GREAT LAKES REGION — ISLAND POTENTIAL BEAVER AR CHIPE LAGO BY DONALD RODNE Y T APP A COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEM REPORT Submitted to the College of Social Science School of Urban Planning and Landscape Architecture in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 1966 PREFACE There exist in the Great Lakes many islands, some pos— sessing the landscape character once captured in the poems by the romantic poets such as Thoreau, Whitman, Longfellow, and Emerson. Their poetic verse portrayed the ideals of nature, man partaking as an insignificant being. Today there is a cry for a man-nature companionship. Such need is ever apparent and vast problems are created in man's pursuit for a harmonious relation with nature. In the following verse, concerning the Apostle Islands in Lake Superior, a contemporary poet has captured this relation. On these rocks the Chippewa built their fires and watched for their enemies on the mainland. On these rocks the French voyageurs rested, repairing their canoes and dreaming of riches worth a queen's ransom. On these rocks the French priests and soldiers signed the treaties in the name of their king. Now they are gone. Scattered and buried and blown away on the timeless winds. Only the rocks remain. The rocks and the great inland seas. The reasons for my choice of this topic are capsulized in the above verse. Interest in individual island land forms, their origin and cultures, and their current and future use has prompted my inves- tigation of the Great Lakes Region, the Great Lakes and the islands existing within the limits of the shoreline of the Great Lakes. The unique physical aspects of the islands are their isolation by way of natural zoning, and the aesthetic qualities of water orientated land- forms. This provides a superlative area for educational and re- creational use . ii The cultural heritage, as suggested in the above poem, is also a unique aspect of the islands. Each past cultural activity on the islands in the Great Lakes has indicated a need for the isolation provided by an island. Today the isolation factor is of equal importance. Because of this factor, only a limited amount of activity can be expected. It is unfortunate that some of these islands are receiving intensive development, thus destroying an ideal environment for education and recreation for the present and future populous. For this reason, I selected to pursue for my comprehensive problem, a topic that focuses upon guiding considerations of the unique qualities of islands. It brings together certain criteria for consideration in the effective use of these islands where the aesthetic values of the natural landscape are sought as a goal. It is hoped that this comprehensive problem will act as a catalytic agent and that further unguided development of the islands, such as that occuring on Beaver Island, as discussed, be discouraged. And that these guiding considerations are suggestive of the need for planning recreational and educational features in the Islands of the Great Lakes . iii TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM CHAPTER I.| THE GREAT LAKES REGION REGION DEFINED LOCATION AND SIZE FORMATION SETTLEMENT GREAT LAKES SIZES AND STATISTICAL DATA USE ‘ II. ISLAND: HERITAGE, FORM AND USE CULTURAL HERITAGE PEOPLE AND THEIR LIVELYHOOD - PAST AND PRESENT USE - RELATION OF CULTURAL 8: PHYSICAL USE PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS AND ASSETS CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT SUGGESTED POTENTIAL USE iv Page ii v'i vii din-h ll 13 13 21 25 25 25 26 28 33 35 Page I-c i=4 I. AESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS OF ISLAND CHARACTER 37 ISLAND VISUAL ASPECTS 38 PHYSICAL FACTORS & AESTHETIC VALUES 38 EXPERIENCE OF VISUAL ASPECTS 42 IV.. BEAVER ARCHIPELAGO STUDY 45 RELATION OF BEAVER GROUP TO OTHER ISLANDS IN THE GREAT LAKES 45 BEAVER ARCHIPELAGO 46 ISLAND SIZES AND LOCATIONS 47 NATURAL CONDITIONS 49 WILDLIFE 49 PHYSIOGRAPHY, SOILS & VEGETATION 51 CULTURAL ACTIVITY 61 DESIGN PROPOSAL 65 10. ll. 12. LIST OF TAB LES Shoreline of the Great Lakes Past Present and Future Population of the Great Lakes Natural Fresh Water Lakes in Michigan of ten square miles Data on the Great Lakes System Forest Land in the We stern Great Lakes States State and Federal Shorelines on Michigan's Great Lakes Waters Relation of Publicly Owned Shorelines to the Total Shoreline, Michigan Great Lakes Recreational Activities, Great Lakes States Psychological Stimulations of Color Psychological Effects of Color Flora and Fauna Diversity Description of Soils on Beaver Island vi Page 14 20 23 23 24 24 4O 4O 50 52 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. LIST OF FIGURES Great Lakes Drainage Basin Great Lakes Region Pepulation Distribution Great Lakes Mega10polis Great Lakes Region Geological Map Island Cultural Deve10pment Island Form Beaver Archipelago Beaver Island Soils Map St. James Community Harbor-Ferry Access Beaver Island Facility Map Grouse Research and Wilderness Camping Inter-island Relation Airport Parking Schematic Design Harbor Facility Use Organization Community Expansion Diagram Beaver Island Use Design Plan Site Design Considerations vii Page 32 42 48 56 63 64 66 68 7O 72 73 74 76 77 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Guiding considerations for a man-nature type use of the islands in the Great Lakes are the primary functions of this com- prehensive problem. It is written for those who are interested in preserving the more unique aesthetic values of the environs for