I ONE YEAR’S HAND AND TRAP COLLECTION OF INSECTS ON THE MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE GROUNDS Thesis for the Degree of M. S. MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Cecil S. Lee 194I , . ‘.'v ‘ CI .' i ' ‘ r ‘ I - I I ’ -. I ‘ a 0 .t h 0‘ Q. .\ ." '3’ g ." I 3' I.) .y. 7 v _ . , - x. e I I . "v ' ‘ \ I} ' .3 .r: . p .‘ .1‘ l v I . ", -. I ‘ h — v9. ’ . ‘ 4.: ' .‘ I '4 L" b ,‘ ‘ I i ‘ . ‘_ n‘ ' .‘- 4 PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your mood. TO AVOID FINES Mum on or bdoro date duo. ‘.I L“ .— MSU Is An Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution W V'—— vv ' “‘LWT'WI ONE YEAR'S HAND AND TRAP COLLECTION OF INSECTS ON THE MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE GROUNDS IV CECIL 5. LEE ; A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate School of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the.degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Entomology 1941 THEM» TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction ------------- 1 Theory ---------------- 6 Methods of Collecting -------- 6 Traps Used in Collecting ------- 8 Procedure -------------- 10 Data: Table I. Climatological Data East Lansing ----- 5 Table II.. Baits Used ------ 14 Table III.. Insects Found and Methods of Collection - 15 Discussion -------------- 27 Literature Cited ----------- 32 Plate 1.. Light Trap -------- 34 Plate II.‘ Bait Trap -------- 35 Plate III. Life Zones of Michigan - - 36 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Grateful acknowledgment is made to members of the Department of Entomology for counsel and guidance during the course of this work. INTRODUCTION This investigation is interested in the insect fauna found in East Lansing. The work was started at the beginning of the 1940 season. Most of the specimens were collected during the summer, and a few were collected in the fall of 1940 and during the spring of 1941. Collections were made in a number of different places such as fields of wheat, alfalfa, clover; riverside; storage rooms; barnyard; and human living quarters. Besides day-light collecting, traps of various kinds were used extensively during the entire period for the nocturnal insects and also those insects that are seldom caught by net. The col- lections were made almost exclusively on the college grounds and farms, hence all within a radius of two miles. Weather conditions are important factors that should be considered.. The climatological data (1) of the major part of the collecting season are apparent from Table I. According to the temperature divisions, the United States is divided into three primary transcontinental regions: Boreal, Austral and Tropical (11). These regions can be subdivided into six zones: Boreal (Canadian), Transition, Upper Austral, Lower Austral, Gulf Strip of Lower Austral, and Tropical. Michigan is com- posed of three zones: Canadian, Transition, and Upper Austral.. The Canadian Zone covers the entire upper and the northern fourth of the lower peninsula. The Transition Zone covers the central portion of the south, the coasts of Lake Huron and Lake Erie. The Upper Austral Zone covers the eastern coast of Lake Michigan begin- ning at Grand Traverse Bay and continues through the southern part and carrying in a narrow strip bordering the Transition Zone.. Since the Transi- tion Zone in which East Lansing is situated over- laps the Canadian and the Upper Austral Zones, insects present in both zones may be found therein. (Plate III.). These divisions are based primarily upon the distribution of higher plants and animals and may or may not hold true with insects, for they have a high degree of adaptability to the minor differ- ences of climate. However, insect distribution does agree well within the three primary trans- continental regions: Boreal, Austral and Tropical. The foreign element should be considered in regard to the insect fauna. This is especially important in the twentieth century because a great many insects have been introduced by modern trans- portation and may sometimes apparently obscure expected distribution.. Aside from these factors, the influence of weather upon insects is an important one (15). The chief effect of weather seems to be composed of two factors. Presumably the most important one is the physiological effects which are caused mainly by the atmospheric humidity and the air temperature. Insects suffer a direct effect upon their rate of metabolism, development, and reproduction as a result of any change in weather. An insect of the same species may vary in size and coloration in different regions or even produce seasonal forms in the same locality. . . 