f, f: f. I. .1, _._/ .1... fl 5; If: 1: 3 » 'a Asa tas}n .\;uqn "' .2 $1.;- I ‘2 . '2: . '0: 316 K. 5 % .’? n} 0‘3 am; 3. 4. “ti. 1""! '15?! MWmmmmmmmnnu 01082 1704 TLE RELATIONSHIP BETaEQN "ANA L" r“c”c IALITY TTAITS AND EH} EAL LAiAnIEYCE By Leonard Campos A THESIS nitted to the Colle3 e of Science and Art0 3un State UniverSltJ of Agriculture and lied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of 'U th EASTER OF A? TS Department of PsycholOSy 1959 Acknowledgezents The graduate student of psychology who must often- times grepe through uneXplored realms of human behavior needs tne helm of many hands. To Dr. Albert I. Rabin, chairman of my Guidance Committee for his encouragement and confidence in me; to Dr. Gerald F. King for his under- standing; and to Dr. Terrence M. Allen for 118 scepticism, I wish to eXpress my deepest gratitude. I wish also to thank Dr. Charles Wrigley for his generous help and Dr. Joseph Reyher, Paul Berg, M.A., and Eugene Zukowski, I.A., for serving as judges in the content validation of the re- tentive anal personality scale used in this study. I wish also to thank my 100 subjects who served in this study and gave freely of their time, as we shall soon see, just as if it were money. Ho Ho TI-ZE EJIATIcmi-IIE EETUE‘SIE ".SQIAL" PEZRSOI~I.‘.LITY TEAITS AID uncut FD-LEERILSIJCE .8. L: uiiu 3an State University of A3riculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of t- requirements for the de3ree of ed to the College of Science and Arts KASTAR OF AR”S "‘ (a -.~ L t A u. .1.- .fi" 1 ‘ A- Deparcdenc Oi Psycnolo3y T E: P; ATICNSHIP SETJZZI "AKJL" IE ‘ KALITY T-».AITS AID WEIGHAL 3:32-113: 3.; Leonard Campos .bcmarflm Aueirnkb .L 1 This study was desi ned to e} :plore the relationsnip between "retentive anal personality" traits as measured by an Anality(A) scale and some aspects of temporal eXperience 'of 100 Univers it y male subjects. Four aSpects of temporal experience were inve esti"eted: a) ret en tiveness OI tine ex— penditure as deIIned by the items of a Time Expenditure (I) scale, b)the estimation of the interval 01 duration or time taken to fill in the A and T scales(includinn some filler 3‘" J "J. items), 0) accuracy of the estimation, and d) the tel “F0 or actual time taken bv the subjects to complete tne scales. The scores on the A scale were us ed as a basis for classi- J. fyin? subjects —s "high retentive pers nality(:ai) and "low . ‘ . l -_ . ,. .- ,I . T- I! ":- retentive(or Xpu sive ) perDOnality (L31). On th basis of the psrCIoanalytic theory of the anal personality it was hypotn~sized that l) a strong relation— ‘ . r: va 3‘ H. v " - ,- . " ' Snip exists between SubJeCto rrteitive an-l traits as W H w ‘ r ‘I‘ "'/’ I. Iea.sur ee bf total 800458 on the A s ale and retent_xan ss oI tine eXperditure as we asure d or total scores on the T scale. s overvaluation {.10 O In C n I f t C‘ I’\ v L Q L. It I.‘as furth hy1mo of tin would result in a more si Li icant tendency to over- est! of the interval of taken to com- “ J- J— ‘ " P J- ‘ l ‘r .- ‘ :‘ H t? A v A V ‘ o “v '1‘ 1A 41 v ‘A J- olete tnc scales than tne Lgr. neasonia Iron tne Iact tnat 4. ~ '13 ° . ~ . ‘ —° 4- ! . u tne nnP Is excess1velv exec t and puxctual n nIs tI-e e”— :1 0 . :I ‘r- .I J. I _ If I, 1,, .- .I ._ A _' .fl II ._ I c- .' ,I.. p93ultU“w and “astg a:d IIIatIcnt In Lib actIons(e.-Ipres3InQ a ncea to save time dic ted that 3) the be more exact or as 4) faster in temno or the scales than the the tsvcnoana "tic ' g 2 ’1 ,. has no cierrence, curacy of conclusion that highly retentive in to tr Ie L:IP exhibits an interval of time ti accurate in or in tempo was or avoid the loss oI time), it :a pre- fiPV would show a SlfnillC”£t tend ncv to time as ell in to conglete LIP. r: in line ,_ we; *4. :ypotnes es were ccrf the anal personality. wr-An however, between the an: an L3? in ac- n or in tempo. The results suggested the retentive anal personality or HR; is his time eXpenditure, and in comparison -valfi a tendency to overes IIa difference in accuracy of estima- on h V‘- ‘ ‘3‘ lfi '5“ ‘n ' " ‘AAIHC 1m cl Ara v a? ' t“ QOlA-le ppoyOSC~ D ._ O- .3. LL LIL.FO La QC w; 1 M “VLG l; --e nepe that the importagce f the relatiO“‘ip between persona- lity variables and tion it deserves. given the reco ni- , ,....I_ A; / ‘57:: ,/ ‘31:. .1 / Approved stle of Contexts Page I. ISTILCDUC TIO l Eurpose..................................... 1 Review of the Literature.................... 2 Theory of the Anal Personality............. 2 Empirical Stufiies of the Anal Personality.. 18 EIL'rpOtheseSOOOOO0.......IOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. 27 K)! O fi’*-‘—‘ 1“"- II. Luhrdhhl.--J-A.AXLDIH Ji‘...‘OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOO U) D! O UID'JeCtSoooooooo00000000000.0000000000000000. K)! O Anality ard Time ZXpenii Lure Scales.......... K)! O\ ProcedLlreOOOOOOOOO0.0.0...OOOOOOOOOOOOOCCOCOC U! 03 III. LLES ULI AKD DISCUSSION....................... IV. CC"CLLSIcrs Ar ERCPOSALS FOP FUTURE 33 SEARCH AID -AFAALI......................... 4 4:- 03' p Fri—”E‘MIS L-‘i -1.'.' ~< “Ann—(“4.14.4.4 0.0.00.0.0000000.000.000.000.000... U1 f0 Ath-ZlyDICESOIOOOOOO0..OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCC iii List of Tables Table I. The P:;cloeconor" of the Anal Complex (Ad: ipth frOlfl JONES, 1931)oooooooooooo Table IIa. Th- ginal Traits of the Re t entive p $13.1 row/DO--WliLJ&r...O.O.C...‘O......... e Attitudes Toward Tit. e Eupe n'i wL.re Table IIb. Th Of the Retentlve Anal Personality..... Table III. Difference Between HEP and LRP In A3e, Father' 8 Occupational Strata, And College Eaucat iona 1 Level......... ferences Between HEP a21d LFLP in quencv of names Omitted............ him dim (DH) tween HR} azid LFLP in 0 e“ and Underestination. ta 5 C H 0 <1 '31 U ference Between HT? and LR? in QLLency of Over, Close and Under— imaoion............................ Table VII. Difference Between HF? and L3? in Accuracy Of ESL): DEL]. bionOOOOOOOOOQOOOQOO Table VIII.Difference Between HEP and L3? in Teli’lpOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO iv Purpose The manifold nature of on r tem poral exgerience is ex- pressed through our use of concepts of time such as sequence, duration(time estimation), perpetuation, reaction time, tempo, simultaneity, periodicity, continuity, recurrence, coincidence, and time perspective(past, present, and future). ”Our percepts and concepts of time derive from many different sources- from our perceptions of cha 9ngeiand movement, perio- d external), memory, body aware- *4 t O P. ('+ «4 0 Ft) (D <1 (3 1) (7* U} A H D C" (D "5 :— < :0 H 93 b ‘ ness, a- cnoalalysts h9 ve emphaSi 'zed, out of our 5 b. 93 m ’d m a: early childhood frustrations and gratifications. "Time” plavs a crucial role in our lives, serving‘to intefirate our behavior and mediate our adjustment to our surrounds. There is a :reat deal of individual V9riat oility in ¥ temporal eXperience much of whic ('3‘ n is indubitably afunotion of personality differences. Yet little syst Inatic investi- gation has been undertahen to eXplore the relationship between time and personality . In their recent extensive review of the literature of studies of temporal experience, Wallace and Rabin(1959) conclude that the study of the re- lati nship between temporal eXpe rience and personality variables is still in its infancy. There is only one CKpliCit personality theory of temporal eXperience er tant in t1-e literature. The ps theory of personalitx is a te por9l theory of Lersona1ity in so far as the de m C: 0 .~ ‘A r‘~ v‘.- ,3 J" _' ' r‘ J_ I _A a r postponement 01 grat1licat1en 1s l a central concept of its system of possulat es about th per- sonality. AlthOQ behavioral learning cognized the itnport nce of tine re atiens between conditioned and unconditioned st'muli and reaponoes they have not re lated then to a general theory f pcrsonality(nocdworth & Schlosberg , 1954). In our aim to eXplore the relationship between persona- lity and temporal experience we have chosen the constellation of observed by the ps ychoana ysts to characterize a certain kind of personality or character structure known as the "anal personality". be nave attempted to examine the relationship of such traits to acne aseects of temporal eXperience as postulated by or predictable iron psychoanalytic personality theory. The impetus for undertaking the present investigation was the conviction that nany 01 he postulates of psycho- analytic personality theory are amenable to test by empirical procedure- contrary to the assertions of some writers that psychoanalysis must be viewed as an art ra her than as a Review of the Li teratLLre Theory of the Ana Freud(190Q) Oil-9' Lac s ne of his patients reveiled b! an early history of extreme interest in the act and product of defecation which he referred to as "azal eroticism". He found that such individuals tended to postpone defecation to derive an incidenta pl asure from it. They also e:— 1 _ ' _o 4. - A! .L ‘5 V? _. 