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COEPARISOE OF SOCIAL CHARAOTLRIJTICS CF
NATIONALITIES N THE SALIHA dCKCCL L QTRICT,

DEARB ORN , 1110 III GAE

BY

Lyle E. Hotchklss

A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty

in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Sociology

Approved

   

of hajo Depar neat‘

 

Dean of Graduate/School

Elohigan state College
1934

meme

 

 

ACKITO’." LIED GI. III?

I am grateful to the instructors of the
Salina and Roulo Schools for their assistance
in collecting tne information necessary for this
thesis.

I am particularly pleased to acknowledge the
helpful counsel and assistance given by Dr. Eben
Mumford, Dr. C. R, Hoffer and Dr. J. F. Thaden of
the Department of sociology at Michigan State
College, under .nos e LiTGCtiOH this thesis was

written.

LYLE E. HOTCHKISS

1 II

*2 25:22

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter I. INTROWCTION. O o I o o .......... o ooooooooo 1
Purpose of the Study - Description of the

Salina-Roulo Area - ScOpe and Method - A
Neglected Field of Study.

Chapter II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUED OF THE ARLA....12

Early Days in Dearborn - Henry Ford and
Dearborn's Growth.

Chapter III. NATIONALITY HISTORY... ............. 45

School Problems in Foreign Readjustment -
Dearborn's Foreign POpulation - The
Armenians - The Hungarians - The Polish ~
The Roumanians - The Russians - The Syrians.

Chapter IV. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE
FIJIEILIES.OOOOCOOOI00...... ....... .0072

Mobility of Families - Types of Homes and

Ownership - Automobile Ownership -
Occupation of Father.

Chapter V. NATIONALITY AND EDUCATION. ..........89

The Testing Pregram.- Intelligence Tests
and Letter Ratings - Achievement Tests.

Chapter VI. OTHER COKKUEITY RELATIONSHIPS..... 115
Religious Affiliations ~7Americanization
of the Foreign Born - Adult Education in
the Fordson Schools - Rationality and
Leisure Time - Newspapers and Magazines in
the Home - Music and Leisure - Movies and
Leisure - School and Leisure Timej

Chapter VII. SUM-JARY urn COI-ICLUSIOI‘IS. . . ..... .. 143

BibliOgraphy ........... ...................... . 152

. III

Map 1.

Map 2 .

Map 5 .

Map 4.

MAPS AND DIAGRAHS

.City of Dearborn

Residential and Industrial DevelOpment
of Fordson School District

Residential Saturation of Selina-Roulo
District

Nationality Spot hep of Selina-Roulo
District

Diagram.l.June Enrollment of the Salina and

Roulo Schools from 1923 to 1931 Inclusive

Diagram 2.Percentage of the Total Number of

Children Belonging to Each Nationality

Diagram 3.Educational Profile Chart New Stanford

Achievement Test

Diagram 4.Percentage Distribution of Students

Table

Table

1.

II.

Accelerated and Retarded for Each Nation-
ality Having Ten or more Cases

TABLES

Foreign Born White PeOple Residing in
Dearborn in 1930, Listed by Country of
Birth

Membership for the Salina and Roulo
Schools in June of Each Year, Showing
Percent of Increase or Decrease over
the Preceding Year

Table III.Dearborn Population by Age, Color,

Table

Table

Table

IV.

V.

VI.

Nativity and Sex 1950

Number of Children in the Families of
Each Nationality

Mobility of Students in Saline-Roulo
District for the Past Nine Years Showing
the Percentage of Those Enrolled Who
Transferred During the Year

Number and Percentage of Each Nationality
Owning and Renting Their Homes in the
Selina-Roulo District

IV

42

43

114

40

77

101

110

35

38

50

75

79

82

Table
Table

Table

Table

Table

Table
Table
Table
Table

Table
Table
Table
Table
Table

Table

VII.

VIII.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.

m.

XVI.

XVII.

Number and Percentage of Automobile
Ownership in Each Group

Occupational Distribution by
Nationalities

Classification of the Students in Each
Nationality Group According to Letter
Ratings Determined by the Detroit
Intelligence Test

Intelligence Ratings of Pupils of Each
Nationality Having Ten or Kore Children
Arranged by Number and Percentage Below
Norm and Above Horn.

Number and Percentage of the Students
Accelerated Grouped According to months
of Acceleration

Number and Percentage of the Students
Retarded Grouped According to Months of
Retardation

Achievement Record of American, Hun~
garian, Roumanian and Russian Students
as Shown by the New Stanford Achieve-
ment Tests

Church Membership of the Families of
Each Nationality in the Saline-Roulo Area

Distribution of Naturalization Papers
Granted by Nationalities for Three Years
Two Months in Dearborn,Nichigan

Number and Percentage of Fathers Who
Have Obtained Naturalization Papers

Number and Percentage of Mothers Who
Have Obtained Naturalization Papers

XVIII.Distribution of Newspapers Taken in

XIX.
XX.

XXI.

Homes of Students of Selina-Roulo
District

Magazines Taken in the Home

Kinds of Musical Instruments in the
Home by Nationalities

The Number of Times Each Group Attend
the Novies During One Year

V

85

87

95

103

106

108

117

126

128

130

133

137

139

141

 

 

 

 

 

 

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

The immigration of people from foreign countries to
the United States and the desire of these people to improve
their standard of living by moving from one locality to an-
other have brought stupendous problems to our country. In
the understanding and solving of these problems the school
as well as other institutions of the community must do its
part. These problems may be classified into two groups, the
physical and the human environment. It is a comparatively
simple problem for people to adjust themselves to a new
physical environment such as climate, topography, and ele-
vation, but the adjustment to a new human environment is
much more complex and in some respects more important. In
this problem of adjustment to a new human environment it is
indispensible for the immigrant first to remove the language
barrier. The men must at least speak and understand the new
language in order to gain employment, but many never learn
to read and write the language intelligently. The foreigner
must also adjust himself to a new political and economic sys-
tem. Nos customs, traditions, ideals, standards and beliefs
must be adopted by him before he can expect to be admitted
to the community as an equal. The compulsory school laws
in Michigan compel the children between the ages of seven

and sixteen inclusive to attend school. Therefore, the foreign

-2-

ehildren soon learn to speak, read and write the new
language. The women, particularly the mothers, however,

do not find it necessary to use the language of their adopted-
country and many never become able to carry on an intelligent
conversation in English, and only a very small percentage
learn to read and write.

Although the foreign.mcn learn to speak the new language
they often fail to adopt the national characteristics, cus-
toms and manners of the American community. So while the
second generation will learn the new ways the home environ-

ment remains unchanged and continues to play a major part in

the development of the children of that generation. It is
not until the third generation that the new national customs,
characteristics and manners are generally accepted in the
standards of living. This situation is very well illustrat-
ed in the Saline-Roulo school districts in Dearborn, Michigan,
(to be discussed later) as there are thirtybtwo distinct
nationalities represented in the two schools, of whom 80.77
per cent are of foreign parentage.(l)

The problem.of the Americanization of the immigrant and
his children is a cooperative problem of all agencies in the
community, but the un-American attitude of some native born
residents makes the problem.more difficult. The church assumes
some responsibility, but only reaches a small percentage of
the people. The limited number of American born peOple living

in this community and their unwillingness to associate with

4v

(1) In this survey all children whose parents were born in
the United States were considered as Americans.

the foreign born, have thrown the burden of Americanization
upon the public schools. This is especially true in the
territory just described.

Purpose of the Study;

The specific purpose of this thesis is to assist the
teachers in becoming acquainted with the nationality and
family history, home environment, customs and characteris~
tics of the foreign parents residing in the Selina-Roulo
district. With this knowledge they can do more in the Amer-
icanization process than remove the language barrier usually
believed to be the part assigned to the public schools. Cog-
nizance must be taken of the fact that it is the duty of our
public schools to make good American citizens of the boys
and girls of all nationalities Who come under our guidance.
With this challenge in mind this study was undertaken.
yescription ofpthe Saline-Roulo ArggL

The Selina-Roulo district, is located in the south-
east corner of the City of Dearborn, and is a part of the
Fordson School system. The cities of Dearborn, Fordson and
a part of Dearborn Township were amalgamated in 1929 and giv-
en the name of Dearborn. The city now has a total area of
thirtyatwo square miles and a population of 50,358 people.
There are still five distinct school systems but that of Ford-
son comprises over seven-tenths of the total population. The
Saline-Roulo district, within what was the Fordson area, is
a territory covering one’and one half square miles, and has

a population of approximately 7,000 inhabitants. In reality

it is a city in itself, as it is separated from other residen-
tial sections of Dearborn by more than one mile of vacant or
industrial property. The exact location in relation to the
rest of the city and the city of Detroit is shown on Map I

on the next page. It will be noticed upon referring to this
:Iap that the territory is separated from Detroit on the

east by preperty formerly used as brick yards; on the south
by*a Detroit City park and Woodmere Cemetery. The extensive
grounds of the Ford Motor Rouge Plant lie directly west, while
on the north is vacant property owned by brick manufacturers,
which will eventually be used for the making of brick.

Scope and method.

The comparison of Nationalities in this study has been
confined to the families of pupils who were enrolled in
grades four to nine inclusive. The fourth grade was set
as the lower limit because it was believed to be exceedingly
difficult to obtain all the information necessary for the
study from.the members of the lower grades. Even if home
calls were made, many of the parents would be unable to
understand English and these children would have to act as
interpreters. The answers obtained in this manner would
probably be unreliable.

A.great many of the parents of this district insist
upon their children leaving school as soon as they have
passed the compulsory school age, which is seventeen in

Michigan. Ior this reason children beyond the ninth grade

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were not included in the study. The students are permitted
to enroll in the kindergarten at four and one half years of
age, which.makes it possible, even for the very slow student
to complete the Junior high school before reaching the age
of seventeen.

In Obtaining the information for this report the hist-
orical, statistical and case study methods were used. It
has also been the privilege of the writer to have been
connected with the two schools in this section for the past
ten years as principal. In this length of time the territory
has grown from an American farming area to a city of many
nationalities. The historical method was used to obtain the
information necessary for the first two chapters. The stat-
istical and case study methods were used largely in prepar-
ing the balance of this study. In the second chapter is giv-
en a short history of the growth of the city of Dearborn.
As a history of the city has never been published the material
for this chapter was obtained from.various sources. Histories
of Detroit and wayne County furnished some of the material,
a list of which will be given in the bibliography. The
Burton Historical collection and hr. Henry Ford's Library
at Greenwich Village proved to be valuable aids. The bal-
ance of the material was obtained from original documents
and in conversation with the older residents. The informa-
tion in respect to the history of the nationalities was ob-

tained from studies made of individual nations and by conver-

-7-

sation with the parents of the students, many of whom.have
lived in this country only a short time.

A part of the data were secured by the use of a schedule
which was filled out by the pupils and parents under the
supervision of their teachers. {1 great deal of care was
taken in making up the questions used in the schedule in
order to secure the desired information. .L total of 655
individual schedules were obtained from students in the six
grades, which represented a total of 429 families.

The schedule used was as follows:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FAMILY

l. Namm::: 2. Streetgg 3 Number

4. Sex 5.___4;Lge: Years :Months 6. Grade___.
7. Where were you orn? City State Country

8. rather born in - City State Country

9. iMother born in - City State Country

10. Fathers mother born in - State Country

11. rathers father born in - State g Country

18. mothers mother born in - State Country“w

13. Mothers father born in - Statewf' Countrypg

 

14.‘How long has your father been In the United States?
15. How long has your mother been in the United States?
16. If your father was not born in the United States has Es

 

his second papers? YOur Mother?
17. Bow'nany brothers Have you? SIiters?

 

 

18. Are you the oldest, second, third, or where do you come
19. What places have you lived in besides Dearborn__

 

 

 

80. IE'your—fatfierliving? Ybur mother?
81. Does your family own their heme? Rent
LANGUAGE

52. What language does your father speak at home?
25. What language does your mother speak at home?,
84. What language besides English can you speak?
25. What language besides English can you understand?

~86. Can your father read an English newspaper? Mother___
EDUCATION

57. Letter rating 28. M.A. 29. C.A.
38. What schools besides Saline or Roulo have you attended?___
31. Do you expect to finiSh high school?

 

 

 

-8-

38. Do you expect to go to college?

READING

33. Do you take the Detroit News? Detroit Times?
Detroit Free Press? Detroit Daily?
Dearborn Star? Dearborn Independent?

34. name all other newspapers you take in thefihome

35. name all the magazines which are read each month in the
home

EQQNQMIC LIFE 0R OCCUPATION.

56. If your father is living what is his occupation or

 

 

 

 

 

 

business _
37. If your mother helps support the family what is her
occupation? ,_
-z’58. Do you work to earn money?
'59. What do you do?fifi» “fi' How much do you earn-

 

each week?
A40. Do you help support‘the family?
41. Do you spend this money on yourself, save it, or give
it to your parents?
42. Give the name of thefioccupation you intend to follow
through life

 

 

 

 

 

 

RELIGION
—’~13. What church does your father belong to - if any?
Mother
44. Name the church you attend for church or Sunday School
“'ég. Do you own a radio in your home? , Piano?
46. Name other musical instruments in the home
RECREATIONAL.

 

17. How many times do you attend the movies each year?
48. Do your parents own an automobile?
49. Name the three games you like best to play
SUMMER VACATION.
. Do you intend to go to summer school this year?
51. How will you spend your summer vacation? At home
In camp Visiting Working Travel___

 

An examination of the schedule will reveal two import-
ant points; first, that the greater part of the questions can
be answered by one word; second, a number of cross check
questions were used to secure aecurate information on import-

ant points. To secure the nationality of each student there

were questions requesting the birth place of the child,
parents, and grandparents. This was again checked by the
language spoken in the home. Another cross check will be
found in the newspapers taken in the home. A large percent-
age of the foreign nationalities take at least one newspaper
printed in their native language. The nationality was again
checked by the school records, which give the birthplace of
both parents as well as that of the child. Questions which
could not be answered by the student were sent home with a
request that an answer be returned. In many cases a home
call was made to secure the necessary information. In some
instances two or more students in the same family would fill
out questionaires. In recording the information on work
sheets all members of a family were grouped together. Where
conflicting answers were received they were carefully check»
ed by the school records, and home calls were made, if warran-
ted.

Uith the lumited number of cases in some of the nation-
alities it is realized that it would be unfair to these
countries to draw definite conclusions in respect to the
people as a whole. In some of the larger groups we feel
the number of cases represented are large enough that the
conclusions and generalizations pertaining to them.nay'have

a rather general application, However, in all cases they

will have significant value for the instructors who come in

-10-

contact with the children of these families in their daily
work at the Salina and Roulo schools.

A Neglected Field of Study.

 

The comparison of nationalities in given localities is
practically a virgin field. Numerous studies of individual
nationalities have been made, such as Malcmm's The Armenians

2
(l) and Clark's Our Italian Fellow Citizens.( )

in America
These and many others will be found in the bibliography.
But each of these studies deals with only one nationality,
or with two or more closely related nationalities.

A very limited number of studies have been carried on
in relation to nationality and school progress but again
they have not considered fully the historical background of
the immigrants including family, economic, educational and
religious factors. Dr. Jordan, in her book Nationality and
School Pregress,(3)compares the progress of 2544 students
of twenty four nationalities in the twin cities of Minneap-
olis and St.Paul. The students under consideration in Dr.
Jordan's study were largely natives of the northern.European
countries, Norway, Sweden and Germany. She agrees with other
authors that the foreign student is handicapped in school
because of language difficulty, but believes with the disappear-
ance of this difficulty among the descendants of these child-

ren other marked differences will also disappear. Perhaps one

 

(l) Malcom,M. Varton. The Armenians in America.
(2) Clark, F. E. Our Italian Fellow Citizens.........

(3) Jordan, Riverda Harding. Nationality and School Pregress.

-11-

reason why this field is so limited is that the ordinary
American school seldom has more than two or three nation-
alities with which to work. It is only in the larger in-
dustrial cities such as New Yerk, Boston, Cleveland, Chicago,
and Detroit that we find schools whose enrollment is largely
made up of many foreign nationalities. This perhaps accounts
for the limited amount of material relative to this subject.
However, it is evident that many educators realize the im-
portance of studying the historical, social, educational,
economic and religious background of the students whmm they

are called upon to direct.

12

CHAPTER II
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE AREA

The Saline-Roulo district is located on the River
Rouge one mile from where it empties into the Detroit
river. It is also less than four miles south and west
of the Spot selected by Cadillac for the site of Fort
Ponchartrain, later named Detroit. The history of this
community is so closely interwoven with that of the his-
tory of Detroit and Wayne County it is impossible to
separate them. it is therefore advisable, in order to
give a clear and comprehensive view of this district, to
include a short history of this territory from the first
French settlement until the present time.

Almost a century before Cedillac established Fort
Pontchartrain on the site of the present city of Detroit,
and over two centuries before the village of Dearbornville
was founded, white men had had some contact with the won-
derful land of the lakes, later called the State of Mich-
igan. This contact was made by such energetic and romantic
Jesuit characters as Joliet, Marquette, LaSalle, Dollier,
Galinee, and nennepin, who wished to spread the religious
faith to the American Indians. These characters were soon
followed by others interested in adventure, conquest, and
wealth.

Samuel Champlain was one of the earliest known ex-
plorers in the Great Lakes Region. He was a native of

France and was educated for the priesthood, but instead

.I

13

of serving the church he became a navigator in the French
Navy and turned his attention to exploration. At the age
of twenty-five he was commissioned by the French king to
establish a settlement in the country discovered by Cartier,
and on July 3, 1608, founded the City of Quebec, the third
permanent settlement in America. The French Colonial re-
cords state that he passed through the strait (the Detroit
River) in 1611 or 1612, going as far north as Lake Huron.

The country west of Quebec and southward to the Ohio,
west to what is now the State of Minnesota, and north in-
cluding all land drained into Lakes Superior and Huron was
known to the indians and French as Miohilimackinac, deriv-
ed from the indian words Michi, "great” and Mackinac,
"turtle"; also translated by others as "the place of giant
fairies" or "fairy spirits".

Quebec soon became the trading center for the Indians.
They would bring their packs of fur 500 miles or more to
trade for a few urgent necessities, such as blankets, knives,
hatchets, kettles, as well as brandy, distilled from the
wines which were a product of the vineyards of France.

Requests for more and more furs began to come from
France. The supply of beavers was limited in that country
and since the mode of dress had turned to beaver fur hats
for both men and women there was a great increase in the
demand. As a result a trading post and mission was estab-

lished in 1670 by Father Marquette in the center of the

14

Indian country at the location now known as St.Ignace.
This was followed by a settlement at St. Joseph.

The fashion in hats spread from.France to England,
so the English traders set up a post on the hudson River
where Albany now stands and called it Fort Orange. English
traders began comdng up Lake Erie to the Detroit River to
buy beaver skins. The English liquor, distilled from
molasses and called rum, was much cheaper than the French
brandy. The English traders could therefore afford to give
twice as much liquor in trade for skins. As a result the
fur trade at Mackinaw suddenly began to fall off, the lndians
making the longer Journey to the Detroit River. This con-
dition was reported by the rrench traders to their govern-
mmnt and Count Pontchartrain,.minister of Marine in the cab-
inet of Louis XIV, ordered Governor rrontenac of New France
to establish a strong military post on the Detroit River
to prevent the English traders from coming up the lake to
buy furs from the Indians.

The commandant of the branch fort of Hackinac was call-
ed to Montreal to fit out an expedition to establish the
new military post. His full name was Antoine Laumet de la
Mothe Cadillac, better known as Cadillac. There were fifty
soldiers and fifty hardy Canadians in Cadillac's party
as they paddled up the "river of the Straits", inspecting
the shore line for the best place to establish the new

military post.

15

rhe site selected was on the north side of the river
where a bluff ended rather abruptly at its western end in
a round topped hill around the base of which poured the
waters of a small river, about twenty five feet wide and
ten feet deep, later known as the Savoyard niver. After
rounding the hill at some distance above its mouth, it ran
parallel to the Detroit niver, thus protecting the location
of the new fort from three sides.

The eXpedition landed and began the construction of
the fort on July 23, 1701. The fifty expert woodsmen began
work at once, cutting down trees with which to erect a
church, houses, and to inclose the grounds wish a log
palisade. The logs for the church were set on end side by
side and inserted four feet deep in the ground. The walls
of St.Anne's Church were raised in place on that first day,
and mass was celebrated within them on the green sod next
morning. By September first, the site of the first settle-
ment was enclosed. The enclosure had an area of less than
one acre. Using the present names of streets Fort Ponchar—
train was located between Jefferson Avenue and Woodbridge
Street, occupying the western half of the block between
Griswold and Shelby Streets. The total area cleared bet-
ween the rivers was less than thirty seven acres and during
the next century eXpanded to less than one square mile.
Cadillac named the location Hort Pontchartrain in honor
of the rrench minister of Marine who had sent him to found
the new settlement in the wilds of Michigan territory,

at the present site of the City of Detroit.

16

At the close of the Seven Tears war montreal was turn-
ed over to the English by Governor Vandervil, on September
8th, 1760. General Amherst, the English commander, at once
ordered Major hobert Regers, known as "The Ranger", to take
possession of Detroit, Michelmackinac, and the entire North-
west, and to administer the oath of allegiance to the inhab-
itants. IaJcr Roberts found Detroit a town of 2000 inhabit-
ants, but upon the surrender of the city by the French, all
except about 600 inhabitants moved into Canada.

From.the day the English garrison moved into Detroit,
Pontiac, one of the greatest Indian chiefs, began a plot to
drive the white peiple from the west forever. by the power
of his oratory and leadership he gained the COOperation of
all the Indian tribes in the Northwest Territory. Pontiac
distributed the different Indian nations in such a way that
all English settlements would be attacked at the same time.
He personally was to lead the attack upon Detroit. The plan
was disclosed to Major Gladwin, in command at Detroit. 0n
may 7, 1763, the attack was made, but ended in failure, and
after 153 days of siege the great chief sued for peace.

The Indians had successfully taken all the other posts in
Michigan and had murdered nearly all the settlers. In July
1766, Pontiac announced his abandonment of the French cause
and gave his allegiance to the British. Three years later,
while dazed with liquor at an Indian feast, Pontiac was
followed into the forest by a Kaskaska Indian and killed.

In 1774, this region of Michigan was placed under the

Quebec Act, which superseded the English Common Law. This

17

act was very offensive to the residents and was one of the
provocations later mentioned in the Declaration of Indep-
endence, stating that "the free system of English laws has
been abolished in a neighboring province, establishing
therein an arbitrary government so as to render it an
example and a fit instrument for introducing the same ab-
solute rule in these colonies". The act was passed in the
face of protests, for the aritish home ministry was unable
to see that colonists had any rights which the home govern-
ment was bound to respect.

In spite of the unfavorable conditions settlers stragg-
led into the west and soon there was a solid phalanx of
farms extending for many miles along the river front, the
shore of Lake St. Clair, and down the shore of Lake Erie.
Leg cabins began to give way to frame houses. The newer log
houses were laid up in the fashion commonly seen, log upon
10g, instead of logs standing upright with one and buried
in the ground, as the early French settlers had built them.

The years of the American Revolution were grim and
terrible years for the Detroit territory. Hamilton, the
commandant, organized war parties of Indians, supplied them
with guns, and offered a bounty of five dollars each for
every scalp taken from American settlers, regardless of
age or sex. The Indians were also placed under the leader-
ship of white men who were more inhuman than themselves.
Some of these men were renegades who had abandoned civilized
life and had been adOpted into Indian tribes, as were the

Girty brothers - Simon, James, and George.

18

In 1777 a second fort was built on higher ground back
of the original fort. The new one was called Fort Lernoult.
The same year nine vessels for the defense of Detroit were
built in a shipyard on the River Rouge, which is the first
case on record of land which is now a part of the City of
Dearborn being used. This work continued at this location
for several years.

Following the American Hevolution Detroit and the State
of Michigan were incorporated by law with the Province of
Canada and thus came under the jurisdiction of British law
and Canadian courts. This situation existed for a period '
of eight years, from 1788 to 1796. Thus it will be seen
that during this time Detroit existed under two distinct
and opposing governments. The Ordinance of 1787 enacted
by the Congress of the'United States extended American
Jurisdiction over the town and territory, while British-
Canadian authority was imposed by the Canada Act.

