ideas, or better, to reflect tnose of his age.

 

As the Histoire des Indcs is his significant work, we
will restrict ourselves for the next two points to tnis work

and then come to his writings about America only.

 

5

See above, p.

C. ”is Work
m

1. General Aspects

 

b) Sources

Raynal gives in general no sources. His Histoire des

 

Indes has no footnotes, and no bibliography. So we have to
discover by other means wqere his information comes from.
But let the althor speak in his own case first.

"J'ai aprellé a mom secours les hommes instruits

de toutes nations. J'ai interrogé les vivans et

les morts, qui ont transmis leurs opinions et

leurs connoissances, en quelque langue qu'ils

aient écrit. J'ai pesé leur autorité, j'ai op-

posé témoignages, j'ai éclairci, les faits." 5
And now let us see what is behind those pompous words.

Reynal, who never left Europe, ”avait besoin d'une

foule de documents" to comply with this enormous taste, he

had set for himself in his Histoire des Indes. But ”11

 

les obtint sans peine, car 11 entrensit d'excellentes re-
lations avec des ministres, des ambassadeurs, des financiers,
des marins et des commergants." And Tengére adds: "Rien

me la rebutait." 7 He interviewed first of all foreigners
coming to Paris. "11 s'en emparait et les exprbmait jusqu'a

la derniere goutte." 8

 

6 Indes, 1/1/ pp. 2-3.
7 fiengere, Précurs., p. 175.

8 Ibid., p. 175.

Very often he was not very careful in tne selectirn
of his witnesses. Ee took of whom he could find.

Further on he must have got quite good information
through his connections with the Jesuits, who had mission-
aries all over the world. 9 Besides oral reports and dis—
cussions with his many friends, he read a lot of books and
quoted passages quite often without giving the snirces. His
Opnonents, critics and modern scholars found enough instance:.
Salons says about the section where Raynal is concerned with
Canada: ”C'est as Journal du voyage fait par ordre du Roy
dans l'Amérique Sententrionsle que Raynal a secours, le
plus souvent." 10

Thomas Paine mentions in his Letter Raynal's use of
the pamphlet ”Common Sense” and continues: "But there are
other places where the Abbe has borryved freely from the
said pamphlet without acknowledging it." 11 Then he proves
his statement by putting passaaes against each Other.
Echeverria mentions similarities betw en Raynal's work and

William Smith's History of New York. 13

 

In addition to these Sources he had without doubt many

chances to see people and to collect material during his

 

9 Tangere, pp. 106 137

10 Selene, p. 16.

11 Paine, A letter addressed to the Abbe Reynal, vol. I, p.
25.

12

Echeverria, p. 95.

stay in in:land arl ficliani,

We have enou:h proof of tne personal efforts he made
to get competent and up-to-date information. Pay says,
for instance, ”11 avait désiré se procurer de premiere main
des documents at statistiques et s'était servir de Franklin
pour faire parvenir a la société philosophique de Phila-
delphie une demands de renseignements (1774)." 15 He wanted
exact figures on the population, the commerce and the wealth
of the American colonies. But the Society was of the opinion
that his research was of a too limited interest and refused
his reqoest. 14

So he had sometimes to use in his new edition figures
and facts of British compilations from half a century ago.
Even in his 1780 edition we find figures from 1763, 1768
and 1769. 15 And in many cases he does not mention dates
of the census at all.

The pieces of his correspondence are too rare to find
out how much information he got through these channels.
Rut we know for instance that he wrote to Crévecoeur to

get more and better news about America. 15

 

15 Fay, sibliogr. Crit., p. 45.

 

14 Early Proceedinjs of the American Philosophical society,
Philadelphia, 1884, dated Dec. 30, 1774.

15 Indes, IV/ie/kx/p. 527

15 Tengere, PréCurseur, p. 568

 

And even Tenyére WHO dgnbts tne value of his documenta-
tion 17, who shows cases here Raynal Changed dates of
affairs 18, and wno says "is don de l'inexactitude est
renforcé par un penchant invincible a l'exagération, par
le gout du merveilleux at par de violents partis prix,” 19
must agree that Raynal ”...est toujours et sans se lesser é
l'afffit de tout ce qui lui permettra de se tenir au courant
des découvertes intéressantes et de perfectionner son
grand ouvrage." 20

So he adds details from newspapers and magazines.31
Put further im ortant "sources" have to be mentioned in a

special paragraph...his collaborators.

 

17 Ibid., p. 215

m

18 Ibid., pp. 215—216

 

19 Ibid,, p. 216
90 Ibid., p. 368

21 About 3. ‘MI: . 7-~c, and fa! and Franklin's Polly

.9.“

 

Faker, see under ”€rrors”.

1. General Aenects

 

c) Collaborators

 

We know that Raynnl not only took information from the
above-mentioned sources but that he also incorporated into
his book many items which his friends furnished him and
it is said that he inserted them without verification.

These are generally only philosophical dissertations. 32

Tengére mentions in a long list: "Thomas, l'illustre
faiseur d'é¢loges académiques, Saint Lambert, Suard Guibert,
Knyphausen, d'uolbach, Lagrange, F"aigeon, La Roque, l'ex-
jésuite Martin, le médecin Dubreuil et son inseparable
ami, Pechméja, qui se rattache au groups des languedociens:
Valadier, l'abbé Pestre et Bonnaterre, Deleyre enfin et
Diderot qui, a eux seats, abbatirent plus de besogne que
tous les autres ensemble." 25

On this basis his critics built their theories.
Tengére, for example, suspects that Raynal was more or less
bold in his corrections and ”c'est sans doute d'une main

24

tremblante qu'il raturait Diderot." This e<plains to

him slight variations between the text of the Histoire des

 

Indes and Diderot's work, Diderot's collaboration, seems

undoubted since the 1772 edition. ”5

 

32 Fay, Rev. Spirit, pp. 13-11.

 

25 Tengére, Erecurseur, p. 177.
24 Ibid., p. 199.

25 Ibid., p. 186

5

int until now it has been - and Tznflmfl<yv ever will he —
innorsible to attribute disputed parts to a certain collahor-
' l ‘ ‘ _
ator. And I have toe impressxon that Tenaere, with the

intention of doing them justice, goes sometimes too far in

f—Jo

his hypothes 3.

There are so many "collaborators” mentioned and if they
had felt heir contributions misused, or opnressed or in-
jured by publishir; ”their work”, without mentioning their
names, they would have had a chance to announce their claims.
Rut there are practically no indications of this nature to
be found. And in the case of Diderot, it must be said that
nobody could have forced him to take the work up again and
again for new editions if the conditions which Raynal

offered had been against his honor.

The Histoire des Indes is not at all a collection of a

 

 

series of longer or snorter articles by different authors.
Reynal's friend, Malouet, mentions his ”amour propre do
dauteur” 25. He moderated Uiderot's transgressions against
religion and knew to insert his own ideas. "Diderot, malgré
son génie, n'est qu'un sectaire hanté par une idée fixe;
Raynel, avec son bon sens prosaidue est un publiciste
clairvoyant.” 37 Salons regards the contributions of his

. V n
friends more or less as "hors-d'oeuvre" ‘8 and Malhouet says:

 

35 salonet, Mémoires, v. I, P. 81-

r' ‘ ’
£7 Tensere, Precurseur, pn. 196-197.

 

29 Salons, p. 10.

II --. . W, - ' , L.’ _i 'V.._ V
...tout Ge qw'il 3 a d'instrintaf et o'1ugurtant...egt

O

véritablement la partie qui lui est propre." *9

Just as far as his writings about America are concerned
I could not find arybody who doubted his authorship of this

part of the book.

 

2. His ‘fi'ritinss libeut America

 

a) T eir P1908 in his ”ork

 

Abbe Raynal deals in his Histoire des Indes with all

 

sections of America. After having shown in Books 1 - 5 50
the discoveries, wars, conquests and establishments of the
Portuguese, the Dutch, the finalish and the French and the
conn ctions of OtheP European countries with the East
Indies, he turns in his sixth book to America, where the
discovery and the Spanish conquest of Mexico are described.
Buok 7 reports about Spanish settlements in Peru, 8, about
those in Chile and Paraguay, and 9, about Portugal's settle-
ments in Brazil. 51 Book 10 turns to the establishments
of the EUropean nations in the great Archipelago of America
and Book 11 deals especially with the slave trade in order
to get farm workers for the Antilles. He continues with
the Spanish, Dutch, Danish (Book 12), French (Pook 15) and
English (Book 14) establishments on the isles of America
(les isles de l'Amérique) 63.

Then he turns finally to the settlements in North
America. He starts with the French (Book 15) and comes to
the British colonies (Rocks 17 and 18), concluding with a
general View of the influences of tnose settlements upon

religion, government, politics, war, marine, commerce, agri-

 

59 Vol. 1 in the 1780 edition of the Histoire des Indes.
51

 

Ibid., vol. II.

52 Ibid., vol. 111.

culture, manufactures, populsti n, taxes, public credit,
fine arts, literature, philosophy, morals and he ends in
reflections about the good and the evil wnich the discovery
of the New torld meant to Europe (Book 19). $5

Chapter 38-52 of Book 18 since the 1780 edition have
been printed separately as ”Revolution d'Amérique” and at
the same time in an English translation as "The Revolution
of America" 54. The latter fact indicates the importance

of his writinfs about America. I think this interest may

be explained best by his general aims.

 

55 Ibid., vol. IV.

14
° For further inlormation see "Tditions" and "Ribliograohy".

1

~is ‘ritlrm s locum; tnerica

 

Reynel shows us the way which he wants to go in his
opening chapter. He takes a View of the state of Europe
before the discoveries were made, traces the events they
have given rise to, and concludes with exanining how
present conditions of these several peonle have been affected
by these discoveries. 55

No doubt, a typical product of the Aye of Enlighten-
ment, where evervtoing ”s'ouvrit A moi”, as Raynal expresses
it. 56

As all philosophers of his time he propacetes the "new
wisdom". In order to preach it, he employs history as
others used tragedy, comedy, novel or short story.

As it is to be exoected by its composition his work
is a campilation with a breadth of sources and reflected
in its different editions fairly well the shift in attitude
towards America that took place between 1770 and 1780.

To appear "scientific" and "impartial” he gives often
all possible views, and does not come to a definite con-
clusion. T;is makes it difficult for us to find out what
he thou ht. If we want to get a sound basis for our judg-

ment we have to look for "deeper aims”.

 

55 Indes, I/‘l/p. 2.

r , .. .
ridin‘lf‘fl I‘PQ It‘l'fuf:
_ s-l . -.- ‘_ .- . _t.. -

a

\ .
Tenvere sews: 'Vclrrxsrosant s:r

 

il poursuivait un triple dessein: il vauleit en fairs une

oeuvre de science, une arme de combat, un instrument oe

’ '( 1 1
renommee. ”7 Tnat is true, witniut dsubt, but I would
take the second point first. In this respect I see some

truth in the suspicion of the Arrest de la cour de ?arle-

 

 

ment- "cette histoire...cette relation de faits arrives

)

Lie d9

.9

sous differentes époques, est tellement ertre—me
declarations impies, de reproches amers, de sercasmes
indécens et d'imnostures grossieres sur tint ce qui est
relatif 3 1a Religion chrétienne, et, par 15 meme, absolu-
ment étranger a la matiere que 1'Auteur s'engaae a discuter,
qu'on droit qu'il n'a entrepris 1e detail historique qu'il
présente, que pour reussir sous un seul et mene point de
vue tous les genres d'impiété." 58 Ve know that this is
a bill of indictment and goes into extre es.

But we mentioned already that extreme passages are
prvbably written by Diderot and we could prove by number-
less quotations Reynal's call to tolerance and moderation.

Instead of Rebelais' motto at lhélene, "Fay ce que vouldrais”o”

 

 

 

 

r ‘ ’ "x .N
57 Tangere, Precurseur, p. 33v.
‘8

U Arrest, p. 3.

39

Rnbelais, oeuvre d:_Rabelais, vol. 1, p. 149

hire tr¢1

no

he :‘vrrmlairlsag "fia‘itu'e Sim}, observe les I‘Sifi,

Prochain”, and concludes, ”J'assurerois bien qu'il nEst

mention dans les annales de cette isle, ni de disputes,

. a . .
ni de guerre de religion." -0 "La tolerance” is lcr him
”le fondement de la société”. 41

That is what he sees in America and I t ink in this
direction we find the connection with his already mentioned
"deeper consistency‘ - his love for France, wnere religious
disputes brought so much harm about the country.

In giving a View of America he Wants to set at the sane

time an example for his own country. He wants to see it
great and strong in the interest of Prance and of more of
l
the whole world. ”Son patriotisme,Saccord avec un
42

me bien compris”.

CO

Dacifi
And out of this attitude we understand that in spite

‘ - , - u 1
‘* .~ \ .a - an " (— a. h r "~ ‘m- ~ .- 0‘ _ '.'-~ » -\ ‘ .9 t *-1‘ “V x- —'
.- all“; :L.L"L', AthILE-‘ l. S 1i-|.1 '9. 3 :, ‘.-' i. t» 1. u' .’ 2..

I ' Q. I y. ‘
u .. ‘ to .
~ . a. . t P
email s w.- {l ‘oA-LALN— ‘ "

wt;
(in

A
f".
v

i I)
.
i L:

f”.

9)

ovmnleints of the Rritish colonies in America, he cannot

recent ad to them in his early editions the use of force to

G )

free tdemselves.
Here, I think, we find all accusations of anglomania
which we find in nearly all writings concerned with Reynal.

\ , o
"S'il montre a la France les fautes qu'elle a cosmises, ce

 

4O Indes, IV/l7/YIX/F- 234°
41 Ibid., I‘J/lB/IV/p. 873-

(D ‘ I I“
4~ Tangere, Precurseur, p. 137.

 

sent reparable: car il a foi malfro toot, en ses destinae

We think tnis toe tnread leadinq through all nis warm

toward his letter to the National Assembly. 45 If we
keep this in mind, many unsolved problens will assume a

differest aspect.

 

 

44 Precurseur, p. 197

 

45 Iettre de M. l'abbé Raynal lue a l'Assemblee nationals.

)

 

.n' ' 1 _. . ..1 .-
a ritirvs *-va t amHv-ca

.. h.-.-

C ) Enron pg 9 rad Co I”; if T‘F) 3: l f" i. Q ‘1‘ T3 ‘3

 

L3is critics

contradictions. 46

think they sometimes fornet reality.

and OphOHf-rflth‘

They are, without

accuse Raynal of errors and

Ckrflat, right, ifllt we

LIIirst of all, they are

misled by his statement of ”exactness” in his diction and

writings.

We regard it more or less as a trend of the time,

of his scientific age 47, a conventional statement for wnich

readers of the 18th century were looking, before they took

a work seriously.

We have an excellent note aoout the in—

pression he made, wnich is written by Frederick the Great,

Vina of Prussia:

”J'ai vu l'abbé Reynal.

‘
La maniere dunt

il m'a perlé de la puissance des ressources et des richesses

de tous les peuples du globe,

Providence." 4B

j'ai cru m'entretenir avec la

Then we should remember his very often questionable

sources of information and the large number of collaborators.

We know even to-day how difficult it is to get a "true"

picture of another country with the help of all our modern

means of information,

travel intercuange, etc.

the press,

film, radio, extensive

And ev~rybody who had the privile e

 

45 See paragraoh,
47
48

p. 88, note 66.

Cf. later quotation from Tengére, Précurs.,

"Critics and Opponents".

p. 211.

Weister's translation quoted from Tengére, Précurseur,

 

‘3 3".
fi

0; stEtin; foreign lands found that there Was a lot 0' mis-
information and unoertainty in his previous ideas. Are we
surprised that the picture was not correct 180 years ago?

In this respect Thomas Paine's statement is right;
Never "...can any person gain a just idea of it (America)
but by coang to it." 49 we would not say "irpossible”,
but difficult. And it would afford more thorough studies
than Raynal did. ”La fantaisie dictest—son choix aussi
souvent peut-étre que l'amour du vrai." 50 Fere we find
this consistent trend again. His fantasy is mainly occupied
with the present conditions and the future of France.

"Cette impartialité n'est pas de l'indifférence, il a l'fime
sensible, comme il contient a cette époque attendre; il
pleure abondamment et 11 s'en vaute, comme on se vautera

5 t,
1 He was never indiILerent

vers 1750 d'étre impossible."
toward his ”idea behind”, and in order to add different
sights to his picture he even neglected facts.

Mazzei 52 yives a complete record of Raynal's errors
and contradictions, as well as Paine, Salons, Tangere and

Pay. Nearly all dwell, for instance, on the Polly Baker

story. I think it quite a good example for Baynal's general

 

49 Paine, vol. II, p. 850.

\ , ‘A.
50 Tengere, Precurseur, p. dll

 

51 Ibid., p. 211.

52 Mazzei, Recherches historiques et politioues sur les
Etdn-Unis de l'Amérique Sententrionale, 5rd part.

 

 

 

 

.‘ VT .7

_ .fl 0'1 , u a .' ‘ _ .
attituue towards uetnLLs. we -.ves it in ris riaroire was

 

Indes 55 as a true story and draws moving philosonhical con-
clusions from it.
A few years later franglin tells him that this story

was written by him for a newspaper "...pour remplir ma

feuille de m'amuser a faire des contes..." 54 And What is
Ravnal's answer? "Ma foi re.artit M. l'abbé Rarnal
u D ,

quittant 1e ton de la dispute, j'aime mieux avoir mis dans
mon ouvrage vos contes, que les verités de bien d'autres." 55
Nazzei cannot understand that Raynal did not dismiss this
story in his 1780 edition.

His aim was, as *ointed out, above all to teach truth
of a general nature. And Pay's statement in tuis connection
summarizes this attitude. ”Thus errors in the facts that he
furnished generously on Pennsylvania and Boston seemed to
him to be abundantly made up for by the great lessons which
he drew from the morale of the Quakers, by his predictions

of the glorious future of America and by the moral and

political applications which he deduced from them." 55

 

55 Indes, IV/IV/XXI/bp. 241—244.

R
u4 Mazzei, vol. II, part 5, p. 240

55 Ibid., vol. 11, part 5, pp. 24-25.

56 Pay, Rev. Spirit, p. 12.

 

23.". VIE: "f“lfi': ‘3‘: M‘n‘z'r, i;:~..>'_r‘_i_cg

 

d) Editions

As we sew, Raynal watches all historical events and
especially those connected with the definite rupture between
the Rritish colonies in America and the mother country, un-
til he finally deals with the history of the American
Revolution. His wish to be up to date is one reason for
new editions but not the only one.

If we follow the announcements of new editions in
Grimm's correspondence, we will find statements like:

"On avait reproché avec raison, a cet écrivain

un style fatigant et entortillé, la fureur des

- \ ‘

antitneses, et des portraits faits su hasard et

charges de contradictions...M. l'abbé Ravnal nous

dit, dens son avertissement qu'il a fait ses ef-

forts pour se corriger de ses defauts dans son

nouvel ouvrage."