5“ . . .A‘ ~fi o 1 9 n1o1te' a 1istory 01 bOwel problens sucn as chrOnic diarrhea or constipation. Freud also observed that they were excep- tionally orderly, parsimonious, and oestinate. As defined b Freud ”orderliness" included bodil'r clean iness re- , J 9 liabil1ty, 9nd conscientiousness in the performance of petty dut1es; 3arsizonv or “ru ality n;*nt be en: ge1ated to t“e poias c1 avarice; osst1nrc may a ornt b0 ueficnce, ir asci- J‘ Freud conceived of anal eroticism as a couponent 01 the sexral instinct(libiao), as a "partial instinct" that may be (a) continued after infan y, (b) sublimated(e xpres sed pted Lay , and/or (0) serve as a source (D allv ace U P. D 93 (D O 0 Pk of reaction forna tions in lat er life. Thus frugality may be a continlation of the early retention or holding habit ant can ee expressed in acquisitiveness or collectin‘ obstiracv n9v be an elaboration of the early resistance arairst training demands du1 r3 the conflict and child over the enforced regulation of bows roveaent; and orderliness may be the outcome of a reaction against the messiness associated with an early interest in the feces because of unconscious fee li 1n 8 of guilt 32‘1Q shame. As Sears(1942) pointed out, in order to understand Freud's theory of personality one must reco: nize the funda— p 1ental importance of the concept of libido an‘ libido economy. The concept of lit ido postulated a sexual enerfy source un- er 1 7ii 1 infantile as well as adult behavior. Such in"antile Q: <_ .4 9-5 sexuality is eXpressed via certain erotogenic zones of the body such as the mouth, tlze anus, and the genitals. "Ear- risin: from tn; zones are re- tial instincts" or inpul e U) U) {D f‘ latively independent of one another at first but in the course of time develop through various sta es until unified .4. into the genita sexual impulse in the healthy personalit*. the oral and anal zones. The early 1 oral and anal stages are followed by an arly autoe1otic genital or phallic staje prior to a latency period and sub- sequent ate matur :enital .eriod. An important concept is the eisalaceability of lieido from one erogenous zone to another and its fixation(obje0c cathexis) on objects. The 1fect of trainin. genital period, i.e., the degree of fruscration or graci cation of the ener y dis eiarge accompanyin of erotogenie needs, is considered crucial ior the formation ~ 4.. f‘... .1. - 4. . .1. ‘_- J“ J. ‘. ‘ of later adult pers :“lit‘. In the case 01 c1e so—called H 4.3." . ,-,.° ." .0 .- .:. 1‘. 1 l .11 , .1 I J..- _ 8.113.]. .3310 lievlib , lipikuo 13.4-53.4le CLU LIL—(3 a».\;’..L :4 --L; —8 ULG9~--S_ .1" . ,,.. ‘3 o “N; ~_ P , _\ _°_ . '3‘ ‘ J‘ 3 _"\ iorhalle lLUO anal tra1ts in la te1 ankle 111e. Jones(1913) observed that obsessional neurotics in- variably revealed a history of anal sadism as well as anal erotism in early childhood. The compulsive doubting folie du doute) and omn potent thi1in" of the patients were found to be associated with a history of defecation used as a means of eXpression of hatred towards the parents. The ex- pressions of hostility stemmed from (1) stringent demands for cleanliness and (2) excessive de1ands for regularity. Jones(1918) classified what he called "anal erotic character traits as either (1) sublimations or (2) reaction formations 1 stemming from an interest in both the act and product of de- fecation. Interest in the apt had two aSpects: (a) endeavors of the person to get as much pleasure out of the performance as possible and (b) retention of the control of the perform- 9 ance in Opposition against the de231eds of the environment. 911 From the former, we have such traits as the te11dency to pro- crastinate and then suddenly to hurry; low tolerance for u‘ witn; strivings for pcrfe c Hie and beh {:13 vior c with denands for that is svnbolic of obedience or coniliahe fecal control such as strong attitudes aoout doing one‘s duty, bein3111o al, being on time, being regular in spending, etc. Fromther latter we get traits that reflect (l) Opposi- tion against external control— eiaracteristics such as ob- stinacy(Tigensinn), dislike of beirg told what to do(resis- tiveness), taking advice badly, sensitivity about what is 4.", "just a sense of duty, and a dislike for peeple to use ) resen ment— characteristics such as [0 up one 's time; and ( Ho sadism, rritability, revengefulness, marked individuality, and inadequate satisfaction in any activity not done 'cor- rectly. Traits ste mi1n5 from an interest in the product of toilet per formance are exhibited in any ex: ssive interest in "ceprosymbols”(any matter symbolic cf.fecal Hts ial) such as any material related to one's duty, books(printed matter), money, certain foods, and time. Jones also adds that any excessive interest in the reverse side of tliL is a sublimation of an early interest in tne ans 1 canal. Jones describes a fourfold classification of havior in terns of what he referred to as the " psychoecono omy of the anal complex", i.e., whether erotization of the toi- let performance wa in the 'keepin5' back(retention) or ’ving out(eXpulsion) of feces, as illustrated in table I. Abraham's(1921) systematization of the steaes 01 pre- genital organization recognized early and late anal stames. Early anal behavior is described as the child' s ind scrimi- the feces and late a‘.'1al behavior is des- t-b nate disposal o cribed as retentive. Neurotic patients ”fixated at the former sta5e ex ioited a lack of productivity and initiative, overkindness, excessive eXpenditure of money, extravagance, ten'ency to postoone, to interrupt cnn leave things unfinisned, ‘ and were chronically diarrneaic; patients fixatec at tne lat- .L. v, be S lei excessive ocliefs scout the rifint Cl sell (F ‘1 (D r; determination, were stubborn, hypercriticel, iesired to cos- 4.1,, o v_ ,. 1 sin“ I "_ ’- ._~ ___'-—. " _a ._ ~- sess uulAvS no or e else Lad, usec tneir Own 3 stem oi coln3 "" gnaw-o m" (ac-”117' n} r33 l r" *Hl'jn an—51"t'ro T-rlp 04—h “11““QJ‘J , V/LC v0571ve Sv.1e~*u 8“). L) -C 1‘ L.\J L'uL VI .1. .Lvt. ’ ;;./ M. L)- O F“ beliefs :rout one 's ri311t of free cnoi ce, were tirs’noni ets ‘ (cxyresssl either in stinginess or tne tense r not to Spend ,1,- 4. '. 3 \ ' MI 1‘0”,“ ,m,‘ ..-. A 3-,”. 1- J:-ej l--_l.~: ss lb was in lestilfl tl-lii¢5) , and were ci-ro:li-JJl- '3 . J 4. .' -.. K 7 , , , L, “4. : 1“.- - r: ' t A, . if thgnlp£t€l. zbre i else COPPObOPaUUu Fquu 5 OU881Ju- J~ «m --‘. 4- — ,._ -' ‘AJ-n' '* ° 1- .:t 4- . ,3. -‘, , J‘. -, -. '- - ,7 tions unit gatielts atblLUueS towers ne act, QIQuLLL, enJ acnievement ”n toilet peLformance were disgleced to yersonnl possessions, mone*, and time. P (D H Tao The -svcnoecolomy of the Anal Complex (adaptco from Jones, 1915) -\ inel Behavior SuL limation mes ction Formation Parsinony CrierliLess Retention Withholding endcncics Feed to crgenize, clas- Collectin: tend ncies sify, etc. Dislike to part with Intolerance of waste money, saving of time, Reliability(capacity etc. of tein; degenlel upon) Extravagsnce DiS'rierliness EKpulsion }enerosity Ex; :erst;d Fisgust to Smearing tendencies so: -n; dasting tendencies Love of paintinj, :17- in; presents, his ’n of time, et“. Flatus Complex: For“ ess for sounds and sxt wercte; eversion SlnGllS associated Litn flc 1s 0) Up to this time it was clear that two types of "ar nal erotic" personality were implicitly recognized— the retentive type who was assumed to have derived an excessive pleasure associated with fecal retention and the eXpulsive type who cciated CD was assumed to have derived an excessive pleasure as with fecal eXpulsion. "Time" anon3 other assumed c0pro- symbols was purported to be an "ideational representa tive" U] [O O O H. (D c i (D Q 1" P. f p.) of early anal sadism- rotisn or c0pr0philia a the act and product of anal pe-foi.ance. Lany other early ,psychoanalytic writers Leld a sinilar VieWpoint(Sad3er, 1910; J Klein, 1921; Hollos, 1922; Spielrein, 1923; Harnik, 1925; an‘ Q Winterstein, 1930). In their biological orientation and emphasis on anal erotism, Freud, Jones, Abraham, and others of a sini l.a r point of View appeared to 3:ive inaaecuate 1. eijht to social t factors in the formation of the so-called anal personali With the rise of "neo-freudia mi " in the hirties emphasis shifted to the role of the cultural pattern of interpersonal relations. Kardiner(1939), Landauer(l§ 39), and others held he View that any constellation of personality traits is a function of social institutions. Orderliness m y be a compliance with parental demands; obstir acy a refractory attitude to such demands; and parsimony, an expression of anxiety over loss of anything va lua Lle(such as maternal love) to the child and not Specifically an eXpression of anxiety about loss of anal control or plea sure derived from anal erotism. The H (D persistence of so-called ”anal erotism or failur to se- value anal pleasures nay be due to inadequate plea sure from other contacts with the world. in the retentive anal personality as a defense a ieties “te1m'n3 rom the totalitv of influences during child- hood training: A person does not have ti3ht lips because of tenseness of the Sphincter C '1 1 -. 