COMPARISON OF ATTITUDE-ZS AND INTERESTS IN RELATIONSHIP TO SPORTS, HELD BY A STRATIFIED . RANDOM SAMPLE 0F NEGRO AND CAUCASIAN DELINQUE-NTS AI THE BOY'S TRAINING SCHOOL IN LANSING, MICHIGAN Thesis for the Degree of. M. A. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY RICHARD C. SONANDRES 1958 ' if m LIBRARY - g ' Michigan State University IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII'IIIIIIIIIIIIIII 3 1293 01083 5100 SSSSSSS WM i :LIJAIN 3.3 1 896 ABSTRACT COMPARISON OF ATTITUDES AND INTERESTS IN RELATIONSHIP TO SPORTS, HELD BY A STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLE OF NEGRO AND CAUCASIAN DELINQUENTS AT THE BOYS' TRAINING SCHOOL IN LANSING, MICHIGAN By Richard C. Sonandres Methodology Thirty-seven Negro and thirty-seven Caucasian delin- quents were selected at random from the Boys' Training School in order to compare the attitudes and interests, in relationship to sports, held by the two racial groups. The delinquents were divided into three age groups to make the sample a representative one. It was determined, following the pilot study, that the interview would be conducted on an individual basis with the author reading the questions. Summary The author discovered that the Negro delinquent expressed a stronger desire to study and go on to college. There was also a larger percentage of Negro delinquents who gave the all A student a higher rating among the four listed prestige positions. The Caucasian delinquent expressed less of a desire for study and going to college while expressing more of a desire for using his spare Richard C. Sonandres time for athletic participation. However, more Negro delinquents than Caucasian delinquents felt that they had better chances of becoming professional athletes and entertainers. A larger percentage of Caucasian delin— quents felt that they had a better chance of becoming truck drivers, policemen and bartenders. The choice of jobs by the two delinquent groups may have suggested that the Caucasian delinquents felt that they had a better chance of becoming a part of the mainstream of American life than the Negro delinquent. Both delinquent groups had a tendency to identify with athletes of their own race. The Negro delinquent had a stronger tendency toward choosing Negro heroes in five major sports. The Caucasian delinquents chose Caucasian sport heroes as their favorites in three of the five major sports. From an equal distribution of listed Caucasian and Negro athletes, both groups tended to favor athletes of their own race in terms of ability. In sports participation, the Negro delinquents' favorite sport was basketball, while the Caucasian delinquents choose baseball as their favorite sport. COMPARISON OF ATTITUDES AND INTERESTS IN RELATIONSHIP TO SPORTS, HELD BY A STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLE OF NEGRO AND CAUCASIAN DELINQUENTS AT THE BOYS' TRAINING SCHOOL IN LANSING, MICHIGAN By Richard C. Sonandres A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation l968 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to thank the officials of the Lansing Boys' Training School for making this study pos— sible. Sincere thanks are due to Professor James Bristor for his aid and encouragement. To Dr. William Heusner, Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, and to Professor Harry Webb, Department of Sociology, appreciation is expressed. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS LIST OF TABLES Chapter I. II. III. IV. INTRODUCTION. Purpose . . Statement of the Problem. . . Need for the Study. . . . . Delimitations of the Study Limitations . . . . . . . . Sub-Problems. . . . . . . . . Definitions . REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . METHOD. Introduction. Sources of Data. . Methods of Procedures. Statistical Analyses RESULTS AND PRESENTATION OF DATA SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary Conclusions Recommendations. BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX iii Page ii iv CI) \IONUWJZ'LUI—‘H l--’ |'\) [—1 NR) l\)|---l CI) LA.) NR.) (D N NW \0 \OCIDOO 4:" WKOG) \0 CD LIST OF TABLES Table Page I. Number of Children in Negro and Caucasian Families . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2. Families with Fathers in the Household . . . 33 3. Occupation Class of the Family Breadwinner in the Negro and Caucasian Delinquent's Household. . . . . . . . . . . . 35 A. Church Attendance of the Delinquent Boys . . 36 5. Educational Level of the Fathers of the Delinquent Boys. . . . . . . . . . 36 6. Do the Delinquents Expect to Graduate from High School . . . . . . . . . . . 37 7. The Delinquents' Future Plans Beyond High 8011001. 0 o o o o o o o o o 38 8A. Number of Times that Team Sports were Included Among the Delinquents Three Favorite Sports. . . . . . . . . . 39 8B. Number of Times that Individual Sports were Included Among the Delinquents Three Favorite Sports. . . . . . . . . A0 80. The Favorite Sports of Negro Delinquents . . Al 8D. The Favorite Sports of Caucasian Delinquents . A2 9. Individuals Who Introduced or Taught the Delinquents How to Play their Favorite Sports. . . . . . . . . . . . . AA 10. Amount of Time That the Delinquents and Their Family Participated in Sport Activities. . AA ll. Amount of Time the Delinquents Spend Watching Television . . . . . . . . . . A5 iv Table Page 12A. Number of Times that Team Sports were Included Among the Delinquents Three Favorite Sports that They Watch on Television . . . . . . . . . A6 l2B. Number of Times that Individual Sports were Included Among the Delinquents Three Favorite Sports that They Watch on Television . . . . . . . . . . . A7 120. The Favorite Sports that Negroes Watch on Television . . . . . . . . . . A8 l2D. The Favorite Sports that Caucasians Watch on Television . . . . . . . . . . A9 13. Would the Delinquents Rather Watch A Sport on Television or Play the Sport Themselves. . 51 lAA- Would the Delinquents Accept or Reject Each lAG of the Seven Jobs Listed in Question 16 in the Questionnaire . . . . . . . . 52 15A— What Do the Delinquents Believe are Their 15G Chances of Getting Each of the Seven Jobs Listed in Question 16 in the Questionnaire. 57 16. What Would the Delinquents Do if They had One Extra Hour After School Each Day . . . . 63 17A- Delinquents Ranking of What They Believe are 17D the Leadership Positions With the Most Prestige Among the Four Positions Listed in Question 2A in the Questionnaire . . . 65 l8A— Delinquents Ranking of the Leadership 18D Positions that They Would Like to Hold Among the Four Listed in Question 2A in the Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . 67 l9A- Who are the Delinquent Athletic Heroes in 19G Five Different Sports. . . . . . . . 71 20A. Negro Delinquents Preference Among Four Baseball Players . . . . . . . . . 77 20B. Caucasian Delinquents Preference Among Four Baseball Players . . . . . . . . . 77 21A. Delinquents Choice of the Greatest Heavyweight Boxing Champion of All Time. . . . . 78 V Table 21B. 22A. 22B. 22C. 22D. 23A- 23D 2A. Combined Totals Among the Preferences for the Greatest Heavy-Weight Champion of All Time . . . Who is the Better of the Two in Basketball, Jerry West or Oscar Robertson Who is the Better of the Two in Basketball, Elgin Baylor or Jerry Lucas. Totals from Tables 22A and 22B. Who is the Better of the Two in Basketball, Wilt Chamberlain or Bill Russell . Delinquents Ranking of Four Football Players Listed in Question 30 in the Questionnaire. Do the Delinquents Believe that Everyone in this Country has A Chance to Own A New Car, Earn $15,000 A Year, and Own His Own Home . . . . . . . vi Page 78 79 8O 81 81 82 85 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Purpose The purpose of this study is to compare the atti- tudes and interests in relationship to sports held by a stratified random sample of Negro and Caucasian juveniles at the Boys' Training School in Lansing, Michigan. The Training School represents a cross—section of Michigan's black and white juvenile delinquents. Statement of the Problem We are living in an age of trouble and conflict. America is a country facing numerous internal conflicts. A major domestic conflict occurs between black and white Americans. The young especially seem to reflect a bitter attitude toward the American "establishment." We are now facing new concepts which were introduced because of the troubled times. The notion of "Black Power" reflects the ever—increasing idea of the polarization of the races. Do Negroes and Caucasians express different attitudes, interests and values toward the American system? Do the juvenile delinquets feel that they are part of the system? Since leisure time activity plays an ever—increasing role in the lives of the American people, it is important to understand the feelings of the young in this regard. Almost all of the young people participate in sports of some kind. The widespread use of television has created a greater awareness for sports and the individuals who make up the sports world. Every weekend, television viewers across America are guaranteed many hours of sports. How aware are the delinquent youth of this phenonemon? The author is interested in finding out if the black delinquents look up to black athletes, and likewise, if white delinquents look up to white athletes. The author is interested in how much emphasis the delinquents place on sports. Is sports a way of life for either of the two racial groups? Do they differ in terms of the kinds of sports in which they like to participate? How much emphasis is placed on sports? How much prestige is attached to specific sports by these young delinquents? The leaders in Recreation must concern themselves with the problems related to the Negro and Caucasian delinquents. Since sports is mentioned as one of the answers for the prevention of juvenile delinquency, it is necessary to understand the attitudes and interests toward sports which these young delinquents have. Need for the Study The author is interested in comparing the Negro and Caucasian delinquents' attitudes and interests in rela- tionship to sports. This study will also include the backgrounds of these delinquents which plays a signifi- cant role in determining their feelings toward sports. There have been many studies conducted in recent years related toward the American Negro, their norms, values, and attitudes. There have also been many compari- son studies conducted between Negro and Caucasians in relation to their norms, values, and attitudes. However, for many years, no empirical comparisons of Negro and Caucasian delinquents have been made. In fact, the first comparison study between Negro and Caucasian delinquents was not made until 1952. Sidney Axelradl in an article in the American Journal of Sociology indicated that from l9lA-l952 no comparison studies between Negro and Cau- casian delinquents were available. The studies dealing with delinquents have not dealt with some of the means, or "gimmicks” which may lead a would-be delinquent in the direction of a personal dig- nity, or a better feeling of self-reliance. The author became interested in developing his study with these lSidney Axelrad, "Negro and White Male Institution- alized Delinquents," American Journal of Sociology, V- 57 (May. 1952), p. 569. views in mind as he began to deal with the hard—to—reach juvenile delinquent. Many experts in Sociology and other academic fields believe that the Negro is excluded from the mainstream of society. If this be the case, will he place more emphasis on sports than in education, or any other en- deavor, in order to lift himself out of his environment? It is possible that the Caucasian delinquent feels as if he is part of the mainstream in American society. If he is included in the mainstream, and the Negro is not, then it is possible that their respective attitudes and interests in relationship to sports would be different. Since there has been an increase in leisure time, sports have made a more conspicuous appearance in our cul- ture. Therefore, it is important to understand the atti- tudes and interest which young Negro and Caucasian delin- quents have toward sports. An understanding of these relationships may lead to a greater comprehension of the feelings and aspirations of Negro and Caucasian delinquents. Delimitations of the Study l. The survey was conducted only at the Boys' Train- ing School in Lansing, and not at other com- parable schools in Michigan. Two dominant racial groups at Boys' Training School were used in the study (Negro and Cau- casian). Mexicans and Indians were not included in the study. The study was delimited to include only the recreation area of Sports thus eliminating all other recreational activities. Limitations A few of the Negro and Caucasian delinquents interviewed were reluctant to respond to some of the questions. There were some delinquents on AWOL (Absence without Leave). There were some who were released or transferred, thus these boys in the sample were not interviewed. Sub—Problems To develop a survey instrument for purposes of determining the attitudes and interests which Negro and Caucasian delinquents express toward sports at the Boys' Training School in Lansing, Michigan. To discover if there are any differences in the kinds of sports (individual and team) in which Negro and Caucasian delinquents chose to par- ticipate. 3. To determine if race has any effect on the choice of sports heroes of Negro and Caucasian delin- quents. A. To discover the differences in aspiration between Negro and Caucasian delinquents during their school years (7th—l2th grade) and beyond. 5. To discover the differences in background and how much encouragement the Negro and Caucasian delinquents received from their parents toward participation in sports. Definitions Attitude.——"An enduring predisposition to react either in a favorable or unfavorable way toward a given type of person, social group and the like."2 Boys' Training School.——A state supported school operated by the Social Welfare Department for the care and treatment of socially delinquent boys between the ages of 12 and 19. Individual sport.——A sport commonly contested between individuals, such as archery, billards, boxing, bowling, fencing, golf, handball, racket games, shooting, racing (all forms), weight lifting, fishing, etc., as contrasted to a team game where team play is a major factor, like 2Clarence Brown and Edwin Ghiselli, Scientific Method in Psychology (New York: McGraw—Hill Book Com- pany, 1955), p. 289. baseball, basketball, football, etc.3 For the purpose of this study a doubles match or a team match will not change the designation of the above individual sport. Interests.