"Elle vient de paraitre fort retouchée, fort

augmentée, et gurtout plus corrects que les

précédentes." o6
or that announcing the delayed 1780 edition:

”C'est un livre entiérement nouveau et per les

corrections e ,par les additions que l'auteur

y a faites.”

We had a chsnce to look at a manuscript at the Clements

Iibrary at Ann Arbor, Michigan, and Reynal's wish to im-

prove his style is quite obvious from the corrections

 

57 Grimm, vol. II, p. 240
Grimm, vol. IV, p. 455.

Grimm, vol. XII. p. 347.

which the text s “We. 7” Another reason for so many
editions in different places was the constant trouble he

had in hig own country. his work was prohibited in Fraure
right from the first edition and so he had to look for other
places, Amsterdam, maestricht, Eoinburgh, Geneva, Iaasanne,
NeufchaLel, Iondon, Avignon and Paris after the French
Revolution.

I had an opportunity to consult editions of 1770,

1774, 1776, 1780, 1781 at the Library of the University of
Michigan and a quite extensive co lection of Reynal's
"Revolution d'imérique” at the ClementSIibrary there.

The places for the publication of the latter mentioned
exxiact oi the chapters 56-52 of Book is of the 1080 edi‘ion
range from Stoc:nolm to Philadelphia.

It was said that "somebody" had taken this part out or
the comprehensive history without the knowledge of the
author. Paine suspects behind the person who purloined
this part of the announced larger book an Englishman who
"was endeavored to gloss over the embezzlement with pro-
fessions of patriotism." 61

The main reason for the necessity of so many editions
is without doubt the popularity of Reynal's work in his

tine. Fay says: "C'est done a tous point do vue, per son

 

50 Reynal, Manuscript.

61 Paine, vol. II, p. 212.

fl"

, .. ,, .9 , , - . ...—— - ,. . _ . .-., _ .' .‘
\rtt'LY't'i 8'51] .aru HH’I’HH: Qt S-‘vfl 1’1;iw‘rtti‘:l,l.~.;:-'t;;r.;HT-t., 33 tic-xctf-i Chi-'11. 9.“.

I

1

sur les Etats~Unis vers 1770,” 63
Fven Tengere, the authority for studies concerning
Raynal and the editions of his works,concludes in his
"Ribliographie Critique": "Au rests, ces donnés biblio-
graphiques resteront toujours forcément incompletes et frag-
mentaires, attendu que les bibliotheques meme les plus

riches, ne possédent pas une collection complete des diverse;

editions et centre-fagons de l'uistoire des Indes." 55

 

The Dibliothéque Natiénale in Paris has with 189 volumes
only 19 editions and Tangere mentions 18 other editions
which he saw or got evidence of to be in other libraries.
And he adds, ”Msis sans doute, beaucoup existent qui m'ont
échappé." 64 Tengere and Fay furnish in their critical
bibliographies extensive lists of editions. Tengere

distinguishes four different stages of the Histoire des

 

Indes: The first from 1770 to 1774; the second from
1774 to 1780, the third from 1780 to 182 , the fourth
the 1820 edition. 65 The existence of so many editions

makes our task more difficult. The change of Reynal's

 

62 Fay, Ribliovraphie Critique, p. 46

63

 

Tangere, Pibliographie Critique, p. 3.

 

64 Ibid., p. 5.

65 Tengere, Bibliographie Critique., p. 4 and p. 15.

 

Astt.itluie fVW¥¢IViS Lnr-rir:s 'v'".l.3 t4: 2 ‘to: 19 (3f Lite: cs1: said
to trace all details through the different stores and
editions would be a special task if it is worthwhile at
all. I will give examples but mainly use the Geneva
1780 edition,C’6 which includes for the first time his
writinvs about the Americen Revolution and is a kind of

keystone in the developmen of his ideas. In this edition

we find a clarified picture of America. Neny former
errqs are corrected. It is printed after the historical

develipment in America had reached its 5091. That which
Raynal wished - but did not know how it could be brought
about — had hepnened. Besides religious freeoom America
got political independence. This was the life of free-
dom he longed for in the case of France. This recent
proof that it was possible to be achieved inspired his
1790 edition which has impro"ed not only in the severity
of its attacks but in its st,le, too. No major changes

took place afterwards.

 

For complete title, see Vibliogrenog,_section Reynel.

 

 

s. u2t rivi r 5* .t z~ ~=nw
r1 1 .~ -9 -4 (_ ..' :.. . 1
6:) l'W’W Veblen-:4 ’\?kl"?‘rfii.'l"4t 1'3ch lT-ltqtg_f:h-"-.

 

The importance of the Bistoire des Indes and the

 

Revolution de 1'Amérique can also be judged by the large

 

 

number of translations anneqring at once, first of all in

anlish but then in finenish, too, and of the Rivolution

 

de l'Amérigue, even in Ge‘man, Dutch and Polish. Grimm

 

announces in Suns, 1779, a translation into Arabic. 57
In addition a number of abbreviations appeared in
different languages 58 and under different titles. For

many the complete edition was much too voluminous and many

were especially interested in America. They an recieted
o . \
those shorter editions. Tengére mentions: "Je rdeve

environ 25 éditions de ces extraits et je suis sans dgute
bien loin de cempte." 59

We had a chance to see some extracts. For instance,
1?

a translation into German: Franz Farsten's .urcpens Handel

 

mit bgyden Indien,70 and there was mentioned that two other

 

 

67 Grimm, Vol. 12, p. 263, shows in June 1779 a note: ”On
assure qu'Achmet IV vient de faire traduire en erabe
1'Histoire philosophique et politique du com-erce des
deux Indes de 1'abbé Raynel."

68 Fay, RihliOJrcphie critique, p. 44 for French abbrevia-
tions.

 

59 1 .
Tengére, Bioliggranhie Critigue, p. 3.

 

70
Karten, Vuropens Handel mit b yden Indien, Rosback -

Leipzig, 1780.

 

v ’1 N i ‘ ‘ ‘ N
Gernrn LPGWSJ“TOWF had Theseus» hie and roots r 1311 vs in

1783 with Ctaatsversnder inwen von Ameriba, darch den Aht

 

 

Ravna].71 In Felfest apneared in 1775 TWS ”entiments Of 9
w b —

 

nopeicnqp on the flicuutaq of Great Dritain and America,

 

 

 

and in the same year another edition in Philadelphia. 73
A further abbreviation, withmit mentioning his name,

Philosoehical and Tolitcal Vistory of the Eritish Settle-

 

 

ments and Trude in Worth America makes its appearance, in

 

 

1776 in Fdinburgh,75 and is reprinted in 1779 bound to-

Pether with An Impart191 History of the Present War in

.
'h’ _-

 

America from its Commencement to the Present Time (brought

 

up to June, 1779). 74
Still larger is the number of writers dealing with
America who use Raynal as a "source” - most times without
mentioning his name. Fay has quite a good account of
this group 75 and concludes: ”Thus, up to 1789 hardly
a year went by but an imitation of Raynal acneared." 76
We will see how much translations, abhreviations and

imitations contributed to propagate his picture of America.

 

71 Steatsveranderafrgon K?“ Amerfka, dlrch den Abt Raynol.
The name of the translator is not given.

 

 

 

72 These editions were very popular in America.
A two volume edition.

A one V)lume edition.

o 4
(M e

Ray, Rev. Spirit, p. 16, p. 182 ff.

 

Q
(3)

Ibid., p. 10

W

 

V

_V ~——_ ‘ g '7 - .1 V .. , ~.,.. ., .. ~,
eA. General ~icture - znfivwziutors Lemar Q

 

 

”The most brilliant and affirmative part of his
formidable book, in wmich nothing is spared, is the picture
of Norto America. He executed it with special care and
out into it some of his most sonorous pages. In these
his whole program is revealed, or at least all that he
himself knew of his prefram. It is significant that he
inserted then1at the end of his sixth and last volume”l
says Pay in general.

There would be digferent ways to show what kind of
picture of America Raynwl transmits by his work. We could
follow his descriptions settlement by settlement, starting
in the North and coming down to Florida, as he did. Nazzei
for instance, is not satisfied with this arrangement of
the material, and says he should have followed the historic-
al data and reported about settlements in the order of
their foundation. 2

According to Raynel's attitude towards this subject -
a=deve10ped in the first part of tnis paper - it Would be
the best way to do him justice not to dwell upon the many
historical and geographical detafls but to View his work in
the lirht of the general picture he wanted to give of

America, as an 9XW9918 fOP drance. With this intention

 

l Fay, Revolutionatz Spirit, n. 12

 

A

Nazzei, vol. II, part 5, p. 3

17 '13.?- 1 f, ’47? ,_. \' (_A H“: 1 ‘1 F} H [-1 L x. E- , {‘53. G ’H,‘
viseble. "Va-Dies WE‘l h ve to rerlace elaborate re—
ports.

n

It is not at all as bad as Paine says in his letter:

1'1"

"His facts are coldly and carelessly stated. iaey neither
inform tne reader nor interest vim. Mary of them are de-

fective and obscure.” 5 But they are not the most im-

portant part. The ideas behind are of much more interest.

We will find that out if we compare the e nhasis with
which he stresses certain fields. thsical conditions

are quite interesting but they anoeor unimportant compared
with his praise of the original inhabitants, or with tie
vehement attack in the slave labor qgestion. What he

wants to show to his country s a swund People "irir? '1

ell agricultnuwil society Lumier £1.hu=t govezwnmnrt and “Knew;io-

L

{‘4’

inc fled freely. Sexy 0 his passafes concerned with
government questions sound as if they are adfiresced to
FPHUCG.

Raynal who followed during his first period the can on
belief tnat America was sterile for cultural products does
not dwell — even in his 1750 edition - long on tiis question.
If we remember this attitude toward his subjects, the dif-

ferent lengths of the following chapters will be easier to

und er s t and .

 

Paine, vol. II, p. 232.

 

TT --‘1.",_"!,L4 'x . l\. o ’I )
..¢.. ~-
1. Historv
u“

A:“tez~ t-n: ,3 s{:«\h'cr r)£"the: fitvw 'ZOEV‘d at; tFma erwi ci‘

toe 15th century, t is forcotten for a while until his
colonization storts. Whose contacts of the early odventur-
ere did not lest for long. Raynel says in the case of

L.

Erence: 'Vufiriis 1367, one l'intréuide Gescon nvoit éVucué
ls Florifie, les Eronccis onhlierent le Nouvequ-“onve.
Pseres dens un cenos de dogmes incwnc vebles, ils perdir-

est la reison et l'nowenité. Ie people 16 plus doux et le

plus socisble devint le plus barbare, 1e plus ssnwuineire

des pauples.” 4 It is in this historical pert Where he
takes Frence serixisly to tssk. He describes for instance

the status in Canada after twe peace of 1661: ”We fut
sores le recouvrement de la colonie, la mewe ignorance,
ls mere néglisence. les Wrengois evoient mnl formé Tears
établissemens.” 5

7

He always presents the whole European beckfryund one
the activities of the European powers oversees, but French
activities always receive a.specisl treatment. He sees
the main cause for all miscnief not so much in the colonies
but in the religious, political, end economic conditions in

France. He is prmid of file firench explorers but he is

esnsmed of the situation at home.

 

4 Indes, IV/lS/ILfiu 7

5 Infies, IV/lS/VI/bo. 45/44.

Ei‘iq‘f‘ Inc'W in? fil‘U'W-vs 3.1.0. y‘mr :II ('7'."-'.Vl‘3f.3-’..'tli'f‘fl. Wilfl it'll?
cenveliryr<3f the edirN3'3f Nevtes: ”il perle,efl3'rille

oitovens reverés par leurs ve'tus, leors dignit$s leurs

9

’ ’ ‘ 1 -\
telens, sont devoues A la mort et a l'inisnie, O pennies:
6 trouneou d'imbéciles et de lficnes:

”Qt toi, tyran aveugle: ...C'est toi qui romps 16

n s of

pacte. We dcplores the enormous and irreparable lo

I’J)

best erench blood and continues: ”Ie cosmopolite, dent
l'Eme vaste embrasse les intéréts de l'espece huneine s'en
consolera neut-étre. Four le patriote, 11 me cessera
jemais d s'en affliger.” 5 And a patriot he is, there
is no doubt. In the connection betwern the being and the
church he sew one of tne main obstacles for a free firance.
me feel already here his attitude toward tne divine
right of kinss. 7 And somewhat later it is clearly stated:
"C'est donc en vain que les princes ont recours au ciel
nour renneller leurs droits, qusnd ils ianuent é leurs
devoirs. La loi qu'ils invoquent s'éleve contre eux.” B
We think it absolutely necessary to see Haynal's
picture of England and later of knecica ssainst this
background. We recognize already deep emotional feelings
in those snort quotations 4nd the sometimes overstressed

nerfectness of the other side seems to be a natural human

tendency.

 

5 Indes, Iv/le/IX. pp. 110-111.

 

7 An extreme study about this concention 5 ions its (level ‘1“-
ment: F‘igqis, 8‘.N., The TDivine Flirjht of E‘T'inws.
8

Indes, Iv/ie/x. p. 117

n r . '1 2 t. ‘,_ _ - n. n... "
'flzt n T‘erwéreet rm) t:‘;e‘. -9 f)fi tfiCT‘~0czyJw fa? (NthQI'LLH‘B
- 1'...‘ . . - . . . ‘ .‘ ,3 ..-. (“...-
hew re;1lilus were d37“flew ar'lend but SEQ"E94 to IUPJ ale
k
'L. '.
mnerLQQ

‘ '\ v o T, ‘ . ,.
, and snows now the ruritsns 'tournerent les yeux vers

l'Amerique Septenhionsl, pour chercher ls liberté civile et
relinieuse, ou'une inerete pstrie leur refusoit." 9 New
England's foundqtion is laid, but he recognizes at the
sane time that the Puritans did not give the religious
freedom to others after their arrival in America. He did
not regard them as pioneers of religious liberty 10 - as
tney are sometimes tnuurht of to-day. 11

And he says about Charles Ii's unannounced attack upon
the Dutch colony, ”La N)UV6118 Beige”: ”I'hostilité, sinsi
commise, est une lSche perfidie. C'est l'ection d'une horde
de sauvqges et non d'un peuple civilisé, d'un assassin de nfii
et non d'un prince snerrier. Celui qui sure quelque con-
fience dens ses forces et quelques élévetion dens l'ame ne
surprendra ooint son adverssire endorni. Si vous n'en avez
aucun (juste motif de m'attequer), vous étes un brigsnd
densereux contre lequel tous devroient se servir et qu'ils
sont en droit d'exterminer." 12

We do not know :hat tho e people say to such passages

w.o accuse him of Anglomanin, and we do not see any reason

 

9 Indes, IV/17/I. p. 169.

10 Indes, Iv/17/XVIII. p, 229 ff.

11 I think that sunnorts J. Viller's and T.H. Johnson's
theory in The Puritans, Amecicen Rook C>mnnny, 1956,
pp. 3 and 4, WlO try to show that our present picture
of the Puritans has been falsified my influences and
CHQL?BS during the 19th, 19th and 30 centuries.

 

.- 1.. ....,.'1‘ .- .-.. 9,- .7 .' WM ' l _. ', 1
w.y he sloulo not w+et¢e “ritisn lfittltutlflflfi w lam r

Reynsl snows the founzwtion of the different
settlements along flue coast from the north down to

and we will heqr details in the following pers rap

PM". (’1.

. J

9.".

\.
g

the

0.
-‘J.

 

 

T”— 7; us ‘1 " ... .. It I ‘ t r
_L . ' _ I ‘.
" ‘ - n . o ._ .
2, D":“-..'-"‘ 3 01:1 C ') rm '. Y, rxrw Q. ’3‘," t," (1. Crn,ru‘11~v
. ‘ ‘3; . _1 _ . ‘ l . .. . . _ a .

 

‘\

In the days 0: Rousseau reotle were interested in
exotic coon ries with.en untouched nature. fie feel thxt

some of this entnusiesm is included in Reynsl's work.

"J

1C i’;ilU€"

w-

an the other hand we see the influence of the scient
ed encyclonaedic group with their theories about the world.

w A
I

In Reynul's Perelléle de l'sncien et du Nonvenu ”onfle

 

 

we ercsunter the idea of a new recently develoned and
until now neglected world. It shows hot people do not
yet heve an exact iden of the sile of twis new continent.
They believe it not quite hslf as large as Europe, and
tneir concention stout the oceans is still: ”En un mot,
l'océen roule sur ce globe pour le frngonner no fire des
loix pénérnles de 19 yrnvité.” 14

And here tae general impression: ”Les fleuves plus
lerges et plus lonqs en Amérique; des béis immenses nu

Vidi: d8 grands 1808 et de vestes morsis nu Word; deg 5915

(D

(J

presque éternelles entre les tronioues, peu de ces sebles
purs oui semblent étre 1e séoiment de la terre épuisee;...
un sir freis et doux par une latitude ou l'Afrique est

brfilsnte, inhebitsble; un climst rigoureux et glscé sous

I

le meme parallels que nos climets tempérés; enfin, une

difference de dix ou douse degree as temperature, entre

 

lnries, IV/Jv/II, p. 159 ft‘.

14 Ibid., IV,/17,/II, p. 171.

. ‘ . , ‘ _ 1 . ..
l"%i’i'.‘f.‘1.t.’f'1 e1; -8 {1'7‘1\.f<~:l T". 3'1'4‘;I_1‘1-’.~'.’?J: 1:6". ;-'= '-t. 7‘5-=.11>‘J:', a"
I a . H ‘ 1.2
l e nzesnites CJLulrnvnne r1ais sett. '=

And he furnishes some reasons for tqis state of
affairs aeewrdi1: to tne knorledge 0? his ewe; ”Pcur-

’ o - o ‘ o

quoi 1e cm1,inent «,le l'fixruer-ique 1-:<-11'--)it'll a 12101.1srtirm

beeucoun plus cueud, beauceup olus IrJid qze 03 Mil

)1: L4

l’ffitfipw, '; ‘1 1'3911t l'hunidité que l'océan y a
laissée, en le quittsnt long-teaps spree que notre con-
tinent avoit été pe101é?...Si les eazx q1i bai ne1W'
encore lav .quwilles du souvel hem nisphere, n'en avoient

'I

pas ixnuijé is surface, 7 "an e y auroii;<h3130n1e -1eure

cospe les bois, dethché les mereis, consuliqe un Sui
pfiteux en 7e revuent it l'etposent aux rsyons du ssleil,
ouvert une issue aux vents et donné ues dicnes aux

ileuves, 1e climsv y eut dejs change.” 16

fie first conclusion is: "Nels un hemisphere en
i‘riche et d5 wpeu lé ne peut annoncer qu'un monde récent...mn
but then he changes it a i ttle bit und says finally;
"I'imperfection de la nature on Amérique, ne prouve done
pas la nouvesuté de cet hemisphere, msis sa renaissance.