3".- Kl Ill all“. -114..- .Irhu. II .13.. 1‘1. tots-‘34... .1..- 2.‘l . . . ll.‘...1...l N4 U III..: 1.1.03. TI .1. it" . t. -jRV I‘ll .I . .IJ. .. I I u. . ..i.. V. -141! ‘1'». o.l£ul.,..ild Nd! .tb e‘it ..oI.ul\.I 00.... .I. |\ . . ..I “ ~ I Issfh f In .I: .. .. A. 34.. . ,.. Kn. .. . . .. i I , . l.» lel But the effect of the change is different with different species of insects.. The effect of weather on the vital food resources, disease germs and parasitic organisms of insects will affect the insect population and indirectly affect the collection of faunal in- formation. The mean temperature of June, July and August is 66.4, 71.2, 68.5 degrees Fahrenheit respectively.. The difference between these tem- peratures is not great. In such a case, the insects are probably influenced by the summation of the summer temperatures.. More insects are found between middle and late summer due to the emergence of the adult insects as affected by various weather components. TABLE I. CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA East Lansing 1940 June July Augg§2_ Mean ---------- 66.4 71.2 68.5 Departure from Average normal - ------- 0 0.3 0 Temperature Fahrenheit Highest ------- 88.0 97.0 90.0 Date ---------- 7 25 12 Total --------- 5.7 1.84 9.21 Departure from Precipita- normal -------- 2.19 1.26 6.39 tion (inches) Greatest in 24 hours ------ 2.02 1.25 2.28 With precipita- tion .01" or more ---------- l4 9 14 Number Clear --------- 8 17 8 of Days Partly cloudy - l3 13 15 Cloudy -------- 9 1 8 7:30 A.M. ----- 84 86 82 Average 1:30 P.M. ------ 65 54 66 Relative Humidity 7:30 P.M.. ----- 7O 57 71 Percentage of Sunshine 65 81 37 THEORY Insects become active as soon as the spring begins, but most of the insect population is built up in the summer season.. This is true especially in the temperate zone.. The great majority of these insects are found in the summer; however, some insects may be found only during the spring and fall; those insects that are found in greenhouse, storage room and human living quarters may be found in all seasons. A period of intensive collecting during spring and summer and continuing through late fall should give extensive information of the insect fauna of any temperate locality.. METHODS OF COLLECTING Three main methods have been used for this work. These are: hand collecting by net through various places in day—light; baiting trees by brushing bait mixtures on the trunks of the trees; and traps of various kinds.. The first method was used primarily for most of the diurnal insects such as butterflies, grass- hoppers, beetles of certain groups, wasps, dragon flies, etc. It is also used on occasion at night for moths, mayflies, and a number other insects on the flowers and under the sign lights and street lights. The second method is very good for the sweet-loving moths, especially the "under wing" moths, which as a rule do not come to the lights. The trap method is desirable for most of the nocturnal insects. Traps are based on certain behavior of the insects, as phototropism and chemotropism. Some insects may be positive, that is, approach the attractants; others may be nega- tive or go away from the attractants; in general, light traps may be used for the phototropic insects and bait traps for chemotropic insects. However, insects that respond to both stimuli may be secured by either of these traps. All these various means of collecting are based on the fundamental behavior of insects (7). In order to obtain accurate data of the insect fauna, one should use all three methods of collection. The lack of any one of these methods would be sufficient to cripple one's effort in obtaining complete information.. Furthermore, for the day-flying insects the interval of collecting is also an important factor, because they are likely to appear at a certain time except for modification by the weather. TRAPS USED IN COLLECTING Success or failure of a trap depends upon the principles employed in building it.. A good trap should capture most of the insects that are attracted to it (13) (14). The light trap is composed of galvanized metal box, glass doors, metal funnel, poison jar, and metal pipe legs (Plate 1.). The height of the trap can be adjusted by changing the length of the portable legs. A reflecting photographic light is fastened on the middle of the back wall and sup- ported by two pieces of metal suspended in the center directly above the mouth of the metal funnel. . at .5 Efliflaui...“ IN I.