The Michigan territory was peaceably turned over to
the United States by the Jay Treaty and the act ratified
by Congress on June 24th, 1795. Fort Lernoult was turned
over by the aritish commandant Colonel Richard England on
July 11, 1796 to Colonel John Frances Hamtramck, who had
been with General Anthony Wayne during the campaign against
the british and indians at the battle of Fallen Timbers.
He commanded General Wayne's left wing. Colonel Hamtramck

died in Detroit April 11, 1803. The population before the

19

surrender was a little more than 2,200, which included 178
negro and Indian slaves, but in a few months it dwindled to
about 500. it was not until the renewed immigration from
the East had been in prOgress for several years that the
pepulation again reached the former number.

A strong wind was blowing up the river on the morning
of June 11, 1805 when a fire was noticed in the barn of the
village baker, John Harvey, and in less than two hours every
house in the village but one was totally destroyed. The French
farmers up and down the river assisted in the care of the home-
less families. many became discouraged and moved into Canada.

Governor null and chief Justice Woodward saw the necess-
ity of quick action if the Canadian cities were not to become
the more important. They immediately started on a trip to
Washington where they gained permission from Congress to lay
out a new city. A lot was to be given to each person over
seventeen years old who had owned or inhabited a house at the
time of the fire. The question of titles to land outside of
Detroit was settled shortly afterward, the people securing
quit claim deeds to the land they occupied. They were thus
encouraged to make lasting improvements. in 1805 the pop—
ulation of Detroit numbered only 551 persons, and five years
later the total census of the Michigan territory numbered
but 4762.

Wayne County was established August 15, 1796, by the
proclamation of winthrOp Sargent, secretary and acting govern-
or of the northwest Territory. The county at this time in-

cluded a large tract of land across northwestern Chic \about

20

.one-fifth of the state}; a strip aeross the northern part
of Indiana; all the lower peninsula of Michigan; about three-
fourths of the Upper Penninsula, and all of that part of
Wisconsin drained into Lake michigan - nearly seventy five
thousand square miles. Emigration to this section was slow
because of the report that the climate was unhealthful. in
1804, Dwight, ex-president of Yale University, reports in
his travels that the situation of Detroit was "unhealthful -
not from the waters of the lakes but from the marshes which
line its borders".

The Indians who roamed through the forests of michigan
were exceptionally friendly to the BritiSh. As early as 1807
Governor Hull wrote to the Secretary of tar and informed him
that the British had been having conferences with the indians.
The Indians were notified that there would soon be another
war between the colonists and Great britian requested them to
take up the hatchet against the Americans. The Indians were
to support the cause of Great aritian in the case of war,as
they were in reality pensioners of the aritish. In 1808, in
a communication to Congress, Hull again pointed out the ex-
posed condition of the settlement and suggested the building
of armed vessels on the lakes to protect communication to the
territory. Again in 1811, for the third time, he told the
Secretary of war that the Canadian forces outnumbered the
Americans twenty to one and again mentioned the need of an
armed force on Lake Erie. uovernor LUll went to wearington
to explain the situation at'Detroit to the government. in

response, 1200 trOOps were recruited in Ohio and placed at the

21

command of General null. Lewis case of marietta, Ohio, was
made colonel of the rhird aegiment. before they reached
uetroit war was declared. the American force now at uetroit
numbered 2200 soldiers and 43 cannon.

rhe American soldiers and officers wished to cross into
canada and attack the british forces at tort melden, which
guarded the entrance to the netroit niver. The fort was pro-
tected by only 500 men, but Governor null objected. A British
force of 800 men crossed to the American side and landed in
Springwells on August 15, 1812 and on the next day marched to
Detroit, where Governor null surrendered without firing a
shot. ihe Michigan territory was returned to the Americans
after the great victory by oliver hazard Berry on Lake Arie,
September 10, 1813. rhe American forces under colonel John-
ston arrived in uetroit September 50, 1813, but found the
fort vacated by the Dritish. After the War of 1812, Lewis
uass was appointed governor of michigan rerritory and served
_from 1815 to 1831. He used his great energies to promote
the settlement of Michigan.

An indirect result of the War of 1818 was the unfavorable
report widely circulated about Michigan lands. In 1815
Edward Tiffin, surveyor general for the Northwest, reported
to the National Government that "there would not be more than
one acre out of a hundred, if there would be one out of a
thousand that would, in any case, admit of cultivation";

furthermore he said, "the intermediate space between the swamps

22

and lakes, which is probably nearly one-half of the country,
is with a very few exceptions, a poor barren, sandy land, on
which scarcely any vegetation grows,-except very small scrubby
oaks". The purpose of the survey upon which this report was
based was to promote the early disposition of the Michigan
bounty lands authorized by Congress for compensation to the
soldiers of the war.

As a result of the Tiffin report President Madison recom-
mended to Congress that "since lands in Michigan were covered
with swamps and lakes or were otherwise so unfit for cultiv-
ation that only a small proportion could be applied to the
intended grants, other lands should be designated to take the
place of Michigan's preportion of the military bounty lands;"
accordingly, three-fourths of that amount was ordered survey-
ed in the rival state of Illinois. The Government's disfavor
toward Michigan lands doubtless became widely known, as the
newspapers of the day emphasized the activities of Congress,
and many eastern pe0p1e were then Specially anxious to know
about the West. School geographies, published at this time,
contained maps with the words "Interminable Swamp" across the
interior of Michigan.

In 1818 a party of Detroit citizens decided to find out
for themselves the kind of land adjacent to Detroit on the
North. With an Indian guide they followed a road that had
been made as far North as the present Grand Boulevard and

from.there penetrated the woods to the neighborhood of the

25

present city of Pontiac. ‘Upon their return they gave glowing
accounts of the valuable land they had explored, which elec-
trified the hearts of the Americans in Detroit and utterly
astonished the French.

Cass warmly criticized the Tiffin report, writing to the
Government that the lands of Michigan had been "grossly mis-
represented." Upon his motion new surveys were begun in the
vicinity of Detroit in 1816 and public sales were Opened for
the surveyed portion in 1818. In 1819 national aid was se-
cured for an extended examination of the soil, minerals, and
Indian conditions over a route of some five thousand square
miles through the interior. This investigation, which was
accomplished in 1820, gave to men intimately connected with
the government of the Territory and influential with the
National Government a first hand knowledge of the region and
impressed upon them more firmly a lesson of the War of 1812,
the need of a national military road between Detroit and
Chicago.

Several noteworthy events within the next few years
encouraged settlers to move to the Lake region. The news
reports advised people looking for homesteads to locate here.
The first steamship, Walk-in the Water, made its first trip
to Detroit in the year 1818. Eight years later there were
six steamboats on the lakes, all engaged in the passenger and
packet trades. The land laws were changed by Congress in

1820, making it easier for the settlers to take up homesteads

24

in the West. Perhaps the greatest event that stimulated the
settlement of the Northwest Territory was the Opening of the
Erie Canal in 1825. It was now possible for peOple to go
entirely by water from New York City to the present site of
Chicago.

Early Days in Dearborn

The War of 1812 showed the necessity of building roads
and establishing means of communication between the frontier
towns. In 1821 a treaty was extablished with the allied tribes
of the Chippewas, Ottawas, and Potawatomis, whereby the govern-
ment acquired the right to construct and use a road through
the Indian country from both Detroit and Fort Wayne to Chicago.
By an act of April 50, 1824 Congress authorized President
Monroe to have made such surveys and plans of routes of roads
and canals as he might deem of national importance from either
a commercial or a military point of view, or needful for trans-
porting the mails. The sum of $50,000 was set aside for this
work, one third of which was used on the road from Detroit to
Chicago.

The actual survey was begun from Detroit in 1825. The
engineer in charge soon found it necessary to follow the
ancient Indian trails as they avoided the worst marshes and
sought out the best fording places. From the settlers' view-
point this was highly desirable as the road traversed the most
promising farming land. Accordingly, he first home sites

purchased from the government adjoined the new road. The survey

was not completed through western Michigan until 1852, but a
semi-weekly stage had been running out of Detroit through
Dearborn, which was the first stOp west of Detroit, to Ypsil-
anti and Tecumseh as early as 1850.

From Detroit the Chicago Road passed westward along the
bank of the Detroit niver to the Hiver Rouge, and along the
north shore until it reached Michigan Avenue, which is now
in the City of Dearborn, where it corssed the river at the
site of the present bridge and followed the southern branch
westward to Xpsilanti. Here, it turned to the southwest,
passing through the village of Saline and on to the crossing
of River Raisin at Clinton, near the border of Lenawee County.

When James Cissne, the first settler in Dearborn, came
here in 1795, little did he realize that as the years moved
by, Dearborn was destined to become one of the most widely
known communities in the world. After the Chicago Road was
surveyed, Conrad Ten Eyck, who had served as County Treasurer
from.November 26, 1817 to October 17, 1825, established the
Ten Eyck Tavern at the location now used as the entrance to
the Henry Ford estate on Michigan Avenue. This tavern was
doing a flourishing business as early as 1826. According to
authentic reports, a party of Detroit people came to the
tavern one day, and after their dinner, Conrad Ten Eyck,
better known as "Old Coon", informed them that they had just
been surved wolf steak. One of the travelers suggested that
they were then "Wolverines",’a nickname which is now applied

to all people in Michigan. Titus Dort moved westward from

the state of Vermont in 1824 and established the first brick
yard in Detroit. In 1829, he moved to Dearborn, and later
furnished the brick for the Dearborn Arsenal.

Dearborn township originally formed a part of the town-
ship of nucklin, which was created April 12, 1827. For a
short time it was called Pekin. On March 9, 1853 the township
of Pekin was divided and the new township of Dearborn was es-
tablished. The following year the name was again changed to
Bucklin, but finally, in 1856, it was renamed Dearborn and
has retained that name until the present day.

Dearborn township received its name in honor of Henry
Dearborn, a distinguished American general, who served through-
out the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.

It became the policy of the War Department in the early
eighteen hundreds to locate garrisons and arsenals for the
storage of arms and ammunition at strategic points slightly
in the rear of important frontier posts. Detroit, wi h Fort
Ponchartrain, Fort Shelby and later fort Wayne, and with
famous Fort Gratiot not far north, was one of the most imp
portant of all the frontier posts. This is evidenced by the
significant fact that Detroit and its surrounding territory,
including Dearborn, has been contended for and fought over
no less than five different times and has existed under five
different flags.

In 1820 it was thought wise to build an arsenal back of

Fort Wayne, and Detroit Arsenal was located at Dearborn. The

27

cornerstone was laid under the direction of Colonel Joshua
Howard, on July 50, 1855. The arsenal consisted of eleven
brick buildings, erected about a central square having 560

feet on a side. These buildings were connected by a continuous
wall of heavy masonry twelve feet high. The arsenal was occu—
pied by the government until August 15, 1875. The land was
then divided into city lots and sold to the residents of Dear-
born.

Dearborn was listed in 1875 as a village of 500 inhabi-
tants. The principal manufacturing establishment was the ex-
tensive chemical laboratory of Dr. S. P. Duffield. There was
a saw mill, a brick yard, five general stores, and four churches,-
EpiSCOpal, Catholic, Methodist, and Lutheran. The presence in
Dearborn for forty years of the arsenal, with its soldiers and
artizans, and the officers, with their families, gave the life
of the little town a sort of official aspect, and relieved the
early days of Dearborn of dreariness and that sense of remote-
ness characteristic of many pioneer settlements. "Here came
the young officers from Fort Wayne, on horseback often, with
wives or sweethearts, on pleasure bent, and some of these
gallant fellows were destined for great deeds later. General
U.S.Grant, America's greatest military hero, was a captain in
the Fourth Infantry stationed at Fort Wayne in 1858, and doubt-
less often visited Dearborn in the early days". "During the
Civil War the Arsenal was utilized as a recruiting and train-

ing station, and sometimes a regiment or a battery, or both

were in training there. I well remember a visit there of
General William.T. Sherman and members of his staff, about the
close of the war period. They came to my father's house, where
General 0rd, Department Commander, was stopping, had refresh-
ments and spent the evening." {1)
The first railroad train, burning wood, arrived in Dear-
born in 1858 and caused more than a little excitement. William
Cremer, a young man who lived at Ten Eyck's made up his mind
to race the iron steed with his sorrel, white faced pony. He
was mounted and waiting when the train arrived Opposite Ten
Eyck's tavern, and it is well recorded that he easily beat the
iron horse to the depot. Those who witnessed the race had little
faith in the steam engine. For many years Dearborn residents
furnished wood to the Michigan Central nailroad for their loco-
motives.
The Village of Dearborn was first incorporated April 5,
1858, but the act of incorporation was repealed on May 11,
1846. The community, therefore, continued as a part of the
township until March 24, 1895, when a new charter was obtain-
ed. This second charter remained in operation until April 18,
1916, when a new charter which provided for a commission form
of government was granted.

Henry Ford and Dearborn's Growth

 

The village grew very slowly for the next few years. The

 

(l) Heigh, nenry A. Early Days in Dearborn.

29

United States Census gave the pepulation in 1900 as 844 per-
sons; in 1910 as 911; in 1920 as 2470, and in 1950 as 50,558.
The remarkable growth of the city in the past ten years is
directly related to the growth of the Ford Kotor industries.

Henry Ford, semetines called the Motor Genius, was born
on a farm in the township of Dearborn, July 50, 1865. At the
age of forty he was successful in manufacturing the first auto-
mobiles in the city of Detroit. As his business grew in size
he transferred his plant to the City of Highland Fark, just
north of Detroit. In 1915 he was ready to begin the production
of a famm tractor and selected a site in his home city of Dear-
born for his plant. The result was apparent in the census of
1920, as Dearborn had more than doubled in pOpulation in the
past decade, then numbering 2,470 persons. hr. Ford than de-
cided that the site he owned at highland Park was too small
for the expansion necessary for the growth of his motor car
organization and began to purchase a new site for a factory
near Dearborn in the township of Springwells.

The new site is an ideal location for this huge industry
as it is on the banks of the nouge niver, less than two miles
from where the river empties into the Detroit river and at the
intersection of two railroads - the Michigan central and Pere
Marquette. By dredging the River houge lake vessels can now
bring iron ore from Northern hichigan, and coal from hio or
Pennsylvania right to the doors of the plant, while the manu-

factured products can be shipped by boat or rail to all parts

30

of the United States. Er. Ford also saw the possibilities
offered, if the St. Lawrence waterway project was completed,

of shipping direct to every country in the world. rhe new
location is also within one and one half miles of he farm where
h . Ford was born and reared and within one half mile of the
place where he attended a one room country school. rhis fact
may have influenced him to some extent in the selection of the
new location. in acquiring this new site, mr. rord allowed for
expansion as he purchased the preperty on both sides of the
river to the north boundary line of the village of Dearborn,

a distance of approximately four miles.

When the World War was declared mr. nord was called upon
to manufacture light, speedy boats, called the Eagle boats,
with which to outfight and outmaneuver the submarines. he
immediately saw the advantage of the new location for the
building of a shipyard and in less than five months two ims
mense buildings were completed, the machinery installed, and
the first eagle boat was ready for launching. in four months
fortyethree of these fast submarine chasers had been built,
in a single month, eighteen, and a world‘s record for ship
building was established.

After peace was declared mr. rord altered the large build-
ings used for the construction of ships, added new equipment,
and moved his tractor plant from Dearborn to the nouge plant,
which was then in the village limits of Springwells, now a

part of the greater city of Dearborn. ne constructed new

31

electric furnaces, power plants, foundries, glass plants, coke
ovens, rolling mills, and two large electrically Operated ore
boats to ply upon the ereat Lakes. He also purchased forests
and iron mines in northern michigan, and coal mines in Kentucky
and West Virginia. he arranged to control the tranSportation
from his mines by buying the Detroit, Toledo and lronton nail-
road, which ran from the uhio niver north to the River Rouge
plant. Gradually, as new units were completed departments

were disbanded at the highland rark plant and moved to the
niver nouge. ihe final transfer was made in the fall of 1930.
lhe determination of mr. rord to undertake further eXperiments
in 1924 was caused by the desire to perfect an all-metal mono-
plane which would be safe and dependable. Land was set aside
in Dearborn for an airport, a hangar and factory were built,
and the construction of experimental planes for the carrying
of Ford parts and mail was begun. Later the sale of planes
was inaugurated.

Another project that influenced the growth of the Village
of Dearborn and in which M . Ford became interested, was that
of providing suitable homes for his employees. In the Spring
of 1918 he organized the Dearborn Realty and Construction
Company and that year built ninety-two homes. The following
year over two hundred homes were constructed. These houses
were built on lots 50x135 feet. Each house was two stories
high, of Old English design and of frame and brick veneer con-

struction. There were only six different floor plans but there

32

were twenty-four exterior plans. They were so distributed
throughout the subdivision and placed on the lots at varying
depths so that a casual observer did not realize there were
any two homes built after the same plan. The homes were mod-
ern and of the best material and workmanship. Each back yard
was fenced, lawns sodded and two large elm trees planted in
front of each lot. The homes were sold at cost to the executives
and office employees of the Ford Motor Company. Only the most
desirable families were permitted to purchase these homes. Mr.
Ford realized that a contented local home owner made a more de-
sirable employee than one who was in no way connected with the
community other than receiving remuneration for his eight hours
of labor. This community has always been one of the most de-
sirable and prOgressive found in the City of Dearborn.

Another possible reason why hr. Ford may have selected
the site on the niver Rouge for the home of his industries is
that the surrounding territory provided suitable sites for the
homes of his employees; at least the rapid growth of the rord
MOtor industries has changed the classification of the pOpula-
tion of the surrounding territory. In 1910 the land now in-
cluded in the City of Dearborn was in two sections. rhe East
portion was in the township of Springwells and the West portion
was in the township of Dearborn. The census for that year gave
the papulation of Springwells township as 2341, while Dearborn
township had a population of 911. There was very little change

in the number of residents of Springwells township in the next

33

ten years as the census for 1920 gives the number of residents

as 2643. However, the Ford Tractor plant had been established
in Dearborn township, which more than doubled the pOpulation

of that section as 2470 persons were recorded in the census for
that year. This census included the pOpulation of the village
f Dearborn, which had been incorporated in 1893.

The pOpulation of Dearborn village did not increase to
any appreciable extent until after the nord Motor Company lo—
cated its tractor plant here. This industry was responsible
for many families building homes in this 1 cality and the in-
crease in pepulation made it possible to incorporate under a
city charter February 15, 1927. Springwells township had been
reduced in size by annexations to Detroit and other cities in
the metrOpolitan area until it covered only eight square miles.
This territory was incorporated into the village of Springwells
in December 1919 and four years later, December 27, 1923 it
was incorporated as a city. The name of the city was changed
to Fordson December 23, 1925.

The Ford Motor industries became interested about this
time in combining the cities of fordson, Dearborn, and the
remainder of Dearborn township into one city. The amalgamation
was accomplished June 12, 1928 and Dearborn was voted to be the
name by which it was to be known. The City of Dearborn now
has an area of twenty-four and one-half square miles - the area
at the present time including the major part of the Ford Motor

Company Properties.

34

The United States census for 1950 gives the population
of Dearborn as 50,558. This is an increase of 45,245 inhab-
itants in the last decade. Table I on page 55 gives the for-
eign born white people and native white of foreign or mixed

parentage residinj in Dearborn in 1950, listed in numerical

c+

12151

53

order. PeOple of thirty-one nationalities are listed
total foreign pOpulation of 29,617, which is 58.8 percent of
the total population of Dearborn. Of this number 15,595 were
of foreign birth and 16,222 were native wnile of foreign or
mixed parentage. An attempt was made to obtain the same in-
formation for 1920 but as Dearborn was not incorporated as a
city until 1928 the data were tabulated by townships and in-
cluded in the totals for Wayne Count". however, the pOpulation
bulletin on Michigan for 1950 states that there were 410 for-
eign born whites in Dearborn in 1920. This number had in-
creased to 15,595 in 1950.

The Saline-Roulo district adjoins the prOperty of the
Ford Motor Company on the East as shown on map I, page 5
Every section of the district is within a radius of one-half
mile of the center of this great industrial plant. The Ford
Motor Company owns the vacant preperty adjacent to their in-
dustrial site on the other three sides, which leaves the
Saline-Roulo district the only residential section within a
short walking distance of the place where over 100,000 men
are employed when the plant is working at its full capacity.

The location has influenced many foreign nationalities to

35

TABLE I
Foreign Born White PeOple and Native White of

Foreign or Mixed Parentage nesiding in Dearborn in 1950.(a)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Country :Foreign:Native White of :Total :Percentage:
: Birth :Foreign or MixedzroreignzTotal Pope:
: : Parentage : :ulation :
Poland a : 1922 : 5555 a 5257 : 10.4
Canada Other‘b’ : 2569 : 2159 : 4528 : 9.0
Germany : 992 : 5154 : 4126 : 8.2
England : 862 : 940 : 1802 : 5.6
Italy : 754 : 760 : 1514 : 5.0
Roumania : 928 : 494 : 1422 : 2.8
Hussia : 651 : 512 : 1145 : 2.2
Scotland : 757 : 592 : 1129 : 2.2
Irish Free State : 272 : 629 : 901 : 1.8
Jugoslavia : 442 : 515 : 757 : 1.5
Czechoslovakia : 540 : 578 z 718 : 1.4
Hungary : 550 : 555 : 685 : 1.4
Canada French : 554 : 526 : 680 : 1.4
Austria : 269 : 405 : 672 : 1.5
Sweden : 218 : 295 : 515 : 1.2
Greece : 297 : 161 : 458 : .9
Lithuania : 175 : 206 : 581 : .7
Palestine & Syria : 159 : 145 : 282 : .6
Spain : 201 : 64 : 265 : .5
Turkey : 184 : 58 : 242 : .5
France : 77 : 141 : 218 : .4
Finland : 85 : 154 217 : .4
Norway : 69 : 154 205 : .4
Belgium : 82 : 97 : 179 : .4
Armenia - 102 : 76 : 178 : .4
Northern Ireland : 65 : 112 : 175 : .5
Denmark . 80 : 80 : 160 : .5
Netherlands ° 58 : 96 : 154 : .5
Switzerland . 54 : 76 : 150 : .‘
Wales : 44 : 62 : 106 : .2
Bulgaria : 42 z 19 : 61 .1
A11_chgrs_flau 156 : 225 : 561 : .7
15595 . 16222’ :29612” : 58.8
(a) "Fifteenth Census of the United States." 1950
Population Bulletin of Kichigan. Table 18,? 45. Table 19

P 48.
(b)

All Canadians other than the French Canadians.

36

locate here. These people were nearly all of the peasant

class in Europe, living in rural villages and working small
farms near the towns. They were accustomed to walking to and
from their work and this desire still influences them in the
selection of a home near their place of employment. The Ford
system of manufacturing makes the common laborer as valuable to
the company as the highly skilled. The men employed here work
on one thing only. it may be the tightening of a single nut,
the removing of a certain unit from a conveyor, or the Opera-
ting of a given machine which is automatic and only requires
someone to start and stOp the machine and change the unit as
one part is completed. A person with no manufacturing exper-
ience can become highly efficient at such labor after the first
two or three days. Skilled mechanics become dissatisfied with
these simple mechanical Operations and quit their work. The
common laborer is entirely satisfied as long as he receives

his pay enve10pe on time, and is therefore of more value to the
00mpany at such labor than the highly skilled mechanic. The
common laborer is also contented to be placed on disagreeable
work which a skilled workman would not consent to do. These
are some of the reasons why the Ford Motor Company hires such

a large percentage of foreign born laborers. The Ford scale

of wages attracts the common laborer as it is usually higher
than can be obtained for the same type of work elsewhere. These
factors have all had their influence on the rapidity of growth

and the type of peOple settling in the Selina-Roulo community.