-— Predispositions that influence us to pay attention to certain kinds of environmental situations such as sports. Environmental objects become asso- ciated with the satisfaction of our many different needs. They then take on a high stimulating value for us, and we acquire an interest in them, we pay attenEion to them and spend much time in seek- ing them. Juvenile delinquents.-—For the purposes of this study, the following definition will be used: Boys from the ages of 12—19 who are classified as delinquents by the probate courts after their twelfth or before their seventeenth birthdays because of their deviant behavior. Sports.--For the purpose of this study, sports means any play, pastime, game, or contest involving a reasonable degree of individual skill and/or physical prowess. Team sport.-—"A group of players on one side actively taking part in a team sport. This category (I) of team is applied only to the type of team where players occupy specialized positions, and must engage in teamwork to function properly."5 3Parke Cummings, The Dictionary of Sports (New York: A. S. Barnes & Company, l9A9), p. A51. “Brown and Ghiselli, o . cit., p. 289. 5Cummings, 0p. cit., p. 221. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE The author of this thesis is concerned with the following categories: juvenile delinquency, race, and recreational sports. These are all closely allied. There have been many studies written about each of these categories, but no one has linked them together. The problems of juvenile delinquency have received much publicity during the last several years. It is a problem which politicians, law enforcers, and citizens have discussed constantly. It is a problem which has been written about in books, surveys and theses. Studies related to this subject seem to conclude that the majority of delinquents come from lower—class families. D. A. Miller and G. E. Swanson found that lower—class Detroit boys tended to express their aggressive impulses directly while middle-class youths were able to block their aggres- sive behaviors. Walter Miller, an authority on delin- quents, suggested that "lower-class boys are mindless of the legal code which is an expression of the morality of middle—class America except in that they cope with and resist the policemen who patrol their territory."1 Another significant aspect of delinquency that needs to be understood is that of occupational aspira— tions. Martin Gold, who led a research team on juvenile delinquency at the University of Michigan, suggested that the lower status boy will forecast more failures for him- self than the higher status boy. Gold stated the follow— ing: ‘fRecent trends in the delinquency literature led to a special consideration of occupational oppor— tunities as a factor which might provoke delin- quency. The findings suggest that delinquent boys more than non-delinquent boys are subject to feel— ings of personal failure, prompted by their esti— mates of how successful they will be by common social standards of occupational success. A Various studies on delinquents indicate that Negroes are responsible for a greater proportion of delinquency than their proportion in the total population. The effects of family structure and poverty on Negro adolescents from the ghetto appears to have an adverse effect on the actions of young Negroes. Mark Henderson discovered these effects in his study of young Negro adolescents in Washington, D.C. Henderson suggested that the social and psychological forces of the ghetto excluded the Negro from the total lWalter Miller, quoted by David Matza, Delinquency and Drift (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 196A), p. 35. 2Martin Gold, Status Forces in Delinquent Boys (Ann Arbor, Michigan: Institute for Social Research, Uni- versity of Michigan, 1963), p. lA. IO society. Henderson also indicated that "neither poverty not family structure was an adequate predictor of inade- quate social performance among the youngsters in the sample."3 This information was obtained from 379 boys, aged lA-l7, who lived in Washington, D.C. It is interesting to note that there are few com— parison studies between Negro and Caucasian delinquents. There have been many comparison studies related to norms, values, and attitudes of the two racial groups in recent years. For example, Donald Dowd conducted a study in Florida dealing with the Negro American, White American, and Cuban refugee. He found differences among the three groups in terms of their attitudes, values, and goals. However, the study was limited in developing meaningful conclusions.“ Lefcourt and Ladwig conducted a comparison study among Negro and White reformatory inmates. The study attempted to measure the alienation of the inmates. Indications showed that Negroes had a greater degree of 3Mark Henderson, "A Study of the Effects of Family Structure and Poverty on Negro Adolescents From the Ghetto," The Humanities and Social Sciences, Disserta- tion Abstracts, v. 28, January, 1968, p. 280A. “Donald Dowd, "A Comparative Study of Attitudes, Goals and Values Between Negro American, White American and Cuban Refugee Groups in 2 Large Southern Cities," The Humanities and Social Sciences, Dissertation Abstracts, v. 27, April, 1967, p. 3306—A. ll normlessness and powerlessness than did Whites in rela— tionship to society.5 Sidney Axelrad attempted the first comparison study in many years between Negroes and Caucasians. He found that from l9lA-l952 no empirical comparison of Negroes and White delinquents was available. The Axelrad study, presented in the American Journal of Sociology in 1952, involved 179 Negroes and 121 Caucasian delinquents. Axelrad found that Negro children, much more than Whites, came from areas characterized by high delinquency rates and high population density. The Negroes, more than the Whites, lived in neighborhoods containing a majority of residents of their own racial stock. Another significant point is that only 18 per cent of the Negro children lived with both parents as compared to A6 per cent of the White children. The Negro children came from families smaller than those of white families. However, in the group sampled, the small family size of the Negroes was caused by the instability of relationship between parents. In this group, 25 per cent of the Negro delinquents were illegitimate while only 5 per cent of the White delinquents fell into that classification. The Negro delinquents also had more foster parents (30 per cent) as compared to 13 per cent of the white delinquents. 5Herbert Lefcourt and Gordon Ladwig, "Alienation in Negro and White Reformatory Inmates," Psychological Abstracts, V. AC, May, 1966, p. 509. 6 . Axelrad, on. c1t., p. krl \] PO 12 Recreation, or the lack of it, has been mentioned as both a cure and cause of delinquency. The studies made of recreation and delinquency seem to indicate that recreation is just one part of the sum total in the cause and effect of delinquency. George D. Butler, a well- known leader in recreation, indicated that "most juvenile delinquent and criminal acts are committed during leisure hours and a large percentage of these acts are performed in order to get the means for the enjoyment of leisure.”7 Butler also stated that studies have shown that the major- ity of children brought into the courts have lacked ade- quate provisions or directions for leisure-time activities in either the home or the community. Butler does not believe that recreation is necessarily the cause of juve- nile delinquency, but is just part of the overall cure. Recreation must be allied with other agencies such as home, church, industry, and school in order to prevent delinquency, according to Butler. One of the earliest studies done in connection with Recreation and Delinquency was the Truxal study. It was started in 1925 in New York City for the National Recrea- tion Commission. Truxal tabulated the juvenile court cases through the Health Department's census. He com— pared areas with recreational facilities and those without 7G. D. Butler, Introduction to Community Recreation (3d ed.; New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1959), p. 2A. 13 facilities. Truxal concluded that his results did not demonstrate that in areas with playgrounds and parks the rate of delinquency was lower than in areas without these facilities. The Thrasher study was attempted from 1927-1931 to discover theeffectiveness of the Boys Club of New York in preventing delinquency and imparting desirable behavior standards. The study found that the program had little appeal for the boys in the neighborhood. The Club had a 33 per cent turnover in Club membership in each of the four years covered. Much to the dismay of recreation leaders, Thrasher discovered that with each year of mem- bership, the proportion of delinquent acts increased. Thrasher concluded that Club membership did not reduce de- linquency, but rather, may have increased it. It should be noted that Thrasher‘s study was applicable primarily to the agency under study at the end of the 1920‘s. It would not be reasonable to infer generalizations from Thrasher's studies and apply them to today‘s world.9 During the year of the Shanas and Dunning study, conducted in Chicago, Illinois, approximately 70% of the previously non-delinquent participants in recreation pro- grams became delinquents. In contrast, about four per 8William E. Amos and Charles F. Wellford, eds., Delinquency Prevention (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice—Hall, Inc., 1967), p. 157. 9Ibid., pp. 155-156. lA cent of the previous non-delinquents who did not partici- pate in the recreation program became delinquents. The investigators also discovered that 10 per cent of the de- linquents who used recreational facilities continued their delinquent acts as compared with 16 per cent of the delin- quents who did not use the facilities.10 The authors concluded that the traditional recrea— tion programs did little in preventing delinquency. How- ever, the figures may have been misleading since they show only that delinquents and near-delinquents who use the recreation facilities are the ones who are less likely to commit offenses. The Louisville Boys' Club study is a more recent study involving delinquency and recreation. The New York Center for Community and Field Services compared the delinquency rates in areas served by the Boys‘ Club with rates in two other areas differing mainly in terms of provision of services for boys. Robinson concluded from the study that "although the ratio of delinquents in the boys‘ Club area did decline appreciably in comparison with the control areas, the authors of the study refrain from claiming that the boys' club was responsible."ll The author of this thesis discovered during his research into various journals and books on delinquency lOIbid., pp. 15A—155. llIbid., pp. 157—158. l5 and recreation that many of the leaders in the field of recreation did not like to equate delinquency with recrea— tion. Ben Soloman, who wrote an article related to Delinquency in the magazine, Recreation, indicated that linking recreation with delinquency is not very popular among recreation leaders. He further implied that it would be difficult to prove that recreation can do much about delinquency.l2 The Burgess-Shanas study of over 15,000 boys and nearly 8,000 girls revealed that juvenile delinquents had spent more time in recreational projects than had the non-delinquents. This study concurs with several others which indicated that recreation is not a panacea for delinquency prevention.13 However, there are leaders in recreation who believe that recreation programs can serve a useful cause in delinquency prevention. James Wylie wrote an article in Recreation, entitled "Community Recreation Meeting the Needs of Youth." Wylie felt that "the programs are inadequately planned and admin- istered, and they do not fulfill the basic principles of "14 sound recreation practice. Wylie spelled out other l2Ben Soloman, "Preventive Recreation," Recreation, vol. XLIV (March, 1951), pp. 562—566. l3Max Kaplan, Leisure in America--A Social Inquiry. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1960), p. 281. 1“James Wylie, "Community Recreation Meeting the Needs of Youth”, Recreation, v. 56 (November, 1963), p. A06. 16 problems such as fees, poor leadership and too much com- petition and skill required of the participants. Ernest Gorranson, also a leader in the recreation field, felt that public recreational agencies should re— examine their policies which may be excluding the delin- quent youth from their programs. Gorranson felt that the staff members should try to understand the motive of the delinquents and work with the hard-to—reach youth and so 15 help to make his life a happier one. Max Kaplan, in his book, Leisure in America-—A Social Inquiry, summed up the strengths and weaknesses of recreation in delinquency prevention as follows: Active delinquents and pre-delinquents shunned supervised activities, preferring competitive sports and motion pictures. Moreover, their mobility from recreation center to center was considerably higher than that for non—delinquents. Since those who began as non-delinquents in 'delinquency areas' are not immune from the devia— tion pressures that create delinquency, it is interesting to note that the rate of later delin- quency was three times as high for those who did not attend the griginal recreation centers as for those who did.1 Sports play an important role in American life today. The increase in leisure time has given sports a more con- spicuous appearance in our culture. The phenomenon of television has brought sports to the homes of Americans. This has resulted in an increase in "spectatoritis." More I 15Ernest Gorranson, "The Unacceptables," Recreation, v. 55 (January, 1962), p. 18. 16 Kaplan, op. cit., p. 281. 