II a dfi sens doute étre peunlé dans le meme ters que

'a1u ien, n1is il a nu étre s emerge plus tard." 18

 

1'5 Ibid., IV/l7/II. p. .172
16

 

Ibidq, IV/lV/TI. D. 178 311 173.

 

17 Infles, Iv/lv/TI. p. 175

18

 

., I'z',"=ir"‘1.l’75

I

W '47" '1 t i ‘4‘ I ""‘~ ‘44-.» ‘1 £3- .‘si-‘i'z' Q '2‘" 5 ‘9‘"? a "$.19 1““ J'- (I
__‘J \J..L .'. I IL-‘ L I419 ~..- “ 51.x (14‘ - . e 1 -1: ‘-.' ....‘J' \--".L L‘l» ‘5

natural ricne: of this ceuhtry. he menticns chances to
fish st the sescssst, to hunt animals with excellent furs

and mines ”du fer, du plomb, cu cuivre, du marbre, une
substance analogue su chsrbcn de terre.” 19
To complete the picture he dedicates seecisl chapters
in ?00k 18 to tyvical trees (XXV) and birds (XXVI) in
North America. Immense forests, wild animals and only a

few sstges - that was A erice. ”Ia terre y sembloit

nutile s l'homye. La mar et le terre étoient libres.

Ho

4

Tout s coup l'hom e y parut, et l'Amérique Septentrionsle
changes d8 face." 30 ”Le Nouveeu—Monde subit 1e joug

‘ a
de l'homme, a l'exemple de l'sncieh." 61

 

19 Ibid., IV/l7/VI, p. 18-4

"30 1111a” IV/l7/V. p. .122

‘31 Ibid., Iv/l7/v. p. 183

M

 

1‘... L} q w; :‘--'11 7:: ‘7‘ 91! 3“ '7‘ I" ”7:7"; 7‘. 'i
”Z ‘rfi . - - ° -
u. _"nr4‘71. tit-1'37)
-— “u-“

 

 

8) Crisinal Inhsbitsnts

 

And What does Rsynal say abqut the original in-

habitants of this new continent? There are not tee
, . \ _.‘1

msny and ”...p1int c'nomnes entierement noirs;..." ’0
And hew about their physical condition?

”La difference du climat, provenue du séjour de

la mer sur les terres de l'Amérique, ne peuvoit

qu'influer beauceup sur les hemmes et les anim-

aux.”
We heard awcut vast forests and large rivers but "ism-
bien, au contreire, ls nsture paruit avoir négligé le
wouveau-Honde: [es hemmes y sont moins forts, mains

coursgeux: ssns barbs et sans soil: dégrsdés dans tous

rilité: foiblement dsués de ce

1-4-

les signes de 19 v
sentiment vif et puissant, de cet amour uélicieux, qui
est lq source de tous les pmnurs...le premier noeud

' . n 26 ~ H
de la societe. Add the women? Les femmes plus
foibles encsve y sent maltrsitées par la nature et par
les homnes.” 34 They have to do all the work while the

wen go fishing and hunting or are out in wsrs. Such an

indifferense toward the fair sex makes the Frenchman

 

1., IV/lV/II. :2. 173

PC

(\I
4
5‘
H

95 Ibid., IV/lV/III. p. 17.5

1211;, IV/lV/III._p. 175

o ,. ’ V ,_

( 4 ‘ 3‘ A -’ fi 1 Y, ‘ 1 ‘ “ f 1 n. 3:1” r 1 .I‘ t *0 pi: . o it:
ll_., , . . \ '1- : . ,., 1 _..,-_, . ,- , . - .. 1. 'i -
unfi 1 nefiifict “fl UQLS 199 Orvfiue§ one fiQPtb d'ehiflfiflb

dens les temples de l'imirisue, comre dans les individus

de notre continent qui niont pas atLeint l'fige de le
puberté." 25

In this section of his book we find en uncertainty
and a reflection of different opinions of his age. This
uncertainty is quite obvious; ”Si les peuoles de }4

(Anérique n'ont pu venir de notre continent, et que ce—
pendsnt ils paroissent nouveaux; il faut avoir recours
au deluge, qui dens l'histoire des nations, est la source
et la solution de tJutes les difficultés.” 35 In such
cases he reprinted familiar theories, because he did not
know better explanations.

He also finds a way to reconcile different hypo—
theses of his age. He sees in the physical privation of
the sevsges a proof for their moral greatness: "Maia
ne pourrait-on pas dire que la passion pour les femnes
languit mains par le temperament des sauvsges que par
leur caractére moral?" 37

Raynal as a good disciple of Pousseau sees in the

painting of the "noble savage” an excellent chance to

oppose their natural virtue to the vices of civilized

 

25 Ibid., IV/lV/TTI. p. 174

de Ibid., IV/lV/III. p. 174

e7 1
' Ibid., IV/lo/IV. p. 21

3‘2 X itsrzs (ir‘i t;?.r:l:1 '15: ' 'arzr'srt 1 i ”;L:“ 9';.?e?i‘;’. " ‘ ’f:.t‘f ? ;~e
, .. x z , i -. .. . 1-. 4 .... . . , .
neuriPI‘ be(‘.a;,1;_'e tile] are be c1293“. ‘11‘3118 les 51-:,)n1..t:¢:s purlmnt
\ . {33‘
~ I q . ‘ . . .-\ -. q ‘ __‘ -. ~ ‘ “J
de la libcrfe ies seuvemws seuls ifl noss~de t.” ~v

Travellers and missionaries of he 18th century

furnish reports eb-ut exemples of tolerance, bold con-

\

caption and frankness.of seveges. Te find enough of those

in Reynwl's Uistoire des Indes. He praises them for
instance for the help they renfiered to the Plymouth settlers;
”Cette humenité mit les premiers CJlODS en étet d'ettendre
des compeqnons, des animqux domestiqnes, des greines, t>us
les seCJurs qui devoient leur venir d'Purose." 53 At
another piece he quotes a savage cnief wno snows in his
speech a strong attachment to his paternal soil. ”Nous
sommes, répondit—il, né sur cette terre, nos peres y sont
ensevelis." 51 ”...ils sont les enfans les plus heureux

s9

de la terre.” 0~

V ‘ . ; . ‘
"T'espect cu bonheur present derobe tougours a leurs

yeux 1e mel qui pest le suivre. Leur prévoyance ne vs
A \ '4 '2 ‘
pas meme du jour a la nuit.” ““ He sees in them a wonder-

ful example for civilived nations and wants to have it
preserved for the future: ”Sans doute il est important aux

generations futures de ne pas perdre 1e tableau de la vie

 

28 Ibid. p. 21

 

29 Ibid., Iv/le/XIII. p. 125
50 Ibid., IV/17/XVIII. p. 251

51 Ibig., IV/IS/Iv. p. 14

 

(313 c
Ibld., n. 30
0° Ibin., p. 23

t“ t (1" :4 "r‘ ‘1‘ (‘53, 3*?“ C? V‘ q” ' -' ‘4 "' ,I '*v1 a'. , 2‘ ;,~ "3 f\‘ '7 -,, ,» ‘ I.....”
l ‘t‘: J A..‘V\1_, - ‘4 ' A. "~” ’-—-“ "I- “ «it! '- )"' ».-I ‘..":‘~

~
. .
‘v‘ o

A \ ‘
”C'est, pent—etre, e cette connoisssnce que nous nevins

‘

\ o
tous les proxres que le philosoonie merele e fe

t—h

t perv:

He gives us a significant example of their fer-
sightedness in connection with the troubles between the
British and toe French in 1690. The Iroquois recogniwei
in time wnet would he nen n3 miem if they helped the
Pritish to conquer iuebec. ”Places, disent-ils dens leur
coneeil, entre deux nations Europeans, cnecuno esseq forte
pour nous exterwiner, égelement intéressees e notre des-
truction lorsqu'elles n'euront plus besoin oe notre
secours: que nous reste-t-il, sinon d'empécher qu'eucune ne
l'ennorte sur l'eutre? Alors elles seront forcées de
briques notre alliance ou méie d'echeter note neutralité.” ”6

He condemns all European interference with their
natural life, esoecielly the selling of alcohol and the
use of firearms. Such a fight is murder in his eyes and
he feels deenly sorry thet it was so often committed in
name of the European netions. He snys for instance in
connection with Denonville: "Il déshonore le nom Frengois

' o . A 1 ‘\
cnez les seuveges per une infemie periidZe.” “8

 

54 gbid., p. ee

55 Ibid., p. 58
56

Ibid., IV/lS/VII. p. 49
57

Fbid,, IV/15/K. p. 68

5’8 Ibid., Iv/lE/VII. p. 4.7

7" C "\‘t ‘5' " ' " P ‘ t 1“? r '1, 'i ‘ 7v;; \7 " L
.L“ , \ -.. _‘ i .. 4 , J
z i f . 9 ‘. ‘ - .‘ _ , V - i f- _.. ‘- ,. .~ .f 47 ‘
[’0 one CLLE me djee Lot Te’me tie tests ”by. I? l‘ T? “

that twev do not suffer the ilinwfnes o“ civiliqetlgn, nut
tnere ere twose coming from nature. $0 he renwrts, {or

exegple, about the Eskimos: “...1es Eszimeux ont deux

w y I ‘ '1 ' '1 -
prawn firenx e crninore 1e perte he 1“ vue, et Ie scorhut

...” end he continues: ”Ls olupert en sont privés de
And still more den

bonne~heure.” erous is the scorout,

.i 7'
_v; ”Te scirbut s'ettechr a 1e'zr

\ I a
sens, en altere, en epeissit, en enneuvrit is worse.

Put the greater evil and the menace of their destruction

1

comes from the inropeen settlers

 

('
.4
,.J.
5U
.
b
.4
‘4
'Q
\ x
a.
F-i
o
J
o
p—J
O
(I:

 

 

 

 

 

,.
o
1 T" . .,-.. . 1
‘1'. L "kaV! -1 I!)
w“- ‘-
I Q .\ W o y
I) \ I ~ +4 F“ ‘3 ‘ L ' f1~ ) )

 

31le t.-~.a Cudlnflf Of LIN-"*- I‘I‘Z:?je {TH—:71 to .L.._"r:-':3"i_r‘a g (33¢:—

-' o \

piéte onwnre 1n the r3,tare of tie an ntry find in 949 lee

“ , O ‘ I ‘. .- . v. .4 r1" , _‘ n _ 1 \ r - ) 1 . J r

0? tue native trlses bu on. fine dL.couanups, bXJlQPtVS
- 4‘ '. ‘ fl .‘ ‘. - r" ..“ '. "' f ‘1’ ‘Ir' r ' " "‘ " 17‘ I q' " C
and ulsoLonnries Opdnwl tJe way for twa streaw 93 settlerx

t3 came. ”riginnlly, ”T'An?1eterre n'étoit cahnue dnfls

le NonveHu—Tflnde, que par des piraterifis svuvent heureuv99
at twnjvur; brliiqnteg.” 41 Rut mnefl th+ Sugferinps of
the Puritans in in land heme e intjlerable, ”...1'cn-
tnnaslqsue, plus pulsspnt encore que les DerséCJZeJrs,

SdPflQUCR tous 133 obstacles en cette région du Ufiuveau-

n 423

.. v.‘ :1 - _ .,,~ ,, $— .. ' . 1.. ,- ..,....“., 3’ . ~
Momma JUU bieutuu rem,LLe HG Branujteriens.

,‘ o ‘ ,‘_ ‘. r ‘ .‘
”Wes vues de :optune multLoliepent leurs comgagnanq dHnb

I ”V

~ 1 - ~, $.- ‘ .. “ .—-~ -
mes temps plus calves.” 1O Nut in snort nob only geule

frwm England Came. "anin 1'Thrope entiere gjouta beq¢coup

t 44

‘ ~ 0 ' 1 1 . 31 :
n leur population.‘ Ammrlca be;mme tne maven LOP tne

canvassed. ”Des wilTiens d9 maWHeureuI, on Pimée par In

tyrannie ou par l'intfilérsnée de 7eurs snuvevnlns,

 

41 Ib‘il. Iv/l'7/I. p. 1.60

 

.0
‘1“ Ibid., 17/17/173 n. 1~39

 

 

 

4'1- ; ". r;,.: ;’ ’1“ I 7:1‘ ,; ... r)“: " (‘4’: l_ " _~, ‘_. r: ,_‘ 1 I ‘,,"..’. '.f' ‘-,.Q_ v.{. ’I‘ 3. N
. ~ 4 t, _ . t‘ .I »., ’ . l - . ‘_ '
$ "
' . .. . w. ‘ _ , . , ~ - ' - _, ' ~. ~ ...
V19; fit It: 39'; 1C. WHHH Mr" :1 ...Pt”: F2~'_1:.-.:;_ej~e. ' w»
. ‘ ~ 'I .. L. 1,. . ., ' . t ‘ , ' 4. . .- 0 0
Viefifnfl L'.)=)I{".‘ H v t2;!"‘a 5~‘-7~I1"'!fl$:‘n “Illufl-é refl.1:~:?..2-2R1 13-7.

”fies nomwas écqnpnés e 19 ver‘e Jee tyrnne en pnssent
les mere, pendoient tout eennir de retdur, et s'ettnch-
oient pour tjujjurs % une terre qui leur servnnt d'neyle,
leur fournissoit 5 neu de freis une subsistnnee neieible.” “5

anecially inwigrnnts from Cernony were quite ntmerJUS.
A11 enjoy d tne nrivllege of beeoning citiveue of the
Vast British Qmpire after seven ye rs of residence.

”Tammie Que 1a tyrannie et 19 nersécution déeolvient
et desséchoient 1a pepuletion en R4r3pe, 1'~mér1qae
Angloise se re~pliseqit de trois sortes d'hebitann.” 47
The first and largest group he mentions are "les ham e9
librea." 4%

And here we see how he chenqed his minfi Since his
first egitlon. In 1770 he was under the complete influence
of De Paaw's tneory of the degeneration of the Americans

under the influence of the Climate of tals conntPY- 49

A ter severe attacks he Changes his old statement and cnn~

 

45

Ibid p. 159

45 $2123, IV/la/YKKII. p. 551.
47 liLi-» IV/IB/XXKII. P. 553.
48 Ibid., p. 553

‘49 De Pnnw; RQCFNHMHMM3{fi711090phiques sun? les Amérlceins
(Devlin, 1708 — Durie, an ITT).

 

t ‘
.. 2 . ‘ . ._ _“ ‘ ‘V _ ‘ ‘ '1 _. ‘.— L. .\t " . I "".» '
ét)Lr:!1l, ‘4'11" err-1e ; -t-=:.".¢:.,; t. bu +13 l'OiUS l2.).'f.~‘. {:1

"-‘~”i~1tfx.':s, . , _

ls guerre, moins wr:ores aux arts q;e leurs ancetres.
Perce que le soin de défricher ls terre, de purifier
l'er, fie conujer 1e Cllmst, d'sméllorer la nature
sbsorboit toutes les facultés de ce peuple transplanté
sous un autre ciel, on en concluoit sa dérredstlon et
son impuisssnce de s'élever 5 desjpéculstions un peu com-
pliquées." 50

In this srouo of people he sees the note for Americs.
Until now they have been too busy with herd manual labor,
but 9rsnklin and some others have already proved that they
are able to achieve thinis in other fields, too. 51

In a second group of people he includes those farmers
who have been condemned by Rrithh courts to be shipned
to America, where they have to serve for periods of 7 to
14 years. Tney are bought by plantation owners from the
tribunel=. Tney are not well received. ”On s'est
universellement dégofité de ces homwes corrompus, et
toujsurs préts é commetrre de nouvesux crimes." 52

They are re;lnced by Europeans who could not get

along in Eurone and wanted to try their luck in the new

 

50 new, IV,/18/‘<’(UI. p. 555

51 Ibid., p, 555—554
52

Ibid., p. 654.

... 7", I‘ “ ‘_ , ‘ y‘ 1 Y A. .‘ ,, A. "‘ . ‘. .l “ . ’ “ _.‘ T J. , ‘1')4 A‘ 4‘ . _
r- '1 iii. '11LLJ oz”:- “1 first ‘ ,lvr "H.143 ") fl.“ 1“} 1. ) " .l'w on:
I“ l . a};
, ~ 'r" "‘ i' "'\"‘y'l‘ ‘y‘x’p ~'\'af-’ Lat '1" \. ‘ Y‘IrFY'I‘ " '.'3~- ‘
‘~.3(".‘;v‘5-l. Hal-.1 Lou-S Final. ”kilns“ t, Vbrlid 1.8 innate, 1.8 C? I"

‘ I _ U ’ "A . V , 1
nvgvoit plus qu'un bss 2 fair. c'etoit ue vehore son

CD

conoetriote sens l'svoir someté et de trouver quelqu'un
A . . .. I” l .. 1 .
qui 1'acuetqt; ll l'e felt.‘ 0” They depend comoletely

on the grace of those W40 held their trensoortetion end

bi“

tiey are sold in Ame ice to sny place the “owner” likefi.

r‘J
(I) I

"Cette es ce d'esclsvsqe est plus ou moin long: male

I I ‘ O 0 q
11 ne peut JRMHLS durer plus de nult enuees.” "4

l

Children got to.ir freedom as sown as they rescued

their mejority. Thqt means girls at the age of 18 and

boys at a]. Nobody of toose people hes a right to merry
during the time of the contract without the consent of the
master, woo fixed the price and makes the bargain.

Test of the people under such contrscts were won under
false pretences. ”Des brigends...veutent avec entnousiesme
les délices du Nouveec-T>nde, et les fortunes qu'il est
aisé d'y fsire..." 5* The poor victims were shipped from
Amsterdam or Rotterdam end as soon as they :eberéfied in
America tney found condition: worse than those they hsd
left. There wss no chance to go back. Ietters were sup-

r‘ 3"
GO

pressed and "Iflillusion se pernétue en Europe” that

 

55£E£1., IV/lg/(YXII. p. 55“

c;

U4 Ibid., p. 554

 

:31

5 5

(n
(J1
H
:J’
1-“
£1.
0
1'3
0

01
C)
H
0‘
H'
O;
O
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'U
0

555.