37

The construction of a building for the manufacture of
Eagle boats for the United States Government, from 1917 to
1919, did not have any marked influence on the development of
the Salina-Roulo residential district. This work required
skilled laborers who were American born citizens and this come
munity was considered by them as undesirable territory for
home sites. Immediately after Henry Ford began changing the
type of manufacturing from government material to automobiles
and tractors and began hiring common laborers and foreign
born help, families began to move into this district. The
rapidity of growth of the Saline-Roulo district is shown in
Table II on the next page, which gives the membership for
each school on June first during the past eight years, and
the percent of increase or decrease over the preceding year.
Previous to 1922 this section had two district schools of
two rooms each, controlled by separate Boards of Education.

In 1922 all the schools of Springwells township were combin-
ed and a Superintendent of Schools employed to direct their
activities. The following year a new sixteen room school was
built on the site of the old Salina school. At its dedication
one of the school board members stated that the school was
large enough to meet the needs of the district for the next
twenty years. However, little did he realize how rapid would
be the growth of the Ford Motor Company and that the pOpulation
would grow accordingly. In three years it was necessary to
build a twenty room school to take the place of the Roulo
school and two years later thirty-six rooms were added to the

Salina School. Upon referring to Table II it is noticeable

38

TABLE II IHEIBERSHIP FOR THE SALIHA AND ROULO SCHOOLS
IN JUNE OF EACH YEAR, SHOWING PERCENT OF IN-
CREASE OR DECREASE OVER THE PRBCEDIHG YEAR.

 

 

 

 

School Year ; June Membership : Total :Percentage
= 3 Kembership :of Gain or
:Roulo ; Salina ; :Loss Bach Yr.
1922-1923 : 69 : 266 : 335 :
1923-1924 : 70 : 448 z 518 : 54.6
1924-1925 : 70 : 645 : 715 : 38.0
1925-1926 : 335 : 546 : 881 : 23.2
1926-1927 : 323 : 610 : 933 : 5.9
1927-1928 : 311 : 894 : 1205 : 29.1
1928-1929 : 299 : 1004 : 1303 : 8.1
1929-1930 : 289 : 1015 : 1304 : .0
1930-1931 : 303 : 951 : 1254 : 3.8
1931-1932 : 360 : 995 : 1355 : 8.0
1932-1933 : 306 : 990 : 1296 : 4.3

 

39

that the Roulo school does not show any growth for the first
two years. The Roulo school was still a two room school un-
til 1925 and during this period it could only accommodate
approximately seventy pupils. A kindergarten and first

grade were maintained in this building and the other grades
were transferred to the Salina school. The territory near

the Roulo school was the first section to show a marked in-
crease in pOpulation, but as the area is limited to an area

two blocks wide and three blocks long, surrounded by land own-
ed by brick manufacturers and still being held for that pur-
pose, the Roulo school had its highest enrollment in June 1926.
Since that time the enrollment has been nearly constant. The
total membership for both school zones gives a better picture
of the actual growth of this community, as shown in Diagram 1
on the next page. The total annual enrollment of both school
districts was taken as a basis for this diagram. The diagram
shows a constant increase in the school membership from 1923

to 1926. There was only a slight increase for the next year,
but in 1928 there was an increase of nearly three hundred
pupils, the largest increase for any one year during the his—
tory of the schools. The enrollment for 1930 remained constant
and there was a slight loss for the school year of 1932. The
deviation in growth from year to year of the pOpulation of this
district is governed by the activity of the Ford Motor Company.
The period of depression which has effected the prices of farm

produce has caused many families to leave the farms and seek

£ N301. L MEN 7'
1w

Hoo-

 

A300

[200

 

flv
hum
90
ado

7&0

awn

 

300-
209—

fix?"

\

 

1 J i I l

 

YEA RS ma I924 525 #25 /927 we x329 mo 133/

Diagram 1. June Enrollment of the Salina and Roulo

Schools from 1923 to 1931 Inclusive.

41

Jobs in the Ford factories until economic conditions are
stabilized. These families establish temporary residence in
the community. As long as they have work they remain in the
district, but as soon as the Ford Motor Company closes its
plant they move back to their farms, where the cost of living
is not so high. As soon as the plant begins Operations again
they move back. For this reason Diagram I could be used to
show the progress and growth of the Ford Hotor Company as well
as that of the schools.

The location of the Roulo school and the area from which
it draws its pupils is shown on Map II. The location of the
school is designated by the number 14. This school now has a
kindergarten and the first six grades. Their graduates are
transferred to a Junior High School consisting of the seventh,
eighth and ninth grades, held at the Salina school, he location
of which is marked by number 13 on the map. A further inSpec-
tion of this map reveals the fact that only a limited amount
of the Salina area has been used as yet for business or residen-
tial purposes. This map also shows that neighborhood stores
have been constructed in nearly every block in the district.
many of these stores were built on the fronts of houses and
extend to the sidewalk line.

An actual count of the vacant and improved property was
made by the Fordson Bureau of Hesearch and Statistics for the
purpose of determining the location of future school buildings.

This information is given“in Map III on page 43.. The Roulo

INDEX

Schools
I. Robert Oakman

    

42

 

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2. St. Al hcnsus

8. John . McDo nald

4. . Maples

5. Atonement Lutheran
6. Harvey H. Lowery

7. Tbs er

8. Wil iam Ford

 

Churches

2. St. Alphonsus Catholic ’
5. Evangelical Lutheran
11. 8t. Barbara's Catholic

15. First Baptist

16. St. Clemente Catholic

17. Mt. Olivet Communit

18. Roumsnisn 'at

B. Biserica Rom. 1'.

Catholic

20. St. Bartholom’s
iscopal Mission

21. t Peter’s Roumaniau
Industries

. Detroit Water Board Project.

. Graham-lain Motor Car Cu
. Detroit Seamless Steel Tubes

. Michigan Terminal Warehouse
26. Umversals Products Co.

3’1. Rochester Sand & Brick Co.
28. Peter Smitllié-loeater & Mfg. Cr

 

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29. pa Stee rp.
30. Fuel and Supply
31.'l‘ireman Lumber Co.

32. Detroit Edison Sub-Station
33. .Detrort 'son Warehouse
84.1Peoples Outfitting Co
35. Scranton Lumber .

36. 'l‘ernes Coal and Lumber Co.
37. Fulton and Strand Lumber 00.
1g. Dea'r r; Oil 30

. ernes up

40. Public Warts
3.1)etrontMotorbus Co.

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. wmhiluf’t‘

. She _man Lumber Co.
. Idic Igan Road Maintenance

 

48. Clipped Brick Co.

49. C l pert Brick CO.

51. 4|. Mercier Brick Co.

52. Merger Bryan & Larkin
68. Hamtramek Lumber Co.

54. Municl lBaildin s

65. Dive 1 8 Su p

56. Lowery - Webb ber Co.
57. Henry Ford Homestead

58. Ford Motor Co. Administration ”Mn.
59. Detrogt t lronton RR. Depot

60. Detrmt 8L lronton RR. Power SL'n'inn
61. Dearborn Sewage Disposal Plant

 

 

 

 

 

  

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LEGEND.‘ .
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map No.2--Residential and Industrial
DeveloPment of Fordson School District.

 

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Salina-Roulo District

map No. 3o-Residential saturation of

44

district was found to have reached the highest point of lot
saturation for any section of the fordson school system. The
saturation point for this area was 61.5 percent. The Salina
area was found to be one of the smallest in degree of lot sat-
uration. The ratio of built up to available lots in this area
was only 35.1 percent. This means that considerably more than
half of the available lots in the Salina Roulo district are
still vacant. In addition there are approximately eighty acres
of brick yard property which will even ually be used for home
sites. The friends of the thirty-two nationalities residing
in this neifihborhood will find available sites for homes for

a number of years.

45

CHAPTER III
NATIONALITY HISTORY

Certain important reasons cause peOple to leave their
homes and migrate to a new country. Man naturally becomes
attached to the community in which he is born and reared.

His family connections, friends, familiar customs, business
associates, religious attachments and environment, all un-

its to make the home ties very strong. It is not logical

to expect that any person entirely satisfied with his
accustomed environment would make the effort necessary to
break his home ties and adjust himself to a new community.
Religious and political causes have played, and still function
as important factors in immigration. However, the desire to
improve his economic condition is usually the factor which
causes the immigrant to leave his native land. Usually the

so called causes of immigration can be classed under one of
the two following reasons; first, the desire to better one’s
social or pnysical environment, or second, compulsion. One

of these forces must have been present to cause so many for-
eign born families to leave their home countries and migrate
to the United States and eventually settle in the Salina-Roulo
district. It will assist the teachers who are helping the
children of these families to adjust themselves to their new
environment if they understand something of the Nationalities'

historical background. For that reason a snort history of

46

some of the larger foreign groups is given in this chapter.
The two principal sources of information were first, books
and magazine articles, which are acknowledged in the biblio-
graphy, and second, by personal interviews with people liv-

ing in the Salina-Roulo district, who were born and educated

”sin their native countries. ‘Unusual statements and dates

were checked with historical data.

A for general characteristics may be mentioned that are
common to all groups. When foreign families arrive in this
country they usually locate in a community where the environ-
ment differs as little as possible from that with which they
were familiar in their native country. Naturally this would
be in a community composed largely of their own relatives,
friends or nationality. For example, if they came from 10cal-
ities where it was necessary for large groups to live in one
house they adOpt the same plan in this country. Building
codes, however, require the foreigner to live in American
type homes. .

School Problems in Foreign Readjustment.

The first readjustment the foreigner makes upon his
arrival in this country is in his manner of dress. The for-
eign customs are discarded as soon as possible and American
clothing substituted. A change of foods, method of preparing
and serving is seldom made until the children learn the new
methods in school and try them at home. When the Salina

school cafeteria was first opened it was believed advisable

47

to hire one of the noumanian women as an assistant as we
had such a large percentage of Houmanian students enrolled.
The students very soon made a complaint saying, "Why do we
have to have a noumanian cook! We get Roumanian food at
home and we want American cooking while in school."

Foreign children and parents are more appreciative of
the things done for them by the school than the majority of
the Americans. The children are more easily disciplined
and can be given more liberties. There is seldom any neg-
ative comment from the homes in respect to method of discip-
line. If any comment is made it is usually that the school
does not made the students work as much as they should, or
that the teacher should be more severe in disciplining‘ the
child. In these reapects the parents are influenced by their
own family and school customs. They formerly had been accus-
tmmed to having their children attend schools where the in-
structors were men who ruled the school with an iron hand.
Foreign children in the Salina-Roulo community prefer going
to school to staying at home. They are disappointed when
school is dismissed for the summer vacation and are anxious
for the fall term to commence. If summer school is held it
is necessary to limit the students who may attend to those
who have failed in some of their school work. If this is not
done there would be a majority of the school pepulation re-
gistering for attendance. One of the reasons for this un-

usual situation is the fact that the school environment is

48

more desirable to the child than the home. The parents of
these children make very little or no provision for their
entertainment at home and too they prefer to have the child-
ren attend school rather than stay at home or play in the
streets.

On: :f the customs with which the schools had to contend
and which still causes a great deal of annoyance is the for-
eign holidays. Six years ago nearly every nationality wished
to celebrate their national holidays as well as those in
America. When the church holidays were included there were
pupils of one or more nationalities absent from school once
or twice each week. The parents would ask the teachers to
excuse their children from school, even though the fathers
had to work and no entertainment, church services or work had
been arranged for them. By using different public relation
methods such as communications, parent teacher organizations,
school paper and the press, the greater number of these requests
have been eliminated. The new families moving into the community
comprise the most of those who now wish to have their children
excused for foreign National Holidays.

Another problem.in connection with the foreign pepulation
which the school has been attempting to solve, but without as
much success as the one on National Holidays, is that of educat-
ing the older students to appreciate the handicaps under which
their parents have worked and to respect them. It was noticed

when communications were sent to the parents, by the pupils that

49

the foreign parents of the Junior High students were not res-
ponding. Upon investigation it was found the older children
were ashamed of the foreign dress, manners and broken speech
of their parents and were using their efforts to keep the par—
ents from attending meetings at the school. This sensitive
feeling which the older children have in regard to the foreign
customs still used by their parents has caused many parents to
realize the necessity for them to make a greater effort to adOpt
the American customs and speech. The following letter, which is
typical of many received from foreign parents is here cOpied
verbatfln. »
'Mr. Harvey H. Lowrey,
Supt. of Fordson Schools,
Dearborn, Michigan.
Dear mr. Lowrey:
my wife and I learned from.other people that we
had a chance to learn, read, write and other most
important things by going to the Night School. We
tried it and are both much surprised how wonderful
Dearborns Night School is. We have two boys 10 and
11 in the fifth grade both speak and spell good and
we parents are allmost ashamed that we couldent go
ahead. Your Night School will give us a chance for
this. I can get my citizenship papers and my wife
use your wonderful library. Kindly to all you for
this and be sure all this many peOple have passed
this school will be thankful forever.
Yours truly,
Holland Mintz.
The school has attempted to discourage this attitude of
superiority of the students toward their parents. Some
pregress has been made but it has been a difficult problem

to Salve.

.ammfiaoas ao ampmHHam acapmHaaoa

.Hm.m HHN manna

.onoa “mopwpm UQPHSD asp no mdmnou Spaompuah Amy

 

 

 

 

 

 

on n ma “ ommm " mmom " mmmsau mmmmau msomm" msmsm" mmm.ow Hammm_
o u o u m u m u 3 u S u an n 3 “ mm " Eofiqp
a u o u as “ mm “ mm “ am " oma " cad “ mam " ampo me
o u H “ oma " mas “ mam “ mma “ man “ smm " oms " as --- mm
o u o “ mmm “ mam “ moa “ amm “ mos " som “ mama" mm --- mm
m u a “ mmm “ smma " mam " mmoa “ mama “ ooam “ mama“ «m --- mm
m u v “ «mad “ mamm " mums " «Hmm “ mmmm " swam “ mmmm“ am --- mm
m u H “ mmm " coma “ omea u smsH " mmmm " mmmm ” mmmm" mm --- om
m u a “ mam “ mam " Hmma “ mama “ mamm “ mmmm ” momma mm --- mm
m u o “ mmw " saw “ moss “ mmsa “ mama “ nmmm “ Hmwwu mm --- om
m u o « mmm “ Hmm u mama “ amma “ «mad “ mass “ mmnm“ ma --- ma
0 u o “ Hm“ u mom u smom “ Hmom u mmmm « mmmm » meme“ «a --- ma
a u a n mod “ mbH “ ammm “ smmm u 3m”H comm “ «msnn m -u--- m
n u H “ mm n aw “ mmsm “ Hmmm “ mmmm " «mom “ «sewn m scene
Hams “E2 .r m Sum u was w Saga " mass “ magma “ mass. " gases“ 34
man ommmz " zmom zmHamom “ meHmm asHsaz “ " ZOHBagsmoa
mama Nam can weHsHaaz .moaoo .mm4.sm ZOHBaAmmom zmommaan HHH mamas

Amy

51

Dearborn's ForeigngPOpulation.

 

Dearborn is not only a young city in years of incorpora-
tion, but a young city in the age of its inhabitants. In the
majority of cases it is the younger people who were dissatisfied
with their former environment and have the energy and initiative
to break away from home ties and adjust themselves to new sur-
roundings. There are over twenty-five percent more peOple in
the city between the ages of 25 and 34 than there are between
the ages of 35 to 44. The foreign born men usually come to
this country before they are married, or if married they leave
their families in their native country until they establish a
home for them in the new world. There are over 33 l/S percent

more foreign born men than women in the city of Dearborn.

52

The history of the Armenian people is one of the most
interesting and tragic of all our nationalities. These peOple
formerly lived in two sections of Europe, - in northeastern
Turkey and in southeastern Russia. For a period of over five
hundred years they have lived under the government of other
nationalities, although they have successfully maintained their
own schools, customs and religion. The majority of the Armen~
ians lived in territory governed by Turkey. They paid taxes
to the Turkish Empire, furnished soldiers for the Turkish
- army, but were given very little in the way of education or
protection in return.

During the World War the Armenian people favored the
Allies, although Turkey joined the Central Powers. The
Armenians in Turkey were required to join the Turkish army.
Their prOperty was requisitioned for military purposes and
groups were sent to the front, where they were mowed down by
the French and English trOOps. It was finally decided by the
Turkish government to settle the Armenian question for all
time. A date was set by the Turkish government when the
Armenians were to be done away with. It was decided that this
task would be easier and involve less risk if the able bodied
men were divided up into small groups and shot by the Turkish
soldiers. This plan was carried out, but not until the Turks
had derived all possible benefit from their subjects. Groups
of from 50 to 250 men were placed at work on government rail-

roads and other public works. They were kept at this labor

55

until no further work was to be found and were then asked
to meet at a public gathering on a given day, a short dis-
tance outside of the town. Here they were put to death by
Turkish soldiers.

”In less than one year this deed had been accomplished.
The Armenians in Turkey to the number of approximately a
million peOple, old and young, rich and poor, of both sexes,
had been collectively drowned, burned, bayonetted, starved,
or otherwise tortured to death - all who had not been killed
were driven on foot to the burning Arabian desert to starve
or die of thirst." (1) Some were fortunate enough to escape
by crossing into Russia and Joining the Armenian-Russian army.
The majority of the 160,000 regular Armenian trOOps who serv«
ed in the Russian army were natives of Russia, but besides
these 20,000 more joined as volunteers, many of whom came
from Turkey. In cases where Turkish tr00ps invaded Armenian
villages in Russia the Armenians received the same treatment
that had been accorded their countrymen in Turkey. Such
tragedies have made a lasting impression upon the parents and
children of the Armenian people in the Salina-Roulo district.
Shortly after the massacre one of the Armenian citizens brought
his mother and brother from Russia to his home in Dearborn. The
boy was ten years of age when he entered the Special English

class for foreigners at the Salina school. He was small for his

 

(l) Papazian, 8.8. The Tragedy of Armenia. 1918.

age, undernourished and very nervous. He would be happy one
minute and the next he would be weeping. The reason given for
his emotional disturbance was always the same ”I was thinking
of my home in Russia." When he had learned to speak English
he told of witnessing the Turkish invasion of his native
Armenian town. He had seen old men and women with their hands
and feet out off, hundreds killed outright and babies killed
and carried down the streets on the bayonets of the Turkish
soldiers. Time will never entirely erase from the minds of
the Armenian people the impression made by such atrocities.

The idea of coming to the United States originated with
the American missionaries working among the Armenian people.
In the year 1894, 3,000 Armenians resided in the United States,
the majority of whom were here to gain an education, to learn
a trade, or to engage in commerce - all intending to return
to their own country. The Armenian immigration began in
earnest immediately after the massacres of 1894. The immigra-
tion records show that from 1895 to 1917 inclusive, 70,980
Armenians entered the United States, and only 8,329 returned.
The 1930 census shows that there are 58,037 Armenian peeple
in the United States, of whom.32,166 were foreign born.

The Armenian church, which is attended by many of the
Armenians in the Salina-Roulo district, was founded by Saint
Gregory, and has remained independent in spite of overtures
from both the Roman and Greek Catholic churches. The religion

was founded by an Armenian for the Armenians and so represents

55

not only a distinct religion, but the religion of a distinct
pe0ple. The ordinary parish priests are called Derders, and
are permitted to marry, but only once. Nearly the entire
sermon in their church is conducted in music, and for this
reason it is often called the Armenian Evangelical (Protestant)
Church, correctly named the Gregorian Church.

The Armenians in the Salina district are thrifty. They
wish to become citizens and pr0perty owners. They settle in
groups and assist each other in building homes, working for

the most part without remuneration.

56

THE HUNGARIANS

General Characteristics.

The Hungarians are a highly emotional people. For
this reason they have a wealth of material in their native
country in art, music and literature. They are lovers of
music and dancing and enjoy interpreting different moods and
emotions in folk dances. Seldom is a Hungarian family found
in which one or more members cannot play some musical instrue
ment. The native costumes also emphasize the emotionalism of
these peOple as the materials are highly colorful, embroidered
and ornamented. They are also noted for their beautiful weav-
ing and needlework, and enjoy highly decorative walls and carv-
ed furniture. The Hungarian language is entirely different
from any other tongue. For this reason a person of another
nationality seldom can converse in or understand the language
unless a special study of it has been made.

Approximately two thirds of the Hungarians are Roman
Catholics. There are a few Greek Catholics, a few Baptists
and a large percentage of the remainder are Calvinists.

Causes of Immigration from Hungary.

The desire of the Hungarian peOple to become land owners
is perhaps the greatest reason for the immigration of its cit-
izens to the United States. The Hungarian people naturally have
a love of land ownership and are not satisfied unless they at
least own their home. It is difficult to do this in their

native country because of the social and economic conditions.

57

Hungary is largely an agricultural country, especially since
the large manufacturing centers and mines were given to other
countries after the World War. There are three classes of
society ~ the land owner aristocrats, the land owner peasants
and the peasants who do not own land. The burden and reSpon-
sibility of the country falls upon the first two groups. As
Hungary is overpOpulated it is impossible for all its citizens
to own farms. This fact makes it difficult for a peasant to
change his position in society. The dissatisfaction arising
from this situation has caused many of its citizens to emigrate
to countries where it is possible for them to own land. The
status of the non-land owning peasant was very low in Hungary.
Often this class of society was not permitted to vote, which
caused a great deal of unrest, and many left to seek new homes.
Many of the Hungarian immigrants who came to the United States
before the World War gave enforced military training as their
reason for leaving their native country.

Hungary is well equipped with schools of higher learning
and many are graduated each year to take their place in society.
The percentage of professional and educated men has been growing
rapidly for a number of years until it is impossible for all
to obtain suitable employment. This economic situation has
caused many of them to emigrate to the new world. A large
percentage of the immigrants from Hungary since the World War

has been from this group.

58

Hungarians in the Salina-Roulo District.

The largest Hungarian district in the City of Dearborn is
in the Salina-Roulo district. Homes have been purchased by
twenty five of the forty families studied in this survey. These
peOple take a great deal of pride in keeping their homes and
grounds in excellent condition. Each family raises as many
vegetables and fruits as their limited amount of land will per-
mit. {any of them get additional ground to cultivate if poss-
ible. They raise grapes and made their own wine, which they
keep in the home for the use of their immediate family. Some
of the largest families in the community are among the Hungarian
families. The average number of children in each family as
shown by Table IV page '75 is 4.3, which is one of the highest
of the nationalities studied. The Hungarian people do not
like to be subjects of charity. They look upon charity as a
diagrace and will use every honorable method of earning a living
before submitting to help from welfare organizations.

The Hungarians are interested in the welfare of the
community and take pride in their power to vote and aid in
civic improvements.

The men of this nationality are strict disciplinarians
in ruling over their wives and children, often causing the
older children to leave home and shift for themselves at an
early age. This can be explained to some extent by the early
impression made on their emotions and the lack of freedom dur-

ing their early life. The three stages of existence, birth,

59

weddings and deaths, are events which call for striking
demonstrations. The Hungarians send their children to the
public schools and do not maintain a separate school for the
teaching of their native language. Those of the Roman Cath-
olic faith attend one of the nearest American churches. There
is one Hungarian Roman Catholic Church in Detroit, but it is

seldom attended by the people of this community.

60

THE POLISH

Polish immigration to the United States dates as far
back as the first half of the seventeenth century, when the
Zborowski family came to this country and settled near Hack-
ensack, New Jersey. Other Poles soon followed, but it was
not until the unsuccessful insurrection of 1830-31 that many
were led to seek refuge in this country. The same condition
occurred again in 1848 and in 1863. Following the Franco-
Prussian War, Polish immigration to the United States began
on a much larger scale. Beginning with the inhabitants of
Prussian Poland, emigration gradually spread to include
peOple from Upper Silesia, Poznania and West Prussia, so that
during the years between 1882 and 1895, in Poznania and in
West Prussia, the normal pOpulation was actually reduced by
41,000: Immigration from Poland to the United States reached
its greatest peak just before the World War. From 1901 to
1910 the number of Polish immigrants was 873,669. The record
for any one year was set in 1912-13 when 174,365 Poles entered
this country. The Fifteenth Census of the United States gave
the total Polish population as 3,342,198, of whom 1,268,583
were foreign born. In the city of Dearborn there are more
Polish families than any other foreign nationality, but not
a great number have settled in the Salina-Roulo community.