17 people are watching sports than playing sports. In this regard, Alex Naton, who wrote the book, Sport and Society, suggested that "too much emphasis on performance changes the character of sport from the game it should be to a feverish chase after records. The average sportsman finds it impossible to compete and finally loses all desire to 17 do so." Howard S. Slusher, who wrote Man, Sport and Exis- tence: A Critical Analysis, believes that sports are becoming too commercialized. He further believes that sports have not utilized their vast resources in keeping 18 the ”aggressive youth" off the streets. Slusher went on to suggest that Whereas in America, exuberant youth are regarded as a threat to good order and good adjustment, athletic activity will be channeled into organized sport; and organized sport will be dominated by authorities—~usually school authorities--who will administer it in such a way as to deprive their students of the sense of themselves as beautiful coordinated aggressive young animals—-the sense that they might otherwise have gained from parti- cipation.l Slusher believes that a sport should serve the indi- vidual more than it presently does. It should perform a useful service in today's culture. Slusher believes that l7Alex Nation, Sport and Society (London: Bowes and Bowes, 1958), p. 157. 18H. S. Slusher, Man, Sport and Existence: A Criti- cal Analysis (Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1967), p. 157. 19 Ibid., p. xii. 18 "Sport" must be conceived in its own context, without a superimposed value structure. In this way, sport has meaning for each person who engages in the specified activity. It is interesting at this point to gaze into the professional sports world to find out something about the backgrounds of various professional athletes. S. Kirson Weinberg and Henry Arond conducted a well-known study in 1952 among professional fighters. They sur- veyed 68 professional fighters. All but two came from low socio—economic backgrounds. Weinberg and Arond suggested that "the juvenile and adolescent culture of the lower socio—economic levels provides a base for the boxing culture.”20 The authors stated that young slum dwellers have little hOpe for anything but unskilled, disagreeable work. The young slum dweller believes that boxing is a short— cut to making money and gaining prestige. They add, "Box— ing, as well as other sports and certain kinds of enter- tainment, offer slum boys the hope of quick success with- out deviant behavior.”21 Another significant study dealing with professional boxers was done by a well—known Negro sociologist, Nathan 208. K. Weinberg and Henry Arond, "The Occupational Culture of the Boxer," American Journal of Sociology, v. 57 (March, 1952), p. A60. 21Ibid., p. A62. l9 Hare. Hare interviewed 58 fighters (50 black and 8 white). He found that former fighters do not have the same evalua- tons of jobs as does the public-at-large. The fighters place professional baseball players above physicians. Hare also found that fighters rate bartenders above civil eng- ineers.22 The sports world has a history of well-known athletes who actually were, or came very close to being, classified as juvenile delinquents. Rocky Graziano, the former middle-weight champion of the world, rose from the Italian East Side Ghettoes of New York. Graziano had been in reform school as a young delinquent and at Fort Leaven- worth later on as a young gangster adult in trouble with the Army. George Herman "Babe" Ruth was constantly in trouble with the authorities during his hectic youth in Baltimore. He was sent to a reform school for correction. "The Babe" carved an immortal niche for himself in the world of sports. Bill Russell, the playing coach of the world champion Boston Celtics, gave thanks to a coach during his high school days who kept him out of trouble through sports. "I believe that man saved me from becoming a juvenile delinquent. If I hadn't had basketball, all of my 22Nathan Hare, "What Makes A Man Fight," Saturday Evening Post, v. 230, March 8, 1958, p. 78. 2O energies and frustrations would surely have been carried in some other direction."23 Willie Mays lived in a shack in the slums in Alabama during his youth. He now lives in an $85,000 mansion in San Francisco's fashionable Forest Hills. Joe Louis used his fists to fight his way out of the slums of Detroit in order to gain fame and fortune. James BaldWin, the famous Negro writer, says that a Negro looks for some way out of the ghetto. The same notion applies to anyone who starts his life in the filth and blight of the slums. Baldwin wrote, Every Negro boy realizes, at once, profoundly, because he wants to live, that he stands in great peril and must find with speed, a 'thing', a gimmick, to lift him out, to start him on his 2A way. And it does not matter what the gimmick 181 A boy in the slums may turn to narcotics or maybe to crime. For many potential delinquents of all races, the only legitimate "gimmick" is sports. Q “3William Russell, quoted in Frank Robinson, My Life in Baseball (New York: Doubleday, 1968), p. 30. 2 u I 1 ' James BaldWin, quoted oy Jack Olsen, "The Cruel Deception," Sports Illustrated, v. 29, July 1, 1968. CHAPTER III METHOD Introduction TThe Boys' Training School is a state—supported school, operated in Lansing, Michigan, by the Social Welfare Department. It is planned for the care and treatment of socially delinquent boys, from Michigan, between the ages of 12-19. The boys are admitted through the probate courts after their twelfth or before their seventeenth birthdays for an indefinite period of time, not to extend beyond their nineteenth birthday. The usual procedure at the Training School is to release the delinquent youth prior to, or no later than, his eighteenth birthday. There are various reasons why a boy is sent to the Training School. Sometimes his delinquency is a result of inadequate guidance and supervision in the home, or the aftermath of a broken home. This may lead to a pattern of truancy and offenses against peOple and property. Since boys come with various types of problems a number of services are offered to meet their needs. Some of the services available to the delinquents include: diagnostic 21 22 evaluations, counseling, special education help, vocational training, religious training, recreational outlets and the chance to work with adults who can offer them guidance. Sources of Data When the author went to the Training School to start his study, there were 311 boys at the school with approxi- mately 50 on AWOL (Absent without Leave). The AWOL figure changes from day to day. There are accommodations at the school for A00 boys. The age range of the delinquents is between 12—17. There are no boys at the school who had reached their eighteenth birthdays——to the knowledge of the author. The average length of stay for the boys is approxi- mately one year{\ The main variable in the study was that of race. The study in question involved a comparison of the attitudes and interests that Negroes and Caucasians have toward sports. The original list of delinquents at the Training School in— cluded 311 boys. For the purposes of the study, 17 Mexicans and Indians were eliminated from the list of 311. The 50 delinquents on AWOL, at the time the roster was made up, were not included in the representative sample. There were 1A9 Caucasians and 1A5 Negroes to draw from on the original list. The cards of each delinquent at the Training School designated the race of each of the delinquents. The delin- quents were then divided into three age groups in order to make the sample a representative one. The age groups in 23 question included 12-13, lA-15, and 16-17 year olds. Ap- proximately one—quarter sample of delinquents from each age group was taken. A table of random numbers was used in selecting the delinquents for the study. The author took all of the Negroes and all of the Caucasians from each age group and selected them on a random basis. Below is the number of delinquents in each age group, from each race, and the number selected for the sample. Number at BTS (Not on AWOL) At the Time of Number Selected Selection For the Sample Age Group Negro Caucasian Total Negro Caucasian Total 12-13 21 15 36 5 5 10 lA-15 62 73 135 l7 17 3A 16-17 62 61 123 15 15 30 145 1A9 29A 37 37 7A Methods of Procedures A pilot study was conducted for the following pur- poses: To experiment using a group approach; for inter- viewing; and to test the answers to the questions in relationship to the information being sought. The psy- chologist at the Boys' Training School selected four boys (2 Caucasians and 2 Negroes) for the pilot study. The questions included the following: 1A multiple choice 2A questions, six questions involving two choices, four questions involving ranking, four involving listing, and two involving an open response. This was not a test, but merely a reflection of opinion and personal facts. The questionnaire can be found in Appendix A. It was determined through the pilot study that the interview should be conducted on an individual basis. The author decided to do this since some of the delinquents had difficulty comprehending the questions. The author also decided to read the questions to the boys since many of them had problems in reading comprehension. A few of the questions were eliminated. The question on the delinquent boy's religion was eliminated since it could be found in the records. The question on how often they went to church remained intact. A few of the ques— tions about the Boys' Training School were eliminated since some of the boys were afraid that these questions might influence their release. The interviewer constantly reminded the boys that this test would be used only at Michigan State University and would not influence their length of stay at the Training School. In interviewing the delinquents, the author did not reveal the true nature of the study. A bias may have been created by indicating that this would be a "Black and White Study.” Instead, the author indicated that the test 25 would be used to find out how much awareness that students, at the Junior and Senior High level, have toward sports. The interviewing was conducted twice daily (9:00 a.m.— 11:15 a.m., and 1:00 p.m.-A:00 p.m.). Each member of the sample was interviewed separately. It took from ten to thirty minutes to complete the questionnaire, depending on how well the boys comprehended the questions. The interviewer was able to interview 62 of the 7A delinquents for an 8A per cent total. The twelve delinquent boys not interviewed included six on AWOL, three transferred, two releases, and one waiting for trial in another part of Michigan. There were 31 interviewed in each of the two races. One Negro boy refused to answer any of the ques— tions, which accounts for thirty subject responses among the Negroes in some of the tables in Chapter IV. The questionnaire attempted to compare the Negroes and Caucasians attitudes and interests in relationship to sports. Questions 1-7 involved a series of background questions related to the delinquent's family, religion, educational status of father and the educational aspira- tion of the delinquent. The remaining questions involved sports. The questions related to sports involved the favorite sports and athletes of the delinquent boys. These questions were asked in order to ascertain whether Negro delinquents identified with Negro athletes, and Caucasian delinquents with Caucasian athletes. 26 Questions 8, 13, 1A, and 23 involved the interests that delinquents had in relationship to sports. These questions attempted to find out the sports that they liked to watch on TV, and sports they liked to play. Question 23 was an attempt to find out what the delin- quents wanted to do if they had an extra hour after school each day. Another series of questions involved the emphasis placed on sports by the delinquents. Questions 16 and 22 involved placing professional athletics among other job occupations in order to find out the delinquent's apprai- sal of his ability to acquire these positions. The ques- tions attempted to find out how much emphasis was placed on becoming a professional athlete in relationship to other job occupations. Questions 2A and 25 involved the placing of a star athlete with other school leaders. This was done in order to find out how much prestige a star athlete has in comparison with other school leaders. Question 26 did not mention sports, but was indi- reCtly related to sports as Will be explained in Chapter IV. The question asked the delinquent if he believed that everyone in this country has a change to own a new car, earn $15,000 a year, and own his own home. 27 Statistical Analyses The Chi-square test for two independent samples was the basic method used in analyzing the data. The inde- pendent groups, in the study, involved Negro and Caucasian delinquents. The hypothesis under test was the Null Hypothesis, which suggests that two groups, Negro and Caucasians, differ with respect to the relative frequency with which the two groups fall in two or more categories. In order to test this hypothesis, the investigator counted the number of cases from each group which fell in various categories, and compared the proportion of cases from one group in the various categories with the proportion of cases from the other group. A table from the author's study, on page 57, will be used as an example for the reader's knowledge. The table in question was an attempt to find out if the two groups differed in considering their chances of becoming a truck driver. The Null Hypothesis may be tested by1 where x2 = quantity from observed data lSidney Siegel, NonParametric Statistics for Behav- ioral Sciences (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956), p. 10A. 28 Oij = observed number of cases categorized in ith row of jth column Eij = number of cases expected under Ho to be cate- gorized in ith row of jth column r k directs one to sum over all (r) rows and all 1:1 jil (k) columns, i.e., to sum over all cells. Example from Chapter IV, p. 57. TABLE 1.1.--What do the delinquents believe are their chances of becoming a truck driver? Criteria for Judgment Negro Caucasian Total Good ll 15 26 Fair 8 13 21 Poor 11 3 1A Total 30 31 61 The Null hypothesis would indicate that the propor- tion of Negroes who feel that their chances of becoming a truck driver are good is the same as the proportion of Caucasians who feel that their chances of becoming a truck driver are good. The same idea works for the fair and poor rows. With such a hypothesis, the investigator can determine the expected frequency for each cell by the method described in Table 1.2. 