° 1 .. ‘ ‘+ 2 I * .‘ ° ' ' 77 ,
“ini s "at a ifi.‘ ‘3: buffs-.2“ {:21 < 1' H? “’o ‘.‘~’ "'3-
. Y 1"; . r! l- ' fi.\ ‘6 ‘ Y ‘ ~ ‘- 3 a . \4- - I - .—- t x' '\ , 1 ‘ 1’ . '
_r 3.. J93: [1%) T‘U-‘n fin;- i {It} nflc: I‘m: ix. lint! -‘-_‘.'-1.‘.‘F.? .0. {’l ..I ”(.911 .‘ -'-‘ c lui}

(figures: 3,519,9fl) Whine and 4QQ,JJF black people)
1. the inr? ration of large numbers of Irish, Jews, ifrench,

:Mid qunnans,

o

The climate end tne good chances for yinng people to
o .‘ . ) E“ I
marry and to maintain a large Iamily on their ierws. “7
The third group of the population was made up by

slaves woom we will treat in a special paragraph.

 

[2‘ ... . . ~
3-7 mid” IV/lnl/FVKLTI. p. eel.

*1 .14?!» 9-, ,- r
y". . . ‘ L

 

,5 T" w‘j‘gjlrat'._.‘\7‘1

 

c) n
W

With toe Afe of frlifntetment a humaniterian trend
came up. It was not only the ”noble savage” wno was
praised, but it was also a time where a feeling in
sensitive men indicated that slaves were duman beings,

t n, and that the may they were handled was inhuman and as
unChristian as oossible. Prench philoso hers dealt with
tois question and Raynal is one who definitely took sides.
"Si les colons purent témoigner A Ravnal leur gratitude

et s'autoriser de son ouvraqe pour revendiqqer leer
libertés, ils'fiouverent en lui un adv~rsaire résolu dens

C
la question de l'esclavase.” ”8 Refore Montesquieu the

sin e question in its principle was hardly disouted.
Raynal is influenced by him. $rom nis humanitarian

point of View the question was clear and he dedicates a

special chapter to it in his HistJire des Indes (Chapter

 

YKITI in Rook 7). He is of the opinion: "sans la liberté,
on la propriété de son corps et la jouissaoce de son esprit
on n'est ni époux, ni pere, ni parent, ni ari...0n n'a

o ,_ . 0 H $.19
ni patrie, ni concitoyen, ni dieu. s

me is against the pretension tflfit the slaves sold

F"

themselves. No human being has this r “at: ”Glen est non

 

9" \ fi.
53 Ten ore, ,recurseur, p. 155.

 

59
Indes, TI/V/‘(ii‘TL p. 194

son ESCJQVQ. ”fiVmfifit szsfirderClS-je dine nu nouvzir 00
n ‘- 7 7 .. ‘ . ' fl‘ a ‘ "- v“ ‘ 5
1a ,o-itLQoe, Ce Que J6 rel» e a la touts-golssanve cs

divine? 50

He knows thgt the mi sionsries allowed the innortstiwn
of slsves in order to protect the Indians from the cruelties
of the Europeans. Now they asked the masters of slaves to
treat them inrfimore human way.

For Raynal slavery is principally besed ”sir le m6pris
absolu 0e la dignité humaine dans le noir” as Desohnmns
phrases it. 51 Then he knows no cowpromise With a religion
which tolerates sl very and he asws, ”...si cette reliVien
existoit, n'en fauoroit-il pas étouffer les ministres sous
les débris de leurs autelss”

This is his basic attitude towsrd the w ole question,
but as we saw so often, Raynal never neglects the facts.

He knows that they are toere and is familisr with the main
difficulties and objections against the abolit on of
slsvery: 1) cheap and easy to deal “1th manual labor and
2) the nretension that the slaves are better O'f than other

warkers and ttat they would not know what to do if they were

 

freed.
so . \
...” Ibiqio, p. 194

61 Deschaups, p. 580.

w'wich marl? ot‘ivr—‘ers, Ci.lri1-i‘€i7"I!.1['53: slavery"- in nriprisnle, Lever
did. In his mower”te ott it ode he is first of all for a
better treatment, toen for a systematic frenaration for
their complete freedum. Te observe here aeain a chance
from a more radical point of vi w in his early eoitions to

a saze foresight in tne measures to be employed in their

Qaynal sees first signs of improvement. 9peaking

ahwut Pennsylvania, he says: ”...dans cette provinee

88

l'esclsva7e n' a pas éte un erme de corruption...”

(it;

?e knows tqwt the majority of thetnople are not bed, but

that they lack the greatness of tne soul refined to give

something on which means a sacriM‘i to them. There are
already exc cepti ions and they will encourage Others.

Ue cites With pleasure the meditations of a Quaker in his

\ - o
conwreuati on: ”Jusqnes a qusno aurons-nous deux consolenoes

deux mesures, deux balances, l'une en notre faveur,

\ . . I
1'autre a is mine on prochain: toutes deox eqalvment

& all of a 8135 en cores 9 deep insinht

<

fausSBS?” “5 An
ant self-accusation: ”...et nous somwes chrotiens, et
nous som es Anglois! PBHjl? favorisé on ciel, et renecté

snr les mars Quoi tu veux étre libre et tvran tout—a la
, .

1

fois? ton, mes freres il est tems oe DFUS accorder avec

 

 

I‘m-1d,, I‘~.7/1«'3/V. p. 279

85
wk -_ ,l/ar ,r 1:.
IL-‘i a, T‘; /1—" \{\I:o Do ‘5qu

j

'U
*3
(L
m
>4
:0
H
a
i...)
m

T5118 PUBKHP want

other me bers of

‘
de crime?

hem

Mk8 C nrfirevqtflxin ixiitate Elwia gevwawnue

6‘

exmnnle. Way l‘rnnce,

D ['11

tne

rénurer une in

l

" ‘ 7’ ' ’J. 3‘ T ' ‘ ‘ r * '
" " ' L .. ~ -- 4 4+-
59 i it (““1 » e ie 1 'znfi w,- Tie r i

at de hrivnn%e*es! . ” C3

ibe qted his slaves and tne

Cmngpy of such a hif'l cultural

standing, follow in tnis d‘rection, is Reynel's erdent

desire. that 1
Christianity 300

98 hunvwlljeinws

g

d

all the

.‘1

+.

J

alkinf anaut numnnity end

inr es long as we do not treat eleves

and do nntning to abolish Slavery?

 

 

 

 

f; . 'T‘f‘ 1": mm V
_. ,

 

 

TQgetner with the turn towerd nsture a new period
comes wqien recognioes the importance of efrlculture es a
secure besis for healthy living conditions and for e swund
stete. In Frence with its feudal system fermers were
especially bed off. So we understand Raynel's attempt
to stress over and over ugein how important a cnense from
a depen.ent to en innenendent stetus of the farmer would

be. We is looking for exennles end finds one in tn yew

(D

The conquest of America seems to have inaugurated a
new type of settlement, 9 type which hes en agricultural heels.
"Ies souverdhens, fondeteurs se ees colonies, ont voulu
que ceux de leurs sujets qu'ils y transportcient, ne

pussent conscdmer que les msrchendises que leur faurnireit

le metronole, les productians des terres qu'on leur
sceerdnit." 55

The vest territories offered room enouch for ev:rvbnd¥.

1

o \ ’ ‘ _ . _-
"I'efrlculture est done 13 premiere et la veritable ricn—

an
OS

esse d'un étet." In the open country people can lead a

healthy life and they can provide themselves to e greet ex-

 

tent with necessary food and clothing. ”Tout, en etfet,
35

., III/ls/LV. p. 454

Q)
3 4

Ihid., IV/IQ/VII. p. 534

ti... .7- .“.. .-. ,, ".‘._ . . ,w ,, 3.: 1,
.- [fir..L (-31, I '_‘~ ; i l r" . ’3' Q ~. . uk‘j ‘, (‘0‘5~ .é‘ ‘ ’QA_‘- .. _’ r" I_ ~ 1 ~7

“ . ‘ Y, f‘rq
Henors.

‘ -' A‘ 71 ‘ H ',. A. .~- ,..‘, 2 w \ ‘-, -
[‘«V‘Kty On‘j (_aeullrin'J-q Ir")?! tnlte C ‘.'9L .1 "~‘CCA'C‘JL C 7r.e I“)? 115

vsriculture. ”3' st Cane A la recine ou'il rant erroser

\/

l'erbre. Tes villes ne seront floristentes one nsr 39

L

féCUnUité deg Cqfimps." OH

Regnel finds 'enneylvenie e wvnderfdl exewrle for the

"

soundness 0: en ~ ricultnrnl base. Tne profiress is low

U.)

but steady: ”Ia Pensilvnnie, qui fonde sa fortune sur la
culture et eur la multiplication des tr, peonx, ne dnit
erriver one lentement A la nrospérité: meis cette nrmspKPité
aura oes fondemens nlus sfirs et )lus durables." 69 TFne
fertility of toe soil is different, but can be imnroved.

warmers coild grow most of their European crons in the

nortuern part of the country end in Verylend end Vir*lnir

tobacco, in South Tsrolina even rice and indigo.73 Munh
lend qu still uncultivated. Along tne sea-coast and on

rivers snm lakes tne fisning wss slso of some iflDQPtQLCB.

 

5737mm, Iv/lQ/VTI. p- 511-

68 Ibid., IV/19/VII. p. 611.
69

 

ibido , IV'I/la/Vo p. 285.

70 . -
Inid., IV/l8/(VIT. p. tl6. (Reynal takes such ceaselors

to tell, e.g., the complete history of rice (n. 511)
and of inligo (p. 518 )

 

 

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b\ “flhn“fiotUfi99

...—.-

 

Y" ‘0

infrra awes% 00f;:3five 1;)J nuunl t0 :QQV t4) tans: sunny?"t.
- ~ . ‘ - _ 1 - . - . A H ‘ . -« g v ‘ ys ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ' ) ‘ ".
He se~s [yrzt tnw Dflnnlnvlnfi OI «a<igvalgqmwent 01 .unythcturc?

in Americg.

According to the anove-muntioned conceptinn of Cfllfinirx

1
they are sucpoged to nrnduce agricu3tur91 product? and
furnifiu raw materials if patsible and to buy at tne same
time 911 OtJUP tainys npewed fram the matnur cwuntry. This
is the reason W;y 911 kinfis of manufactures in the coionie?
are kept down as long as D0r93b1e.

Dut just in tne case of America tne 10hr distQNne fr:
Great gritnin mawes tfie nrédgction of certain urgently
nneded evvryday roads in twe cwlonies neces spy. Farmer?
provided tnemselves as far as tuey could, yet we see thfit
they enrr not enough for tqeir products and tne develtpmeht
of smnllcr mfinufnctnres follows, first of all in the sea
towns. FHJQdelphia iq an examnle for Raynnl. There'be
mefitiunc, for ingtnnce, the pvoductinn of furniture, And
he concTUdeq: ”fiette ville est none$aible é tfius les

, ... s q . V .
besoins ae 1'1umnnite, a toutes les resou C93 me 1'1JQustrle.

*3

The inte.ést9 OF tue metrqnolis seerto be ifnqired by
sucflq ar1 in“mrvat;i0r1. Tkgt {Tina} Ly tfiqe Ame "iccnjs qut tile fwanr ;:_
H

.4 . . _ _V ‘
C ..U'HLS 9“]th {161‘s

sicni to nvnnijcthre tkveir our)(:lnt'dwujg

 

' . h ' 'N ‘ I - I - ‘9 -
I ” I, ? A ’W I! _L, ‘ ' . T . ? :0 3' .z - . . ; ;\ ' , ..
v‘V‘
‘ «v— n ' 1 I - ‘ ‘ . “w ‘ ' H: ’I ‘ "‘ ' >- '
... i :r‘ . ... - ‘ ., . ; , 7‘ ' ~ ‘ “'2 \ ~. ‘ ' I ‘ ~ » -_ "~ -
c, E; "Jr-’T‘S' .17).- L»? L." .31 1:"? 99 "'51." n. ( ,“ ...".nyT-rft'g'vf“

3 =.. ‘ ‘- a . ‘ > - fl 0 7‘, ’ ~ vn .. ,
in tuls IWWWny“t n?e r¥T“L;b9d netwnwn r ”3‘1511@“““{ _vr-
v‘vwas nmd 9woai~1 eufhmnnt rarnTnt3iwc firm

. a . .t- -_.. .-. f .. _... ‘ 3 , - . \ , 5‘, ‘< .. 7’ .
Qeven yewva wf q: yentlce~QL> are veqqlhed «a? tr~tvk

A master cgmnot emUIJV a 9?9ve “mi not wore tWOn two on-

‘

'erticwfi at a time. mne irwn mines awe SUhFBnLe4 to man:

We ate thrt in tzpfie Circumctqfifies 9 P9?1 industry
9

u.

CWUIfl not Gavelon find that tue colonies dnhand in P0 Hflwv

,4
("
CO

.- , , - _..1 .,V ~. '
t"*'-77.~_"9 C‘D‘T‘E‘TPLHJZJ upon the -!15~T.,1‘-2” -‘-'">‘ri!":_tr‘f,’, even it

subtly by the nan 4‘09, waxed is 319? exclusively afintrfiTTR:

‘ I

w T.“ "'7 I: '1"
bd ~n‘I/." -

 

\m.—~-.— ”sf-Ir“ ’ V _L._. a I A ’ > U I .3 ~ ‘ D ‘ i '—. --- ”m-“ ’ 4' k l
[(< ’ 4 'H v- "‘ I r1"1-‘ v» .. -rr<u I
T" “ z ,‘ 7 } . ‘ \ - a $ 7 ‘: A . ‘u
- : r ,_ , _- s _. , J I "

...—...

g ‘I
‘
--—----vr-"'- 4- - --~ - U— .- v'*'—~ '——o .4 ‘7.- -r w----—-.
1 "‘ .
L. -(':.‘)A'].\ \r

. 7*: - .- 3 A. ‘,. . ‘ , ‘ . . ‘3 V. , . 2 '1 .0 P
I, '2‘ £3 0?“. en *1 P! Ha; L ’H w) ‘ , “o' e .s c; (-1 8 1 I'“ «is! 1. I1 t- 1.9 L 1.7?" ~ t
< " V. ‘ r “ . - ' . u" 0 ' s /‘ I ‘ . I ‘- ‘ w '
CHHJCeP n13 attltdde tow-"d com 1PJB: he fL are the '* h»v'

nttituJe ”prejumé d'un orrueil barbere centre 18 Cnmr~r38 t,

C ‘ O I
end 16 (t<):!f,Lrll_Jes; Mme 17'63f’fi.-. 1ngengg-s r~rjrer~t {wrap ‘Df—gyfe we

lears gouvernemens, un principe destructeur ée taute

société, 1e mipris UOHF les travaux utiles.” 7*

The me'n:'zhm‘:t {1:11 unrest of Ilit)‘r1‘t)-tn‘d},' and Planck-4r? OR W917.
99 the Mighty organivetinn of the Venee are keystones 9n
the way to a new age. Con erce became a force; ”Ies
swverains 0;‘\'::3s<}rent lee corps de umrchqnds et de mitiere
aux barons. On vlt Chitiner peu-é-Deu l'annrchie et la
tyrennie f~0dn1es. Tea b urfeois devehrent cltoyens, et
le tiers-étet fit rétebli dens le drait d'etre admis aux
aseembléee natione7es.” 75
Right at toe hegfiruwhfig of his Iwufl(}ne asks the queetior;
”...qui eat-Ge qui a fnnié Gee villee? qui eet-ee qui a
rassemblé, vétu, civifisé ces penples? et qa'alors toutes
les voix des hom:es éclpirés cal sent permi elles m'ont

répondu: c'est le cemwerce, c'est Je Cfiflnerce."

 

Ibid., 1/1. 0. 1. Introduction.

 

Ibid.

 

Ibid., p. 14

O *1 -‘ z
’ r x 1 ‘ \ O
‘1 K 1' 1 I II I ’ - ”I. . 5 ‘
T\ 7 (‘ ' .. 5 ‘ .. ' t‘ . 'b- ,— - t‘ "V
” k. 1' F‘ ‘ S Iv}. 1 r" l; 1 4 -11 r k 1") .... .‘ 3..“ L '3 at. .)'(3’5‘ 0 _"'1-

merciui netifies ewt be ren)rwi~ee in his reeii-tie we?

' ’ - ‘- _‘ . .9 . . . . ,.
OI t311"“7ir‘5=',. 91L hie S:;x:";t: t;."’3 L5H: (.i:1rls.'t:2‘.5°

”3&3 Que 16 CHmWCPC
{nine dens 183 riwfie Ha , ,
taute pulssence la trnuve dens Be? thqgétefl,
dag qae in commerce, des @recs eut Geese inns
la H'diterrnnéefil n'y en eat plus dens le
:nnrwha corHNJ." ’

06‘

, trwuve a in fin ea
9 'i

‘.
‘l. rlfltfii‘lfie (trey-(.3

According to Reynal's dwiiion individuals and Stqtea have
fallen into a kind of elqvery. ith tne situation of
Trance in mind he tilill‘A’S Of the ail-ZTIMYEI‘CI‘L Chaim] :‘73tk101LG
Church and the ahsalute sovereign. In tue cese of America
it ie tJB debendence urnn orders issued in fondnn.

He apks for liberation and ”Te cammerce est l'exercice

, . .. . s L .
de cette preeieuse lxuerte, a inquelie 1w reture a apgeile

twus les hem es, 9 ettezhé leur bonheur at meme leurs Vertusi

a.
to
O
C.’
'D
CL
,3
so
[_.I
(D
’3
‘1
‘3
S
2
{‘0

Dieons plus...nnue me 163 veyone iibn..

u '78

He kHqu how the Wnr7d goes and how relatinnfi between

. . , \
peoele develop- ”Toue ces repmorts (numaine) camneHCerert

per des combats; et finirent par des nssacietione. 18

I

54erre et 19 navigation on wéie les sociwtés et les

peunledes.” 79

 

77 lfljd

 

3‘ {I 1W? 1‘: .1 r.” ‘12? i 9‘. f ; _: ‘r v. . ‘2“ £232 - :31? 7..
H . *,- Al _ .1”qu .. .,_L1 7 ‘..... .°-,, _,.;;.-
if T '81118f-38 (IL-:8 1:9 Jinn J"7!-~li,}es 6"." 58.4419 (if-Hr} 1 ’.1.:’1*‘,:‘z:’~1.:-9
- .V , e ., ,. ,. ‘ 1 . ,
fies weerres s'enqre et :e rolit rsr 1e co .erce.
. l I. I.

-A

9
In the cese of America commerce is only 9 one-siued

affair. ThrUUjh the mether canotry goes all of it, and sue
controls 1t cloSHly. The fur trnde was norrelly the be—
ginning but then scricultursl products had to be shipped
and commercial 59.53 were nee ed. 3ut everytfling had to 57
to and to some from garland. The colonies were not allowed
commercial activities on their own.

vse difficulties wnich

(

Reynel gives us a picture ‘9 to
hampered for instsnce the wrogress of Virginia; "T'ecte fie
nevigstion...dont 1e but étoit d'assurer e 19 métrooole
l'eenrovisionnement de tous ses éteblissemens du Nvuvesu—
”once, 1e comoerce exclusif de leurs productions fut observé
avec une rirueur qui fit presque doubler de veleur ce que
la Virginie doit acneter, et avilit encore plus de qu'elle
evoit e vendre." 81

Even Dritish ships could bring goods to Americs only

if they came directlv from a Pritish harbor, and ”Yes ex—

portstions devoient originsirement aboutir toutes en Angle—

terre." 53 There were only a few exceptions for the ex-
portation of some goods as wnect, rice, vegetables, wo>d,

" 1b.! (.3 . , Il/E’ //‘7(—‘T—(o p o 678

..