It is evident from the distribution of families and pupils
according to country of birth, in Table IV, that there were

twentybfour families with forty-five children represented in

61

this study.

The general causes of Polish emigration as given by
Joseph Okolowicz and Professor L. Cass, authorities on Polish
history, are as follows: "(1) overpOpulation of Polish
agricultural villages; (2) primitive agricultural methods and
small landholdings; (3) insufficient industrial development;
(4) low wages; (5) excessive taxation; (6) alcoholism and
petty litigations; (7) land hunger; (8) immigration prOpaganda
by steamship lines; and (9) news of friends who had been success-
ful in the United States." (1)

The Polish in the Salina-Roulo District.

The Poles, unlike the Roumanians, came to this country
with the expectation of making permanent homes here. This
characteristic has been followed out in the Salina-Roulo
neighborhood as over ninety-two percent of the Polish fame
ilies studied had purchased their homes. Any sacrifice will
be made in order to accomplish this desire. Many live in the
basement of their home and rent the upper floors, while others
take roomers and boarders to increase the family income. Auto-
mobiles and radios are considered by the Polish a luxury and
not to be indulged in until there is no further danger of
losing their property. The Polish are very industrious, usually
working at common labor. They are more interested in the
economic status of the family than they are in education. Very
few of the Polish children complete the Senior High School,

the majority quitting as soon as they reach the age of sixteen.

 

(1) Fox, Paul. The Eglesflyrgneripfl. r 58.

62

Many Polish parents misrepresent the age of their children by
at least one year when they reach the age of fifteen, even go-
ing before a notary and furnishing an affidavit if necessary.
These measures are resorted to more often during normal times
than in times of depression as the children then can gain
employment. The money earned is collected by the parents,

or the children are required to turn it over to the parents

at once. This attitude is followed as long as the boys and
girls can be forced to deliver their wages, usually until

they establish homes of their own.

The Polish are inclined to segregate in certain local-
ities. In the Salina-Roulo schools the children all attend
the public schools, although a Polish Catholic school is
maintained in Dearborn. They do not even provide a special
school for the teaching of the Polish language or religion
as many of the other nationalities are accustomed to doing.
The Polish people in this district all belong to the Roman

Catholic church and attend regularly each Sunday.

63

THE ROUMANIANS

Customs of the Homeland.=

 

The majority of the Roumanians who came to Dearborn
formerly lived in the section of EurOpe which was governed
by Austria Hungary. The greater number of them were farmers
living in small villages in the river valleys renting or work-
ing as laborers small farms ranging in size from one to ten
acres. These farms situated as they were in the valleys were
very fertile. Because of the uneven tOpOgraphy of the land
grapes were their chief crop. Wine was made from the grapes
and traded for wheat and other necessities.

There were two kinds of schools, those supported by the
Hungarian government and those supported by the Roumanian
p00ple. School was held five and one-half days each week.
The half day on Saturday was devoted to the teaching of re-
ligion. If the school was supported by the people themselves
they could devote four days to the teaching of the Roumanian
language and one day to the Hungarian language. When the
school was supported by the government four days had to be
spent in teaching Hungarian and but one might be devoted to
instruction in Roumanian.

Reasons for Immigration.

 

One of the better educated Roumanian parents gave the
following reasons why the Roumanians came to America.

"It is the ambition of every Roumanian laborer to even-
tually save enough money to enable him to purchase his
own farm. This was very difficult to accomplish, how-
ever, since the amount of money even the most diligent
could make in a year would but cover his living expenses.
In our native village one of my friends, more adventurous
than the rest, had made the trip to the United States,

and after staying here less than three years had re-

turned to Roumania and purchased a farm with the money

he had saved. To save in one or two years an amount which

in our country would take the better part of a lifetime

was looked upon by us as a remarkable achievement." He
said, "I knew if this friend of mine, who was lots dumber

than I, could save one thousand dollars in two years, I

could save lots more, so I came to the United States in

1906 with a number of other men from neighboring local—

ities. We left our families at home fully intending to

return to Roumania as soon as we had saved enough money

to purchase our homes, but very few of us ever went back."
Roumanians in the United States.

Roumanians have been entering the United States since
the year 1881. They have come from all parts of Roumania,
including the provinces formerly owned by Austria Hungary,
Russia, and Turkey. Of the 149,826 Roumanians entering this
country between the years 1899 and 1928, 10 percent came from
Boumania; 83.4 percent from.Austria Hungary and 6.6 percent
from.Russia, Turkey, Bulgaria, Greece and other countries.
(From 1908 to 1928 68,965 Roumanians returned to their native
homes).

In the year 1930 there were approximately 293,453 Rous
manians in the United States, of whom 146,393 were foreign
born, eighty-nine percent of these were laborers, while but
four percent followed any profession. Thirtybfive percent of
the Roumanian immigrants over fourteen years of age could
neither read nor write at the time of their entrance to this
country. In the past ten years this figure has decreased until
in 1930 there were only 3.5 percent who could neither read nor
write.

The Roumanians first settled in Philadelphia. In 1909

65

about fifty came to Detroit and obtained work at the American
Car and Foundry Company, settling on the east side of Detroit.
Others came and obtained work in the Cadillac Automobile Com-
pany. A number were hired by the Ford Motor Company in High-
land Park and a settlement began there. Later some of them were
transferred to the Rouge Plant in Dearborn and as it was their
custom to reside within walking distance of their work a small
settlement has been established in the Salina School District.
At the present time there are over 30,000 Roumanians in the
metrOpolitan area of Detroit.

The Roumanian nationality ranks third in the number of
foreign born white people residing in Dearborn, but in the
number of students enrolled at the Salina and Roulo schools
it ranks first, surpassing even the enrollment of the children
of American parents.

In the Salina~Roulo district the Roumanians have purchas-
ed their own homes, built two churches, a Greek Orthodox and
a Roman Catholic church. Approximately two-thirds of the
Roumanians are adherents to the Greek Orthodox faith, a few
are Baptists, and the balance are Roman Catholic. The two
religions differ very little in most respects. The Greek
Orthodox minister may marry, and rear children, and members
of the faith may seek divorces, While these privileges are
denied the Roman Catholics. The Roumanians have also built a
community hall where parties, weddings and funeral services

are held. A branch of the Roumanian National Society called

66

"Cassia Rumania' holds its meetings here. Another group
centered here is their organization for civic improvement call-
ed the "Roumanian American Society", which now has a membership
of over five hundred, all entitled to vote.

The Roumanians have very generally given up their dis- j

l

5
I
I
a

tinctive forms of dress, shortened their christening and wedding
festivities, and omitted the observance of their Saints' days.
There seems to be very little criminality, delinquency,
or pauperism among these peOple. They seldom intermarry with
Americans although frequently with immigrants from countries
near their old homeland. A large percentage of the men have
obtained their citizenship papers and take an active part in
civic affairs. The children all attend the public schools,
though this instruction is supplemented in parochial schools
of their own, established mainly for religious teaching and
for preserving among the second generation a knowledge of the

mother tongue.

67

THE RUSSIAN"

The first Russian migration to America began a number of
years before the'United Colonists declared their independence
from.Great Britain. As early as 1747 a group of Russians
established a trading center with the natives of Alaska at
‘Kodiok Island. A profitable fur trade deve10ped and some of
the natives were won over to the Russian Orthodox faith. Later,
thousands of the natives were baptized by a special mission
of monks which had been sent out for the purpose of convert-
ing them.

Groups sent out from.Alaska explored the California
coast and established a farming colony there with schools and
churches, about the year 1812. Owing to trouble with Spain,
the colony was abandoned and the colonists returned to Alaska
and Russia. After the purchase of Alaska, many of the Russians
returned to their native country, while others migrated from
Alaska to California. As a result of their influence the
Russian Church in America was removed to San Francisco in 1872,
and an important Russian colony has always remained in California.

The larger portion of the immigrants from Russia to the
United States in the latter part of the-nineteenth century were
Jews and Poles, with but a small percentage of Russians. From.
the beginning of the twentieth century there was a steady in-
crease of Russians until the peak was reached in 1913, when

57,926 Russians entered the country. The war curtailed

68

immigration, and since that time this country has been losing
more than she has gained. The 1930 United States census gives
the Russian foreign born population, including Latvia and
Esthonia, which countries were included in the census of Russia
in 1920, as 1,177,847; while the 1920 census reported a total
of 1,400,489 foreign born Russians, a net decrease of 222,642
persons for the last decade.

Russian families were among the first of the foreign
nationalities to move into the Salina-Roulo district and es-
tablish permanent residences. Many purchased lots and construct-
ed their homes. The Russians as a group usually do not become
large homeowners. However, in this community over eighty per-
cent have purchased their homes. Russian women are generally
not considered to be very good housekeepers. There are a few
families who follow this national characteristic, but the great-
er number of the women in this district are very good house-
keepers. Some of the homes are among the most desirable found
in the community. Nearly all of the men work at the Ford Motor
Company at common labor. They are desirable employees as they
are physically strong and willing to work at the heavier and
more unpleasant tasks, such as unloading steel, loading heavy
castings and foundry work. The Russian children in this com»
munity all attend the public school while in session. During
the summer vacation they often establish a school in some va-
cant building in the neighborhood where the children are taught

to read and write their native language. Although the Russian

69

students in the Salina-Roulo district rate above the standard
norm.in intelligence, very few of the parents are inclined to
send their children through high school. When the boys reach
the age of thirteen their parents attempt to have them entered
as apprentices in the Ford Trade School. However, very few of
the boys have secured admittance within the past two years.
The graduates of the Ford Trade School are transferred to pro-
duction Jobs in the factory, but as the plant has not been
running full time lately the school has been obliged to keep
the graduates in their department, which prohibited them from
enrolling new boys. The Russian pupils have been staying in
the public schools until they were seventeen. They then leave
school and attempt to secure some kind of employment.

The Russian families in the Salina-Roulo neighborhood
are thrifty, have a desirable home environment and the children
are good students. These people are a valuable addition to the

community.

70

THE SYRIANS

The Syrian people, like the Armenians, had for many
years prior to the World War been subjects of the Turkish
Empire. However, since they held the same religious belief
as their Turkish masters - the teachings of Mohammad - and
were treated as equals, they were better satisfied with the
Turkish government than with the French Mandate which was es-
tablished in 1924. .Nevertheless, a regulation which forced
all young Syrian men into a period of three years' service in
the Turkish army was an important factor in a widespread emi-
gration to foreign countriesg It is estimated that 90 percent
of this Syrian emigration found a haven in the United States.
The 1930 census gives the number of Syrian peOple in the United
States as 148,022, of whom 63,362 were born in foreign countries.
There are 139 Syrians in the city of Dearborn, all of whom live
in the Salina-Roulo neighborhood..

In their native land the majority of the Syrian peOple
were farmers, living in villages and working nearby farms.
They derived their revenue chiefly from raising dates, grapes,
wheat and horses.

The Syrians, like many of the other foreign born people
in the Salina-Roulo district, are inclined not to associate
with other nationalities. They have their own social and pol-
itical organizations, which are open only to peOple of their
nationality or a few others ppon invitation. While they desire

to become citizens and participate in the city and national

71

government, hey are still interested in their native land and
are inclined to donate more money for schools and relief work
in Syria than they can comfortably afford.

The Arabic Speaking peOple in this locality have organ-
—ized an Arabic Progressive Association for pleasure and for
philanthrOpic purposes. Syrian speakers at meetings of this
organization have stated that peOple of their nationality
never ask for or receive charity from city welfare organiz-
ations, but instead are cared for by their own countrymen.
However, one Syrian family was located who were receiving
help from the Dearborn city welfare. when inquiries were made
it was found they were very much concerned lest others of their
nationality become acquainted with the fact. In this instance
the family was reluctant to request aid from their friends.

The Syrians send their children to the public schools
but provide an instructor to teach them to read and write in
their native language after the public school hours, usually
from four to six dclook. The Syrian children have the highest
intelligence of any group studied in this survey. The parents

are industrious and make very desirable citizens.

72

CHAPTER IV
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE FAKILIES.

The family is the first social group to which the in-
fant is exposed and is considered by psychologists and soc-
iolOgists to be the most important. It is now generally re-
cognized that before a child is five years old his major char-
acteristics are usually deve10ped. It remains then for the
public school to develOp further or direct these characteris-
tics to the best of its ability. The task becomes more come
plicated if there are several nationalities with their differ-
ent modes of speech, habits, attitudes and desires as in the
Salina-Roulo district. Numerous definitions of the term family
may be found. It may be defined as a group of persons consist-
ing of the parents and their children. Others give the term
family to all personalities living in a household, including
servants. Burgess says "The family is more than a legal forms
ulation. Functionally considered, it is 'a unity of inter—
acting personalities)" (l)In this study the term family will
be used to include only the mother, father and children.

The tables are arranged alphabetically by countries. If
more than one nationality originated from a given country they
are listed separately under that country. Four nationalities
are classified as Russians;- the Armenians, Jews, Russians and

Ukranians. Many of the Armenians originally lived in Turkey,

 

(l) Burgess, E. W. he Family as a Unity of Interacting
Personalities. Vol. VIII, P. 5.

73

but were persecuted and driven from Turkey into Russia. From
there many came to the United States. The two families of Jews
also came from Russia.

Three classifications are used for the United States; first,
those who have always lived in Michigan; second, those who have
lived in the northeastern states and north central states; third,
those who lived south of the Ohio river. Over ninety percent
of those classified as Southern came to Dearborn from five of
the states, Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia, Virginia and
Oklahoma. Natives of nearly every state in the union are re-
presented in the population of the Salina-Roulo section. Native
born families of Michigan were considered as a separate group,
to determine, if possible, whether or not the advantage of liv-
ing in this state is conducive to better educational, vocation-
al, economic or esthetic conditions. The country of birth of
the mother and father has been used as the basis for class-
ifying the families. If the mother and father were born in
different countries they have been placed in the last group
designated as Mixed.

There are thirty-two nationalities represented in the en-
rollment of the Salina and Reulo schools, although only twenty-
seven were represented in grades four to nine used in this
study. The number of families and pupils of each nationality
are shown in Table IV. Where the number of families and pupils
reporting in a given nationality is at least one percent of

the total, the percentages are also given.

74

A total of 655 student schedules were obtained, represent-
ing 429 families. Families with parents born in the United
States lead the list with ninety, closely followed by the
Roumanians with eighty-five. However, if the number of pupils
reporting for the two nationalities are compared it will show
by the number of case reports or students enrolled in the grades
four to nine inclusive, that the Roumanians had 152 children
in these grades, while the ninety families of the United States
had only 126 children. Anyone drawing hasty conclusions from
these figures would naturally believe that the Roumanians had
the larger families, but such is not the case as shown in
Table IV "Number of Children in the Families of Different
Nationalities." The families migrating from Russia constitute
the next largest group, closely followed by those from Hungary.
The people from Yugoslavia, Italy and Arabia are also well
represented in this district. At the other extreme but one
family was found enrolled in grades four to nine inclusive,
from Albania, Canada, China, Scotland and Sweden.

The Fifteenth Census of the'United States shows that the
average size of each family in the state of Michigan is 3.37
and for the City of Dearborn the average size of each family
is 3.65. How these figures compare with the number of children
in the families of each nationality in the Salina-Roulo district
is shown in Table IV. The nationalities are arranged according

to the average number of children for each family. The twentyb

75

Table IV. NUMBER OF CHILDREN IN THE FAMILIES

OF EACH NATIONALITY.

 

 

 

 

Nationality : Number of: Number of: Average Number
: Families : Children : of Children

Canadian : 1 : 7 z
English : 4 : 26 :
Italian : 21 : 109 : 5.2
Jews (Russian) : 2 : 10 :
Croatian : 15 : 72 : 4.8
German : 8 : 56 : 4.5
Polish : 24 : 108 : 4.5
American : 90 : 595 : 4.4
Southern States : 44 : 200 : 4.5
Northern States : 46 : 195 : 4.2
Hungarian : 4O : 175 : 4.5
Austrian : 4 : 17 :
Serbian : 8 : 55 : 4.1
Arabian : 17 : 70 : 4.1
Lithuanian : 5 : 12 :
Scotch : l : 4 :
Ukranian : 9 : 55 : 5.9
Russian : 27 : 105 z 5.8
Spanish : 4 : 15 :
Roumanian : 85 : 517 : 5.?
Mexican : lo : 56 z 5.6
Portuguese : 2 : 7 :
Armenian : 9 : 50 z 5.5
Bulgarian : 4 : l5 :
Czechoslovakian : 4 : 15 :
Mixed : 24 : 76 : 5.2
Belgians : 2 : 6 :
Albanians : 1 : 5 :
Chinese : 1 : 5 :
Greeks : 8 : 25 : 2.9
Swedish : l : l .

Total 429 ~ 1751 4.1

 

 

76

one Italian families with 109 children give an average for
each family of 5.19 children. This average is closely follow-
ed by the Croatians with 4.8 children. The German. Polish,
American. Hungarian, Austrian, Serbian and Arabians each have
higher averages in number of children in the family than the
total average for the Salina-Roulo district. which is 4.08.
The Greeks with an average of 2.9 children per family have the
lowest average of the entire list.

Diagram.2 gives a graphic presentation of the percent-
age of children of each nationality in relation to the total
studied in this survey. The Roumanian, United States and
Russian children comprise 51.5 percent of the total. Hungary,
Poland, Yugoslavia, Italy and Mexico are also well represented.
Mobility of Families.

The fact that the largest automobile industry in the world
is located in Dearborn influences the mobility of the families
in this district. Large numbers migrate to Dearborn from farms
and other cities with the object of obtaining employment in
order to pay for their prOperty back home, and to return there
as soon as possible. As the homes in the Salina-Roulo district
rent for less than other places in Dearborn, many establish
temporary residence there and their children attend our schools.
When working conditions are normal very few families at any one
time leave the city, but as soon as the Ford Motor Company be-
gins laying off men the families having only temporary residence
return to their former homes. This condition affects greatly

the percentage of turnover in the Salina and Roulo schools.

77

 

 

 

 

 

Diagram 2.- Percentage of the Total Number of Children

Belonging to Each Nationality

78

American families who desire to establish a permanent
residence in Dearborn by purchasing their own homes, very sel-
dom buy prOperty in this section on account of the large for-
eign element and transient families that have caused the prOp-
erty to decrease in value instead of increase.

The mobility of Salina and Roulo students for the past
nine years is shown in Table VI. The first column gives the
school year in question. The column heades "June Membership”
shows the number of students in school on the last day of the
school year. The yearly enrollment is the number of students
who attended school sometime during the year. The difference
between the June membership and yearly enrollment is termed

the "turnover" and the percents e of turnover is given in the

last column. The percentage of turnover for the nine years
varies from 17.4 percent in the school year 1924-1925 to

27.0 percent in the preceding year 1925-1924. This table
also shows the growth of the schools as shown by the June
membership. From a total of 555 students enrolled in June
1925, there was a rapid growth until June 1929 when 1505 pup-
ils were enrolled. For the past two years there has been a
slight loss in membership due to the inactivity of the auto-

mobile industry.

Types of Homes and Ownership;

 

The homes in the Salina-Roulo district are of three

types. The greater number are small one story frame homes of

79

LIOBILIL'Y T JTUDJITS I: sLLIIA-ROULO BISTRICT

Table V.

. fur? “ D\ :m ‘. “4‘- "7“ v MINI" W-H " i'v‘f'.‘ “YT- n C‘s m1"\;“‘fl
FOR 1-1.; 11.51 1; 5-10.; ;. 7 “1.. 1...-..) .11 -‘Jq i lllCuu

 

 

at“ l.—«- .\v ,
FFROLLgn the rat: FLF:::: DIFIZ} Tit YQHRo
School Year : June : Yearly : Yearly Perceztzje

of Turnover

—-.--.

:hembership:Enrollment:Turnover
1922-1925 : 555 : 455 : 98

 

 

22. 6

1925-1924 : 518 : 710 : 192 : 27.0

1924-1925 : 715 z 866 : 151 : 17.4
1925-1926 : 881 : 1206 : 525 : 26.9
1926-1927 : 955 : 1258 : 505 : 24.6
1927-1928 : 1205 : 1580 : 575 25.7
1928-1929 : 1505 : 1696 595 : 25.1
1929-19 50 : 1504 : 1728 424 24.5
1950-1951 : 1254 : 1684 : 450 25.5
1951-1952 1555 : 1658 : 505 : 17.9
1952-19 55 : 1296 : 1707 411 : 24.0

 

80

five rooms, many without basements or furnaces. In many cases
a lot was purchased on contract and a temporary residence built
on the rear of the lot. After the lot was paid and a deed ob-
tained the small homes were moved to the front of the lot and
remodeled or a new home was constructed in front of the tempor-
ary one. The majority of these homes were constructed by the
owner with the assistance of his immediate family and friends,
who donated their services after regular working hours. The
results obtained sh w some novel idess in architectural design.

The second type of home found in this locality is the two
or four family flats. This type of building is usually con-
' structed by real estate companies and later sold to families
on contract. These homes are much better designed than the
first class described, but are usually built as an investment
and so are constructed as cheaply as possible. They are
generally built of frame or brick veneer with cement block
basements and chimneys, hot air heat, pine floors and nood-
work.

The third type of home found in this district is of
much better construction. This is the large apartment house.
These buildings are of hrick construction with all conveniences.
The size of each apartment is usually from two to four rooms
and when new these are rented to small families. as the buildings
grow older it is harder to obtain desirable tenants and so larger
and more undesirable families are permitted to rent the apart—

ments.

81

It is evident, with twenty-seven nationalities represent-
ed in a community, some nationalities would be inclined to pur-
chase homes and establish permanent residence, while others
would only desire temporary residence. The number and percent-
age of each nationality owning and renting their homes in this
locality is shown in Table VI. The Arabian nationality is the
first with more than seven families for which a percentage of
ownership is shown. If this column is followed through it is
evident that there are seventeen Arabian families in this study,
seven of whom own or are buying their homes. This equals 41.1
percent of all the Arabian families considered in this study.

It is obvious that the Hungarians have established themselves
permanently in this locality as twenty-five of the forty
Hungarian families have purchased their residences, which is
62.5 percent of the total. The record is, however, held by the
Polish families as we find twenty-two of the twenty-four fame
ilies, or 92.6 percent are buying their homes. It is evident
that other reasons besides size of family keeps peeple from
purchasing their homes as Table 1V page '75 shows that the Polish
have the third largest families of those found in this district,
or an average of 4.5 children per family. Other nationalities
which are inclined to own homes are the Russians, of whom twenty
of the twenty-seven families, or 74.1 percent have purchased
homes. Fifty-one or 60 percent of the eighty-five Roumanian
families own homes. At the other extreme we find only one of

tho ten.Mexican families has purchased a home.

Table VI NUMBER AND PERCINTAGB OF EAQ NA-IOiaLITY

 

 

 

 

 

OWNING .EID REETIHG TIIEIR HOKIS III 5 SALIIIA-ROTLO DI STRTS
Nation :Tota1:0wning Homes: Renting Homes
“Families Number: PctT’: Number : Pct.

