uni—I— ’94 p 1-»: :11 Ln 3: '52 «2‘! Ln 0 2'. "1 D i”~?‘~""" . W-v-vvv n.—v c—w- .—.. I - 2L >~:. THE WELD Ln: THE CAMPUS WELLS T§~EESXS FOR DEGREE or B. s. _ LAMES H. mwsm - EVERETT J. PETERSON 1926 :- L—VWM"""" EEEEEE ‘ 1/7777/1177/77/7777/7777777177 3 1293 0109 93 9191 ,‘ PPLLL L LHY QUMATLYLLLJLL IN RACK OF BOOK U. PLACE IN RETURN Box to remove this checkout from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due. MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE @143an 2000‘ 1M chlHC/DdoDmpfiS—p.“ ASTUDYOETHEYIEI‘DOFIHEOMWELLB A male 311mm To m noun or m ncméu sum com-Eon or AGRICULTUREANDAPPLIED some]: 3! was I. won EVERETT .1. 33215312301! 0:11:11qu to: the up“ or ‘ Bachelor of Science. m, 1926. ,a , L. -radl'r' ! ? ‘T‘ “,1 t t?!t:§‘ fi 1mm ““5 E f LL35 i9 Lim- 2‘3 9“ fi-‘T‘wi L! 5‘! f " QF' .‘ . g The authors take this oeportUEity to thack the stat' of the Buildivgs and Grounds Department for their aid and hearty co-ooeratiov, and also Professors C. L. Allen and H. C. Woods for their assistaece and suggestion. ,1. 9546‘? l'he purpose of this theeie ie to determine the allowing about the eempue wells: 1. She nuinm yield, 11. The pressure or eir'thet produeee maximum yield, III. m oirole of influence, IV. Whether the yield is proportional to drewdovrn, 1!. !he length of e tire thet can be fought using the atrium output or welle in conjunction with one hundred thousand gallon et orege reservoir. The number or fire streams are eix each delivering two hundred and fifty gallons per minute. A STUDY OF THE YIELD OF THE CAMPUS WELLS. it the present time the water supply for Michigan State college is obtained frm a sub-artesian well by an electrically driven triple action pup. In addition to this there are two air lift wells that can be operated. tests were made on these two wells. In the near future a well regulated and efficient system of air lift wells will be installed. All of the wells here are of sub-srtesim character md tap the send stones of the Coal measures. Figure 11 is a geologic section of one of the college wells plotted free a log borrowed from the Geology Department. The location of this well is not mown for there was no information regarding its position. However, the date indicated that it was drilled in 1881. it one time these wells were truly artesian in character, but due, perhaps, to the large eonsunption of the city of Lansing from the same strata, the static water level has been diminished so that it now stands ab out 818.0 ft. above sea level. !he structural features of the ertesien basin, which these wells tap, resemble a stack of saucers placed concave upward. Ihese srtesien eonditions are purely local in character. East Lansing is well located with regard to these geologic features and is, thereby, in a position to avail itself of the advantages offered by it. he outcrops of the different strata are shown in Figure 1. Something of the eharacter of the Goal Measures may be gleaned from that which follows: "A as in. well was drilled in 1917 by A. R. Purcell of Jackson for the Lansing Water Works." The mplee taken from the borings of this well indicated that the sandstone in the coal Heeeures above the salt horison is too fine grained and closely semnted to yield water freely. The sandstones in the coal Measures vary so greatly in texture and porosity that perhaps with careful exploration and preservation of samples more freely water-gagging areas could be found in or about the city. Saline waters at.