TH _

STUDIES ON POTATO SCAB
CAUSED BY ACTINOMYCES SCABIES

THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF M. S.
C. W. Frutchey
1932

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STUDIES ON POTAT 3033 CAUSTD BY ACTINGFYCTS SCABITS

Thesis Presented for Degree of
Hester of Science

Michigan State College

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C; W. Frutchey

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THESIS

 

 

AC IC‘IO‘ETL“. QUEEN‘S

The writer wishes to express his appreciations
to Dr. I. H. Muncie for advice and suggestions given through-
out this study and for criticism and correction of the
manuscript. The writer is also grateful to Dr. Vuncie for
help in carrying on some of the experiments.

The writer is inaebted to Dr. 3. A. Wessey for
helpful suggestions and for criticism and correction of the
manuscript.

Acknowledgement is made to the following for co-
operation with the field experiments: Frank Williams of
Nilford, Nichigan, Walter Kraus of Fonroe, J. C. Cedpath of

Kalamazoo, and W. L. Tyler of Goldwater.

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The disease "potato scab" is a con 5 ant men ace in certain
sections of the potato “ Min districts of Fichigan. Prevention
by an acid reaction in the e il or DJ se ed tre atnent is not success-
ful in most instances due to the fact th-t t e rotation crepe grown
require a high lime content, and that the soil is heavily infested
with the scab organism, a conu itio n making seed treatment nearly
useless. With this condition present, eXperinents for the control
of potato scab by disinfecting the soil with chemicals were thought

to be worthy of effort.

I

|

The nature of the work has been extensive re ner than
intensive, partially because a large number of factors are concern-
ed in experiments dealing with soil dis sinfection, and partially
because the results of the field experiments were t ue opposit e of
what might normally be expected. Various phases of the work were
undertaken to help eXplain the manner in which the scab organism
reacted to the chemical treatments, and it is from these pm; see that

the greater part of the conclusions are drawn.

LITERAT373 CITED

Tuber borne scab.

The disease of potatoes generally known as "common scab"
which is caused by a species of Actinomyces, named by Thaxter (61)
Oospora scabies and by Gussow (20) Actinomyces scabies, is probably
as old as potato culture. Prior to the latter part of the ninteenth
century considerable literature had accumulated pertaining to scab,
and several theories were advanced as to its cause by both scientific
and pepular writers. These included: (l) mechanical irritation,
(2) damage resulting from insect agencies, (3) chemical erosion or
irritation, (4) excess of moisture, and (5) action of Fungi. W. G.
Smith (58) of England was the chief supporter of the mechanical
irritation theory and thought rubbish to be the cause.

The insect theory was largely supported by pOpular writers
and the cause of scab generally attributed to the wire-worm. The
chemical agency theory was advocated by Sorauer (59) of Germany; the
substances considered important were lime and ashes both of which seemed
to be preportional in amounts to the degree of scab. A much later
contribution to this theory was made by Humphrey (23) whose results as
well as those of other workers, although of value, failed to indicate
the true cause of the disease. He was unable to associate any organism
constantly or even frequently with the disease and listed environmental
factors as the cause of the disease. Fany of these factors since have
been shown to affect the number of scab organisms present in the soil

to the same extent that his results showed increase or decrease in the

percentage of scabby tubers.

The fourth theory, was that excess moisture caused an increase
in sap with a rupturing of the lenticels and cork formation, and the
resultant production of scab spots. Imong the writers favering this
theory were, Frank, Giersberg, Schacht, Arther, Nobbe, and Beckwith,
cited by Humphrey (23). The theory of causation by true fungi, had its
origin in the announcement by Wallroth (as) that the disease was due to
the action of the fungus Erysibe subterranea Wallr. This statement was
reaffirmed by Julius Kuhn (33), and assented to by Jubainville and
Vesque (30), in 1678. Sorauer (59) and.nsny other writers denied the
causal nature of this or any other similar fungus and stated that if
present, it was only an accompaniment of the real cause. Brunchorst
(4) ascribed the cause of scab to the direct action of a myxomycetous

fungus named by him Spongospora solani. The scab disease of Wallroth

 

and Qrunchorst is powdery scab, and the organisms named by them are
synonymous. Spongospora subterranea (”allr.) John is the final name
given to powdery scab, and therefore the citations above do not pertain
to the common scab of potato.

It was not until about 1890 that much of scientific value
in regard to potato scab appeared in the literature. Test of the avail-
able accounts deal with the control of the disease because of its
constant menace in potato regions where it often caused rather heavy
losses in decreasing the market value of infected tubers.

Thaxter (61) was the first to show that the scabby, corky
lesions on the tubers were due to an invading organism and was the first

to isolate this organism from scab lesions on tubers, grow it in pure

culture, and then inoculate uninfected tuber and reproduce the disease.
He recognized that the organism was tuber borne and con sined within the
scab lesions after digging and that the use of disease-free seed for
planting was advisable. Other early worxers who investigated scab were,
Bolley (l and 2), Humphrey (23), Kinney (31), Galloway (16), Tones and
Edson (29), and others. Of these workers, Bolley (l and 2) carrying on
experiments in Indiana and North Hakota probably did more extensive and
intensive work than any other investigator before 1900. Although he did
not classify the organism as did Thaxter (61) he did discover that there
was a definite plant parasite responsible for the disease and that this
organism was tuber and soil borne. He believed the disease to be due to
a bacterium and reproduced scab with an organism that he isolated from
scabby potatoes. He also made some progress in determining the environ-
mental factors necessary for the develOpment of scab and discovered that
the disease could be somewhat prevented by soaking the seed tubers in a
1-1000 solution of corrosive sublimste for one and one-half hours. Jones
and Edson (29), and Kinney (31), conducted experiments for the prevention
of scab and obtained some information on the value of seed treatment
before planting, and of soil treatment with sulfur.

Several writers have endeavored to separate the different
types of scab by th effect upon the *ost. Types of scab were recognized
before it was known that the disease was caused by an organism.
Humphrey (24) separated the disease into deep and superficial scab.
Both Thaxter (oi) and Bolley (1) recognized the two types of symptoms
but thought them to be variations of the same disease. Frank and Vruger

(15) claimed to be able to dieting ish morpholoaical differences in the

different types, iamely, (1) shallow scab, (2) deep scab, (3) bulginxy
scab, and (4) bulging deep scab. Forever, Lutman (38) believed these
different types of lesicns to be staaes in the advance of the same
disease. he also supports Thaxter's view point as to the type of
organism, stating that "the distribution of the hyohae is very irregular,
occurring on any part of the potato, but always in the outer layer of

the periderm", nd he makes the statement that "soab is dde to the
hypertrOphy of the cells of the cork Cambium, the cells of which are
much thickened due to their suberization". According to Lutman and
Cunningham (40) "the ordinary scab of po‘ato is due to an increase in
growth in the cork layer, the production of which is due to a stimulation
on its surface and in its outer cell layers by the grovth of an organism
which forms chemical substances which :re absorbed and which cause the
cork cells to increase both in size and number". Villard (47), point-

ed out the fact that several types of scab existed but believed them

to be caused by variations of the scabies group. Later in another report
(46) he listed six different types of scab, and tested 24 isolations

of Actinomyces for pathOgenicity, ll of which proved to be pathogenic.
These he classed as distinct Species. Jones (26) worked with different
types of scab studying he structure of the potato cells affected. His
conclusions were that the type of scab lesions produced depends upon

the activity of the organism and that deep scab resulted from the organ-
ism penetrating the cells so rapidly that a corky layer could not be

built up at the surface to prevent penetration.

-( .I-

Soil borne scab.

Bolley (2) was among the first investigators to TBCOfanB
that the organism causing the disease "potato scab" was Soil borne.
He determined that the orsanism was capable of living at least four
years in the soil and then causing scab of potatoes. Jones and Fdson
(28) showed that the organism could remain in the soil 25 or more

2 of tubers. They also unintentional-

"-

years and then cause a heavy scabbin
1y showed that the organism is present in new soil. Lutman (57) proved
that potatoes grown in virgin soil were often scabby and that the
longer potatoes were grown in a field the more scab would be present,
disregarding the fact that all of the seed used was disinfected with
formaldehyde. Lutman and Cunningham (40) obtained results to show that

the potato scab organism, named by Gasperini, fictinomyces chromogenus

 

and which they identified as a scab producing organism, is wide spread
and is found in practically all soils, so far as known, but is most
numerous in these soils which are rich in humus. Literature on soil
borne scab takes up a wide field of investigation. “us to the research
of soil bacteriolOgists it has been dete mined that the ictinomyces
group make up a comparatively large percentage of the soil microflora.
Waksman (63) found that on an average 17% of soil borne organisms were
Actinomyces. heavy soils nnd those rich in undecomposed organic sub-
stances axe relatively richer in Actinomycetes than corresponding lighter
soils. In an earlier account (62) he found and named thirty Species of
Actinomyces, but later grouped some of these together into one Species.
He discovered that the Actinomyces group were not extensive anmonifiers
although they reduced nitrites to nitrates, and that they were strong

cellulose decomposers forging humus from organic matter. According to

Taksman (62) Clobig, Yossi—Dori, Pullman, and T'adsen isolated and
studied lctinomyces from different sources. Beijerinck (22) stressed
the importance of organic matter for Actinomyces growth. Fousek (14)
found more Actinomycetes in heavy than in light soils. Krainsky (32)
found 50% of the soil microflora to be Actinomycetes. Conn(8), (7),
and (6) observed a greater number of Actinomycetes, 39.4%, in old sod
soil, and concluded that they play a role in the decomposition of
grass roots. Millard (47) states that "scab occurs most commonly and
with greater virulence on light sandy or gravelly soils especially those
of a hungry nature, and it can be inhibited by green-manuring of the
soil.

The fact that the scab organism is soil borne is closely
associated with several factors affecting its develOpment. Fartin
(41 and 42) observed that the p? reaction is far more concerned than
is the soil moisture in affecting the amount of scab. Soils varying
in moisture content, but with a similar reaction gave equal amounts of
scab. When sulfur was added and a pH of 5.1 produced, scab was great-
ly reduced. Variation in the amount of rainfall caused no difference
in the percentage of scab until sulfur was added. Addition of sulfur
resulted in a decrease of scab in preportion to the lowering of the
pH value. The effectiveness of a given quantity of sulfur depends upon
its ability to produce an acid reaction when added to the soil. In
another article (43) he states that part of the inhibitory effect of
sulfur is probably due to its toxicity and not altogether to the pH
reaction. GilleSpie (18 and 19) using two synthetic and one potato

extract media, concluded that the potato scab organism would not grow

I? Y." r r" - . .. ‘ U .
in a ph loner than 4.7. the strains varied somewhat in their reaction

to a given p?, but the variation was not appreciable, and none of

them gave good growth at a p? love

*3

than 5.E. Us did not find scabby
potatoes on soils with a p? value of less then 5.1. This was true of
all soils, and, much, or peat. wheeler and ideas (71) working over a
period of three years shared that al forms of lime tend to promote
scab, and flowers of sulfur tend to inhibit it, hit may injure th
potatoes if applied in too large amounis. Culfate cf anmonia proved
even better than sulfur. Thecler, Yartwell, and ”oore (72) found the
effect of sulfur for the prevention of potato scab to depend on the
acidity derived from its application. Ealsted (21) obtained good con-
trol of scab by the application of sulfur. Lime gave 100% scab. Cor-
rosive sublimate, kainit, and cepper sulfate when applied to the soil,
decreased the crop yield as well as the amount of scab. Sherbahoff (57)
found that injury on various crops including potatoes resulted if
sulfur were added at the rate of more than 900 pounds per acre. When
added with commercial fertilizen it was less injurious. The injury was
more marked in light soils which were low in humus. In another article
(56) he reports that scab is greatly reduced with heavy applications of
sulfur, and that the number of scab lesions was more reduced than the
number of scabby tubers although the latter were also greatly reduced
by the treatment. Carmen (l7) states that "the use of flour of sulfur
applied to the soil gave little or no results and in some cases gave
more scab than the untreated". Lint (43) observed that sulfur reduced
the amount of scab appreciably, and the smaller applications of 500

pounds seemed as effective as the larger applications of 600 pounds.

Wedgworth (70) reported that the additions of sulfur Usually increas-
ed the percentage of clean tub+rs, and that 600 pounds of sulfur per
acre showed the greatest amount of clean tubers.

Other factors which have been thgu§ht to regulate if not
control scab are, moisture, temperature, and crop rotation. Shapovalov
(55) concluded that there is always enough cellulose in the soil to
perpetuate the organism from year to year. Crop rotation would not
eradicate the scab fungus from the soil. Sandord (52) believes moist-
ure the main factor controlling scab in the soil which he used, a dark
organic sandy loam. dcdb develOPed abundantly in dry soil while moist
soil produCed almost all clean tub-rs. The H. ion concentration varied
but little. Shapovalov (54) conducted temperature germination tests

Oto 40° c.

with the scab organism and found that temperature from 35
were the most favorable for the genuination of the gonidia, though
unfavorable for long continued growth of the mycelium. The merimum
. , ° ‘ . o 1 0
temperature for growth is about 4u.5 C., tne optnnmn 25 to o0 C.,
. o

and tne minimum about 5 C. Involution forms are not the result of
temperature conditions. Jones, NcKinney, and Fellows (27) conducted
experiments in the "Wisconsin tanks", the temperature ranging from

0 0 . ‘ ~ .
11 to 30.5 C. They determined that tne develOpment of scab is influ-

0 IT“

enced by soil temperature, the Ogtimum being about 22 C. inis is in
accord with field exgeriments of various investigators showing that
there is a greater prevalence of scab in hot summers than in cooler
ones. Jonas and YcKinney (28) stressed the point ihat potato scab is
not so prevalent in Yorthesn Europe as it is in "orth America where
the sumner temperatures are much higher.