29 TABLE 1.2.--What do the delinquents believe are their chances of becoming a truck driver? Criteria . for Judgment Negro CaucaSian Total Good 1112'8 1513'2 26 Fair 810'3 1310°7 21 Poor 11 6-9 3 7.1 1A Total 30 31 61 In each case, the author multiplied the two marginal totals common to a particular cell, and then divided this product by the total from the two groups to obtain the expected frequency. For example, the expected frequency for the top right-hand cell in Table 1.2 is equal to 26 x 31 —_6———_ 1 = 13.2. If the observed frequencies are in close agreement with the expected frequencies, the differences (Oij—Eij) will be small and therefore the value of x2 will be small. A small value of x2 would not reject the Null hypothesis of no differences. However, if one or more of the dif- ferences are large, then the value of x2 will also be large. The larger is x2, the more likely that the two groups would differ with respect to the classifications and therefore reject the Null hypothesis of no differ- ences . 30 In order to find the required value of x2 in the chi-square table, the degrees of freedom must be found. It may be found by using the following formula: df (r-l)(k-l). r = number of classifications (rows) k = number of groups (columns) From the data in Table 1.2; r = 3 and k = 2. We have three classifications (Good, Fair, and Poor) and 2 groups (Negro and Caucasian). Thus, the degree of freedom is equal to two (df = (3—l)(2-1) 2). The computation of x2 for the data in Table 1.2 is done in the following way: X2 = g E (Oij — Eij)2 Eij The author followed the steps in the formula by subtracting the expected value from the observed fre- quencies. The subtracted total is then squared. There- after, the totals are divided by the expected frequencies. This is done for all six cells as the illustration below demonstrates. (ll-12.8)2 + (15-13.2)2 + (8-10.3)2 (13-10.7)2 + + 12.8 13.2 10.3 10.7 (ii—6.9)2 + (3-7.1)2 = “6L9 7.1 .25 + .25 + .51 + .A9 + 2.AA + 2.37 6.31 2Ibid., p. 107. 31 The author turned to the chi-square table in order to determine the significance of x2 = 6.31 when df = 2. The table showed that the calculated value of x2 is sig— nificant beyond the .05 level. The required value is 5.99.3 Therefore, the Null hypothesis of no differences could be rejected. The calculated value of x2 is above the required value which indicates that there is a sig— nificant difference between the expected frequency and the observed frequency. The nonparametric randomization t-test was also used. However, this test was used for only one table-- Table l on page 32 of Chapter IV. It is possible to use this test when the number of subjects in each group are both larger than six. A significant difference would be found in the table if the calculated t value was larger than the required t value at the chosen level of confidence. The results of the statistical analyses are shown in the presentation of the data reported in Chapter IV. 3John Freund, Modern Elementary Statistics (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1967), p. 385. CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND PRESENTATION OF DATA The related literature has been reviewed and the methods used in collecting the data were described. In this chapter the results of the study outlined in Chapter III are presented. TABLE l.—-Number of children in Negro and Caucasian families. Negro Caucasian Totals Families Families Number of Families 30 31 Number of Children 192 1A5 Average Number of Children 6.A0 A.68 Calculated t = 2.68 Required value of t at x2 = .05 is = 1.67. There is a significant difference in the number of children in Negro families as compared to Caucasian families. Table 1 shows that there are nearly two more 32 33 children in each Negro family. This means that there are more mouths to feed in each family and each child has less privacy and probably receives less individual attention. TABLE 2.-—Fami1ies with fathers in the household. Negroes Caucasians Household Members Number % Number % Father* in the Household 16 53.3 21 70.0 Mother only in the Household 1A A6.7 9 30.0 Total 30 100.0 30 100.0 *This list includes uncles, grandfathers, etc. who are the only adult males in the household. Calculated x2 - 1.13. x2 required at .05 level = 3.8A. The value of x2 was not enough to reject the null hypothesis of no differences. However, the totals show that A6.7% of the Negro delinquents as compared with 30.0% of the Caucasian delinquents had mothers heading the families. The Negro delinquent's family was represented with 53.3% fathers as compared to 70% with the Caucasian delinquent's family. This could have some significance in the sense that, among the subjects in consideration, the Negro delinquent had fewer chances to associate with 3A an adult male figure than did the Caucasian delinquent. This could be one of the factors which influenced their attitudes and interests that they placed on sports. The Dictionary of Occupational Titles was used in classifying the job types for the parents of the delinquent boys in Table 3. The Dictionary groups the various jobs in 7 classifications:l Group I - Professional and Managerial occupations Group II - Clerical and Sales occupations Group III - Service occupations Group IV - Agriculture, Fishery, Forestry and kindred occupations Group V — Skilled occupations Group VI — Semi—skilled occupations Group VII - Unskilled occupations The author further divided the job occupations into three groups (White Collar, Blue Collar, and Gray Collar2). The following were included in the three groups: White Collar - Professional, managerial, clerical and sales occupations Blue Collar - Skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers Gray Collar — Service occupations except protective. Table 3 also included those not working and "don't know." 1Dictionary of Occupational Titles, v. 1, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 19A9), p. xix. 2John A. Bell, "A study of the relationship between recreation interest and participation and intelligence, scholastic achievement, vocational interest, and socio- economic status of Negro students enrolled in the second- ary public schools of Eastern Tennessee," Re. D, Indiana University, p. 212. 35 TABLE 3.--Occupation class of the family breadwinner in the Negro and Caucasian delinquent's household. Negro Caucasian Occupation Class Total Number % Number % White Collar 3 10.0 2 6.5 5 Blue Collar 1A A6.7 21 67.7 35 Gray Collar 2 6.7 3 9.7 5 Not Working 5 16.7 A 12.9 9 Don't Know 6 20.0 1 3.2 7 Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 61 Generally, there was little difference among the delinquents' parents in regard to occupation class. Most of the parents were involved in blue and gray collar work. There were very few in the White Collar class among both groups. There was some significance in the fact that 20% of the Negroes as compared to only 3.2% of the Cau- casians responded with a don't know in relationship to the occupations of their parents. This may show a reluc- tance among the Negroes to respond to the question. It was difficult to ascertain whether this author, a Cau— casian, doing the interviewing represented a negative factor for the Negroes. 36 TABLE A.—-Church attendance of the delinquent boys. Church Negro Caucasian Attendance Total Number % Number % Every week 1A A6.7 11 35.5 25 1-3 times a month 7 23.3 8 25.8 15 Less than once a month 9 30.0 12 38.8 21 Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 61 Calculated x2 = .83 2 x at .05 level = 5.99 There was little difference in church attendance among the two groups. The figures show that the Negro delinquents attended church somewhat more often than the Caucasian delinquents. However, the difference was too slight to draw significant conclusions. TABLE 5.--Educational level of fathers of the delinquent boys. Negro Caucasian Educational Level Total Number % Number % 1—9th Grade 1 3.3 10 32.3 11 10th-12th Grade 5 16.7 6 19.A 11 High School Graduate 7 23.3 2 6.5 l—A Years of College 0 0.0 1 3.2 College Graduate 1 3.3 0 0.0 Don't Know 16 53.3 12 38.7 28 Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 61 37 The "don't know" cells were too large in both groups of delinquents to draw any meaningful conclusions. It would be safe to say that a large percentage in both groups had fathers who didn't go beyond high school. It should be noted that the "don't know" group was larger among the Negroes than Caucasians. It was also larger in Table 3. TABLE 6.--Do the delinquents expect to graduate from high school? Negro Caucasian Response* Total Number % Number % Yes 22 78.6 2A 80.0 A6 No 6 21.A 6 20.0 12 Total 28 100.0 30 100.0 58 *2 Negroes and l Caucasian were not sure. Calculated x2 = .02 x2 required at .05 level = 3.8A "tThe two groups were quite similar in that they both expressed a desire to complete high school. This may suggest that both groups desire to be a part of the main— stream of American society. It is possible that both groups realize the importance that society places on a high school education.1‘ 38 TABLE 7.-—The delinquents future plans beyond high school. Negro Caucasian Future Plans Number % Number % Find a Job 13 A3.3 5 16.1 Military Service A 13.3 17 5A.8 College 8 26.7 12.9 Don't Know 5 16.7 5 16.1 Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 2 Calculated x = 12.77 x2 required at .05 level - 7.81 The chi—square table indicated that the value of x2 was significant beyond the .05 level. Therefore, the Null hypothesis of no significant differences was rejected. The two groups were significantly different in their future plans regarding a job, military service and college. This led to the high calculated value of x2. The Negro delinquents had plans leading to college and a job immed— iately following high school. The Caucasian delinquents preferred entering military service. It was a possible indication that the Negro delinquents had greater ambi- tions toward academic pursuits. There were twice as many Negro delinquents who wanted to go to college following high school. It was significant to note that there were four times as many Caucasian delinquents who wanted to enter military service following high school. The Caucasian 39 delinquents may feel that they can better their chances for the future by entering the service. Tables 8A through 8D were taken from question 8 in the questionnaire. The question asked the delinquents to list their three favorite sports in order of participa- tion. The question attempted to find out whether the two groups preferred team or individual sports as well as the favorite teams and the favorite individual sport of the two groups. Table 8A shows how many times the two groups listed team sports among their three favorite sports. It also shows the percentage of times that they listed team sports as their first, second, and third choice. For example, if 30 boys responded to the question and 2A choose a team sport as being their first choice, then this would mean that 80% of the respondents listed a team sport as being their first choice in terms of participa— tion. Table 8B shows how many times the two groups listed individual sports among their three favorite sports. TABLE 8A.--Number of times that team sports were included among the delinquents three favorite sports Negro* Caucasian* Rank Number % Number % lst Choice 2A 80.0 23 7A.2 2nd Choice 22 73.3 20 6A.5 3rd Choice 15 50.0 17 5A.8 Total 61 60 *There were 30 Negroes and 31 Caucasians who responded to question 8 in the questionnaire. A0 Both groups preferred to participate in team sports. The percentages were high in both groups for their first and second choices. The third choice was not as high since many listed an individual sport as being their third favorite. TABLE 8B.—-Number of times that individual sports were included among the delinquents three favorite sports. Negro Caucasian Rank Number % Number % 1st Choice 6 20.0 8 25.8 2nd Choice 8 26.7 10 32.3 3rd Choice 12 A0.0 12 38.7 Both groups expressed similar interests in placing individual sports among their three favorite choices. The percentages suggested that both groups preferred team sports far more than they did individual sports. Tables 80 and 8D show each of the sports that Negroes and Caucasians listed among their favorites. The reader will notice that the last column in Tables 8C and 8D indicate the percentage of delinquents who chose a particular sport as their favorite. The author was able to derive the percentages by adding up the totals from the three choices for each sport, and then dividing the number of delinquents who reSponded to the question into Al the total from the three choices. For example, 23 Negroes indicated that basketball was among their three favorite choices. Thirty Negro delinquents responded to this ques- tion. The author divided 30 into 23 and found that 76.7% of the Negroes chose basketball as one of their three favorite choices. TABLE 8C.——The favorite sports of Negro delinquents. Rank of Favorite Sports % of delinquents who chose the Sport lst 2nd 3rd sport among their Choice Choice Choice Total three favorites.* Basketball 8 11 A 23 76.7 Football 7 6 8 21 70.0 Baseball 9 5 3 17 56.7 Swimming 5 2 A 11 36.7 Track 0 2 6 8 26.7 Tennis 0 l l 2 6.7 Archery l 0 0 1 3.3 Dart Throwing 0 l 0 l 3.3 Table Tennis 0 l 0 1 3.3 Wrestling 0 l 0 1 3.3 Tennis 0 l 0 l 3.3 Weight Lifting 0 0 l 1 3.3 Total 30 30 27 87 *30 Negro delinquents responded to this question. The Negro delinquents listed 12 sports with basket— ball as their favorite. Football and baseball were also A2 rated highly. The Negro delinquents chose swimming and track as their favorite individual sports. TABLE 8D.