Albania : ‘I' : 1 : : O :
Arabia : 17 : 7 : 41 : 10 : 58
Austria : 4 : 2 : : 2 :
Belgium. : 2 : O : : 2 :
Bulgaria ° 4 : 4 : : 0 :
Canada : 1 : O : : l :
China . 1 : 0 : z 1 :
Czechoslovakia 4 : 2 : : 2 :
England 4 : O : : 4 :
German ° 8 : 6 : 75 : 2 : 25
Greece : 8 : 3 : 37 : 5 : 62
Hungary : 4O : 25 : 62 : 15 : 67
Italy : 21 : 7 : 53 : 14 : 66
Lithuania : 3 : 2 : : 1
Mexico : 10 : 1 : 10 : 9 . 90
Poland : 24 : 22 : 92 : 2 : 7
Portugal : 2 : O : : 2 :
Roumania ~ 85 : 51 : 60 : 54 : 40
Russia : : : : :

a. Armenians : 9 : 7 : 77 : 2 : 22

b.Jews : 2 : l : : l :

c.Russians : 27 : 2O : 24 : 7 : 25

d{Ukranian : 9 : 7 : 77 : 2 : 22
Scotland : l : O : : l :
Spain : 4 : l : : 5 :
Sweden : l : l : : O :
United States : : : : :

a. Michigan : 12 : 5 : 41 : 7 : 58

b. Northern States: 54 : 6 : 17 : 28 : 82

c. Southern States: 44 : 2 : 4 : 42 : 95
Yugoslavia : : : : :

a. Croatians : 15 ~ 8 : 55 : 7 - 46

b. Serbians : 8 : 7 : 87 : l 12
Mixed Nationalities: 24 : 4 : 16 : 83

 

 

[\9
mlm
Q0

Total : 429 : 202 .
Percentage : : : 47 : : 52

 

—..— .——-_._....-—u_

85

If each of the three subdivisions made of the native born
families of the United States is examined as much variation in
the percentage of home owners occurs as among the foreign groups.
Of the forty-four families who originally came here from the
Southern section of the United States only two, or 4.5 percent
have purchased homes. Only six homes, or 17 percent have been
purchased by the thirty-four families locating here from other
Northern states outside of Michigan. Five of the twelve families
whose parents were born and reared in this state have purchased
homes. This gives a percentage of 41.6.

The table also shows two hundred two of the four hundred
twentybnine families studied, owned or were buying their homes,
which makes 47.08 percent of the residences of this district
occupied by owners.

Automobile OwnershipL

With the Salina-Roulo community being located adjacent
to the largest automobile factory in the world, and the larger
number of the wage earners working in this industry, it would
naturally be expected that such factors would have an influence
on the number of automobiles owned in the community. The scale
of wages paid by the Ford Motor Company is generally reCOg-
nized to be sufficient to enable the laborer to purchase and
maintain certain luxuries. Pressure has been applied at diff-
erent times which made it advisable, against the employees
better Judgment, for them to purchase cars. This policy was

not sponsored by the officials of the automobile industry, but

by certain minor executives who had some influence with regard
to workmen retaining their positions, and who expected to re-
ceive personal remuneration from some outside source. The num—
ber and percentage of families of each nationality who own
automobiles is given in Tablelfl] In comparing this table with
the one on home ownership it is evident the total automobiles
owned were only four more than the total homes owned. However,
when a comparison is made of each nationality separately it is
obvious in many instances that the nationalities who are large
home owners do not have as high a percentage in car ownership.
Table VI on page 82 shows that of the twenty-seven Russian
families 74.1 percent owned their homes while 55.6 percent own-
ed automobiles. Twenty-two of the twenty-four Polish families
owned their own homes and only thirteen of the twenty-four own-
ed automobiles. The same is true with the Roumanians as twenty
percent fewer own cars than own their homes. This fact is also
true of other nationalities.

At the other extreme the families born and reared in the
United States evidently prefer automobiles to homes. A Compar-
ison of the two tables show that of the forty-four families
born in the Southern states only two owned homes while nine-
teen were automobile owners. Of the thirty-four born in the
Northern states, not including the state of Michigan, six own-
ed homes and nineteen owned automobiles. Of the twelve families
born and reared in Michigan five owned their homes and seven

owned automobiles.

85

OF AUTOKOBILE

Table VII NUMBER AND PERC EITTAGE
EACH GROUP.

OWNE* RSHIP III

 

 

 

 

Group : Nation :Number of: Automobile Ownership:
: » :Families : *Number : Percent °
1 :Albany : 1 : 1 :
2 :Arabia : l7 : 10 : 58,
3 :Austria : 4 : 3 z
4 :Belgium. : 2 : O :
5 :Bulgaria : 4 : 2 :
6 :Canada : l : 1 :
7 :China : 1 : O :
8 :Czech0510vakia : 4 : 1 :
9 :England : 4 : 1 :
10 :Germany : 8 : 4 : 50
11 :Greece : 8 : 2 : 25
12 :Hungary : 4O : 26 : 65
13 :Italy : 21 : 7 : 33
14 :Lithuania : 3 : O :
15 :Mexico ° 10 : 3 : 3O
16 :Poland : 24 : 13 : 54
17 :Portugal : 2 : O :
18 :Roumania : 85 : 38 : 4O
19 :Russia : : :
: a. Armenians : 9 z 5 z 55
: b. Jews : 2 : l :
: c. Ukranians : 9 : 2 : 22
d. Russians : 27 : 15 : 55
20 :Scotland : l : 1 :
21 :Spain - 4 : 3 :
22 :Sweden 1 : l :
23 :United States : : :
z a. LIichiFan : 12 : 7 : 58
: b. Northern States: 34 - 19 : 55
z 0. Southern States: 44 : 19 z 43
24 :Yugoslavia : : :
: a. Croatians : 15 : 7 : 46
: b. Serbians 8 : 3 : 37
25 :Mixed Nationalities: 24 : ll : _ga

Median 429 206 : 48

 

86

From this comparison it is evident that the salaries re-
ceived by the laborers in the Salina-Roulo district are not
large enough to permit them, in many instances, to own their
home and also an automobile.

Occupation of Father.

Very few families move into the Salina and Roulo dis-
trict before the men in the family have secured work. In this
community there are only two industries which hire outside
labor, the Ford Motor Company and the Mercier Brick Company.
The Mercier Brick Company does not have more than twenty-five
employees, so that the peeple depend directly or indirectly
upon the Ford Motor Company for their support. The employment
agents of the Ford Motor COMpany have bee instructed to give
residents of Dearborn preference, if possible, WASH hiring
employees. This is accomplished by close COOperation between
the employment department and the Dearborn Welfare. It is
necessary to be a resident of Dearborn for One year in order
to obtain financial help or aid in obtaining work from tie Wel-
fare Department. A strict investigation is made by the Welfare
to determine the place of residence before aid is given. The
Ford Motor Company was responsible for the City of Dearborn
withdrawing from the Detroit Community Fund organization and
Sponsoring their own community work.

The information in regard to the occupation was obtained
from 387 of the fathers. The results are shown in TablelKII on

the next page. There were only ten fathers not working at the

87

Table VIII. OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION BY
NATIONALITIES.

 

 

Nation :No.of :Ton Shilledpga29338killedzher~ :Fro— :Eot
:PersonsziFordS*: thers :Labor :chants:fess«:fi0rk~

 

 

 

 

- —-——.—-——.—

ionalzinf
l : . . . :
13 : l : : 2 z : l

3 : l : :
l

H

Albania

Arabia

Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Canada :
China :
Czechoslovakia:
England °
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Lithuania
Mexico :
Poland :
Portugal
Roumania
Russia
a.Armenians
be Jews

0. Russians
d.‘Ukranians
Scotland
Spain

Sweden
United States
a. Michigan
b. Northern*
0. Southern*
YUgoslavia

a. Croatian : 9
b. Serbian : 8
Mixed : 24

g...»
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OP‘O‘vtO $0103 lr-‘tF-HQO Ul ONHGGOQPUN?
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03

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00 00 00 00 O. 00
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Total : 387 ° 55 14 42

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United States

* (b) Northern States
(0) Southern States

* Ford Motor Company

88

time of the survey. The non-skilled laborers were divided into
two groups, those employed at the Ford Motor Compan* and those
employed at all other places. It was found that 82.1 percent
of the father were working as non-skilled laborers. Only four-
teen were found to be working at skilled trades. Fortybtwo of
the fathers were merchants and two came under the professional
subdivision, both of whom were teachers at the Salina School.
Their children attended the Salina school though the families
did not live in the Salina-Roulo neighborhood. The Roumanian
nationality showed the greatest number of merchants. This
could be accounted for by the fact that the Roumanians have the
largest foreign representation in this neighborhood. Of the
four Bulgarian fathers three were merchants and one was not

working. There were three Creek merchants and one skilled

laborer among the eight families studied.

89

Cinema v
NATIONALITY mm EDUCATION

If it were possible for the readers to visit the Salina
school any morning during the school year, they would see the
children of thirty two distinct nationalities mingling with
one another as they hurried along the street on their Way to
school. At the first glance they might possibly be mistaken
for any group of American children under similar circumstances
as the American dress has been adOpted. However, upon a closer
inepection the Spectator might think he had become lost, per-
haps transported far across the sea to Asia, or EurOpe, for
they see Asiatiacs and EurOpeans of many nationalities all
coming together for one common cause - education. The process
of assimilation has taken place as far as the pupils and the
school environments are concerned for each child has been
accepted by the school group on an equal basis. But the home
environment and cultural background are not so uniform and
these differences appear to modify performances at school.
This is indicated by an analysis of the testing program which
will be discussed in this chapter.

The Testing Program

 

The Fordson school system, of which the Salina-Roulo
district is a part, is fortunate in having a Bureau of Re-
search and Adjustment which deals with "educational accounting."
By the term "educational accounting", is meant the establishs

ing, by means of reliable tests, intelligence ratings and

90

educational achievement records, attained from time to time
and the prOper recording of these abilities and their growth.

It is now recognized that individuals differ in abilities,
aptitudes and other traits with which education is concerned.
This fact is important educationally and it is desirable to
adapt instructional material and procedure to these differences.
But, such adaptations depend on our ability to measure the diff-
erences existing in any given group or groups.

In the Salina and Roulo schools intelligence tests are
given regularly by the Bureau of Research and Adjustment at
the close of each semester to all groups graduating to the
grades IB, 4B, VB, 108 and all new entries received from other
schools who have not had an intelligence rating. Other in-
dividuals may be included in this group by request of the
teachers and principal. In this manner every pupil receives
the benefit of a check test at intervals not exceeding three
years. If a child receives an "E" rating the group intell-
igence test is followed by an individual "Binet" test as a
further check of his ability. Students are grouped in grades
by three standards, the intelligence rating and educational
ability shown by tests, and supplemented by the teachers'
observations. There are two reasons why the test ng program
should be of greater value in this community than in many others;
first, because of the large number of foreign groups, each
with their own national customs and characteristics differing

in many respects to all other nationalities; second, the large

91

percentage of turnover of students which brings to this
neighborhood children from all parts of the world without the
necessary credentials for classification.

Educational growth is measured carefully and accurately
in several subjects at the beginning of each semester. The
results are diagnosed and corrective methods applied during
that semester so as to adjust the student, if possible, to the
desired standard.

The fact that the conclusions reached, after a thorough
and complete statistical analysis has been made of the re-
sults of these tests, often vary widely from pepular Opinion
as to what has been accomplished, is in itself strong evidence
of the need for s eh services in our schools. Once obtained,
however, these conclusions and measures of actual achievement
are of inestimable value to principals, teachers, supervisors,
etc. They show in definite and unmistakable terms that teachers
and textbooks are accomplishing, how much actual progress is be-
ing made from time to time, how many children are imprOperly ad-
justed in their school vork and the probable nature of the mal~
adjustment. They aid in locating weak Spots in the courses of
study and the curriculum and provide the only means upon which
improvement in teaching methods may be predicted.

It is from these testing records that the statistics for
this chapter were obtained. Over 57,000 tests were given dur—

.ing one semester of school. To give some idea of the extent of

92

the testing program the number of tests given to each grade

is listed herewith.

GRADE

madam-humid

+4 l4
P! c>

12
Industrial Preparatory
Special

Post Graduates

 

Total

NUMBER OF TESTS

5349
8463
5677
5011
5722
4433
7025
5782
5210
1708
1294
948
1010
1551
24

GIVEN

 

5'7", 205

The tests are distributed according to subject, name

of test used and number of students receiving each test as

follows:

95

 

 

Subject and Name of Test

Number of Students

 

 

Beading

Gates Primary 8478

Gates Silent 326

Thorndike-McCall 5910

Stanford Achievement 3474
Arithmetic

Compass Survey 4556

Woody-icCa11 3896

Stanford Achievement 3474

Bones-Harry Achievement 993
Spelling

Ayres 305

Iowa 8063

Stanford 1737
Handwriting 3559
Language & Literature

Stanford Achievement 3474

Sones-Harry 993
Social Studies

Stanford Achievement 3474

Sones-Harry Achievement 993

Posey-VanWagener GeOgraphy 421

Stevenson-Ridgeley Geography 349
Health Education

Stanford Achievement 1737
Natural Science

Sones-Harry Achievement 993

Total 57',205

Intelligence Tests and Letter Ratings

The letter ratings determined by the "Detroit Intell-
igence Tests" were obtained from the students permanent re-
cord card for five hundred eighty-four of the students under

consideration.

94

The norms for these tests have been obtained by administering
the tests to thousands of students and analyzing the results.
"A" stands for the students who show superior ability; "8"
for those better than average: "C" for the average student;
"D" for the student mno is slightly inferior to the average,
and "E" for the inferior student. If these five hundred
eighty-four children rated according to the norm establish—
ed by the teats, approximately five to ten per cent of the
students would have "A" or superior ability; fifteen to
twenty percent would have "8" or better than average ability;
.forty to fifty percent would have "0%. C or C-" or average
ability; fifteen to twenty percent would have "D" or below
average ability, and five to ten percent would have inferior
ability. However, it is evident from the percentage distribu-
tion of ratings in Tableiflithat such is not the case in the
Salina-Roulo district. It is true that 52 students or 8.9
percent have "A" ratings, but at the other extreme there is
an unusual number of inferior ratings, 65 students or 11.1
percent. The same fact is outstanding on examining the "B"
and "D" columns. Sixty-two students, or 10.6 percent have
"B" ratings and 71 students, or 12.2 percent have "D" ratings.
There is a total of 334 students, or 57.2 percent who have
"C” ratings but of these 103 students or 17.6 percent have
"C-" ratings, while only 89 students, or 15.3 percent have
"C/" ratings. The average intelligence rating for the total

number of students studied is "C-", or slightly less than the

95

Table IX. CLASSIFICATIOH OF THE STUEEKTJ IN EACH
NATIONALITY GROTP ACCORDIKG TO LETTJF RATINGS

DETERHINED BY THE DETROIT IITJLLIGLKCJ TEST.

 

 

Greece

(0
HNI—‘H‘NNGN l-‘i-‘N NN

Hungary ;

HmHH H

Nation : A : B : C/: C : C- : D : E : Total
Albania : : : : : : :
Arabia : 3 : 3 : 5 : : 1 : : 4 : 18
Austria : 2 : 2 : : : : : : 6
Belgium. : : : : : l : : : 1
Bulgaria : : : l : : : : l : 4
Canada : : : : : l : : : 3
China : : : : : : l
Czechoslovakia : : 2 : : 4
England . : : 6
Germany : 1 : : 12

FF supp
me mama H H
mwmqumwww

O. .0 O. O. C. O. O. O. O. O. O. 00

4 : 27
: : 10
: 5 . __: 4 : 5*: 24
62 89 142 103' 71 65 584
10.6 15.3 24.3 17.6 12.2 11.1 100.

"cu—.—

b. Serbian : 4

Mixed

: : : 1 :
: : : 2 :
: : : 3 : .
: : : 1 : :
Italy : : : 2 : 2 : . 25
Lithuania : : : : : . 2
Mexico : : : : z 1 .: : 11
Poland : 2 : : 7 :l : 5 : . 41
Portugal : : : 1 : : l : : 3
Roumania :12 :14 : 20::30 : 26 18 : : 128
Russia : : : : : : :
a.Armenia : 1 : : 3 : 3 : 1 : 4 : : 12
b.Jews : 2 : : : : : : . 2
c.Russia : 3 : 3 : 13 :11 : 8 : 4 : 1 : 43
d.Ukranian : 1 : 2 : 4 : l : 5 : 1 . 14
Scotland : : : : 1 : . . 1
Spain : : l : 1 : 2 : . 4
Sweden : 1 : : : . : . 1
United States . : : : : .
a.Michigan : : 1 : 2 : 1 : 9 : l . 3 . l7
b.Northern ° : : : : :
States : 7 : 4 : 9 : 4 : 2 : 2 . 34
c.30uthern . : : : : : : :
States : : 8 : 7 :12 : 8 : 5 :11 : 55
Yugoslavia ° : : : : : : :
a. Croatian l : l : 9 : 6 : 5 :
1 : 1 : 3 :
3 3 : 3

 

 

 

Total 5
Percent 8.

omHHH » m

 

96

Norm established by the test.

Intelligence tests are supposed to measure native ability
but it has been found in recent studies that the present in-
telligence tests are influenced to some extent by the environ-
ment.(l) If the environment has an influence upon intelligence,
it is evident that it would be a factor to be considered in
the Salina-Roulo district, where so many nationalities with
their different ideals and modes of living have their influence.
It has also been proven in several instances in the Salina
school that the inability to understand the English language is
a factor which must be considered in attempting to obtain in-
telligence ratings. As an example: Mary S. a girl of twelve
years of age and her mother came to Dearborn from Roumania
and Mary at once enrolled in the Salina school. She did not
understand a word of English and was placed in a room which
had been organized to assist older pupils who were unable to
speak or understand English to learn the new language. Mary
did not master the Englisn language as quickly as a number
of her foreign friends. After two years in this room she was
placed in the sixth grade. The beginning of the second seme
ester she was given a Detroit Intelligence test and received
a score of seventy-four. She was recommended for a special
Binet test, which was given by the testing Supervisor with

approximately the same score as was shown in the first test.

 

(1) Nature and Nurture Part I. The Twenty-Seventh Yearbook
of the National Society for the Study of Education.
Chapter IX. Pages 103-217.

97

The Supervisor was asked if Mary understood English well enough
to race vs a fair rating and she replied that English did not
enter into the test. Mary was placed in a Special room for
older girls whose intelligence quotients were below eighty.
Half of the time was devoted to fundamentals and the balance
to Special subjects such as basket weaving, sewing, cooking,
music and art. The homemaking subjects were taught by the
Junior High School home economics teachers. They seen ob-
served that Mary could follow directions and perform better
work than the remainder of the group. This was reported to
the principal of the school. The following year the Bureau of
Research and Statistics gave Mary another intelligence test.
This test seemed to show that she was where she belonged and
that it would be a waste of time and material to give another
test. Mary develOped so rapidly during the semester that upon
the request of her instructors she was placed in the first
half of the seventh grade. Her work here was so far superior
to her group that at the end of that semester she was double
promoted to the S-B grade. When the intelligence tests were
given for that semester Mary was one of those included and this
time received a rating of C/. She graduated from Junior High
School. enrolled in the commercial department in Senior High
and graduated from there with a B rating. Other cases similar
to Mary S. have been observed in the Salina school when in-
telligence tests have been given to students before they were
well enough acquainted with the‘Bnglish language to understand

what was required of them.

98

If the students fro; uch country are consid mr d sep-
arately in Table X the diverxencies from the norm established
by the tests appea 1 more striking. In order to facilitate
the reading of this table the information has been rearranged
for all nationalities having ten or .ore children represented.

Table X gives the number end percentage of eack group
who ere below norm, at norm or above norm for their age and
grids. For example: If the statistics for Arabia are ex~
amined it is obvious that Five or twenty-eight percent of the
eighteen pupils in this group were below norm; two or eleven
percent at norm and eleven or sir tv—o one percent were above
norm. Five other ndtionalities show larger percentages above
than below norm. They are the Austrians, the children of

parents horn in the Iorthern states of the United States, the

U1

Rus lens the Hungarians and the Ykranians. The Serbians

aver ;e was at norm, while all other countries shows d a larger

percents e of students below than above nor”, ranging from the
Roumanians with only five percent di*_ ference between them and
the texicans, who had sixty-fen p ”re nt :;ore in the lower

group tum in t1e u1 1per group. The three groups 171110 11 ranked

the lowest according to the intelligence tests were the FeXiCans,

c+
:5
m

{)4

the Croatians and stu ents who were born of Vichigan parents.
Of the 546 students listed in Table X there were 131 who had

intellié 81108 ratings ab HOTE; E39 Otllert31‘fit'fll ‘CL‘OO‘VG DOT-’1 21nd

(D

226 who rated below norm. There nei thirty-seven LOTS pupils
who had low intelligence ratings then had high ratings, which

only amounted to 6.7 percent.

99

Table x. IYTLLLI“'13; 1LLI-LL cr “ crIL; CF LACK rLrIcn~
lLLI—EY :L‘L‘fll:"'r TLL: CR 11:10 ...‘J v ILlllLllz .ZLRRLIQLIT 71-11) F‘f’ Fiji:—

BLR are rLi RJEHTAGE BELOYJNORK,£OR11'"D :LCVL 1rcnr:.

_.—._..-.—_.—-

 

.. - . .n— -w. » .I- M.- —. . -
_— —-.- - —— -—

Nation :TEEZI-zBelow Korm :Norm :1oove 101m
:Y0.0f : So. : Pct.: Io. :Pct.: Lo.: Pct.

“.— “-. - -m-- - - -

               

 

 

 

 

 

—. nuww --..-

Arabia : 18 . 5 : 28: 2 : 11: ll: 61
Germany : 12 . 6 50: 3 : 25: 5: 25
Greece : 11 : 6 : 55: 2 : l8: 3: 27
Hungary : 64 : 19 : 30: 22 : 34: 23: 56
Italy : 25 : 14 : 56: 4 : 16: 7: 28
Mexico : ll : 8 : 73: 2 : 18: l: 9
Poland : 41 : l7 : 41: 11 : 27: 13: 32
Roumania . 128 : 52 : 41: 50 : 23: 46: 36
Russia : : : : : : :
a. Armenia : l2 : 6 : 42: 3 : 25: 4: 33
b.Russia : 43 : l3 : 50: ll : 26: 19: 44
c.Ukrania : l4 : 6 : 45: l : 7: 7: 50
United States : : : : : : :
Yiciiran : l7 : 13 : 76: l : 6: 5: 18
b. Northern States 3: 34 : 8 : 24: 9 : 26: 17: 5O
c.80uthern st_tes : 55 : 24 : 44: 12 : 21:19: 35
Yugoslavia ° : : : : :
a. Croatian : 27 : 15 : 56: 9 : 33: 5: 11
b. Serbian : 10 : 5 : 30: 4 : 40: 3: 50
Mixed : 24 : 12 : 50: 5 : 21: 7: 29

 

Total 546 *226“ “24 189 35“

g:
5.4
H
S

 

lOO

Achievement Tests

 

Achievement tests are another device use* to assist the
teachers in becoming better acquainted with their students.
Strength and weaknesses in subject material are readily shown
if the tests are carefully analyzed. The teacher, after dis-
covering where the weaknesses occur, may adept remedial measures
to correct the difficulty. Tests are given for various purposes
such as, grade placement, ability groupings, growth in education-
al achievement of individuals and groups, comparison between
rooms, schools and cities, and to est teaching methods as well
as teachers. The Fordson school system is not particularly in-
terested in how the students compare with state or national
norms, but in the educational growth of the students from year
to year and the reaction to the social environment of the school
and community. The infonndtion is also used to assist in ability
groupings. As important as these reasons may be it would still
be considered a waste of time, material and money if the tests
were not used for diagnostic purposes. The New Stanford Achieve-
ment test is usually administered by the home room teacher under
the direction of the testing supervisor. It tests the follow-
ini abilities; Reading, Paragraph Keanin; Lnd Word Meaning,
Dictation, Language Usage, Literature, History and Civics, Geo-
graphy, Physiolosy and Hygiene, Arithmetic Reasoning 1nd Arith-
metic Computation. The score of each individual test when re-
corded on the profile chart, together with the total score,

chronologicll Lge Lnd school fride gives a aerhic view of the

101

New Stanford Achievement Test

By TRUMAN L. KELLEY, GILES M. RUCH, and LEWIS M. TERMAN

ADVANCED EXAMINATION: FORM V

FOR GRADES 4-9 ,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Name ...... JOhn. Adams, ............................. Grade. . . .9313 ..... Boy or girl. .Boy. .....
Age. . .12. . . .When is your next birthday? .. ..... J 1.1.11.9. .......... How old will you be then?. 13 .....
Name of school . .361 1.11.3: ................................. Date. .09.t.Qb§9.1‘. .15.. .1933. .......