Judging from the data given by these investigators, it would

seem logical to believe that scab development is inter-dependent on

a combination of factors, one of which may be dominant for a siven

condition.

Taxonomy of the scab group,

A great deal of study has bee made of the group of organ?
isms causing "potato scab", but as yet it is not definitely known
whether or not these organisms causing the disease can be placed in
one distinct species. Thexter (61) was the first to associate and
prove that an organism was directly the cause of the disease and

after a great deal of study he n med it Oospora scabies. His des-

 

cription is very specific and while it is probable that several types
of scab organisms will fit in generally with the description, it is
also true that an organism would nave to be grown under the same con-
ditions as was Thaxter's original organism before it could be proved
to be identical. His reasons for placing the organism in the genus
Oospora were that it appears more nearly allied to certain forms in-
cluded in this genus by Saccardo. However, he adds that "it is need-
less to remark that the genus Oospora, as given by Saccardo has no
scientific value, and the reference of a form to this genus is merely,
as in the present case, a confession of ignorance concerning its true
position". Bolley (l) believed the organism to be a bacterium. How-
ever, he “id not name the organism and later in his report (2) he
states that it agrees with the description given by Thaxter.
Cunningham.(ll) isolated three forms of an organism from potato scab
lesions and reproduced the disease upon inoculation. He believed

then to be identical with Thaxter's, but disagrees with the generic

name because the two characters, true branching and aerial fruiting,
separated this organism from the bacteria, and are recognized as im—
portant characters of the family chobacteriaceae and of the genus
Streptothrix. Upon this basis Cunningham thought the organism should
be placed in the genus Streptothrix. Gussow (SO) disagrees with
Cunningham in the use of the name Ptreptothrix because it was used by
Corda in 1859 for another genus and accordin? to the Vienna code cane

T7

not be applied to a second one. he states that other names such as
Cladothri , Yocardia, and Actinomyces have been loosely used for the

organism causing potato scab. Cladothrix cannot be used bQCFuefi of its

also untenable be-

(I)

false branching and ciliated spores. Nocardia i
cause the name was applied to other organisms by Saccardo, and Gussow
therefore changed the name to Actinomyces scabies (Thaxter) Gussow.
Lutman and Cunningham (40) identified the scab organism as Actinomyces

chromogenus GaSperini. Nehinney (45) states that he was also able to

 

isolate forms of lctinomyces identical with ictinomyces chromogenus
in pigment formation but adds that various workers have demonstrated
that Actinomyces chromoaenus is a group of various species differing
in physiology and morphology. He maintains with Drechsler that the
binomial ictinomyces scabies (Thaxter) Gussow should be accepted as
the name of the organism which causes common scab of the potato tuber.
Drechsler (12) criticizes other workers on the genus Actino-
myces because they have been too quick to form conclusions on the
taxonomy of the group from details only slightly studied. his study

includes 18 groups or types of Actinoryces which he carefully describes

~ a
Q

A .
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equ'

morphologically. Ve believes that Lctinomyces does not re “eaent a

J 1

transition between the hyphomycetes an

the Schizonycetes. he determin-
ed rather definitely that Actinomyces is a fungus belonjing to the

Fungi Ingerfecti. Conn (9) working with various culture media and 75
culture found it very difficult to distinguibh betteen the various type
of Actinomyces unless extreme care had been taken in preparation of a
protein-free media and unless the organism was repeatedly grown in the
same medium.

Lehmann and “ewmann cited in ”aksmen (62) consider the Actino-
myces a special group which stand between the Vyphomycetes and the
Schizomycetes; related to the latter by their slender hyphae and pro-
toplasmic progerties, and to the former by the branching formation of
aerial hyphae with conidia like structures. Claypole (lO)believes that
the higher sporing fungi, the true bacteria, and the acid-fast bacteria
have all arisen from the Streptothrix group which is highly variable
both morphologically and physiologically. within the group.ictinomyces,
Taksman (62), (63), (64), (65), (66), (67) and (6E) has probably con-
tributed more than any other worker to the knowledge of species and
forms. He classifies the organisms according to morpholOfy and physiolo-
gy depending in many cases on chromatic characteristics. Fillnrd and
Burr (46) studied the pathogenicity on potatoes of 24 strains of Actino-
myces, naming ll pathogenic species.

There has been a great deal of work within the group Actino-
myces and as has been stated by many investigators, the variation is
so great that separation into distinct Species is extremely difficult.

Perhaps there has been too much work separating the variations into

distinct species. This criticism has been o”9ered by some triters.
According to Buchanan (5) the following classitication is the one to
which the potato scab organism belon s: genus, Actinomyces; family,
Actinomycetaceae; order, Actinomycetales; and class, Schizomycetes.

Eyphomycetes is sometimes given as the class depending upon the in-

vestigator.

-14-

STA”WT:WT OF Ti? PFCELTN

AA.

The control of scab is a well known problem confronting

the potato growers in Ticni-en, and especially so in the southern
part of the state. In timES past when the growers knew very little
about potato scab, little or no cure was taien to prevent the

spread of the organism, and no thonght was given toward keeping the
riginal infestation down to a minimum. Due to the lack of this
knowledge and to the methods of cultivation and fertilizing practic-
ed, the amount of scab producing organism in the soil has greatly
multiplied. It is of common practice in many of the potato districts
to grow cover crops, mainly clover and alfalfa, for a period of from
two to four years, then leW them under and again plant the field to
potatoes. To make the conditions more favorable for ttese crOps,
lime is used to produce a neutral or slightly alkaline soil reaction.
These conditions are also favorable for the growth of the potato

scab organism, Lctinomyces scabies. Fillerd (47) stated that by the

 

addition of green.menure, scab could be controlled by keeping it as
a saprOphyte ra her than a parasite, a condition brought about by
the scarcity of food material. However, it has been shown by, Lutman
(37), Waksman (63), Conn (8) and others that an abundance of organic
matter, other factors being optimum, produced an abundance of scabby
potatoes.

The above condition has occurred in certain districts in the
southern part of the lower peninsula of Fichi~an, and the ictinomyces

content of the soil has been greatly increased by liming, and turning

under green manure crops. Another source of contamination rhich is,
often of importance and ich it is vell to mention, is the feeding
of uncooked potatoes to famn animrls, and t e appli cation of the
manure to the fields 5 fertilizer. Verse (45) has shown that the
scab organism is capable of oassin tr ro u h t e dL fie tive tract of
animals in the manure, which when apolied to the soil will increase

the number of scabby tubers. Thee: sources of contamination have

greatly increased tie scab menace in cert rain districts, fTJuJ

('3

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4 “’1

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problem of great importance to the fr 33ers.

The work.iehen up h;re has special refererce to the control
of scab by treating the sill with chs icols. Considerable work has
been done on the c ntrol rf scab b' seed treatment, changluj tr
reaction by the use of sulfur and oitzr chemic ls, and b' the study
of enVironuint 1 factors such as, moisture and temperature. ?owover,

little work has been done to control scab in the soil bf chemical

treatment.

'7

'1 V' '1 "
. cm. eman

(1)

Although sulfur treatuent of the gil, scour/1“; to

\

(67) and ”‘ celer, Hartwell ond’txnkafTZ; acts prinarily as an in-
hibitor of the organism due to the acid reaction oioiurei in the soil;
it has also been sho n by other writers, I e baxo f (S o) in particular,
that the continuous aiiition of lar as guentities of sulfur to the soil
for scab control proved markedly injurious to other crops in rotation
as well as to potatoes.

In certain regions where potatoes are grown the soil if not

originally infested with the scab onVinis», has with t e cor Itinued

plantin of the crop, become so heavily infested that “he ever

(TC

condi t . .r‘ ;V C ‘O I; -'V 1": d '- .‘J ‘4‘ Iv" ‘,‘¢1r_',4-— ._ ’J _..‘ . ‘ v L: A . .
1Jn° “Ubh “D mv—bturv. tb~n ‘etd b. evil Yeac«-;n, and or? nic

matter are favorable, a heavily scabbed cry; .roduced. Tuber
treatment before planting while effective for the seed piece does not
reduce the amount of scab in the soil that is badly infested. Sue to
the fact that scab causes considerable damage and econnmic loss in
potato growing regions, that the organism is soil borne, living in the
soil as a saprophyte year after year, and that it is most virulent in
neutral Or slightly alkaline soil, a practical control to be applied

in the field would be of commercial value.

Attempts were therefore made to find a practical neans of in-
hibiting the scab organism by the application of chemicals in small
quantities to the soil. To be of practical value, the chemical used
should have the following properties: namely, that it will not injure
the productive value of the soil, that it will not injure the growth
of crOps, that it is rather inexpensive and that it can be applied with
a fertilizer or as a fertilizer, and that it is effective in reducing
the number of scab producing organisms in the soil. If all these
properties could be found in one chemical, the losses caused by soil

borne scab could be reduced to a minimum by a simple routine of soil

treatment.

-17-

scorn or III"7TIG.3.TICII 1;th rn.733"::";rICI-* W“ M.

I .\
'—- '1 \a‘. .-J."..'11,

It has already been stated that the main object of this
work was to determine if it were possible to disinfect the soil with
chemicals in so far as the scab organism was concerned and thus con-
trol the disease "potato scab". The results obtained from this phase
of the work, however, have made it necessary to study the problem

from different angles, namely, to isolate many strains of Actinonyces

 

scabies, to test their pathogenicity; to determine the effect of the
disinfecting chemicals employed upon these strains; to study the re-
lation of soil moisture content to the effect of the chemicals on the
soil microflora, and to a ltnited extent study the mycolcgical phase
or taxonomy of the strains.

Previous work on soil treatment other he sulfur for the
prevention of scab is very limited. Halsted (21) treating the soil
with corrosive sublimate, kainit, and copper sulfate, found that
these chemicals added in sufficient quantity to reduce the amount of
scab, also decreased the crop yield. In recent years more attention
has given to treatuent of soil by chemicals for the control of in-
fectious soil parasites, and at the present time work is being carried
on for the control of scab by soil treatment. Nartin (44) using
calomel, yellow oxide of mercury, formaldehyde and various organic
mercury compounds, found them to be highly effective in New Jersey
soils for controlling scab and Rhizoctonia. Work of a similar nrture

is also in progress at the Nebraska and Wisconsin E periment Stations.

 

S’Ill treatieuts
In the ei-Cperirsez‘sis cv- t-i'ied on both in the :-reen‘r1=.:;u::.e and
were used, namely, colonel, yellow
and

\

n organic mercury conpnun , a~
A0 or o

3‘

in the field, four chemicals
at the rate

oxide of mercury, Du ay “905?,
aluminum sulfate. The chemicals were applied
10 and 20 pounds per acre reSpectively in the rows at the time of
in six plots in five
at the college. They

The field exyeriments were made
”'3'; 6 re

tno plots
scabby and clean

planting.

different sections of the state
were all treated in a like manner and the amount of

e dug.

The aluminum sulfate treat-

tubers either counted or weighed when they $5?

of scabby tubers was listed in each case.
the college.

cf?
»er of pounds per acre of

y

ment was included only at
?efnre being applied to the rows the ch micels were thorough-
ord easier application and more

\x

ly mixed with fine quartz sand to
:iven nwn

Taking a
of grams of chemical to be added in a row 100

(“I

set for each row of

, ... :-
siunre 4e
,

Tie

uniform distribution.
the number
illowing ECO
st long p

the number of pounds

1:)
V

a chemical,

feet long was calculated.

that length, there would be li“.2 r028 1C0 f
accordingly calomel was applied

amount of chemical needed for each r‘w vould be
of chemical per acre divided by 14“.2. .fn
grams yer row 100 feet long, yellow oxide of
of 50.9 grams, Fufiay 7965H at the rate of 50.9
he rate of 61.8 grams per row. The

at the rate of 51.8
tL'
We control of potato scab are presented

mercury at the rate

and aluminum ulfate at

(0

a

results of soil treatments for t1

in Tables I - VI inclusive.

~17? I r 2‘
:tclw . 11).: LL; \ Q
v— ‘

Ilufs

-u

r.
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it

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Fl
(“V3
“J
\l

 

 

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Po" Cent 30kt. luau“: 1 03.6 L70L'; 1“ 02’

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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r." C r?" “A. r - -;3 . .-~ - n . r1:
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“Ctfifiij
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.241 .lt
—-—-h—
("v V" ._ .‘ :7 Q l 1-; ‘7 0"- ? z n}.
.. Btu-a $4:va . ‘1'- U-fi c- . v
u “er "‘ d h a J J ("9
T‘ n '2 v f A l 3‘"? ."-". "‘.‘- "‘ -" ‘7:-
‘ SUI. Cont 1:101:47 l'ito’ru "H's—J: «.40.».1 Jo's”)
7-" .7: .2
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W “ .""‘ (“"2 fl” ""-“
-. .L-li-L‘bf .Lf‘ 3 :d- O v.1. f 0 QC 5
P. r r 2-- : r: ~- 1 c. :
F‘Lr Cent E'QE'V w .147 1.: .7 Log? .LUQCKJ
FEeecvy
.. _ ' r. ,n ,-. 1,1” )
- Unilbur l 1"».«4 7K4]. 1;»? 7.; u . E
v‘ , .— » ,. 7. n A r; t: 3 A:
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m\ . . Y, |.,#,-
5-) -l +2-1. v-ul'h P-‘\ 1" n- “i ‘r-\ ...l .7. ‘77 ,n' ‘7...
scan p. g f . . .x' .lo x. b

 

.I’
DJ\—

Plots I and II were loc ted in field ll: at the callers.