educational and recreational use. The author wishes to emphasize the influence of the Great Lakes Region and the Great Lakes in determining the potential use of these islands. It is in this consideration when interwoven in a design study of the islands heritage, form and character that the value of these islands can be found. The regional deveIOpment has been influenced to a great extent by its physical features and cultural heritage. When ex- amined, these two features illustrate the reasons for the dispersal of today's pOpulation. The region's population, way of life, and mode of transportation, upon further examination, are suggestive of the quantity and quality of people who have this need - a com- panionship with nature. Increasing numbers of forest areas, state parks and private recreational centers have originated in hOpes of fulfilling this need for a man-nature experience. The current and proposed park system on the mainland will satisfy the major activities in recreation such as swimming, picnickingé and boating, but the more intimate experiences of nature such as wilderness areas need further study. Because of the isolation factor, many of the Great Lakes islands resemble in character a wilderness state. How can man take part 2 in a nature type companionship in these wilderness areas, not destroying their true character? This question remains. It is suggested in this comprehensive problem that the cul- tural heritage and physical features should be the governing criteria in designating a use for the Great Lakes islands. Today these natural qualities can be discovered on the is- lands, but how long are they to remain? What is needed to pre- serve this type of recreational and educational feature? Should deve10pment occur, if so, to what degree ? Chapter I Great Lakes Region While the concern of this paper is oriented towards a form» use design study of the Great Lakes islands, this cannot be fully realized without the knowledge of the total influences of the Great Lakes Region. In this chapter discussion will deal with two key aspects (face to face), the region defined, its location and size, its formation and settlement; the Great Lakes, their location, size and use. The size of the Great Lakes Region as defined by its drain- age basin includes portions of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, and the entirety of Michigan. Some 292, 000 square miles are included of which approximately 94, 620 square miles represent the areas of the five Great Lakes. (Figure 1). Figure l 4 Of this total land area there are 4, 971 miles of shoreline in Canada and a total of 9, 763 miles of Great Lakes shoreline. 1 Table l. Shoreline of the Great Lakes, United States Lakes Survey, 1955 States Superior Michigan Huron ST. Clair Erie Ontario Totalr Ivlinn. 189 189 Wis. 325 "4‘9? ‘““' “— "" “- 820 Mich. 917 1, 058 93 T27)“ ‘57:? ""‘ 3, 083 Illinois 63 ‘_ 63 Indiana ".— 45 M ____. “—- _ 45 Ohio ‘“"' ““' “‘- ‘3’1‘2 “"‘ 312 Pa. . ..__._ ““" "" "' 51 “"' 51 New York "‘" _“ "— — 77 33—1 408 U.S. Total 1,231" 1,333 631 T271 494 331 4,971 Ontario 1, 549 2, 416 66 366 395 4, 792 Total 2,980 1,6‘6‘1’ 3, 350 186 860 726 9. 763 Sources: WTLakes Survey, Michigan figure—s slightly revisechy Michigan Department of Conservation. Table 1 indicates the shoreline of the eight Great Lakes States on each of the six Great Lakes (including Lake St. Clair). Lake St. Clair is actually not considered a Great Lake because of its size. The Region as defined by its potential user, those who work or vacation in the area, is ‘much larger than that of its drainage basin and one of diverse com- plexity. Access to this region whether by air, boat or highway, pro- vides guide lines for the volume of users. The develOped region, in turn, provides the type of use and significantly implies the quantity of users. As the growth of this region occurs, consideration of various uses such as industry, agriculture and recreation is essential. Figure 2 illustrates the concentration ofpopulous in the Great Lakes region. 1 Howard J. Pincus, Great Lakes Basin, American Association For the Advancement of Science (No. 71), (Washington, D. C.: 1962), p. 218. 61:51::— .__,9'~o V}. I o'lra 'fi #1 9,: g. .3317", QLEAT 1.1.59.5 POPULA‘HON 32:1- zlgglgou Figure 2 Present growth trends indicate there will be some 350 million people in the United States by the year 2000, and that 97% of the interim increase will concentrate in urban areas. Already two-thirds of our more than 180 million people are urban dwellers. Supercities already forming will stretch for unbroken hundreds of miles along all our great watercourses, coasts and major highways. The Great Lakes States, with a pres- ent population of more than sixty-811% million, will have their share of this gigantic growth. Table 2 indicates the past, present and future populations of these Great Lakes States. If, in the Great Lakes States, the transportation network continues to improve and expand, and if the population and urban growth pattern continues, a metropolitan area will eventually stretch from Milwaukee to Chicago, around the southern edge of Lake 2 Ibid., p. 282 .CimoH Twsaaa .m .puommm 3.8%. was mBmZ .m..D 93 88.3 moccoo £033 9553mm. mum; on» “mooxov .053 ecomoMnH m5 0» mocha» wacoHoO 503 .m .D Go 5833* Hsoflmfimnm "condom oooalommfi emeonosH oxe o.v~ mama see.om was.mH Hom.m coo.ma amm.ma omw.e amo.m mwo.oa coofi Nae.oa aamtag. moo.a HwoA: 005 .m ammum wae.m mmm.e .33 oooeoem .ooaa .. com: moooom 9:3 $20 ofi mo oeosoaaaom ommH 0mm.oa wow.oa s35 Nae.w ewa.e mmo.m ~wo.