1- but both because his tend towa1d one foal- to hold on to what he ‘ as and never to :1ve away a11- thing, be it money, love or any aind of Spontaneous feelin3(p. 61). he ennin er(1943), Krout and Tabin(1954),and others W sea the fact that no cna‘acter trait is pure 'J. have emphaz 1a1, genital, or oral, nor any trait a fixec, inflexible characteristic of the personality. They emphasise the re— - .. .. .n - , 1,, a, lative asure oi psychoseAual sta N :l 5 sta:es should be viewed as areas of behavior that are L manifested in difR rent LL'rges from one individual to an- other. Kiles(1954) ma de the i'rortant point tha characteris- tics of anality may develop if a person has been deprived of :ratif1cation in childhood but they may LO if the child felt he was still accepted and loved: 10 Lack of complete 3ratification of the anal zone is new er a sufficient condition or erotization a necessary condition; the sufficient condition must be the context of relati 0: :ships felt as vital to welfare(3. Eel) As viewed by the present writer, the conceg: :t of the "anal personality" is a prototype which refers to persons who are either excessively retentive or excessively e: {pul- sive in heir total behavior. In psv°ioecoromic terms, the retentive personality is characterized by an overall tenacity, in hi ich "holdin3' tende1cies predominate over "lettin3 30" o o ‘1 tenden01e s induced by early restrictive training and Serves as a :eans of avoidance of loss- loss of anything taat may represent to the individual security or love Laetncr it be body products(feces, semen, urine, etc.), food, possessions, money,or time. Less attention is paid in the literature to A ‘ I ne 50- ca lle d expuls ive a1'1 1 no ersonalit y in 1-rich lettin3 go tendencies predominate over noldinh tendencies induced by arly 1r dr uljent trainin3. lost references J. to the "anal personality" in the literature focus on the hi3hly retentive personality; this may indicate the rarity of an excessively "eXpulsive" person in our culture. For our purposes, the concept of the eXpulsive personality shall refer to an in- dividual who diSplavs a low degree of rete ntiveness. Thus, stJ - the anal personality can be descrited in terms 01 a con- tinuum of retentiveness along which the retentive anal per- sonality shall be referred to as hi 3h retentive 1:erson(h IRE) 11 and the eX3ulsive anal personality as a low retentive person (LP ). With respect to te mnporal oehavior, it is generally M ,3 f- a I“ _o a ‘ ‘_ _ «A A _o _ ' -, ’- ’ I: - M agreed that a SlQHLflcaflt cart of the child s understanaino of time arises out of the enforced scheduling or tinina of the cr aild' needs. Arieti(1947) and Fenicr el(1945) have em- phasized the effects of scheduled anal trainin: durinj which ~..) the child must learn to we it and defecat e waen told to do so. J. I!‘ v 1 .L _ ‘_ U“ ‘ Q” 0 ‘ _’? .L. F .2 _ _. .'_‘. ‘ __ ‘ .0 fl! 1 L,_‘.€31" writers have enemas-izea other bIC‘u-Jlfll-iv. cerioas sucn as -9 -2:- : . - m .7 .- _. - .1 - “.7: '3 v. r lGCgan or “Jars-ginJ h$ltlflQ periOds(Yates, 194;; nerQlir & .Li Roaeim, l946; Eissler, 1952) or other med funct ion 8 such as sleeping, eating, breathing, etc.(0berhdorf, 1941; Dooley, 1941; Cohen, F., 1957)- .0 As Fenichel(1945) pointed out, anal personality forma— tion is a function of training that is either too early(as- sociated with frustration and the formation of retentive aits) or too late(associated with indulgence an” the forma- tion of eXpulsive traits). In addition to training that is (1) too early or (2) too late, the timing difficulties and attitudes toward time eXpenditure cf the anal eersenality may be attributed to (3) enforced rushinr or raste of train- 3 q A e V (D f: F‘) O ’3 O (D p Q }_JO (’9' }.- o I 1 O *5 0. (D H 93 c ’4 F‘) C *3 W I... :3 H *3 9 L A U1 V O N I cessively interrtpt e1 training. Tables Ila and Ilb preser nt the principal anal traits and attitudes toward tine engenditure of tne hi“ personality as observed hy psychoanalysts over more than 9° . --- ' ~rw. : m. rn. h° llftj years of anal tical eagerlence. lnese traits have .poaom muons spoocoomo>o Hohpsoosmaom .nmoSHdemdnpmHo . «coapmcafipopmeumaom ma “madam .mmoqo>mpomccap .Aomcdnw m hpaaan no caoaonvmnoqasMpcomom neocodoo .hpaaapwaaon .Ahpdo .mmo: m.ono ed on cooqvmmonapdo Impammonmww .hpaaanmpan .mmocmdoopnmaa .mmosmamg .ooap spa .Emdpdfi .Enapapmmez lush. mom does .mmoCoHnwuasvm Ans o>Hw .mmocaacmoao .meproz p.cmooovmnoso>apmamom .hppsmeom .maamp .opo .ponuosd too CH powxo on .ouanomopmo swap Lennon ow Geo ego .hmammeao .onanwmno on @002 pan» mnaaoom .ooaoflo .ouo .monpoao .mmocHwOHoonpoS qamen ovum no pnmfip CH madame qnoom qkeno": ..o.H ..maon ImeHSOHpoE .mmozmdoaaapoqsm .oocoameu .mmocnonndpw IShmOhmoo. mo coauwzaw>opo>o .ondmoao .naapoameoo .mmo: nmozndoapcodomsoo mmoao>apamasvo4 uo>amsHosoo p09 memos “mad .oocopop open .pooaaoo Op @002 Ipnzoc one wqapaapm o>HmHSQ spouses «oocopmdmpom .mnosfiwaaum .mmoqapMtha taco .msoamadmeoo hppossam mwcooaom vacuums gown hsosflmawm Smaqoapoomnom cavaonvmmoaopdsapmno Amcoammommom on mcfioaonvhpwawwdum Amouno mGHMooMmeQQHHnoUQOQo>o hownapmno .HHH hsonoom .HH 90090 .H l. suHquOmnom Hac¢ opapaopcm on» no zupaanp Hands one dHH manna .opo .oonCo>om upon .ooCopmamCom mo Cofim umonmxo Cw mm oEHp no can .Hoanoo Cosom a ma ofiap ems .oEHp mCono wCHCoonCvn .ouwa wCHEOO .wCapamB mCono wCHmoom .ouo .Emd>apdw IoC .owCopoC .hodCHpnno no mCoammoCmNo no 05H» mo omb .ooCoapsQaH .Eooonop on Coapfimom nude .oaap as .HHHC. ca @002 .ppdoe .omConCm ho opwpm .UCwBCom wConoa can umfimdpdw .mmoCoonQoCQ .ofiap CH mammoCo .omoa. on hpaodmwoCH .oEHu we owe ummwm Cad; CCooCooao>o .meHCp mafia on wCfipsz pOC .oonHHwa> .meHCp .wCHpde. Ca hHCo oSHp Mo oCCpHUComNo .oEHp CwCoCo wCame poC mo mmCaHoom 08H» mo CoaprHdpoCo>o .ofiap mamas no 05H» omoa on poC .oEHp o>dm on cooz. oEHp no oCCpHUCono mCOACoEHmam. .ouo .osap no soap :snaupmae manwpasam .osap no oCCpHoComKo Cd mmoCmCOHHHpoCCm .mfiap powedn .oHCUoCom on 6002 hpaawdpoCdm .oaap mo oCCpHoCoCKo hHCooConopo soundpmno .HHH mEOCoom .HH Congo .H “H audaa:0mgom.aaq4 o>apcmpom on» no opspflucoqu cede chases maespappd one DHH canda 14 been classified according to the three dimensions of order, economy, and obstinacy; the same has been done for the at— titudes toward time exnenditure in the attempt to or anize the references scattered MflTOU hout the psyc manalytic litera- cal "anal triad","order"or order- '4. ture. In terms of this class liness shall ce defined as any excessive need for order as manifested in needs for symmetry, perfection, exactitude, ecuitableness, etc. The compulsive doubting of the anal personality is assumed to be in the service of needs for conclusiveness, completion, and so on; "economy" is defined 0 a v ’ (“V O 7‘ fl _ O ‘ ' ‘. P. O A J- as any GlCGSalVe need 101 par81nony, ardin. a.a1nSc loss, ‘4 'J 24 acquisitiveness, thrift, etc.; "ohstinacy" is defined as any excessive tenacity whether manifested in socially undesirable ways such as resentfulness, resistiveness, distrustfulness, etc., or socially acceptable ways such as persistence, per- severance, conscientiousne ess, and so on. There are several points which must be kept in mind in examining the tables of traits. The confi3uration of per- ts referred to as "anal" eXpresses prototypical go sonality tra retentive behavior. ‘he anal personality(AP) need not show all such traits. The fundamental aim of such a classification is to indicate the trait which c "hold in3" tendency in the personality. As we have empha- sized before, whether a person is to be classified as "re- tentive or "eXpulsive” depends on the derree of retentive— ness. It is assumed that the fireater the v1tunola117 en- dencies of a given individua , th- less are the yielding or (a soneor e), resistiven ss(doesn't give up), resentfulness(hgl3- hr of a grudge), etc. vsychoanalysts have Observed the sage tendencies in the AP's time eXpenditure. Time is scent in an orderly manner, is sche:1uled punct ilious ly and distributed equitably; it is Spent parsimoniously to avoid its waste or loss; and it is vinilantly held on to. In contrast to the HEP, the expulsive person or L3? is excessively disorderli, extravajant, and labile. Hi h respect to time eXpenditure, the LR? tends to be tardy, squanders his time, Has no need to "fill up" his time since he feels he has enough of it, underva lues time and has a high delay tolerance. There is no anxiety about lggg of time as ex— nioited in the HEP. Another important point that must be borne in mind is the AP's sudden reaction formations . Thus, periodically the REF will e: :hibit expulsive behavior, and the LR:, re— tentive behavior. The liabit tual punctuality of the “hr mav become an exa33erated need to be unpur ctu l; excessive slen- piness of the LR} may be replaced momentarily by an excessive display of neatness, etc. These periodic departures from the habit‘al pattern of beLavior are usually short-lived, however. Furthermore, a given anal trait nay either eXpress a ' 15‘“ r‘ ' -. .-~ ' ’5' ' ~~r~ r Aw" 'r -.~ “ v» v 4.2, ‘_ n 4- ’ hitMLOldlfl: or y1ela1n3 tendenc, and hay thus Characterize 16 both the HEP and tLe LEE. This ambivalence of the AP may {'0 account 1or some of the apparer 1t contradictions in the lists 4." 