They were planted to Pu set Rural potlt‘“

( \
0.
f
t
-
F1
(1)
C I
H
(.44
P‘
1
<
(D
(n
(+-
CD
Q:

October 23, 1931. mhey were plants? bf hand droppinr in rows about

4 or 5 inches deep after the Chemicals ter added. The soil in Plot I
was a heavy sandy loam and that of Tlot II was more sandy and lighter.
Checks were planted on the outer rows of each plot and in between the
chemical rows, there being four rows of eficq caenictl in these :lots.
It can be seen from tie results in Table I that caIOmel and yellow
oxide were the least effective treatments and that all of the treat-

of

CD

ments seemed to increase the anount of scab as fell as the degre
scabbiness of the tubers. The two inorganic mercuries favored the
production of scab in both plots, and the difference between then and
he check rows as s own by the data was very evident at the time of
digging. The tubers were all sorted into clean, and ii ht, medium,
and heavy scab, each group of which was then courted, and the tubers

in each division recorded in Table I.

m “-q II D_ _ . ‘ A“ ~ . —.-.
‘ ‘ ‘i .. ~. _ . ‘ . , , J I n f! 7‘ .
eu.upu o ‘Bglthu ‘1 . A; -\.At 3 .L - f f l a "1" “C W
I. . . -- _. . .2
. 4‘ ' f" 71
r - - ’ , '
., .- r-. ... .' .
_L1 L..- - ~ v J wAn'd Ar.l

 

 

 

-
F" ‘ . ‘ ‘r '_ ' _, ' " A x T .
,u;UJtL -LLLJ- QLLAU Bbwg Tdtck
‘ ,‘ r. P) \H V r' -
. .J . x f. L-\;..£l iv- :3 r: 4
_ --

 

 

Cl‘jhn

 

‘I"-: .‘Vpu IA 3-: W ‘ n F'- - A '\ ~r—
C1 flktt CL,.~1J .LJ. !' 0 in} l-Qr 0U . I: .0

_'. ‘3 ‘1' ' fl P, ‘ ‘1 “ -'- “' —.
Far cent qu.‘ ,V,U 7d,“; go.#9

 

 

 

 

 

‘a’n‘. ‘
var .3V
V ~..L '- r‘ C‘vllt
-
1"]. " ’— r if" . m n h, "A ‘ ‘ .‘.
«.vr- . . -¢L "~".V . . .2?) ~LL‘OVI-L
M- - _.___-
n1' ‘I 1 t I l . L ‘D ' H.
C_‘ ’ ~ .1 '. :‘ ‘ l\' ‘x 1 l "I 4" ‘\‘ "‘ " 4' 1‘ 1‘ - - r
,, , ~' \ ‘ ‘\ . ; _'-‘ l {3 ‘ _ : - ‘ . a ,\ .- ‘
J.» ~ A. 1 .. - .. . . Ln ... .e M 4.. AJ 3.. :40 J. jet: r‘ fig: iv]
”1 _ ‘4‘ ". 1 I m. o 1 ~
, r' ’ a u Yo- _ ‘ x. .. \"~ I . 7 - n ‘ ~ ,
-LsA. {erAI 4.;2 .‘ , .0... -A. I... 4 A. w-jL\.L t9 :'.. ..‘ 'k t) l' .‘J‘.+' qi.¢l

a neoVZ’1}lz“k i,;'?. T: C ‘. ‘itrj \45 LG f'i's e”\31 33 feet 3.?1‘, +3o
rtn"s fix;ch.~nf tj-e t7-n~<e c‘ All:: is ';x‘ ‘nttn- - v‘s l.? c'1-e .; 7‘ iciiitezma

9 '.nt (1 in ~r‘m_;:‘ C" t."_. s L3 as L; :‘l‘ 3.": Lit}; {Xe t eat—2.1 r .s
aid L4 'L.t no “Lu tre"‘ «Hts It‘e edjfcunt is eu*h 'tfiir. Tie gof_*o;s

““V’ " ““
Ti.iclii'ai_fiits : it; \Jle ;. rcau.t Lt“ '3T5 ‘neotznl-d. “fix-e 'ire :tot *fi‘e
striljdr" re=‘ths in tlf.3 zltt.f‘c,t tLe-\3’Le"e SJ; t'e fi:¥:t t';, mLe
Check roTs st’ll 3‘7C ifle ;re' e;t uiouut ;. olcir “b r“ e:d 0:1“);1
Fhve tle s- ll-st jigll -T c een pub rs ‘RQ t'e ‘rbh-u t yield e s'wt“y
O-y33. -13 TIA; tr- e If'"i.,tels‘ i“: “1P;\;'Tlllf’ t:;' *;l 3“ns j'iwl" ”e‘u;r

ART-I Y .‘v'tfi-r1 - ‘1 \ ‘. ‘41 n " II " VP . '
goon Jailed but Vprf lit le .rom \Lw CIWCL ro's in the caocnt of scabbv

tubers.

~ h -. 4 x ,: ~
TARLL III. Wesel.s cf ?;ll Treatnent ”or Control of ”stats Tcub on
*edpath urn, Yulamuzuj erntv

U

firfim I"
.- 4., . J

 

Treatments
Calomel Yellow onije 955? Check

 

Yo. of Rows 5 3 5 18

 

Clean

 

 

'."ei:-ht 19.5 252.0 75.5 F913
Per cent 10.57 33.25 51.53 68.53
Scabbz
Livht
‘795—1 , -
Heliflt 04.0 SUQO 5500 204.25
Per cent 29.37 31.65 39.5 24.57

Feezx
“Bight 111.0 76.0 130
Per cent 6U.l6 45.1 8.87

.
.' 6-5

5
.15

H>CJ

 

metal weir-t
J. v L» .l — -/~~ an f" r‘fi
of tubers” 16400 lDL.O ld'.O EQU.25

 

'Q

m)
.

Q
C“
If.“

m. ..
-Jtal per cent £9.43 _€.47 51.17

scab

. T7

mhis glwt was lUCmted 1n -alswezoo county an I. 0. y«dpath's

yo

farm near .alamazso, Tichigan. The glut res pl ntcd June 17, 1931 to
Pusset “ural botttoes, end they were hcrve ted October 19, 1931. A

9‘“

sandy loam type of soil which had previously grown pstutoes and maich
had been heavily limed fer a cover crop was used. There were nine rows

300 feet lon:, the three center rows Were divided transversely into

nine rows 100 feet lang, three laterally adjacent rows be'ng treats“

with one chemical. In V is mgr ner the treated rows rcre end to end
there being three grou;s of t;1ree rows each with each greup treated with
a different chemical, all three treatments making three rows ECO feet
long. Check rows were placed three rows on each side of the treated
rows.. The potatoes were sorted into clean, light scab, and heavy scab,

and the results were taken in W81 ht of each division of potatoes.

TYler farm, Branch County

PLOT V

 

Treatments
Calemel Yello 07 on ide 965. Check

 

(23
CR
#3
H
O

D’;o. of Pows

 

Clean
Weight 71.75 55.75 153. 75 338.75
Per cent 37.13 28.33 52.29 52.21

 

 

”Blgdt 75.75 63.25 .106.5 264.55
Per cent 38.16 43.33 40.47 40.77
Heevz
Teight 47.75 53.75 18.5 45.55
Per cent 24.71 25.33 7.23 7.02
Total wei;j_ ht , l- _ .fl ,
Cf tub 01‘s 193.25 169.70 233.70 6‘:C‘..C 5

 

 

Total per cent

scab 62.67 71.67 47.71 47.79

This plct was located in Qrench county on V. L. Tyler's farm
near Goldwater, Vichi;an. The plot was 91m ntcd tn Dus set Pure 1 pots toes
lay $5, 1931 and harvested Octeb: r 23, 1331. The soil wns of a sunny

q

loam tr e to which a f rtiliz g‘r hrd been ni4ed. The plot consist=d of

J-‘4

la

93’ 9"“ —_‘ " - 7' .. . . -- ‘ ‘r , » »‘ J" ' .7 -
ten rows sod feet 10d , five cIeCu m.d llve treated. Tie chlomel

U;

and yellow oxide of mercury consisted of three rows each and each
row 100 feet long. These two treatments were aleced end to end
making three rows 200 feet long. The Checks were each 230 feet long
as were the Dufiay 9553 treatment. Calomel and yellow ”ride geve the
least control in this plot although the aercentases of scab were all
quite high. The per cent of heavy scab showed a greater difference
and 735 comgnratively low for the 9653 treatment and the check.

TABLE V. Results of Soil Treatments for Control of Potato Scab on
Williams' farm, Oakland County

 

 

 

 

 

 

PLOT VI
Treatments
Calomel 'Yellow oxide 965H Check
No. of Rows 3 3 5 12
Clean _
Weight 29.9 29.5 56.25 55.25
Per cent 28.45 26.16 53.72 14.25
Scabbx
Light
Weight 34.0 40.5 56.75 122.5
Per cent 32.55 55.92 34.18 3 .55
Heavz
Weight 41.25 32.75 34 .5 210.5
Per cent 39.23 37.91 52.09 53.9
Egtitbiiight 105.15 112.75 107.5 588.25
Total per cent 71.57 75.84 66.28 85.77
scab

 

This plot was located in Oakland county on Frank Williams'
farm near Nilford, fiichigan. The plot was planted to Russet Rurals

June 5, 195l and harvested October 14, 1951. The soil was of a sandy

t

loam type and a fertiliaer had been aided before planting. There
were 21 rows 1.30 feet long, 12 rows of checks and tires I‘ZD-TSS Cf each
of the three treatments. It till be notic:d that the results in

this plot do let conform to those .f any of the other glots. The
chemical treatment here all gave'nore control than did the check rows.
However, the gercentages of scabb; tubers are all so high that few

if any conclusions can be drawn as to the effect of the Ch8¢lual on
the scab organism,when considering this one indiv'dual plot. It is
true that this section of the state received more rain than did any

of those where the other plots were located, but comgtring W‘th the

controlled moisture exoeriuents this would not exglain the results.

Summary of results of evil treatments

 

In considering the results of the field plots, it can be
readily seen that the chemicals were not effective in the control

as, slot ”6, was

4-

L‘D

of potato scab in any of the plots. In only one 0
there a greater percentage of clean tubers in the treated rows than
in he checks. The chewicals did not all produce identical results
but seened to produce preportionally the sane results in all plots.
Duflay #955H and aluminum sulfate did not seem to vary from the check
rows a great deal. The aluminum sulfate on the two plots at the

the untreated

Q:
Ho
Q:

collece gave slightly'more scab on the average than

rows. DuEa #9655 produced nearly the same results as did the alun1num

. I ._ _ r‘ r~ L) C . 4. . .. ‘ 1.‘ ('3 1::
sulfate, haV1ng slightly more soao on the aVcrcge than dii tie ch,c s.

~ , - ,.. 0' ‘1 .-
Calomel and yellow oxide of mercury in all but one plot La.e cons1uer

ably more scab than the untreated rows and the average percentage 0f

scab is much hi;her then 7ur the cheeks.

“.7 K .pnb— 1.. . -.o m
. Pr ( ‘-,__,r .‘ .- f~ -_ ‘ ...‘. 7‘1». - 1-.7 -.
‘PA¢ JI. Pelesstscts e. use siere as envy tsu:rs RCCUMEThJinfi
V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

m c+m- - . -. «.2- a n . —_
ireltment .V«ru;e Level : scab “verage i Teuvy Scab
F_‘ _' ‘ Q s F.
Aalxmwl 71,067 5. l
7,11 "‘ "'
.L’C'LLDVV 031118 €9.34 _ 4.1.3::-
ftp m (‘12 "~ -
DU? EL C- I AK; .gu SOL":
. ‘fi. , . - ' . -
AlumiLufl sulpxte 5”.l€ 5.1;
"rtrestefi v~vs 5‘ 49 l— ”3
x . -.. -~ ._;.. .s- ' .\..-
rjb ‘ ‘ *0 O ,- N. (‘a ‘
J me .‘s a 1:3 I r:a.1-n in t.e Al -cx: t c.- ‘e.ls in t‘e
P .-. -4» -. ‘ n . ,.--1.. -. — . -—t.. .1 .23 - ,2“ .‘.
ierte.taie bf scab yrceqcel en a sl“_le _th end in 3 sih,le cl: ical

on sever al yl is, but tie _rogcrilens of g reeniuga sf scab fer each
chemiCal ii” nut ‘33; e2:tr‘ .el lg. Vgr itsta:ce if Plot #6 weve eliminated
the ef7cctiveness of tle treetsents oval; we listed as felluxs: Calsgel
33d IBlluW 33:3: tre‘t.ehts CCCJ. uni i the hithest 3réent&;€s of

scab with c; lumx*l Yin: tie “i

7.4

‘ -« . ’2." ~- L t» L. .— .
a;e Of 6.u52 ;1elter U ;n tee eVer3

Yellqw oxifie In L:d Zi_he~t in percentage sf scsbby tubers, with the
Du_ey “9653 treatment csneiéereblj lo.er and cnly sli3‘tlv LLrh3r than
the check rats. In Plot g6 th data show the percentage of scab to be
slightly less for t7:1e treated r ems than for the clecks, a point wuich
would have been sf much interest had not all the percentages of scab

in this plot been very high, the lowest being 66.2(5 flld t‘e hi he st

being 65 .771, a éiffezwe2ee tJO sulll in such high percentages for

signif103nce.