I‘J/lB/KTI. r- 299

 

R2 1 ,- . - I" f'" ' I '
~ 1013., IJ/lfi/{LaVII. p. 674

 

wflEPiCHU yrogucts.

Be remarks aoout toe relationsnio between Qnglsod erd
tne colonies- "O s'écortq de ce prin~ipe d'impsrtislité,
qui seul neut conserver l'ffslité c'inderenonncc entre les

membres d'un gouvernement libre;lorsqu'on obliges les

\ _’ ’ .
colonies 8 ve ser asns ls metroDJJe tnntes les npoductions,

{A

Téfie celles qui n'y devoient res etre consonm.e ; lorsmu'nn

‘i \ e p _ . v _t
les lorca s tirer as is metroroie toutes les marcnand see,
86

meme celles qui lui venoient des nations étrsngéres.”
Freight charges free and mode goods more expensive

to the customer - ole to msxe a few richer, who controlled

the commerce. onlnni had the ”preference de vente stairr

I I

i. ‘5 ' _ c.
dlrportntion pour tyutes les denrees et la preierence d'aChQa

‘33

et d'exportstion pour toutes les wercnsndises.” 4

According to Rsynsl's above-mentioned conception of

comterce all tnose restrictions are artificisl and must Jeni

esrlier or later to serious quarrels.

I‘l" I .
.-_‘r\;.(_n;-3

I’K o r~y '-
ug Iifiil'i. ’ T) Q74—.‘)7;_‘)

 

.. A '
’ 1. ,7. Q ' ' _ ‘ ‘. ‘ M _ _ A
p“ ’ .,
Mfi—v w—_--~- —. ..—«-‘—r-—-— _AAA’_-- Jm
.—
- "3-1 turn
‘ . - '- Q

-..—_..!“

‘e uwuwticrwei t rvt {Rena e TremormMWn'q Twclrn;zfir viwwv

net wucn Pauli be exnectei in A:~“lce in tne field of

science anfl arts. TEntil recently the Arericpre were even

tggu an incpnnble of eccleVEnq anytginx wt all 1n this

0 lg 5 1 1 H
direction. " Gut we have alrewcv eeen Lnnt eevnel rave

up the tnecry of the degeneret on of tee QTRPiCQFS under
the influenue of the new cliruNne: "...ou en concluolt Se

\ I
e‘ a dek specula-

I")
....a
(D
<

dé“rndetion ct son irnuleeence fie

- n
v

tions: un peu cncpliquées,” Eh Tje says, ”,Tfijsqu'é nos

j)urs, l'eeprit a paru s'éne-ver 03m e le ccrws dens les

0 e 9 AV 0 0
Indee Occlnentalee.' 0' ?ut in the meant; e t;ie 13-

preseien has cnmwged: ”Vlf et pénétrene fie benne henre,
les nom.es y conceivent promptenent: male n'y réslstent
pee, ne e'y nccvutument pas aux lengues meditations.
Presque tous cnt de la facilité pour tout; aucun ne marque
r 89

um talent décidé pour rien.’

He does, of course, not overlook the exceptions, e.

C?

Franklin, who lea to a change in the conceptions about

...

America: "Pour dissiper ce préjucé iniuste, il fn1leit

 

quwehpfieg fih{]ng\$1?qgng.

 

r3" , , __I
O Imifig) IJ/l%/A\-II. P. ébé

 

 

A . t
" I ‘"? ° ’ * ‘ ~ 0 *7 1 2
’9 -‘ ‘ ,r.‘*. 9 ,. m «.‘ . \
“W' 3‘ 8’ act. 91‘ Q i)‘;‘. __ . .. 1 , .- (1‘
3 - 1.. ' . 'H‘ ,7- x : ,' 2-15 6,, .
ce~ can: km»; e‘.il tuétrhs, Iweu: is en; rujcle;te .;utinseecnit Ln]

'. ' ,. iv , - - 3 [3,“- \ - . 1
iour ecletant Se elueleure brencnes c s scle,c»3 naturel es

I
\I

He thinks Arerice has reeceed a stage where ”an n’y

. . I - ru ('1 P - -\ " A ‘i 'n' /-' . T ’ '2 I‘ I R ...
manque olus Ge LSOOWPS, ie mafLPcS, ce mW40168. -'eedcetiou
' V" t . ‘ . . a \ , ' ‘ , 3 T‘ ,

q'y rerend, s'J puriec 1onne de plus en plus,’ and '4ans

1e pornorticne (sit) on y voit plus de gens bien nés; plus

de 191 ir et de m Jens four euivre eon talent cu'on n'en

trcqve en ?erone, cu l'inetituticn meme de la jeunes e est

[1)

sauvent centreire an era; 3 et en dévelcn ement du rénie

'1
U

et de 19 reison.” 93

80 culture will spread as it did in Europe. The only
difference he sees is tie fact taut is spreads in imericn
frem the Forth to the South whereas in 7nrope the South hed

r . 1' ‘ ' fl ' “ -. rw ' run" Q1

eullgh.ened tne MUTLUQ‘U TELLODS. ~

New anlend and “nilqdelpnin are centres of this move-
he slums r‘renlci in 's inf‘l.1-)ence

ment. To give un exeetle,

in establienirg a library there in 1753: ”...une belle

collection des clessiqaes, grace et lntins" 9‘ is donated

to the public by the generous citizen Icgan. And in con-

 

D
“O
H
O‘
P"
Q.)
I
V
'U
Q
01
U'i
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on ,. ‘ ~—
“- uoic., n. One

 

)4
CT
,4.
Cu
‘0
d
O
()4
C f1
...“.2.

, IV/lfl/VI, p. 2:55

 

”1"- '\‘-;so (www- ’ « 1' - r— , “vi «131 ‘ '. ~ 1 w I: r n
1' "1 1 ' ‘ I‘ “\ ." .‘1 ‘- ‘ ; " -
,"L :8 N’h fie LPJ.J9 tiliourb

O

C.

C

Cf
'r—Jo
1...]
:D

(.0

O

‘1-

‘r ‘
"S

e dens la ré“’on

L; ‘-

All tnoee bee nninje indicate beet

.Mra icen culture.

 

 

 

A: swan Qq annal CJméS to relifiiuus questirrs W”
fiJHi vefuunen¢;}9 news I? zinst.1flwa igflgyDIIC (Hmjfch, 'Ze
mentinned nnove that he P€:“Pd€d it as tne main root of
the "state 0f slavery” in which mis Cguntry was livirg,
because it snuntified the HHRalute kififi, "entitlinfln
him to fiiviné right.

Daynfi] sees the oniy way to greedym in the dentructi:n
of the Ortnolic fihurah. Then it wuwlfl be :0?le16 to
secn19v17e the stnze. Tefigére says, "Ce fnngueux unti-
cléricalisme prmcéde, A vrai dire, d'une irrelijion
profonde." 94 fie are not informed about Tenjére’s re-
ligiwus opinions, but we think thwt he 3099 ton far in his
conclusions in the C989 of Wayngl. He $939, qunal wss far
the abolition of Christianity. "fie but est cnmw4n é t)u9
les encyclopédistes, mais cqncun d'eux a sa naiiére propre
de le poursuivre. Ce qui distingue la maniére de Qnynfil we
celle d'un d'Volanh on d'un Con00?det, c'en est la
mndérqtion." 95

Tengéve's an01u¢ién tnot he exen ted to 80m; extent

Protestants and degiqts 1 his eftmnks on-v f9? tawticnl

reason? goes too far. 95

 

(D

(O
(11.n-

 

f O
O:

 

' ‘r tie ’ .K‘ ' ~ ' r ‘ ' . . ‘l ' t "
— Q k.‘

9 ‘ _ -.-‘ pl, .‘ ‘ _ . . - ‘ .7 3 u -‘ \, ~ “I, ~ ' ‘ ' ‘
1.11;} Tt“itf?"‘f""(_‘€‘ " " HYUI ’.'."_“ BUM“ :-4'-.".-. ‘14..”4‘11. .15) ~.< _‘t? 1" {Mn anus}. RH
‘ O ‘ -.. . . , . ‘ I ~ .. - (‘ .... l! . ‘\ a . ‘ “ v.‘ ‘ . ‘ ' . I ‘ r
rLS 1753 wQLLLGn a niehurv o; twe fllthISRJ Rw2UHrdt Sfitqum

n - - . ‘ ‘ ’ vuv \ '. - ’ :v ’v ‘ f" V \ : V7 -- " I" .‘ . ' \
techie, ‘MEITU, rmfimuvmrg 1T3VHF 9? «sfivtm.~k~ 59 IWflJJynlififlF

tfipt tie ”Ohks Pemderfid ?Pent swrvices t0 Civilizatisn in
Pcrlieh times and thirke tme miss was tne best Fier f3?

r'~ -.

1‘4 :1

’—4

ffla :rorfias ()L Etta :1937,
We mentioned already his connegtion of Puritanism and

'he gives exgmmles for tne intalerance or Puritans townrd

otue~ Chriqtinn groups. New Ehf7and Puritans

'11.
(D
"J
'3
:3
'10
”h
w
v
D
(D
«:1
*3

oient ne s'étre errwgé la liberté

1, <\ __ I l 1
-1030 ”Tout 1";‘ur2pe fut etorne (“Nina

Finterdire nux autres.”
intolérance $1 révoltgnte.” And he nd-s: ” 918 chqqqe
secte chrttienne n'a-t-elle pas tnujours borné le nom A”

dinjustice, de violence at de pars cation aux rigueurs d>nt
elle ét)it 19 victime?" 131

He is convinced that "T019 133 cultes partent d'un
trope comrun, qui subsiste et qui snbsistewg é jamais, saws
qu'on ose 1'RtCQQuHP, branches qu'il reponssera, sans qu'i]
soit permis d'espérer d'en arracner une seule qu'evec

‘2
effusion de sang." 1”)U

 

97 £1,111, IV,/15 II. p. 5 and Ivfls/Ix, PTN 177-110--
Ehlflf’ v01. 1, Preface.

99 Ehifif’ IV/lQ/I, p. 468-459

100 £233., Iv/ZV/XIX, p. 255

101 1.1.1, IV/l?/'(.IX. p. 2:53

1'95 Ibid.

 

A 4 .

9 .
1‘7"] KY H'Uat" 1—) L’Pt "WM '19“. y"-"'i"<‘i (‘0‘? ~64 ”HT‘WIEY‘ ""(J .7 "’f’ "\"V’ :“6-3
) ‘1 J v? A I 1 -. LV- , " . .1 . i 1-! ’A , ' V, .1 I ‘ ... .4- \.L I .'_ ’1‘! “ ‘ 1‘ I

I (A A. P . .4 _ A
n98 Remblebleef' ld‘ Tr" t) eliminate all fenet-cism and

«‘5
K
‘ 'S
O
t J.
I)
J)
r:

aler nncel The behavior of the Quakens furnished
to him an eXcellent example. ”12 fiere siwplicité me nee

ncuveaux entnnusiaetes qui bénissoient 1e ciel et les

mom es, nu mili eu des tourmens et de l'ifnominie, inspire

de 19 vénére ticn ncur Jeurs ners nnes, fit aimer leure

sentimens, et multiplia leure prcsélytes." 105 Hinally

Charles IT tried to stop the perse uticn but d.id not quite
su: eei Reynel tmilks tlie alanys present menance 01 tne
savages preventec a civil war in New fin“l°uq's t Mecleficel

disputes.135

While New England never quite overcame this intolerant
attitude, Penwsylvania really beceme ”i'asyle des mal-
heureux,” 107 and tolerance was there the first commeni—
went, 178 Qnekere, Anabeptists, Angliccns, Methodists,

even eatnolics, worked and lived there peacefully

tk ether. Anotcer gnup which he mentions are the ”“U”716P€”
who "rejettent avec reison, 1' éternité des teines,” and ;ne

”gent pqr religion’ce que les stoiciens étoient per pnilcsviie
' ’ /

insensibles aux eutrnjes.” 3”9

 

,_:
C)
r>

F4

{3‘

H.

.1.

., p. 234

105

H
on!
.54.
LL
0

U

IV/17/‘(X. p. 2:56

 

1% Ibiiu p. 3.37

1‘37 :b1.d., Iv 18/117,, p. 27:2
103 Ibid., p. 275

 

 

,

Ibid., IU/IB/V,‘p. Q75

 

r' . ° _ *1
I 2‘ .1 l ‘wl‘fi I , ‘ "’ . H “ l i W a *v I
o 0
f‘ “? Q!" 1 n ‘. f' 'Y
‘ i L1 ‘1" (.1 .) t” .

1 .9

In centrnet to fine futitnnn even the Cuttelics
in Yervlend gave uh their intelenence, wnicn tney bed
etneriencej themselves.

Very scam tnie spirit cf tattlevarwe extenrie'i
itself all over tne American colonies and Reynnl con-
cludes: ”T'est en partie 5 le découverte du Neuveau—
Nonde qu'cn devra la tolerance religieuse qui doit
s'intrcduire dads l'encien. L'aberd de t)utes les
sectes dnns-l'Amérique Sectentricnele, a néceseaire~
ment éteniu l'esprit de tolerance au loin, et sealecé
nos centrées de guerres do religien." 110 The pence-
ful living to ether of different sects in this new
continent ”...a refrnidi la haine religieuee qui lee
diviscit.” 1‘1

A-clear view of tee eitdeticn mefie it 8359??“t:
”...qu'il y evvit per-teat ee la merele et de la
bonre fci dans les oninions par-tout dn l7r~
f‘Le 35$ mceurs: et dc l'avarice dens les fines; et
l'on en a ccnclu que c'etoit le climet, le ecuverne—
ment et l'intérét saciel oi national qui wodifioient

llZ

les hemees.”

 

 

 

a

As a pond child 01 his are Raynwl tries ts ettlsin
Jz;rsls syn} custcmy4l v Lne irnlhlenCfi Cd‘r3limstey £§?Vern-

mafit and social and nations] inturest as the last qwntu ion

!
in the preceding pursgvsth inflisstefl. Those physlhfil,
sésifil sbd gliticsl conditions wsve excellent in AmériCE.
Hews as sVerywsere he is Isoking for an Opportunity
to shnw n picture of purity close to nature as an example
to morally decadent Earnpe snfl to #rsnce especially.
We mentinned slresdy in c-snection with his View of the
savages that he wanted to preserve the picture of their
mmrnis in his bank.
In America we find a natural surrounding, 9 society
based on agriculture, and he says ”Ofi rsyns une sissnce
boantE, fluit Cu trsvnil at as 1'iUdJStPi8,]fi sant ordinsire—

ment les bannes mosuvs.” 110

V8 recognizes that especially
in Pratestant sscistiss ”pares qu'ils étoient les plus
foibles, 168 plus laborieux et qu'ils avoient encore s
justifisr leur crmysncs par leurs vertus." 114
Vere as above in connection with religinn he mentions

Ngw England 83 an P”(CRT-"t1‘3“: "Te fanatisme, qvi répafifioit

1'snsrchie dans la métropole, introduisoit ls subordinatisn

—

 

...fJQ, IV/rlts 11:, T). 138

114 Ibid

i 1! “‘ r. -‘l ‘ » I . _ ‘ , 2 ‘v ‘V ‘ «1 ' ‘7 I: 9.] ; 1 {-6 t." ; ». (g. . 'rv; x': 71 , ‘. i“ +_‘ y; '2, ..., i I . l ’ : ‘ ‘ " Y”
i ‘ 1 C - a -. ‘
ll q (is ,1¢, d ru~ ur; .‘ s « 1'4 "a, ’ -‘ ‘16» r :1 1 n4‘
'. '3 . , . 1 1 , -‘ .. . ... , fl - . > H 5‘ . '2 f ‘- ,--
inrsesrnnve inc air? Mdrn:s, L3». ...19 y191?-f etuit
.‘ _ 4 3 . p _. , 1 ..,,,.1.,.,.1 1 H 11‘?) mt" 1; fl \ .i r: s “,1 {x p
intsruit anwe lt Vise nu ie grit». -Jiz E~-;‘~ -i

at <i>ul»\urwwgt

U)

H:
.3

Cr

exnessss is ffiiJOWGJ by ”an rsmords snip

7' .-. . \ i ‘ ,
” 1 7 TUE“ if ”cs samurs ssh s n'estnnusissvs he

I
{ -

reprit plus unx ruritmins de la Fsuvelle-Angisterre”

laws and restrictisns are always tao sevsre in tris couiirf

Raynsl is far instance sfsinst different ststdsrds
far the two sexes and he iflSePtS Ursnklin's ”Folly Dakar
Stery" ss an example. 179 This girl was accused of

hovira had hsr fiftn illsbi irate onild. She takes u:

¢+

her own defense and bases it on God's comrsndmsnt: "In-

crease snfl multiply!” She says: ”. .Nfin, ”essiewrs, le

Ciel n'sst pss imsitnysble, injuste rsmme vsug,” 1K0 The
stsry flsks for a chqrfifi of laws wnich are too severe and

iniumsn. Rsyna] reports: ”...ce discnurs produisit une

rérslution étunnarte dans tous leg egfipith. w

While hqvihg in New Wuqlsnd a hswsjeneous group of

tme same descent and the same reli ion settled in closed

communities the situation is quite differsut in 0th~r

J

 

C, t.
11- Ibid., Iv/1'7/-.v:rj, 1:2. 13.51

It; i d . , p . ‘5: .7)?!

I‘m 1 d 111/] 7 fl. 1. , p . 39

 

 

P”b1‘°‘ed by m. “rfiwklin in the fiertlsman's ?flrsvino.

 

1'17"" 4 '~
“’ I’W’»q’ T‘I/lV/f/T Uh. filth—«4,?