--The favorite sports of Caucasian delinquents. Rank of Favorite Sports % of delinquents who chose the Sport 1st 2nd 3rd sport among their Choice Choice Choice Total three favorites* Baseball 15 7 3 25 80.6 Football 6 6 6 18 58.1 Basketball 1 6 7 1A A5.2 Swimming 3 2 7 12 38.7 Track 1 l 2 A 12.9 Hockey 1 1 l 3 9.7 Tennis 1 0 l 2 6.5 Soccer 0 1 l 2 6.5 Fishing 1 0 0 l 3.2 Wrestling 1 0 0 l 3.2 Race Car Driving 1 0 0 l 3.2 Hunting 0 l 0 l 3.2 Billards 0 l 0 1 3.2 Bowling 0 l 0 1 3.2 Cross—Country Running 0 3. Golf 3 Speedboat Racing 0 1 0 1 3.2 Horseback Riding 0 0 1 l 3.2 Total 31 30 29 90 *31 Caucasian delinquents responded to this question. A3 The Caucasian delinquents listed 18 sports with baseball as their favorite. Swimming was the favorite individual sport. There are a few items that one can comment on in comparing Tables 80 and 8D. For instance, the Cauca— sian delinquents listed 18 sports as compared with the Negro delinquents' 12. This may indicate that the Caucasians had more access to recreational facilities than Negroes. Or other factors such as interests or amount of free time available could have influenced the variety of sports chosen. Another interesting difference is that a larger percentage (76.6—A5.2) of Negro delinquents listed basketball among their three favorite sports. The Caucasian delinquents had a greater interest than Negro delinquents in baseball (80.6—56.7). The reader may also note the greater interest in football and track among Negro delinquents. These figures may indicate the access or availability of facilities which allows the Negroes to compete in certain sports. AA TABLE 9.--Individuals who introduced or taught the delin- quents how to play their favorite sport. Negro Caucasian Number % Number % Friends at home and in school 17 56.7 19 61.3 Parents and gym teachers 9 30.0 6 19.A Others A 13.3 6 19.A Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 Calculated x2 = 1.08 x2 required at .05 level = 5.99 The two groups generally learned how to play their favorite sport from similar sources. Their friends at home and school introduced the sports to the two groups a large percentage of the time. TABLE lO.—-Amount of time that the delinquents and their family participated in sport activities. Negro Caucasian Amount of Time* Number % Number % All the time 5 16.7 6 19.A Now and then 17 56.7 17 5A.8 Hardly ever and never 8 26.7 8 25.8 Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 *The language was simplified so that the delinquents could better understand the question. Many of the delinquents at the Boys' Training School have a difficult time in reading comprehension. Calculated x2 = .07 x2 required at .05 level = 5.99 A5 The families of both the Negro and the Caucasian delinquents spent about the same amount of time in sports participation. TABLE ll.--Amount of time the delinquents spend watching television. Negro Caucasian Amount of Time Number % Number % A or more hours a day 1A A6.7 12 38.7 1-3 hours a day 7 23.3 13 Al.9 Less than 1 hour a day 9 30.0 6 19.A Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 Calculated x2 = 2.21 x2 required at .05 level = 5.99 The two groups indicated a similar interest in watch- ing television. A slightly larger percentage of Negroes watched television four or more hours a day. However, more Caucasian delinquents watched television 1-3 hours a day. When this is taken into consideration, the Caucasian group as a whole generally watched television more than Negroes. This question could indicate the amount of time taken from active participation in sports by the two groups. Tables 12A through 12D are the counterpart to Tables 8A—8D. This time, the delinquents were asked to list the three favorite sports which they enjoyed watching on television. An attempt was also made to discover A6 whether the two groups preferred to watch team sports or individual sports. Table 12A shows how many times the two groups listed team sports among the three sports that they liked to watch on television. It also shows the percentage of times that they listed the team sports as their first, second, and third choice. The author calculated the percentage in the same manner explained in Table 8A. Table 12B shows how many times the two groups listed individual sports among the 3 sports that they watched on television. TABLE l2A.--Number of times that team sports were included among the delinquents three favorite sports that they watch on television. Negro* Caucasian* Rank Number % Number % 1st Choice 26 86.7 2A 80.0 2nd Choice 23 76.7 21 70.0 3rd Choice 16 53.3 22 73.3 *There were 30 Negroes and 30 Caucasians who responded to this question (Question 13 in Questionnaire). Both groups enjoyed watching team sports on tele- vision in preference to individual sports. LI7 TABLE 12B.--Number of times that individual sports were included among the delinquents three favorite sports that they watch on television. Negro Caucasian Rank Number % Number % lst Choice A 13.3 6 20.0 2nd Choice A 13.3 9 30.0 3rd Choice 8 26.7 5 16.7 Table 12B suggests the same idea found in Tables 8A and 8B. Both the Negroes and Caucasians favored watching team sports over individual sports on television. 12B indicates that Caucasian delinquents preferred watching individual sports more than the Negro delinquents. Tables 12C and 12D show each of the sports that Negroes and Caucasians listed as the sports they most enjoyed watching on television. The last column in Tables 12C and 12D shows the total number of delinquents who choose each of the sports as being among their three favorite. The author derived the percentages in the same manner explained for Tables 80 and 8D. A8 TABLE l2C.——The favorite sports that Negroes watch on television. % of delin- Sport CDOIEG Ch8I8e Ch818e TOtal 8888:: :8: sport* Basketball 7 10 6 23 76.7 Football 9 8 A 21 70.0 Baseball 10 5 2 17 56.7 Track 0 l 5 6 20.0 Sw1mming O 2 3 5 16.7 Soccer 0 0 2 2 6.7 Archery l 0 0 l 3.3 Fishing 1 0 0 l 3.3 Boxing l 0 0 1 3.3 Auto Racing 1 0 0 l 3.3 Wrestling 0 l 0 l 3.3 Hockey 0 0 l l 3.3 Olympics 0 0 1 l 3.3 Total 30 27 2A 81 *30 Negro delinquents responded to this question. A9 TABLE l2D.-—The favorite sports that Caucasians watch on television. % of delin- Sport Ch818e Ch8I8e Ch818e TOtal 8888:: :8: sport Baseball 13 5 A 22 73.3 Football A 9 6 19 63.3 Basketball 3 3 ll 17 56.7 Swimming 2 3 l 6 20.0 Hockey 2 3 1 6 20.0 Soccer 2 l l A 13.3 Track 1 l l 3 10.0 Car Racing 1 2 0 3 10.0 Rodeo 1 0 0 l 3.3 Golf 1 0 0 l 3 3 Wrestling 0 1 0 1 3.3 Billards 0 l 0 l 3.3 Demolition Derby 0 l O l 3.3 Hunting and Fishing 0 0 1 l 3.3 Water Skiing 0 0 l l 3.3 Total 30 30 27 87 *30 Caucasian delinquents responded to this question. 50 Tables 12C and 12D are similar to Tables 8C and 8D. The three favorite sports of both groups were in the same order in watching as playing. The Negro delinquents pre— ferred watching, in order of preference, basketball, football, and baseball. The Caucasians preferred watch- ing, in order of preference, baseball, football, and basketball. The differences in comparing the favorite sports of the two groups were similar to those found in Tables 8C and 8D. Twenty per cent more Negroes chose basketball among their three favorite television sports than did Cau- casians. On the other hand Caucasian delinquents pre- ferred watching baseball, 73.3% to the Negro delinquents 56.7%. There were more Negro delinquents who preferred watching track. The Caucasian delinquents had a stronger preference toward viewing hockey games. The Caucasians also viewed a greater variety of sports than the Negroes (15—13). However, the variety of sports that Caucasians Viewed was smaller than the variety in which they parti- cipated. The Negroes listed 13 different sports that they enjoyed watching compared to 12 that they partici- pated in. The significant point is that there was little difference in what sports both groups enjoyed watching and playing. 51 TABLE l3.-—Would the delinquents rather watch a sport on television or play the sport themselves. Negro Caucasian Delinquent's Preference Number % Number % Watch 1 3.3 3 9.7 Play 29 96.7 28 90.3 Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 Table 13 indicates that both groups preferred playing a sport to watching it on television. The percentages were very high for participation versus nonparticipation in both groups. Tables 1AA through 1AF and Tables 15A through 15F were concerned with the reactions that the two groups had toward certain jobs. A list of seven jobs was pre- sented in questions 16 and 22 in the questionnaire. Question 16 asked the delinquents if they would want each of the jobs listed. They either answered yes or no for all the jobs. Question 22 asked the two groups about their chances of getting each of the seven jobs listed in question 16. The two groups answered either good, fair or poor for each of the jobs listed. Tables 1AA through 1AF show the results of question 16 in the questionnaire. The tables indicated whether the two groups would accept or reject each of the seven jobs listed in the questionnaire. 52 TABLE lAA.--Truck driver. Negro Caucasian Response Number % Number % Yes 6 20.0 13 Al.9 No 2A 80.0 18 58.1 Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 Calculated x2 = 3.33 x2 required at .05 level = 3.8A The calculated x2 approached the significant dif- ference level. There were more Caucasian delinquents who wanted the job of truck driver than Negro delinquents. More than twice as many Caucasian delinquents desired the job. The difference may reflect a society in which Negroes still are not accepted as readily as Caucasians in certain occupations. TABLE lAB.--College professor. Negro Caucasian Response Number % Number % Yes 7 23.3 7 22.6 No 23 76.7 2A 77.A Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 Calculated x2 = .002 x2 required at .05 level = 3.8A 53 The calculated x2 shows that the difference between the two groups was very slight. Both delinquent groups rejected the idea of desiring to be a college professor. This profession is one of high prestige, but a larger majority of the delinquents in both groups would not desire this occupation. TABLE lAC.—-Policeman. Negro Caucasian Response Number % Number % Yes 10 33.3 15 50.0 No 20 66.7 15 50.0 Total 30 100.0 30 100.0 Calculated x2 = 1.72 x2 required at .05 level = 3.8A There were more Caucasian delinquents who would accept the job of policeman than Negro delinquents. The Negro delinquents may feel more alienated toward the occupation of policeman than the Caucasian delinquent. TABLE lAD.——Bartender. Negro Caucasian Response Number % Number % Yes 6 20.0 8 25.8 No 2A 80.0 23 7A.2 Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 Calculated x2 = .30 x2 required at .05 level = 3.8A 5A The differences among the two groups were very small. The majority of delinquents in the two groups did not want a job as bartender. The job may not have much appeal for either group. TABLE lAE.—-Mayor of a large city. Negro Caucasian Response Number % Number % Yes 17 56.7 8 25.8 No 13 A3.3 23 7A.2 Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 Calculated x2 = 6.00 x2 required at .05 level = 3.8A The Null hypothesis of no difference is rejected in Table lAE. A significant difference was expressed in that a majority of Negro delinquents (56.7%) would like to be the mayor of a large city. A vast majority of Caucasian delinquents (7A.2%) would not want this job. There are a vast number of Negroes living in the large cities in this country. The Negro delinquent may feel that he can better control his destiny by being mayor of a large city. 55 TABLE lAF.--Professional athlete. Negro Caucasian Response Number % Number % Yes 26 86.7 2A 77.A No A 13.3 7 22.6 Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 Calculated x2 = .87 x2 required at .05 level = 3.8A Both groups expressed a desire to become a profes- sional athlete. This is a highly glamorous position where very few achieve success. This position may be looked upon as a way out of the slum. This may be one of the reasons why so many of the delinquents in both groups would want to become a professional athlete. It should be added that the Negro delinquent expressed somewhat more of a desire to become a professional athlete than the Caucasian delin- quent. History has shown that the avenues for success are limited for American Negroes. Sports and entertainment are two of the few avenues Open to the black man in America. TABLE lAG.——Professional entertainer. Negro Caucasian Response Number % Number % Yes 16 53.3 12 38.7 No 1A A6.7 19 61.3 Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 Calculated x2 = 1.28 x2 required at .05 level = 3.8A 56 More Negro delinquents wanted the job of professional entertainer than Caucasian delinquents. This profession is one of the few where Negroes have been accepted on a somewhat equal basis with Caucasians. This is another way for the young black man to get out of the ghetto. It is interesting to note that Negro delinquents desired the more glamorous jobs (Mayor, Professional ethlete and entertainer) than the Caucasian delinquents. However, more Caucasian delinquents wanted to become truck drivers, bartenders, and policemen. The latter jobs are more representative of the society that Americans live in. These jobs are more open to Caucasians that Negroes. The jobs of professional athlete and entertainer are hard to come by. However, these jobs are viewed by many Negroes as the only way or "gimmick" to escape the ghettoes. Tables 15A through 15F are an indication of What the delinquents believe their chances are of getting each of the jobs in the following tables. Good, fair and poor were the criteria for the delinquents' judgment toward their chances of obtaining these jobs. The same seven jobs were used in Tables 1AA through 1AF. 57 TABLE 15A.—-Truck driver. Negro Caucasian Response Number % Number % Good 11 36.7 15 A8.A Fair 8 26.7 13 Al.9 Poor 11 36.7 3 9.7 Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 Calculated x2 = 6.31 x2 required at .05 level = 5.99 More of the Caucasian delinquents felt that they had a better chance of becoming a truck driver than the Negro delinquents. Almost four times as many Negro delinquents felt that they had a poorer chance of becom- ing a truck driver. These figures led to the rejection of the Null hypothesis of no differences. The differences in Table 15A were consistent with Table 1AA where more Caucasian delinquents would want the job of driving a truck. It may be possible that Caucasians have a better chance of getting into this occupation because of the nature of American society. TABLE 15B.--College professor. Negro Caucasian Response* Number % Number % Fair 7 23.3 5 16.1 Poor 23 76.7 26 83.9 Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 *In both groups, there was not a single response for "Good." Calculated x2 = .51 x2 required at .05 level = 3.8A 58 Table 158 was quite similar to Table lAB. Only 23.3% of the Negro delinquents wanted the position of college professor in Table lAB. There were 23.3% who thought their chances of getting the job were "fair." Only 22.6% of the Caucasian delinquents wanted the job of college professor, while 16.1% felt their chances of getting the job were "fair." Both groups felt their chances were rather poor. TABLE 15C.