)3

“reenhcuse \cil treat ext

1

 

 

A section 0f

potntees in e b'd tie

re pots

treated

L‘)

er a

in exactly the ssme mann-
srpunt ef the cleniculs to be added M3
long instead of 1C0 feet.

q

:11."

t‘.
‘2
4‘

aluminum sulfate, being added tn the list of treatments.

three rows of checks.

(I)

._ _ .. _\ ~ .-
;?=3‘_:I;T 11-28 17 €539.31.

T.’ 2' T’ E!

E ) I
. .~4
U

is ullo ed three rows bf each treatment, tLe fourth chemical

~‘ ~‘ t -‘ . ‘- .I n " o‘
..'\1’ [J.:- DZA..C:\.1.

1‘)r
Tfie 5311 was
exceLt that the

?»r a rcw 17 feet

Fifteen rows could be plgnted quite easily

There were

In the beginning this plot was limcd heavily

reaction and the soil was heavily

inoculated beth with bulk cultures of Actinemjces, presunebly scab

producing types, end then with s:

scab was found in great abundance during the SUmer of 1931.

crops were grown, the first plented

July 1%, 1931; the secsnd was

January EC, 123432; the third Wis giant 7C1
I .‘u‘ ,- '1 . . ..‘ -, _ ‘ a
8d April 3’5, lit-120 (Pyle flrpt 1AM) LEI“,;P;3

Husset Rural and the tlird we

‘

v." t"- 3 ‘0 1
n'.-AS 1} 31113.11; Vida

I
RA

FJ

moisture he

ditions, about 20%, .1d the
n:0p ~‘n r3“ -...\ 'Y-- r- - "'0
{iu w ., 11.; «AVCI'JLK'J being Lb.) Lit 20 C o.

3° 01‘ ‘40 C. 1688.

but when the second crop was

change the soil. The rows of

netely for

grovei‘there

05-.
L» ,

s clsnted to Irish Cobbler. The

temperature of the air varied from

9

If!
44.A

Wfile t

After the first crop was dug the Suil W88

lfr‘
Y”

11 +aken from a field tLere potato

Three

9&1 and harvested

thou ht to be cgtimum for grating con-

18
t of the soil was

changed,

3 jot an Opportunity to
potatoes were therefore planted alter-

the third crop in en ef?e:t to elininate us much as possible

n. . -. w.
the streets of the fi r.st e plication rf Chi'iculs. 033310313 were
applied for each crop of potatoes blunted. The 331. 358 reinoculat-

V. ‘ , 3‘ V 0" 1' ' 3. .--. v‘ 3‘ I ‘3 3 a" V . M _ . ,3
ed and relimeo ,cr tie second crop out not for the third crop as the

I '.‘P "‘x' I“ ‘ t“ 1 ”‘2‘ ‘. vIK‘
pL rauLBJ tram 7.0 to 7.2 .nl tze rrevi»us crgp of rotitce s was quite

heavily scebbed. it the time o“ harve~ti:~ tle scabb' es nrll as 139

clean tubers were Counted, and the jercentujos calculated end record-

ed.

Summary of greenhouse soil treat ent results

It can be seen from Table VII that the results obtained in
the greenhouse are not the same as for the field and that the chemi-
cals in this case did not alt r the amount of scebby tubers one way
or the other r. The results f‘ntoi nod from the first planting of potatoes
were not recorded becxuse Lrecticelly no scub developed end there was
a possibility that the soil was not properl” infested with the scsb
organism. The first and second crops of tubers were of the variety
Russet Rural and the third crop wss plxnted to Irish Cob oler a fact
that probably explains why the thir' crop v:es so much more scebbyt nan
was the second crap. Cn the average the second crop showed slightly
more scebbing in those rows that were treated with the mercury com-
pounds than did the check rows. Irom a positive VieWpoint the results
obtained supplement those fr :m the field plots and indicate that none

of the chemicals‘ Vere e fe tive in reducing soil borne scab under

t is conditions of t A'e exceriient. The moisture in this case was con-

A

p

w

ill

trolled end held at an optimum growing condition, a fact that

(iisorove any idea vfl mi nmL ht a; e, that the chemicals were ineffect—

J.

Iive in the field die to low moisture content of the soil.

\ 37 ' Y T -- L J ‘ } L .. fl 4 ' , J 1 5
Ta up Ill. L L14 -1 4 L1 2 t - b - P * L A 1 PJL +3 LC}
:2 f'u ' e

 

.1,,'. 1‘r\"‘.‘\,_‘ ,_"‘ ’1'07'“ .1 .q ._ -
VELOMSI -cllaw Unlwe HJJL Al {9; ) dhgch

No. of Rows b b 3 5 3

 

Clean
Kumber 75 79
Per cent 1 ’1

 

HI (*4
(T)
W
01
F’
C)
C)

x)
O
O)
O
,1;
O
(H
@

ééogl 60.51

Scabby

 

Ihnmger 97 54 59 48 55
Per cent F3 1'

O
E)
\O
( ‘r
O
O}
f\
(‘-
O
51 ¢
03
I. ‘1
(Q
0
(U
'U
x a:
L»
O
\
<9

Total number
0? tgbers 172 13“ 127 133 1G5

Total yer cent
" ‘ : :‘\ . I" -' I. ;. . r ,-. ‘ .‘.l 7 ' ..
SOHO - ”04.. ‘fU.O ‘ 4023' 56.1.3 q .115

 

 

DJ
03
(A

To. of Rows 5 3

 

Clean

 

Eumber 6
Per cent C.Oé2 0.005 0.036 0.0 0.409

Scabbx

Eumber 160 195 136 184 211
Per cent 99.968 99.905 9 9
Total number

of tubers 166 194 107 164 £3

Total per cent
305-110 99.968

(5
d)
0
ac.
\L’
0|
'0
<0
0
(O
(k)
,3
H
-1
C)
I
O
U

*The results of the first plu tin: are fi;t recorded. (See pa

W

Iv

d)
V

 

m‘. .— 1 -. ,
.48 r9;‘.;l.t::; ‘-’f

an increase in scab ecu

and that furtne- stun"

In View of this feet ex:

+‘ ‘ T'“?TC"V‘:JI f: ‘ :-V"“-_ 376
~ 0 $ * ‘ ‘ _ _ n 1 u _‘ _
e L 11 1. UL". mutfflu ”‘JU “i !' 11+ ‘ 1 1'} u 1 *’ F 11
av Us" ‘1 ' (a ' .2: P ' *1 n ‘: ‘I C n . 1“ r "m" ‘ “7 *
.1.— zkl Jl-V LL. u ()1 11.x). 1L .xl ‘ c J “.IJUJ J J,

ity of the two inorranic mercurials used in the fi;1d Lg,n the Various

5

strains of Actinoyvces that had been isolatefi. Tyrosinate liquid medium

was used for this work and

rent concentrations of

' ~ . .~. . ‘ - * -\ ‘ - 2‘ 1‘ D
1nuln< it nub piqnngt to run gifte-

in what strength of sol tign tte str ins “f fictinonfcee would yrasuce

' t w
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5.104.. u'l“ '-.CJ.\1 AJ.;~4~4‘K_JA& ‘.~ 8 (,1 .4 1.: , ." ‘(LWQIbd’

2 4

ammonium sulfate (?V ) 30 ) 0.5 grams; agur 1: fire 4; and 1000 cc.
A

"‘1

Vistillid water, a~ee new

. _,\ 0. _. .‘1 ‘ ‘1. . H “-1.1%, p- . , .-' .-__.' _
this ennvrlment us» a a thU e pf 11;. u our 0 FT 1“? cultures lfl a

limited len th of tinfi

follows: (1) concentrn

chericnl, (3) concentrn

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(rig-.1 A! “CUIILC ‘~."(.l...‘.L'é. '.'13 3.1.4.;1! 1!. 1'15 W-I‘:’3 £3

sol tion witn an 310335 of tfie undi solved

and (5) a Golution with URL-Lfifith the straw: 3 of tte ccnoentrfited so-

LO

liltion.

mhe same formula

strength con eztrttions

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saturated with an excess or mercur; mus uuue or
the co.:round to .. ‘* "*3" ‘ ‘ ' “ ‘ ‘

r - elcn 1l.sx uf Li;1il meuium. 0nccn- of liguid me‘
wit:;out che;ic 13 other tfsn the base nutrient s_
trols tzirou 13ut these tests.

filenme er flue he with a crpscity of 250 cc. \vere used and
O -. p g. .~.=-' . r ' -« ‘
1 O Cc. of 111111 Hdulum pl ced in each. Tuese were stopperel
cotton, st rilizei, nni than inoculated in e steened transfer ro’m

' L. - ‘ -. ‘: "7’" so ‘ I ’ I -
Vlth the organrsns that had been lsclateo ens 'rown in test tubes

*3
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_ ' ~ .. . a ",1, .- . ,1...., ‘ .
e lflUCULALEd llssns tere fillUued to incusete ts; wegcs 1n m03t cases

Q": ‘ ;'\ . ‘r r‘ n_ 1. _ A o _ _ fi ‘
'nen t1e first {knee of tne 5x-erinsnt h~u been -3npleted,
o r‘ ..... )_ 13h '-1 V_ 1" h _..I a r ‘0‘ \ "_4 fl
it was le.1ned tuzt all of txe str ins lveilaole Vere capable of ore-
ducing growth in tfie concentrated solutions of both t"
t‘: ‘7' ‘ 1." vv- -" 'i' : f‘ I" f ' ' j. "1" T 1" fi ' ‘ ~ ' ' '
he Jel o“ ollue u mercury. -n .ue:c see the 60 035. mercury cou-

ltercd off tfle s:t rated solutions. A good growth

H-

pound hed been f
was made in near ' e11 flgsks 3L3 the first thcu3ht we" that these
cheuiCsls were toxic to blt Verj few 01 tFe crggxisns. Forever, on
closer obseertions it coal; be seen thut there was at first a larger
amount of growth in the check flasks then in those with tfie saturated
solutions, but that in tine no difference Could be observed. Lccord-l
infly t;e Concentrate 3 solutions vith en ex;ess of mercury tere e iled
to the exgeriment. When time Red elsp;r 1d fc r t e e flusks to be
exmuined, it was nvtic ed that a gre at many of the flasks had no growth
at all, eni tret Orll on cccesionv1 organism produced a marked degree
of grovth. In ttsse flee s cunt ninin‘3 onlyc11s-tenth oft he con-

m iin; that in tte check

(I.

centrated solution grant? was ebullint, 91c

flasks in most cases. PUTDiCUldr attertion nus riven to this con-
dition, the occurrence of which seem~d to be Cuhfiifitfifltly the sane.
A marked increased growth would occur for a short time wLen the
organisms were subjected to the sexier uercuriul solutions out later
on.litt1e or no G ffereace cou1d be observed.

The fect noticed in the 3b,ve Cises will be discussed in

ults. It should be

(p
U!

detail later in the chapter on discussion of r
mentioned here thwt the two mercuri is, colonel and yellow oxide of
mercury are both highlv insoluble. The solubility of celomel is

0.0003 , and yellow exile of mercury 0.00515 in lQO parts of water

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- -
17.431" + fl 1 -A 1. - " 1 19 ‘ _
.i-ecu tL Cir 13 -n In s ‘ 1i eicr flu.a n r 'ancre’t MUintUTe
1‘5: J_' '\
bull ll . lc‘Ilb ,

 

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of scab gave no notice3ble nupitive resul‘s, gnd in mun? c see seem-
ei to five neg"tive results, it res deei£;& t3 stui* tke e’fegt 3f
the che¢icals Lfliur c: .trolle d ccniitiene, esrecielly in :el: tien to

—~ v 1-~ «,1 .. ~ 4-- ~—. .3 .. ~..
eture content of tme s.il Ls J3;t e? t!: re; lie were tgkjn

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the me

+%

in the fell C 1931 after 3 var; dry equer. ".e Juvtmr W” OTfifiniSfls
per gram of sail fins c»1ntei at the b:fiinuiu
exgerinent and it was nmgai that in tflis menrer it each} be prisible
to find the actual e? set V? the chemicals en the microflons a? the

soil. The CZleiCUlS were the se;e as these need l3? the sell tvert-

1
l

.‘ .I, V,__ .,.‘ ._.\ -..\ _ '3‘, ,,l w_ ‘2'“ .v'fia r . ». ‘ ...,‘ . ‘--,
mehts,end tley here t4 3e nee} es hezrly a“ cueli be CulCthtdu in the

nge propertienal treetMent es egglied in the field. This Wus very

H

G)

iif fi cult to eetimete with any d3: -e of accuracy since tie ameli-

tions in the field aer more frem the SJV ce steneneint, with

ward given to tfle VQlUMB “,I‘ sell tceetei. gLe field treat-

'L
‘4

little re

{:1
G)
L 3
d’
'1
L3
(.0
I"?

.0 use a jiven number qf pounls of chemical ger acre
tributed as uniformly es posgible in the re s, tEe r3”s not being

much were if any the; four inchzs Wide 3L5 anproximttely four inches
deep in a V shaped furrow. T"pen this 0 sis it was calculated that
the ectu 1 volume of Al trez-t ted was four inches by twa incees by

100 feet. Vrum these éete the emeunt of chemict fer t eating a one-

evund hex of soil was Calculfited.