# AGE GRADE

TEST SCORE EQUIVA- EQUIVA-

LENT LENT

r. Paragraph Meaning 70 ll. 6 5. 7

2. Word Meaning ‘ » 64 11.0 5. 1

Total (Average) Raid? ‘ 67 ll. 3 5. 1+

3. Dictation 73 11. ll. 5. 5""

4. Language Usage 61 9. 9 24.. g

5. Literature 65 11. 1 5, g

6. History and Civics 80 12. 6 6. 7

7. Geography 75 11.11 6. 1

s. Physiology and Hygiene 68 11. ii 5. 5

9. Arithmetic Reasoning 75 11. ll. 6. 1

IO. Arithmetic Computation 85 13. 1 7. ll.

Total (Average) Ariti'llégic I go 12, 6 (3, 7

Total (Average) Score 72. 1 11. 8 5. 8

 

 

 

 

 

 

First record in this table the scores for Tests 1 to 10. Then find
the Total Score. Then insert the scores for Total Reading and Total
Arithmetic in the boxes to the left of the column headed “ Score." “9.7.8.3...
For accuracy and convenience in recording the scores in the table in
the left-hand margin of page 2, fold the page on the heavy line
at the left of the profile chart and copy the scores from the above
table (being careful to omit the Total Reading and Total Arithmetic).

To TEE EXAMINER. Do not administer this test without first reading carefully the Directions for Administering.

 

Published by World Book Company, Yonkers-on-Hudson, New York, and Chicago, Illinois
Copyright 1929 by World Book Company. Copyright in Great Britain. All rights reserved. NSA'r: ADV. : v-u

m IN U.8.A.

 

AGE GRADE

AEDUC. CHRON.
AGE

 

TOTAL
+40

SCORE

 

COMB

   
  

 

 

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TESTETESTIO
ARNHMEHC
RBMD

8

1

TEST
PHYSIOL.

'HGENE

TEST7
GEOG-
RAPHY

 

Diagram 3.

5 TEST6
A- HISTORY
TURE CIVICS

TESTr
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LANG;
USAGE

T

TEST 3 TE$T4
DICTATION

 

 

 

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READING

TEST l [TEST 2
BAR. MEAN. WD.MEAN

 

 

 

 

 

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EDUCATIONAL PROFILE CHART: NEW STANFORD ACHIEVEMENT TEST, ADVANCED EXAMINATION

ll

Oh. 815058 5 2
m$087.6 76637.6.FD 7
34

8
.e I 2 5 6 7 8 9 O glam
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“ Educational Ages above this point are extrapolated values.

Iii?” This Profile Chart is the table of norms for the Advanced Examination.

’ Grade defined as in Table I of the Directions for Administering.

See Guide for Interpreting for explanation of vertical lines.

 

102

student's ability in subject material. The graph not only
shOts the grade in whicn the child is enrolled but where he
should be in each individual subject and where he grades at
the present time. The total score when analyzed gives the
student's present educational age. If the educational age is
greater than the chronological age the student is said to be
accelerated. If the chronological age is greater the child
is said to be retarded.

Diagram IV is a cepy of a sixth grade boy's record for the
test which was given one month after he entered the sixth grade.
His score of 70 in paragraph meaning, if followed across the
page to the last column, gives him a school grade in that sub-
ject of 5.7 or four months below his grade. He is still lower
in word meaning, receiving a score of 64, which gives him a
grade of 5.1 or exactly one year retarded in this subject. He
does better in spelling and is two months above his grade. This
chart will give the teacher the following facts at a glance;
this boy is below grade in reading, capacially word meaning,
language usage, literature and hygiene; he is up to grade, or
a little above, in all other subjects; he does exceptionally
well in history and arithmetic composition; he was twelve years
four months old at the time of the test but his educational age
at the present time is only eleven years eight months.

Five hundred eighty-seven student records such as the one
described in the preceding paragraph were examined in order to
obtain the number and percent of each nationality accelerated

or retarded in their school work. The information is grouped

according to nationality and months of acceleration in Table TI..

105

Table XI. NUMBER AID PERCLXTAGE OF

 

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25

O

O
75

O
55.5
55.6
50
52

55.5
59
55.5
42.6
41.6
55.8
64.5
0
75
25
58.8
55.7

55.5
70

ERATED GROUPLE ACCORDIhe TC EDIT]: CF ACCZLJHTTICH.
Nation :Total:no. :Hormal:fios.Accelerate pgghv.ho:PctT
:Cases:Acc.:Cases :1—12:15-24:25-56:56%:icc. :lcc.
Albania : 1 : 1: : : : : l : 42 .:100
Arabia : l8 : 15: : 6 : 4 : 5 : 15.7:
Austria : 6 : 6: : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 19.5:100
Belgium. : 1 : O: : : : : : :
Bulgaria : 4 : 1: : 1 : : : : 8 :
Canada 5 : O: : : : : : ‘
China : 1 : O: : : : : : :
Czechoslovakia : 4 : 5: : 1 : 1 : l : : 20 :
England - 6 : O: 1 : : : : : :
Germany . 12 : 4: : 2 : l : l : : 16.5:
Greece : 9 : 5: : 5 : 1 : l : : 15.8:
Hungary : 64 : 52: 4 : 17 : 7 : 5 : 5 : 16.5:
Italy : 25 : 8: 2 : 5 : 5 : 2 : : 17.5:
Lithuania : 1 : 1: : 1 : : : : 2 :100
Mexico : 11 : 5: 1 : : 1 : 1 : 1 : 51 :
Poland : 41 : 16: 1 : 8 : 5 : 5 : 2 : 15.5:
Portugal : 5 : 1: : 1 : : : : 4 :
Roumania : 129 : 55: 9 : 21 : 17 : l2 : 5 : 19.1:
Russia : : : : : : : :
a.Armenia : 12 : 5: 2 4 : : 1 : : 11.8:
b.Jews : 2 : 2: : : : 2 : 46 :100
c.Russia : 45 : 24: 1 : l6 : 2 : 4 : 2 : 15 :
d.Ukrania : 14 : 9: 4 : 5 : l : 1 : 16
Scotland : 1 : O: : : : : :
Spain : 4 : 5: 1 . 2 : : 1 : : 14.6:
Sweden : 1 : l: : : 1 : : 26 :100
United States : : : : : : : :
a.Michigan : 20 : 5: 5 : 1 : l : : 15 :
b.Northern : : : : : : : :
States : 54 : 20: 1 : 8 : 4 : 6 : 2 : 20.2:
c.Southern : : : : : : : :
States : 56 : 20: 2 8 : 6 : 4 : 2 : 17.7:
YUgoslavia : : : : : : : :
a. Croatian : 27 : 9: 1 . 7 : 1 : 1 : : 7.9:
b. Serbian : lO : 7. ' 5 : O : 2 : : 11.9:
Mixed : 24 : 8: 5 : 5 : : : 14.2:

55.5

 

Total 587 262 26 126

 

Mos.--Months
56X -- More than

Av.Mos.Acc.-- Average Konths Acceleration

Pct.Acc.-- Percent Accelerated

61

U!
|-'

24

18.8

49.05

104

It is obvious from an examination of the second nation listed
that there were eighteen students of Arabian parents, thirteen
of whom were accelerated. There were no normal cases as all

of the thirteen cases were more than one month accelerated.

Six of the students were accelerated one to twelve months; four
from thirteen to twenty-four months; three from twenty-five to
thirty-six months and none over thirty-six months. The average
number of months the thirteen cases were accelerated was 15.7.
Of the total number of cases 72.4 percent were normal or ac-
celerated. There were only six Austrian students but all were
accelerated in their school work. The average months of ac-
celeration for the group was 19.5 months, or an average of
nearly two years. There were twelve children of German parent-
age and only four were in the select class. Exactly half of
the Hungarian Children were accelerated, but four more were

in the normal class, which gave them a percentage of 56.5 who
were normal or above. Only three of the eleven Mexican child-
ren were accelerated, but they were exceptionally talented in
school as their average acceleration of 51 months will show.
Sixteen of the forty-one Polish children were accelerated but
the average of 15.5 months of acceleration was rather low.
Approximately fifty percent of the Roumanians were normal or
accelerated. The four groups from Russia were among the highest
in percentage of accelerated students. The Armenians had a
percentage of 58.2 normal 0; accelerated; the two Russian Jew

students were nearly four years accelerated; the Russians had

105

58.2 percent of their group in the select class, while the
Ukranians had 64.5 percent who were normal or accelerated. Only
one of the three groups of children from American born parents
compares favorable with some of the better groups from foreign
countries. The children born of parents from the Northern
states had 58.8 who were normal or accelerated; the Southern
states drOpped to 55.7 percent; while the children of Michigan
born parents were still lower with only five of the twenty
meeting the standard set by the achievement tests, or 25 per-
cent. A total of 262 pupils were found to be accelerated one
month or more, with 26 others who rated exactly normal for their
age and grade. The average acceleration for the entire group

was 18.8 months. Table "IT gives the same information for

U

the stud nts who were feund to be retarded. Only eleven more

(

students were retarded than were normal or accelerated, but
the number of months of retardation is much greater than the
number of months of acceleration. One hundred eighteen were
retarded from 15 to 24 months; fifty-six were retarded from 25
to 56 months and forty-eight were retarded more than thirty-six
months. The students retarded more than two years are usually
placed in special remedial classes. Those re arded more than
one year receive remedial work in mathematics and reading. he
tests of those retarded from one to twelve months are examined
by the teacher and remedial work given to cover weaknesses found.
A comparison of the tables on acceleration and retardation

shows that less than one percent more of the pupils of the

306

Table XII. NUMBER AND PERCZETAGE OF THE STUDEETS RE-

TARDED GRCUPED ACCORDIIv TO HONTHE CF RETARDATION.

 

:Tota1:Ko.Re-:Konths Retarded .¥ore= fiv- 3 Pct.
of‘G o r 3 v r p ‘ . han: -Oo . he.
'V“Ses‘tardbd'1-12:lé-24:25-56: 56 : Re. : n

 

 

Nation

 

 

Albania : 1 : 0 : : : : : : 0
Arabia : 18 : 5 : 1 : : 5 : 1 : 56.4: 27.6
Austria : 6 : 0 : : ° : : :
Belgium. : l : 1 : : 1 : : : l5 : 100
Bulgaria : 4 : 5 : 2 : ° : l : 18.5: 75
Canada : 5 : 5 : 2 : 1 : : : 15 : 100
China : l : 1 : 1 : : : : 2 : 100
Czechoslovakia : 4 : 1 : : 1 : : : 15 : 25
England : 6 : 5 : l : 1 : 1 : 2 : 59.4: 85.5
Germany : l2 : 8 : 4 : : 5 : 1 : 18.6: 66.7
Greece : 9 : 4 : l : 1 : 1 : 1 : 18.7: 44.4
Hungary : 64 : 28 : 15 : 6 : 4 : 5 : 16.6: 45.7
Italy : 25 : 15 : 2 : 5 : 6 : 2 : 29.4: 60
Lithuania : l : O : : : : : : 0
Mexico ° 11 : 7 : l : 2 : : 4 : 28.1: 65.6
Poland 41 : 24 : 8 : 5 : O : l : 20.7: 58.5
Portugal . 5 : 2 : : : 2 : : 24.5: 66.7
Roumania : 129 : 65 : 55 : O : 7 : 5 : 16.2: 50.4
Russia : : : : : : : :.
a. Armenia : 12 : 5 : 1 : 2 : l : 1 : 25.8: 41.7
b. Jews : 2 : O : : : : : : 0
0. Russia : 45 : 18 : 9 : 5 : 5 : l : 15.7: 41.8
d. Ukranians : l4 : 5 : 4 : 1 : : - 8.8: 55.7
Scotland : 1 : l : 1 : : ° 6 ° 100
Spain : 4 : O : : :
Sweden : .‘l : 0 : :
United States : : : : : :
a. Michigan : 20 : l5 : 6 6 : 1 : 2 : 20.6: 75
b. Korthern : : : z : : :
States : 54 : 15 : 8 : 5 : 2 : . 12.4: 58.2
c. Southern : : : : : : : :
States : 56 : 54 ° 11 : 9 : 7 : 7 : 21.7: 60.7
Yugoslavia ° : : : : : :
a. Croatian : 27 : 17 : 5 : 2 : 5 : 9 : 18 . 65
b. Serbian : 10 : 5 . : 5 : . : 16.5: 50
Mixed : 24 : 16 : 4 : 5 : : 7 : 21.7: 66.7

 

Total 587 299 118

\‘J

48

19.4

50.95

 

 

AV.K0.Re.--nverage months retarded
Pct.Re.--Percent retarded

107

Salina-Roulo district are retarded in their school work than
are found to be normal or accelerated, if we use the Standard
Achievement Tests as a standard of measure. However, the num-
ber of months of retardation from normal is somewhat greater
than the number of months of acceleration. 0f the 288 students
found to be at or above norm, 126 were accelerated one year or
less, while only 118 of the 299 students who were below norm
were found to be less than one year retarded; 77 others were
retarded one to two years while 61 were found to be accelerated
hat amount; 56 were retirded from two to three years while 51
were found in this division above norm; 48 were retarded more
than three years and exactly fifty percent less or 24 were found
to be accelerated that amount. he average months of retard-
ation for the 299 pupils below norm was found to be 19.4, while
the average months of acceleration for the 288 students at norm
or above was exactly six months less or 18.8.
A further comparison was made of the achievement record

of the pupils of the :our largest 3r ups found in this community,
the Hungarians, Roumaniuns, Russians and the children of native
parents of the United states. The students listed in previous
charts under Richigan were included with the other Northern
states as the number mus too small to compare separately. The
information in Tablelfill is grouped according to the number

and percent of students found to be accelnrated, normal and

retarded by countries. The two groups from the Fnited States

708

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Nation :Total: Accelerated : Normal ; Retarded
:33385‘NumberzFercent:Numberzfercent:Eumherzrercent

 

United States

 

 

 

 

Northern States . 61 : 6 : .098 : 56 . .59 : 19 : .512
Southern States : 85 : l : .015 : 56 :.;§§$ : 28 : .451
Total : 146 - 7 ° .056 : 72 : .571 : 47 : .575
Hungary : 69 : 4 : .058 : 50 : .725 : 15 : .217
Roumania : 154 : 10 : .074 : 89 : .664 : 55 : .262
Russia : 76 : 4 : .052 : 54 : .711 : 18 :

 

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Total ”279‘ 3 .060 337 .655 16?

to
o

 

109

are given separately and 4150 as one group. The data of this
table shows that the Roumanian nationality leads the other
four countries in the percentage of exceptional or accelerated
students, but it also has a larger percentage of retarded pupils
than any other nationality except the United States. Another
outstanding fact is that the students born of Hungarian, Rou-
manian and Russian parents as a group excel the children of
the American parents found in this locality. If the two groups
of students of American parents are compared it is evident that
the children of Northern born parents rank much higher in achieve-
ment than those of Southern born parents. This condition may
be attributed to the fact that the pupils of the Northern States
have better educational facilities than those from the Southern
states. If a further study could be made of each family it
would undoubtedly be found that the home environment of the
Northern families as a group is much superior to those who
originally came from the Southern states and now reside in this
community. At least this is tie impression formed by the writer
in ten years of association with both groups in this community.
A percentage distribution diagram of students accelerated
and retarded for each nationality having ten or more cases re-
presented is shown on page 110. The preportion of students
of each nationality found to be above or below norm is shown
at a glance, also a comparison of the educational ability of
the children of the different nationalities found in the Salina—

Roulo community may be made.~ The following nationalities show

Arabia

 

110

 

 

 

Germany Eiiiiall

 

 

 

Hungary

 

Italy

 

 

Eexico

 

 

 

Poland

 

 

Roumania. . gm
Russia
a. Armenians

 

b. Russians

 

 

 

 

 

United States
a. Liohigan ‘
i

 

b. Korthern
States

 

0. Southern

 

 

States

 

 

 

 

 

Yugoslavia
a. Croatian

 

 

b. Serbian

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mixed
_ Accelerated
[:21 Ret rded
Percentage 30 40 60 100

Diagram No. 4. Percentage Distribution of Students
Accelerated and Retarded for each Rationality Hav-

ing Ten or more Cases.

111

a greater number of students accelerated than retarded; Arabians,
Hungarians, Russians, Ukranians, Serbians and the pupils of
parents born in the Northern states of the United States, out-
side of Michigan.
There are two outstandin; facts which should be gained
from this chapter. First, there is a remarkably close co‘
ordinution between the intelligence ratings of the pupils
studied and their achievement ability in school work, as show
by their age and grade placement. The average intelligence rat-
ing for all students was a C- or slightly less than the norm
established by the test. It was also found that the achieve-
ment of this group of students was slightly less than the
average established by the Stanford Achievement Tests. Second,
while there are differences shown in the intelligence ratings
and scholastic achievenent of one nationality over that of others
which may be caused by numerous factors, there is a greater range
between the highest and lowest student within each nationality
group than can be found between any two different nationalities.
The students in this survey were given an Opportunity to
express their preference as to the occupation or profession
they wished to follow. Of the 439 students who reported only
approximately fifty had previously taken guidance courses. The
number selecting each profession or occupation in order of

preference follows:

DESIRED CCUPATIONS on Phcrrsslcrs LILTLL BY

112

439 SLJDEN 3.

 

 

 

Occupation :Number: Occupation humber
Teacher 91 Lawyer 4
Stencgrapher 72 Merchant 4
Aviator 46 Printer 4
Mechanical Engineer 26 Carpenter 3
Laborer 21 Housewife 3
Actress 19 Astronomer 2
Mechanic 15 Author 2
Nurse 9 Dressmaker 2
Electrical Engineer 9 Librarian 2
Auto Mechanic 8 soldier 2
Musician 8 Missionary 2
Sailor 8 Architect 1
Clerk 7 Ball Player 1
Cowboy 7 Brakeman 1
Doctor 7 Broker 1
Toolmaker 7 Cartoonist l
Draftsman 6 Dyemaker l
Boxer 5 Electrician l
Chemist 5 Journalist 1
Machinist 5 Mail Clerk 1
Railroad Engineer 5 Raid 1
Bookkeeper 4 Naturalist 1
Farmer 4 Paddler 1
Shoemaker 1 Telephone Operator 1
l

Undertaker

113

CHflPTER VI
OTHER COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIPS.

Foreign nationalities have a tendency to segregate in
certain areas of a city. It is one of the necessary steps in
the assimilation process of the new prospective citizens.

They need the assistance of their relatives and countrymen in
adapting themselves to the new environment. This situation is
evident to some extent in certain areas of the Salina-Roulo
district. While this district is only approximately one-half
square mile in area, it is noticeable that a particular nation-
ality group usually locates on certain streets. This general
condition is shown on the nationality Spot map on page 114.

The Roumanians are inclined to locate on Salina, Holly and
Tractor streets north of Dix avenue. The Armenians near Lowrey
street, on Salina and Holly streets. The Russians, Hungarians
and American Southern born families are in the Roulo street
neighborhood; while the Northern born American families and
Arabians reside in the district south of Dix Avenue. The homes
of the other nationalities are distributed throughout the
community.

While the Roumanian families predominate in the block
north of Lowrey on Holly street, the spot map also shows two
American families, one Armenian, three Italian and one Hun-
garian family, besides several other families of unknown
nationality who did not have children in this survey.

"-

With a neighborhood condition such as this it would he

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115

reasonable to eXpect at least some association on the part of
the families of different nationalities. However, such comp
munication is very limited as far as the adults are concerned.
he children may visit back and forth but the adults confine
their social and business activities to members of their nation-
ality. If a visit were made to an Armenian restaurant or coffee
shOp the visitor would find only Armenians present. Foreign
born peeple in this community prefer dealing either with their
own nationality or native Americans. They will never patronize
any place of business owned by natives of other foreign nations
unless absolutely necessary. As a result of the lack of neigh-
borhood life and communal activity among the adults there are
frequent misunderstandings and neighborhood quarrels, many of
which are settled in court.

Religious Affiliations.

 

There are three churches in the Salina-Roulo district.
A Greek Catholic and a Greek Orthodox church were built and
maintained by the Roumanians. The third church is a temporary
building maintained by one of the Detroit Baptist churches. It
is used primarily for a Sunday School. A number of national-
ities send their children to this Sunday School, including a
number of children of Roman Catholic faith. This is the only
church that holds a Sunday school in this district. The limit-
ed number of families of some foreirn nationalities in this
community makes it imp ssible for them to maintain a church in

Dearborn. Therefore, the freater number of the foreign born

116

pe0ple who uish to attend a church where their native language
is Spoken must :0 into Detroit for church services. The
Armenians have only one church in the metrOpolitan area of
Detroit, that is the Gregorian church in Highland Park. The
church memberships of each nationality in this study are eiven
in Table XIV on page 117. Ninety-eight reported they did not
attend any church. A number of these f milies stated that their
native church was too far away from their homes for them to
attend. The Arabians were the only nationality in this dis-
trict to report that a majority of the families did not have
membership in any church. The Hungarian, Italian, hexican,
Polish and the Croatians families usually are of the Roman.
Catholic faith. The Roumanians were equally divided between
the Greek Satholic and Greek Orthodox churches. Of the ninety
American famil es fifty seven hold membership in Protestant
churches; six in the Roman Catholic churches and wenty—seven
did not belong to any church.

It is evident from the results of this report that not all

In
.L

orei 1 countries.

of the missionary work should be carried on in 5
Here, in the Salina-Roulo neighborhood a valuible contribution
to society could be made by organizations interested in mission-
ary work.

Americanization of the )oreign Borg;

 

Americanization is a term that has been used so loosely
to denote different types of activities that it has ceased to
have any particular significance. Americanization societies

and movements of different kinds are found in nearly every

117

Table XIV. CHURCH MEMBERSHIP OF TEfl FHKILIBS OF EACH

NATIONT ITY IH THJ SALINA-ROULO AREA

 

 

 

 

 

 

m: .. ._.....
Nation :Number :Protes~:Roman:Greek:Greek: Others :hone
:Families:tant :Cath~:Cath—:Orthoe °
: : :olic :olic :dox __
Albania : l : l :2(Syriar) : :
Arabia : l7 : l : 1 ' : :Kohammedan 2: 11
Austria : 4 : l : 3 : : : :
Belgium : 2 : : 1 : : : (Orthodox : 1
Bulgaria : 4 : : : : :Bulgarian 3: 1
Canada : l : l : . : °
China : l : : : . :, V : l
Czechoslovakia : 4 : : l : : :Slogagholicl:
: : : : : :SlOVaFfi “
: . ; Lutieran 2:
England : 4 : 3 . : : : ° 1
Germany : 8 : 5 : 2 : : :Bulgarian
; ; ; g g ' OTthOflOX 2:
Greece : 8 : : : . 6 : °
Hungary : 4O : 10 :27 : : : 3
Italy : 21 : :13 : : : 8
Lithuania : 3 : 1 :13 : : : 2
Mexico : lO : l : 9
Poland : 24 : :24
Portugal : 2 : : l : : : l
Roumania : 85 : 11 : 5 : 3O : 29 : 10
Russia : : : : : z
a. Armenia : 9 : : : :Gregorian 4: 5
b. Jews : 2 : : : :Jewish 1: l
0. Russia : 27 : l : 7 5 : 2 :Ukran a 13
d. Ukrania ° 9 : : l 1 ° . &d%h‘ 7
Scotland : l : l :
Spain : 4 : : 4
Sweden ° 1 : l :
United States . : ° : : : :
a. Michigan : l2 : 6 : 1 : : : : 5
b. Northern : : : : : : :
States : 34 : 23 : 3 : : : : 8
0. Southern : : : : ° : :
States : 44 : 28 : 2 : : : l4
Yugoslavia : : ' : : :
a. Croatian : 15 : 2 :11 ° ° :Serbian 22: 2
b. Serbian : 8 : l : 1 ° : 2 :Kohammedan 2: 2
Mixed : 24 : lO : 7 : : : 5
Total 429 107 123 36 39 26 98

 

118

community where foreign born reside, dlthough it is exceeding-

ly hard to identify some of them by the general use of the term.
In its broader sense the definition of Americanization should
include the process of making better American citizens of the
boys and girls, and the native born adults as well as the foreign
born. However, in this thesis the term will be limited to in-
clude only the foreign born immigrant.