01 anal aits found in the literature. Thus,chronic late- ness or wasting of time, althoush considered an "eXpulsive" characteristic of the LR? may be a retentive characteristic of an individual HEP if it is an expression of obstinacv. L r O '1 F "Aggressiveness" in the 7“? may be nasochistic(holdin3 of aggression), whereas in the LEE it may be sadistic( ivin3 of a33ression). Since much of te MO oral behavior is 11tereecsonal it xUSt be viewed in relation to other persons. Thus, the E1“ may need to save his 933 time but may tend to souander the time of others. He may tend to interrupt himself(in his at— tempts to perfect an act, repeat an act owinj to excessive doubt as to its correctness or completeness, etc.) but may {3 become pset i1i11te1'rupted cy someone else. He may ac- celerate his own tine(set a clock head a few minutes as a 4. means of gaining more time by eXpandin3 the apparent length of time) but may decelerate the tilne of another(settin3 the clock back a few minutes). It will be noted that excluded from table IIb are cer— tain other e11 ersions 01 temporal senav'or charect c-risin: the AP that are L Li ectlv related to time eXpenditure. A (L) common charact ristic of the AP is his evsrrvcntia or timing d fficulties such as the tendency to do too many thidQS at once, exhibition of poor rhythm, reversals in the temporal l7 orderin3 of thin3s, etc. The HR} has also been observed to exhibit an anticipatory overcon ern with the end phase of an act in his need to complete an inco: :plete act, and so on. A further point to be borne in mind is that in adiit i011 to those characteristics already mentioned, the retentiveness of the AP may be eXpressed via facial eXpressions(a counte- nance of '3rim determir ation' ), over 3.11 ri3idity of body attitude(hold in3 of breath, feces, etc.), and pathol 3y. The psychoanalytic literature is rich in Observations of the Joint out neu- ‘ r4 neurotization of time concepts. hany writers rotic patients' use of time as a means of eXpression3 atti— tudes towards parents derived from childhood tra nin3. Our idiom, "father time", indicates to what extent we have identi- fied time w'th a parental fi3ure. There are a plethora of observations of patients' use of time as a reparatory means 0 of eXpressin3 reactions of hostility, aj3ression, revenge, protest, and resistance a ainst earlier parental demands (such as enforced waitin3 and rusnin3) durin3 trainin3, es- pecially toilet train1n3(Yates, ljj'; Oberndorf, 1041; :er & Poheim, 1946; Wolff, 1090;.Keerloo, 1:43, lQrO pal conflict in attitudes toward time. Denials of dependency lie oer1ind attitudes of "triuxph" or "conquest" of time; de- fense against frustra tie and traumata lie oedind attitudes of "escape", "flight", or "stru33le" with time. Fenichel(19 Z—-:) and Cohen, F.(19 57) have observed that the pr ocrastinatin; rituals of the compulsive neurotic(the prototypical retentive AP) represent a means of resistin; tine, of resistin; "final- ity", wllich expresses the early conflicts with inposed train— in3 in childhood. There are many other factors in the attitudes toward time eXpen 1di cure of the anal personality. Fenichel(l9§l) the diSposition to boredom, ahd Altman c?- has observed tha (1957) has obse1rved that the "waitin3 syndrome" of the A}, often eXpresses unconscious anxieties about castration, mas— tursa ion, and incestuous desires as well. U1:con cious atti- . ‘ tudes toward earlier erot lZ ation of toilet perforrance 11 ave been found at the source of the psychoses and physically Xpressed neurotic symptoms such as, e.3., tics(Klein, 1925) and reading difficulties(Strachey, 1930). Egpirical Studies of the Anal Personality In Spite of the innumerable observations accumulated over many years of analytic eXperience, »mpirical research in the psfir‘hoan alytic theory of the anal personality has been scarce. Beloff(l 957) has pr posed that the etiolO3ical hy- pothesis that relates the so—called anal traits to early anal trainin3(early psychoanalytic theory) or overall child- hood trainin3(revised es1choa1alytic theory) should be dis- ‘ g tin3uis11ed from tlie structural hypothesis that sucn traits han3 to3ether as a functional unity. A few invest1 atio1zs have been undertal :er to test the etiolo3 ical hypo othe sis s. Hamilton(l929), using a self report technique in a s r of marital adiustnest,1nccluded a a ‘1 ~—/ w ‘14 u .6* battery of over 300 questions inquiries abor t e rly anal be- havior. Subjects were ashed whether they recalled acr1ieevin3 a great deal of pleasure out of defecation or ha Vin: had constipation in their childhood. Other questions inquired l)whether the Spouse considered the subject to be either stingy or extravagant; 2) whether the subject revealed past a or present sadistic or asochistic fantasies, i13ulses or K)! acts; nd 4) w11c ther the subjectc ons idered h mself differ— en from the average in neatness. Out of a group of 100 married men and 1.0ne n, 37 men and 24 women recalled some form of al erot 1s m or constipation in c1111dhoou. These men and women showed a Li; 1er frequency of reported stingi— ness or xtravajance than the frequent y reported fetishism, more concern about clothes, and more sadism and masocnism. Despite the shortcominjs of such a study— questionaoility of recall, unrep: esentative nc Hie: of P9 choice of anal traits, and lack of clear- cut dist the difference between retentive and expulsive be d1avior- these differences are 111 line 11th the genetic theory. Beloff(1957) in her test of the etiolo;ical hypothesis .1. obtained bowel training histories of 43 postgraduate students at Queens University(Canada) throufh 11mt rviews with the subjects' mothers. A measure of coercivenes s in con el train 1n; was obtained in terns of early and late(celow and RDOVO 20 the median) age at completion of training. An anality ques- tionnaire of 28 itens(see below) was also administered to the mothers. In an analysis of variance, it was found tnat only the nothers' ana lit by score contributed the sig' variance. Beloff concluded that it is the presence or ab- sence of anal traits in the parent tnat mav be the fun/amen- n tal factor in the etiology of anal pers onality traits 01 3 ( the subjects rather than the de3r~e of coerciveness of early bowel training. One cannot divorce the influence of one fac- tor from the other, however. A few cultural studies suggest a close relationship be- tween severity of trainin; and anal pensonalitr fornation. Kardiner(1939) mentions the high value on possessions, traits of obstinacy, and hi 3h so 118e o1 responsibility exhibited by the Tanala of Leda 3ascar, a society in which sphincter con— trol is imposed on infants extremely early(with1n the first six months of life). ennin er(l§43) notes the absence of anal traits(re- tentive) among certain tribes of Central Australia, Saneans, and other soc ie eties in which anal trainin3 is penn'ssive or late in termination. There is no concern about money or time - ':: ~H ‘- - ," ~ ,-‘ 4- ~ I: ~—\ . fl f.‘ ‘ ‘ O 2: ‘1 -= y“ 11 "I H: :1 _H J- “ .«l and no hoardin3 tenuehCies. ner3ler c hene1m(l,ee) auu that ~~~ ,- -“‘ . a D 4-1 ‘ v‘ * -—\. *1" o N r31“. 4- au0n3 LAC tr 11;e 01 the Iora.nt3 isles 11o oweecoh urn at ut ° w. .. +‘- .4. ' J- ,1. .2 .3- -,. .0 J.“ . . 0 3,, 4. time and the SbrlCu plann1n3 01 the economy lo related to anxieties about food and loss of love—ob ect. "The calen— " ° .. ' -' . -n , .. . ._.,..:A I! .3 r ,C ea: 18 the ultim te re H11 ation 01 separation annlety (p.50o). W1H1t113 & Child(l§53), in their cross-culture study .‘ of child training and Le rs o: ality offers 0.) some suggestive evidence for severe toilet traihing anon; societies of a compulsive, ritualistic sort. The relationship betteen analitr- as manifested in a *‘5 3 Po constellation of anal traits- and scve 0 childhood found in the aforementioned studies is interpreted here as indicating the importance of the totality of child- hood training eXperience in the etiology of t« lity and need not he 00: side ered evidence fo1 the influence of anal training only. There are severa studies pertainin to the question of the degree to which the anal traits hang to; ether as a func- tional ur it by as well as their relationship to ot it ier persona- lity var riables. Sears(l935) tested the question of whether the classical anal triad of orderliness, stinginess, and ob- st nacy cluster ea to ether in a group of 37 men living to- gether in college fraternities. Usinr a seven point rating scale for these traits, he fou1d that the corre elat i ns among them ran3 ed from .36 to .39, which while low are all positive and in the OIpO c ted direction. This was so deSpite the nega- tive correlation between pOpularity ratin s and ratinfis o obstinacy and stinginess. Stin3ine s and ohstinacy are rated as socie llv undesirable traits while erderlincss is rated as socially desirable. Qn --f -~. — H $.14 "T I: 7, 7 J. . J- ‘ ‘ t’i'. .1" -_-.‘ 1“ 22 sex.1al developnlen tby devising a projective Blackv Test con- sisting of ll cartoons deprictin; a dog, "Blacky" , in relation to a mother, father, and sibling under various poses of as- sumed psychosexual develonnent as follows : I, oral erotism; II, oral sadisa; III, anal sadism— retentive and e: {puls JlV ; IV, oedipal intensity; V, masturbatory guilt; VI, castration anxiety(nale) or penis envy(female); VII, positivei ident i— fication; VIII, sibling rivalry; IX, guilt feelings; X, posi— tive ego ideal(nale), love object(female); and XI, positive ego ideal(female), love object(male). The est was administered to elementary psychology stu- dents at Stanford University. The suejects' protocols were rated in terms of t eir strength of involvement, as 'very 'strong', 'fairlv strong', weal or assent . With respect to tne anal phase, it was found that women avoido d( 'repressed") references to defecation more frequently than men. Develop- ment of anal retentiveness was found ne;atively relcted to oral sadism; anal eXpulsiveness was found positively related to oral erotism, oe ip al intensity, ma stu: ation guilt, {:1 ‘ sibling rivalry(for both men and women), and castration anxi- ety(men), and negatively related to the deveIOpment of positive ego ideal(men and women). Blum also found a significarit we _;ative correlation be- tween anal retentiveness and anal empulsiveness which is in the direction expected premises of the psychoanaly- P1) *) _ O H (D tic tb eory of the anal personality. He explains the finding, v- A v -.~. 