 

 

Eta-:15 ’J '5‘? _3'; ‘A '31.; HH‘. Llij‘—'£Y); V'o“ “‘ij 3‘ . r! 'j_._“‘."“.‘""“"‘. .J‘
-‘ a O

D'W‘lrti' 7““? have PHCT. ' H' - S" *"L’. 5‘9 {T1 '51‘5‘91’; C ""773"

ark} mfiweti;u=e 3:1 9m<J7M=r Crvnnve. ‘513ffirvn1t Ufwée

(gifrfipor¢.(n.9tnmq erfinf <é%%e TQ'54$59 9““

servefl. annnl save, Ifin?:exnmp]e, ebnut the S
ivfluenee in New Vbrkg
Ies Wellnndeie, premiere fondnteure de la
colonie, y éteblirent net esprit d'ordre et
d'écennmie* qni dietihgue per tout lenr
nntinn. ““

Trai

wire Penn wanted to abolish all snureee of V106,

et l'oisiveté",

a 5. 1 ‘55

nu

e of twelve learn a trade or profeesion.

reel equality and all are led to

"qui est 1e travail,

‘nationnl an

s "devint un spe l'univers

0

group
voisins, mqlgré leur b anrie,
et

douceur de ses mneurs,

leur corruetion rendirent hommnqe A see vertue.”

are 1on3

soit des mains ou de l'esprit.”

entie

7]“ L- 3)

“P9-

trnmrfuteh

99 p098 t0 PennsyJVQnin where the

”l'lhdiflwwhw

.1

by demanding teat 91] caildrem over tne

Tue re 1 <3

this common destihqtion

124

d Peli?iJU?

w

7)

O

furent encheinés par 18

388 peup1es éloignés, me1gvé

195

 

Ihid,, IV/lV/KYVLI, p. 260
31‘ _ , .)r- 1 r
1d; ijd., I‘J/le/I'f, p. .3/4 (PBKIJtEd by IflBZZBi,
12A -
Ihid., v. 275

 

In

r-J'

d.

Pt.

' L l )
.3,D.g5’v.;u

I " . - ' . ‘ ..
(I . E. i. ‘ .;II'1?= t4 ' .. 1 I . ' - . ' t: a r - n— . ' ~~ ~ « ~ I: (V +a r“ ., ' r* ‘ . ~ c:
An. .. 1. 9 . ' ... ., . . , 1. ..‘,_ . .... . \ H ._.., '1
n:i=«ena,v:Lre {lihfi th hfiLfi“ie r>UVFH1u, *Vien LU] He.g' e

onev an newbie qni n'eet hi peli, ni cor-
remvfl? P°r le séj>ur des rrendes cites: 11 regne anerele-
., de la rrdprete, du bcn ordre dens lee
familles.” 36

In such heqltfly surrnuneinns and under such favor-
able conditions: ”res Ferues sent enenre 0e qu'elles
doivent étre, d>uée9, monestes, competissantes et sernur-
ables; elles out cee vertus qui perpétuert l'empire de

leurs charmee. Tee nomyes sont ocewree de leurs premiers

- . .. \ .._
devoirs Ju emin at an pregres me leurs

"5

lnqtations, qui

m‘
'5
,4.
C‘—
Q)»
o
l—J
Q

.fernnt le snntAewusme leur prnep

Feelings of enunlity and security reign. ”a place
1 ‘ ‘ 1
cu luxe, qui‘fieine la micere 9 ea suite, an lieu me cen-
trnete efflieeefit et hi;eux, un bien étre univ.reel, re—

s .. . . . .

pertieegement per la premiere cistrioution mes Lerree, per
16 Gears de 1'infiustrie, q mis dang tons ‘es coeurs 1e

deeir de ee pleire mutuellement: ...“r ne se voit jemais

snrs pleisir...0n were enfin dune les calories cette vie

—___

125 Ibid., IV/lB/YYXIV, D. 38“»565

137 Ibid.

 

. ‘ I
rlue nvnveenule e 1% Pente,

g1
.. J

.. . O’. -_ .- 7x . t 1 Li.‘
H i‘, (litx,l‘zj.tzf . ' J.

‘1):
$—

ecravmuic fuaniJ;ivns :nwze eznrly'rn"rri£hje erri lerTflé fe-djliée

bl

{D

P .;u

’33 "‘

"U

0
Tue only twin: missing unier tuese advantageeue enn-
ditians ie 9 certain unity and a national feelinv. There

ne asks for a com on public edlcetion wuich it ennuld be

r,-

tne daty of tee ngernwewt to provide. ”T'homne nei

t

O)

."n
avec un germe me vertu‘ 1‘9 and so ”de; gerdiens plut

I

rgwe des préeecteure” 193 ere needed. "11 s'egit mains

ci'ensei*ner 1e bien, nae de gerantir du mel. La bonwe

I

erhlefition vient trap terd, Cwez dBS P849183 cvrrmnpue. 199

trites...snnt pq3“és en meelrs dans la evciété." 131
Tleynel even sues so fwr es to eey: ”Tee nommes sont ce que

3)

_‘ Z
163 qauvernement les Iait." 1”

11:16., I‘ll/13,"){Y‘il’h p. 76.3

3 2:31 (to, , i

 

ram” IvflB/"H‘i‘f, *9- 559
:\r,/lE?/‘(<'.‘(V, n. 05‘3-

v~ fwd” Iv,/19_,/t<':xr, :2. all

 

 

i‘ . 0 l 3] ‘ " " ‘- ‘2‘ ,rt, ,' A P f1 i, " i‘ -‘. 33};
- ...-O —-—- _l—fl v _--—'“——v ‘--'-"'—'-- —-‘ --.‘--n‘ ’-
D; flq‘uf‘, i" j a N1 I‘ll" 3V1 ~~1 -~' JP
.. ,3, . 3 x a -
-’ V . ‘ . - ,. '_ ,, -. 3’ ‘. ‘7 1...?
*‘tn tale Cnfifiter we nave regened twe C ru;rml P“-UT

6F annel's writirfi Ami we were twct we Vere mule tn svwv

alrendv in our Dreeedifv'rthlinee how imaortent be t >U-ut

the Revernment. An extensive treetment of this qneetiih

.4

in one Charter Wzflld egree; tqe 1i its a? q t5eeie Wire

:ylr Drneefit twvie ée I ehnll have thi

"D

\
“~(r\‘ fi‘l f‘) Y‘
. chapte. i1 3re-

'vinus deerrinti)ns qmltry to snow the venerql attitude.

m

y o a _ -
Frem his immediate exteriences in 3range corre hi

I"?
_3
\t

inetrei eveinst aha)!nte power of the edvereirn. As

t-J-

he I‘i’Y’Ji-

{..I.

v he sees twe only

bring is on big terflne by d ,

7 fly to Jlnit hie power in atteexirq the church which
Sierrtified hie peeitien. Tocke and the rhiloeophere we“
rattanVed the diVine rifht of kinqe w~re his eutunritiee
i I“! pililnennhy.

Ue regards ell Huwcn bein*e es beelcally equal:
". ..les dictirntiwne de la ncievnw~e gwnt de convewtien,
€3t?...t3us lee nann [Hana exeentivn, Sért freree, enfvns
(3L1 mane Rieu." 153 And if thnre id n3 inefinelity wry

Srfi«m1]d the kin? wen receivee ell mis Uheiiefine frfim tr»

, \wwy srvmgli fie nfnz ”ecrwirtnm~<ze llli SEMCL tous ’Hee

/

V
a

0
m
.4
5

L .—
"IFS’ I’lfill/‘JI'I, In. 55

 

]'<a
"~' 1 ‘- 3‘ v ,2 1 2‘
101%.,‘FLN. Y, p. lwg

 

J ’ ‘3 \ '* _ 3 ‘ i] ' _;

I.., v ‘1 ‘ ‘ fl . A '7 ,9

'21- (w 1 t-l; .H :t KM, L2“ '“ ‘ H"; ""j ’3“ ‘4 ‘ -I'« I“ figs.

‘ , ‘. . . " V 1", . ‘- ,_ ... ' '7.--. . v. “

(1')” t4“ graft 1! L: *- x‘ Ce“? 4 1, W . ‘1”.33, z t. 11 1 fl ":1: PM" ' V‘ _ .

‘ 5’..- : ‘---0 ~ i- o 2 ' H \ r "

‘ ' - C - a fi
3. .0 3 1. 1 *- -7 is it 7 .. .-r... 1”, fl, 3'...{. :3 This

VdPLtQNL“ at Iwuae:eu,*le me tlutdu 1:3 éflC.<bFS. ~i~
Y“. .. __ ‘ ’. ,,, «L4 _ '1 L34 - ' 1 V -3 . _ 3., v. s 4"
axis seems t) be r88 [zed emu Dnuued to him bUnL 0L

all ill'mje Rritjsw1?%nxfilutien réTflfififi, ml nae the penpflsa

replnrwni e sovereiggixwwmn they nicixwwt like by' wua of

tneir choice WlLlUuC suedding a drop of hloed. Therefore
t.

lie praises whrlehi ms tne Wutsuending exqcple mast pre-

.lressive towerds free am for the refiple.

”rm-:3 f'
.. ‘. 'J

‘J.

America is his Hare for the neit step. The I
meeitive fact in this direction is: ”F'AMéPJQUB fiN”13158

Ifilt assez sage ou essez heureuse, your me pee udmettre

1 :3 r3
Li.) 0

Line puiqungjrta GCCléSiflSthue.” Nf-A‘Jl‘flf‘: 8. Pl‘63;'~?l)ytr>t“ji8¥l
Eieckgreund "tautes les afreires, qui, dens d'eltrzs
-r1§gions, ressortissent d'an tribunal sneerdatel, furefit

'Ffiartées ”event le mQfiistrnt cu dens les essewblées antige-

1 I, O ’.
Fl] 49,3.” -L')7 _Acilvan’iinfes £3111 ditsqdvanteqes 8P8 '1_\_SC‘v.1“Sin

The duty Of the ff'fiV’f’l‘rh'Y‘H-i'l’lt L'N‘S'Hrd Rq‘xrni'fag wé'w} :13) nnt

ili've any experience and are inesmehle a? rulinm Uneaselvee

.1
0
(fl

. _1 ~3 fl IV .
Thine, IJ/ij/i’ p. 11-8

 

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: Q ¢ 0 ' ' J I ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ v ’ ’
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‘ - , , ., ‘1 '4 ’ ' , w‘ 1 ’.‘ _ '1 ‘ , Y
o : (1’5? 1) *17‘1!’ ’!m..=H'.w ’ 11-. " (,~~ "“~. «
--\ . ' ,, . _. . - ‘3 2' -7 '. ?
":H'.'l'r‘.7 xxi‘lfiw‘ £111 NF 2.‘('"‘-‘. kit] f) Erl‘? H I’D ...-I1.-r’1, .-f‘ '3'."

‘_ a
3.4;
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O
“‘HIEYWNQRFHZ 1313f

’rmerfcn: Tfiré.f1P:t;s*vnur> is tfine ”13XFVHIVWWTJWL‘I”‘f”7"‘"133
‘ -- . k—v
‘ _ .’ _ _ I J ‘, “ _.- H ‘ ..,_ , , r
a yWVHPnOP 9L Lne tun (WHJHVLUI tue suprwwm inflflwnce 05"
eroiped by the Kin? of ?n;]qnd qs, ffir exaavle, Féw VJTK.

1

New ,Ter 7-39,}? , U1 no"; hi a tile two W. «1‘0“: 1.17189. q : -:.', '39 E" \"i 8 .

3 9

A seconi 5W~Txo wag gfiwwfiltfifgvnwpriators, ‘hgnjntjqung
pvide”, with "and autorité sens bornes.” 159
Only Varylan; ewd Pennsylvania remained for Qfly tine
unwer sa“h a status.
The lngt Uroun hhd 9)—cn11ed charter fivvnrnmpntq.
It was criminally the status of all Nev Thqlnnd provinnaa
but flnHIYy onfly Cannecticut qqi anode Islnnd had ChartRPS.
He says in general: “0n pent 19 regarder comma une
puoe dénocrntie. I98 citnyena élisent, dévngnnt aux-rfiwws
tous leurs ofrlclevs at Font toutes les 101x qu'iJS jUfflfit
5 propoc, sans qu'QTWPa misfit besoin de 1'pprr0h8t50n flu
-w>n9rvy19, Stnyn qu'i1 :ait ]fi%(iPOit fine les RfHflllléP." 140
Tue only 8X?37tiOnS to tnosa guwnrnl tyues of gavevn-

ment were Cannda ahi Tlowidn. TLr’ t~e univr military

authorit and not tneir orders direct from Tondon
u , t .. O

 

 

 

" ~ ' ,r,
.7"; n {:‘L[' E rywv15 L. l’ __ rj ‘Arw :vr' ‘a A F‘ P IND—I ‘1; (3 ,(v\ . 1‘
_,_‘v °+ .r. 1 .1g . L. ,..,1 3 ._,.L..’ ....P. "’-,,‘17
er )FL .Vfidhuiih‘thfl‘ Bu 1 ).JL Own)? HP',. ~.¢ V1 W~1.-‘ rL*-'iLty
. . ~ .9 .. .,. v 1"
€8rfl“it :l'an INW ”kicieirqnfi, 6t i8 "qlx ‘Hz-UL'H‘Yg. ' ‘21

The “010F109 wk‘“h fibtehvet tuoqe tefikq of 9 guud owern-

79%

went 9"“ 1‘“3%. In Such 8 state ”tentes feci7itég

sont ouvertes aux précnuLinn du Téqislateur qni vent

(1 ‘. 1“
fpurer 18 Fang et les mneurs d'une pegpigde.” 1-4

QQY”31 “q” h9“9 1? fl new CINHLPV fin innohtqnt tack
for eéjcetinn to mwke neceeeqry correctione in morals and
to unite tnvse diffenent relitifius groups efii nationalitiHQ.

Cpuekin? Hanan the ffignnfltiun of an institute of

'1 O
l

hffiner eerninw mt “hileuelfimlgy he mentiwns with joy:

; \ a
...”18 tumologie sera seUJe a inmais exclue d'ene ncgdxmie

consecr3 é 1'inntruetinn d'un peuple qui edmet tous les
caltes, qul n'en reconnnft point de dominant, et qui,
mane n'en exige nuoun. Ce sera l'unique cantrée dw
l'univers ofi l'an ne se battra pas pour des mats, ofi l'nn

“/ - ' ' - w 145
me heirs point pour deg objets inconprehensibles.' ~

The can iLlnne were good for e teaoeful develnpweflt

"I

o; the American COWOniee, as tde ;ehev91 ‘ioture has showv.

 

141 Ih1fi., Iv/Ix/KKVV, p. $58
143 Ibid., p. 570

Ibid., IV/lB/VI, p. 296

- ‘n

1.1,, A. .r\‘, '22.:

A . r. ‘pf,:' {(,H.;) I."‘v 71;.3’,1J"‘gl
al‘fi—v— -‘W

 

IWWi‘r‘WaJ'IC ttir‘V' 7%»3~‘fir‘k'q

 

Te know frum Qnyfle1'e different editien: tunt he
W9t0h~d tfie QWQPPRTQ thW3~n Greet firitnin and her Americem
Co‘nnies clneely from the beeinnire. We recarnizgd the
needs 814 rixuts of tne Ameriopn sett1er9 but eccnrding

to hie mnderqte attitude, which we cou1é shew were tnnn oh 6,

he Could not reenmrend the taking up of arm: against the
mother country.

“is oninion changed w en tne w~r was started and his
1730 edition incluwee for ;he first time the sectLon ntnut
the American Fevolution wuich appeared as ahove mentioned,
in generate ejitivns, too. 1

As Thomas Faine indie tea in hie fetter, quhfil Wes
ofen not well ennurh informed and bed ”wrong” Concentions
about many tninds. 3 Rut here it is ear task to 88m haw

he suedeeds in renresenting the different nointu of View

of the major flowers involved.

 

1 Way ("' 11.

thos:
Rein

J

1

g

. Critique, p. 55) regards the contention that
passages were stalen as a prgmotionql stunt of
1.

 

fl)

.1)

Thomas Paine, Coep. Tritinqe, II

_...—

 

 

 

 

 

:T~. n". {‘fif, ' \ ‘w'.ji' -
1 . 1 ‘n I fj : l‘, r \ "3' f' ‘- 1" "T {1.1};
\ 3‘ . V I C *- ‘ ‘
As Uosehwmos quotes T'1hnualowedie- ”Les coloniea
.. ‘ . . h t. ~ I

n 5

sont forméee per la metropole et pour la métrooole.
This was the general opinion of tue colonial poxers in
the 18th century. We saw toe regults of this thinking in
Great Dritnin in the 9tP13t regulations for 911 comweroe
with the co notes and we heard ahout the difficulties
cumin? up me a resglt of tlfl Ion; divtoooes from the
mother country gnfi the high fre fat rates neared by two:e

unnatural restrictions.

In wary reerecte two co:onies elree v enjoytd too

'1 Q

1‘. \

{nuot1_:refiutwm rum} hrvi,¢r3wni tor)2vealiniy. ?ualznid thereeli

was not well of9.et toe ewd of a 1on3 and bloody war in

y.

1765, and she decided to ask her colonies for he1p.
"Cette vue étoit save at junta, snyg Qatnq

did UOt pfree with the “0y in which they hqnulei tte

:0

question. ”Te mioistese ertonoique...s ”git 19 moment

d'une peix g orieuse pour exiqur ure contribution florcée

. R
de ses colonieq.' ”

The result was toe Itemp Aot, Wlich wee f reviy re~

’I

voked after two ye1rs oi convulsive Ppitgtion. Yet ”rent

 

4.

noteo by T. Desohemps, p. $11.

INNER, IVf/Jg/fxi‘H-(‘Jl-TT, p» ‘577

 

Ibid., IV/lB/ky, p. 5&2

 

. . , ~ i O ‘
n"w; be 7fijlaifh*z {n7 the ~‘3‘ C: Set rind “”9? to rue rais+ei L"
_.- ' , u . 7 - H M- ., .- - _ I I .

taxes on CTQRS, 1"WW, Doete—hoerd cj7our9, honeW—nqr“1

Ll}

end tee, which were 8"11 pied from 4<"I"3Ifl$¥fi<i t5) f‘fifl‘f'r‘lcfd.
Englqnfi tried to exoleln that it could lay on h~r exnorte
toe duties which her interests nemeofied and that see did
not intena to barbid the fabrication of txiese goods in
her colonies. on the other hend everybody knows that tnere
were no nrovieions and factories in the colonies to produce
those goods. After yew“s or strucole end without any re-
venue from any one of toe taxes Trolend wove se atieI notion
to toe Americans in 1773, woo insists} noon 3 general :nd
formal renunciet3on. Tee alone was exceoted in order to
snow toe superiority of the mother coun ry over the colonic
The ministr" believed tort toe di fro eition of the new worlu
was altered, much in 177$ they ordered the collection of
tne duty upon tee.

After the t)oeton insurrection tne ministry, seeking
revenge, $8179& to» Bag rig gran L'. aircemetnnces of this

unnerste ndahie exec

I!)

3, end_regtired the Parlirment to

A

punish it severely. The port of Doston was therefore
closed in Merch, 1774, by an order of Parliament. inqlend
hoped to break in tris way tee union of the diff9rert
establishments. Que wee mistaken, and miter heavy debates
91] hon oe Oi recyncilietion veoiehed. fine cent troope to
America and it toe night of igpil 19, 1775, the firmed

confl int began.