An important agency which has given a great deal of assist-
ance in the Americanization process in Dearborn is the adult
education classes. The need for the help of this agency is
shown by the report of the "Fifteenth United States Census” (1)

on citizenship in Dearborn which is as follows:

Citizenship : Males : Females
Twenty-one years old over : 17,078 : 12,925
Native white : 9,535 ~ 8,241

Native Parentage : 5,917 : 4.752
Foreign or Mixed Parentuge : 3,618 : 3,489
Foreign Born White : 7,314 ° 4,626
Naturalized : 3,035 : 1,683
First Papers : 2,637 : ’396
Alien : 1,562 : 2,448
Unknown : 80 : 99
Negro . : 11 : 21
Other Races : 218 : 37

It is evident from the above figures that there are 7222
persons, or 24 percent of the adult pepulation of Dearborn who

have not obtained their citizenship papers. The majority of

 

(l) Fifteenth Census of the United States 1930. Michigan
P0pu1ation Bulletin, Table 15.? 37.

119

these will need some assistance before they will be able to
pass the naturalization examination. There were 3,035 foreign
born male adults, or 42 percent who had received their second
papers and also 36 percent of the foreign born women. A majority
of the women would not now be citizens had they not automatically
received citizenship papers wi h their husbands, previous to the
passing of the Cable Act, Sept. 22, 1922. Many of these women
cannot read or write in English, but they are entitled to a vote
in this country. On an election day they come to the polls with
their husbands, carrying a marked instruction ballot and cast
their vote the same as other citizens.

The Cable Act placed the citizenship of women on the same
basis as that of men. This makes it necessary for them to
learn to read, write and pass an oral examination before ob-
taining their citizenship. Very few of the women in this neigh-
borhood care to make this effort, and many will never learn to
even understand the English language.

Adult Education in the Fordson Schools

 

It was previously explained in Chapter I that the Salina-
Roulo district is a part of the Fordson School district, al-
though it is separated by an industrial area from the remain-
der of the system. The first adult education classes in Dear-
born were organized in the Salina-Roulo district at the Salina
school five years ago but later it was necessary to Open an-
other unit at the Fordson High School. he the adult education

records for these two groups have been kept as a single unit

120

it will be necessary to discuss the adult education classes
as a Fordson unit rather than a Salina-Roulo unit.

The supervisor of Adult Education in the Fordson school
system, Mr. G. G. Soukhcdol, obtained from the original re-
cords of the "Fifteenth United States Census" the names,
addresses and nationality of 3262 residents of that district
who had not obtained their citizenship papers. This list was
valuable as a mailing list advertising adult education classes
in the Fordson schools. The number of each nationality not

being fully naturalized follows:

 

Country Number Country Number
Poland 703 Spain 35
Canada 445 Turkey 24
Italy 213 Sweden 16
Scotland 198 Finland 16
Ecumenia 188 Denmark 15
England 166 Belgium. 14
Austria 157 Switzerland 8
Russia, including 172 France 8
Ukraine Portugal 8
Hungary 136 Bulgaria 6
Yugo-Slavia and Norway 7
Montenegro lll Wales 6
Germany 126 Holland 5
Czecho-Slovakia
including Bohemia 75 Arabia 5
Mexico 68 Australia 5
Lithuania 62 India 4
Greece 57 West Indies 3
Armenia 50 Malta 3
Ireland 42 United States 3
Albania 1
China 1

The first adult education classes in Fordson were es-
tablished primarily to assist the foreign born to read and
write and to become acquainted well enough with the govern-

ment of the city, state and nation to obtain citizenship

121

papers. Both day and everin class—s were established

0

g
which permitted the adults working on three shifts at

the industrial plants to attend. hen working afternoons

or midnight shifts attended school in the morning, those
working days attended the evening classes. There is no
tuition for people enrolling in the citizenship groups.
Other departments of adult education have been added by
request until the following courses are offered. American-
ization, Commercial, Industrial, Academic, Arts and Crafts,
Homemaking, music, C ntinuation and Health Education. The
enrollment for the September term of 1931 by departments

was as follows:

 

Courses Offered Pupils Enrolled
Americanization 597
Commercial 186
Industrial 181
Academic 76
Arts and Crafts 22
Homemaking 22
Continuation 13
Health Education 290

Total 1369

The Salina sChool was selected as the most lOgical
location for adult Americanization classes as it was the
center of the largest foreign population. School Opened
in October 1927 with an enrollment of 104 pupils in
citizenship work. The next year the enrollment increased
to 136 students, but declined slight y in 1929. However,
in 1930 there was an 81 percent increase over the preceding
year and in 1931 there was a 135 percent increase. This
increased demand is accountable to the change in policy

of the Ford Rotor Company employment department.

122

While the Ford Motor Company plant was working at full capacity
everyone had a position and was making a good living wage. The
peeple were contented with their economic and social environ-
ment and did not care to make the effort necessary to gain their

naturalization papers, many permitting their first papers to

expire. However, this condition did not last. When a decrease

H

in business came t was necessary to dismiss me from every de-
partment and the order was sent out to dismiss first the work-
men who were not citizens. This order was carried out which
made it nearly impossible for a non-citizen to secure employ-
ment. Many were without work. Then they saw the necessity of
obtaining their citizenship papers as soon as possible. There-
fore, the adult education classes nearly doubled for the Septems
her term, 1950-51 and this enrollment increased 155 percent for
the school term beginning September 1951.

Why do peeply desire to attend adult education classes?
This question was asked of all students enrolled in these

classes in Fordson for th

‘5

3 September term. The ten chief
reasons Cited by the students and the number giving each

reason follows:

 

 

Reason A__ __ Number ‘_
1. To understand and speak better English 156
2. To become citizens 55
5. Vocational advancement 52
4. Personal Interest 54
5. Vocational preparation 50
6. Hobby 25
7. High School credit. 17
8. Cultural 17
9. Prepare for other nork 15
10. did in daily work ' 12

125

Many of those seeking citizenship recognition gave
number one as their reason for attending classes. It is also

evident that there are not many enrolled who are contemplat-

ing using this method of changing their type of employment.

The occupation of the adult

gainfully eaployed was

education students who were

 

requested and the results were as follows:
Occupation Tumher Occupation Tum er
Laborer 150 Coal Business
Machinist 42 Glass worker
Clerk 39 Teacher
Toolmeker bl Steel Worker
Mechanic 21 EXperimental
Electrician 18 Construction
Office Work 18 Printer
Die Maker 15 Brick Layer
City Work 12 Garage Work
Draftsman 10 Steamfitter
Truck Driver 10 Artist
Inspector Hospital Attendant
Repairman kilkman
Ford Trade Student Postal Clerk
Sheet Hetal Paper Boy
Engineer Grocery store

Bank Clerk
Pattern Kaker
Carpenter
Woodworker
Painter
Student
Millwright
Airport

Store

Salesman

Radio Engineer
Welder
Trimmer

Sh0p Superintendent
Tool Grinder
Landscaper
Foreman

Tool Clerk
Stock Checker
Florist
Mechanical Engineer

IUDDN2003WCfiUHRfiifipr>fitfiUNfiOHEOWQ-QGHDODm

Truck Dispatching
Polisher

Cost Manager

Building Superintendent
Chrome Platcr
Road Patrol
U. 3. Weather
Advertising
Bookkeeper
Butcher
Restaurant Owner
Layout Tork
shoemaker

ROlleT Kill
Railroad Conductor
Packer

Secretary

Berber

Dentist
Photographer

Eureau

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHNNNNNNNNNNNNNNU

124

”OMEN

Housewife 298 Librarian 5
Clerical 52 Checker 2
Teacher 38 Telephone Operator 2
Stenographer 27 Cosmetician 2
Bookkeeper 10 Cafeteria 1
Nurse 10 Studio 1
Saleslady lO Floorlady l
Housework 8 Telegraph Operator 1
Janitress 8 Painting 1
Secretary 7 InSpector 1
Clerk 4 Typist 1
Student 4 Hospital Attendant l
Waitress 4 Organist 1
Machine Operator 4 City 1
Technician 5 Supervisor 1
Beauty Operator 3

The number of students from each country taking advantage
of the adult education work was next secured. The results
were as follows:

Fordson High School District V Salina-Roulo District.

 

 

United States 672 57
Russia 65 4
Poland 64 11
Canada 52 3
Germany 36

Italy 30 17
England 19

Austria
Sweden
Denmark
Hungary
Lithuania
Roumania
Ukrainia
Czech
Greece
Switzerland
Bulgaria
Finland
Holland
Mexico
Turkey
Armenia

7

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125

Belgium
Bohemia
Brazil
France
Galicia
Ireland
Malta
Newfoundland
8. Wales
Serbia
Spanish Hunduras
Yugo-Slavia
Spain
Croatia

Cuba
Portugal
Syria

Arabia 1
Macedonia .

India

Albania

Palestine

Porto-Rico

Assyrian

Phillipine Islands

Totals 1027 236

GHHHHHHHHHPH

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The large number of those giving the United States as
their birth place is influenced to some extent by the fact
that there is a large enrollment of boys and girls of foreign
born parents in the health education department.

How well the Americanization classes are meeting the
demand of the foreigner in his quest for citizenship is shown
partly by the number who have gained their naturalization papers
since 1927. The result of this tabulation is given in Table XV
on the next page. The countries are arranged according to the
number securing citizenship papers.

Citizenship, to the foreign born who have received their

naturalization papers, is considered as a serious obligation.

Table XV.

126

DISTRIBUTION OF NATURALIZATION PAPERS GRIITE

BY NATIOIL‘LITIES FOR “mam rains Tz'zogr.:ox:ras IN DEAR-

BORN,MICH G}

 

 

Nation

:Men:Wom.

1927

1928

: 1929

rr

:Jygsgreb: Total

 

.0 .0

Men:Wbm.iKen:Wom.

 

:MEn:hom.:Een:Wom.

 

Poland
Italy
Canada
England
Roumania
Scotland

Czechoslovakia

Russia
Yugoslavia
Germany
Turkey
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Sweden
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
Syria
Netherlands
Spain
Switzerland
Holland
Lithuania
Norway
Bulgaria
Danzig City
Finland
India
Servia
Total

95......

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127

This attitude has been stressed by their instructors and made
a part of their oath of allegiance to the United States. The
privilege to vote on an election day is considered as a duty

\

that must be performed by the naturalized citizen and on that

‘

day very few negleCt the Opportunity to cast their ballot. A
larger percentage of the registered voters cast their ballot

in the salina-Roulo district than is found in any of the other
sections of Dearborn. Each nationality also organizes their
own American Citizens’ Club and invites the cancidates running
for office to Speak at their meetings. Usually the vote of the
group is influenced by one or two of its members, tho are
politically inclined.

A separate survey was made of the number and percent of
the foreign born parents living only in the saline—Roulo district,
who had obtained their naturalization papers and also the number
of years they had lived in the United States. The citizenship
standing: of the fathers is given in Table XVI on page 128. All
fathers who have lived less tlan ten years in this country are
found in the first column. The second column gives the number
of these fathers who are citizens. The same information for
those living in this country more than ten years and less than
twenty years is found in the next column. The percentages
of those securing naturalization papers is given for each
nationality having ten or more fathers represented in the last
column. It was also found that 42.8 percent of all the foreign

born fathers had become naturalized since arriving in this country.

 

 

 

 

Table XVI. 21222.: ‘2 :22 2232222212231: or ' 12720 22...- 022.2225
ED NATURALIZATIOU PAPERS GROTPLE
TILE IEUI’DER I“ YERRJ TIZY ' LIVED IL. ' ”TIE-3 U .S.)
Nation :1 to 10:11 to 20:21 to 50:0ver 50 :Total CaseszPer~
:Ifo.I‘~Iat.:I*-To. 2—-fa~t.:22o. rat. :. . ”it
Albania 1 0 : : : : 0 :
Arabia : : 6 0 : 8 : : l6 4 : 25
Austria . : 5 O : 1 ° : 4 0
Belgium : l l : : : : l l :
Bulgaria : 2 2 : l 1 : l : : 4 4 :
Canada : l 0 : -: : : l O :
China : : : : : l 0 :
Czechoslo— : : 4 2 : : . 4 2 :
deia : : : : : :
England : l 0 : l 1 : l l : l l : 4 5 :
Germany : l 0 : 2 0 : 4 5 : : 7 4 :
Greece : l 1 : 4 2 : l 0 : l l : 7 4 :
Hungary : 4 l : 16 6 : 16 10 : l 0 : 57 7 : 45.9
Italy : 4 l : 10 4 : 6 1 : 1 1 : 21 7 : 55.5
Lithuania : 5 1 : : : 5 l :
Mexico 5 0 : 5 0 : 2 0 : : 8 0 :
Poland 1 l : l4 7 : 5 2 ° : 20 10 : 50
Portugal 1 0 : : l 0 - : 2 O :
Roumania 6 5 : 54 15 : 57 20 ° : 79 59 :
Russia : : : :
a.Armenia l 0 2 : l O : : 9 2 :
b.J9W" l : l l : : 2 2 :
C.Russia 2 O : 14 6 : 11 2 : : 27 8 : 29.6
d.Ukraniu 2 0 : 2 : 2 l : : 8 5 :
Scotland 1 0 : : : : l 0 :
Spain 2 0 : 2 O : : : 4 O :
Sweden : : l l : : l l :
Yugoslavia : : : : :
a.Croatian 1 0 : 4 0 : 8 4 . : l4 4 : 28.5
b.8erbian : 2 l : 5 2 : : 7 5 :
Mixed : 1 0 : 7 6 : 5 2 : 5 : 15 11 : 75.5
Total 56 10 142 58 114 54 9 506 151 42.8

 

129

The number and percent of the mothers who have re-
ceived their naturalization papers is given in Table XVII
on the next page. 0f the fifty-three mothers who have been
in this country less than ten years only one has obtained

her naturalization papers. Twenty-six 01 the 164 mothers who
had been here from ten to twenty years had obtained second
papers. The greater portion of the mothers who are citizens

were naturalized by virtue of their husbands naturalization

If)

previous to the passing of the Cable Act September 22,192 .

Only eighteen percent of the mOthers rere found to be cit-

izens.

130

Table XVII. NUKBLR AID FZR7ZHTAGE OF MOTHERd WHO HaVE
OBTAINED NATURALIZATION PAPERS. (GROUP:J
ACCORDING TO THE NUEBZR OF YEnRS THEY HAVE

LIVED I13 THE U. S.)

 

 

 

Ration :l to 10:11 to 20:21 to 30:0ver 50:Total Cases:Percent

 

 

:No.Nat.:No. Nat.:No. Nat.:ho.N3t.:;po Nat- =

Albania : : 1 0 : : : l O .
Arabia : : 7 1 : 4 1 : 2 2 :13 4 : 30.7
Austria : 2 0 : 1 O : 1 O : : 4 O :
Belgium : l O : l O : : : 2 0 :
Bulgaria : 4 0 : : : : 4 O :
Canada : l O : : : : l 0 :
China : : . 1 0 : : l 0 :
Czecho~ : ; g : : :
Slovakia : : 4 l : : : 4 l :
England : 1 O : 1 l : l l : l l : 4 3 :
Germany : l 0 : 1 0 : 4 2 : : 6 2 :
Greece : 2 O : 5 O : l l : : 6 1 :
Hungary : 5 1 :22 2 : 9 3 : l 0 :57 6 : 16.2
Italy : 7 0 :11 3 : : 2 1 :20 4 z 25
Lithuania : 1 O : 2 O : : : 3 O :
Mexico : 4 O : 2 1 : l 0 : : 7 l :
Poland : l 0 :14 3 : -5 0 : :20 5 : 15
Portugal : l 0 : : l 0 : : 2 0 :
Roumania : 7 0 :57 8 : 13 4 : 1 0 :78 12 : 15.4
Russia : : : : : :
a.Armenia : 4 O : 2 O z 2 0 : : 8 O :
b.Jews : : l l : l l : : 2 2 :
c.Russians : 4 0 :15 l : 7 l : :26 2 : 7.7
d;Ukranians: 2 0 : 5 2 : 1 l : : 8 5 :
Scotland : l 0 : : : : l 0 :
Spanish : 2 O : 2 0 : ° : 4 O :
Sweden : : : l l : l l :
Yugoslavia : ° : : :
a.Croatian : 5 0 : 3 l : : 8 l :
b.8erbian ' 1 0 : 5 0 : l 0 : z 7 0 :
Mixed - l 0 ° 2 2 'M‘B 1 : 4 5mm310 H”_6 “i.§0

 

 

 

Totals 53 1 .164 26 ' 59 l7 l2. 8 288 52 -2 18$

.——.-—.—. -‘_- W.- _....-. -1“, “.—

 

 

 

131

Nationality and Leisure Time

 

One of the most important problems with which the
residents of the Salina-Roulo district have to contend is
how to use their leisure time. The majority of the men work
at the Ford Motor Company eight hours each day, and from two
to five days each week. This situation leaves many hours each
week to be used for other purposes. Every home owner can spend
a good many hours in the upkeep of his property. Nearly all
families raise their an vegetables, where land is available,
and thus take care of a considerable amount of the leisure time.
The automobile helps a few families to while away some of their
leisure time, but less than one-half of the fmnilies own cars.
Also, it is seldom that a foreign born family in this neighbor-
hood uses its automobile for pleasure. This is not the situation
with their American born children, if they are fortunate enough
to get the use of this conveyance. A girl or woman is seldom
seen driving the family automobile in this community. Outdoor
games are the ones usually chosen by the children of the come
munity. The small children are inter;sted in running games,
playing house and school. he group from six to nine years of
age are interested in play ground equipment, jacks and skipping
the rOpe. The b ys and girls of Junior and Senior high school
age are interested in all kinds 0“ American outdoor games. Base
ball and basket ball are prefer ed, close y followed by swimming.
The adult men never participate in outdoor games but enjoy

watching others play. The evenings find every coffee shOp,

132

restaurant and pool room filled with men talkin:, smoking and
playing cards. Card gsmes seem to be universally played by

all nationalities. The women of the community never partici-
pate in games but they enjoy dancing. Dancing seems to be the
one amusement that all nationalities enjoy. Each nationality
has its own folk dances in: mus c, which differs from other
countries. The Roumanians and Hungarians hold scheduled parties
where all members of the families attend.

‘ 'IF «.

Newspapers Lnfl magazines in the Home

 

A survey was made of the type and kinds of newspapers and

magazines read in the homes of each nationality. Four leading

0)

Detroit daily papers were 11 ted, the Detroit News, Detroit Free
Press, Detroit Times ind the Detroit Daily. The two Dearborn
weeklies, the Dearborn Independent and Dearborn Press, were in-
cluded. The students were also asked if their parents sub-

vfi "

scribed ior ; paper 0: their nationality. The result of this
inquiry is ”iven in Table XVIII on page 133,0f the 429 families
listed only 57 did not take some kind of a newspaper. The
Detroit Times leads the list with 228 papers, The Detroit News
was second vitn 165, closely followed by the Letroit Free Press

4-1

with 122, and the Detroit Daily with 114. Only 88 Dearborn

papers were delivered to the grout surveved. It was also found,
after deducting the Lnglisn Speakin: families from the total of
42

9 families in the survey, that 60 percent of the foreifn born

families subscribed for a newspaper printed in their native

.‘I

language. Many of the parents could not read the English printed

133

Table XVIII. DISTRIBUTIOE OF NEWS gPfiRS TQKfifi IN HOKES

OF dTULZITS or SALIEA-ROCLO EILTHICT.

 

 

 

 

Nation :NSI of “YDEtT??reEWEDet:':EEt}”YIHEeEIEFr€§§?fifi:_?fffifii
:Fumilies:Kews:?ress:TimeszDailyzendent: :tive:

 

Albania : 1 : : : : : : : 1 :
Arabia . 17 : 4 : 5 : 11 : 15 : 4 : 1 : 5
Austria : 4 : : l : 2 : 4 : 2 : : 2
Belgium : 2 : 1 : 1 : : l : ° :
Bulgaria : 4 : 2 : : 2 : 1 : l : 3 .
Canada : l : 1 : ° 1 : 1 : :
China : 1 ° 1 : : 1 : ° : 1
Czechoslov— :

skis : 4 : 1 : : 2 : : : 4 :
Eng and : 4 : 1 z 5 : 5 : 2 : l : l ' :
Germany : 8 : 5 : 2 : 5 z 2 : 3 : ° 1 :
Greece : 8 : 2 z 4 : 6 : 5 : 2 : 7 :
Hungary : 4O : 5 : l2 : 20 : 7 : 3 l : 24 :
Italy : 21 : 8 : 4 : 10 : 7 : : : 12 :
Lithuania : 3 : 2 : 2 : 5 : : : 2 :
Mexico : 10 : 2 : 2 . 4 z 3 : 1 z 8 :
Poland : 24 : 8 : 7 : l6 : 9 : 6 2 : l7 :
Portugal : 2 : 1 : ° : : : :
Roumania : 85 z 27 : 25 : 49 : 22 : 22 : 9 : 59 :
Russia : : '
u.Armenian : 9 . 3 : ' 1 ° - 4 -
b.Russians : 27 : 7 l 3 ~ ' 19

c.Jews . 2
d.Ukranian : 9
Scotland : 1 .
Spain : 4 : :
Sweden : l : :
United States : :
a.Michigan : 12 : 12 :
b.Northern

States : 54 : 14: 8 : 21 :
c.50uthern

States : 44 : 11 : l6
Yugoslavia : : z
a. Croation ~ * °
b. Serbian
Mixe (1

ram
+4 u one

F‘ +4
m 0:

.0 .0 I. O O.

HHHHOG
» Hm ewom

I"
[\3

N}
(1)0341

[‘0
I

P
0‘.
(A

(‘00)

: 4 g
24 : 11 :

03
CD030]
Cfifi-‘t‘o

O. O. O. o.

HUN-4 ()1 N N i-‘OOl—‘I-‘DJO @HOCJHONNOOOH OOOOOI‘OO

(firPOOQN

”50.03
Ol—‘O

 

 

 

 

Total: 429 1155 :122

228

’9

114 : 6

C)
0
1‘0
N

:186 :3

\‘J

134

papers themselves but the children were all far enoush adVancea
in their education to interpret the news to them. The Detroit
Times was preferred for two reasons. It publishes more photo-
graphs, which are enjoyed by those who cannot read and its style
of construction appeals to tne people of this locality.

A list of the magazines and the number sold each month
Was obtained from each of the news stands in the community.
These were classified under the following heads; Literary,

-
I

Technical, Jone inn Garden, College and Humor, and Fiction. 1

total list of the magazines sold follows:

Magazines sold by News stands in the saline-Roulo District,

Classified According to Type, Giving Number 801d Each Konth.