4- ' J— . ~ -.. -, J. A -3 however, as merel' an ar ifact of t: :e scoring stten(su scored high on retentiveness were necessarily scored low on eXpulsiveness, .nd conversely). \?' FV o niller & ot1re(l§51) deduced from psychoanalytic premises concerr in 1 or cienitc lit] the hypothesis that degree of pre- gen tality would vary directly with amount of rejection by ‘ [3 one's peers as defined by SOClOLet“iC status or nunoer 01 a a s times a suojec t is cnosen or rejected ov a cl U ._ J_ m: ss:ate.1ney {0 used a story completion technique to obtain ratings of demree of pregenital involvement and related it to socionetric choice for a group of children, ages seven to lourteen. A nosi relations hip, contraryr to prediction, between anality and V I U) C O C-..» (D 0 Ci. U) acceptance by peers was found, i.e., that chose: had a larger anal score than the re ected subjects. , authors conclude that "anality may oe a social asset during the latency period in merican culture" Eecause the authors do not give the reader any clear idea of their criteria of what constitutes "pregenitality" or the rationale for de- ducing rejection as a function of it, the find'n: lS diffi- cult to interpret. a Barnes(195:) constructed a 255 item inventory of psycho- sexual traits consisting of Statements acout oral, anal, and phallic behavior as defined in t-a psychoanalytic literature A in an attempt to fiLQ on 0 what extent the hree C}- ('1’- areas were distinct factors. The test was ad;?.inis tcreu b0 . n -,,.. - _--...' J. - ; o1 Cali101nia and tn /’ / ~. _ - 11.2- Zoo male subjects -t the Universit $23 'I I results were factor analyzed. There were not three distinct factors to account for tne intercorrelatisns. The factors, a total of ll, were found to cut across all levels of de— velOpnent. In 1954, Krout and Taein devised a "Personal Preference of psyc i1ose31ual development: l)pre-natal and natal; 2)early and 3)late oral; 4)early an’ 5)late anal; 6)phallic na1cis sm; 7)feminine and 8)masculine post phallic; 9) sublimated oedi- pal relations, and 10) mature 3enital sublimation. St>3ner, Lawson, and noiiitt(l 55) factor a1alyzed the Krout and Taein PPS ard found 10 factors to account for the var’ance. The findinrs, ho..ever, did not fit theoretical expectations com- pletely satisfactorily. The assumed post—genital sta3es gave TOOQ fits but the pre 3‘enital stares were somewhat clus- tered and did not se eparate clearly. 1 ,- u l u‘ s that success- H. S 1") Factor lee ding s su33ested the 0 m1 ’0 ful suelimation is based more on anal traits in women but on O H (+ a combination of aral and oral characteristics in men was also found that a33ressive masculinity is loaded with anal items i1 coth sex es while femininity in men is related to orality, in wome en,to anality. Farber(19 55) constructed a five item anality scale con- sistin3 of such assume" anal traits as never Chan in one s mind, orderliness and neatness, reierence for outl need for definite conclusions, and caution in soendin3- all of which hung together si3nificantly, and correlated the c5 cale with a short four item scale of Eolitical Aggression ( inly ajainst connun sm). He found a si3nificant rela— tion shi31 between the scales and oncluded that ”A fressive conventionality is a do Linant political style" of the anal 3ersona ity. Rabinowits(1957), however, presented evidence to su33est that Farber's fincin3 .a merely be a function bf acquiescence response set. Beloff( SS ) in her test of the structLral hypothesis constructed a 28 item, 5 point self-rating questionnaire relating to 14 assumed anal traits: punctual bl, collecting, cle aliliness, procrastination, ouasi-sadisr, conscientious- ness,‘ 'Ei e1 sinn elf willedness), pedaatry, feelin_s of su— periority, irritability, desire to don neer, need for personal autOnony parsimony, and orderliness. The duestionnaire has administered to 120 Lhuerrraauate students and facto; aralyz- ed. It was found that a 3eneral factor ace unted for the intercerrelations; the same was found for the peer ra tin3s of the examinees. Beloff also related the Anality scale to results on the Guilford test of Introve and found that only the positive relcti factor(thinhi33 introversion) was si ni It is clear from the fore oin; stu h a; tOjether as a si3nificent frnetio: that a ole»r differentiation between re anal traits is made. When this differr si;;zific.n1t ev e‘clariw it21<3t1_~? 3s;cn:os1 I1» pit of he fact t‘::at the 3:"11 rsion-hlt1ove1sion ~‘_o_ ‘1 ‘3‘ m o ship nitn the i .o- ,.,,.L .LlCeLlibo ‘_' J.” J. .L J. dies that anal traits A - M: :. al unitd J.rov1uea tentive and expulsive _ gm .1. .,' ‘ “e is not reeo3hizea J_I‘_0‘J_ I _ ‘1 LLal traits is iouud. oanalytic theory of tr e anal personality is a temporal theory of personality 1 the relations 1mi) be- $1) (—i‘ H. 9 C P’ ) there has been little investi tween 11ality and tempera l behavior. Indeed, it is only .1 recognition of the 1 within the present decade that a UPOll 1 relationship between an personality cons telletien, broadly, ‘% conceived, and temporal experience 11as been given, E3: cept for the studies already mentioned demonstratinr L) .D tTe si"nificant clu steri113: Oi punctue lit with other reten- tive anal traits, here is only one empirical study speci- _ o '1 u _ 3. _- J31 ‘ 11 a J .3 3 ‘_ _3. 3" fically dealin3 wan the relationship eeLween ea1lv Child 11d . -- - . 1 1, ”1.1.41 3:“ 4. H11 - . 1-1-1.1.: 7-11 1 .1 r. trainin3 and sLLseeuenL adulL temporal ei3eiience. risner a :1d the hypothesis of the pa .1ueaueleic theory of personalitv that a perse11 SHU"€CL€1 to a strict, coercive parent who seLs narrow linits and strict rules would carry over such pa1ental in time. In contrast to a permissive parent, he comes to feel that time is somethinfi available in limited, controlled quan— tities. The hypothesis stated was as follows: "The greate the de ree of parental dominance, Lne more would time be everevaluated so that intervals 01 time are perceived as Lctivelv larger t1an the; accuallv are . r - r- f: I. ‘1- ‘__‘ ' .L ,— . “.3.‘ 1r - ’_:_- VA " .ects were )4 state nossiLal enplejees. “orchacn _' I U q and TAT cards were utilizev to tan unconscious attitudes to- ’1 subjects who had conceivev tarents as highly dominant over- estimated intervals to a greater extent than subjects wno conceived parents as low to moderate in dominance. It was found that the parent of the same sex was KOFG influential in inducinj the teiiency towards overestimation than th- parent of the Opposite sex. The negative findinfs with the 3 minute interval is eXplained as due to the act that the subjects were more engrossed in the task. Although the dif- ..‘J '19 e3; CDC-3 C 138' .L ferences were not significant, they were in t direction. Hypo heses On the basis of the findings in the osychoanalytic lite- ature, there are four hypotheses to be tested by the present It is hypotresized that a hi? (HPJ) who exhibits an excessive amount of retentiveness in his overall behavior(an overorderly and economical "holding" tendency) will exhibit correSponding retentive attituoes to- ward nis expenditure of time: The E35 rho exhibits an e"cessive amount of retentiveness in his overa l behavior will show corresponiin; retentive tendencies in his ex- peniiture of time. 9 1 There are three corollaries oeiucible from the first ’4. t— s, ~is s o wager importance 9 f 4 l, *k.’ 0 r}- W (D C’) H. U) . I? F) (D U! 0 O O ,- fl J {3' O O C+ ) (D (’1 network"(Cronbach& Meehl, 1956) that constitutes the theory of the anal personality. The evidence in the exyerihental literature of time estimation points to the greater tendency to underestimate intervals of time the greater the energy eXpe niiture(or activity) involved in the tasg(Loehlin, 1956). If it is correct to assume nat the is characterized by the holniin back or discharje- it is assumed t t the retained for the ta: k of avoidance of then it Uld lOllOW that the H33 wi ration of ti*e or *reater overestimat 130 110 1.0 tit? t exhibits those characterist .4. La “ire tcl li erature to be as retentive personality of energy expenditure energy is c nsumed or anxiety over loss- ll give less underesti- - . -r" v - ,. ., .4- ‘ ion oi time than the tge ret ive persona— been found in with the over- estimation of intervals of time~ attentiven ss to the a_:pa- rest passa e of time or vigilance, intatience, need to fill up t 1956). The aim of the AP's need to ore: tributed to his :e-d to ain tive and This need for more time is xpressed §::Ot“€SlS II m .. "3". ..° vu: 1- ° 4. ° - a lne ha: will Ehuldib a Slflnll .._. 1 - .. 4. . ,j - 3 a. ,.. tendency b0 underestimate or a L .1. .- '..,_4. ,1. .J.’ . .1. .fl.. -‘..‘ to overestiuate duration t.ai LL ime, state of bored m01, suSpense, etc.