~ Nem.o owofi a»¢.m~ 000$ mme.m aow.s moo.o mmH.m moa.~ ONOH mwm .OH ome.w omo.m mew.o ame.m Nmo.~ ewm.~ moo.m coon wow c. Nom.o eam.m mmm.¢ ama.e ooo.m ame.a amw.m owes mwo.m mm~.w who.a who.m waa.m mHm; amt.“ omwfi .0. came omen coma ome.N mem.a mam .».7a eme.a asq.a moo .oa” owe awe o .oea eke mm .em mam.a Ham me ease am 633 *0 532 New o .eosa .N HAQH 7 Michigan; secondly, from Detroit around Lake Erie to Toledo and Cleveland; and thirdly, from Buffalo to Rochester. This nebulous structure or supercity could form what noted scholar J. Gottmann refers to as, a Megalopolis. According to Gottmann, the idea of a city being a tightly settled and organized unit in which people, activities, and riches are crowded into a very small area clearly separated from its non-urban surroundings must be abandoned. Rather, a city in this region spreads far and wide around its ori- ginal nucleus; it grows amidst an irregularly colloidal mixture of rural and suburban landscapes; it melts on broad fronts with other mixtures, of somewhat similar though different texture, belbnging to the suburban neighborhoods or other cities. 3 Whether the growth pattern of these Great Lakes States be called a Megalopolis, a Supercity or simply a nebulous structure, it is mo st clear that this growth will eventually occur, and bring with it all the problems inherent in any large city. However, these prob- lems will be on a more diverse and larger scale. Three distinct areas will occur in forming this Megalopolis: (l) the urban structure, (2) the agricultural area, and (3) the recreational area. Figure 3, illustrates the location of these areas. Existing conditions concerning population, current land use, soils, land forms, vegetation, and transportation networks have been used in the formulation of these areas . How this extraordinary complex of land and water came to be i s a part of the history of the Great Lakes. It is a part that goes back millions of years into the geologic history of the region. It is 3 Jean Gottmann, Meggéalopolis, Twentieth Centure Fund, (New York: 1961),, p. GEE EAT LAKE} MEGALOEQU} Figure 3 important to note the bedrock formations below the surface, the relief patterns, and the mineral content of this region because of economic factors and land use value involved. Certain bedrock and relief pattern have not only an economic mineral value, but also have a recreational value, Two examples of these values are Niagara Falls located between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario and the Pictured Rocks in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The simplified version of the geological map (Figure 4) is useful in showing the relationship \/ \,\/\,\/.\,\/\/\/ ""’\/- GEOLOGIC MAP \ ’ 0‘ IHE \ ,\ / GREAT LAKES REGION ' \ \ r ' ICALI 0' III. I! 0 so u m \/\/\t \/\,\/\l \/N‘\ /\/\/\/\ /\/\./ /\/\‘ /\ \/\ \ / KEY E nun-mum“ no cinnamon mo. uownnnmno. - unto ocvomu noon. utuu mun: Auflm IIALI as women. MW" Lona uvomu noon. to umno ouvw oevoumu unowinumno In canon. on" olumn noon. on onnnoo no my you. (unuu DOLOIITI) IILUIIAI nun «out noon in nonmal- moun- no canine (IIcLWIO out not) IIDOLI Smulml moon!“ mun soc-to m noun-u seams. ounmo. OAID not was mum“ EB nocu uuounnumuo m Inooouom. sou. sumo... mom-A no oom ' LOIII mum" local II loam". Iceman. mums» I" rout. - oooovnouu mo. outrun-tum «loom coo-no. warn-(mm mun-m noon. mummo mum manna no moon noon.) Figure 4 between the bedrock types and the locations and forms of the lake basins. Rocks of the Pre-Cambrian period are mainly hard and dense metamorphic and igneous rocks which form the Canadian Shield that lies north of the lakes and extends southward into central Wisconsin. The Niagaran dolomite forms the western shore of Lake Michigan and the Door Peninsula, which separates'Green Bay from Lake Michigan; it occurs along the northern shore of Lake Michigan and extends east- ward, it forms the islands whichseparate Lake Huron from the North Channel and Georgian Bay. Curving southeastward, it forms Saugeen Peninsula between Lake Huron and southern Georgian Bay, and fur- ther south it forms the highlands of southern Ontario. Extending east- ward the dolomite forms the cue sta between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, .over which the Niagara River drops at Niagara Falls. Onto the east it parallels the southern shore of the Ontario basin. 10 The land surface reflects the bedrock surface below; the ef— fects of glacial erosion and deposition on the latter, and the extensive preglacial lakes which spread far outside the present Great Lakes shores. Major features of preglacial bedrock relief dominate the landscape in but few places, mainly near the margins of the present Great Lakes. The land surface within the Great Lakes Region is generally a plain with minor land forms developed by glacial erosion or deposition. In the area immediately north of Lakes Superior, Huron and Ontario in Canada, and in northern Wisconsin and Michigan in the United States, there are large areas in which'glacial deposits are thin or absent. Here also the bedrock surface may show vertical relief of up to 300 feet. The sparse glacial deposits have blocked drainage and created numerous minor lakes and swamps. Glacial drift deposits dominate the landscape mainly south of this area. Land forms include linear‘belts of end moraine, generally rough, having local relief of 30 to 100 feet or more and extensive undulating till plains with local relief of 10 to 50 feet. Flat outwash plains are extensively local but generally less so than are till plains. Indication of