--Policeman. Negro Caucasian Response Number % Number % Good and Fair* 11 36.7 16 53.3 Poor 19 63.3 1A A6.7 Total 30 100.0 30 100.0 *It was necessary for the author to combine the Good and Fair cells. Only 5 Negro and 3 Caucasians felt their chances of becoming a Policemen were "good." The expected frequency of the cells must be 5 or more. The x2 test may not be used when more than 20% of the cells have an expected frequency of less than 5. Calculated x2 = 1.68 x2 required at .05 level = 3.8A The Caucasian delinquents felt that they had a better chance of becoming a policeman than the Negro delinquents. It is interesting to note that Table lAC is similar to 15C. In lAC, the Caucasian delinquent desired the job of policeman more than the Negro 59 delinquent. It is also interesting to note the similari- ties in the calculatedx2 value in the 2 tables. Table lAC's calculated x2 is 1.68, while Table l5C's calculated x2 is 1.72. This would indicate that the two groups' desire for the job corresponded with the chances they thought they had of getting the job. Table 150 might indicate the Caucasian finds the job of policeman more open to him than the Negro does. TABLE 15D.--Bartender. Negro Caucasian Response Number % Number % Good 12 A0.0 10 32.3 Fair 7 23.3 1A A5.2 Poor 11 36.7 7 22.6 Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 Calculated x2 = 3.32 x2 required at .05 level = 5.99 More Negro delinquents thought they had a "good" chance of becoming a bartender than Caucasian delin- quents. However, many more Caucasians thought they had a "fair" chance of becoming a bartender. It is signifi- cant to observe that 36.7% of the Negro delinquents thought that their chances were "poor" in contrast to 22.6% of the Caucasians. Overall, the Caucasian 60 delinquents felt that their chances of becoming a bar— tender were better than did the Negro delinquents. TABLE 15E.-—Mayor of a large city. Negro Caucasian Response Number % Number % Good 1 3.3 0 0.0 Fair 6 20.0 1 3.2 Poor 23 76.7 30 96.8 Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 The table indicated that both groups felt their chances of becoming a mayor of a large city were "poor." It is interesting to note, however, that more Caucasian delinquents thought they had a poor chance of becoming the mayor of a large city than did the Negro delinquents. Table 15E shows the Negroes wanted the job of Mayor far more than did the Caucasians. TABLE 15F.--Professional athlete. Negro Caucasian Response Number % Number % Good 2A 80.0 11 35.5 Fair 5 16.7 15 A8.A Poor 1 3.3 5 16.1 Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 61 The expected cell frequency of the poor row was too small to calculate the value of x2. However, Table 15F is a very revealing one. A larger percentage of Negro delinquents felt they had a chance of becoming a professional athlete than did the Caucasian delinquents. On the other hand, five times as many Caucasian delin- quents thought their chances of becoming a professional athlete were'poorfl The Negroes may feel that the pro- fessional sports world offers them a way out of their environment. TABLE 15G.-—Professional entertainer. Negro Caucasian Response ~ Number % Number % Good 12 A0.0 5 16.1 Fair 7 23.3 5 16.1 Poor 11 36.7 21 67.7 Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 Calculated x2 = 6.23 x2 required at .05 level = 5.99 The Null hypothesis of no differences is rejected. The Negro delinquents felt their chances of being a pro- fessional entertainer were greater than did the Cauca- sian delinquents. A greater percentage of Caucasian delinquents felt that their chances for becoming a pro— fessional entertainer were'poorP The Negro delinquent 62 also felt that he had a better chance of becoming a pro- fessional athlete. As mentioned previously, the sports and entertainment world are open to the American Negro. These are two of the few avenues left for the the Negro to get out of his environment. The Caucasian delinquent has a few more avenues left Open to him. The Negro delinquents felt that their chances of becoming a professional athlete and entertainer were much better than the other listed occupations. It may indi— cate that they have little hope for some occupations that many Americans take for granted. James Baldwin was quoted earlier by the author on p. 20. He may have put it best when he suggested that the Negro is looking for a gimmick. The gimmick that leads a Negro youth to the ”promised land” may be sports or a possible entertainment occupation. In contrast, the Caucasian delinquent feels that he has less of a chance to become an athlete or entertainer, but feels that his chances are better than the Negro delinquent in becoming truck drivers, policemen, and bartenders. The Caucasian delinquents may feel less alienated toward the "American system" and may have a better chance than the Negro delinquents in getting some of the jobs in the "system." Both groups felt that being Mayor of a large city and a college professor were out of their reach. The Negroes felt that they had a slightly better chance of 63 getting those jobs, but both groups were close to unanimity in deciding that their chances were poor in gaining such a job. The environmental background of both groups may lead to a feeling of hopelessness in gaining the elite jobs of college professor and mayor of a large city. TABLE 16.-—What would the delinquents do if they had one extra hour after school each day? Negro Caucasian Response Number % Number % Study 7 23.3 2 6.5 Athletics 2 6.7 8 25.8 Work and earn money 18 60.0 21 67.7 Other 3 10.0 0 0.0 Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 The Negro delinquent stressed studying, as Table 16 indicates, far more than the Caucasian delinquent. This is consistent with Table 7 (p. 38) which indicated that twice as many Negro delinquents wanted to go to college following high school than did Caucasian delin- quents. t would stand to reason that more Negro delin- quents would therefore concentrate more on studying in order to make it to college. The Caucasian delinquents spent more time in athletics than did Negro delinquents. It is evident that 6A Negro delinquents would rather spend their time studying than participating in athletics. Despite the Negro delinquents' strong desire to become professional ath- letes, they still have ambitions to become part of the mainstream. As previously indicated, more Negro delin- quents wanted to go to college than Caucasian delinquents. A majority of delinquents in both groups wanted to work and earn money. This could.influence the amount of time that they have allotted to outside activities. Tables 17A through 17D and 18A through 18D involved a list of four prestige positions that leaders of a school may hold. The delinquent listed in order of pre— ference those positions he felt were the most important. He then listed, in order of preference, those positions he might like to be involved in. The tables represent the findings from questions 2A and 25 in the questionnaire. In Tables 17A through 17D, the two groups listed, in order of preference, the leadership roles that they felt had the most prestige. The cells were combined into 2 rows with one row involving first and second choice and the other third and fourth choice. The author had to combine the cells since some of the cells had an expected frequency of less than five. 65 TABLE 17A.--Class president. Negro Caucasian Rank Number % Number % lst and 2nd Choice 12 A2.9 18 60.0 3rd and Ath Choice 16 57.1 12 A0.0 Total 28 100.0 30 100.0 Calculated x2.= 1.72 x2 required at .05 level = 3.8A Table 17A indicated that the Caucasian delinquents rated the class president higher in prestige than did the Negro delinquents. TABLE l7B.—-All-A student. Negro Caucasian Rank Number % Number % lst and 2nd Choice 22 78.6 16 53.3 3rd and Ath Choice 6 21.A 1A A6.7 Total 28 100.0 30 100.0 Calculated x2 = A.18 x2 required at .05 level = 3.8A The Null hypothesis of no difference is rejected. Table 17B is consistent with Tables 7 and 17 which indi- cated that the Negro delinquent aspires to study and go on to college more than does the Caucasian delinquent. It would therefore be expected that the Negro delinquent 66 would place more importance on the "All—A” student than would the Caucasian delinquent. TABLE l7C.-—Leader of a rock and roll band. Negro Caucasian Rank Number % Number % lst and 2nd Choice 3 10.7 7 23.3 3rd and Ath Choice 25 89.3 23 76.7 Total 28 100.0 30 100.0 In Table 17C, the Caucasian delinquent placed the leader of a rock and roll band on a somewhat higher plateau than did the Negro delinquent. This may surprise some readers because of the Negro delinquents' greater desire to become professional entertainers (Tables lAG and 15G). However, it should be noted that both groups rated the leader of a rock and roll band lower than the other prestige positions. TABLE 17D.--Star athlete. Negro Caucasian Rank Number % Number % lst and 2nd Choice 19 67.9 19 63.3 3rd and Ath Choice 9 32.1 11 36.7 Total 28 100.0 30 100.0 Calculated x2 = .15 x2 required at .05 level = 3.8A 67 The star athlete was rated high in prestige by both groups. The Negro delinquent rated only the All-A stu— dent as having more prestige. The Caucasian delinquent rated the star athlete first in prestige among the four class leadership positions. The class president was a close second choice among Caucasian delinquents. In Tables 18A through 18D, the two groups listed, in order of preference, the leadership roles in which they would like to be involved. The cells were combined into two rows with one row involving first and second choice, and the other, third and fourth choice. The author had to combine the cells, since some of the cells had an expected frequency of less than five. TABLE l8A.--Class president. Negro Caucasian Rank Number % Number % lst and 2nd Choice 11 39.3 6 19.A 3rd and Ath Choice 17 60.7 25 80.6 Total 28 100.0 31 100.0 Calculated x2 = 2.78 2 required at .05 level = 3.8A x It is interesting to note that very few Caucasians would want to become class president in comparison with other leadership roles. Only 19.A% of the Caucasian 68 delinquents ranked the class president as their first or second choice. This is a significant contrast to Table 17A where 60% of the Caucasian delinquents rated the class presi— dent either lst or 2nd in terms of the leadership role with the most prestige. The Negro delinquents' attitude didn't change much from Table 17A. Table 18A shows that A2.9% of the Negro delinquents ranked the class president as their first or second choice. Table 17A indicated that 39.3% of the Negro delinquents felt that class presi- dent merited a first or second choice in terms of the leadership role with the most prestige. TABLE l8B.-—All—A student. Negro Caucasian Rank Number % Number % lst and 2nd Choice 23 82.1 27 87.1 3rd and Ath Choice 5 17.9 A 12.9 Total 28 100.0 31 100.0 Both groups desire to become an All—A student. The Caucasian delinquents aspire to become an All-A student somewhat more than the Negro delinquents. It is somewhat surprising that the Caucasians would want to become an All-A student to such a high degree. In Table 17B, the All-A student was not considered to be a prestige position 69 among the Caucasian delinquents as compared to the other three student prestige positions. The Negro delinquents' attitude remained about the same in relationship to Table 17B where 78.6% of the Negroes ranked the All-A student either first or second choice among the prestige posi- tions. Table 18B showed that 82.1% of the Negro delin- quents rated the All-A student as their first or second choice among the four listed positions. TABLE l8C.-—Leader of a rock and roll band. Negro Caucasian Rank Number % Number % 1st and 2nd Choice A 1A.3 A 12.9 3rd and Ath Choice 2A 85.7 27 87.1 Total 28 100.0 31 100.0 Neither group aspired to become a leader of a rock and roll band. Table 17C suggested that both groups rated a rock and roll leader as being not too important in rela- tionship to the other three prestige positions. 70 TABLE l8D.--Star athlete. Negro Caucasian Rank Number % Number % lst and 2nd Choice 18 6A.3 25 80.6 3rd and Ath Choice 10 35.7 6 19.A Total 28 100.0 31 100.0 Calculated x2 = 1.98. 2 required at .05 level = 3.84. x The Caucasian delinquents had a greater desire to become a star athlete in school than did the Negro delin- quents. Table 16 (p. 63) suggests that the Caucasian delinquents would spend more time in athletics if they had one extra hour after school. Yet, Tables lAf and 15f (pp. 55 and 60) show that the Negro delinquent would aspire to become a professional athlete more so than the Caucasian delinquent. As mentioned previously, the Negro may feel that professional sports is one of the few legitimate options left Open to him. The Negro delinquent expresses the desire to better his chances in life, but may feel that his chances for a better life are poor. The data found in Tables 19A through 19G was obtained from question 15 in the questionnaire. The delinquents were asked to list their favorite athlete or athletic hero for five different sports. The sports included baseball, football, boxing, basketball, and 71 track and field. The author was interested in finding out if the Negro delinquents related to the Negro athletes and if the Caucasian delinquents related to the Caucasian athletes. TABLE l9A.--Baseball. Negro Caucasian Favorite Athlete Number % Number % Negro athlete 17 73.9 5 25.0 Caucasian athlete 6 26.1 15 75.0 Total 23 100.0 20 100.0 Calculated x2 = 10.11 x2 required at .05 level = 3.8A The Null hypothesis of no difference was totally rejected in Table 19A. The Caucasian delinquents favored white athletes while the Negro delinquents favored black athletes. Willie Mays and Willie Horton received almost all the preferences among Negro delinquents. A1 Kaline and Mickey Mantle were the favorites of Caucasian delin- quents. 72 TABLE l9B.-—Football Negro Caucasian Favorite Athlete Number % Number % Negro athlete 10 76.9 2 18.2 Caucasian athlete 3 23.1 9 81.8 Total 13 100.0 11 100.0 Calculated x2 = 8.26 x2 required at .05 level = 3.8A The Null hypothesis of no difference is again rejected. The Caucasian delinquents favored white ath— letes in about the same proportion that Negro delinquents favored black athletes. The Negroes mentioned six dif— ferent Negro football players with Jim Brown receiving the majority preference. The Caucasians' favorite was Bart Starr. TABLE l9C.