(Adler 19 34; Loehlin, evalr at e ti:e 18 at- avoid loss of time. in the e::te:-s10n 01 an- ica tlv lesser beater tendency g2) T7”: .4 Us...» 0 R) KO If it is correct to assume that the HEP is hithly vigi- .1 ' J. lant and punctual in his time exeenaiture, ib should follow -unless offset by the AP's exc ssive overestimation- that the HEP will be more accurate or exact in his time estimations than the LRP. .Indeed, it is this oeeoccr“at10d with time that may account for the retentive anal personality's inca- pacity to engrcss hinself in a given activity t-at no. lly shortens the apparent length of time: The HEP will be more accurate or exact in his time exp niiture than the L?;P(as neasured by accuracy of til :e estimations). If it is ceirect to assume that the retentive personality is motivated to :ain as much time as possible, to lose as little as ,ossible, it should follow that the H? D will con- purpose of no asurin3 an ality and attitudes toward time ex- penditure faster(will have a quicker "tempo") than the LEE. The retentive personality's low waitin3 tolerance or hastiness manifested in his t mpo may be offset, however, by (D his need to check and re heck his activity to make sur it is correct, complete, perfect, etc., ste :1in3 ironl undue 'j‘ H .4. . fl cautiousness derived from his general "withholdin3 tendencies: Hypothesis IV The HR: will exhibit a 3 ea or sueed("teapc") in a given task han the th. II. EXPER EEETAL DESIGN Subjects The subjects were 100 male students attendin3 the 1959 summer school session of the licni an State University. Only men were tested since a pilot study with the Loehlin f- H. icated sex d C); re i1- [.10 (1956) "Time PerSpective" questionna ferer ces in the experience of time. An attempt to obtain a random sa:.pleofL1en from t1 de University mens' residence hall was unsuccessful oxmi 3 to the presence of a large proportion of forei3n students and a hi3‘ :h rate of absence of many stu- .' dents. About one third of the subjects were graduate students, the rest ur de raduates. The median number of colle3e years of education was 3.8 years indicating that the vast majority of the su ejects were uoper class en. The a‘e ran e o: the sample was from 18 to 3' "ears, with a median a 9-3 “5 513 d H. Li" (D O H.) (D E: OJ L» (D 0 d U) 3 _ :1 C :3 m k (0 years. Occupational strat were also obtained based on 1? arner, Ieeher, and Eell's "Re- vised Scale for Rati; 3Occupations '(Fink, 1953'). The median ij occu3ational ratin3 for the -ample was 3.0 represented by U) occupational strata such as social worker and contractor. The AnalityLA) and Time Expenditurs(il Scales for the purposes of this study. Scales are too snort or too long as well as too retrr0"eheous to serve as measures of retentiveness. An extensive review of the liter tu‘e in the measureient oI temporal behavior(Caapos, 1959) indicated that most tests of "time sense" "time perception", or "time concepts" are primarily concerned with the uhderstandirg of c onolo historv, and intellectzcl conceots of tire(un tions le of our thesis. Thus, we wished to use items per- " to behavior t,:.~'-.-‘;t 0 L‘ f O (f' (O *‘5 H. [3 Q t?- (D *5 C) (—4.. O : u (‘1' Po <1 CD *— , S) f! ,C "5 (D or holding tendencies of the AP. To test the first hypothe- ‘ . Q 1 .- 4.- _., .3 v-.. 0 0 .L ' SlS that the m“ entivece s ennioite( in anal traits also 8 attitudes towar ’U (D B <: S‘: f) O Q; S a a- Q Q Ct Ho (0 (D a b L P. (P- $3 '3' (D (I) O r) H (T U) of retentive vnclitv and "time expenditure were devised. “A u y“ r‘ 1__ 0 .~. ~ _ 1" A -_ -A H _‘ _ -- .45 n o anee Quaves oes1ues the present auth r centent Vali- H.) ated tne items used in the final Ior::s o the scales. Three clinically trained jud3es were orally presented witn a list of anal traits culled from the psychoanalytic literature and requested to in ‘4 icate those traits he felt best clzaractc rise ;\ the reteim ive anal p; rsoncli lty. Only these traits unahimou W fl p 1y a3reed to were used in the iinal form oi wordin3 of the items are the sole responsibility of e av thor. It was reasoned th: t in ord.er to adeq ate ly enjross the 4. subject into the task of iillini in the scales, the less ti: 1 ‘, 1 ‘. - V" ‘1‘ - .0 ~ A. ~ 1' “ V’- ” '5 ‘ -‘ a» ' - used tne less the chance oi extraneous variables such as L ’) ternal noise or distractions 0- 00min: Operative. It was K) l [0 decide to eXpend about 2 to 5 ninutes of the avera e sub- s a total of 10 items on the A and T H' ject's time. To do th scales plus 10 filler items was finally decided upon. The actual ran e for the 100 sub ects was from 110 seconds(l min- U ute, 50 seconds) to 560 seconds(9 minutes, 20 seconds) with a median time of 3.5 minutes. For convenience of scorin3 and administration both scales were included on one form which we shall refer to as the Anal SD Personality Scale(AIS). To rtially control for res onse 1 $111 set, 10 filler items were interSpers e1 a: Hol3 the anal and time eXpenditure items. As a further control, most of the filler items and some of the AP it ens were worded 'n a ne3a— tive as well as positive direction. Ajpl idi: A gives the APS(Iiller ite s 11ave oeen asterisked). The 10 items I the A scale are as follows: 0 3 I believe in bein3 thrifty. 6 I like to act stuobornlgr 8. I believe in strivir3 Ior perfection. 12. I believe in be h“ verv consc1entious. 15. like to be vr 3 I at. 18. I'm in the has OI checking and rechechin3 what I do to IIIw sure it is ri3ht. El. I'mi in the habit oI eein3 attentive to slike bein3 told how to do sometlti know I can do it myself. like to collect different kinds of objects. like to keep thin3s in order. k H :39. details. n3 :hen HHHH mhe lO iteIs OI the T 80- le are as follows: insist on bein3 punctual. l. I 4. I value my t i111e vm r" hi3hly. 7. I don't have enor gh time. 10. I like to be d3 et KZV time 13. I like to save ti . ne dule . ‘ C .1. , ‘ be.-. :e to ‘ iI =sl ILII to control I . ‘— ' "‘.V"Y\* u LLIHL, b r) by ‘LC- trt 'C‘ 1118 ‘ k..- J I I U .xv. - r“ . -yci ‘ J. , b; 73" J- 4-2,. G LII.-. (j 5 t .v'ab. a' (3 C‘ ' k/vk.) 1 t1 .Iable LLCS .‘ .1? .. .J L. ..'.. U...‘., Q C ‘\ D r; fir-I 71—: iv- Lat—2'}; _ 1 C J.‘.. 1 U ‘ ‘3’. I. r A ., CI: 0”" J ‘. U.. of p 1. I-ILI'L ‘ r-I ~L C s L ! -A- OI‘L b' v .— I , I A \_4 ”,1 '1... .L_bd VJ. »°.-,—. " L)..L‘Je IIIIIL. 'n V -. I. .0 . .4. .L laCb' .- -.»..L‘ ren3tn o J So I". .— i.'1"LLOIl O e erit f7“.- .LA- 6 O C CUTTCZ’IC 4.0 .J. O 1C11"' a \ ('5., I I . ,3(3_~,..1 “. ‘4’ x.’ * my ‘GLIIII er’- A. l/ - e le /‘| r) vb (' UV 1'; O l KL 1' 2 D L». I ‘ A. O , ., I \aL ‘esse O I ‘n n 3 ~ r w. - \I l - L’U S C 4“ ' 4) l '1? ‘1 IA .0 J. r‘ 7‘ (‘3““ gLQL) -t...e .1. ' La - f ‘fi“ 4. I L: CC I', I ”I fi -. r. II 'I J.‘ I“ of en"”o -‘I I 7 ¢ - of 1“ C) \J 8"0 m l-w'm "c: by 71*; . U ’ " 1L1 C 9.9. ’ ‘I 1..»4 bun D. 'oI 1; p I OI Tl :~v:r_- 4‘ (7 L_.‘_' \.¥¥J LSA \45 Y ,‘ r... q r ‘. ~1-e—n O '1 ~ SC.‘ (‘4 Lu ‘ , I ."‘ :4 ‘J .. a. i". V C I .1-” \‘f‘ u, LJL- ”N .d 1 K~" .UU scales w T formula T 1 1’1 pearman-Brov eeuatc- '7 .' (.v VS S ‘6; v.5.) Q y—L-.. f‘u1‘.‘ ’7 l '2 .1 -u 1.1. .J.‘. “3.. . n . '\ (1" LI--.’ LI-LLJ. ROI) ‘ a— T? A V’fir . 3 FI‘ A L i 1 AA br— 3611 r- .2. .I‘ ".— ,I 4- ._.,I a..L.-l"' ‘\I U“ ‘- stin3uis‘ dl' Ao~.v m..u.c mvwzpumx Acm.v a ..u.o mvaa.m umx. Aowgv a ..u.u momm. umx mm :m a: :m mm om mm mm ooa mm mm mm Hapoa :m NH mm :H mm ma :H mm :m ma pa ma mmq m: NH ma 0H mm w mH :H m: om HH ma mam Aobonw Ao>opd g ughmVA.mgh:-mVA.mgh N-HV Ap.m.mv A;-mv AN-HV gamJNVA.mgh mN-HNVA.mgh om-mHV Hmpoa nwfim asaooz seq Hmpoa seq asficmz nwfim Hapoa vac ssfluoz wssow Ho>oq duwppm stoapwodom omoHHoo quoapmmdooo m.po£pwm ow4 Ho>oA Hanoaumodvm mmoaaoo cad .apwhpm szoapamdooo m.mo£pmm .owd nH mmq cam mmm noozpom coconommam HHH wands b! e1 1 ecid- CI median score of 19.2 on the A scale(see below), it was ed to classify subjects with analitv scores of 20 and above as E?” high retentive personality) and correSpondinjly, sub- jects with anali ty s: ores of 19 an“ below as LRP(low rete:- tive personality). Table III describes the age, father's occupational strata, azid colle e educa tiOIw al level(in years) for the HF? end LIP subjects. Tcrciles for each of the iistr ih utions 1.ere us ed as a guide for distinjuishin: the three levels of age, strata, educational level. A Chi—square test of significance of tie differences between the two Hro ps indicates that no signifi— cant difference exists between the HEP and LAP in age, father's J... occupation, an' level of education. In filling in the heaiirv of the ABS, the suwjects were instructed to include t1eir names if they so desired. As a <: {J H '4 (:31 f?- P. r.‘ 3 f}- :3‘ (D },_J 'C—J- {31 O c}- }- O L) O crude means of corc1rrentl: .' sucjects as HAP end L: ll, the two groups were compared in tie O 1 1 0 frequency wit 3 which they withheld t11eir re s. Table IV p.) ED able IV Differe: ce Eetween the Hi} and L3? The frequency of lanes Onitted snows that whereas 43 S of the H33 withheld their names, only 20 p of the LR? withileld their 8. Although the diff1e rence is not sijfln ificant(p (.10), it is in the eXpected dir rection. It is clear tha the JP“'s tendencv to withhold his naxe from the era iner(attributable, perhaps, to a tendency to with- hold trust) is another instance 0: his overall trend towards retentiveness. Procedure The A35 labeled as the "Cello e S udent Habit InveLtory" was individually administered to each subject in a quiet room of the mens' summer residence hall of Hichi an State University. The task of filling in the questionnaire and ,J ct. After the (D U) instructions were standardized for eacl utj sub'ect filled in the nearin? he was further instructed to '1 u s and :.0t to DC in until told to do so. '5 read the instruc tio _‘ 4 ‘ After the subject r d the instructions and indicated that (U f0 [—1 l. (D O -\ N 1 '~. ;_ 3 0‘“ ,—_ar‘ _ v o __r'\ he unuerstooe then, he was a -tei to lane lately iniorm the exaziner as soon as he had completed the last(30tn) item. After completing the last item, the subject was then asked to estimate(without looging at his watch or clock) as ex- actly as possible, in minutes and seconds, how long it took him to complete the questionnaire(between tne first afd ast 'ten1). -1 7 S _l J. V v L _I ~~~1-“ . _O .L 'l J. -.- . _ 1 1“ .L ‘ I 451.051 SUDJGCL, was blhzee. 