the extent of the lake waters at higher stages is evident by examining the lacustr’inc plains which extend inland from the present Great Lakes shores at many places. Certain topographic features commonly occur in these lake plains. The land forms are generally flat and have a gentle slepe toward the present lakes. Dunes commonly occur on these plains. .There are low gravel ridges which mark the era of glacial advance or retreat. Lacustrine plains, al- though numerous, do not occur at all points along the present Great Lakes shoreline. In some places steep bluffs have developed because of wave action and bedrock location. These appear along many 11 V stretches of the eastern and western shorelines of Lake .Michigan and along the southern shores of Lake Erie and Lake Superior, whereas the gentle slopes spotted by long stretches of dunes occur on the north- west side of Lake Superior and to the east of Lake Michigan and further eastward to Lake Huron. Fairly broad lacustrine plains surround the 1 areas of Saginaw Bay, Lake St. Clair and Detroit, and extend some A 50 miles east of Georgian Bay. Lake plains generally extend or sur— round the remainder of the Lake Erie and Lake Ontario area.4 The geological events have given this region certain char- acteristics nowhere else apparent. The physical features and the qualities of the Great Lakes and the many rivers and lakes provided a catalysis for man's eventual discovery and settlement. These natural features were important factors in the establishment of the original inhabitants, the Indians, as well as the white man who followed. The assets of this region, for those whofollowed the Indian, were the water- ways for easy transportation, the animals for fur trade, the fish for commercial fishing, the forests for lumbering, and the fertile soils for farming . During the historic period the principle Indian tribes were the Chippewa, the Ottawa, the Potawatomi, the Maimi,the Menominee, the Wyandots .or Huron, and the Iroquois. Their friendship or hostility with the white man generated different eras of settlement. There were, how- ever, many other factors which influenced the eventual settlement of this region such as (1) the surrounding geography, (2) policies for land acquisition, (3) rivalry of the French, English and Americans, and (4) frontier expansion . Subsequent information extracted from: 4Howard J. Pincus, op. cit. 12 The early 17th Century was the era of Great Lakes explora- tion. The French established fur trading posts but did little to actually penetrate into the depth of the region. The British soon realized the economic value of this region, and England, by way of a treaty ending the Seven Year's War with France, gained its claim to the Great Lakes Region. The British Regime, lasting approximately forty years, ended with the frontier expansion of the American settler in the early 1800's. Expansion occurred first in the southern portion of the Great Lakes Region. The soils here were suitable for good farmland and easily accessible on route from the New England Colonies either by way of the Great Lakes or by way of the Cumberland Gap through the Ap- palachian Mountains. The remaining Great Lakes provided an avenue for expansion as settlements slowly began to advance northward along the shore of the Great Lakes and eventually inward following either river channels or old Indian trails. The numerous physical features of the region attracted a mix- ture of inhabitants consisting of English, Scotch, Irish, Dutch, French, Americans from different states, and the different Indian tribes pre- viously mentioned. There were assorted goals and values in each nationality. Some were farmers: crop, fruit and dairy; some were traders; some were lumbermen; and some were fishermen; each seek- ing a new place to settle. The locations of the physical features and natural resources accounted for the dispersal of the nationalities throughout the region. The remaining process is all too well known. Man became industrialized and the small cities of yesteryear became the booming metr0polis of today. The narrow pathways and roadways of the Indians l3 and settlers became the freeways and expressways of today. The oc- cupations of the inhabitants have somewhat changed, but the region is still growing and projections indicate that it will continue to grow. This specific region just discussed is unique, both in origin and character. It contains more lakes in its area than are found any- where else in the world, countless thousands, many linked by channels to the Great Lakes themselves. Innumerable lakes are located in the whole region north of the Great Lakes in Canada. Equally numerous are the lakes of northern Minnesota and northern Wisconsin, with many lakes on both the northern and southern peninsulas of Michigan. Some sources credit Michigan alone with more than 10, 000 lakes; however, the Michigan Lakes and Stream Directo_ry published in 1931 by the Magazine of Michigan Company lists Michigan as having 4,189 lakes with names. A description of all the inland lakes and streams tributary to the Great Lakes cannot be attempted in this paper. A list of those lakes of 10 square miles or more in Michigan (Table 3) and a brief consideration of those streams tributary to Lake Michigan alone will serve as an example. More than 100 stregfns enter Lake Michigan of which about 60 are called 'river‘s' and the rest 'creeks'. The Chicago River, originally a tributary, has been reversed and now withdraws water from the lake. Only eight rivers have an average flow of more than 1000 c.f. s. . The large st of these is the Fox River in Wisconsin, with an average of 4300 c.f. s. . In this Great Lakes Region, there are five Great Lakes; Superior, 'Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, all of which are 5 Ibid., p. 34. 