 

WM?
nth? m
.4

9 RH“

plue

’ (-1 m4 \
I ‘ f 7 y
‘ .. L L 2 ’ J “- .~ . " 7

t‘.

_.0 , .x
A-) - 11/995:

heraniuer vn

fnnte fiRt ]R

r: _r‘ u "'1 r: (3,
‘ J

,r, “ [
‘ P
f ' . i I I 7"“
. ..‘ &' —.
. f, a “ ‘ Y

:z ‘ ”'nutINE

'1'?» (: {.2 1‘ ,

i r' u
..4

J -
L " .
. V
. , .. 4,.
(; (1.” 17' t ' 0' (a Ii 00

‘ I
flea €05??? rwhp.

U t5? RUTH} f: T" a t 1WD

foiblesse," 5 find wuo canTQJHR hiq speech wléh 9 cu 3
to arvs: "Ammez-v0u9. ‘Vengez v05 thwnita ofFAngic; Jar;-
ez Vfitve Grendenr ? nhie.” 7 The result is tht ”Ies
afinhicves d'un rhétejr véhfément Hpvuyés par l'inf1uenca
du trflne et paw W'vauoil natifin91, étadffeht dans la
plupavt mes représentans du pauple 16 daSir d9un arrawre-

ment

t‘m‘at it; could not

offnved evwrytnirq

wk

vs

580

“

finfland und~restimnted he? opponents

O

This

T .51.
+nueg,

 

Ibid
__fl_L

W e I." a

lnt of

h
1'

O

1 ti.

fique.”
W111 Line 1:":
bUt
:JF'J'ed t“o years.

is the

‘erw 9t tinermvment

I‘f/lB/XIITT, p. 4

x. 41]

inden

a?

P. CO she

enfience to

93;) ti) suinnit

.0 O
-i. HBI‘S 889?".

W E”) P I”)

Waynfil closes his

found out

'1
Firm).

1’! t (:11, t, P (gf E) I" t s ‘5' ‘r -' ()

’2
‘tl

'

twoge SRMfi gmwricnng

unconfiitionfllly.

from the Writigh

17%?

 

 

$34 :4); '_;_- “L’- "

K... A"? _s ) uh?) Fifi 7'31} (-..I: 173 Hg»,

The Amerfi(nwu; nnfura17jrfLw;k at:tivwce nffnizwa Prim
9 diffepant ctHnlueint. mrwm tn? days of rue Ti1grifi
Fat firs thpy FHVHP had the intentifin of seppratiry frvm

Until now tfm:tfi?ifi9h W101?

ccurce to twe Tfitlish cqlihies in Hart
okfiwainirnr tfle swicvogr‘ it 99»¢ui fnr.

nut ‘ gfid hp"e COWQR the decisive

vrnmtefi not

in gifts

Genefdn OF it wag STWch rrnaeuu

p

urntlons in tqe assemblies 0* each

”Tea F“ifl“§CFS de tfi?érqn¢e at d.

\

dads Was nolfirieF 3t

.
arflTtis9¢ en 9v31er

Q

‘r

différeht fies autres peuples."

9 I
Those nrov n-es were “accoutumwes

.. 0‘ 3
nwn‘t cette manlere d Lanrnir Tear

‘

Co
‘4

EQMMflQ at arrent,” 13

90 rafugefl to pay taxes WViC

Ionign ty an escewhly where tmev had n

”192 poqmlec s'snruyojent d9 In nature

1]g s'anmuyoiewt flag 9371i

y

9 Ihii” :V/W/U. F- 5‘34

j," 1" j C f-rvr—r-VV'
3 1}“‘18.’ IV cVB/KLKA‘ x,

in taxes.

’«1' by freq and Z‘-i_1:"7'liC (3‘-

;;‘;1-’-“—,r_.t (-31". <3”)?

J__ . 1. :-
‘IP‘.’ TLF‘VHI‘ {1’7“} 1"?-
U

7 7517‘63 1* I (‘ I} UV F 't'<'1 ‘>15 11

fiiht - thiq

V

7‘

“he CUG—

estenliphmeb

’ O

\
9 revardar CUM-e

q f... (3 (a (3 f) 1“,". .L'-‘ V. p x} 1'1») I";

O
I“.
{ct1v~9.

C)

repvoqen

d6 Tears CWfirtps;

3'3 I If?) 7

.1

e chnit an'n

(-9

, .1;\ ~ 1 n1 ‘» 1 1 ‘ z 3‘“ 5 ~ ' C ‘
gag/(7‘54 01 («- (11“:11 Er- SI-AC‘. 1"» V-T‘(:*“. ‘I 1 x." 1] 9'1 ‘ 1‘ ¢;.
..’.1"9i—41"1’fe.\1"-Q ”$9, '1‘)'-:.I'1-rw j" I‘NH‘: "(4 5.1-“. “Q t 1 1:“ If 'r"rt__
ditqfre qmi serble wtre 19 1nr91t 1e rlus 9‘? 69 t1“? 39¢
inhreg ” 15

Artur tde nQQWcrnf'sn a? the fzun net tiby rednwhfiwfl
“F unanimous afreamefit t e oongu‘Ption of whatevnr was
fwrn*¢*9n tinm 57 tdfi mat' 1 mean??? natil each time We

thY had withdrawn tn

when ?nc?wnd intrudJHHd tie

on immortnnt nouda w”

Fplvea, "T COWWVa oiett

1*
1'0

‘f

Yet”? ‘19.“: t.I‘«"j1?T:ZWOI‘: Pt

9‘””i¢"98 volitiowee

1

O

WQFUUR He 19 tvrqnnie.”

”he disqmlte Eiwnlt tie

imrovtqnoe: ”1'edt 7° luute

‘

centre 16 parlement n

14

H
0

Wu 1’) i t W0 91

not

send trWGPS tfint t”1R OtWQP

Ibid., p. 530

13 11111, p. 5

13

_..-”1'“, PMS/71:, 1:. .5115.

34 111191., Iv?

 

1.1 7.91:3‘91
L.

803V

clairemewt

119 he veulpht Dns J'Stre.

Wear pnwoicspnt OR

her-.1

'flfigjwterre,

1“ - y 2 t Y\ -
DHWLinP

9

far-1

-14

and OVNPGSFiVR b17‘

u-MQHLLUPPi ethnrt tnxoq

ich tnny could not manufacture thpm-

(1115:: 10:3 erLIVE‘T’V"-3"¥]e’-)~“.t

1‘95}

On'i3q Qant,

EEK tngk dn an unex acted

‘ \
<u1(vvw PBS d9 l'AWéricue

d'une nfition :Dntve man

‘0

before all a PQCDNPiJ-

strxrte»i t1

far its

 

k A C‘ { ’J J K ’ ' ’ - b :l .
* 9 1. ._ .. ., . _ . .. ‘ .. . .: .. ’ . ,
‘ ”3‘3: ‘1.“15’ A 7/4“: ‘.“~9 1% {1'4 -1f'- ('1’ 113. + r; 1'.."iifl£l-%"i in» “.T’ "J'-:’*..‘I.‘I 07‘7“-
\ " ‘
x .. : ' O 1". . 1 . .4 fl- - x -' . .~ ’ _ A
on} 0t *1." ‘ C’.LS Q". ”33:19:13.1. "‘.‘.7"“!" .113. C3'ALQY’04115‘1 lbw-”KY

lifted um it: vaine in pram~e m1 fire fiwiviTGyes 01 an

6

e In wa‘isiorlznwrforce (w1hji

{:4

onnrecced neanle- ”Te cri
12 libefitfi. ‘ A“fl if a Free peaple invckes heaven

. 0 , ‘ C
P?Rin9t Q“PP?‘LOh ” 11 F9 tonne has n coufilr FUX RT”GQ

The ca¢mnn dznfler unified twum. “hot harmon1d tn

Dactan tO-cuwgrn; it nfirpewl t3 nnqcnm31<7713ny to-nwnanW.

Pamphlets were distributed 811 OVHP tue cfiqnhry; "RéveiTlev-

vows dame 6 Amépicaln1‘ 17 And British preteneinns wave
,. A \ .
pnuwered: ”Tfius ates In mere-ratrle: mgis loin d'en—
\ V
caurnoer nos DWOfres, vauq les rewoutej; vans encnaine“ has
a . I 1. - :3 , 0 , .- H 18 , I _
orQS, vows etouliev nos Lorces NQ.S%RHteS. A*“P1”qn

poiNIed out twat ”...i1 y un temg ofi l'autorité fies pérea

et Ups mares sup Weuvs enfqng neape; et ea tems egt CE3H1

on 393 enfnns peuvent 8e pourvmir p9? eux-mSheS.” 19 A
hQVin? been driven to twig paint quy felt ready to nair 8
their own Pesnonsibility.

A wige Ehg‘iOhmfin i? he, wno VGCOfni"88 thia fact.

T'1'11‘v‘r111611_ $9199 aim 89V, 9w0n¢ otwwvs: ”...hfius Cflflfe¢90fi°
x. (r ..4

r-I
C 1
5-4
CT
_sJo
O
C
O
I
I
J

 

 

,\
v,“ .

 

f 2 o > . ' I - ‘
,. _ \ ,. . x . . . _ ¢ ¢ . .1 . -- . v. , 4: \ ~ . . -
‘11.“ 1': 11.1 7.3”":3'4": ._ ”21- 1‘1“», 1 r 1.. ‘: '-_*“._t. .183
A
k fa H.“ D v‘np q f‘ 1 ‘ P. .1 g p 7 -1p '2.‘ pm - Y‘v‘igi "23W ‘ -." 1: dry, a .1 11- V1.1; :2 H3: Y: é;
v._.' r k . 4 ‘.‘ I.. . A \ ‘ ..- .1' J , . . . . ' f . .1 ._‘ l‘ . . . g . .I4 . ' , .‘ , ._ . . . - . I 1 I. I. .-

- , . , s \
vyas we COflStitUELOFS Qdaytes a thre c1inwt, 9 vwnpe

‘ . O O Y _
9)] p re ronme nouveoa que vous 01v1liaez...Jfin9 naww

I i 1 ‘ ;)
rec~vm4z alovs en Q3911te d'flmifl 9t fie trenes.” “0 Yet

at tqqt tire *nrlcnd two. Wt otnarwise as we heord.
American qunnes far a victart wave as b=d as twe
Pu lish ones were. Amvricn had no trained arwy Hid sagp7y

was lackiww. Ahnrjnfin Inakéd for Lrien 3 97d Rnxnml 993g

I40

a wgi

With hic tyoinnl nati“nn1 pride: ”Tes semis FPH“QQ ,

onent tout, oeevent braver les inconvénieng we netpe

liaison.

 

 

<3 Ibii., IV/lB/KIITI, pp. 405-437

 

*1 I:16., IJ/TB/YTVITI, p. 455

‘ 0 ‘ v I.
T T' Y I. v't - t ‘ ' ‘1":
4. .. ._ I ' " ‘
_..-.. .v—c—M

 

 

é. ?«mfidfi W136? m“ View

”KEV was Wrnfice gain; to fi*fit¢” is ?ev's queetiOF.
anfi here are QUFWBPQ 9W4 PQV'Q cjng uqiqn: ”To wggkpn
7h?19“3, it in moat fvequethy efieweved. To 3estr1y nvv,
it is SJWutiWQQ saii Tne treaty of eliiqvbe pravus tfifit

WrOfiéJ's ofl’y iwmefi“

..
'l

t“e independence

tne Fniced OLntes. Fe Cdfiti“3e9; ”It W98 Phevnh
ciVIlivetion that CTQF wentefl tfi see triumph and whose
prestige tqey wantel tn r etere my essvsietlnq it with

tne~yhnef3 impvn"t9riz 9V$H1t 01"tue

S

Abbé Reynnl noes not ee

such an idealiELic Tiéqt and says

ables.

 

 

 

 

times.”

tee interference

6

D

*

.A.

n quite

awout France: ”T9

 

_ . 0’; . .
tDUt ““0191“,! V4 He tq‘WDIS 9V9”? 01""ffirt infLLV t6) ff? Ifwglne
the fiction Of true “f‘e’trfl’l elvver‘nmerzt Wind 08118 about the
31119°08, "QWB We henweur de l'numanité n'y a finth fie

‘ vii . ‘ o -.
pert.” ("Ann he continues, w1tn big View dlrgntei QTWQVS
LQW°Pd9 his beloved 3Pnnne: "...ei l'nmowr Ge Tc finetice
'1: I". "j 0 Y)‘ 1

pay, -«c.\737_1j_f1r)np ,j’ 013111-111, p. 13L
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gave dateiled corrections of Paynnl's ethos and aflntrq-
dictlnre. may judgeq tie influence of Vazzei's work;
”11 est; important, (3.)r',{"7e pif—‘rm £3’"*CLI'T’IHT‘-flflj.r'€, Ir-QiF 1-1
eat nanun succés at me fit une efiet SJP 1% pthic.” 4
qungl's wnrk found its mast objwctlve priv<te miticign
in Grimm's Corveqpondence. Cowmnntnrins on old an well
as 9"ndunfiewent9 of new editions may he Yannd taflve, and
we pet some informatlwn about Daynal's influerce in frqnve
.

Another frfiwn of writinfg cwnccrned with Rnynfil were

attnc s by his enemies. Tn 17%3 a ”Iattre Philoswphiqwe

‘ r O ‘ a I .— - .
g MOHQJQWP 1'90”? flqynal” nnmeoved WfiiCh was DUPDOFtedly

 

(D
(")1

\ ‘ .

4 qu, Pihlinrrnnhie Critique, w

 

1,1- ,. 3* 9 ._...:‘f \ A , 'N
3i"l ...,eafl \ 4 «£ ‘7" ’1 . ’. Ju. ~ ’
_. A— .‘ 1 -..-. a .-+'—-- in...‘
F-tufi- M47 }.‘J."3 C‘...l‘7"5‘.’.‘~".n, 3,-

Vet fkn? StPC”NTFQt;£3fiTD°V

in firm WW“ unnfivm)19 hqmfitleh
m. ‘. _.. H . 1‘ J J

2!")

’ ’
gavnnl defeequH".

title,

not get hold of it and 90 we will

éelone'e indvment:

sehe mehcl
1'Aeeefiblie netlflnele felt
mercileesly ettanked.
In edfiltinn, tqere were
newepepers, meqqqinee,

etc.

this BRPiOd, for instnnée,

have a bioqrehfiy written by Tunet

. 'V

mefltloner

L—J.

fie eve

rp 1
'm apered ( t

trxe

i?! IPn’l

nnJe to dfl

Vite

Speedele

0:1. {.4 1 37
. U

.Trmee, Fev,

‘qd

. —- ‘ -
marks cm7‘fielone xvyl'flenfere. 23love

serry that we

in l '7 :3]

:Wend

Que cette

H G

Beneverrle.

and tfifié nlpenfi

and Reyna

could
1.1 ‘3 0h.
cpiflmne

0 ~ . ~. _‘ - \
s'1nwelre de le nelne pwitique. sq letLre q

1 Wes

criticel notes In

7 and in general works about

v

Qevnel's inf’lm—mne upon ‘Pren*‘e's attitude tower-d tie-cede,

_ s
and Tenrere Rees aim one

The imooptence of Reynnl for his age is

by t?) l3

:rru
e ’l”,

attention to him.

of the

first

9t no time

(

jeurnelists.

the lixet denhytirwt Ferd LlR err? novfinetent

 

U"

An(_":nbr'~flf)119 ’ T G. T, tme .

m

Salome, p. 8

Note in Vanthly 2eview, Lhd
in cmnnectflun1-ith_his

 

lunets QiOfPflnhle 8 l'ahhé

\-
A
.0. -— i—I-

P?15‘*Eervnfqu11e

\

q

39

 

'fieryeieuzr ]_'eblw3

.fizne

.3")
‘1 ’7 b' “J ,
“bout the

p.

Slave

EL: 5-; ‘g-Vl 1 \

?nnbted

J
J

 

.‘ -. {I ~ 4- ' . . .. ‘ .'v
T'f. "--,. ‘e'.‘("F»-n _f i ‘\.v‘. (2! w'.'."_."1"-_l.-l PO. -- v "‘I 1511"“? .f -".- .f—‘V‘ 1 “,Q
..L ~ ‘ - ‘ - - - _-
" wwnnnp
"I. .K ‘ 1..
m

'?verybedy who 19 IVrnllier with the tnwwuie-fif the 19th
centuvy in 7renee will be Qele td imagiee hew inFluefltiel
9 work with such 8 wide dietvibutiin wne. Fey eeyg
after careful inveetqutiena: ”On eet denc en droit de
voir 15 le rJLHa.tww7ntent deenment bibliejfiapmique Rd? lee
Ftets-Wnie entre l? 0-1775." 1 Aftev 1776 tte number Ci
publidetions concerned with America gees enoemodely up,
but far tee perled frnm 1776 - 1795, "Reynel Cfintifinqit
% occuper une place tree en vue." 2 We is et least
until 1790 r93“rded as ”une ihdisc4teble anterité” in hie

field. Eeneverrie phreses it tiiS we : ”Reynel remelnei

4
“a

Per H long time the guepel on America.” 4

-‘

Paine's above-mentioned letter proves new hignly i“-
portont he thflfl“Ht Reynel's influence on the picture of
America in $rence: ”The lenet misinforwetian or miscen-
ception leads to swme wrong conclusion, and an error be-

lieved becomes the prevenitev of othvrs.” 5 be an ex-

nwple of h,w his View of Amerieq influenced an individual

 

FqV nib-‘10":T-‘V7hle “fill-3., T" {115

 

 

01

, . o , x - .
",‘ , 1 .A‘. (W ‘ . _ {‘3 ,' “ n 3“ .‘ f‘ l. i .. -',4‘ J ‘1'"? '1 " i (o v; j (I 4‘ ”7', ‘ . t 3' 'f‘\ -

~e" 1 ~ - ,,.~ «e t' r {+g‘ ”‘rf‘ r
’RP.€u it es en exec? iha,e 14 1e Letta' ;t» we. ’ut

5 _J
”I
C?‘
3
r-10
t)
A
KL
)3

‘ . a , I . ‘ ~. *1 T, : V \ j w“. A. 2 ‘ -‘
a grillia :zwalyeheli . :Ia“.,e fll."hl l,ilrve
’\ I I ~_ _ _ I g . o _ ‘ _ . ‘
‘3 f. (if): ‘ i7 1‘“ 71V? "‘ (3'? Q 91.} S “33.: 1 Y-~'?".‘] ( ('18 :2 ":.-—-’;"1 g If 3:1 {“11 1’14 1.1.5:?
‘ . " . f ,. -1 . J». ' .. ,
Pane entfiin31erunn3 we 08 Odie-cl he l'Qtlfiflv1”iH. 2““

”(WHJ‘f “‘ ’1 "11-" * o'il "t rV P “in“ fly-vain“ “ unfitfi‘] 'J.‘
C"J,’J"'Jp\\ n»: n”_4»..‘ '3' I .PIU 1‘“ ..‘—‘s.‘J LL~ .' ~‘...‘ ‘46 ', ‘LJ_: f -I

'- . ‘ .. ~l . \ "‘ n‘ -< .‘ ~A. —- \ ‘
\Pec T**~nn~ rwj T,r Lees. w‘L—UMJ'H ¢ Pl~.«le ira me.~? anbMJr,
17 V - ,_ o o ‘ wry I "_1 1,‘ . ' .1,‘ "~ - 'l '.
‘Y‘f'f‘flu-J i'qr‘r'pjvn q rnzlmnee'iud—t’ ”3791,71 .IH 5”"n ‘H‘WV‘I, li—E
‘. u a " ' K - - -> L '

- . A A . .
w7.el ee crave e1'>n me finntwnt an de Des fenna?