¢he soil was first air—dried, weirhed out in one peund
0" __ a w w (‘4 “-1 o r) ‘ A r“ “r .000 qp'.‘ ..‘..‘--‘,-Se 1- ‘ 1-1011 vrvae
5C1 Xi .Il‘:b {1le PL -CCQ 111 10;) ounxae g le K1- A 1.1 .1".1 L.LA‘\’C NIL) 15'?) la .IJ.

prevified with 1115 Qy tt-en oven-lryint a sigil r sengle, the per ce:t

y- : ‘- . :‘ 0‘.- ‘ Q ,--- '- " ‘ -
of moist wr: in tne elf-off suil «an Séturnlnci or tbe encunt of meter

‘1' r. ,0 ;,_ ~~ \ ~ ,
uuut LLB i,.Le.5ent then all of the smivies w-rc V'ei ,&_ m,m ““il . s
‘..h I ~_, - _.\ J .-' . W. v _ i "l E:

teined by chemical treatment. The sengles w;re weighed, net inclue-
ing the box, as 453.5 orens (one pound) of air-1r; soil, end then e-
nough water added to grczéuce the reeired moisture
were 5, E, 12, 15, and EC per cent. These :ereeute*es shouli be ex-
plained to evoii coniusion. They reyresent the per cent of the total
weight, scil end meter incluiei, and 50 not reoreeent tie per cent of
the maximum amount of water tie soil would hold, wlich is the normal.
way of stating soil mois tures, end thich woulfl h" 9 been e far less
confusing ref of giving gercenteges.

One iur rel boxes of soil Tere UTPQ in Hie exgrci ent ea ch
holdin~ one tounfi of air tr: SSiL, and the e-were sepureted into
Eroups of 20 each. 016 STOhP T17 lett es “RSCRSa ‘33 ‘59 ithér EFGUPS

were treated with one chemical each. tvery group was then sepudeted

I

’ a

into smeller grougs, the

‘oil of which was held at the following per-

centeees of moisture: three to: as at 55, three at 8%, three at 12¢,

three at 155, rnfi five at 15 moisture. These were held at lfifi for
two months after which they were dried to £5 for one month, and then

Wye

brought becK to 153 moisture for one mor th “non the ex;er

held continuously at 205 moisture. The moisture con-

Three boxes were

tent of five boxes was Varied from 15% down to 85 811 back to 15%

to determine if variation in moisture co terrt ".'oulo in any wey e ter

,— . .-n n 1.
ect of the chemit:tls on the soil micro? lore. ;ch oi tle

the eff

v-w -‘
v

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t
- a 73" n" ‘ - . _ a .
r3 1;, "J -1; h,\} "l‘.‘ .1 t .3 LI ‘fl‘ lfj; in ‘~ .L.». t: ..I 1.1: -‘. 1 ~C‘. fiv‘K. ‘g; 1. r‘ :11- :1
-
' 0
n. . ”a 5.-..- ’4‘ ...:--L.- . ‘ . .. ,.
tA-e Bl.tl- .1 r.l_;‘—d kl; 1:!(“'-L“‘ 4";L.‘e : ..‘l~::/VT-+"\» ‘. I‘D, {.‘lt ‘Jifln‘r;".l‘V-1 :n.lvr 1:41 t'tje
I - l - _
C‘Qdiflf treet.wnt.
bred-L .~~‘ +1” 4"—x“ II. n°.“ 4. ‘4 ,,_ 4‘
huh “I ..\J k 1-1'3A. Jl‘_l.~7 (.1 :1. 1.x...“ Ur. '— 1‘:vh r- ‘, 1" ; Lu: (*(‘t
.. ,. .- . D ‘ , . n 4., .- ‘ ‘ln' ., . .. . . - ‘
of calo.el find eluhinuu 941.3 e “u ;d Wer b-A at t‘e r"e 1? LC .’ur s

or acre, was .134 grn s and in t

1 .0 .-,.-w -;1 ‘ 'v'rv -
e C.r .JL} \ .L , {‘3 *& ..'.. if...‘ '3 '...\)_ C _ o_ _I t};

IT

"‘ ‘ ‘ ’ J" ""‘ t" “ r ' ' " r " . .‘ ’o‘o‘ ‘ ".l 'v .. .‘g . ‘ I‘ x- r ‘ -
adOuUb 13 .Co7 tru:3 ier bun. Po e.oid tecnnical nu; sin e uni err .3,

5‘

enough chemical was we igtm ed out to treat 20 gwun“s u? Sgil. ?und was
then mixed with t1e Ci:mio l to nuke the total weight 13 grm s. This

was then se :“eted into 5 gram lots, one oeinr egied to eecn sex in

i-i

the group to receive that 0:
much easier and more uniform. mhe ChdfllCLlS te.e th rou hly mixed

with the 5 11 then tFe moicture content brought up to the desired

'fl

Ee diiPerent nercentuges of moisture were celeulcter from
the data given below.

‘f. . "‘ ‘*‘ 1' ' " 11 Am". 't. ‘0 tr.
3;...L't Uf U373; '91.: DU 0000000000000000000000000000000‘rv.‘0-2 :IL-AS

1r. : .3. -.n ,. .‘. -- , -w .—~ I: ‘
3.L._~t U1 11‘ iil’j SUlL 00000000000000.0000000000-00000' .fu.u;._I':l.tS
. .n m. - : . --- .-~ and
Per 08 1: UL Icvtt in 1‘ L1; 3411 0000000000000000000. uo‘v'.‘ 3

I
v - *1! 11,12. ‘ ‘ r- ~.6'.l"i:+'r t“ 9’:
Illu'-tJ-:- ;.~-.’ Llh CM:-\.-‘.J 00000000000000000000000 .l.‘..
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0 f‘ ,—
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.-Llffns 0000000000000000000000000000 ~4oo) ~L111a

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._,,-_;. .r‘ ‘ _ s q: I: , 11 Ava a t '7‘ 1 “ GA’
'2." A. ‘. ¢ NJ. .-, C.._...h .( L, “LA .I‘ C- ..'. «.AA' A v‘ r J O - ~ 0'- , '9 ‘S
l
0. a . .— ‘ . q . W P
”e‘*bt c" r ‘ , “” ‘1061, “""“ '14 ““L*21*~“ a“ 1; 5.9.; *r us
' - ~ .45 n .- ‘- . 4-- -- .+. -. . . r~~4 v-nr- —- _‘
. . , :1». . .l ‘ ~ , . 1 I . 1'» ‘l k u IR .. cruc . ‘
T4. 11. ‘.- -) L3-, ‘v, I ~.. i, - I 4‘ C ‘ . 11.“): (J a-‘\, I 1~ .' "J. 'L)b
_ ~_.

’. ' .q' J'.” “ ‘u' . I" »~“q ‘ 4" - * “ 1“ a " --..— 0 “)\r“- ~ ,‘ .v.
3..1 «dilutions THE-£5 unfit} 5.1.x; Livia?" iOLM‘fid, LAG LLliJ 1 -. Cudliob \;‘:.€

«54-. ' .. *- .1» rrr. ‘ ‘: « ‘..- ...'. I I ': :1 n.-. ~ - .- ..
voole'fi‘d; uJAJonu- illillitul v.9. «2.1.9., “tug-J “liili-Jfl ".LtlHQIJJC'Bu, ’....d

15.8 millian fungi ‘%r ” an o? sail. Vke counfg rsbe ta'er from Q:

~ -. -4 a . +< .N -7. :1 ~, ,.-.1- .1' ...¢'—, ,--.r- L. ~
average of la LlhudS, -iie glaLes paflfluu -qu figCJ ulluulun QL tdr;c

‘ '\ ‘- > ‘- . ‘~. .V 1.. fl + :7"— .x. ." '_‘ v" " r‘ ' -~ 4‘ ‘. '.- ~. '-i .: V...r ‘ v. ' -,- _| +-
and tme Qi$dpiunc p.48 1 v0 2,JUL’CQUQ .Jgn a VLJVcrxn mug r2;1uave
. ~ . A ‘. _. ...° v. a n ‘ m... ' . w, "4‘- .- 3 M .‘ ._.
agar was usad; it has t e f;llo 1.; :LflM¢~a: -3A.r3hp 1 3rd“ ,
. ‘ ' “ ‘ ‘. " ‘ I '. "\ 1’ ‘ -'- O "”7 t- D"\ : 7“"\~
nl;cer1n 10 Yrflmo, SuuLfin gapsragluute l ir;m, .- . .» l.a gruug,

424—

CaCl 0.1 gram, T530 0.2 :Tam, 37L 0.1 ¢ran, V38 trace, lgur 12
9
H

grams aid Water 1000 cc. neutralizei with 7&3}.

u- " ‘ ' . . . - — . O .H
‘ — -.~ -A I“ » a ' ‘fi-- ’V " \._v. . ‘ ."T 2")“ r‘~~ hf.
91d 0* txe GXWeFLM:ht. “Lree “ll tLung “ 3V . Jo r-¢ ,dbd q:x p.

of each treatment, the final count was tuLen Tram an average Of 27

 

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Blates. To assure as mucn accuracy as prULbLM 4‘1 0. tde o”_Lni-
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occurrlrr on a plm,: were counubao
" ‘ ~-'~° ‘ , *‘r ‘ ' fl -- "x: 0' "an ‘32?) in:

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:‘7 . -. ,. ..
v‘.‘ gs'wi‘otrlire
“n. ‘--. ‘1 ‘ f. -‘ 5- ""T “ ,I" :fjv f:
zecteria 11~.la u 7.) p'.18 ,'u.2 l L.ld
,, _c ,.A I: ‘ :"' n1 ..- Pr ; 7
actinenyces or. u ls”.;3 .L.Mb .n 1”,;

 

1
$111411. 1."; .9

«4 .
E, malature

“* * ' ‘7”? Jr 1 7.2.4 a "13:: 2' 607 '7
:. n u/E'T‘la I'J‘f‘ .9 ‘13 ' .E 1... 0-... LI“ \_ 0U ‘- " 12.1)

 

Actinomgces 1&7.5 154.5 9.4: 44.9 32.?

 

“7.11171 17 02 1:03 ‘10“: 3:07 :- 054:5

LL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1". . & "2!: F. r} "' ‘ -1- r .-.-__ ‘ :" A. ,
C" 1‘13 mud/10‘ 5 ‘11.... ' 'IL1..'n.) .u .J 1. 1.1
I‘ a R ~v§-4 4-! r-p- F': n l ‘ "' —' ‘- 1
-th 1.1.. “5‘. Ci" 9.]. i . 3 u 0.) 5.1.7.} IJ. I
C
1", ‘0 .' r‘" ‘t 0" r' - h, r .
TIL-Ln; 1 l». or" J .L 2.8 ' .0 l- a) r .3
A
7.1 ‘ __a I
103 mecfwre
'w. -, ' C7. '7" ”7‘ i.‘ '7‘" ,1 .‘n -' c ‘ :r:
rectunla 3;«.¢3 uJ1.~J 43:.9 vuuod u;f.Ug
-L: 1,1.) . 7 1r. r? .‘g m 1:: ":1 f“: A n
;ch1nudgwuas 11.; 1V.u 1~.ua ,1.\a 19.»
u," 0! c7 1: , : c r :r —
Wufxc' 1 éu“I.Lu-_" J.&-IQO Lokc. t .-.-J F .73
{7 W, ' r
15 Y F; uol_ture
'1. r" ,.~ rm ,- '1' v "' .. ‘2‘? h!” * '
Lctovia 4dd..3 4 5.03 “’L.3 CU..JJ : ‘.13.
p
7.

 

 

 

. ‘ — ,. ”1"? ma .6": «7' rr A

.c .1u1f'38 e .E 7..' 7.2 41.00 41.3
‘ 1": ' '- 4 (5 "

JU'\“1 doLJ LOU-7' (10-9 70"“ 704:

 

 

v .. l'~1 a~—~-» . '1‘ .. , . 7..
:Otd. ;1m) *5 PQfiPpezkt 11L ,,. w‘ . 7 .m.m L' _;

X—J
PI.
1’
.V
[A

I
’1
LA

1

*1
r1
“3
U‘
p
F)

O

 

 

 

 

 

-- ’-
mgfifji XI. 7": r-ti.: ‘f ctl'nmgfges 1:1 :sl‘ti.ut to t'ma be tezfifli of
the .111 "ieh _?e t: uted Lt; c' 11 11; ;; Leli at
dioferrrt .i,fure perce-tn‘:o.
Toisture 111 “utio ”:eut eats
CilJMJl Yellow 01108 GOSH R1“ 30 A" Ghee“
1 (J
v?
5} moisture
Y3 " n .- -
netio 1:1.b8 1:1.2 1:2.11 1:7.03 ’zll."2
EH moleture
hint . f' l.“ k."_ l. l)“ 1 . '7 “(‘3 . ' I), g n .
L. 10 ..Lo~~J odowu J..lU.ULJ l.£,..u 1:5,:48
.41 .
12y melsture
fictio 1.38.90 1:16.51 1:1é.42 1:14.15 1:C.CE

 

151 moisture
?etio

151 V 81
Vointure

U!
()1
C .4
0;

FJ

 

”'tio 1:11.C3 1: 3.12 1:30.12 l:i3.15 1:”.58
201 moisture
“mtio 1:10.07 1: 3.11 :éC.CO 1:20.24 1:10.11

 

Average ratio 1:5.99 1:9.13

 

t‘ as brolvht 1n T

v

’m' p- " . n . n .— - V“
nen .9 cell u 1'...) 11.8 11:91.1 .T'tl'l’t-t';I‘.,'r’ 11732,

C

‘-
e 1*3

the original ratio of Lctinamyce to bacteria in «t. soil equalled

or nearly 12 t’ 28 as per gram ef Seil as

.
~A|l .4

1:11.75,

Actinomyces. In Thole XII it '9tio varied accord-

—.