14 Table 3 Natural Fresh Water Lakes of 10 square miles or more in Michigan. Lake . ' Area (square mile 3) St. Clair * 460 Houghton 31 Torch 29 Charle vbix Z7 Burt 2 7 Mullet 26 Gogebic‘ 2 l Manistique 16 Black 16 Crystal 15 Portage 15 Higgins 15 Hubbard l4 Leelanau i 3 Indian 1 2 Elk 12 Glen 10 * Michigan and Ontario ownership Source: Princifil Lakes bf the Unitecf States. connected by series of waterways and locks which ultimately journey into the seaway. The area of these Great Lakes is 94, 710 square miles, the largest fresh water basin in the world. 6 . ) As discussed earlier the Great Lakes came into existence as a result of the great ice age. Recently evidence has been discovered that indicates that these basins may have been cut down to their pre- sent depths by the streams that flowed through them before the ice age, and that the scouring acting of the glaciers may not have been as great as was once believed. Regardless of the origin of these great depressions, they were filled with water when the glaciers melted and retreated. The Great Lakes underwent many changes before they reached their present outline. At one time before the close of the ice, 6 Conrad D. Bue, _P_ri3cip_al_ Lakes_of_t_he United—States, Geo- 15 Lakes Superior, Michigan and Huron were a single lake, which had been name Lake Algonquin. It had an area of 100, 000 square miles, as compared to the present area of the three lakes which is 77, 230 square miles. The lake was more than 1, 500 feet deep in places, as compared with l, 300 feet, the present maximum depth of Lake Superior.7 (See Table 4 for the present general lake dimensions and elevations.) The St. Lawrence Seaway, previously discussed as an avenue of early settlement and travel, plays a dominant role in the commerce of the Great Lakes. In the whole Seaway project, there are 15 locks per- mitting ships to reach a level of 602 feet above the sea, the greatest part of that lift supplied by the Welland Ship Canal (all within Canada), by-passing the falls of Niagara, and lifting vessels 326 feet. During 1962 the St. Lawrence section of the seaway carried more than 25 million tons of cargo, the Welland Canal carried 35, 000, 000 tons, and the locks at Sault Ste. Marie carried about 80 million tons. A descriptive passage about each Great Lake follows and il- lustrates the impact and influence these water basins have on the ad- jacent land. LAKE ONTARIO Most eastern of the Great Lakes, Ontario, is the smallest; 7, 520 square miles in area, length of 193 miles, and maximum width of 52 miles. But Ontario's depth (778 feet) is much greater than that of Lake Erie, after they have dropped 326 feet through the spectacular Niagara gorge with its falls and rapids, entering Ontario from a dramatically scenic gorge in the we stern end of its southern ' shore. At the eastern end of Ontario, all the waters of the Great Lakes combine in one wide and beautiful channel to make the St. Lawrence River, flowing northeast to the sea, hundreds of miles away, dropping through turbulent rapids more than 200 feet in about 100 miles of channel. 7 Ibid' O p0 20 8 Andrew Hepburn. Complete Guide to the Great Lakes. 16 Lake Ontario is bordered by fewer different areas than any of the other Great Lakes. Its entire southern and eastern shores are New York; its northern and we stern shores, Ontario. The shores of the lake and the lands behind them are fairlyrugged on the south, particularly near the eastern end, pleasantly rolling along the north, flat in the west. Near the we stern end, on both sides of the lake, are big urban districts around the Canadian cities of Hamilton and Toronto, largest of Canada, to touch the shores of the Great Lakes. In addition to its urban centers, the shores of the lake are devoted to highly productive farming districts, particularly fruit and dairying. Commercial traffic on Lake Ontario, greatly increased through the operation of the St. Lawrence Seaway, is aided by the Welland Canal by-passing the Niagara River. The first of the Great Lakes to be discovered, Ontario is believed to have been visited by Etienne Brule in 1615, and later the same year by Champlain. There are no islands of importance in the lake and. few natural harbors along its shore. But two manmade harbors, Hamilton and Toronto, account for much commercial traffic. LAKE ERIE Shallowest of the Great Lakes (210 feet), Lake Erie is the fourth largest; 241 miles long, 57 miles across at its greatest width, and has 9930 square miles of surface. Erie's surface is 572 feet above sea level, 326 feet higher than the next lower lake, Ontario, to the east. Lake Erie is rounded on the south by portions of New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Its western end has Michigan, and its entire northern shore is the Canadian province of Ontario. The shores of Lake Erie and the lands near them are generally level, heavily populated and cultivated, more than any others around the Great Lake-s. There is a big city at either end: Buffalo, New York, at the east, and Toledo, Ohio, at the west. Along its southern shore is a chain of cities, including the metropolis of Cleveland, Ohio. . Except for the Niagara River at its eastern end, the only unusual natural feature of Lake Erie is a cluster of islands, quite rugged and picturesque, just off the