‘ ' " ‘ ‘ ”m b . ~..- ‘~ ‘~ -- 1 , ‘ . 7 -
flxwflmvrs, VHIWLuwlx fieofetlJaltb we ”Ltfl_nuJe fenwh l.p,lp
In“ '710 Q““"T‘l"‘ (1‘ ‘ ’1 fl "" 3 )_":+. Fl“) (31. la VA .1 Fl r- ;»

’71 -J '! ~ gal _‘_ I . .:.\:‘6 Mi‘]. ‘I! ,L ‘ n ‘9", “J .h J \i A r, o- g . ' . '1‘ . - S 1.,(1

yujpe finger, ie n'eveie qn'e entrer dens le tfiutlfi“9
d’flfi frere.” 6
Vet it is not enlv bv his own work that he influenee:
contewjorwry in»l yt PD 9“tnbliewed else 9 literery
cant/89?: pt til-Te Academy of
ject; ”Fae the jj;c)vevg of AWenieq been ueeful or
h r ful to mankinv? If behefits bqve ”exaltwd free it
;y Wuet mane? fiev'tlmfiflra'brreupved frui"3$+”fll>3° If it
hoe produced evlle, by whet mennv mfiy ttvv he re ewied?”
Annthwr prunf for Reynal's fl05!tive C“7thlSm an} his he-
Wief thnt evile one and rust be Pw”fl*lefi. The hrive Coq -
Sittefl of lBQl livree but was never ewnvned Numereue

" Q

P8“llé¢ Wewe Clbmlntfil but none wee fwnni PfithPfiCt?”V

 

Venteeubriend, Oeuvwe eemhlet, t. I, p. Ell

 

 

5Q;’ HHV. “wirit, p. 135 ff., 9nd REKUR-, 09”? d'eei]
m)?" laq lentr-e P'fiTer-WHYVQ. Tt‘ wag ngt, hryggjbla {fix

4.4 'J
-~ , 3— , , ""1‘ . ,
()0 @141“ CTILS‘. {lab-3.1054111)“.

 

 

 

‘p:.: ‘ 3_ .,w .'mhr . '.J 1~ .‘n » » 7;.

”3 '1"? e (:«Ftifiy r' :1. *3 1‘ 312,74” 5’ Lwe L‘m ‘7 u- “3‘: W1.
Val-Hy evl‘v'fivvznijr»-e tn??? te‘e'h'2r'V‘V Oi‘ tut-3 ”‘75:: ':t "chF 7:1"? 9.
(Tt‘fiwic, Slutwtt. “Vane/‘1 F‘-?' 3"“ he“? true. 77“, Teri-v“: ":"TM
Irwn- .3 (lirrmzr: ior‘q, 12¢}??le 'r‘: Fretieewtfljnml brwlr, t-e t?“re-‘>P’e~‘
of the Jheyclepefiitts, led Temple ta seek eagerly every-

twin; that might cone frnn the cglonists and to form the

most flattering convertion of them es en egriculturel,

I

Phi “Sfinh" 4; ' V “’"‘ '3??, reasoning, end hep?y net 1.

IV

 

8 H: v L“) I» C 1v", * 1'} ',l 'A\
_pj, __v. _ylnit’ pp. “L’ .9

 

 

 

'r o ' . _ .A ”I ‘ g ‘ .. v— , ‘ ’ ‘n O -.
r ' ' ,‘ )7? 4 " Y ‘4 ' ' ' T ’Q 1 fl 1 (a
4. O -
“\I ‘jfirfl‘.v‘h
. . - L.- .
”_..-
fi' 0 ' . . fi - h , .. n
".0 léq~Lnx r{vxvrfl :1 ’ u ’*4w '1 ““73 ‘TtWMHflt

.. ~ Q ~ . g
in rbfirne PTFWU cai an ewcvW"ufi l”f]UH”9fi UTOH tum 1“—

wrtvn] 1£TR in a1””?“ Vhwn tnIQ ?”int c? View SUV
-Tn4 of inynfil's work WP?”
hr*“t9d 3n dif ”rent Onuntfiipo O? Qurfpe, ihnt Pd wary
tPCFFjfltiflhU gnfi threviqtiona existef, we MFy imwjifle

the immertqnne of his View 0? finwricn for 2 lvrie number

A
r- Tui d corrant, mfl"8
.1 fn‘- - . 5/ ‘0 ° -* -‘_' f
n 19 r3.».nrt nee enrrvalna sts+ Cuhblder-
QbWe CPD? Cihkmnw at Pkfl3evtéwn1. 11.6%?t mit
A -0
an meme ”0 que les firrnds pnllosophes du

rq‘ib
.7 . ‘ o
;VITIe $13079 per 1'0pirién italienne. 7

And Stegxinr nbnut ”19 Révolution de 1'3mérfoue" may
o . \
menthnU ”...taus les Journnux ]8 citerent et la dis-

2

\
cuterent.”

In TrfiTnnd he and hip WGPk “era weil krfiwn. ”CU

effef, annql, memhre de la Qflciété PUVQIe de Iondres,

O ' '\ z ‘ .
Ctglt lort armrecié en Arrleterve on 11 f‘t n7np*evrq
, L“ 4 u .* L" *.. n

'D
.T‘: \

o \ , .

vurs et nu 11 fut l'obget deg attentlons 199 f]Ua
f1¢tteu999.,.” “

Knrsteh his Gnrmfin translator, wno wants to give

.-.,

”einen'hraunhsbnren Auszmg" ssvs- "Abop nap qepth dag

 

-, ‘ I ‘ - sq
Eenvere, Precurceur, PU. 425 4r“

 

{
J
D
1
J

10 - "_ _ ‘_ ..F
}‘~Htha'*la firfiiqlm“ 7w 55

 

m. ‘ P " \’\‘
'IPn;.'~e‘::‘e, Phenynpgenrl’ 1‘). 143.1
\—

A

 

7' ‘ F v4“ x “p ' “. .. * w ‘- ‘ ‘_-“ . ,;
}
n I .1 . " ¢ -v '
\Y _ “" ~ . I ’ - . h 'T“ "?"..:"""- ..
h ..1,”1l‘(.. ey‘ ”2, ,.. ‘3 "4.; I' I. n 6")" (.4: (“M‘ 1. 5‘8- ‘._' ‘i‘f"

. V - 3 . v , ' W -: . j .,‘
39“fi nenewe 4;vn-atiwnbr in arm 7usffinwe mp? hflbuw-fiaeh

-\ .H ‘ ' - ‘. ‘. f." "‘\ « ~.' .v .»
euwwnfiisnwen fiqfllfe qnmén S‘wnn HuPOH ate flr39”V4V:

bpgtfitigt, wie rinhtiv fie? ersfinende l‘ick deg Abt

\..I

:17]

QVUQTS den

A F , . V .,
7:1gi2fi 18*"r.qrwm u:1(1 (11F? iFHIETEB ‘feyrl)1r‘d:1ru* 1(1P6ir

\

\A-

halitiqnnwn Verh91tfiiqae (uracnput hatte.‘

{rams P9:d“t9 obozt n anwnh trnm97nt1wn at

"DéVN31uI;Lwn cle 1_'Am£w“ifi‘u?” v 11cr1 'vvaitxmi 1.)r Lvrcru<1ifii's

judgmert as to Its ifite]"irence and iwfiqrtiniity.” 5

The fact taqt firederink twe Grant "axed Ruyrfll f¢r his
wh1h1~n aboui fvP pPJ*¢ a" 173i Gin «ayhnl's "“finsidérnfrfiw
on” 79 rclx de 17H?” is nnnthwv «Tim M“ hi: refu+0t70n

 

Kanyterg *Tvrwnnns Ifiwmiel u‘t heuV€nijwfipm, n, 3

 

 

 

. o ...A. l o
“F9219, T 1f,F?T’"‘T“" ”297 Qt.1_‘n.‘~t ha‘nweénn Mingw‘wé 00¢“? mr:..-~.Y» n;
? . fifhf 1 I - ‘ ——‘—‘I‘-‘ 7‘ --‘-~‘-— +- .- .
...?" tl’lf‘: ;,’_\1-;i "‘IIT"-'1:';, fl. 5-4- :44

 

7"! A,
,4 Ai'w-L
14. ‘ al-

:‘73 VVJI'l'j-IL’I’ tjat Raynal's n-rune became lmywn in
Amarica, t);. After all it wws tnis Giantry waicn he
:ictured as a saining exa ale Jar Euro e's nations.
Tenjére mentions an estimqted nimber by a contemporary
of 35,7?) cosies of Rsynal's work as exyorte; to America,1
but he does not mention anyt ing els aboit Raynnl's re-
Ce CLDn in Qmeriss.

A look, fvr instants, into tns catsiugue of tne
Vrench

library of John Adsus snows e rly all ixportant

writers of tne age r mresented. Raynsl's early worms and

(I;

a five~vjiume translation Dy J. Justanond of tne ” nil—
osov'q. and “:31. ’-Ti::t)r;/ of tné SaaLtlcments and tne Traits
or tne Euriieans in tne Tasc asd West Indies” are also
mentioned. 8

Vet S)3n America has her own Version wsish is entitle,
”sentiments of a 9orel ner on cue Disnutes of Grest Britain
with America", awd sysasrs in 1775 in Pailsdelphia. 5
Ray calls it ”un résumé et la réunion des Opinions 09
fiagnsl SJP ls querelle angle—sméricaine.” And he con-
tinues: ”Ce petit livre q;i se triuve aujouri'uui dens

‘ ' ‘ o s o I ‘ . t a o 0
un grams nombre de ClDllOtdOQdeS ancricainss, semble HVOL

 

 

.. \ o ~~
1 15* ere, "1071?”“. ”ritidws, n. 4»
(i ' ‘ * .’ , v »\
* flatmiocue of Lne [inrqry of Janh Adsns, n“. 38, a:

' €89 Quérnnd, T9 9rsnoe Tittérsire, Paris, 795
n. 47

 

9L1 brF.‘-‘-“ic'ut> de ”es (films le Natives: nude. 7:- 1F

1 ’ .‘ .. .. ‘, -. . -.-. ’ -~ . v»
inprime et Puulie ea nemeht flu S'QGLCulelt 13 prerier
s .. ‘ w - . a ' ~‘
Can res c‘ntlnenfel 9* 01 19¢ ciscufieifins SM? J'flttltude

A tenir Vls-e-vis d9 l'Anjleterre feiseit refe en

Peire's Tester 9nd Ws~zei's b3 R Show tqe extent t3

.3 ‘- - _. - .1 ‘. ‘. . . ' , .l
Wfl;(‘fl «arrival VIM-28 f'; mhrrnt 9.21 tar (‘, r A_W.pg:a,r-1 gqfls my: r. Eve-n10-
-~—- «I u - - _. - - 4 F (v .. ~- . . .. _.,- . - .. r

o 'I . , ~ \ , . ‘
entnp of n platnre 01 tneir countr}. fireveaoeur 0e-

5iflfited sq editi n Of Fla ”Ameriwgn Ferflwr" t3 RQyNfil

evd 9939: ”un viewei these rrfivinnes of Earth America
in their true li“flt, es the asylum Cf Preefiom, es s trede
V 4 I
of Future nefisns snl tee Tefl‘a “Y distressefi Trriiefiss
x.)

q

H v
.0.
- ‘ ‘ ‘ '-~ 1 'A ’:
Hevnel Wes in l789 sW‘rg tie :1 :revvenen or rue an
. x. -.l ,_ is“ a; ‘ :
meruers OF Jre Answery 3f Fnulfiflelbwin. L

‘Fle lettcnfirnf the Eflriledelffimis Quaker'zvvl'9nfnsl's

ensmer snow tqot he wee Well VW)WD fir his attLtwdm tawsrfl

8" k 5‘

‘-, .r.‘.-:. . , ‘ -‘ v x ~~ ’. . .
7H0 Wmlz~r° aid t1e S'QVuFE qiest!3n. An article
‘_ _ ', I ”V -' : ~ . ‘,, _ - o
QROJL the 'Slnve mrcgeljn tan 7743 ”wwtrlv thwpw cEVQo
_ ~ .-. . L . _ . .1 ‘ \ L L.- .

 

H‘ .. .. ' ,A ' v. ! . - . -
rue cause of Humanity ewl lih~~ty reeemes greet swn 3r

\

 

#3

fey Qinli”fifi“vfifi, Frit., T3. 4%

t
.5“)
*3
I'D p
4
. I},
Q
Q
- D
5 3

Intterc PYWH1:UW Mmyvfidafi Invmph

 

 

 

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\J r'. _ +- ')1
8; Dev. Sniriu, f. :4
7 whytpnr Tin “~ Q q e
{If I .« ... g —‘-— en ‘11)r‘L U. ft .
"3 -l_ W .- 'r 7 . 1- r v, V. r' _o ,‘> a
I’.r.[.-l,‘}) *PV ‘DW “_T1fi ’ (21': 333, 10. 4'13

 

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e u ‘ .r ‘ ,

o

“e r3FWW‘ VeFHWFl 'Fftaw. if) PUIV'9”tj

O
U ava
Mm" ("Li‘- "ff

on Vita rvperTs 90s?

 

 

fir
_ _ I _ _ q _ _ \‘ . v ~ ‘ 1' __ “ ~‘ ,.‘ I1
luneuugn“ e1 netwral mi 7ur¢ or await Sank? enurfrier s
M. ,TuT . 9, ~47‘w—H'(‘q ,lfg-frflgt‘p‘e '1 hymn-ween --p "v‘finiflé‘ec‘ . 7a,
.. ~ - ~‘ .- -. ‘ . _— - ’ . ... ' .1 - - . -.
“

 

I *|
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_..-~

-41Y‘931n‘q 'i"'\,l"_"“!}"'r"t {n

 

Americ:

 

' . i -. ~ . . ' V , . '1 . . l . V, .1 ‘ .,
77". “pp" 7;:7" 9 F".:-.1;f.l).’7 17.3 t'w? V‘r".{33F*’-'! '._’l‘“‘—.".V‘ r, n
4- - .J C" ‘l
'- ."t - « I — _ _ T1 V V ? '.‘, .. . . .. . » - ». -. ' v."
9t0”7 3' huh“ VHVfi‘] aflw QTNP;CQ, LHHPH “>8 CM% leth942
I ‘ “ .r

‘9 £‘(WP
I

rgiLL_n1»lth to iwe cun:rcv~w2. ‘Zs"nnl is (kanerwallg'lio lrvsiez'
read an4 TTPWP?"?Q ell intermetion nkeut him is secerd

‘ I O
GWwetimes tme reseerener is under tee 1eressien

tht these who wrote shunt Vim did net or efluli ret reel
Eis Wnrk.

,‘D

It seeweq beet quPPLfifR jpr talk 19¢?

3
about finynal twen te let Reyna] sneak in his own longnnge

‘ O '9 . . D
waerevur Useinle, a manner 01

7‘3"9QF2V"tlni’ Q til-""391" 1109*”-
L. . V w .. V i ..

unknvwn 23th0r tflet has 9 dfldble adventqfe; all nigtakeu

H

21')
f?
w-
.3
:3

n translatinn sea t0 3 hire derree in intersret

rh . ‘ A
one be avoided: and tie renler new wet an imnression es

t3 hew t*£?5¥}t*0?'3 u ufl{ sewn:ed irilfiis times. IUW tr?

‘
l

0699 of booze written in ?rennh, the lnrsne*e is without

dumbt a very important pert OF e pibliCPtisr, as in

I..!

Haynel's £ietsire dos Indes. In order to understand the

 

 

anther, one must iry t3 tale tne tests 0“ th time in
Wwieh he wrote under consideration. A men is FCtlifl”
witheut the background of his century.

The point Cd‘tzris study is, therefore

. _.

botn as s L

.‘

'rennhmnn and as a Child “L tee ?nlifhtenmeet,

of an nae in which Roussesu's 0917 ”Pack ta Data‘s!" W98

clearly hewflefi and in wnieh, in addition to a sentimental

-“\

tennercv, a strictly scientiiic attitude tried to dwminnte

r f' ‘9 I "
fl ' a." '1'“ :
netwrel T

Diurntes

werw: laurufiiefi

.r

”miss

cu.-

rebelleq r4 el

church and wentefi

effeirs 9rd wisned

stcte.
in

"\

end eereni

. A time

t

These tend

( "V
N
.J
-.J
‘5
m
J

H m -‘ -

in 5'1 ”wavy natenfs Ojninrt P?‘Ftl

Ffllgr n 'q*rnc% t <e ’{s: “n .721.HleiJz ‘ u:n~n
1r wainh NWT‘ZWNy3“p:703 big pgu¢qu

l tyres of 53winerse in state and

0 tug free, xvnrtea tanjrgqrmtme his cwxi

to have a say in tre affairs of tee

encies of the lite century are ever?-

Reynel.
The especislly high pressure exercise: by the in-
Thurch and by the absolute mmrervwv in

telersrfi;:7st~olia

1" .3. to :1

erwntries.

n1!) (”'1 S

erv lenser. In erd
esnuciel_v arititel

Keynel's attitude t

3 . 3
Que .9 "e S3LS

U

eves 1 equal”.

(D
(D

rangent an norbre des flatteurs qui,

nus, ont empoisenné

Dut his desire

petriatic

all its entrenched

Petrio

t9 lirirVF t:uas

quwi his

r813

FRHHQI institutions mnfie
' 5 I Q I
”‘79 ““4 P91ifit stronher *hnn 1n ctner
t3 'Wi}(” :1g37331- 9'37103”?3 917. ncwneilile
9 ”“GHt. Flattery Cwnli net be]?
0-331 t!) '«IT‘Pffl Ext-.4.) )‘7‘1121 ’ tl1k;ece frpn Ivgre

T the

w

r nvn netVsn. Listen t0

I» o .p
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