1.!le a SbOpl‘u’leCh {III--1 ELL; [1 b13316 {:11 di th e subjects know they were being timed. There was no *J k‘J attempt to control for any iniiviiual idiosyncracies in the subjects' estimates of duration. In a subseouent incuirv it was found that son (D subjects trier to LG tally count the seconds by estimating how long on the avera e it took tnem to answer one item and then multiplying oy 30; others used tieir memory, or "felt" the apparent passa e of time. 3.1 III. RESULI'S AID TISCUSSIC‘N Hypothesis I To test the hypothesis that the retentive ahal persona~ lity exhibits a correSpondila ly reter tive attitude in his echnditure of ime, total scores on the A(Analiti) and T (Time Expenditure) scales for the 100 subjeccs were corre- lated. Scores ranged from a low of 10 to a hi both scales, out of a logically possible ran;e of O to 30. The mean score for both the A and T scales was 13.9(the medi- an scores for the A and T scales were 19.2 and 19.3, respec- eviations for the A and I scales were .93 and 1.06, respectively. A sivi J. proa uct monent correlation of .595 or .eO(with a standard error of .06) between the A and T scales was relations of the A and T scales with fille er ltCLS were .el and .02, re53cctively and are not si 3:1 icant. The evidence strongly suggests tllft those who are high— ly retentive, as m asured by high retentive anality scores on the A scale, are also highly retentive in the way they eXpend their time, as measured by hi; h scores on the T scale. Conversely, subjects who are "eXpulsive"(low in retentive anality) in their attitudes toward 3osses siox‘;s, money, and other persons and things, have a similar attitude toward s their time expenditure. It is admitted that the correlational analysis used , J \3. \(3 here does some violence to t- '. fl ‘Hf‘ ‘ L . ‘\ ‘5 t L“ -- ‘r . ,\ 'i-‘e -‘v- . ysis 01 the relationships Lia. elite within multivariate anal the scales themselves, would seem more a3_:ronriate but 3re- mature in an en.ler'corv study utilizil ; only two short '3‘ el '4. cales. A p mizi ary inSpection of the intercorrelation >4 matrix of the items on the A and T sc ales(see appe lei E), .‘ nevertheless, suggests that the correlations may be accounted for by one 3e enral factor which we have referred to as re- tentiveness" hypothesis II Important for the predictive ralidity of the psycho- analytic th eory of the AP, is our second hypothesis that states tha the overvaluation of time by the retentive AP will be engressed in a endency to overestimate the anna- rent length of time intervals. It was predicted that the r to overestimate the au— HAP wi '11 exhibit a 3re eater tendene ration of filling in the APS than the LEE. Table V 3ives Table V .L Difference Between the HR} -nd LR? In Frequency of Over and Underes timation . 1- ~: Overestimation Lnaerestimation Total F7, :1 P.) . 7 \ )1 R) U? r- m H ‘ )1 CK) -i> o H C) O 40 the results of a chi-square test of signii icance of the dif- ‘ q‘ ' ’ “ I. r‘ ' ‘ "I ‘A u '" ' r ference between tne ER? and L3 in fiequency of oyrrest_.a— ‘ '4“ f“ A 1 ‘ J- . . ‘9‘ ‘ 'I" ‘ r" h "(3 LII. '0 ‘3‘ - “F”: r‘ . tion and uneeres bllfi tiOn. whereas (on oi the in: OVer ti— mated the interval of testin3, only 41; of the Li? did so. The difference is si3nificant at the .001 level and indicates that the difference cannot be attributed to chance. The results in table V are misleadinv the difference in estimation between the H?“ an? L2? may be due to a high frequency of very low overestimation in the E: group and/or a high frequency of very low underestima ion in the LR? group, tb e difference oi which may not be si cant. A more valid method of a.alyzin: the data, devised bv Rabin( 957): is given in able VI. The direction of estima- tion of the interval is bas-d on tne ratio of estimate‘ time to actual time and is eXpressed in percentages. Thus, a score of 100% would indicate an exact estimate; a i her per- cents :jze WOLlld indicate overestimation and less than 100$, underestimation. Terciles were used as the guide for dis- Table VI Difference Between HEP and LR} In Frequer icy of Under, Close, and Overes timation (In ter11s of percentages s) Underestimation Close esti.':s tion Overestizxation Total -'—‘.‘ r—rr- f‘ 'r’" q (C{p or less) (80 to IEBS) (laépo or meie e) HR? 8 19 19 46 LE? 24 16 14 54 I: 2 Ed 33 100 41 tinguishiDS the three categories of estimation. Table VI shows that the difference between the HEP and LR? groups with respect to direction of estimation is still signifi- cant(at the .02 level of significance) and is in the pre- dicted direction. Our find'n3 is line with the Fisher & Fisher(1953) eXperiment cited above. It was predicted that because the retentive personality 1 U is very exact and punctual in his eXpenditure of time, the HEP would exhibit a more significant tendencv to be more exact or accurate in his estimate of time than the LRP. Ac- curacy of estimation was measured in terms of the difference between the estimated and actual time of filling in the APS. The distribution of the difference was divided into terciles, fl as in the preee p, 'Jo n3 analysis, for obtaining the three levels v (good, medium, and poor) of accuracy. Table VII gives the Table VII Difference Between the HR? and LEE in Accuracy Cf Estimation Good Medium Poor Total (37 sec. and under)(38 to 92 seconds) (93 sec. and over) 03 up“. ILILI l L)! 15 4-6 [—1 co +4 H \0 L3? 1 7 5 1‘, 3 0 d 3:. H \‘J \ )1 [J !J R) H O O k r I C O\ k)! A (A [D C” O Fab 0 U A O C“) O -[t— [‘0 ‘ result of the cni- square test of sifniiicance of the dif— ference in accuracy of estimation(as measured bv the dill for by the retentive perse nality's strong tendency to over— estimate time intervals anothesis IV A final hypothesis was the prediction that the E3} would tend to exhibit 3reater Speed in fillinc the {“5 than the LR? because of the former's need not to los time. We shall assume that the actual time taken to :ill in th~ AES is a rou3h indication of an individual's habitual rate of activity or tempo . Terciles of the actual time distri— Pb 03 (I’- (EA. bution were used as the basis for clas ”if n3 tempo as a , (J r) Ho I medium, and slow. Ta‘le VIII 3ives the resu.lts of the Table VIII ‘ . '0 ~- . ~‘ 7 4- vlv 1‘. ~ - ., V I“ -_ --«' .1? _.I . - r“ r» 7‘ Dillareree between the h“; and Ln: in lempo iun Slow Total under) (189 to 245 sec.) (246 sec.and over) ’TJ ( a to OJ C’- I» I i O 5 -, A E” i C U) 0 ('1) f3 O\ 15 1+ -p 6 L3? 17 21 16 5 7 Total 32 3 31 100 :34: .1c(2 d.f., p<.‘,") .1 3 3 .f'O ‘ . . .mponco —-—V.. v-- v f}; r': \..L .i 1.'¢fi S .. :lete end -_L__, _., to co ‘| A c tual tle a i.e., sug- It is ‘— 1 [I I A 1:. .LL '1 4-7 La- I“, .. J. .1. .,\ O Ln'N‘G D 1, 1d 1" v A 1 fo- 6385 1.181 i caut r.\4\'-v~ V 'ln3 ll [:1 w 0. \lb 7 v.1. a . .f-N ' l a L ‘v I * .‘ approac; 44 001: CLUSICLS A1:a Ln":osA 3 FOR FUTURE RSSEixJH ”DTLIuY This investigation was des i :ned to exclore the rela- (13.: ‘J tionship between "retentive” anal ecco' lity raits as ‘111easurei by an Anality Scale(A scale) ani some aspects of temnoral eXperience of 100 Un Hver ity male suijects. Four aSpects of t e.poral eX3erience were 3vesti;atea: a) reten- Time X3enuic re Scale(T scale), 0) the estimation of the i f 1’) cf- '40 O Q 0 '23 C+ P0 ““1 ( C" {3 F 5 (D i J d O H) H. H H P. D c+ 5’ (D 31> f0 :5 i F3 interval of du- scales(plus a heterogenous scale of filler items), c) accu- racy of the estimation, a ac d) the tempo or Speea witn which the subjects completed the scales. On the basis of the psychoanalvtic theory of the ana personality it was hypothesized that l) a stron; relation- ship exists between subjects 4.. ' ; 43°-..-. N .. _,'~ All ,i - 1,, 3: y-" 4. .3: , —.' J- r“ traits aeiinin3 a nrea ainant h lain3 teneency ”aniiestea 3 'd a) *3 m H to (.1. (D t" c o (a I in a orderly, economical, and obstinate 01 havior, and a corresponding reten ntive way of expending tine. - 1 It was iurther hypothesized t: at 2) he hlgfl retentive per- onality' s overvaluation of time would result in a siinifi- cant tendency to overestimate the duration of the interva tah n to complete the scales. Reasoning from the fact that the etentive personality is exeess1vely exact anu punctual V - . r-o ~ :1 J— . "‘- ". vr ' ‘ ' '. : 4-1.1 ',‘n 'L '2 “‘. (expres81n3 a neea to save tine or aJOiu the loss 0. tine), it was predicted that 3) the niih retentive personality would show a sinnificant te Lde ncy to be more exact or accu- 1s of time as well as L) faster in tezipo H. U] (D U] c+ }.Jo a {J (+ H0 9 or actual time taken to complete the scales than a low re- tentive personality. The first two hypotheses were confirmed in line with LV the psychoanalvtic theory of the anal personality. There ° 1 was no difference, however, between the lii3n retentive per- sonality(II 73) and low retentive pe rso: clity(LRP) in accurac1r J. 4. .2 ”A ' . ' . w «1 .. ,1. A J. ." 4. ‘1- , .4. J. a, - ti' ation or in tempo. It was su «astea that the ne a- t— 1, 0 e O) tive fi1f in3: 8 in testin; t11e third and fourth hypotheses nay be accounted for by the HRP'S strong tendency towards over- estimation and slow: ess acconpa11yin3 his withholdin; attitude —eXpressed in undue caution, doubt, distrust, etc.- in ap- proaching the scale items. ‘ It was pointed out that certain methodol03ical limita— '3 F0 13 (-+ (D *5 I tions of this eXploratory study call for caution i l . ._. 