“ encountered below the Goal Measure horison. fhe cementing material of the sandstone of this strata contains iron carbonate which upon exposure to weather is oxidysed to limonite. This, evidently, is the reason why bath rem fixtures and other hydraulic apparatus in and about East Lansing show rusty blemishes upon than. The tests that were made dealt with four wells which you will find on the map in the pocket of this book, indicated as l, s, 5, and d. Wells 8 and d are connected so that they can be operated. By plumbing it was found tint the depth of Well lo. 1 is 336' and that Well 30. 3 is 298'. Ihs others could not be plmbed. fhe casings of these wells are driven to rock. That means that seeing depth is about 80' as that is about the depth of the glacial draft here. ‘ is the static water level was measured before each test, it was discovered that they varied as such as two feet .1215 .-_~. u. o'so- rb‘ ' 4. on consecutive tests. The reason for this fluctuation may 7 be due to interference from the well in operat ion behind the Forestry Building, thermmetrie or barometric conditions and rainfall. El. of easing Well no. 1 854.14 E1. of easing Well No. 3 655.03 Bl. of discharge pipe Well Ho. 2 846.58 fhs following pages will deal with the details, the method of procedure, the data and the apparatus of the test. ' I In the pocket of this book. which is attached to the back cover, you will find a mpp showing the location and amber of the wells which this test deals with. Wells 1, 8, and 5 are located nearly on a straight line and spaced 800 ft. apart. considerable difficulty was encountered to locate Well 5, because it was not accurately located on the maps. The elevation of the static water level was determined by plumbing wells 1 and 3. As the static water level of well 1 end 3 were the sense, the authors assumed that the static water level of well so. I: was also the same as it lies between Wells he. 1 and Ho. 3. In order to measure the static water level in Well 8, it would be necessary to uncouple the casing for each run. This would be a difficult task. The equipment used in this test was an air compressor, wier box, air gage, flow meter, and hook gauge. '5. the air gauge and flowmeter were tapped into the air line a few feet from the well. The weir box was placed beneath the discharge pipe connected to the air separator tank. the weir used was a 90° triangular weir. All the water puped was wasted. In order to detcnine the drswdown in well No. 8, the well in operation, it was necessary to determine the distmce to the foetpieee. this was completed by formula and then checked by eeeeurenent. . it the beginning of each test the pressure necessary to start the well flowing was recorded. this pressure was used in the formula p - wh, in which p is the pressure, In is the height of water col-an that p will support, and w a constant equal to 1433. the a ammefihw,' 4,,“ measured distance was 868'. By formula the distance is .fi 4» 88.8 or % e 88.8 1- 868.8 ft. 88.3' is the distance from the discharge pipe which leads to the ...- separator tank to the stgtic water level. it intervals of fifteen ainutes records were made of the air pressure, inches of water in U tube of flow-meter and the hook gauge elevation. it the end of each test the shut in pressure was recorded an the draw-down in wells 1 and s noted. ‘ The shut in pressure is the back pressure of the water column in the well. rhi- is obtained by closing the shut-off valve leading to the air ccmpressor md than reading the air gauge. The shut in pressure is the means by which the draw down in well No. 2 may be obtained. The draw down 6. distance to the foot piece minus the shut in pressure divided by .455 minus the distance to the static water level. You will find the drawdown for each test on pages of this thesis. the drawdown in wells 1 sad 5 was found