“ . Insects that are attracted to the trap thus fall into the poison jar (which contained calcium cyanide) as they fly against the light or the metal walls. Bait traps consisted of two metal cans, three screen entrances, one bait dish, one metal funnel, and one poison jar which contained calcium cyanide. The entrances are made of two pieces of screen mesh overlapping each other by bending them tOgether and allowing only a small slitted opening from one-fourth to one-half inch wide and protected by metal shields to keep out the rain. Insects that are attracted by various baits enter into the trap through the screen mesh entrances.. Because of this indirect Opening, captured insects rarely escape from the trap. These captives will fall into the poison can as they fly against the screen entrances in their attempt to leave the trap.. The construction of these traps is illustrated in Plate II. PROCEDURE A schedule was followed in traveling through fields, orchards, flower beds, wood lots, barnyards, and along the river bank at definite intervals throughout the entire summer.. Equipment used on these trips consisted of net, poison jar, triangular envelopes, and a jack- knife. For the medium and large-sized insects, a net was used at convenient range. For the small or minute insects as leathppers, flea beetles, plant lice, midges and the like, a net was swept over their breeding places, regardless of whether they were visible. A surprising number of insects were collected also by paring dead wood, turning over dead organisms and animal drOppings,digging the soil, dipping a not into the water at the edge of streams or ponds and swinging a net in the air in shady paths.. Insects attack- ing animals were obtained by searching their bodies. All the household insects were obtained by searching their respective breeding quarters.. Special methods were required in collecting insects like thrips or spring-tails. The former were collected by shaking the infested flowers, or any part of the plant, on a sheet of white paper, then collecting the insects in a glass tube. The latter were collected by holding a sheet of sticky paper three to four inches above the breeding place and agitating the soil, leaves, etc. The spring-tails adhered to the surface of paper as they jumped into the air. Ten bait traps were operated in college wood- lot No. 17 from the middle of June until the middle of November inclusive. The traps were hung in different parts of the woods at heights ranging from two to six feet above the ground. A number of materials were used as attractants: grape oil, citronella terpenes, cedar oil, geraniol, clove oil, pineapple oil, pine oil, sassafras oil, wintergreen oil, ethyl acetate, a mixture of beer and syrup, and fruits of different kinds were tried. The bait mixture of one part beer to 20 parts syrup, and fruits of banana and peach yielded the best results - 12 - as determined from the experiment (4) (5). The results of some of the bait tests are apparent from Table II. The mixture of beer and syrup was used as a liquid bait and brushed on the trees in the other wood-lots within the city of East Lansing.. Painting the traps in different colors was tested somewhat. Light green, gray, light blue, orange and red traps were tried as well as traps striped in various patterns with orange, red and green. Green and light blue traps appeared slightly more effective and these colors were used on all traps after the first few days.. All traps were visited and the insects removed every other day. The collection is preserved in triangular envelopes except for the dipterous insects which have been preserved on pins and kept in boxes con- taining camphor or paradichlorobenzene to keep them from being destroyed by other insects. This collection was classified to family accord- ing to the system used in the standard textbook, a 13 - Comstock‘s "Introduction to Entomology", with occasional references (2) (3) (6) (8) (9) (12) to other authorities in certain groups.. TABLE II. BAITS. No. of Insects No. Bait Captured 1 Syrup and Grape Oi1* few 2 Syrup and Citronella -—-- terpenes* 3 Syrup and Cedar 011* few 4 Syrup and Geraniol* few 5 Syrup and Clove 011* ---- 6 Syrup and Pineapple few 0i1* Syrup and Pine 0il* ---- 8 Syrup and Sassafras ---- 011* 9 Syrup and Wintergreen few 10 Syrup and Beer (20:1) many 11 Syrup many 12 Orange few 13 Banana many 14 Banana and Acetate few 15 Peach many * two drops of these oils to one pint of stock syrup made by boiling two cups sugar with one cup water. TABLE III. Order and Family INSECTS FOUND and METHODS OF COLLECTION Method of Collecting Hand Col- lecting Trap Light Street Bait Lights Traps Bait Trees Thysanura Lepismatidae Collembola Entomobryidae Orthoptera Blattidae Phasmidae Locustidae Tettigoniidae Gryllidae Isoptera Termitidae NeurOptera Sialidae Myrmeleonidae Sisyridae Chrysopidae Table III. Cont. Order and Family Method of Collecting Hand 001- Light Street Bait Bait lecting Trap Lights Traps Trees Ephemerida Ephemeridae Odonata Aeschnidae Libellulidae Agrionidae Coenagrionidae Plecoptera Perlidae Pteronarcidae Corrodentia Atropidae Mallophaga Philopteridae Trichodectidae Thysanoptera Thripidae Aeolothripidae Table III. Cont.¥ Order and Family -.L’(- Method of Collecting. Hand 001- Light Street Bait Bait lecting Trap Lights Traps Trees Anoplura Haematopinidae Hemiptera Cimicidae Corixidae Notonectidae Nepidae Belostomatidae Gerridae Miridae Nabidae Reduviidae Phymatidae Lygaeidae Neididae Coreidae Pentatomidae Scutelleridae Tingidae Cydnidae Table III. Cont. Order and Family Method of Collecting -Hand Col- lecting Trap Light Street Bait Lights Traps Bait Trees Homoptera Cicadidae Cercopidae Membracidae Cicadellidae (Fulgoridae Chermidae Aphididae Phylloxeridae Coccidae Aleyrodidae Dermaptera Forficulidae Coleoptera Anthicidae Buprestidae Cucujidae Dascillidae Cupesidae Table III Cont. Method of Collecting Hand Col- lecting Trap Order and Family Light Street Bait Lights Traps Bait Trees Coleoptera (Cont.) Chrysomelidae Curculionidae Brenthidae Carabidae Coccinellidae Cantharidae Cicindelidae Dytiscidae Cerambycidae Elateridae HydrOphilidae Lagriidae Lucanidae Lampyridae Meloidae Mordellidae Nitidulidae Passalidae Scarabaeidae Table III Cont. Order and Family - 20 - Method of Collecting Hand Col- lecting Light Street Bait Trap Lights Traps Bait Trees Silphidae Staphylinidae Tenebrionidae Dermestidae Byturidae Melyridae Haliplidae Trogidae Melandryidae Alleculidae Lycidae Scolytidae Scaphidiidae Erotylidae Cleridae 0stomidae Bostrichidae Cistelidae Mylabridae Coleoptera (Cont.) Table III. Cont. Order and Family Method of Collecting Hand Col- lecting Trap Light Street Bait Lights Traps Bait Tree Coleoptera (Cont.) Anobiidae Mecoptera Panorpidae Lepidoptera Micropterygidae Cossidae Gelechiidae Hepialidae Yponomeutidae Plutellidae Aegeriidae Olethreutidae Tortricidae Agaristidae Pterophoridae Sphingidae Geometridae Notodontidae Lymantriidae Table III. Cont. Order and Family -22- Method of Collecting Hand Col- lecting Light Street Bait Lights Trap Traps Bait Trees Lepidoptera (Cont.) Noctuidae Arctiidae Euchromiidae Citheroniidae Saturniidae Hesperiidae Lasiocampidae Pyralidae Papilionidae Pieridae Nymphalidae Lycaenidae Incurvariidae Tineidae Diptera Tipulidae Anisopidae Chironomidae Mycetophilidae Table III4 Cont, Order and Family Method of Collecting Hand 001- Light Street Bait Bait lecting Trap Traps Tree Diptera (Cont.) Cecidomyiidae Psychodidae Bibionidae Culicidae ScatOpsidae Rhagionidae Asilidae Mydaidae Bombyliidae DolichOpodidae Hippoboscidae Empidae Scenopinidae Therevidae Tabanidae Lonchopteridae Stratomyiidae Xylomyiidae Phoridae Table_III. Cont,. Order and Family - 24 - Method of Collecting Hand Col- Light Street lecting Trap Bait Traps Bait Tree Diptera (Cont.) Syrphidae Conopidae Sepsidae Sciomyzidae Trypetidae Milichiidae Pyrgotidae Agromyzidae Pipunculidae Lonchaeidae Ortalidae Sapromyzidae Borboridae Cordyluridae flicropezidae Oestridae Tachinidae Muscidae SarCOphagidae - 25 - Table IIIJ.Cont., Method of Collecting Order and Family Hand 001- Light Street Bait Bait lecting Trap Lights Traps Trees Diptera (Cont.) Anthomyiidae Calliphoridae Chloropidae Dros0philidae Helomyzidae Simuliidae Hymenoptera Sphecidae Apidae Bombidae Ichneumonidae Vespidae Scoliidae Tenthredinidae Pelecinidae Chalcidae Chrysididae Aulacidae Table III. Cont.g Order and Family Method of Collecting Hand 001- Light Street Bait lecting Trap Lights Traps Bait Trees Hymenoptera (Cont.) Gasteruptionidae ‘”Pompilidae Braconidae Mutillidae Formicidae Andrenidae Siricidae Megachilidae xylocopidae Cimbicidae Trichoptera Sericostomatidae Hydropsychidae Rhyacophilidae Polycentropidae Phryganeidae Psychomyidae Hydroptilidae Siphonaptera Pulicidae DISCUSSION Twenty-two orders consisting of .204 families of insects have been found in East Lansing and the college premises as a result of the period of in- tensive collecting. As mentioned before, most of the work was done in the summer of 1940; in all likelihood, a few families should be found in this fauna that are not represented in this collection. Table III. A comparison of families of insects found with expected distribution indicated by Comstock (8) is given as follows: No. of No. of Qgggg No. of Families Families Families Exoected Found Thysanura 4 2 l Collembola 3 3 l Orthoptera 6 5 5 Isoptera l 1 1 Neuroptera l3 8 4 Ephemerida l l Odonata 4 4 4 Plecoptera 4 3 2 -25 .- No. of No. of No. of Families Families E9522 WWW Corrodentia 2 2 1 Mallophaga 4 4 2 Thysanoptera 3 3 2 Anoplura 2 2 l Hemiptera 34 23 17 Homoptera 10 10 10 Dermaptera 1 l 1 ColeOptera 107 71 44 Mecoptera l l l Lepidoptera 71 50 29 Diptera 75 69 48 Hymenoptera 48 32 21 TrichOptera 13 10 7 Siphonaptera 4 l 1 All families of the orders Siphonaptera,- Mecoptera, Dermaptera, Homoptera, Odonata, Ephemerida, Isoptera, and Orthoptera were found which are to be expected. The number of families of the orders Thysanura, Collembola, Neuroptera, Plecoptera, Corrodentia, Mallophaga, Thysanoptera, Anoplura, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymen- Optera and Trichoptera found was a varying percentage -43.. of the expectation. Three chief factors are involved in these findings. First, the habitat of insects varies greatly with different insects. Insects are found within their range where local conditions are favorable and with abundance of food re- sources (10).. This collection dealt with a small area; some families were not found which possibly would appear in collections made a short distance away.. Secondly, some insects are scarce under any conditions if the insects are rare, for the chance of getting them is very small and it is not possible in a short time, sometimes not even in years. Thirdly, the unavailability of specific hosts in the case of certain animal infesting forms.. For example, all the families of the order Mallophaga and Anoplura are expected to be found in this fauna, but only half of them have been found., This is because we searched only the few animal species available locally. The orders Diptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, NeurOptera, and OrthOptera are predominant in this fauna. -30- More dipterous insects than any other orders of insects were found in this collection. This is probably due to two reasons: first, the higher adaptability of flies; and second, the suscepti- bility of the flies to stimuli such as bait and light, especially the bait.. Houseflies, for example, once they come to bait are hard to drive away. Insects were collected by all three primary methods: hand, lights, and baits. Insects may be secured by one, two, or all of these methods as is shown in the previous data.. In summing up these facts, the degree of effectiveness of each method of capture of the orders of insects is illustrated by dashes following the names of the orders. Three, two, and one dash lines indicate most effective, fair, and weak respectively: Qgggg By Hand By Lights By Baits Thysanura --- - Collembola --- Orthoptera --- -- _ Is0ptera -—- - Neuroptera - --- - - 31 - gyggg By Hand By Lights By Baits Ephemerida --- Odonata --- Plecoptera -- --- Corrodentia --- Mallophaga --- Thysanoptera --- Anoplura -_- Hemiptera --- -- Homoptera --- --- Dermaptera --- Coleoptera --- --- -- Meccptera _-- LepidOptera -- --- --- Diptera --- -- - Hymenoptera --- -- - Trichoptera --- Siphonaptera ~-- In this comparison the light trap method is very effective for Neuroptera, Ephemerida, Homoptera, Coleoptera, LepidOptera (moths), and Trichoptera; the baitmethod is excellent for the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera; and the hand method is effective for the wingless insects and the day-flying insects.. 9.. 10.. ll. 12. LITERATURE CITED Anon, United States Weather Bureau June-August. 1940 Betten, C., Caddies Flies of North America Blatchley, W. S., Heteroptera of E. N. America. 1926 Bobb, M. L., Bait Traps for the Control of the Oriental Peach Moth. Bul..3l4 Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station. 1938 Bobb, M. L., Woodside, A. M., Jefferson, R. N., Baits and Bait Traps in Codling Moth Control. Bul..320 Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station. 1939 Britten, W. E., HymenOptera of Connec- ticut. Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. 1916 Carpenter, G. H., The Biology of Insects. pp. 94-113. London. 1928 Comstock, J. H., An Introduction to Entomology Curran, G. H., The Families and Genera of N. A. Diptera. 1934 Duncan, G. D., Pickwell, G., The World of Folsom, J. W., Entomology with Special Reference to Its Ecological Aspects.. pp. 212-341. 1922 Leng, C. W., Catalogue of the ColeOptera. 1920. l3. iartin, H., The Scientific Principles of Plant Protection With Special Reference to Chemical Control.. pp..3ll-26. 1940 14. Peterson, A., Entomological Equipment and Methods.. Part I.. 15.. Wigglesworth, V. 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