—-Boxing. . Negro Caucasian Favorite Athlete Number % Number % Negro athlete 2A 100.0 13 86.7 Caucasian athlete 0 0.0 2 13.3 Total 2A 100.0 15 100.0 Both groups favored the Negro boxer over the Cau- casian boxer. The amin reason for this is probably that the fight game is dominated by Negroes. In 1958, Nathan 73 Hare conducted a study among professional boxers. He found that 70% of the fighters entering the pro ranks, 3 among Americans, were black. Today, the figure is probably even higher. Cassius Clay is also about the only well-known boxer today. Clay was the choice of 20 Negroes or 83.3% and 13 Caucasians or 100%. TABLE l9D.--Basketball. Negro Caucasian Favorite Athlete Number % Number % Negro athlete 25 100.0 15 93.8 Caucasian athlete 0 0.0 1 6.2 Total 25 100.0 16 100.0 Table 19D again showed that both races favored the black athlete. The better known basketball players are Negro. In the NBA (National Basketball Association) all star game, eight of the ten starters were black. The NBA all-pro team included four out of five black athletes. The College All—American team had only one Caucasian among the five considered to be the best. Both groups mentioned the Harlem Globetrotters and Wilt Chamberlain among their favorites. 3Nathan Hare, "What Makes a Man Fight," Saturday Evening Post, v. 230, March 8, 1958, p. 76. 7A The Negro regarded basketball as being more signifi- cant than Caucasians. Furthermore, 25 out of 31 Negroes chose a favorite athlete in this sport. This was more than any of the other sports. Tables 8C and 13C indi- cated that basketball ranks as the Negroes' favorite sport both to watch and play. The Caucasians rated both football and baseball higher than basketball among their favorite sports (Tables 8D and 13D). TABLE l9E.—-Track and field. Negro Caucasian Favorite Athlete Number % Number % Negro athlete 3 75.0 1 1A.3 Caucasian athlete 1 25.0 6 85.7 Total A 100.0 7 100.0 Both groups indicated that they did not know too many track stars. The Caucasians chose Jim Ryun four times as their favorite. The Negroes mentioned four different runners. The track and field performers are rarely seen on television except during the major world events such as the Olympics. The interviews were con- ducted five months prior to the 1968 Olympics. 75 TABLE l9F.——Combined five sports. Negro Caucasian Favorite Athlete Number % Number % Negro athlete 79 88.8 36 52.2 Caucasian athlete 10 11.2 33 A7.8 Total 89 100.0 69 100.0 Table 19F indicates that the Negro delinquent overwhelmingly related to the Negro athlete. The Cau- casian delinquent shows little in the way of preference. However, the next table (19G) combines 3 sports (baseball, football, and track and field). These three sports have a more representative distribution of Negro and Cauca- sian athletes. TABLE l9G.--Combined three sports. Negro Caucasian Favorite Athlete Number % Number % Negro athlete 30 75.0 8 21.1 Caucasian athlete 10 25.0 30 78.9 Total A0 100.0 38 100.0 The Negro and Caucasian delinquents tend to identify with athletes of their own race. It may be a subcon- scious phenomenon among the delinquents, but the evidence shows that both groups relate to athletes bearing the same skin colo . 76 In the following 12 tables, (2lA-2AD) the author attempted to find out if the two groups responded favor- ably to athletes of their own race when given a choice between an equal distribution of Negro and Caucasian athletes. In each case, except for one throw-in, the delinquents were asked to indicate their preference between an equal distribution of Negro and Caucasian athletes. The one throw-in question involved a choice of two Negro athletes. The author included this question in order that the two groups would not recognize the obvious choices of either black or white. A bias may have been created if the two groups understood the author's inten— tion. The throw—in question was also helpful in that the results offered an interesting comparison with the results of the other tables. Tables 20A through 20C involve a choice of four professional baseball players (2 Caucasians and 2 Negroes). The delinquents were asked to rate the ballplayers through a continuum of first choice through fourth choice. 77 TABLE 20A.—-Negro delinquents preference among four base— ball players. Race of Name of lst 2nd 3rd Ath Total Athlete Athlete Choice Choice Choice Choice Negro Willie Mays 18 ll 0 0 29 Caucasian Al Kaline ll 13 O l 25 Caucasian Carl Yastrzemski 1 1A 6 21 Negro Henry Aaron 0 0 7 1A 21 Total 29 25 21 21 96 TABLE 20B.--Caucasian delinquents preference among four baseball players. Race of Name of lst 2nd 3rd Ath Total Athlete Athlete Choice Choice Choice Choice Caucasian A1 Kaline 15 10 5 0 3O Negro Willie Mays 12 16 2 1 31 Caucasian Carl Yastrzemski A 2 13 9 28 Negro Henry Aaron 0 2 9 18 29 Total 31 3O 29 28 118 Tables 20A and 20B showed that Willie Mays was pre— ferred among the Negro delinquents while Al Kaline was preferred among the Caucasian delinquents. The two races rated both Kaline and Mays very highly. Both races rated Aaron low. The Caucasian delinquents gave Carl Yastrzem— ski a higher rating than did the Negro delinquents. 78 TABLE 21A.-—Delinquents' choice of the greatest heavy— weight boxing champion of all time. Negro Caucasian Champion and Race Number % Number % Jack Dempsey (Caucasian) O 0.0 l 3.6 Cassius Clay (Negro) 17 56.7 18 6A.3 Rocky Marciano (Caucasian) 0 0.0 3 10.7 Joe Louis (Negro) l3 A3.3 6 21.A Total 30 100.0 28 100.0 Cassius Clay, the most recent champion, was pre- ferred most among both delinquent groups. More Negroe delinquents felt that Joe Louis was the best heavyweight champion than did Caucasian delinquents. There were four Caucasian delinquents who felt that Jack DempSey and Rocky Marciano were the best of all heavyweights. All 30 of the Negro delinquents felt that either Joe Louis or Cassius Clay, both Negroes, were the greatest heavyweight champion of all time. TABLE 21B.--Combined totals among the preferences for the greatest heavyweight champion of all time. Negro Caucasian Race of Champion Number % Number % Negro champions 30 100.0 2A 85.7 Caucasian champions 0 0.0 A 1A.3 Total 30 100.0 28 100.0 79 Table 21B showed the unanimous preference that Negro delinquents gave toward Negro champions. The Caucasians responded in a near unanimous preference toward Negro champions also. However, more Caucasian delinquents preferred Caucasian champions than did Negro delinquents. The following four tables (22A-22D) involved the sport of basketball. In each table, the delinquents were asked to choose who they felt was the best of the two players listed in each table. Table 22D listed 2 Negro athletes. Tables 22A through 22C listed one Negro and one Caucasian athlete. Table 22D was included so that the two groups would not readily recognize the obvious choice of black and white athletes in the other tables. As mentioned previously, a bias may have been created if the two groups understood the author's intention. TABLE 22A.—-Who is the better of the two in basketball, Jerry West or Oscar Robertson? Negro Caucasian Athlete—Race Number % Number % West (Caucasian) A 18.2 9 A5.0 Robertson (Negro) 18 81.8 11 55.0 Total 22 100.0 20 100.0 Calculated x2 = 3.50 x2 required at .05 level = 3.8A 80 More Caucasian delinquents than Negro delinquents felt that Jerry West was better than Oscar Robertson. On the other hand, more Negro delinquents than Caucasian delinquents felt that Oscar Robertson was better than Jerry West. The calculated x2 was approaching a signifi- cant difference. It is interesting to note that both groups felt that Robertson was better than West. However, Robertson received a far greater percentage of preference among the Negro delinquents. TABLE 22B.—-Who is the better of the two in basketball, Elgin Baylor or Jerry Lucas? Negro Caucasian Athlete—Race Number % Number % Elgin Baylor (Negro) ll A5.8 7 29.2 Jerry Lucas (Caucasian) l3 5A.2 17 70.8 Total 2A 100.0 2A 100.0 ‘ fi— Calculated x2 = 1.A2 x2 required at .05 level = 3.8A Table 22B is similar to Table 22A. More Negro delin- quents felt that Baylor was better than Lucas than did Caucasian delinquents. The Caucasian delinquents responded more favorably to Jerry Lucas than did the Negro delin— quents. Both groups felt that Caucasian star Lucas was better than Negro star Baylor. Nevertheless, more Cauca- sion delinquents than Negro delinquents preferred Lucas. 81 TABLE 22C.-—Totals from Tables 22A and 22B. Negro Caucasian Race of Athlete Number % Number % Negro 29 63.0 18 A0.9 Caucasian 17 37.0 26 59.1 Total A6 100.0 AA 100.0 The totals from Tables 22A and 22B showed that 63% of the Negro delinquents felt that the Negro athlete was better than the Caucasian athlete. In contrast, 59.1% of the Caucasian delinquents felt that the Caucasian athlete was better than the Negro athlete based on Tables 22A and 22B. There appears to be a tendency among both groups to identify with athletes of their own race. This will especially be the case with Tables 23A through 23D. TABLE 22D.—-Who is the better of the two in basketball, Wilt Chamberlain or Bill Russell? Negro Caucasian Athlete-Race Number % Number % Chamberlain (Negro) 18 72.0 21 77.8 Russell (Negro) 7 28.0 6 22.2 Total 25 100.0 27 100.0 Calculated x2 = .25 x2 required at .05 level = 3.8A 82 Tables 22D offers an interesting contract with Tables 22A through 220. The two groups were asked to choose between two athletes of the same race rather than athletes of opposite races. The two groups expressed very similar Opinions as to who was better when they were confronted with athletes of the same race. In contrast, the two groups identified with their own race when con- fronted with one Caucasian and one Negro athlete. Tables 23A through 23D were evolved from question 30 in the questionnaire. The question involved a choice of A well-known professional football players (two Cauca- sians and two Negroes). The delinquents were asked to rate the athletes through a continuum of first choice through fourth choice. TABLE 23A.——Johnny Unitas (Caucasian athlete). Negro Caucasian Rank Number % Number % lst and 2nd Choice 20 7A.l 25 86.2 3rd and Ath Choice 7 25.9 A 13.8 Total 27 100.0 29 100.0 Calculated x2 = 1.31 Required x2 at .05 level = 3.8A Both groups ranked Johnny Unitas very high in com- parison with the other listed athletes. The Caucasian delinquents ranked Unitas higher than the Negro delinquents. 83 TABLE 23B.-—Paul Horning (Caucasian athlete). Negro Caucasian Rank Number % Number % lst and 2nd Choice 1 A.5 16 55.2 3rd and Ath Choice 22 95.5 13 AA.8 Total 23 100;O 29 100.0 Calculated x2 = 1A.97 Required x2 at .05 level = 3.8A The Null hypothesis of no differences was rejected. A significant difference was reflected in that Caucasian delinquents rated Paul Horning much higher than did the Negro delinquents. Horning was ranked very low among Negro delinquents. Only one Negro delinquent or A.5% rated Horning among the top two.. .Among the CaucaSian delinquents, 55.2% rated Horning in the tOp two. Among the Negro delinquents, 95.5% rated Horning in the last two choices. There were 13 Caucasian delinquents or AA.8% who rated Horning among the last two choices. TABLE 23C.--Jim Brown (Negro athlete). Negro Caucasian Rank Number % Number % lst and 2nd Choice 2A 88.9 1A, A8.3 3rd and Ath Choice 3 11.1 15 51.7 Total 27 100.0 29 ,100.0 Calculated x2 = 10.65 2 Required x at .05 level = 3.8A 8A The Null hypothesis of no differences is again rejected. The Negro delinquents rated Jim Brown much higher than did the Caucasian delinquents. Nearly all the Negro delinquents, 88.9% rated Jim Brown in the top two choices. The Caucasian delinquents divided their choices fairly equally among their four ranking choices. TABLE 23D.--Gayle Sayers (Negro athlete). Negro Caucasian Rank Number % Number % lst and 2nd Choice 9 39.3 3 10.3 3rd and Ath Choice 1A 60.7 26 89.7 Total 23 100.0 29 100.0 Calculated x2 = 6.00 Required x2 at .05 level = 3.8A No differences are revealed in Table 23D. More Negro delinquents rated Gale Sayers higher than did Caucasian delinquents. This was consistent with Tables 23A through 23C. In each case, both delinquent groups gave the athletes of their own race a higher rating. Johnny Unitas and Paul Horning were rated higher among the Caucasian delinquents. Jim Brown and Gale Sayers were rated higher among the Negro delinquents. The totals from Tables 23A through 23D may again reflect that the two groups identify more easily with athletes of their own race '3 85 TABLE 2A.-—Do the delinquents believe that everyone in this country has a chance to own a new car, earn $15,000 a year and own his own home? Negro Caucasian Choices Number % Number % Yes, if he has the ability 16 53.3 21 67.7 Yes, if he is lucky 7 23.3 2 6.5 No 2 6.7 3 9.7 Not sure 5 16.7 5 16.1 Total 30 100.0 31 100.0 Table 2A can be interpreted as asking both delin- quent groups if they could blend in with the mainstream of American middle and upper middle class life. There were more Caucasian delinquents who felt they could be part of the mainstream if they had the ability than did Negro delinquents. The percentages were 67.7% for the Caucasian delinquents and 53.3% for the Negro delinquents. The next row was very significant. A larger percentage of Negroes felt that they could be a part of the mainstream only if they were lucky. The percentages were 23.3% for the Negro delinquent and only 6.5% for the Caucasian delinquent. The Negro has the desire to acquire the life styles and become a part of the mainstream, but certain opportunities are denied to him. In order to acquire "life styles," many Negro delinquents feel that they must find the gimmick to get out of their surroundings and blend into American life. This was reflected many times 86 in the tables in Chapter A. For example, more Negro delinquents wanted to become a professional athlete and entertainer. These are some of the gimmicks which the Negro must use to pull himself out of the ghetto. On the other hand, more Caucasian delinquents felt that they had a better chance of becoming policemen, truck drivers and bartenders. These positions demonstrate more true reflection of the mainstream of American society. This suggested that the Caucasian delinquent felt more than the Negro that he had a better chance of becoming part of the mainstream of American life. In the study, the Negro delinquent reflected a desire to find a better life. A larger percentage of Negro delinquents gave the All-A student a higher rating. The Negro delinquents chose studying over athletics when given a choice in Table 16 on p. 63. On the other hand, the Caucasian delinquent would rather participate in athletics than study when given a choice (Table 16). Another important aspect of this study was the delinquent group identification with athletes of their own race. The Negro delinquents expressed a stronger preference toward athletes of their own race than did the Caucasian delinquents. Table 19F, p. 75, indicated that 88.8% of the sports heroes, chosen by Negro delin— quents among the five major sports, were Negro athletes. In the same table, A7.8% of the heroes chosen by Caucasian 87 delinquents among the five major sports were Caucasian athletes. However, this was not a fair appraisal since two of the sports, boxing and basketball, are dominated by Negro athletes. Table 19G, p. 75, combined the athletic heroes among the three major sports of football, baseball and track and field where there is a more representative distribution of Negro and Caucasian ath— letes. In Table 19G, 75% of the heroes chosen by Negro delinquents were Negro athletes. The same table indi- cated that 78.9% of the heroes chosen by the Caucasian delinquents were Caucasian athletes. Both groups also identified with athletes of their own race when they were confronted with a choice among well known Caucasian and Negro athletes. This was reflected in Tables 23A through 23D, pp. 82-8A, where the Caucasian delinquents gave the Caucasian athletes a higher rating for ability. In con- trast, the Negro delinquents gave the Negro athletes a higher rating for ability. The data in Tables 19A through 19G (pages 71-75)also showed that both groups identified more with athletes of their own race. CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary The purpose of this study was to compare the atti- tudes and interests in relationship to sports, held by a stratified random sample of Negro and Caucasian delin- quents at the Boys' Training School in Lansing, Michigan. The data was taken from a representative sample of 29A Negro and Caucasian delinquents at the Boys' Training School. The main variable in the study was race. Of this sample, 1A9 were Caucasians and 1A5 were Negroes. The delinquents were then divided into three age groups in order to make the sample a representative one. The age groups in question included 12-13, 1A-15, and 16—17 year olds. A sample of approximately one-quarter of the delinquents from each age group was taken. A table of random numbers was used in selecting the delinquents for the study. The author took all of the Negroes and all of the Caucasians from each age group and selected them on a random basis. Thirty—seven Negroes and thirty-seven Caucasians were selected for the study. 88 89 The author determined the method Of conducting the interview and developing the instrument by the use of a pilot study. Following the pilot study, the author con— ducted the interviews on an individual basis. The author decided to read the questions to the delinquents since many of them had problems in reading comprehension. The investigator was able to interview 62 of the 7A delinquents for an 8A per cent total. The twelve delin- quent boys not interviewed included six on AWOL, three transferred, two released and one waiting for trial in another part of Michigan. There were 31 delinquents interviewed from each of the two racial groups. Conclusions The following statistically significant differences were observed between the racially different groups. 1. There were more children in the Negro delin— quents families. 2. There was a difference in the future plans of the two groups. A larger percentage of Negro delinquents wanted to find a job and go on to college following high school, while more Caucasian delinquents wanted to go into military service following high school. 3. More Negro delinquents wanted to become a mayor of a large city. 90 A. More Caucasian delinquents thought that they had a better chance of becoming truck drivers. 5. More Negro delinquents felt that they had a better chance of becoming professional enter- tainers. 6. More Negro delinquents gave the all-A student a higher rating among the four listed prestige positions. 7. The Negro delinquents favored Negro baseball heroes while Caucasian delinquents favored Caucasian baseball heroes. 8. The Negro delinquents favored Negro football heroes while Caucasian delinquents favored Caucasian football heroes. 9. More Negro delinquents gave Negro football players Gale Sayers and Jim Brown a higher rating among the four listed football players than did the Caucasian delinquents. In contrast, more Caucasian delinquents gave Paul Horning, a Caucasian football player, a higher rating among the four listed football players. The following observations were not statistically significant: 1. There were fewer fathers and more mothers heading the Negro delinquent's family household. 10. 11. 91 A larger number of Negro delinquents partici- pated in basketball, football, and track. More Caucasian delinquents participated in baseball and hockey than did Negro delinquents. The Caucasian delinquents listed more sports that they liked to participate in. More Negro delinquents preferred watching basketball, football, and track on television. More Caucasian delinquents preferred watching baseball, hockey, and soccer on television. A larger percentage of Caucasian delinquents wanted to become truck drivers, policemen, and bartenders. A larger percentage of Negro delinquents wanted to become professional athletes and enter- tainers. A larger percentage of Caucasian delinquents felt that they had a better chance of becoming policemen and bartenders. A larger percentage of Negro delinquents felt that they had a better chance of becoming mayor of a large city, a professional athlete, and entertainer. A larger percentage of Caucasian delinquents gave the class president and leader of a rock and roll band a higher rating among the four listed prestige positions. 12. 1A. l5. l6. 17. 18. 19. 20. 92 More Negro delinquents than Caucasian delin- quents wanted to become class presidents. More Caucasian delinquents wanted to become star athletes. More Negro delinquents than Caucasian delin- quents gave Willie Mays, a Negro, a higher rating among the four listed baseball players. More Caucasian delinquents than Negro delin— quents gave Al Kaline and Carl Yastrzemski, both Caucasians, a higher rating among the four listed baseball players. More Negro delinquents gave Oscar Robertson and Elgin Baylor, both Negroes, a higher rating among the basketball players than did the Caucasian delinquents. More Caucasian delinquents gave Jerry West and Jerry Lucas, both Caucasians, a higher rating among the basketball players than did the Negro delinquents. The Negro delinquents chose black athletes as their heroes in 5 major sports. The Caucasian delinquents chose Caucasian athletes as their heroes in 3 major sports (football, baseball, and track and field). More Negro delinquents than Caucasian delin- quents felt that a person could own a new car, 93 earn $15,000 a year, and own his own home only if he were lucky. Recommendations The recommendations that might help to better this study and future studies of this type are as follows: 1. More accurate results may have been obtained if a Negro interviewed the Negro delinquents. A larger number of juvenile schools from other states similar to the Boys' Training School could be included in a study of this nature. A more complete and systematic instrument should be developed to determine if race has any effect on the choice of sports heroes of Negro and Caucasian delinquents. A follow-up study would be both interesting and informative in finding out if the delinquent groups changed life patterns following their release changed their outlook toward sports, occupational desires, and the "American Dream." BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY Amos, William, and Wellford, Charles, eds. Delinquency Prevention. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1967. Axelrad, Sidney. "Negro and White Male Institutionalized Delinquents." American Journal of Sociology, V0 57 (May, l952), pp- 569-57“- Baldwin, James. Quoted by J. Olsen. "The Cruel Decep- tion." Sports Illustrated, v. 29, July 1, 1968. Beisser, Arnold R. The Madness in Sports. New York: Appleton—Century—Crofts, 1967. Bell, John. "A Study of the Relationship Between Recrea- tion and Intelligence, Scholastic Achievement, Vocational Interest, and Socio-Economic Status of Negro Students Enrolled in the Secondary Public Schools of Eastern Tennessee." Re.D., Indiana University, p. 212. Brown, Clarence, and Ghiselli, Edwin. Scientific Method in Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1955. Burgess-Shanas Study. Quoted by Max Kaplan. Leisure in America--A Social Inquiry. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1960. Butler, George. Introduction to Community Recreation. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1959. Cummings, Parks. The Dictionary of Sports. New York: A. S. Barnes & Company, 19A9. Dictionary of Occupational Titles. 2d ed. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, March, 19A9. Dowd, Donald. "A Comparative Study of Attitudes, Goals and Values Between Negro American, White American and Cuban Refugee Groups in a Large Southern City. The Humanities and Social Sciences, Dissertation Abstracts, v. 27, April, 1967, p. 3306—A. 95 96 Freund, John. Modern Elementary Statistics. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice—Hall, 1967. Gold, Martin. Status Forces in Delinquent Boys. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 1963. Gorranson, Ernest. "The Unacceptables." Recreation, v. 55 (January, 1962), pp. 18-20. Graciano, Rocky (written with Roland Barber). Somebody Up There Likes Me. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 195A. Hare, Nathan. "What Makes a Man Fight." Saturday Even- ing Post, v. 230, March 8, 1958, p. 27, continued. Henderson, Mark. "A Study of the Effects of Family Structure and Poverty on Negro Adolescents from the Ghetto." The Humanities and Social Sciences, Dissgrfiation Abstracts, v. 28, January, 1968, p. 2 0 . Kaplan, Max. Leisure in America—~A Social Inquiry. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1960. Lefcourt, Herbert, and Ladwig, Gordon. "Alienation in Negro and White Reformatory Inmates." Psycholo- gical Abstracts, v. A0, May, 1966, p. 509. Matza, David. Delinquency and Drift. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 196A. Meany, Tom. Babe Ruth. New York: A. S. Barnes & Co., 19A9. Miller, D. A., and Swanson, G. E. Quoted by Martin Gold. Status Forces in Delinquent Boys. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1963. Miller, Walter. Quoted by David Matza. Delinquency and Drift. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 196A. Naton, Alex. Sport and Society. London: Bowes & Bowes, 1958. Robinson, Frank (with A1 Silverman). My Life in Baseball. New York: Doubleday, 1968. Russell, William. Quoted in Frank Robinson. My Life in Baseball. New York: Doubleday, 1968. 96 97 Shanas and Dunning Study. Quoted by William Amos and Charles Wellford. Delinquency Prevention. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1967. ' Siegel, Sidney. Non-Parametric Statistics for Behavioral Sciences. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956. Slusher, Howard. Man,_§port and Existence, A Critical Analysis. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1967. Solomon, Ben. "Preventive Recreation.” Recreation, v. 5A (March, 1951), pp. 562-566. Thrasher Study. Quoted by William Amos and Charles Wellford. Delinquency Prevention. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1967. Truxel Study. Quoted by William Amos and Charles Wellford. Delinquency Prevention. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice- Hall Inc., 1967. Weinberg, S. Kirson, and Arond, Henry. "The Occupational Culture of the Boxer." American Journal of Socio- logy, v. 57 (March, 1952), pp. A60-A69. Wylie, James. "Community Recreation Meeting the Needs of Youth." Recreation, v. 56 (November, 1963), pp. Al8—A20. APPENDIX Ii, J V I.. 0. I'.‘I 4-; ~G-I.-,--‘s-iu~--UI - I‘D-m. ~; I. ~~ ..‘~’ 1"," I- v' 7. ‘ ‘L 'r. g .c 1’ ‘ . *‘ 3 mu; uld OI); 11‘. e 1.1 2,-01...‘e you {3,}... I'Imi-rr and firmer r t?!) E’- t. "athw- o nly ‘) ,’,. .L l. ‘ .. Ct; {in} ‘J‘ 16). 0.71117, __'§ L '1‘.- Q U1 G) H "pa 1" en '1. lira-it was the Oi’x‘flelfftii'll’i. Cf the pertain . - . r..- ~.~ .l-ov; f" '1' ' "7 " " f‘w‘fl“- ’ '7 \f-‘Sif‘3.a'~': .. 1:131 57 .1113.er £:I.- JJ. 9 I .'.~ VOID-A . 11-.-}. In.-- .m you live ‘ with? en .55.! flat-(“‘1‘ -“~'~‘NA~~--‘Obv- m no. .4 us.- W- l* m.-.,... 8:17.14 0 fish do you go to ch Iii-1:11" an {flier} 1;: es}: Ii. 13 tires a .Ionth. c. Less. L113 :. once -.-i limit‘h Ha {(11 y ever- i}; o ‘1'. | It»: With Bdlfixrt’z'tlcn (. 1" A 6‘s "1 ’ H " l :1 'I é‘I . ' Hi go .3 311-col gird 17.... tr I: I“ . .‘ "I - ‘ ' “ F, ‘ AI "'. J...) A “tip F; {8-11 i": Us. 3'»- l L L; , '3 5.... (19111331513 [TIT-(37123.? LC: 1'. 0.331313 15111.44 I" ither I.“'O' 1 you: s v.1 f“? 3....) \a h- .. 1' ‘1’ ,o .4}. .Ia-‘I, '- 3: v5lifi‘i-v'i-I I ‘4 .. 3.”: “Ch'w‘l-dl-i .. Int-nu. -.‘w|m “ 0' 'M) .g o.-- '03 ‘0'}. Q -c-n’ .O- OD-Ov bl- v-~ 'i‘ aeo- "\ 1.1.; “I l K; L' 13. 140 1101,; 131111;}? NIP-LP dJ-d you a. A lot .f help b, Home 11'?le J \ d, NO help 1.4- c. a, Very little help va much time do you Spend watching T.V.? 8.. b. 3. Less than one d. Hardly ever What are your 3 favorite sparts in order of iiewing? 1—3 hours a day A or mere hours a day .cur a day LI 9": "- “ V “T— W ' ‘0 -~- . -‘_— ——w w "‘ a) ‘ - JD 1....’ *- ‘--m-m 7' "" - '7 ‘1 1‘\ I act irom.y0ur note.o s in particlpet what would you rather do. watch a sport on I.V. cr play the sport yourself? 8;, Nat-H.311 bc P1 1 gr ‘1.) ist Your fornrits a hieta for each cf the our “0 v.- ~‘O‘uk v ~——u—— “‘Lll n.- w. ‘AQ- “J- - __wmlh1ssbail. V‘ ., .41.] , "‘ nu 'W'Gmw¥n_wam~1‘:i-L lJu)tj“ L II _. 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