by dropping a plmb line inside the easing. . The circle of influence was plotted from the draw- downs obtained as above. We found the circle of influence to be 600 ft. in diameter. Well No. 2, only, was operated in the first part of the test due to the failure of the air empressor to build up pressure enough to lift two wells, but after sane delay a seventy five horse power electric motor was installed that could develop enough pressure to operate both wells. To determine the mount of free air used to obtain a gallon of water, study fig. 5 and Curve for Determining volume of Free Air. (A blue print found in the heel: cover of this book). the original of this blue pring, the calibration and description of the flew-meter can be found in basis No. l, 1985, empleted by lasers. M. E. Snider and .7. ll. Biery. _ l'igure lo. 4 shows a cut of the foot piece used in Wells lo. 8 and 4. These were designed and made by Mr. Walter Coss who is employed by the college. 7. pg: 01.: IES‘T‘RuN'ou‘ngL no. 2. April 50, 192‘s mowmeter Hook Air Gauge gag hessure Left Right a Gauge 5:15 105 (starting) 4.5 5.7 Initial 5:50 75 Operating 5.05 5.15 1.550 5:00 75 5.05 5.15 1.55: 5:15 75 5.10 5.55 1.550 5:50 15 5.10 5.55 1.550 use 75 5.10 5.25 1.550 4:00 75 5.10 5.55 1.550 «as 75 5.15 5.50 1.550 static Water Level in Well 10. 1 from top of easing 15.5' Starting Pressure 105: Shut in Pressure 60! Water Level in Well lo. 1 after pimping, frm top of easing 19.5'. p99 or 793555 surges 551.1. 50. s. m 14, 1955. g A lgeggg' A krilmeterw 533:. ._ 5:00 105 (Starting) mm mm 1.459 Initial 8:15 105 Operating 5.45 8.15 1.90: 5:50 107 5.90 1.7 1.59: 5:45 95 4.0 7.7 1.595 5:00 105 5.7 5.0 1.595 5:15 105 5.5 5.: 1.595 5:50 110 5.4 5.55 1.555 55:55 115 5.5 5.5 1.555 Stopped Running at 5:45 due to blow-off valve failing to hold. Shut in Pressure 50! Static Water Level in well no. 1 Static Water Level in Well lo. 5 Water Level after Pumping, in lo. Water Level after Purplng, in lo. 18. 75' 18.00' 85.9' 34.5' 9. peace 1555 m 05W Kay 17, 1525. Air Gauge Plowmeter Hook' ,gpg;_ Pressure A Leftw _7 Eight ‘figauge 15th 10d (Starting) ---- ---- l.d54 Initial 5:00 105 Operating 5.7 ' 7.5 ‘ 1.905 5:15 105 . 5.8 7.7 1.897 5:00 105 5.8 7.7 1.895 halt Broke so we ceased pumping» Shut in.Prcssure - 55f. Static water Level Well so. 1 - 15.75' Static Water Level Well no. 5 - 15.51 hater Level, after Pumping, well no. 1 - 80.51 water’Level, after.Pumping, Well 50. 5 - 25.75' 8 and d. 10. so 05 Run lay 15, 1955. Air Gauge I‘lcueter He or time Pressure Left W 3351“ Gauge Y 1:50 105 (Starting) --... --..- 1.450 15151.1 5:00 95 Operating 4.45 7.1 1.597 5:15 . 90 4.45 7.1 1.595 5:50 so 4.50 7.0 1.595 5:45 4.50 5.9 1.551 5:00 57 4.50 5.9 1.555 Pressure lowered and run continued. 5:15 55 4.5 5.7 1.575 5:50 55 4.5 5.7 1.575 5:45 54 4.75 5.75 1.575 4:00 54 4.75 5.75 1.577 4:15 54 4.5 5.7 1.575 4:50 55 4.5 5.7 1.574 4:45 54 4.5 5.7 1.574 Shut in Pressure 65! stetie Water Level cell 10. 1 - 15.5: stetle later Level Well no. 5 - 17.0i Water Level after Mping, lo. 1 - 51.75' 55.0'- Water Level after Puping, Ho. 5 - 11. 5550155. 15511 50, 1955. Brendon :- 863 105 103 103 .469 e465 .459 .581 e570 e368 Dreudoun.; 888 - 65 50.58 I 868 - 158.5 a 30.3 I 09.8' II: 17, 1986. 171.0 2.05 166.0 1.95 163.5 1.96 57 56 56 895 888 888 - 28.0 I 868 - 160 - I8 I 90' 1.725 1.735 1.770 Vol.0! 5454 Q 5414. Inches 0:13. '21’ ;::3 :{r on 011.1%. per 01’ 320 from tree per 351. gessure Weir per 595. £13; l'louneter chart Lirfi 611.15; m 75 .445 .559 147.5 1.05 55 155 1.05 75 .444 .555 149.5 .55 17 104 .595 75 .445 .559 147.5 .55 17 104 .705 75 .455 .545 154.7 .575 15 11o~ .711 . 