0. .1. -i “811-8111 te1 - the results. Any conclusions drawn must tative since the question as to what extent our subjects are consistent in t1eir pattern of tine estination, ”ccucacv, and tempo was left u; 1answered. A multivariate analysis of the personality factors in temporal eXperience has been sur- gestcd. If we grant ad ouate reliability a1d V3’ lidity for our finuln3-, our esults su 3est the conclrsion thct the HEP is hifl, 11y retentive in the war in connarison to the Lnr(or ”eXpulsive" pe1 sonality) exhil ts a significant tendency to ove restimate an interval of time but not ar 'y difference from. the latter in the accuracy of estimation or in tempo. Some proposals for future research are made here in the hOQe that the importance of tile relat onship between personality variables and ten poral experience is given the recognition it deserves. Time eXpenditure is only one as— pect of man's temporal experience. Studies relat in; per- sonclity to other dimensions of time should be under ah n way of time, he should exhibit a more remote time perSpective than the Lil. If Lastiness, low waitine x.) tole— rance, and impatience does characterize the inf, then reac— tion time studies ShOU uld indicate a low latency or Treater tendency to make false starts than the LRP, aLd so on. In- ividual differences in the in errelationsnio oetween dii- p, erent dimensions of tine sucn as time estimation and reaction H3 _ a 1 '_ 1" ‘_ ‘ . ~ ' ‘V- n _’ ... fi ’-1 o 4. A _. time sneuld oe nose fully eiploreu. Ii, as contended in this #1 ‘3-\ y D ‘- Hv-.‘ "~ . Vr\\z\ . 1r- " «qr: WV- 1 . stud y. tne tel oral eheerience of fetcgtlue and enPhlSlVe personalities is di- fez ent, de orstraele differences in tne ‘0 ‘b I." ‘ ’. i ‘ 3 -. 7‘ . v-a ; " g," V r‘ "\ iorn Oi tneir so- called SUDJGCtiV tlme scales snould we fOLu Wd( ace & Rabin, 1959). There is no limit to the lir nds of studies that mijht be undertaken in the eXplora- tion of :a: s t‘“ or 1 exweclence. A further ncortant is sue that must be consiierei for uture research is the therapeutic value of our knowled3 of the relationship between personality and t mporal eXperi- ence. If texsor l experie :ce engresses unconscious attitudes toward arents, significant others, and society, time" may ’6 be utilized as a projective test io: tasping such attitudes. Furthermore, the psycholQ is t' s unde Ht andin3 of the role of time in the personality of their clients or patients mav serv e as a useful be sis for therapy. Loreno(l 19 46), Horney (1939), LOWEL<1952> and many others have stated the funda- mental importance of the therapeutic value of making persons aware of their withholdinr tendencies and e: icoura 3i13 a "letting go in their behavior. This should also apply to the wagrs a person COpes with time. Clients or patients hould be made aware of the reter tive nature of their time eXpenditure for the purposes of encoura 3ui1 a more healthy form of temporal behavior. And finally, if ntanj neurotic difficulties stem from an early conflict of timing or temporal eXperience oetwee1 parent and child, a resolution 01 this conflict may serve as an essential contribution to the re- storation of mental health. Z. ’3 REFLLLICLQ Abrar am, K. Contributions to the theory of the anal charac- ter(1% 1). Selected Papers. (Trans. by Bryan, D. & Strachey, A.) N.Y.: Basic Books, Inc., 1957 Adler, N. Perception of time as a function of self organiza- tion. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Univer. of California, Berkeley, 1954 Altman, L. The wai wii3 svndrome. Isvchoanal. Qua rt., 1957, 26, 508-518 Arieti, S. The processes of eXpectation and anticipation. J. nerv. ment. Dis., 1947, 106, 471-481 Barnes, C. A statistical study of the fr eudian theory of levels of psychosexua l developnent. Genet. Isychol. Lon03r., 1952, 45. 105-175 Beloff, Halla. The structure and ori3in of the anal cLarac- ter. Ge :et. ngchel. Konogr., 1957, 55, 140-172 Ber31er, E. On the p symcho nalys is of the ability to wait and of ixnpatience. Psycio oanal. Rev., 1939, 26, 11-32 Berzler, E. & Roheim, G. Psycholo3y of time perception. Ps "Cho— 3 A [\"r *- :8.— anal. aaart., 940, 45, 190- 206 Blum, G. S. A study of the psychoanalytic theory of psycho- sexual development. Genet. Psychol. Lono3r., 1949, 39, 3-99 Bonaparte, Larie. Time and the Unconscious. Int. J. Psycho- a2a1,, 1940, 21, 427-468 Carpos, L. T e measurement of temporal behavior. Unpublished Research Paper Lichigan State University, 1959 Cohen, F. Time and the ego. Esvchoanal. Quart., 1957, 26, 166—169 Cohen, J. The experience of time. Acta. Payphol., 1954. 10, 207-219 Cronba ch, L. J. & Meehl, P. E. Construct validity in psycho- 103. 10 a1 tests. In Li nnesota Studies in th e PhilOSOphy of Sci- ence, Vol. I.(ed. by Feigl, H. & Scriven, L.77Linneapolis: 'niver of Linn. Press, 1956 h' \0 Dooley, L. The concept of time in defense of ego integrity. Psychiatry, 1941, 4, 13-23 Dubois, F. The sense of time and its relation to psychiatric illness. Amer. J. Psyghiat., 1954, 3, 46-51 Eisenbud, J. Time and the oedipus. Ps ycho anal. Quart., 1956, 259 363'384 Eiss 1er, K. Time eXperience and the nech nisms o; PSLTCh 0511,10 -1. RQVQ, 1952’ 39, 1-22 Farber, N. The a1o°1 characte and political. J. abnorn. soc. Psvchol., 1955, 51, 486-439 Fenichel, O. The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neuroses. N.Y. : W.W. Norton,& 00., 1915 Feniche1,0. On the psycholo J of boredom. In D. Rapaport(ed.) Orcinizatio and ratholo; ,r of Thou3ht. N.Y.: Columbia Univer. Press, 19 51, 349-301 Fink, H. The relationship of tin eperspective to age, insti- tutionalization, and activity Un oublish ed doctoral disserta- tion, Nich. State Univer., 19 3 U]. Fisher, S. & Fisher, Rhoda, L. Unconscious conception of pa- rental fi3ures as a factor influencing perception of time. J. Pers., 1953, 21, 49o-505 Frank, L. K. Time perSpectives. J. Soc. Philo., 1999, 4, irederics son, E. Time and a33ression. Ppychol. Rev., 1951, 58, 1-51 Freud, S. Three Contributions to the theor; of SerlSCE). In A. A. Brill(ed. 7 The Ba"’ " *s of Sigmund Freud. N.Y.: 7 ~\ r‘r‘n ——. The 160C} 0 L10. , 19);), 333-622 Freud, S. Character and anal eroticism.(1908). In Collec Papers. Vol. 11. London: H ;arth Press, 19 " Freud, S. On the tra: isfornation of instincts with Special reference to anal e ot tism(1916). Collected Tapers. Vol. 11. London: Hogarth Pre s \O m C0 Hamilton, G. V. A Researcn in Narriare. N~.Y.: A d C woni, 1 O Hilsi31ard, E. Eerrinental approaches to psychoanalysis. In ngsnoanalysis as Scienc .(ed. by Pu11w ian— —Ki ndlizi, E.) Calif Stanford Univer. Press, 1952, 3—54 Horney, Karen. New Hays in Psych analysis. N.Y.: W.W. Norton & Co., 1939 Klein, Helar -ie. A contribution to the psycho.enesis of tics. (1925). In Contributions to Psvc‘oa-a1"s8(1921-1945). London: Ho ogarth Press, 1940 Jones E. Hate and anal erotism in the obsessional neurosis. (19135 In Papers on Psychoanalv is. NY: Killian hood & Co., 15'). 353-501 Jones, E. Anal erotic characte -r traits(1918). In Papers on Psycnoanalysis. N‘: William wood a Co., 1923, COO-7C4 Kardiner, A. The Iniiv1uual and his Society. NY: Columbia Univer. Press, 1939 Krout, n. & Tabin, J. Leasurinf personality in developmental terzs: the Personal P: of rence Scale. Genet. 1sychol. Ionogr. D549 50’ 209- 335 Landauer, K. Some re arks on the formation of the anal erotic character. Int. J. Isychoanal., 1939, 20, 418-425 Loehlin, J. The influence of different activities on the per- ception of time. bor‘31i hed doctor a1 dissertation., Univer. Caliiornia, 19 50 Lowen, A. P‘vsical Dytanics of Character Structure. NY & Lon- don: Grune & Stratton, 1956 Keerloo, A. Father time: 1. Psychiatric Quart., 1948, 22, 537—608 Neerloo, A. Father time: 11. Psgchiatric Quart., 1950, 24, 657-671 Ienninger, N. Characterolo: ica and symptomatic expressions relating to the anal phase of psychos xual develOpnent. Psv- cheanal! lua1t., 1943, 12161-19 Niles, D. The import for clinical psychology of tlte use of tests derived from theories aeout infantile sexualit ty and adult character. Genet. Ps ychol. Kon03r., 1954 50, 227- Ede Miller, D. & Stine, H. The prediction of social acceptance by means of psychoanalytic concepts. J. Pers., 1951, 20, 162-174 Oberndorf, C. Tine— its relation to reality and purpose. Pew- choanal. Rev., 1941, 2o, 139-155 Olden, C. The pSIW Cnoley of obstinaCYo P319h03531° Quart., 1943, 12, she-255 -‘ Orlansky. Infant care a1 a personality. Psychol. oull., 1949, 46, 1—43 Rabin, A. I. Tine estimation of scnizo111renics an n n-psy- chotics. J. 31in; Psychol., 1957, 13, oo-9O Rabinowitz, W. Anality, aggression, and acquiescence. J. ab— norn. soc. Psychol., 1957. 54, 140—142 Reich, W. Character Analysis. London: Orgone Institute Press, 1949 Sears, H. R. Survey of Objective Studies of Psychoanalytic Concepts. Social Sci. .mes . Council nonogr., 1942 tagner, R. Laason, E. & IIoffitt, J. The Krout PPS: a factor anal1 biC study. J. clin. Psychol., 1955, 11, 103-113 J tekel, W. Disorders of t‘e Instincts and Emotions. Vol. I. npotence in the hale. 111: Li JOPlfub Co., 192 H u‘ Strachey, J. Some u1conscious factors in reaai 1n3. Int. J. Psychoanal., 1939, 11, 322-331 Symonds, P. Diatnosinj Persc OPP ality and Conduct. KI & London: D. Appleton & 00., 1931 Wallace, K. & Rabin, A. Temporal eXperience. Psychol. Pull. In press. Lna Personality. New .. .J Au uniting J. & Child, I. Chil 1 Haven: Yale Univer. Press, 1953 Wolff, W. Values and Perso nalit". PL: Grune & Stratton, 1950 woo worth, R. S. & Sch ossber3, H. NY: Henry Holt & Co., 1954 Yates, Sybille. Sone aSpects of tiIL1e difficulties and their relation to music. Int. J. Psgchoa;al., 1935, 16. 341-354 ”1:1“ V-aD A T “‘7-1" q —' — o J. $4-». IL" '7‘.". v- - 1' g AIIuLDIA A . . l ‘ \ , L \ . - ‘fi _ I 1 ‘ L . 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