J {711-}

ing t the 114 seil treetei with celomel and yellow oxide

« . ~ , ‘1 . - e, - .1 a : -‘- <4 I ..1 u ” .---
of mercury and :elJ at Mu1.tUPUQ of uf Qua c: sTtuee tze éfbatcet
change in fever e? tfie Lctinongces. The left hand number of the ratio

’3
:‘b U

»

L.

greeent" tin;

fiwure re

* \

The nearer the ratio value egrels Lge unit 1.

of lctinomyces in proportion to the ecteria.

he increase in scnb

perfectly with

'Uces and tfie rigtt h»

,n2 the number of bacteria.
the greater the number
These results coinoiie

in $911 that wzs

 

T’- c'. "C. h: 1 .»1 ,,.,‘ :1 ‘v—‘ ---- « ' ‘ ~~
tie Al.d ..-t4 (RL1ULMAL -ul ViLleu \;lic21\,f IntrClJ‘f.
"ly --. - r- I? ‘ - q ‘ '\ - ya fl. ' -
_ QrAphL‘lu /’ :1.” J? t, J ’ ‘CJJ
”a . q . ‘1‘ ‘ I" . ~ v" ‘V‘ ~ " ‘ ‘
Verj lit 16 urn .LS nine :4 wicrusc tic “or“
L .V
q ',,1 :__1 ,' L :V Lin“. .1 .
or &”11 ¢ua desrt witn in oucbfi ergo“ guts. ansezuent
L
. - ‘I .. ._+ - .‘ -. _ L‘_ o - .
can oe mehuibbel rare in that re" :d. O“ txe seV’in

isms isolated,

for '81’110

toxicity of the inorganic

P!

" o

12
UV

after isolation,

done

has been civen on P428 33.
this medium, a key for the
up water was u;2d in :11

szie c T itions ere to i
t ose trclnisns a hand,
manner, or otter etrzirs
be of value for identi?

O
1- m, an ~

enllz L .L

The chief t

recorded here is to Show
loéice work will not be

is

H
'-

isms in differ re

0
‘—

’“ 1? ' 7'
tun Adj

V

vstion of

+1.-fl-
VLIL(:’1 d

m

11

m

S

w-

train

“acteristic only, and

,.
11L} .L

sepfirnted from a p:rusitic one, by a

n. a“ -§uf
1 dl‘iuul‘.‘ uni

n ind the morpholo

n.1,,
\“6 .

lllerc

57 strains of Actinonyces u
ity to potato tubers

U.V

on tyr

, - 1-. - 1%
selv-r 1.41 or 'tne
. , V. ‘ , I w _
RLs s for “1L uo
“: 11. hi, .1‘
tutu, L-U no] uQUll

is no correls

t':e parasiti c stre ins

of tkis key it

1-3!. t‘fle 3.1113110161110112] txlulu,
ion between the pathos

{ice

C

A

rether

‘
:- r ‘5 . .- -
villa t..'

:i
compounis.

osine te med:i

n different he

1 Rd

‘I‘RYV
LLLJ

C

‘

JLUCG

or rot a

6 :e

um,

cult

I ‘.
' I
{‘54.

the

ed ed t
Cf the

JitatSe

d pigment, otl‘e

Strhin 15

.S < l V ‘
used end

t

f0

t": ’J-V J or 11136
1y very little

hundred organ-

to

A

sted

r ability to resist the

v.4

Av

Culture Work,

TMUlfl Of“h10h

tKe organims on

scab pr

w

r0

parasitic c.

anr.;1]Jl-?+ Jelj.

C)
V

th

H-
y.

9.
.0r

ltered in any
he“ Would not

oducing or:5en
By close obser-
will be

Cyerties

sioloqice l c‘zrwct~ri tic 3.

did not, often

on not

 

—.'. ..
V ‘ J+ J 0 “-1 5" JV_ a
we dt,cr 11~o or ei ,1 h}“'qvle c 1 tr C-itv3 i LL rlctvrs.
Hr ‘ \f—
L Vi $ T1 In .1. ' -11‘C‘l" (14; ) 0‘ “VIJL 4: ‘ ‘ :2“, K“ Lr v (2‘ {rs-’-
" F090 apt “winc- fryd f 4 "I. P v» , (if. A V‘ ~ 1‘ -‘ fl ‘ a
.. y . L A I. )1. .\1 .L s... |.. C J ' ‘ z!— ‘k ‘\J‘3 I; Li I. ‘ -

 

1.4 r\ .-' L+- v."--,.- ~. -‘- -. r‘ ,1 u ,1. 4--- .—.~ --- ~~ '
a It in t 10-1nzte ”gal. Lieu mij u.§3 been tne eiie in t;e region

iLd in tbe Evils :ith Thieh ”ckewzn oskel. '“angv3r, if fleas not
hold true f,r t 1:3 ‘r'* -,u: italicd b' t ; ’fitvf. ”orb ,sijd-iag
OTgLLlLMS tere Pound to fall in mahy TiTTPr-rt ; it1;ns in it day,
regirdless P bi “sit lpUUuCh title, H8?l&l mjceliua or " Vi’Jl tLLr

' ,. ,._ . 1 .n ,_ ‘ r , - V. . w, 1 3.1 , to", ,. .7- ,‘ ».- .1. ,,
Toe absence oi Colxeletion betieen t,e our; Loiobj eLd LatuU‘

in: out the de i mbility of further :o-k in tnis cirecticn, and e
to Show that s cific E splicetion of generalized work or general

‘op licati on of specif is work will not meets-1th any degree of success.

‘

The or anisms of the Actinomyces groqp both pathogenic and non-patho-

:‘1
2—!

U;

genie are so highly pleomorphic, that probably only =fecific work in
a specific inste nee will be of value. Tech worker in his own region
must studv the _roblem and develop a system of clsssificetion for his

0? .'n imm3diete purpose.

TABLE III. Pet. 03 enicity tee ts of 57 strrins of fictinomvces on potato
tuners in tile :re nh<use

 

trains Tepree of seuooiness

if)

Fee 3 scab on all tubers
lure Sfiilit

We;u' Skill scabby Spots

Tuber fa iled to £3 minute, no plsnt 91
r-evv scab on tub3rs

Lexy small 330oy snots

e: medium W1 ed SCIxLDy egots
Heavy scuo on all tuoers

U)

(Deamtfirp-UNH

 

 

- ..-
'"‘|'.‘? '7 v 4 ..‘
1.x 1.-. ..II (contlndvu)
~;-,.:.- “.... ~ - . -....
.‘J »I«41.S "LI‘C‘J v QC }.a~.i'.l*:.>b
‘ .: ‘ .ru.- :4. ,‘-
9 Planu .lcl 3‘... I.-'..:. la; 5--.)“: up
10 91:5 died u?*er it cale up
1, .1 o;— °+ . ‘
ll plant l1 1 a par 19 cage l:

2 1 aria nun‘er 6? small scabby spots
13 Fe? Small agots gr;duced

l4 Teavy scab on all tubers
15 ”a a ab urfiiuced

19 “cnvy scab groigccé r
20 “lunt 3?;1uccl LU notntse

la Crm;wlsm '19:, no rpcor
J

a - ,\ ~ -
4.3 1‘ J 807.: "-I' ) lmhzd
. " . ‘ ‘4,
(«U ‘Jy Q l .L C’s—4L) aifuLS
n .- ' .l . .‘ ‘I , , 4.
4%: T dLQ’ s:xlll. befuJ s.~ vs
(“:1- ’, ,‘. - . ‘. HAP}. r"' ,‘Vl k‘
Wk) -L[:J’ -" . z.‘ ~ .'\, a) L.’ ,"J \ L)
~ .
FA nL'" ‘- - ‘. rs " .- - ‘2‘ . .. ' " -~. \ \
ND 1.”) -Il’; ill-11'! 0051' S; J 52 .111 phi: t‘JL‘cI'
n 77 , .. . 1 m .< n . ,, .v‘
‘47 U 90.. .3 .. n- .UCU‘J.
PA ?’ - - l , ‘, A . ‘..,._ ‘. _ ‘ 1"- .
-c fluQJ; ucxo rrg.l\b; un all tlosrs
a; .r , 1
(49 k; SC;J.J ’1'.) «L "Ml
‘b\ . 4": v' 1: o I- '5 -\ ‘4 ’- s I
u . .‘L. 1.3 Jl‘lll Llpeu .-JLS ll‘ 'QC“
m A fl -.. ‘j "‘ . ‘ . -
u -- . .. , 1.1.; ”Luis. ‘ ()«Jk‘rx
'0 7 ‘ ~ 1 ‘ 4- r . . F
L1H .. 4“) L1; '4; x I.) b: ‘ J I K‘Llcbu
_,q‘ 1-1 "V 3 . .‘ ‘ .L ‘ p, _ Q
...”; '. .. .1 MILL!) blue»; LI“JL' ITJ’AUU'CJ.
.71 ‘ ,3. " ”In:
«x- U S». 1L; 11...ou
75': I; . — . -. . . fi -. ,‘ ~ 4 2‘
v0 3:,ud pclb krvdu ”a an ill pd erb
7.2 ~ ' . , . 4 , ‘ ‘ k
Uu . (an u'l.tcrua scan Stdus
" "'-~ ‘- ‘ -" r-. -. >‘~. ". ‘.
u lAJ2JfllU'rrbluL5d
rv ‘ :- .. . ‘ ,- ‘4 _. ~
U' - .L‘I‘} .--uL ~})vl:l t’L‘U;Iuced
e -- - ‘. . w ‘- ~
L; ‘U ECLAQ ‘_ 1‘” 11.1086
40 T7 r-‘v r ‘s b v <- 'n “ wv ' .3 t ~~A ‘
‘ 4'le S u- -.I d. uuCJ v.1 urn; Ludwl

I ‘ -- f“ ‘n-‘t‘l‘u V‘(' 1". :4 ‘
‘“J. I‘J Gb' L.) ' w 'Lbu

\ o , + J . + - . ‘
%2 -1 A-w say »;“'1 broke grgzqcel

7‘3‘ , “ ’ :‘ 3- +-
43 . .L. I: '11:.)h, v Ah "I. .'\\J 51'

4- v- -~
13 DauvI : V
. ll ‘ n—\vv r‘ —- . ‘A‘u v .- J
(*0 »1 a. \ II L-‘. "411 \ .-t[ J L;!IO( 8
o":-‘.- c' ', ,‘1‘ ",r. n‘Iv. -.., L‘“ ‘q ‘-_»-r\
47 J;LVJt scab :“undCbl, -3” so ngrea a; ts

VP~ ' '1 ._ _1~ _ , ‘ _“ *-r*
Pemvf solo :Tulhced 3n all tnocro.

51 1 few small svuVEy :gots

m

C

fl

('3

E}.

1
g;

a

(D

Cu c

01
-J
.3
q
(fl
H
H
(I)
C
k."
...4
\_1
‘Q
C
+.
i .
b
w
‘3
(-
Cf
(‘

n 01 (TI ()1 C]

U] "Z-
,0

f..."

4;

U
H

in

O

P...

C4

~3

k)

C)

U}

4

‘1

\_:

(
$.11

.
k

(,1
\1 C)

d
Strain died in culture
Una tdbfr was b3

L
r-
"x
l
u
¥e
a
‘T.
‘.
}-
U}
r.)
f‘
_4
HQ
*4
k I
51‘
ft]
'0
:1
...
a 7'
C J
‘1
‘3
4.
kl)
k
-q

. - . . ‘ J _ _ - . -« a w .
str:hl]_s I"J)P «t. J .3; 1:: Ln :'J+r\\U 11:)”: v~1 IU a ‘3‘."Ln-i: A..n 1:" 3"3’:, -'_-' ln‘e
-. ‘..-. ..V. L m1.:_. . ,1, . ,1 .0 _ _ _ ..- 4.1, ‘ . ‘.. _‘ ...4‘ _
I-lwl‘e M110 otxzel‘o. 1. 11s 7.-.--1‘r-. was C-J'l‘lfiu 1-11. . r 1,1 I; t L‘s-:11. 01,;7‘0‘9

-‘ 1.- - .. :1'...._: 1‘10“ .‘ -.._,., 1-7
artd tAAe S‘..'ll \ZKS ‘V.Ull El 1" Li.~.&.lu';'\1 LIB; Jl‘e llAfz‘L L:11: : ‘t' ‘3 "\J ‘) 4; F) , ul‘d 1110 (flu-
( _~ .. .,' $1., 4.1. _. * 1 ~.. . 4 w -. H-.. , 4. -,,.. :‘ ..,: +1.. 1 ., ”.34. .4 '- ,
l. ..tl‘uL-3 '11]. L4; 1,...-e CQJ. v 11161.: 0 THE} pk) ti: «Lie “1 1.4.1-721 \- .L ,1. ".p 115.1. NJI‘ clue

to the fact that it was a t 11; ussllle ta Leap eauu;h sterile alter

.( ,. ...r .1.” ' : . 1. . .,,.‘ V ,-.~:~ ’- L,“ m‘-4V - .- , .. 1.- , .
on hunJ to usher t11s ll.;e number u- va . .eeus Jere run ufl the tep
. - .3 - 1: : - n. n ,_, -0 0 *. __L‘ y-“ ,. . - ‘1 J A- __~ '_
Later gnu in 30 C’ e u- as; lU-J L1 acLLLeL1css UCCur l1 i.e Plate

cglfiures. :6 rue used to awoid cont Ldin.t tien c? the sets cf soil

'1‘. O ‘m fi-. 3... .f' ., _‘ l ‘3. _:1_‘_ _- “‘ r" '1: if,
alrlng tle alaltlen u; cultures. n pule CuLbhle pf e.oh stre1n mes

were planted.