southern shore near its western end. Near them, during the War of 1812, was fought the only naval engagement of any consequence on the Great Lakes, when Commodore Oliver H. Perry defeated the British at Put-in-Bay with a fleet of little warships he had built on the shore of Lake Erie. 9 Ibid., p. 36. l7 Curiously, but for a practical reason, the existence of Lake Erie was not known to Europeans until many years after it was partially explored. The reason was that early explorers considered the Niagara River and its falls to be quite impossible to pass. They were correct. The first European believed to have visited Lake Erie and travel its waters was Louis Joliet in 1669. An event which was to make Lake Erie more important than any other of the Great Lakes for many years thereafter was the opening of the Erie Canal in 1823-25. As a result, Lake Erie became the principle route for the migration and settlement of the whole midwe st area. Though the mo st southern of the Great Lakes, normal navigation is generally closed from about mid-December to about the end of March, owing to ice. Navigation is also impeded at times by violent, often dangerous storms, par- tially the result of the lake's shallow depth. There are few good harbors along its shore, but most of the larger cities have man-made harbors that account for a heavy commercial traffic, particularly in coal, iron ore, and grain. LAKE HURON Only one of the Great Lakes to receive the waters from two of the other lakes of the group, Huron is the second largest of the lakes, with a surface area of 23, 010 square miles. It is 206 miles long and 183 miles wide. Its maximum known depth is 750 feet, its surface 581 feet above sea level, Like Lake Michigan, to which it is linked by a wide channel, the Straits of Mackinac, it is the only natural deep-water passage between two of the Great Lakes that requires no dredging, canals, or locks to maintain. Lake Huron is bordered on the north and east by Ontario, on the west by Michigan. Its shoreline, more broken and varied than that of any of the other lakes, in- cludes the expanse of Georgian Bay on its eastern side. Within Lake Huron there are more and bigger islands than in any of the Great Lakes, among them, Manitoulin, largest lake island in the world (about 1, 600 square miles),and historic Mackinac, Island, one of the country's most important resorts. At either end of Lake Huron is a strategic channel, each improperly called rivers. At the north is St. Marys River by which the cold waters of Lake Superior drop about 20 feet in turbulent rapids, now by-passed by the canal and locks of Sault Saint Marie, which carries more commercial traffic (about 100 million tons a year) than any other canal in the world. At the southern end the channel of the St. Clair River, and the Detroit River, carries the waters of Lake Huron to Lake Erie, dropping without turbulence eight feet in the process. 10 Ibid., p. 66. 18 Though Lake Huron itself carries an enormous com- mercial traffic (all that passes out of Lake Superior and Lake Michigan), there are no large cities around its shores and few really good harbors. The large st city close to the lake is Detroit, near its southern end, on the Detroit River. Lake Huron was one of the fir st of the Great Lakes to be seen by Europeans. Etienne Brule is believed to have entered Georgian Bay, coming through a series of channels and lakes out of Lake Ontario, in 1612. The great Champlain followed him over the same route a few years later. Lake Huron's ‘ position thereafter became strategic, resulting in fortified control points at either end, Mackinac and Detroit. The shores of Lake Huron are varied. In the south, east, and west, in Ontario and Michigan, relatively low . and stripped of the super forests which one covered the land, they are devoted to farms. But around the north end of the lake, along the shores of Georgian Bay, much of the shore is dramatically rugged, and the lands that stretch back from it still are largely wilderness, and some of the finest hun- ting and fishing regions in the country. 11 LAKE SUPERIOR Large st fre sh-water lake in the world, Lake Superior is the most western and northern of the Great Lakes, as well as the coldest and deepest, 350 miles long, from Duluth at its extreme we stern end to Sault Ste. Marie at the eastern end. In width it is 160 miles. It covers 31, 820 square miles. The surface of Superior is 602 feet above sea level, maximum depth, 1, 333 feet. Superior is bounded on the south by Wisconsin and Michigan, on the northwest by Minnesota, and on the north and east by Ontario. The shoreline is rugged, picturesque, often dramatically so. The land around the lake, once primeval forest wilderness, is in part, still wilderness, a rugged forest land studded with innumerable lakes, many linked by channels. Near the shore, chiefly on the south and the west, are some of the world's richest mineral de- posits, chiefly iron and copper, as well as most of the lake's commercial traffic, from such ports as Ashland and Superior, Wisconsin; Duluth, Minnesota, most important ore port in the world. The twin Canadian ports, Port Arthur and Port William on the north shore, are together the largest grain shipping points in the world. But shipping on Lake Superior occurs only about six months of the year. 11Ibid., p. 96. 