75 .455 .545 154.7 .575 15 110 .711 75 .445 .557 147.5 .575 15 110 .711 75 .445 .555 147.5 .575 15 110 .711 Drewaown . 555 . 2.2%? . 57.5 .. 555 - 155.5 . 57.9 - 101.5 new 14, 1555. 105 .455 .570 155.0 5.55 41 555 1.955 107 .455 .559 151.0 1.9 55 597 1.545 95 .457 .555 159.7 1.55 55 555 1.575 105 .455 .555 155.4 5.15 55 505 1.910 105 .455 .555 155.4 5.55 41 541 5.15 110 .455 .555 155.4 5.45 41 545 5.15 115 .455 .555 155.4 5.55 41 555 5.55 12. RESULTS new 13, 1323. V01. 01 Head Q 6313. 1113332 62:1? V3? 1'23; 2:1,: m 73?. 3:13:25. £25. fijnfifi‘éu 32?. ‘3; :Siffit 1 92 .437 .377 139 1.33 23.3 203 1.23 ’90 .432 .337 133 1.33 23.3 203 1.23 39 .432 .337 133 1.23 27.3 194 1.13 33 .431 .343 133 1.13 27.3 191 1.23 37 .432 .343 133 1.13 27.3 139 1.22 Chang“, Pressure. 32 .443 .333 131 0.93 23.3 130 .994 33 .443 .340 133 0.93 23.3 137 1.03 34 .443 .333 131 1.0 24.0 131 1.033 34 .447 .333 132 1.0 24.0 131 1.03 34 .443 .333 133 0.93 23.3 133 1.03 33 .444 .332 149 0.93 23.3 137 1.03 34 .444 .332 149 0.93 23.3 133 1.03 Drawuown.- 233 -._£§_ . 23.3 - 233 - 143 - 233 - 94.3 13 . QONCLUS IONS. tests have been made as to the quantity or water that the mains will furnish, using pressures or 7% to 80%, and it was found that the East Lansing Fire Engine using two streams and 1757} pressure lowered the pressure in the main to 25%. rheretore, it is possible to assume that by raising the main pressure more streams can be taken from the main. rho present East Lansing fire engine is equipped. to handle three tire streams each delivering 200 gallons per minute. Using the East Lansing engine, rated. 750 gallons per minute, the duration or fire that can be fought is as follows, - using maximum output 01' wells plus 100,000 gallons storage. Using astreams 850 gallons per minute a 760 gal. per min. maximms capacity of sells - 300 gal. Storage 100,000 gallons. 750 - 800 - 450 drawn from storage per min. W109 00° . 832 minutes or 5 hours and ‘3 minutes. Using 6 streams at 850 gallons per minute - 1500 gal. per min. 100,000 gal. storage. ‘ .1500 - 300 - 1800 gal. used from storage. 339%? - 85% minutes, or 1 hour, 33 minutes. Using 6 streams at 360 gallons saoh - 1600 gal. per min. . 800,000 gal. storage. 1500 - 300 - 1200 gal. per min. used from storage. 00 0 . 31333-00" 1" 91139 or t hours, A? minutes. 14. the best pressure to operate the wells is about 70!; Just enough to keep wells flowing. The volume of free air in cubic feet per gallon of water raise is .695 ', using 76% air pressure. If the pressure is pemitted to fall below 6% the well will cease to flow and if pressure is raised above 76#, the volume of free air per gallon of water becomes excessive and is uneconomical. 1. The maximm canbined capacity of wells No. 8 and 4 is about 300 gallons per minute. 2. he pressure produces maximum yield of 105 pounds. 3. l'ind chart for circle of influence in pocket of this book. 4i. !he results indicate that'pressures above 85 pounds produce an un'economieal drawdown, seaming that the yield varies directly as the drawdown. fhe subxmrgenee of the foatpiece is about 58' which agrees with the figures quoted by the Sullivan Machinery Company for wells having a lift from 100' to 200'. The lift of this well is about 1&0'. The results clearly indicate that something is wrong. Perhaps the footpiece needs cleaning or renewing. {the air cmpressor should give a wider range of pressures. The action of the well when operating is poor. The water does not flow steadily but it comes up with slugs of air. The flow surges a good deal. 1 good air lift well flows steadily with quiet purr. , I ._..-._..i I . :1 rs, - W Pro-"m v. - .. .‘ ! .. e .' ~ .I a -‘ 'T J. 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