(D
(«b-
C I
(T‘
4
J
0]

used to 150 ul1te erch pot at tke tine 1n

n 4n—
b

The important pirt cl Les fact that there

(D
c+
(D
(1)
d-
[D
Q
U)
,4.
(D

J"

are neny higkly variable :er3

C2
‘fi
0
(+-
1.4.
U
E
'L,
O
(C1
(.0
O
C‘
‘ _J
C
*4
(D
C
F)
M
*1
t ‘\
f4;
( 9
i J'
t".
N

U)
('fl
9;
5
:2
(D
(.0
(4'
'1
1:
r4.
:3
\AJ
(2
(i .
'r—l
JJ
0
(U
H
(I:
C
H
(I)
Q.

- ‘, 1.. ,~‘1\\_
SCHb on “UTStO tU)STb. fiU1)tLC:;

. a ‘ ' \ ‘0 ‘ Y 5 1 I' x " v ‘ ‘1‘ '3 xv r‘ ' '0 “3
-1ch ugulz he enjub e of greens 11- eclb uf Lube-~. .JJe J1 tue

I". -.

V .0 1- V . ,‘ '1‘V' .—‘ I 4.31:) “.13 4. 04. I... V”: 71. + ‘v‘,‘ ‘
strains +Lfit eglesr to be aepr.1.1tes 1n L_,Je beeps J1..1 leer

~I

. " "‘ ' ‘ *‘ ~‘. ,~~'. I ~ I 'i‘ ','-’_.' ' 11' ;‘+“\(“:
fiifferent eRV1re11e11l Cunlltionb LP LWLe .cmu, Ald sums of tue ublul

fail to pruJuee scsbby tueers. Egeh strzil sf t~'

uh; I5

its Cwn optimum F“Jfiihi Cuuiltlk'f zed lbs maresltlc p1UH~rtles un-

btedly are governed by existing en.1rsmu»n11l fee tors.

T ,Ju h occur ring in another glrt of tfie work, it mi ht be
“ell to mention ‘1e PdnAfc+iUl 6f the toxic e;i gathogenic tests of

‘IIU

“ — A -.- .- m. - v. ,1 u 1,-
the strains of ictinomyces stuuiel. seweral L? the strsius tsst

'I

_,: H... 0 LT.‘ 33“ '1
Ufrasitic on pofeto tubers were able to grow mUuelute J 1n couetdutly

w .. v ,1 .1 ... ,—.-,. ,‘. {I 71' -' . 2, . s” .
saturated solutions of cslomel1l ello UAiue o. mercur‘. Ctuers

were able to proluce molerate growth in the 9.13 swl“‘ioq'
v ~- ‘ u- u. .1 =.

U)
(3‘
C.
c+
b
C“
H.
H
I

ed to cause scab of potatoes. Ani still ethane, C e cousin. tervv
l J

UkJAAAJ L. _.

‘
\

ceb enq others Let causing scat, Trew only in the weaker mercury
1 . (j rhug,’ .‘- .~ "‘.-..- ‘.' ...- ‘
solutions. “Q in it is b.ufin tl.t itere is e lsen of correlation 1*e-

u. (+‘. . ... l,_\ +. ' ”V: , J_“ __ a ‘ ,. .
”Sheen p i 2.1.0.81“. C properties d..u u1fg-2T‘ characters, C‘ffipfilns n'1£}){‘..3r 50

.\-1 ‘~ . v . -, - ' —
'41Les or t.1e variation. qtfuln 93

d-
(D
H
L

and 35 are the cleares drew
but sli htly in the meanest solutien cf Calcnel, failing to grow in

any of the others. Strain e5 was able to (row quite well in the stu-

U)

rated Solstion of both chemicals, and also proiueel heavy scabbing of

inn

{‘1‘

' - ’ fi ' .- ~ ‘ ‘l - - » a 4‘ .-
.7 A If““._ Q VA!“ 4‘ at-I v1i\ u Or‘ , fl 9s. ,‘a ‘ up r, A.
YCJ t‘J x,)l.L~..-.J.J.L~.) Oi .‘-\_. Aka J.Ll[".z(.‘:) 1n rig A'.\._L$L .‘3 Au“.

 

‘

It was the purgoae in formulating this Key to separate th
strains of lctinomyees isolated by beans of morphological and cultur-
al characteristics. Yuch work of this kiné has been done and in.
most cases is of definite value in the regiin where it oceurred. It
was thought in this experiment that a key coull be formed for the
separation of the present isolated strains and later as more strains

are isolated and :tuiied, the key couli be enlarged to incluie them.

i

L" t‘: '1 . . ~x 7‘ ‘ m? "\ .‘ ‘4‘ 1"‘-.
Fey to Strilnb of Actianyeee on arealne.e “euium

D1. lack yigdent
fl. Wli°fy leriel nxo:‘i‘.
? Aerial “renth White ---—-- -------- ---------- 26
“. ieriel growth fiurk ’r“y
T. ‘r nth one Continuous colony -----—--—-—- ES
‘. r-‘—1-¢o‘:.rt‘n in u my "lunies w—~--------—-—--- o
C. growth lentfiery, aerial mycelium slifht
"D. Colony continuous
7. “rowtfi Very ruufh, Pulisd —----——--—----- SE
T. first h suite slonth ——- ----------------- 42

-b

h, r1 n - . - " l . - " .1 .
. '1. 4 '5.) L .1 ill/cl V'...‘.Jb L Ljileib
7‘ - ‘ ,. ... ' .1 - . .‘ ‘ ‘
. o f' c lend- -312»: ,r' ...; ’J r l: w; -----~---------
9“ v _ I! V a
-. ._-_' _ '1 r- ~ 9 'v',' ‘, 1 ‘v 1 ' a
O \A (.1 .4 L .I‘L-J" '\J 31.7; ..‘... L .-l.“_'~-.LJ[‘ --_------
n h» d '
' Q 5‘ £1" 3.11/5-
f‘ n “I 1—)...fl; “(at
J . '1‘ ..‘n .1... J
h . _ . H . ‘ ‘ ‘-
’. :I'U-‘u‘th 11K;‘.l ‘11 {1"‘1 [it‘l‘r‘ --—————— —————————— --——.—--—
n ‘10’1't1’1 g ’l." '. Y j -‘ '2 ' .h‘L "" ‘r ~-—-.--.———--—-¢--
‘. ‘. x)!” \d..1-) I U11 .-."A.l .A'...A. it L. )‘ 1.24“. —
n , .. , _. ,_ _ _ , _ 1 a,
:,_‘. qrp‘,":t1‘l L.) :‘_‘l\/tEL E‘ILJ k (;1.1X ------~———-——————-—_——-—-
” “ rfwth
.J . )iu ;:li(4’;te
1
h‘ . T 1L1?“ ;‘/' ""i'it'|3 ‘ l‘KJ-Iv-vt}: ------——--—--——--—-—--—_-—--
r“ V'“ v ' "In! " .‘I ‘.""‘" --
‘4 . I.".;‘- A "4“1' _. J_ ‘1... ‘11 - _-------—---—----—-----—----
v I. v

r\

«. Trown gi;ment
Leethery growth
I). f‘rotvtll Verj iark
T. Granular roufih LIonLl ------------—--—--—----
T3. Volied mi h eer rie l lgCF’lim'Y)
F. Fol” “hite :ith aerial micelium ---------
. V3135 bless with serial mycelium ---—--—-
. Folis bl ck with no serial mycelium ------——-
. omuoth with aerial myoeliu um ---------—-------
U

V

ecklei with waits and Cluck wrinkles --

rial srowth sflort 3rd pondery
4
U

h --_-_---_--_---_--_---------
d

r“ " “ . ‘ ‘ , , v‘ [if 1,.
G. roatn hits le3 .ulud -----------—----
“ _-.‘-.x -v- . ~‘0'1 - ‘ or
to cuurt ”rinnleu 1olus ------

i
. Concentric rim 8 in colony -—---——----—--—

<+

.

:;‘ . 1- i ~:F. t 1)),“u; 71.4.11 1J1 :_d:'i€7

“ r '3‘ -r.~ . 1 qrw‘ ro$.~.'r

:4 . CI‘lIk-J. “‘11”. (’61le ‘ek.....‘1{ :JA‘QJI ”---—---———-—-
1-1 . " I 1 ‘ ‘1 ' 1 . \ i ‘\ ' " ,‘O'V ‘0 .‘ L " ‘

a. ”Uriul mybellum earn, eon :ubfLC ”unis -

F. Laripl ngcelium ;i ht grey ----—--—-----
1 growth short powdery

J

F. '11,}: bit/Vin ‘Ji—l‘;nt

Q. Trrk grey mycelium —------------—---—
2. L ght grey mycelium -—--------——--—-~

F. Li ‘t or) r piglent --------’-----------

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{)F‘Lf—Urf -----——-—---

". 4Tlfil M‘s-lium crn;fj --—------__--
U. erial chPlilm flne --~-————-_-----
’-. C\Jl\/I&/ Hit, 0\ “ling-1,43
v. 7ijnert imrk Erwin ---——-_—--------_--_-__-
V. “i mcrt li;lt 1:0 r
a. Cdlfinj &l as Vary irxo; In? ---—---—----
Q. 7¢LVHJ 5; 0: SJOch ""--'----4--—--—---

l‘ H. L‘

1‘. l‘b‘h’Lll ‘Lg' L. _"_‘y‘
C' :0 beriVl HECGlium
D. TrQTth UYQTn Culur _________________’_---¢-----
Y\

’ . f:r\)11!1g:l ~'-I;;it'(3 C‘.Jl‘:|r ------———--—--——----——_---—---

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T- . rJ‘Ir g :1 E; ..‘K::.) '4 .
V. II”. ." ‘ri vio'olvjite or SF:A:/' ------—-—-—----——--

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‘4‘ f‘ 15,". V‘

. "J. - tjrl ‘Dr‘-‘-":Il -—U----————--—--__--_--__--
D. I'ldlfhjny IA. t- (:{JTI inniuus ------—-_-_--_______-_-_-

D. Grurth éeliCQte

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“. CglOC] cogtlnucus

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H . T‘./\I. (L _ _- EL. 1“ -—-—----——-—-——----—----
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T7'. "rJLtu chchtrlc -----------—-----—-—--

V q o
‘ fjl "';"lte ----———-----—--—-——-—..-

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. J (LURJ' u t 04 L-ulfLU(fli3

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TD. Cg ynv l'rx; ancontric -—-----------—-~—

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n . '1 l w 1 H. ' p" r‘ 'n .

F. uqlunf o4 ll ‘MMCEJtIIC "'--"-’------'-

F. Golan; large Lat Cunfiehtrlc ——-----—-----
I y‘r‘n-v ‘ ' . a .- -‘ o.'0
T3. (TL’vJ\.tn r) 2t: “lanJ. A:
1?. drlv-tll FOU"1 ":r'LD it: —---——-——--———--—--
' I" -..- 1 ‘. .-. ‘1 - .3..“. 3"
V. ~ruhtn nvt rJhwl Jr wrlunluu

¢.. "YJl-‘jl'l‘l’ 51...":‘11 .H‘ilito -----—---——---—---
u

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Seversl facts brought out in these investigations are
fundamentel and should reCeive considerution
clusions. They may be enwuereted as follows: (l) none of the chemi-
cals used for soil treatments in tLe field and greenhouse gave defi-
nite control for potato scab; (2) there was an increase in the amount
of scub in comparison to the ch;cks when two of the chenicols, calo-
mel and yellow oxide of mercury were applied to the soil; (3) the
field results were all isken in the fall after a very dry sunner; (e)
the number of Actinomyces increased in proportion to the number of
bacteria in soils treated with calomel and yellow exile of mercury
when held at the lowe' moisture gercentages w ich were 57 and ET;

(5) some of the lctinomyces orearisns isclsted from the soil and po-
tatoes were able to make some growth in the concentrated solutions of

these two chemicals; (6) nearly all of the organisms were capable of

making goo growth in these concentrated mercuriels unless in excess

(“13

of the compound was ePled to keep the concentration up to s turstion;
(7) some of these organises seemed to be stimulated for a short time
by the weaker solutions of the chemicals; (E) 35 of the 57 strains
were capable of producing scab on tubers; and (9) several of the
strains that produced heavy scab on tubers made a linited growth in
the concentrated solutions of colonel and yellow oxide of mercury.
It could not be said that any of the chemicals controlled
the scab in any de ree when applied as soil treatments. The rows
which were treated with aluminwn sulfate showed a smellir percentage

of scabby tubers than did the check rows and this was noticeably true

of t.; « "51., I ~ . .11. -- -
v uUval ovvexely SCauutG. euh1ver ttis tnest But firs 1
to 011v m. 12‘va 1 . 4.3.. .4 . a - - 1 1
J ~'L3 'nlvu ~U?m U41 5 +- n51.4em m‘~ V , ,
I." I . 1 h -1t ‘1)..8 V L!“ .( (I 'J."._._1 CV.-'i_(:j ‘1‘klt3v1'iy‘ 1,}‘18
‘ ' ‘ a --vv
6)., 1' fl: h1‘flgfllz Jon”! ,“ "‘. . '1 9 r o ..q _ " . V ‘ H ‘
.1 .1 I. l u..& .. 1.4.] c ., h_'i,, “AC L31." ‘L (. ”(:1 1“".3rc ‘1‘:- ._"I 0;)“: l_/";.:1" .1 :rL‘L \;O f“::"; e E1 SY~:‘ill-
‘ 7 . J‘.‘_ .1 i P 1: a "a.“ V o'- '1' ‘ I ‘l ,— V - . ~ . . ‘\ 0
er 1.181 Ge“ VI: Ari—C3 K); 01:5;(J t_1311 qu‘J 9.1"} "11.Lt’:.‘e;1t3;’ 1:..‘1; +Lpn‘ {il‘flneT‘;'." “:3 'l'r‘g
g 1. .1 - . —. ‘ . n.‘ J '1’: n

V" “‘l “l . ‘. r A u .’ ‘l. 2 0 ' ‘r r ‘ r . . '4 ‘ q ' I‘ '
u>t La ”rc~t LS Lu? tee &lUJlnlfl e11?1te gxa flat la 5e elem h for er?

10
L J

W

r” 'v" I.) .- A” ' ~ 1‘ F1“- ; ' --~'- ~L..~. 3 ~--‘ n" ‘~ . ~« ~
18f ulte Cd.Clwe lune. tee rein L-dutc$ .Ltu CuleWel and yellow 01;

of mercury yielled the greatest eleunt of sce*hv tibers in all but Que

- 4- n "a o y o - _ \ v‘ r‘ ’ ‘ ‘
glib, eLi 1n this let the gcrcentugee of scab were 111 Verj ”Eda.

Calumel treatments on the a ara‘e eccoggnnied the luv est ameunt e.d
the greetebt degree of scab, a fact that to a lesser extent was tru
of t"‘e yellow slide of mercury. The two treatments elmest censient-

1

ly were uncoc1HT<Jd vith a m‘ch hi 1%? pp‘"but'; and a mlch greater
de ree of scab then were the untreated rows.
Whe potatoes were d'~ in OC toner, 1931, after a very ury

eta h3+ cuneer. m» soil teup+r1t ure hrd been unusually hi;h and the

V L‘ l. .4-

W

moi.+1ie con text w»s except orallj low, two factors w-ich are favors
1ble for P.eev* scab development. This fact mivhte fplzaln shy the

~ ’ P! u ‘ P1‘ ""7 ‘ ’-','..o-t‘.v‘ . ,‘ “ . ~' “
outr;l en e010. '-e iuo in111e lC merciries

O
O

~L. '-- 1 'r. w i,9
UuBHlp"a qu GASTtvd C

“re ki_11y igeuluble and in a eeil "ith low moisture content 0A8
wiglt assume that very little of the chegicel $1113 39 into solution.

‘ . . -: - v ‘ —»- -~ O v.—~ v 'nr V .\ I‘. ... . ‘,-‘ ,- -\‘~‘—,. 1
at least the Cundlt_0n wee pr >aeul¢ yer; un.d¢urhole Fir the cleeieals

I Q . , —’- i ‘. Q It- '
to exert any diein eating p0 er fl eamyle of tee sail in fielr l9

at the college .es bro; ht into the greenhouse egd one younu segples

. . -" "-‘ f, . -‘ ‘7'” “J" . I . r-\ I: '. . fi‘t‘H'V‘ " ." " ' '2 \V‘ I "fl“
were teet+e1 Wlin tee eiffereut cuwmlc-lo At 111-6;6bt hUthJTe yer-

" ‘ 5‘3" r-x- .' ~ ‘ s 1 1‘. o v '1 ‘ ‘
cert?“ "(ifs {‘3 in. l‘uj-en on l)‘ 17:1.ka (J7 . ”1116. b \Lieal a“; t‘) 116 u (.195 s Ills-’6 incr6;b‘1 :36

1 yr ‘~:q , a.
11 the zuhg Jr v? f4;tin‘m'gsns in :12;A-“figll't) +‘a TLBHTEP of L:<*L;ria
utere the treatuents more nu;e with CHLQJHl nrd "273~” g;iic f *‘r-
. ‘ ._ -.: ‘. ’ ‘.J LIZ‘
cur] Lad : are the nu: {are c"*flv+‘ ”3““ ‘* "'“‘ ‘ ' '
\HH,UVU “,;p L e lu.u; age; in 1’s tx-
}.rimant. Tzo aide 5¢ ir$e tq & le;ge: acgreu ;A the

1 _ I w 0
—‘ I'L . «
c phxc; 3 1n LLB sail ;

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‘0 Y‘ .P 1 f ”if -,-— '"VT‘ 2' a-" .2 ° ' - ' '—" '
b 11 A-d 11 4“ pwhp. c.”s 1“ 1t is 1n t.e s;ll &t L: azu f mg: t4r s
‘ r w: (I .- 4- 7‘ ~;- . -‘ . - ’. q ‘ ’
t t uus t czueé anJ caluMul dnu ~c* us inu: g? mircurr.

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JO .h._. x.) L TILJC ..k: U LI..\~"41J utlu St-b‘(§-o-Ilo ‘3 l§€tt3k1 k'J‘il‘e I?‘Dle to " ‘17 .I'l‘

(7+

Ln PSTt.?€ted ‘olutions of alomel and y lluw :Aiée of Jercurr.
FT . .a. . . r‘ , ,' .. , ,— 1 V -‘ 9 , _ “ v
n.1s flu tnpe pf “eullj all V? L a LTNQULSMS MULGSS an execs” u? tie

\ ..1 .( ‘\ ...r.-. ..l ‘q_..‘_ 1.. r‘ s - ‘ -... _~_ . ,7 - r. '. ,
CHQUL’JL ”we oaqu to tue owL.tluL. “ypa-d tlj tau mercury was twi*n

Obt "° t39 S lution “*Ln tfie ur¢mris.s .:r* fran ugon it. V;w tuis

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by a'sarytiqn "r bv CFCJicul reaction, and there 15 a possibility Pat
t.e wrgaiisns may be cagable u? SCSurbin; marcury. The weaker selutia

' M '» .’-‘ .c \ur“ ‘ u
of uflS’tCflul b'tugqbidn 4

183.15 for a S'mI‘

~ . , -.-. . -*. 94.. ... u ,3‘ ~__ I“-
Tzls ”a ‘Jt ev14ent &;uST a mceA Ur nqre “no Qidpotd.

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‘is rr'uctmd in sterilized “otted Sail

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38V“F”l 0t?“ “3 of the or a ism capable

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=‘u.ud Ulglh;; twat LLeru are
-

The SCfibbihe°” Rf tfie tubers

51 ttga of Stub also v ried

- . -
C “r;:'” ~nu1x1< 1\~ +‘ in 1x -1 1 “: . ,4 ’ _1, . ~:.~~1- Jeni- .n~-~ » ,
"11~'.L'JK4J.*+V J, Lj'At u. .... LAN; ._J',‘ _ "LC‘QNJ. _n £1 §;;,: L’f Luis .‘n \r. .1811 had
been Luljectefi u) 3L1; de ”ifuiu j“ 1‘9 ," ‘i.1 Lri firofixbly 3933275
as .uch an “'3 Lost relatioLsfl w :2 en LLe t,ee u” ur'axieu. L wreat
6981 of fiirk find 1 we lwue .‘th gr-“it ou tle rei-t*Ju“‘iJ of f~-as
of sca' “15 types ;f )r-gxie..

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CdCed heavd scktblng uf tiuere ueze aibq

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:r',‘ n t.1 lrl 1-.8 S£A bet: 3. (A) .1 LJI‘Tl C ‘ ‘J SKJLLLtl\JIA (J . -..- DIX“ LA.) ELL l‘)"'1‘ l, E, lg),

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go a4 ”7 DrJdUCdi Mooorntc grouti id tie conceuuci, a SJLJvlCRDQ

7‘. . , '_ ...M~ : .-. n .t- , ‘“ 7.“ ‘- . ,3 r ...:,., ~ -. a-
u8V97.'{1l é) rm.- 1‘18 l.‘;L.t1b_L']’ l), lit, “If, ‘1'.) 1.1- .1 '2‘) £)I‘\J J 11L .5“ V-nl L11; ate"r'..'\}s
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o- seeb hut ”ere Avie to Here ilttlv or no ;routh in t.e o‘tUJQtQQ

.l ‘ :‘7

solutions. 7trnins number 2%, 0o, 40 gnu to were able to groiu"e

scab but were able to sfiow growth in the concentrflted salutiens. rl"hese
cts turd to Show thfit Sufle forms are highly resistant *o the toxi-

citv of the two mercury cohpoanfls in question.

FFTV‘TT““TFWT
/\.;.,.IA.J ’.- A'

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- : - .‘i:\ .- ° , 1. ,
Tie first ard most ObVLQJS CUnClJQLUn, 04;»1eer1nz tie atount

of work done, is thfit the chemicals used ”or e)11 trertments were at

_ _ 1 ‘V ~ ~'__ _‘ (" A .A,“" - -‘,... 7": ’r yu7l"'.fi 1" 3H"; i‘ H '11 -
cagoble pf controiiiu: scab. V‘C3guLJ tiit t‘o or t.vou CmuAiCAla C<LO

o ' ‘_ U. 1 ”I... -\ . . -.¢ -
mel 21d yellow oxiie of mercury U111 cause 81* er ulTPCtLJ or inui.ect-
ly an increaee in tfie agount :21 legrve of scabbieg. 'ny the amount

"r? de“ree o? scubbinf is increased, can be attrib ted to one or ail

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a
Sgagrouas and genera

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Wistr tion of b ct rig in v PiOU' 5“
. I h

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m" .w "\ I . '- "‘ s " Q" “W. ‘ ‘- n' 'o , 1
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1111“ :CtlfithyC'fiSo o ‘ o . "5'. -A ’0 (.t‘i. [T‘ano WUl.
4

, I 1p 0; 00;: J'd sc;¢i:3 to the 1
agctaria. “hytopath. Vol. 2: 97. 19]

Targhrley of the genus .Viluudfh to th. Caz.
L37: L315" 6;, 147 " 16/80 b1. 2 " 9. 1431:. l - 11:0
1916.

De‘-tioa of growth in the potato tuber fo the
U- ‘ ‘u" . ‘ "A __"\‘ T‘ A-;_;I.. Des. 79- 75", -

Ll we .

VFl. pl. 1. " 5. Vii. l "' '70 13:36.

Ireptotrichen in “oien. In
Titt. Land .LehInan, Y. Y. Pachschule “udenk.
mien. 3d. 1: 217 - 244. 1912

 

 

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3,141)

-~ (42)

-57..

Jones, L. R., and McKinney, H. H. Tho influenco of coil tompor-
oturo on potato scab. PhytOpath. 9: 301 - 302.
1919.

Jones, L. R., and Edaon, A. I. Potato ocab oxporinontc of 1901.
Vt. ‘81.. Exp. Sta. Ann Rpto 1‘: 33.1 - 335.
1900 - 01o

Jubainvillo, K. and VooQuo, I. Variolo do la Porno do Torro.
Loo Haladioo dco Plantoo Cultivcco. 281. 1878.

 

 

 

Kinney, Lo Po Th. DOtatO ..“. .tCo Ro Io Exp. Stlo Bul.
1‘3 Fifio 1 - ‘o 1891.

Kroinoky, A. Dio Acktimooton and ihro Bodoutung in dor
N‘turo CCB‘blo to Bakto EtCo Par. IIo lbto
41: M9 - 988. r13. 1 - 4. 1914.

Kuhn, Julino Sohcrf dcr Kortoffol. Frannoiton dor Kuhn-
8"‘C‘ICo 223 - 888. 1858.

Lint, H. C. Roport of potato scab oxpcrinonto.
No Io Agr. Exp. Stlo Ann. 36: ‘77 - ‘Beo I’l‘o
No Jo Agr. Exp. Sta. Anno 36: 375 - 381o 1915.
N. J. ASP. Exp. St‘o An. 37: 618 - ‘25o 19160
Tho influenco of sulfur on ooil acidity. Jonr.
Induo. Engin. Chem. 6: 747. 1914.

Lipnan, J’. G. Limo and fertilizer for potatoes. Am. Fort.
,8: 21 - 25o 1950o

Lutman, B. 1'. Potato scab in new land. PhytOpath. 13: 841 .. 244.
1923.
Tho pathological anatomy of potato ocab. Phyto-
path. 3: 355 - 264o ‘Pig. 1 - 10o 19130
Yaluo of ocabby potatooo. Bibliog. Vt. Agr. EXp.
Sta. Bul. 291: 1 - 16. 19”.

Lutman, B. 1., and Cunningham, G. 8. Potato scab. Vt. 131‘. Exp.

Sta. BHlo 18‘: Flo 1 ‘ 12o Fig. 1 - ,o lgl‘o

Martin, W. H. Influence of coil moiaturo and acidity on tho
dovolopncnt of the potato ooab. Soil Sci. 16:
69 - 73. 1923.

Tho rolation of sulfur to soil acidity and to tho

 

control of potato ocab. Soil Sci. 9: 393 «- 408.
Fig. 1 - 5o 1919c

Rolation of soil conditions to tho develop-out of

 

potato coat. in. Mooting of tho Potato Aoooo.
Of Micro C10101and, Ohioo 17: 62 ‘ 75o D..o 3° -
31. 19m.

 

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