19 Historically, Superior, particularly the southern shore, was the hunting ground for Longfellow's romantic Indian hero, Hiawatha, but the fir St European believed to have seen its shining vastness was the French explorer, Etienne Brule. The first settlement on its shores is believed to have been Ashland, Wisconsin, where Father Allouez started a wilder- ness mission in 1665. A unique natural feature of Superior is Isle Royale only national park in the Great Lakes area, one of the few accessible primitive wilderness areas in the United States. 12 LAKE MICHIGAN Only one of the Great Lakes wholly within the United States, and the only one of access to which does not require locking through a man-made channel, Lake Michigan is the third largest of the lakes, 307 miles long, 118 miles wide. Its greatest depth is 923 feet, its surface 580 feet above sea level, its area 22,400 square miles. Lake Michigan is bordered on the east and north by Michigan, which it splits into two sections, upper and lower peninsulas, on the we st by Illinois and Wisconsin, on the south by Indiana. Much of the shoreline is set with bluffs, fringed by beaches often with giant dunes, which in part, account for the fact that Michigan, more than any other of the Great Lakes, is a vacation area, particularly in the northern part. Along its southern and we stern shore is a chain of cities and industrial districts, including Chicago, largest city on the Great Lakes and second largest in the United States, as well as theunique industrial complex of the Calumet district around Gary, Indiana, largest steel and iron making center in the world, using ore from the ranges along the north shore .of Lake Superior. Much of the land which borders Lake Michigan,once forest, is now among the richest agricultural regions in the country, devoted particularly to dairying and fruit growing. Lake Michigan was discovered by a French explorer, Jean Nicolet, in 1634.. Some years later, through it passed Marquette and Joliet, who, traveling from the lake to the west, discovered the Mississippi River in 1673. In the exploration and development of the lake region, Michigan was strategic, with French explorers moving down the lake from the Straits of Mackinac, and from the lake entering Wisconsin, Illinois, and Indiana, and the Mississippi Valley to the Mississippi River. Though Etienne Brule may have preceeded him, the French explorer Nicolet is thought to have been the first to see Lake Michigan. 12 Ibid., p. 126. 13 Tk:r‘l .. 1An .EeQ 30330.: 3 swim honour/sq .um was nee/Mm mnewmfiz mswcgocw 3.530 334 Sam smmmuoeo pom HoscmaO finoz .deh 3039 nor/3m 9:32 gum wcflpgocH Sam soonO mcwcgocw Gmeoez 334 .deh 0.?on Hofim waffles/H .um mcficdfiofi .325ch ~3qu one 5mm cswmnooO mopgofi Sam sswwnooO smacks“ uswom 3:3 as condense/H Sam soonO awsonfi “Son 033 um pondmsoz w #qu mwm Now moom.wm moo~.a~ mooo.~a moo~.me mooo.v mooo.m 0N» mm mm; 0:930 602 geronnmh ¢.onm mm cam ooo.~m ooe.- ome.v ooo.wa omo.e 23;... 0mm rm Sum 3pm w .wem mm: 0mm. eooo.~e coco.ow eooe.mm eoo~.oa coco.mH eoo2.o coma :m ohm.“ com conam m.w>m ppm mmo oooa.ao ooom.me ooom .mw ooowém ooo.~ owes pom comes: $600 wwv mmmJ eooo.om poo~.me eoom.am eooa.oa sooe.aa eooe.om owa.~ ooa 0mm newneasm .cmmEoQ/H $3.360 Sarcasm axed moueem counselor "ransom u-IDD Q «1.05pm cofie>ofio come/H “ooh .fimofl omeuo>< “com .85an Esefixeg 2335 a seed H.308 .Gwmem ommcfiehfl HeuoH .pcmd Emmm owmcwmhfl 36.950 .254 Enema owmcwwnfl .m.D .pcmq cwmem ommcwmhfl specmO .oommudm nous? moumum pofiCD 603.36 93.35 "mega chosen 3 neon/w Amped?“ mcwpzost $038 as osfipmmoo mo newcoq Leona a: haemoam zone: 8.: fiesta m cofim awaken. 934 Hence oO EHHWWW MHVHANA .Haewmmo NEH. ZO o, . s ..,.s- that of an escape from the ordin- ary and should express the unique-we man-nature symbiotic relationship. BIBLIOGRAPHY Public Documents Bue, Conrad D. Principal Lakes of the United States. . Geological Survey Circulas, No. 476. Washington, D. C., 1965. ‘ Michigan Department of Commerce. (Working Paper No. 1) Michi an Population 1960-1980. State Resource Planning Program, T§6Ff Michigan Historical Commission. (Bulletin No. 5) Mackinac Island, Michigan. Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co. , 1916. Michigan Historical Commi s sion . Names and Places of Interest on Mackinac Island, Michigan. Wynkoop Hallefieck and Crawford Co., 1916. - Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission. for the President. Vol. 1-27. Special Report Washington. 1 96 2 . Government Printing Office, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Statistical History of the United States from Colonial Times to the Present Time. Books Adams, Chas. C. An Ecological Survey of Isle Royal, Lake Superior. 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Eckbo, Garrett, Landscape For Living. F.W. Dodge Corporation, 19500 Faulkner, R., Ziegfeld, E., Hill, G. Art Today. Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1956. Gottmann, Jean. Megalopolis. New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1961. Greenough, Horatio, Form and Function, Remarks on Art, Design, - and Architecture. University of California Press, B ~ 3 and Los Angeles, 1958. " Hatt, Robert T. Island Life: A Study of the Land Vertebrates of the Islands of Eastern Lake Michigan. CFanhrook Institute of Science (Bulletin No. 27) Cranbrook Press, 1948. Hepburn, Andrew. Complete Guide to the Great Lakes. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubléday & Co., f964. TY Hudgins, Bert. Michigan Geographic Backgrounds in the Develop— ment of the Commonwealth. (edj) Ann Arbor: Edward? Brothers, EC” 1961. 