1. Literary 5. Home and Garden
Golden Book 1 A. General Eonthly
American 12
2. Technical CosmOpolitan 9
A. Aviation Delineator 3
Airplaine News 1 KcCall 5
Aviation Kechanics 2 Rationil Farm Jour-
Nationul Glider 1 nal 3
B. Radio unc Television Physical Culture 5
Official Radio Log 6 Tictorial Review 9
Radio Call Book 6 Women's Home Compan~
Radio Craft 2 ion 1
Radio Gossip 1 B. General Weekly
Radio Log e Lore 4 Collier's 40
Radio News 5 Liberty 188
Short fiave Craft 4 Literary Digest 48
Television News 2 Saturday Evening
C. General Post 96
Kodern hechenics 9
P0puler Rechanics 15 4. College and Humorous
Pepular science 10 College Humor 5
Public ttility 1 College Life 3
Science & Invention 1 College Stories 7

1

College and Humorous
Film.Fun
Funny Stories
It
Jim Jam Jems
Whiz Bang
5. Fiction
A.Adventure
AC 8 II 1 {h
Action Stori
Adventure
Air Trails
Airplane Sto
All Fiction

All Star Detective
Storiesl
Amateur Detective

135

(cont'd)
4

3

1

3

5

5

es 2
18

1

ries l
3

Stories 1
Argosy 24
Astounding
Battle

Battle Aces
Best Detecti
Black Mask
Blue Book

V8

Chain Lightning

Classic

Complete
Complete Sto
Cowboy Stori
Detective

Detective
Detective
Detective
Detective
Dragnet

Bo

We

Far East Adventure
Far West Adventure

Five Novels
Flying Aces
Gang

Sky

ovel
ries
es

Adven-

ture
ok

Novels
Story

ek y

Gangland Stories

Gangster
Gang World
Ghost
Golden West

Good Literature

H

[—1

N01
H‘HCfiCfiOItO’QHtfiHCfiOIFPNlbIG-H (DI-JP NNOUNPOU‘IUN

Gun Moll

High Spot

Lariat

Man Stories

Master Detective

Murder Stories

Northwest Stories

Outlaws of the West

POpular Fiction

Prison Stories

Ranch Romances

Racketeer Stories

Real Detective

Riders of the Range

Scotland Yard

Shadow

Short Stories

Sky Rider

Speakeasy Stories

Triple X Western

True Detective

Two Gun Stories

War Birds

War Stories

West

Weird Tales

West Rangers

Western Adventures

Western Novel,

Western Story Haga~
zine

Western Trails

Wild West Weekly

Zoom

Love Stories

All Story Love Story

Amazing Stories

Breezy Stories

Cupid's Diary

Dream World

Hollywood Nights

Hollywood Romances

I Confess

Lively Stories

Love Story

Love Romances

Pep Stories

Real Love magazine

Red Book

H

(:3

9N

pa

5...
N
CDmtflCfiOHmmlP-Hfltki-‘P IP’CDNU) HmHmNNHNNCflCDNCfiNUrPQQOQO$PNQCDl-‘l-‘HUI

136

B. Love Stories (cont'd) D. Sport
Secrets 2 Baseball 4
Sweetheart Stories 12 Tight Stories 5
True Confessions 6 Hunting and Fish-
True ExPeriences 15 ing 3
True Romances 30 Outdoor Life and
True Story 85 Recreation 5
Western Love Storieslo Ring 2
Westland Love Maga- Sport 4
, zine 3 Sportsman 7
YOung Future 5 TOp Notch 2
C. Metion Picture
Motion Picture 5
Movie Classic 3

Moving Picture
Stories 3

Phot0play 12
Picture Play 10
Screen Book 4
Screenland 3
Screen Play 6
Screen Romances 4
Silver Screen 3
The Dance 1

The same general classification was used in tabulating
the magazines read in the homes by the parents and children.
The results are given in Table AIX on page 137. The fiction
magazines lead the list with a total of 297. Of this number
190 were of the love story or movie story type and 107 of the
adventurous type. Tag none mdgacihes ranked next in number
with 190. There tere 38 Technical and 18 College and Humorous
with only one in the Literary group. A careful study of the
reading material reveals that a great number of leisure hours
are devoted to reading magazines, many of which are question-
able in character. We must remember the majority of the mag-
azines taken into the home are taken there by the child. Over
one third of the better class fiome magazines were taken in the

English speaking homes.

137

Table XIX. MAGAZINES TnKIH IN T33 BONE ARRANGED BY

NATIOHfiLITY AK“ YPE OT EEJDINfi MATERIAL.

 

 

 

Nation :Total :Lit— {Tech-:Home :College: Fiction
:Families:erary:nical:Magazines:aHumor {Edven~: Love &
. . . . - :ture : Movie

 

 

Albania . 1 : : l :

Arabia : 17 . 1 : 6 : ‘ 6 : 9

Austria 4 - 1 : 4 : 1 2 : 2

Belgium 2 z : : : 1

Bulgaria 4 : : 2 : 1 ° . : 2

Canada : 1 : z : : : 1

China : l : : : l : : 1

Czecho~ : : : : : :
Slovakia: 4 : : : 3 z :

England : 4 : : l : 2 : °

Germany : 8 : : l 5 : : 2 ' 6

Greece : 8 : : 1 - 9 : 5

Hungary : 4O : : 2 ° 11 : ° 26 ° 18

Italy : 21 : : 2 ° 8 1 8

Lithuania : 3 : : ° 2 . l -

Mexico : 10 : : 2 1 : 1 5 - 5

Poland : 24 : : 1 6 l 12 14

Portugal : 2 : :

Roumania : 85 : z 47 ll 31

Russia : : :

a.Armenia - 9 : z 1 l l 2

b.Jews . 2 : 1 z 3 3 l

c.Russia : 27 : : l . 14 1 13

d.Ukrania : 9 : : 1

Scotland : 1 : : 1

Spain ' 4 : : 1

Sweden : 1 : : . 2

United : : : . . .

States : : : : : : , :
a.Michigan : l2 : : l : 9 : : l : 7
b.Northern : : : ‘ ' : °

States : 34 : 5 22 2 4 10
c.30uthern : : : z :
A States : 44 : : : l9 1 10 : 28
Yugoslavia : ' : : :
a.Croatian : 15 : 1 : 4 1 5 2
b.8erbian : 8 : 2 : 3 . l 4 3
Miged;_ : 24 . : l : 7 . 2 2 ‘ 16
Total 429 l 3 193 18 107 190

. (D

 

 

-———- ---O-n-- - -—. ——.—

138

Music and Leisure

 

It has been noticeable in school work for a number of
years that the foreign born child usually excels in music
and rythmic work such as marching, dancing and physical
exercises to music. The parents attending school entertains
ments have expressed themselves as preferring progress made
up largely'of students drilling and dancing in costumes. The
Salina Junior High school has an enrollment of three hundred-
fifty students, of nhou.one hundred nineteen take instru-
mental music. Forty-six of these young people are in the
school band. Forty-two others take piano lessons in school
while others study under outside music instructors. The
kinds of musical instruments in the homes of each nationality
are given in Table XXI on page 139 . Only 68 of the 429
families under consideration did not have some kind of musical
instrument. The victrola leads the list with 196. Nearly all
of the victrolas were purchased before the radio became so
universally used, and economic conditions were much better
than they have been for the past five years. More than one
third of the 155 radios found in the homes were owned by the
English speaking peoyle. This condition may be attributed to
the fact that the foreign nationalities do not understand the
English language well enou3h to appreciate the Speaking prOjrams.
Radio prOQrams in foreign tongues were not introduced until re-
cently. Economic conditions have been such for the past number

of years that only necessities could be purchased and paid for

159

Table XX. KINDS OF MUSIC IL IIISTI 'I'JLI T3 TILE HOIJIE
BY NATIONALITIES

 

-- -.--_... .___.—.-- ‘-.m-—.— -—.....——..

 

 

 

 

 

Nation :lumber of .Piano: Re dio : Victrola: Bundzhone
:Families : : : : :
Albanian : l : : : l : O
Arabia : l7 : : 2 : l2 - 2 : 6
Austria : 4 : 2 : 2 : 2 . l : 0
Belgium : 2 : : l : : : 1
Bulgaria : 4 : : l : " : 1 : 1
Canada : l : : l : : l : 0
China : l : : : l : : O
Czechoslovakia : 4 : l : 1 : 5 : : 0
England : 4 : 2 : 5 z : :
Germany : 8 : : 5 : 4 : 5 : 0
Greece : 8 : l : : 6 : 5 : 0
Hungary : 4O : 8 : 17 : 21 : 15 : 5
Italy : 21 : 5 : 5 : 12 : 2 : 5
Lithuania : 5 : : l : l : l : 0
Mexico : lO : : : 5 : ‘l : 6
Poland : 24 : 7 : 8 : 8 : 10 : 5
Portugal : 2 : : : l : l : O
Roumanian : 85 - 15 : 26 : 52 : 29 : 14
Russia : : : : ° :
a. Armenian : 9 : : 2 : 5 : 2 : 2
b. Jews : 2 : : 2 z : :
c. Russian : 27 : 7 : 7 : l6 : 16 4
d. Ukranian ~ 9 : 5 : 2 : 5 : 2 : 1
Scotland : l : : l : : l :
Spanish : 4 : : l : 4 z 1 :
Sweden : l : l : l : : :
United States : : ' ° : :
a. Xichinan : 12 : 6 : 7 : 4 : 5 : 2
b. Northern States: 54 : l5 . 28 . 5 : 5 : 5
c. Soutiern States: 44 : l : l5 - 22 : 15 : 7
Yugoslavia : : : : :

a. Croatian : l5 : 2 : 7 ° 7 z 5 : 2
b. Serbian : 8 : : 2 : 6 : 5 : 1
Mixed : 24 : 2 : 11 . l2 : 5 : 6_

Total : 429 ° 76 : 155 - 196 :125 : 68

140

by the majority of peeple residing in this community. It

is also noticeable that the nationalities the own the larger
percent of their homes are the ones who have the fewest radios.
The family income is not sufficient to purchase all the conven-
iences of this modern age. In many of the homes there were
several band instruments but in the tabulation of the information
we were only interested in the number of homes that had certain
types of instruments. One hundred twenty five families had
some kind of band instrument in the home. There were but 76
pianos owned by the families under consideration. A number of
the larger nationality groups did not own any pianos.

Movies and Leisure

 

There is only one small moving picture house in the Salina-
Roulo community, although a few minutes ride on the street cars
will take one to any of the larger movina picture houses in
Detroit. It was realized that this form of entertainment was
indulged in by many of the Salina-Roulo students, but the exa
tent of this practice was not recoqnized until this survey was
completed. There was one group who reported they attended a
picture show every nifiht in the year. The tabulated results
are given in Table XXI on page 141. The countries are listed
alphabetically giving the number of children from whom this in-
formation was obtained, the number of times they attended and
the mean number of times each year tne students visited this
type of entertainment. Only 41 students did not attend the

movies at all; there tere 94 who only attended 1 to 12 times,

141

HE ICUEEZZR OF TII‘JJJ EACH GR 0UP

Table XXI. T . ' ' ‘ fl
ATTLKD TEL hCVIJJ LURILG GHQ YElR;

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Natibn :N0. of: Number of times eachӤe:}

:Cases : Kone:1-l2:13-52:53-99;]05 orfkean"”

:more

i— -—--—~_-

 

 

 

 

Albania . 1 : z : 1 °
Arabia : 18 : 1 6 : 2 z 9 :
Austria : 5 : ° 1 l l : 2 :
Belgium : 2 : : 2 : : :
Bulgaria : 4 : : 1 . 1 : 1 : l :
Canada : 3 z : 2 : 1 :
China : l : : : 1 : :
Czechoslovakia : 4 : : 2 : l . : l :
England : 4 : : : 3 : : l :
Germany : 12 : 1 : 2 : 4 : 3 : 2 :
Greece ' 12 : : 1 : 10 : : 1 :
Hungary : 64 : 4 :10 : 35 : 7 8 :
Italy . 38 : 1 :11 : 12 : 4 : 10 :
Lithuania ‘ 3 : : : 2 : l : :
Mexico 11 : 1 : : 5 : 2 : 3 :
Poland : 43 : 1 :11 : 25 : 2 : 4 :
Portugal : 2 : : : 2 : : :
Roumania - 131 : 12 :11 : 71 : 9 : 28 :
RUSSia ; : z z : : °
a.Armenians : 12 : : : 9 : : 3 :

b.Jews : 2 : : : . 2 : :

‘c.Russians ° 40 : : 3 : 21 . 6 z 10 ;
d.Ukranians 14 : l : 5 : 5 : 2 : 1 :

Scotland 1 : : : l : : :
Spain : 4 : 1 : 2 : l : :
Sweden : l : : l : : :
United States ; I z :
a.MiOhigan ° 19 : 2 : 5 : 8 , 5 g 1 ;

b.Northern States : 35 : 5 : 5 13 - 1 : 11 :

c.80uthern States : 60 : 10 '17 : 23 : 3 . 7 ;

Yugoslavia : . : :
a.Croatian 27 : 1 ° 2 : l9 : 3 : 2 :

b.Serbian : l2 : 2 . 6 : l : 3 :

Mixed : 21 : l : 3 . 9 : 4 : 4 :
Total : 606 z 41 :94 : 297 : 6O : 114 :

 

 

 

104

81.5
57.8
52

67

81.7
52

35.7
67

55.7
44.1
43.4
59.4
66.3
60.5
39.7
52

57.2

63

62.5
65.3
38.1
52
36.7
10

37.4
65.6
45.4

50.3

73
58.7

53.5

 

. -_-‘—-—-—~..—.~- cg..— —— ..—.-.-— - 0“...“ -._- —— ' ~-...-. ‘- a...“

142

297 who reported they attended the nov es 15 to 52 times,
sixty who attended 53 to 99 times and there were 114 who attend-

5

ed more than 100 such entertainments in the course 0: one year.

The me in: number of times CA6 606 students visited the movies

wus 55.0 or sligitly more tnen once each veclc.

School end Leisure Time

 

In the previous cnepter the ni ght school and adult
education classes were discdssed. These activities permit
many of the adults to use their leisure time for educational

4.‘

purloses, which is u wonderful ongortunity for unem.
The scrool also stonsors a Parent Teacher Association,

Mother's Club and other 0 mmunity activities. However, these

organizations do not meet with a great dee l of success. The

foreign born geronts ire reluctant to take part in this type

s advertised us e nirt

A

F1.

of activity. If a syecial yrosram
of a Ierent Teach: rs' meeting very few will come. If we fail
to mention the organiZetion's name the euditorium will be
packed. The fore :n parents enjoy having their children take
part in dny school uctivities and often are so interested in
pointing out their sons and deujnters to their friends and
nei hoors t11et others in tneir i Aidldbe vicinity ere unable
to near the pro rum. All foreign nationdlities are proud of
the American 3 nools and will; ~ ist m1 never posgijle in its

activities if they ere no; celled upon to tuke en active pal t.

143

CHAP T1ER VII
81.71.312.513 AIID C 015C LUo‘ IONS

As mentioned in Chapter I the lOCution of the Salina-
Roulo district neur the F0 rd Industries, its industrial
boundaries which sepsrute it from the City of Detroit and the
balance of the city of Dearborn and its type of constituency
makes it a unique district for e nationality study. The his-
tory of this locality shoes that its proximity to the City of
Detroit and t1e Ford Motor Compu11y Rouge plant has changed the
physical environment to such an extent that it has influenced
the type of peeple who have locaited homes here. The social
environment of the .istrict has been influenced by old world
customs, traditions, ideals, standards and beliefs brought
to this country by the immigrants from thirty-two nations.

The study of the families of such nationality reveals
that although they may have different langusses, customs, re-
ligions and ideals, that one or more of three factors are
usually given as the reason for breaking the ties of their
birth, und establishing a residence in s new country. They
are the desire to improve their economic status, religious
toleration, and politic sl pers . mvtion. The school is one of
the most active agencies in assisting the foreign born to ad-
just themselves to the new environment. However, it takes at
least three generations before the standards of living of the
new country are fully accepted. Although the families of the

different n1tionelities sze not segregs ted into definite

144

neiahborhoods within the district and neiehbors may orig-
inate from different countries,the tendency is not to assoc-

e of the Same nationality. It is very

m

late with anyone but the
seldom that there is a marriage of people of different nation-
alities.

Many of the homes of the foreign born are built by the
owner with the assistance of a group of friends without any
thought of remuneration, except that when they wish to build
the group will in turn contribute their services in the same
manner.

This study also shows that it is the younr men and women
who are dissatisfied with their home environment and have the
energy and initiative to leave the nation of their birth and
establish residence in a new country. The fifteenth ce1sus
of the United states shows that there are 63-1/5 percent more
foreign born men than women in the city of Dearborn. The
greater number of the men came to this country before their
marriage. The majority of the otaers leave their families
in Europe until they have established residence, secured work
and saved enough money to send for them. In many cases twelve
to fifteen years elapse before the wives and children arrive
in this country.

Vitl the exception of the public schools, the organizations
which contribute to the Anericanization rf the foreign born
are limited to one nationality, such as the "Roumanian American
Citizenship Club”, the "Greek Orthodox Church" and the"Itelian

Citizen' Club."

145

The children of thirty-two nationalities nere enrolled
in the Salina and houlo schools, although only twenty-seven
of them were represented in era es four to nine inclusive,
used in this study. It is shown in this chapter that there
was an average of 4.08 children for each family studied. The
term "family" has been limited in this study to include only
the mother, father and children, as explained in Chapter IV.
The Italian, Croatian, German, Polish, American, Hungarian,
Austrian, Serbian and Arabian families in order given had
more Children than the average for each family. The number
of children in the Greek families was the lowest, with an
average of 2.87.

The size of family does not influence the economic status
of the foreign born to any great extent. It is shown that
many of the nationalities with the largest families also rank
among the h ghest in home ownership. There is, however, a re~
verse correlation found between those nationalities which have
a high prOportion of home ownership and the nationalities which
have a high percentage of automobile ownership. This sit-
uation shoms the family budget is not large enough to meet the
payments on a home and also provide for the luxury of an auto-
mobile. Of the seventeen nationalities having the largest num—
ber of families represented in this district, the Polish peOple
were found to rank first in home ownership and seventh in auto-
mobile owiership; the Serbians were second in home ownership

and thirteenth in car ownership; the Armenians were third in

146

home ownership and fifth in car ownership, und the Ukrenisns
were fourth in hone ownership and seventeenth in uutomobile
ownership. The Hungarians ranked first in ownership of auto-
mobiles snd seventh in homes; tee Arabians second in auto-
mohiles und eleventh in home wnsrship.

In this study the native born families were classified in
thr=e rroups f r comparative purposes. Those who were born and
reared in Nichigun, those born in the other northern states,
with the exception of Kichigun und those born in the Southern
states. It is quite evident that the people livins here who
were born in the southern states are not inclined to become
home owners as they ranked the lowest of all nationslities in
home ownership; they also ranked eleventh in sutomohile owner-
ship. The families classified in the Korthern states ranked
fourteentu in home ownership but were fourth in automobile
ownership. The families in the Richifen classification were
tenth in home ownership but were third in automobile ownership.

How much the people of this community depend upon the Tord
Motor Company is shown in Table IX, "Occupationul Distribu-
tion by Nationalities". Over seventy percent of the fathers
wor for the Ford in‘ustries. The greater portion of the others
derive their ineone indirectly from the same source. Therefore,
the prorress of this community depends primlrily upon the pro-
gress of the Ford Hotor COHpuhy. When the Ford industries ere
working to capacity the community flourishes, everyone has

money and they are willing to spend it. is soon as the Ford

147

plant finds it necessary to close, the pe cple of this com-
munity are the first to feel the effect.

Intelliéence and uehisvenent tests were used extensively
in the Salina and Roulo schools for classifying and diagnos-
ing purposes. While the intelligence tests showed there were
variations of intelligence between children of different nat-
ionalities, the range of difference between the high and low
in each nationality group was greater than between the averace
intelligence of any two groups. There was a greater variation
in intelligence between the three American groups than between
any of the different nationalities. The students lis ed under
the Northern states ranked highest in intelligence, and those
born in Michigan ranked the lowest of the seventeen groups for
which the percentages are given. Students born in the Southern
states of the United States ranlced tenth in intelli3ence. Of
the foreign nationalities the students from Arabia ranked first,
followed by Hung gary, Russia, Serbia, Poland and Rouma nia in
order named. The children 1rou Mexico raxm ed the lowest in
intelligence rating of the foreign 3roups , followed by the
Croatians from Yugoslavia, Italy, Greece and Germany.

A close correlation was found between the intelligence
tests and the achievement tests given this same group of chil-
dren. Out of the seventeen largest groxps seven were found to
have fifty percent or more of their children at the national
norm or accelerated from one month to three years above the
national norm set for their ages. The children from.Arabia

‘

ranked the highest with 72.4 percent, followed closely by the

148

Serbians from‘Yugoslavia, the Ukranians from Russia, Greece
and Hungary. The children from Greece were the only ones who
were not included in the seven hiqhest ratin3s in the intell-
igence tests. A still closer correlation between achieve~
ment scores and intelligence ratings was found in the six
lowest groups. Each group had 66-2/3 percent or more of their
students below the national norm in achievement, all of whom
were included in the six lowest groups in intelligence rating.
The students born and reared in Michigan ranked the lowest of
all groups in intelli3ence ratings and also ranked last in
the percentage of those found to be accelerated when given the
achievement tests. This close correlation would lead us to
believe that schools are justified in using intelligence tests
as one means of classifying students. Also, that the intell-
igence of a student is not affected by nationality. Children
of the same age and intelligence rating, but of different
nationalities given the same environment and the same Oppor-
tunities, should progress at the same rate. The home and neigh-
borhood environment plays an important part in the develOpment
of a child.

Foreigners establishing homes have a tendency to locate
in areas where the people of their nationality constitute a
majority of those living in the neighborhood. They need the
assistance of their countrymen in adapting themselves to the
new environment. This condition exists to some extent in the

Salina-Roulo district, although there are no defined boundaries.

149

People of different nationalities may live in the same house,
or next door neighbors, the children may play t03ether, but
there will be very little communication between the adults.
Foreign peOple prefer associating and dealin3 with others of
their own nationality or native Amer cans.

The Roumanians are the only nationality of the twenty-
seven represented in this study hat have churches in this com~
munity. A few of the others attend and help to maintain native
churches in other cities of the metrOpolitan area. There is a
Splendid Opportunity for some religious organization to do some
valuable missionary work in this community.

The adult day and evening classes are performing a valuable
part in the Americanization of the foreign born. The 1930
United states census report shows that twent~~four percent of

the adult jOpulation of Dearborn had not obtained their citizen-

0

ship ap-rs. Many of the women received their naturalization

”d

apers automatically when their husbands passed their exams

’d

inations. This was previous to the passinj of the Cable Act,
September 22, 1922. Hany of these women cannot read or write
English and yet are entitled to a vote. The depression has
made it almost inpossiule for a person f foreign birth to
obtain work without citizenship papers. This fact has stimp
ulsted Many to enter citizenship classes.

The Americanization program has not taught the foreign
born in this community how to use their leisure time to ad-

vantage. The boys and 'irls are interested in sports, but the

150

older peOple are not. Many of the men frequent coffee houses
and card rooms. Dancing is enjoyed by some groups, but not
excessively indulged in by adults. The magazines that are
read in the homes are largely of he light fiction class such
as love stories and western stories. However, nearly every
family subscribes for their native newSpaper. Movies are
greatly frequented by many adults, and eSpecially by children
of school age. The foreign peeple in this neighborhood are
very fond of music and over eighty-six percent of the homes
have some kind of musical instrument.

The economic conditions in the past year have influenced
a further change in the nationality of the inhabitants living
in the Salina-Roulo district. Over two thousand families were
forced to accept Learborn welfare aid due to their inability
to secure work. All industries in the metrOpolitan area of
Detroit have been obliged to reduce the number of employees,
many factories ;losing entirely. The Ford fiotor Company re-
duced the number of employees to less than one-half of those
employed when conditions were normal. The majority of those
who were fortunate enough to remain worked only two or three
days a week. The single men and men of foreign birth who had
not secured their citizenship papers were the first to lose
their positions. When the general lavoff came personalities
were not taken into consideration. A number of departments

such as the glass plant and steel mills closed entirely.

151

Many families from the south returned to their homes. A large

“3

number of families moved to vacant ; ethers moved into

(:1

arr:
smaller quarters or in with relatives or friends. These con-
ditions left a number of vacant residences. Rents for some
tine had been muck lover in the Salina-Roulo district than in
other sections of the city so the Dearborn welfare leased two
of the largest apartment houses and a number of single homes

1

and moved indifent families from the setter ~sidential sections

"3
C)

of the city into these places. These families were nearly all
native Americans. Therefore, at the present time there are
more enildren of native American parents attendin: the salina
and Roulo schools than there have been for a number of years.
The foreign people in the salina-Roulo district are at
the present time very hue: handicapped by their inability to

thoroughly master the Anglish lanyuage; alsc by their not

..
\
I

understan in: American methods, ustoms aid ideals. As soon
as their children and grand-children have adjusted themselves
to their new environmen no upOlOgies will have to be made
for their nationalities. The children have an intelligence
background upon which to build which compares favorably, and

. ‘ — . "1 A An? ,— ‘4 1» .‘j‘ 1‘. f‘ »- . ‘ r. , V 1
in many instances crosses, the uVsTaie intelli enee of tea

0 assist them in

('7'

native American. Our duty as Americans is

making this transitional period as short as possible.

152

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