80 Johnson, Ida Arnanda. The Michigan Fur Trade. Michigan Historical Commission. Busing: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co., State Printers, 1919. Karpinski, Louis C. Bibliography of the Printed Maps of Michigan and Great LakeFRegion. Lansing: Michigan Historical Commi—s sion,—17)§l . Kenny, John and Cronyn, Margaret. The Saga of Beaver Island. Ann Arbor: Braun 8: Brumfield, Inc., 1960. Kepes, Gyorgy (ed.), Structure in Art and in Science. George Braziller, Inc., New York, New York, T96S. Mansfield, J.B. (ed.) Histggy of the Great Lakes. Vol. 1. Chicago: J.H. BeersE Co., 1899. May, George S. (ed.) James Strang's Ancient and Modern Michilimackinac. Mackinac Island: WV. Stewart Woodfill, 1939. Pincus, Howard J. (ed.) Great Lakes Basin. American Association for the Advancement ofScience, No. 71. Washington, D.C.. Baltimore: Horn-Shafer Co., 1962. Quaife, Milo M. (ed.) Lake Michigan. Indianapolis and New York: The Bobbs—Merrill CB. Quaife, Milo M. The Kiggdon of Saint James. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1930. Russell, Nelson V. The British Regime in Michigan and the Old Northwest, 1760-1795. Northfield, Minn. {Carleton College Press,7939. Saarinen, Eliel, Search for Form. Reinhold Publishing Corp... New York, 1948. Senninger, Earl J. Jr. Atlas of Miclggan. 2d ed. revised. Flint, Mich.: Flint Geographical Press, 1964. Simonds, John 0. Landscape Architecture, The Shaping of Man's Environment. McGraw-Hill Gmpany, Inc., New York, Toronto, London, 1961. 8 '1’ Smith, Emerson R. Before The Bridge. Kiwanis Club of St. Ignace, Michigaannc” T957. Strang, Mark A. The Dialy of James J. Strang. Michigan State UniversityTress, 1961. Williams, Elizabeth W. A Child of the Sea. Beaver Island Historical Society Press, 1905i Pamphlets and Pe riodicals Dreier, Edward. Manitoulin and the North Channel. Toronto: Ontario Department of Travel and Publicity. Great Lakes Overseas Commerce. Great Lakes Commission, 1956. Great Lakes Water Levels. Water Resources Branch, 1964. Horton, W. and Georgia M. A Complete Guidebook to Michigan's Upper Peninsula. 1958. ' ' Klyce, Donald F. Mineral Industry of Michi an 1964 (Annual Statistical Summary No. 3) Publishe y Authority of the State of Michigan. Lansing: Speaker-Hines and Thomas, 1966. Mich—igan Outdoor Guide. Automobile Club of Michigan, Touring Department. Moran, Richard J., Palmer, Walter L. ”Ruffed Grouse Introductions and Population Trends on Michigan Islands'.', Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 27, No. 4, (October l963).fi The Apostle Islands. 1964 Summer Is sue of the Wisconsin Tales and T Trails, The Wisconsin Magazine. The Saint of Beaver Island. Beaver Island Historical Commission. v—vvi Special Reports Borchert, John R. and Adams, Russell B. Projected Urban Growth in the Upper Midwest 1960-1975. (Report No. 8) Upper Midwest Economic Study, 1964. Crain, Stanley A. , Buckley, Mary Ann. Isle Rgale Visitor StudL. A Report to the Governor's Interdepartmental Resources Development Committee, 1964. Fine, 1. V. Apostle Islands - Some'of the Economic Implications of the Preposed Apostle—Islands Nafional Lakeshore. Vol. III, No. 1 (WisconsinVacation-Recreation Papers). Bureau of Business Research and Service-Center for Research on Tourism, 1965. Four Reports on Lake Superior South Shore Area: Landscape Analysis Taconite and the Landscape Wisconsin's Lake Superior Shoreline Recreational Potential State Department of Resources, 1964. Gadzikowski, Gilbert R. Impact on the Economlof Michigan of Proposed Additional Diversionflof Fake Michigan after at Chicago. W.E. Upjohn Institute firTmploymentTeseafih, 9 a Michigan Natural Resources Council. Michigan's Recreation Future. 7th Annual Conference, 1962. WY ' Michigan Natural Resources Council. Technical Committee Reggrts, 1963. 7 The Michigan Economic Record. Upper Peninsula Tourism Expansion. Vol. 6, No. 7. (July-Augtfit,j964)Bureau of Business and Economic Research Graduate School of Business Administration, Michigan State University. U.S. Department of Interior, North Central Field Committee. Apostle Islands - A Proposed National Lakeshore. 1965. U.S. Department of Interior. Our Fourth Shore. Great Lakes Shoreline, Recreation Area Survey -T959. 83 U.S. Department of Interior. Remainin Shoreline Opportunities in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinmsflfidifianathio, ‘P ' Michigan, Pennsylvania, NEW York.PI959 U.S. Department of Interior. Sleeping Bear National Seashore: A Proposal. 1961 ' I I PP Whiteside, E.P., Schneider, I.F., Cook, R. L. Soils of Michigan. Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science, Bulletin No. 402, East Lansing, 1963. Theses Berry, William E. Esthetic Considerations in the Effective Use of Plant Material. Michigan State Unfiersity Comprehensive Problem Report, East Lansing: Graduate School of Urban Planning and Landscape Architecture, 1962. Stluka, Willard J. Interstate Archipelggo Study. Harvard University Terminal Project. ambridge: Graduate School of Design, Department of Landscape Architecture. 1965. Unpublished Material Kirkby, Edward. Area of Michigan Island. - listing incomplete Wonser, C. The Islands of the Beaver Grgup - No. 911. Interviews Blouch, Ralph. Chief of Game Division, Michigan Conservation Department - Lansing, Michigan, October 20, 1965. Gregg, Phillip. Islander - Beaver Island, August 20, 1965. Lafrenier, Archie - Islander - Beaver Island, August 1, 1965. Martin Charles. Retired commercial fisherman - Beaver Island, August 25, 1965. 84 McDonough, Bud. Islander - Beaver Island, August 19, 1965. Wagner, Bill. Conservation Field Officer - Beaver Island, August 11, 1965. * Visitors of Beaver - over 50 in total. "IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII