THE RELAHBN OF STATUS AND
NON-VERBAL BEHAVIGR TO THE
CWBDENATEON OF SPEAKERS TURNS

Timsts gar ”10 Degree of M. A.
EECEEGME STATE flNIY’ERSiTY
Alice Damaris DeC-amp .

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TEE REoATIOH OF STATUS AND NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOR

TO THE COORDIKATION OF SPEAK KG TURNS

By

Alice Damaris DeCamp

‘

a m'jfipz
IL LilJn

I 2'7

U 1

Submitted to
Nichigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Sociology

1974

(jCAdqcfio

ACKTOJLJDUnLDK 3

I wish to thank Dr. Thomas Connor ior the use of his

video tages and his valuable assistance in the beginning
stage of this K It. For chairing W committee in Dr.

n

Connor's a‘sence and for all or her advice anf counsel, I

would express my aujreciation to Professor sarrie Thorn—.

.-

‘3

Dr. 3 an Ka:lo~its was also very helpful on the numerous
occasions when the video to: machine was not working cor-
rectly and I wish to express my thanks to him. For the

I would thar:

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If there be any merit to this work, any wisdom or
knowledge contained in taese pages, may the Lord God be

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The Reletion of Status to

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ordinates the taking of sp aking turn .

Argyle (1969: 72) states that verbal communication is
dependent upon non-verbal signals for its coordination.
"Interactors have to take it in turns to speak and listen,
and Speech itself cannot be used to decide who shall speak
and for how long." Although personal differences of indi-
viduals as to how much they talk certainly affect verbal par—
ticipation rates, Scheflen (1972) contends that listeners have
a definite part in regulating by their actions who speaks in
a group. "It seems likely," states Argyle (1969: 230), "that
people communicate as much as the rest of the group wants and
permits them to, and that non-verbal reinforcements by the
group control the rate." Hence, in order to understand how
speaking turns are regulated and coordinated in a conversation,
attention will be focused on the non-verbal behaviors of both
speakers and listeners.

Basically, the purpose of this research is to investigate
how verbal interaction in a group is influenced by the non-
verbal behaviors that vary in frequency according to the sta—
tus of the group member. Four questions will be dealt with:
1) How do status differences relate to verbal participation?
2) Uhat non-verbal behaviors coordinate speaking turns? 5)
How often do pe sons of different status exhibit these non-
verbal behaviors that coordinate verbal participation? and
4) What happens when coordination fails and two people speak

at the same time?

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nOCcutlf TUSCJTCLQIQ in severil ciiierent iielos...

... here focusea the ir attention on the sequence of
ants t kin; 313cc during sociel interaction - at
evel bolilJ cont 1ct and JroxinitJ, facial
seion,C bodilJ posture, ~1d gestures, hand move-
mento, ind irection of gaze, the verbal and non-
verbel con tents of Speech. They looked a what
h .gwns in social encounters in nor e oet; il, and in
a more concrete way than had been atte 3.3ted before
(Lr;Vle, 1339: 3)

awn. a n\ -

Knsgp ( 3;;. 9-3; contencs t11.:t this type of approach is nec-
esserJ Leceuse ”... non-verbal cor inunice tion cannot be studied
in ifloletion l“0d the total and inse3arnble unit." Birdtlmi: ell

(1360) believes that the most productive reseerc 11 in kinesics

the Lon-verbal to the verbal comrunic: tion. ACCO‘d-

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context. Th-J also e113h3: ize that it is important b0 under-

st1ni hOI "estu-cs relate to e1ch other end in what sequence,

1

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meaning. James (1932: 417) suggests that ...
... the various factors are not of equal weight
for the d.e termination of the total expression,

nor do they contribute in the same '::ay to the
Specific m ani " put ugion the total posture. In

*0

this respect the generic meaning of the position

of the trulrk is of most importance because reflexly

it tends to determine the position of the head and

the distribution of the :eight of the body. The

position of the head is in itself significant be-

cause it indicates the line of regs rd. The arms

and especially the hands are ... indicatory ges-

tures.

Usi ing a different approach, Kendon (1972) shows how movements
relate to the sound patterns (phrases, locutions, locution
clusters) of the verbal message. Regardless of the exact
procedure, all of these researchers stress the im.J ortance of
looking for rel ationships and sequence in the communication
process.

Going back to Scheflen's (1972) definition of communica-
tion, it is evident that the study of non-verbal behavior aids
the understanding of how the social order is regulated and
maintained. Sacks (1972: 327) believes that social norms
"... are part of the communicative code which governs our per-

eptions of Speech." ..e teach children the fine details of
grammar and vocabulary yet neglect, for the most part, the non-
verbal aspects of communication. This neglect hampers effec-
tiveness in communicating, for there are many factors to which
the successful speaker must attend. As Argyle and Kendon
(1967: 56-7) suggest, the effective speaker...

... must be on the watch, then, for signs of emotional

disturbance in his acquaintance, w.hieh might signal

that he had said something that might provoke an argu-

ment. it another level he might be on the loorout for
signals tin t his acquaintance is ready for him to tall:

or for him to listen. he must nah sure his tone
of voice and choice of words, his gest ' ,
the lave1 of involvement in that he is saVing 's
appr0“ri:te for the kind of occasion :
COLUlo;i_ .

Thus, the study of the role of non-verb) l behavior in the

communication process is a complex, but needed, inves igation.
The Eel ation of Status to Verbal Zarticipation

Zroposition 1: The high st ste tus oerson ‘Jill have the
ig aes t verbal initiation ra e, the middle
status person the next hi he st rate, and
the l w status ne‘son 11s loxest verba
initiation rate.
Bales et al., (1951),1 orfleet (1948), and Ba ss (1949)

'11 found that the persons 1ith the highest initiating rates
are typically (r=. 95) rated by others in the groups as the
persons with the best ideas and ability to guide the discus-
sion. In a study where status was determined by the subject's
or subject's husband's occupation, Strodtbeck et al. «(1957
718) re or ted that in a mock jury situation ”... persons of

highsfi, in contras with lo over, status occupations have higher
participation, influence, satisfaction, and perceived compe-

ence for the ury tasj.” Because compete nce orings status,

in a task-orien‘ed group the group member who has been told he
is more co 1setent than his fellows at the ash will be accorded
high stztus and allows? to dominate the verbal participation
in tin group. Bollowing Bales' et al., (1951) findings, the
person second in competence should also be second in initiating
verbal participation. in this study, a status syste. was insos

vs . +11, .. - - -s. 4,. 14,-5--Lqp,su-‘ +.saa-'. , L, a 4f,. LF. Lflw\:
upon the group by in ehperimenter tailing he suLJacts their

The Relation of Eon-Verbal Behavior to the
Coordination of Speaking Turns

While the concept of a "speaking turn" is generally con-
sidered to be the interval of time a person speaks, Zimmerman
and Nest define the term as a bounded period of time during
which a person has the right to speak. Defining a turn as a
right to speak has at least three consequences. First, a
person's right to speak may be violated, i.e., another person
may speak out of turn (interrupt). Second, others may par-
ticipate in the speaker's turn by completing a thought for him.
A third consequence of defining a turn as a right to Speak is
that periods of silence are considered to belong to someone.

If a speaker pauses, and then continues talking, he silence
during the pause belongs to him. But if a speaker has finished,
the silence belongs to the next person who speaks. Thus, it
becomes very important to examine non—verbal behaviors that
occur during periods of silence which indicate who has the

right to speak, i.e., whose turn it is.

In a study of dialogue, Feldstein (1972) found that when
people could not see the person they were speaking to, the con-
versational time patterns were significantly altered in rather
complex wave. The reason for this change, according to Argyle
(1969: 72), 's that "... verbal utterances proper are closely
dependent on non-verbal signals, which keep the speaker and
listener attending properly to each other, sustain the smooth
alteration of speaking and listening, and add further informa-

tion to the literal message transmitted." Duncan (1972: 283)

L3

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face-to-fice iloerection." T

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4—1 “aim-L $ ”7.“ h L’ "’ )"‘1" . ‘ “K" ,M v r. 1 .3", 'V

er tnougnt to regulate sgeunin; fetterns (1r 31e gnu nenoon,

1937). 10“CW r, "r“v7e ( 959 nevus that these regul: t‘ng

LJJ"

0'}

14h,
J.

1
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are troo'“7" leerned and, hence, may vary according

C‘s

p. . r. _ r. a. p-. A ~ ~ .1 '\
to eOCiul ClgpS eni cuiture

C?“
t J
,J
523
C:
{:5
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0
CI
H
‘5
O
F.

9 them may be some-
what arbitrary. L.wever, the subjects of the rcseercii cited
this study are all white, middle-class, and Bri is1 or
Lnericcn.

T ile Fcldstein (1972) found that person's conversational
behavior is somewhut steoie, it 1 es vary according to the
believior of the ocrson with whom he inte acts. Thus, individuals

in converse “r ‘ize their be119v1ors

ct
p.
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resent study focuses on the process of

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patternine and syecb ronising to determine its rel.“ tionsliip to
the e mchengc of sneekinr turns.

a detailed enelys is of how non-verbal

v

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I»).
4
m
m

Kcndon (1967

O ‘

behavior, particulirly eye gaze, 's synchronized witn the flow

of the verbal message. He describes the usual procedure as
follows:

... A looks away when he starts to speak, probably
because he is planning and organizing the utterance
and does not want distracting input. He looks B
in the face at grammatical breaks, probably to mak-
sure B is still listening and following, and that
he is willing to let A continue talking. B will
probably nod his head and say 'uh-huh' or something
similar; at a hesitating passage or Speech errors,
A will look away, pres mably so that he can reorgan-
ize the utterance. Just before ending the utter-
ance A looks up, in order to get feedback on how B
is reacting to it - whether he agrees, thinks it is
funny, etc.

(Argyle, 1969: 149

In this study the focus is on the sequence of behavior

that occurs at certain critical junctures; the beginning of

a speaking turn, pauses or hesitations by the speaker, signals
of listeners both attending and requesting a Speaking turn,

and the ending of a speaking turn. I propose that there are
specific movements of the eyes, head, hands and arms, and body
that characterize each of these junctures in the flow of con-
versation. Not all of these may occur at any one particular

.1.

time; one behavior may substitute for the others. The particu-

Cl:

lar behavior diSplaye may be somewhat ideosyncratic i.e., one
person may use eye gaze to hold the floor and another may use
gestures. But how the Specific body part is used determines
the non-verbal message that coordinates the turn- aking.

Fronosition 2: A speaker will be indicated by one or more
of the following czes:

 

a receiving eye gas m another p rs
b receiving a nos from another person(
0) having anoth r r
toward the speaxer

r

L
A ‘ .w :1 ra .. rc-l—
d) receiving a gastu.

Ihen people come together there is the problem of who will
speak firs . At each subsequent pause the problem again aris—s.
Goffman (1963) observes that interaction often begins with a
period of eye contact which seems to signal a readiness to inter-
act. Kendon (1967: 23) agrees. "It seems that it is through
mutually held eye gaze that two people commonly establish their
Openness to one another's communication." Listeners, according
to Scheflen (1972) elicit speech by addressing another with
their bodies and eyes. Kendon (1972: 208) states that "...
positioning of the head, limb, or body can clearly serve as
an advance warning of what is to come and may be part of the
system of 'floor—appointment' signals which assist in regulat-
ing interchanges between interlocuters." Kendon (1967) also
writes that a new Sieaker is often indicated by a sustained
gaze and characteristic hand position of the former speaker.
"Likewise, Niesbrod (1965) in a study of the distribution of
visual attention in a seven person discussion group, found that
the person whom the speaker last looked at before ending was
more likely than other mezbers of the group to Speak nex , and
she concludes that looking can serve to coordinate group action
by controlling the succession of speeches." (Kendon, 1967: 56).
Bittmann and Liewellyn (1968: 83) state that a "... change in
direction of gaze appears to be a cue given by the Speaker in
addition to junctures in his speech which may elicit responses
in the listeners." Thus, the eyes, the head, and the arms all

are, at one time or another, used to signal who has the next

turn at Speaking.

\

Iroeosition 3: a person will signal that he is going to
take a speaking turn by one or more of the
following cues:

a shifting body position

b shifting he; d position

c shifting arm position
In the movement that preceded speech, the head, or
limb, or perhaps the whole body s brought to a new
position from which the movezients hat specifically
sccom any the speech are mad_e. This positioning of
the head, limb, or body, ca: clearly serve as an
advance warning of what is to come and may be part
of the system of 'floor-appointment' signals which
assist in regulating interchanges between inter-
locutors.

(Kendon, 1972: 207)

Kendon (1972) :ml 0 reports hat aJJroximrtely nine seconds
before his subject start d sneaking, he would make a shift in
his posture, often a substantial one. Such changes in body

position are also noted by Scheflen (1964) at points of Chan"

iron one o an-nic tional activit y to another. This shift often

1

I

J

s in the sf eaker leaning forward, but so: time‘ t2 shift

(
C

,J
(T)

'r w \

‘ ,2 ‘ ,. ”4., ..., 1 ‘. ‘ , .‘ -:_ .. , Al ,f‘ r‘H'Vf‘) ,- , "'~.‘_._1_,0 (ff-7r}.
is in a ldUClui oiicctlon (neiuon, 1,12 and seneiien, 1,72).

In all cases, lendon's ( 972 subject moved his head into

a characteristic "start" position either before or as he stX2 t d
“Healins This position was with the head erect and central or

cooked s renhet to the rig ht. But because his study is done on on:
'1 FOR le::an in conversation with an experimental accomp
this position may be idiosyncratic to this person and not gen-
eralizable to an American; mo ulati on.

sciclien (19 72) notes hat in an informs discussion he

speaker will bend forward and place one or both hands, or per-

! \

haps a cigarette in the space in front of him while he is

O)
K)
(D
C)

ing.1£endon (1972) als 0 found that a distinct arm position is

 

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just before

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heflen (1972

u l} O '3

terniinotion of

..L

)rw.
Cu.

CU.

,3
b.

his her
t
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V ' '1 1:]
“0 All 3 {LC nu.

ifting his body

3 raising
looking

13:37. 3.“
V—un' ‘.‘o.

"I

'v‘;

..
(In.
xJ-..J.

33) reports th1t

end of an utterance

ntinues to

(:3 . f‘“’\ r\ .1 rfi
L;

U1 J. {.9 ..L. (..-

to .n

1

.LJ.

states thet L en

El

 deleyed reegonse,

another

/
likely to 33y next, tian with ;;ei;tin3 in the tr1no2 scion
.

f details C”thlq _n3 vaat 13 bein; eeii." Dittnunn (1362)
claims thut egtr-neou; movements of feet, hands, en& the body
are 151 ciated vith hssi etion gereee. Zeceuee meeting the
eye oi‘ rrrtvr" “iV'e the oth‘: tLC'lUJZT* to egeag, eye con:-

act is evoiuec ly loxe'in3 the hand the eyes. K1inteini1‘13
herd and arm movements Seems to eymbolize stop: n3 time until
the egegker is ready to 011; e3ein. Tnue, there should be
a relction be een verbal 'floox ~uoiuin"- signals 1nd non—
verbal ones, alt ou3h as nentioz d 3w? cviouoly, one person m3v
hold the floor by ,N’V'tirii.O id another by lowerin3 his eyes.
ironoaition ;: l ejeaker will ei3-el the comyletion of his

33,3;in3 turn by one or more of the followin3

to the

,3eor1
and 3rn 3
position

3.39e1lzer looks up at or

ally ourin3 tne

I!

therea ter.

turn to the one

q

looking u; coes not

I
J

or no ree33ionee, 71; of the

5C) rejort s that "... at the enl of a
lker "enerally chan3ce his head and eye positi01.
Lies 1 postural ehif ." Duncan (1972) re“”“'

a 1-1V gesture or the relaxing of e tensed

-,

hand gosition to be ways by which a Useiier yields nis turn.
Thus, beiore e sgeeg—r finishes telninj, he 5ives i5nsls to
se is comoletin5 his turn. This advanced si5nL4 Ll-
lihg contribu‘es to a smooth exchnn5e of Sp skin5 turns with-
out lcn5ht v delays.

Rot only do soecific non-verbal behaviors coondinste
ss.e enin , certain behaviors chersoteri 3e listenin5 as well.
Kielson (1364 , izline (196 3), Ewe don (1367), and M nber5r
end Celero (1271) all write thet 3 son looks at others more
vldL he is listenin5 then when he is sgeehin 5. Accordi15 to
Ar5y le and Dean (1956), the etio of lookin5 while listening
to lookin5 while tN king; is 2.5 or 3:1. In addition, lis tene i
exhibit lon5er ycriods of gssin5 than do svesgers, with tie
latter onl y loocin5 occasionally and for a short time. Althou5h
listeners look at the s1m sker, Scheflen (1072) states that it

I

is i5jro er for then to stere into the sgesner's eyes. Iroper

n J— ,- - ,q 1.. .u.-. ° ‘ r. .1 m - -, n1 . 1. .4-
lis te ners ulb quietly, nod, coon their HCwuo, and mane encit
-‘ A r > 1 r‘I‘ f f‘ 1" v3 WNI r“ a. N '1’ O ‘O‘hv 0
comments uhen tne sgeenei oeuses (snoyle, 1So9, Goiinsn, 1971,
r f“ ‘ "‘ _f‘ ‘ n f") -\ ’- “\ J- , w“ I'\ fl -' r'x - 5 . r- .L . -
en Scheilen, 197;). "In ruggort, tne skewucr dnd listener

will often 'svnchroni ze' i.e., they will sit in the seine postuse
and more synchronous 1y." (Scheflen, 19 2: 53).

.l.

BUD listene:s are not el':"s attentive and certain si5nsls
are thou5ht to indicate a person's desire to sgesk. " eisbrod
concluded that to look at someone while he is speakin5 is to

oe included by him in discussion and that

‘ ’x \ . vv " h ’ f _r'| v" ‘ ’ ' r‘1_ ' V A) - rs rx “\ .
to receive loois be - iron tne egeener is see: as a s1

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desire to sse L. About SC} of the ceirCidsntsl vocsl szd

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re rem DOLHQ cud

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0:: keep 135:: i; a hesjfix: nt condition” 23’ ostensi ile‘
feilin5 to read a COL rs si5n thrt res be 3n toilteliJ
siven nix, one driv e3 can force another driver to iall
back or acccgt s 'ehichen' challen5e. By 'sgtc '
3 eve o; s driver, another 081 5esture 3 request
is: engiwle to out nto 3 line Ol cers from s s d
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,4-

1'1”” ‘\ Ix.‘ f\ - . ... . P - “1 J-Tw /‘ a c1 . ~
_...~.'.e 3. 3.91.3011 0.1,. u be. V IL) Lv-O Luie 'uOO3kilflC uiOll
"i Turns

 

- - 15 . r . - - r ‘Q < ‘ o: wA . -- r-
: Tne :3_'s stitus 3*?”3 01 tiJJ_'331in,
i c l

;3tion 1“e

.‘x H Pu ’3
v. LL A.) L

receive the most signals of communica-
tion coordination.

Kahrabian (1972: 14) regards status as "... a major
deters iner of soci 1 interaction patterns among humans." In
an earlier work, Nd Trebian (1971: 32) writes that

Generally, lie cation to incre see or decrease immediacy
by initiating or terminating a conversation is left

to the person of high status. It is not surprising
that when we are addressed by someone of high status,
we tend to be attentive and resnonsive; failure to do
so would be a sign of disres:)ect. On the other hand,
when a lower status person initiates a conversation,
the high status one is not require d by custom or his
own necessities to be overly responsive or to have eye
contact with him. He can cuite legitimately even turn
to one side and seem to be listeninr \ithout showing
much reaction to what he hears.

The status a person holds in a group defines what behaviors
he can and cannot display. is Goffman (1961: 99) states...

... when an individLLa 1 makes an appearance in a given

position, he will be the person that the position

allows and obliges him to be and will continue to be

this nerson during role enactment. The performer

will attemjt to make the expressions that occur con-

sistent with the identity imputed to him; he will

feel compelled to control and police the expressions

that occur.
Thus, a person considered to be of high status will be allowed
and expected to display certain ty cos of behavior, while these

lower st: tus will as exeecte d to disel'y different and

complementary tij>es of behavior. Both Scheflen (1972) ans

Henley (1973) suggest that non-verbal behavior serves to main-

ain and foster o u —r in th e social system. Therefore, a per-
son assiined to a high status position will play the role of a

high status asrson and those given a low status position will

.b

:lay their cem57e5ent ry role.

17

 

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iroMJ—ition p-: LAG “iga o it e ,ejeon mili “eee iie tee
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‘7‘ ‘ ~I "u +\ j . A " "4 ,W _v r ‘ 1 rW J<- v ,.- 1 - ’a“ '- u. 1
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.-. .1 ‘ 1 ' «1‘ .4” 4— ° - mt— - 4-” - - ~0- - -~ r."—
ino ie Aiwi Ltitue 4 ere n a oitea UHG most ireguent eye “or

(ierle, 1359). HALEZquP (1971: 5) writes that "... in o
eonvereetion groui, the person m at freQLently eidreooed di-
reetlf and 10 .re' at by the sgeekers is elmoo Gettainly the
boot liked, mxet admired, or most resweetedi 1ember. ’ Ueiebrod
(1365) "“ourr‘7 thet ”... iiiiViouMio moo were 100308 at mos ...
in the ”“0“; saw themselves and Jere s een by other groug me:-
more gonerful in the group than those who were

1 .
x m . :“v N _r~. -. -| r-‘a
U V b.‘ , SQLJ D v ....A'ltj

" I“ ,. »~~ .-.-,.-..,- n .3 'I‘ J n: . , -.- 91, w
looieo it 14Lu" (ithle gnu Lenoon, 1,o7. 74). 1e iebien

Argyie eni Dean (195 ) cor Clud hat eeople e.,eer to be looked

(W J‘ 17" I". . r‘c ., W, w h ‘3‘ ' 'LIA _ ! 1 .... ,P‘ ‘ - .

9b o~eoooe ALJ g e DAG e't Ji;ed or velueo. toe MOut. nfllle
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Uhe aQOVB LbUdleu UpCd Liiieient uCilllolOJS oi stetue, toej

,- o . . .1— 4—1- a , 4—” 1 ' ...” n .1. ., , ° .
Lil otooort tug con ention th t toe niQn otith jero on kill be
401

.1 l‘ — r‘ r». (x -L- fl ‘ V " on 1" \ fl
LOOaJu Lb more e mi otuer grouo Inembere.

Closely “elztee to eye ease is he ad orient tion. Eehrabiun

‘ \ p w-« 3 ”N r‘ ‘ 1“ v' ‘ .‘W (W J— ' I\ ~ \ N J— r“ \ 'rv fi~a W ‘ *0
(1571/ iouno teet oe oeot liLe:1no MOub reoyee eted members oi
r ('Q‘r ‘;W r‘ (‘v .I A 1“! (w 4); 1. h a r r1 (a a ‘ -: - w .—1
; bgou; er eloo tJC OLGQ moot oiten a oreeoe- eirvetlf, altnougg

V v“ u- . q -14- 1.. 4— r‘ : i“‘_fl ‘ ’L' r‘ J-W (V ~‘-\ ‘ v ‘ ’4' ~_-‘. . . . v v . ‘- ."
knee list:ninU b0 e fliog So Udu Jerson, Jail; rdlulfl~

1~ A r‘ :1. "1 Jr W“, .w "" ‘1' ‘ A ‘1 W "l“ ' u" “~‘ :“ L (W ’ ' :I *1 . -‘ .“
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...A

C)

U.)
0 O
\J'I
O\
V
. l‘
O
O
C)
(D
(D
*1
H
D

accordine to Kehrabian and Iillians (196

ee as well as a less

0)

a so to r-ilect likin5 toward the addres

subordinate quality of the communica tor."

O
O
:3
H)
P.
Q
(U
:5
d
O
H

1e hi5h status person will use eye gaze,
ead orientation, nods, or gestures to
esi5n nate the next Speaker.

Starin5 is seen as one way of establishing and showin5
dominance in a relationship (Eirenberg and Calero, 1971 and
Ar5yle, 1969). It may also be a si5nal that another has the
ri5ht to speak (Scheflen, 1972 and Ueisbord, 1965). Thus, in
a 5roup, members look to the hi5h status person and he signals
who will Speak nex . His signallin5 may be done with the eyes,
head, or hands. Baxter, Uintensand Hammer (1968) found that
persons who consider themselves adept at the verbal task dis—
play more gestures away from the body than do persons who con-

siler themselves less adept. These away from the body gestures
may also serve to indicate the next Spea l:er as mentioned above.

1

Competence at the task is the ba is of the status ranking in

O)

the present study.

(22
to

The hi5} s atus person will exhibit more
"floor-holdin5” si5nals such as "ah" "um"
etc., lowered head position, 5aze avoid-
ance, and maintained gestures than lower
status persons.

froposition 6

The ability to hold the floor during a pause is part of

the hi 5h status person's role of coordinating speakin5 turns.

p

Ie-rabian's findin5s (1968) that high status persons look less
1

and han5 their heads more, plus, Baxter, fiinters, and Hammer's

(1968) discovery th. 9t they 5csture more, could all be a function

of the hi5h status person displayin5 more "floor—holdin5" si5nalt.

J— ,“ 0' (3

LI 1.;.'... w

sinul

-‘- 1'17 . ~ m
43:. k.) .‘fl 3 Lls.) 2’13

UGO-tic}

OLE.)

iinatin5 9orbal coxr“nicauion, ,nd
to 1ft: st fixn: s3"rt-3m. Efluit dire 01133
defined meclanisx for determirin5 3
experience tells us hat speech is
resale of lac; of coordinati 09.1 s
two or more ;cople talkin5 at the s
+7”“OU“ speech 'ill be investi5a ed

c ‘
' ‘;"A.’3 ‘
1.x .‘VvCl;

1011

not

""‘r‘c...li "‘

(f! I“ (39.1 .
L.) L. L

A.

..
1 I 14'9"."
., likw‘j

-q qu
40114. L1.) ,

('V
A.)

coord

V . ~- .1 . 1‘ I

31.133.33.118 01 F EGO"

_- .1. 3 .- m - , ,. p

JI 3 b.1413. ...]...LL.‘ OJ. 8
J- 'V A .- ~ .1 ‘v(' ‘-
b0 QQtsEJinG the may"

inated.

in

riich their occurrence relates to non— e roal cues coordinat-n5
s aech and to the status sys on.
Zinn3ruan and -e3t's definition Ol a S3c:k n5 turn as a
r 5ht to spa“; geans that .ntn simultaneous speech occurs
at least one of the pa3tic ci3311ts has violated someonc's :i5ht.
They earner"tc three tyw9- 5 simultaneous speech. First,
there may be tin s “hen th9re is no de3i5natcb speaier an“ two
.. , " '1 ‘ , ,.' J- . ..- —‘— .1. . ‘7‘ - " ., . ... .--
no n-s .3ai3r) oeoin b0 spend at once. second, a SwC; er may
a}:cxr to end his Wu ;1 (com l etc a sentsnce) but when a19_othc r
person 3 arts to 3133:, the first 3,3a33r atinucs. This s
calico ”3i; lo over an” by the auth rs. Lastly, a person may
i1terrupt a 353;:cr at a point that could not be consiicred to
be ifl13 czdl of :L'thbt;;qt. TIM: tear; "i3rter:mg3tio:fl'.is ..lfllicd
only to the lgst type. 0: Jncs three tyres, the f rat lies
outsil3 3h« re :1 o; 3x3l;n tion of the propositions in the
prcs3n 13y. Tc'373r, the second and thiri ty3cs are
rclr: V"nt n; will be c3nsiearcl.

I", I“.

 

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C)
i_ln
C

C

H4 r‘oL-~. ~1 J-: V" y .‘ .... . Aflfi\ 1" z 0 5‘ _
Den.) ULCL-:.].p.U..—l 'J..I _'J.‘.L’lC’~'l'l.’ , 19—: 1‘." l j 0 3‘0 "1+ '):-"3 ' 3““ LL19":

Loicjlcn (1972) use: t rcfcr to acts of turning or lookirj
tray from onc g‘tcm tin; to gain a s;.-;1-; turn. Referring
ooc: to -ro;ocition 4, i1 udfiiticn to n;iitui-i1; QC"turcs

and lowering cycc gr: hcafl, the use 0- "'t J "u” J “to. arw
also conciocrci floor- :olding dcv;ccs which coulc be vi11:tcd
oy . Jfro: cctivc cycxhcr. Towcvcr, DUfiCTfl (19 2: 22c st:t c
that ”... the display of an attfimQt-chQrcccing Signal scscr-

. f“ - . a“ - ‘. rx 4‘ r‘. ‘1 '1‘“ f “ 7 2- 7 . J- 4
ti. 1y c]o.arrimni Vic garlitordzg code 30' to TL-JBJ.lS bUln,
1“ 9" ‘rlv'j. l" " (V "q 'l ’ “ " . - . N 0‘ V‘ '1‘ I J- ’ . F‘
r“.WLuldpu or too non*3r of vic.oir« cues concooit2.t-y d u‘

-,'-. rxv ' 1 1 m1 ‘ :" V - ‘1 J“ r (‘V - 1 f‘ 1 01~ /1 '- q u
.7cjou.’ LQUJ filLUloJLQOUQ socecn buoul not occur wcrj

.{T' J—‘\. w-.., r."— - j . 1- h 7" “A 1 1 . ' :“‘ C‘ . "-“ 'F‘, fi'y'n'fl "'
oitc n then bub caco-cr oisQ ~m. iloor—nolcinQ c; 3113. airbor-

kkd L)

-‘

_‘ ' A v ‘ . fl ' ~ '~-» '. a ..-. _ r‘-
to cnc ”cot say tflqt tjlemlly 1r ticcs 01 Si i->lc overlrg tnc

.— - Vb-

original S cczcr rc

 

. — (q . . ‘ 'fi '11 fix 4-. v- r\-- r‘- ’ i v v..‘ J—--'4 - ~ ~ 4—
:c ”I it-LL“ _: .mc .10; :;t 1,-3 m'acooi- nil] loot-1 .itC"n, u
\- ..: J. '. p .L' — 4.1 .. ..
Ln; co-st intwrrugtion HO‘G tnan 10aer
nun-...!” m ... -.
bu U‘u croons.

’- ~. -‘ V‘ ~'- r:- w 1" ~-. 2 ‘7 R J 4- “V .L‘, . '1 Vv‘y‘ - t . ~~- .1 J- 7- fi"\ ‘3
;-cmcrm-1 coo ”CSU'u tciro tJQc o SlJULbUnGOUS cheCu —
- 4-“ ~ a . - '- ,— v- ‘V 4‘ - l‘ o . ‘ V F“- .
leCTE ation - LG‘fib DO be ccl.tc to tre ct-tus cystcn. rucir

-— I‘ ‘ ‘ r- r ‘ ‘1 -' O I '1...‘ “L- A r'V \ 1" -- 7‘ . (NI, 4- 1‘ J- ‘1 r-‘ I a, 3
raccorco cacao trot L lco coo otl or 11153 St.uuc persons are

..A—

- ,‘ ‘-'\ . ("I . '0 ‘ v“ 1" f“ rfifi' J - r N r‘ 1 -~‘ .
cocrictcrictic o. -cm-1c. .no other low stotuc yersons. Al-
." 'v‘ fir“ A . ‘fl ‘1 . (“"' 4" 2— . P1 ‘ . (w- . r\ , * _nr TV‘ 1 ‘
tnoubh tucll iluflb to sgczl- lu oeino Violotcd, -chles ~‘o lot

yrotcst the iqtcnrintioy Venlc5r (1937) also consiflcrc d in

'\

ruptin‘ c .l”fi“' o; dominance cni yielcin: to interrugtion tho

..4

corrccgonding Sign of o'ub:iooion. She contcnuc (197;: 1c)

-‘« r‘ 0~1r2 r3* 1" '0) A 1‘ 1: . vv . 4- a 1 J- 2 “x 1‘ n~ '3 3-. -4
toot "... Mu :crioio c-n JO c rdm'llJ izltcirugvt Obhbru hni d0 8
a}. r‘ "I . -v ‘5 ('1 . [-1 J- “p V . '~ (*4 5 vv 4-? a." ‘ 1 ‘\ ' ‘ r‘, 'L

Gao112 lCLJJJU intc‘ 1 ith tlfflho Qy ot;lcro, TLIJIINADOldngmCS.”

f)

rl‘his idea is sugjorted by -iunccu'“ (1973 ) set tement that

sugeriors often ignore subordinates

rs

ther factors affectin; who dominates during times 0
sinuitsnetus sgeeeh are stated in the lite r: :'ture. In all-
Insle 5roups, Duncan (1973) found tliat the person who had been
f:ine previously has the advant115e and usually resists
atterg wt to be i;terrup ed. Seheflen's (13 72 ) em3l sis on

whom listeners attend to suv ests that when simultaneous

ejeech recurs, the Speaks attended to by listeners will be
-ost likely to be victorious. Eye 532e, according to
Birdw.his tell (19 60) j, ah s priority over other non-verbal
cues in ineriean culture and could conceivably be more impor-
tant than status or fore 1er control in determinihg who gets

he "floor.” However, if the high status person is looked at
the most, there should be a correlation between the number of
times the person receiving eye geze "wins out" in simultaneous
Speech. Th ere ore I predict that the higher status person
(according to the verbal initiating ranking ) \ill gain control

of the "floor" at times of simultaneous Q eech. This ability

is another expression of his dominance.
Summary

In order to understand the process of communication it
is “08 scry to attend to not only the sucken word but also
non-verbal behavior thich occurs durin5 syeech. Eye 502e,

nead orientation, h::nd movements, a1 id posture are all s 5-

43
one

(D
F‘)

O

C]

sted in literature to function in different aspect

C“?

“— /
"j"-11 ‘1']. n r} t1. 0*} '.'\ '1'||r\ C‘“) n (‘J T'F] '1.-.“ if“, I I} ‘. fi“
CO--..U-D‘L$1._ v’-. .. .L- _.. .1. d \J 5. u g .1 ._ U1- |_‘ -:_J‘-‘.J‘-'LJ_

V
'- n r3 C1

“see movements

:Wu lotion in

’3 (‘1 .1-“ n
KI k) _- qUuS O—L.

“I‘-
})'L:

.1. - . 1 mm
turns. in

4171163
coordination of

sons invol ved

‘ focus is on how

‘1 \ l' 1 " .
:J _3‘: 8 ch“. 1.11:

'1 1 _
3.180 118.8 811

effe ct on the cor“un1clt on proces s n1d the coore inetion 01
wcw11n: turns.
The lite*1ture and proyositiens discussed ereviously
can be 23:: sed in four generalizations. First, verbal

perticigetion is directly relited to the status “enizin" in a
groug. Second, non-verbal signals or cues occurring at certain
Juncturcs in e conversation serve to coorc inate Speaking turns.
In other ”ores, there are sgecifie bel1evio~s that the stacker

disuleys at particular places in his utterances that in1icate
the b“”lflnii" and enc. ng of sweech emu who should spear next.
The tl'lird genera isttion 00:10 lLGS elements of the 1irst two.

It is thet tee high st tus person vill display spcei ic be-

h "iors gzrtly because of his 1Mi jn verbs particigation and
yertly beests of his position. The behaviors rnieh he exhibits

r“ r‘ «a . ‘ ~ . v'~rN-L r, L11 . (*1
th t uie 1nvest1oiue. 1n uulu

a
.- n'.‘ P,
filkl («.3.
J.

r1“/\f

L) tL.;J.1.). 300-]

A

" y , the

stucy are

(.3
v

thos e which coercinet

m1

ulteneous

C

. 1 .
sgeecn is

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grouo than ioeo the oLcerver eoiin; method. ”Very useful
333% can te Cone by tiling audio-, Video-, or interaction
"‘Hiot”“‘i <3: fldtuvfii1 “quxxnc:x_ oi igitei“ ctitni, £111 \fiu.n
oubiecting then to detwiici 't tistic l duwlvoio.” (lrgylc,
(133?: 22}. 2; reviewing the teges a Lumber of tinle, it is

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my. ,4- ._ m x * . t ' g ., - ,.,‘? , L1 r. 4-1. .1“ 'fl 4.,1‘. , .
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“ice. £,Viao tho c fluids Leo ind t1e action I: 3 t o eiiierenc

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’Y"

Jet not insoooiole, to 1ether or not recigrocel eye
contact is fiade. The loss of the defith diriension makes it
hard ht tiqce to Cecide exactly whet c gerson is doing
ineeic 317. In the t; es, the subjects are visible from
shout the ”9iet u; so moveme its 0i
corded, and hands are sometimes not visible. also, while two
of the worsens c_e viewed iron the erLt, the third 18 seen
only from the eiee, so it is not a: easy b0 judge his move';ne nte,
wetticule“ly eye “gee. But, I ieel the tCQOs are still a

.-.- L)

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Vufllu cougce oi cite iox tie JroJocitioae DC US tested, uni

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person's body movements relate to his speech patterns.
Birdwhistell (1960) goes into great detail in his attempt

to show that kenesic behavior is as complex as Speech and
closely related thereto. The present analysis does not

use as detailed a coding system as Kendon's or Birdwhistell's
because it does not seem necessary for testina the proposi-

tions posed.
Coding System

Verbal Behavior

 

.1

The status manipulation attempted in each group was de-
scribed previously. FrOposition 1 tests whether or not that
manipulation was effective in establishing a status order in

1

each group. Veroal participation was measured by counting
the number of times each person initiated a turn. This meas-
ure was used by Horfleet (1948), Bass (1949), Bales et al.,

(1951), and Strodtbeck et al., (1957). Interjections such

(I)
U)

"uh-huh," "yeah," and "um" are not counted because they do not

seem to constitute a speaking turn.

Jon-Verbal Behavior

 

Different researchers use different systems of coding non-
verbal behavior. Birdwhistell (1970) has an elaborate symbol
system to record minute movements of even eyebrows and fingers.
Kendon (1972) classifies movements according to a modification

of the Enerican College of Surgeons' descriptions of joint

C!)

function. Relaxation was Nehrabian's (196 ) focus of attention

so he uses a coding system that rated posture, hand, and arm

po itions according to the degree of relzzxetion exhibited.
The coding of the present analysis incorporated some of
Nehrabian's categories and ideas but modified his system

to better fit the propositions and data of this study.

Lye Yovement: The propositions dealing with eye ge ze
are concerned with who looks at whom and for how long. They
also include sta eme nts about when persons do not look at
another. Therefore, I recorded eye gaze for each group
member according to the following system:

- Subject looks at group member f1
- Subject looks at group member #2
- Subject looks at group member #3

Subject looks down (at naier or floor)

- Subject looks up (at ceiling or over the heads
of others)

- Suoject looks away from the discussion area

p.» 9 (_w m |—‘
I

The last two categories were not originally included but were
added because in testing the coding on a tape of a group not
used in the analysis these behaviors occurred. This addition
was necessary to make the coding system all- inclus ive of eye

1
I

read foverents: .caiabiln used a coding system which

(V . ’D ‘ f I f‘ 1“ l‘ 1 "-" . . l‘\ ‘ ‘ . 1 1’ '1 A . [:3 . ' '1’
classifies a LCQ‘ position as raised or lowered according b0
.1, .- ' ‘ .n. 4.“. ‘ 1,. _ ,u w J 1 .. 3 ' 4., T .
whether it is ten degrees a00ve or *eloa the norizontzl. Low-

nis system on the test g.roup tape, I was

unsure what Kenr ioialn did with a cocked head position. There-
fore, I includer a "side-tilt" category. Also, exact measure-
f angle was not possible with the tapes

used s whether a head position w.: s raised, hori isontal, or

' 1 ~ 4" . ‘ raj _rj ‘1 . *nr‘w ~ 1 r‘ ' rV ' ’2' 7: (1 rr 5 ' 7 1 1 «- n r~
lOwereu is an lDl.tJ ry oeCision. noes me e included as a

gq

separate ca egory and are score d once per

. r11 .,
ment. The Iea'

I.
(Ll

ha

propositions de wit

‘I
L

up-and-down move-

1 orientation toward

persons so ‘0' tions are numbered accordin, to whom a head
position is directed. T e resulting coding system for head
position is as foll ws:

H - norisont J (En if head is oriented toward member n)

('l

Side tilt

 

6‘9) report that

¢ - Lowered head position (below the horizontal)
1? — Raised head position (above the horizontal
H - Hod (In if nod is directed toward member n
Body Tesition: Eehrabian and }riar (19

the mos reliable index of relaxation is the

ward and sideways ean of a subject's trunk.
not seem feasible for me to

of lean as they

ject's trunk deviates from th vertical.

the following sy

V - Vertical body position
F - Iorxard lean

S - S1 ideways lea

B - R “nerds lean

A position was scored each time

whether or not the novement ended with the

in a new ~osition because in reviewing the

group, I found that the person often ended

position in which he started a movement.
Hand and firm FovementS° Hand and arm

 

ficult to code because of their variety of

I began usins Kehrabian's System of coding

and arms for openness. But, these ca

priate for tlm propositions tested.

movement occurs

tegories

amount of back-

flhile it did

measure the e :act number of degrees
did, I do record the amount of time each sub—
Thus, in this research

stem of coding is used for body position:

regs rdles s of

pers on's body being

tape of the test
in the same postural
movements are dif-

motion and meaning.

fi‘FA

hands for re eAction

proved inappro-

For them, arm movements

do not seem to carry a meaning senarate from that of the
hands so the two parts of the body will be considered to-
eether. The propositions and supporting literature were

0
reviewed and all the ways oi des cribing hand and arm move-
ments were listed. The belav iors on this list were then
classified according to hehrabian's (1972) concepts of
esticulations, self-manipulation, and obiect-“aI'nul tion.
gory of self-naninul tion was divided into movements
of the hand to the head and movements of the hand to any
other part of the body, because it is my feeling that the
two convey different feelings and ideas. I also decided to

arm separately because there were ‘.nany ocees ions

0
O
c
(D
(D
a 1
0
HJ
H
< J

no

not be litted into the ss~*ne category.

H

when both 13L s cou
There was also a nee d for a fourth category to record the
absence of movement. This category was labeled "relaxation”
and will be described below. The test group tape was again
reviewed with the sound off and all unique hand and arm move-
ments list ed. Items on this list were successfully coded

Heco din; to the revisions. The revised system, the one used

to code hand and arm p'os itions, is as follows:

G — Gesture: Iovement of hand and arm away from the
the body. Includes side- to-s ide, up
and down, forwari an nd be oh, and posi-
tions maintained in mid—sir.

Exarples: Hand tosses, shrugs, cir-
cu-Il ar motions

Gn : Gesture directed at group member n;

pointing
Self—manipulation: Yovement of arm end hand in
contact with another f the body,
either directly or media by an
instrument.
H - L.nd-to-nead: Iovements of the hand to the head.
Lnagple: Biting nails

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RJLULTS

The Relation of Status to Verbal la rticipa

person will have
ghest verbzal initiation rcv te, the
s stus ,erson the next highe st, and
low status Ierson the lowest verbal
tiation rate.

The highes t st1tus
h:

 

The data in Ta le 1 do not

verb1l initiation rates

imposed upon the group.

P‘
WQQ

-1nipul tion unsuccessful in these two

Group 1, the high and middle status pers

equal initiation rate while in Group

2
9

(L) h d the highest initiation rate while the high
status persons are second and third respectively.
both rroup s will be referred to as "sta tus seeke rs"

L)

In other words, the atter
groups.
the low ste

.tus person

m1
4.118

tion

the
middle
the
ini-

supjort the proposition th1t

(VIR) vary directly with the status

Lpted

In

ons H and K) have

and middle

fls in

because

they initiate more turns than fiwis ex1ected of persons of their

UTEBTL} 1: RTHLUTICHT Of‘llfi"“’"

TO V33

1L IEITIATION RA

41.1. L.) .11)
ITumber of Speaking Turns Initiated
T’n1‘1ul'-*tc'd

P *“ ““ Group 1 Group 2
sit: t is Rani-ring + *

Tunber Tercent Number Iercen
lTit)-1 wit: LJCUS 49 33/3 37 311-]:
111070 Status 49 38p 31 QSfl
Iow status :1 24% 41 3:“

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to be 1 more accurate interpretation of the

of the body in t‘11e communication Irocess.

3 least one 0“ the origin1l floor-holding signels occurs
91$ 0? the time 1 subiect sauscs. If one includes looking
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rWe Feletion of Status to the Coordination

 

_o F‘.'- ,fi,‘ ... m
0. Lgelninb lurns
”N -. - r. o ' - I M‘\ 1- . r4- 1 I ~ - v e v
io'orition Cl: ine n Go Ltitue _ erfon will reeeiwe
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4.1-, . 1.:— ‘1 ".H ,1 4- n- .. L . 1
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orientation. In both groups the "status seekers" er sec-
0nd in gereent of looks receivei. In Group 1, the "status
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in Creme 2, he ($1) is first. In Group 2 the diffeienees
Cnlr one n01 is give n inuiee ting a sneaker and a "status
0 eker” receives it. Because no see ures are recor ed that
indicate the next speaker, th.: t C? Ltegory is not included in
Table 6.

Congarin; data from Table 6 and Table 1 reoults in Teole

P11 - - 1 4-1 4" 4-‘1,\ ' r". , . ‘r'w 1 w 11 p O
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TrO‘osition GB: The high status person will use eye gaze,
heed orient? tion, nods, or gestures to
lCSignete the next speaker.

I"

Results in Tsole o shom inconsistency between the two
groups.
In Group 1, H 5;:ve helf of the head orientations, almost

h: lf of the looks, and the only n'J. L #1 e the next most

ignels and I, the "status seeker" the least.

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\ \ .
a. )W J ,4 )d ...
0 ice or rte we AMV H
D 2.34 s. 2.94 1% A: A _
C ‘w (L C ‘.‘\r\ ’3 ID V4
\\/\.l \ \I' \\/h I] J “
fi- r. \n.),. U A: . W x .
\ (\{xN‘ —\ W~..r.\m “(MC \.\ \\ .UC “CV kt

Hmpoe adouw aspoe rsOsc adpoe ,3043

4. a 2 Jo ..\ ‘ J—I . «x 3
go \\ r 90 xx : trap s... _
4 > H 4.1 4 3
COrrHL , 42p} 4.5
. 4 i :31 -1 J 4 .- 4.- 4
sc>flo udom aQOHpcpso Ho 6 c; scbfle mxoow n.Ho@:cL edeac
3,- 33.117)“- 11.4 i. 41.5 _..ic..4.1 7 .31....qu .13 .4., .4 “31.1.14 7 ..J4 4411.). 4 1 o 3 «4.4.33-4.
re..'Hf!f.,¥7\rl_ . ’fr KWLI.C \ 11"]. . ’I(_H.. (LI-MIL} 1 H' ..rl..v DrL r.r( VIOLIWLLMIM.‘ Purl—Ir FL, HQ drl. r .F[ {\HLH O .‘x r. LI? . E

CI‘OUQ

2 ere

spective

.r~_‘ 0_ "x ' (“V
(_Jl Gui; L.)

V6? 33:]

1‘1"?)

l

by...

- '1 ...,
1‘
’1 i ..LL.)

0

94.,”
4. tax,

I

~1 0-1-

groups

3.1;" 110,

‘7qu *7 43-. on If"

.4,

Referring

about the

n
~- fin?
It

_.. WHOR'C‘J u

'3"

LI..~

*1
“

Tfib

OCC

P/‘x-fi-L

35.113 O u

021

{J‘LJU L)»

le S

urs

"V

fo‘

_L/V

g
f"

LJJJ.

Ol‘

C?)

\“ 'J-fl
well bu

1‘ . 4’) v6 " ~ '5'. r 4‘ 1...? "p ‘1 ‘J—r
a eiilerent guttern. “810 the "stutus

4—‘.~ ~ “'43 ‘4 .. “r? ' '57 -
DAG bersen Hlufl the lewest VIn, i.e., ,; in

“in

I

.u..

~Cl r-g-L—
k/

I

I ‘

Group 2, are in the middle for their re—

and do about en equal jurC entsge of their

c) 0

m‘W

ine high stet‘s person will exhibit riore
floor-holdin~ signals such es "eh," "um,
etc, gaze avoidance, lo .ered head position,
and maintained gestuir s hen lower status

”\CV‘C'
-"v_.. 0 .I.‘.

.L

ac? to Table A the Es use 'Uloor-iolding sig-

1" 1 . 4'...“ J- w' ’1 1 1 rw N r " V
The or sii.ntl~ less than the "status seehcrs”

‘ ' 1, l‘ 7‘ , - .’ wv.J-~ 4*. P -‘ 4- T 1—)3-1 w—T .~ . -1o
grougs tne LCJDBfS “luh biU loxesu VIhs eudlDlu
('1 .‘j ’A ‘ v V . M A r‘ ...fi 3 -‘ m r‘, m1 ‘1'-
.Jui?Vergr :fe. - s1.:i 10 x en.'th .cy?<io ih~ se. lflLU/

~ 4- 1‘ t4w-«q 55/31 r~~Tr~~ 1nr~r -° m n11 m'~~
rcei‘l U 0.1. _‘_‘Jh_:‘/ kl'...4kd.;‘l K)...’ A. pv ls LL‘JUK-L *0;— C4"-.. plu-

1“."

".
JL11._ \J‘J .

_.‘_‘ A 1
5.11-4111 L1 .4418 On e- .2 k. _.."UCCII

r11- .4 4-. -. ,- 4 ..... . 9 i W . 4
_ne cisjle overlie tyne or s ult MO‘L

geecn occurs because one or both s CRISIS

OI” .x-L, R J-q A ~ Q \~'«,. 1--r- ~5-
VlOl-AA3'u¢O burs-t.mnnn,l “Cg. “:fl‘ihl one

J.‘ _L‘~,

- _‘_.‘1 — . vv- ~A re v_ .'\~-r.’-
OJ: 0“) U..L 0.2. 41-0 _LO-1__'_O'.l._Ll.LQ hype.) Q:

l‘ 4“, -' — - -1— v-. rs ‘ " u: . I ~- 4- .
a) the current sreu .er 'is,l.ds em,le blOfl
° ...- ‘9 J—‘« - - J»- ' ’ r.
SlwflClS thfl eo;1irues eyewlin (see

(+9
:—4-
C)

H‘

.4
\ “I
\.

.ro,osi

x \ J“ 3 1-‘1 awn (V '1 W. ' -‘ 3K1 3'". 11 1- .1 :7 1. r“

[J] U¢1L .L;F\J 'll U-l‘_—‘L;"r:—\v‘ r i(—).Ll Org/K 4—-LOOA. -1LO——VL‘—$‘\-)
. ' a ,4'1 -.., .. ., ‘ \ I.“ 4:.
cicluis (see iIOJOoithd a, oi the
current sfe: :er.

+

- -N A 1
2:"? “mt the overlaid 4‘"j‘:e o; s1:::ult-..«?1eois s :eecn.

.. “_,_ .‘-~-‘ ’ _ - ~ 01" ’1 - 7,"
'?‘q'"\"‘- LC Cf \CTI‘-..L:7‘ \leyCS CO“ "_Cthfl Sl-‘yl‘wl-Co in «1‘

.Allv 3- ... 4“ \ . 0 I . \Ir..‘nUIII ...Il .. II. ; I. ’1'; .I
.1a5m also .2: nonwo5.foo 5509 so; H fi..u r we 5mm5 . ape

r r I T 5Q. a .r o
. . I. .1 .II ., \v I I .1 .u ._I . .... \d a!. . - I I
«I. ...: «I 4. J x... ...«24. Or 3 55.1 JD)...“ )3.) . .1 1.\_3 )1... 3 4 )J...1 ...).).).,.._.HJ: JIJI «15.5.. 44)]... 11...)». a) ) 511 ) . 1 o.
.. .. , . 5 u. . . .. I .r. 4 . . r . “.L. . . ._ .
.u k» I P "I 9‘ ...rOIfiI H30 (C! {I rlT (.WI /\ .. vr . C r”; 5' .r r.. l4: ' nu IrIuI -l C» (I f f 1-: or .-.. r. .\ . [\IC VP of .. f 4 |.rr .\r o :7 II of r,
-\\\. -xII x)“ . .\ \J \.I5 5 )WJ....15 44
...4. 3. _\ PU ,._4 .._1 x .. , ... .4...
\.LI..H \ T \I.([ C s-.(\ t v ~14Ct LC .(xc \. ... PI II.
-545- 25.: 3 .
. ax I I
f 4y I . WIKFIU

...)...\ _x xx???

(I

~11 -4 \ ~II. \. x - I . II I
_ . ) . Am. 3. A. w. r . . x 5
\ I (5 K s (C C \IILL \ ‘ C {\. ax -\ /r\ if
x \ .u I u x .
I“ A\ .
‘ .. sL - \1 ‘. \I \~
41) w). \I‘IIJ.. .)
(If? ..H. fr... H.C s/H.
' v .
.... .. I .1.) I I I .. CI. -- .5. .1: 3 3 I-.. 5 5.... I i I
d:5.sodr.5 _ssw 5 .smhflo sc . m.a5 ssa-scr: e as:
r r . Pk r ulv l . FL. I I r a In 0 r 4k
‘1 -1...
le \: .\‘IIID(4 .5} I...) 3) .‘I. ul..\I.41 J: .. 2.14 )u\u .. _ J. \JIi ‘/ 4 ,I.I )III.I .) \J. 04.4... ...4 . N. ..\.. ..I.I4.I I1\U\. VPIQ Q Q 5.;3 \I..
(I. ..r .. I ..erlwl.i.lwlr. .r. I\ (I I {\okCWl. va. F». IFHAVOJI rm... (PW/k flnm 0Ple r I'CrK r. III/\J F.1(‘l . (k with: (SIN: 11%..
{)‘1".l0...1 \I. \I‘IC.“ 4 ‘I . I1. )\J ‘4 I In! \I \I; ..l .1 )4I0'1I4I I I11! \I l .| II) II). t \ I l‘v)
.. . _ .35 Q)... ... 5.). )35 3.. f)... _ 55...... 5 3. 3).. ... .35. 9 L... 1,. . ..
a» , r. or}? L1-.- PIHI. H... . .t ..l, r “Irx. IT.. \fll. 1.3 ldu « 71‘ ,I. ..IWE +v\ I. (x I.‘ le k. r Trxx r . _r m. rIt (I O .foi r. 3". O .K “PFfl n , Ilkl' r ”#Ofva
‘1 .1. ’14Il.1-.\. 4|“ Ju‘WoIJIfijl.‘ ..J. ._.I. ‘.1v\....|\ ,IIJIVWIANI. \. . \1 7.1I1Jdrl
0 .. ,.

/ vrrL- CL LBWF . . LIrw. LrC r}-.. .. rxiv....r. IIIr.v.\.W.

I F?

’ l
I l

of the orerls3s at least one comgletion si3nel occurs. In

r 5 1 . -£‘ 00 ~ .1 A" f" ‘ \ F.1—rs at“. '— a
scout hall oi tne overlwgs the slewier quC at least one

.. L)
floor-h ldin3 s'3nal. Thus, overlsn appears to be related
to 1 co lStCLt :i3nsllin3 t” the syeonci sl hou3h the
"intru or’ also 2001; to i3nore e iloor—qoldin3 si3n‘l about

I.“ - w W V‘ v '1 r‘ w I - 1‘ v“ P. t- (j " I .0 4—11!
egesners nflO nre over - ed re31in the r turn 73p oi the
4- . v'A r1‘l" , . r. ‘. J- ,-\ < -j'- - “h J-fi'.’ - . ~c . h 'V 1 -"
Ulfle. lne hiQher Sum us gerson oi the :sir ’anb the iloor

U

r—..( A ~ ~ - n 'V ‘0
onlv 533 l tne time. However, di33 )1 mgin3 iloor—noluing

.3

Ci hi3h s tetus do not 3uer ntee the u
min his turn when overlspsed. H in Group 2
h status always wives at le sst one floor—hold sin 3 sig—

nal, only once 3im . a completion si3nel, yet H loses his

turn two out of the three times he is ovcrlenoed.

l
_L .L

lrogosition 8: The Iii 3h ste person \.'ill both interrupt
ind resist intirruption more than lower

C
.L J. ('V -, V " ‘
status persons.

 

The iindin3s in Table 10 on int mrruytion shon inc01sist-
ency between the two grougs. In 3rou3) 1, H does interrupt
the most but resists interruption sli3htly less then H. In

Groug 2, H thCMVUUo‘ far less than L (the status seeker) and

.L.
b

b
(D
[...]
(D
{J
(7
(_.l.
O

rcs'sts ‘nterruptions
There is a problem in scoring resistance to interruption.

Twice in each 3roup when a person is interru ted neither sneaker

t4

quits until they finish their sentences. ”1 nus, there are four

C)

J - - °n° 2-. n1 - .0. .‘ (1
times where no leCision lo muse a~ to "WHO wins."

.Qoamflomd om wok cheap Deflrm I w
. II I l ‘-
morJH00¢ o. I o
.Moo 4 o: nda:3 \. .oza 9.39 1. 5 3. .5 4o :1 \.
HQ- C(3P n1!» (rte-pl flk .->I.vL ...r+ F\ 0:: PF: (sifrf “- 1w: ..

1:

Hmdocfi,pfi .HHa mSHSp Hamfl4 wofluflsflm 1.03 moaxm I a

\ 1 \\

5.0.0 J. Am. . 23 k\ ;\J >. 3 3 -33 ..4
\I\ C C “1(\ RE mlrko Ark? C r.\ ..cmzflkf

1-3 )4 \ 1\3 I N x i ;

.u» 3<c rv icm _w Err u ow nr k

C‘,
\O
k.)
C)
v.

W\
l"\

L.

C)
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LO
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(q-
.7.
A
01
V
i c
(\l

. $1,. «\U3 3 «a? W 4...... AWV «L.
‘V ML WV MCCC OCF \xfl—x O..t CO v... r...
I 1 D N, \D_ p C ). -u \

..LV. .5 U, r C m (0* \ V10 ..:.C V Avrv Q...

r-
\

c.
c;
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C)
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g . _ E a r

- - n. :3 a if r > T.
(\ “JC 34 T \x\1\ IH \-.4 V 9n. (I. /C .r».
« ‘ -... fix I x..\ R.
.. 4 : 3 ... x r
., 4
3.. . . 49P444. .AMHMJL \ 3 4H 4 W1). 3 4.1 ......J J:5-.1J..)LJI_14. 1.).) . - 11.1....
+(. “H ”ft. (x .1th .... H.41HfJffvlTHw Cr in “u 4: l. r pHnHwU 4.H._Ir (in Hl-1,:.rr.\l.\lr 4 PurLI n. . +_I 1H9? .....1. 4-HH4. up:
) - a. flu Flv . . u ..
fig.41nJ.;H¢\J\./JJ«. «14) clfidu 4H4... I144; -41 3311))...4 «Ix/.1441 .\.J...))9r. .
rraL .1er .-Crrrx erIur...(E :.r\-ng. Fr..- 0.xr..om1~ur.xu.y\n|n.r r.\.F....fE r-..rv|1r 1w... ..L
4.
))4a£|1-v1. II )_\J.. .1 14.. )1....«|l|4 J.- I) 4.11 ..1 W1 1|)..\1._r1 .\..J\..\I..17.l
ulx. ...K r6» MI E C O ax. .....x. fV(.~.anr$.r a Fx. r. r _'ul (5 WC flux. _.....r w. E C O 4H“! flu or... .1 “#1.! .w . ..l I): .r r (_ r! C.
j. u/ 1.44 41‘. I..1\.1 \14......1. fili 1-de41411 .1. .1 .\..J \J..I_fi1l4l..1.a \., C \J 3....I\\41JOI¢1
....er .. fnh, . LVFJ! r ..rlf _nr[_fL.__vh I.r, .EFIH r C ' .vKYI. .FWVLFVLVKHFU I ”fur r ff pkL

, IA.
I

,.‘.IT,,-1r)")w‘f
NJ 4-4U n".4—Ld

The resu_ts fio not =how a direct relati
the maxigulwted status rwnfir* xnu the ve3b3l
r3tes in the grouts.

Lon-v; rb21l cues iziuicr: ting the next 83 3k

often in the groups end then t th-y

heai moveTentc. ‘hifting of positions of body

occur fr 1uently as a c,euhvr be gins his turn.
sign3ls are used extensively by members of the
they 10*“e. Completion siggnW1 are recorded for
the turns com3leteu.

for the uro wo ition tM t

S I Oblll’u.

r4 e the most cues to s>e3

v

ve

(4)
FJ o

C

-.—

-<

0;: tweez

or do not occur

-.—

are Eye or

part do

Floor-holding

\Yr

VIA

gromés 1en

15‘

only hell

1")

O

the hifh sta-

f
K.)

beta on mho

'ivcs the rest turn-taking Sigim.ls are inconsistent. High
status persons do not use m re floor—1M1 i si;_els he
”s tus ”n.1ei" iersone with the loxect verbal initiation
rates ieuce the le3"t and exhibit the fewest floor-hol ding
eig;1-:zls .

Overlous are u: elly relfteu to the giving of apletion
sign3l s by the soLHHEr However, he us uelly regains his turn.

T.he teniency to interrupt ejopeers to be releted to verbal
initiation r; te, a -thoug the tenfiency is slight. The inter—
ruyter usu3lly sucee cs in getting the "floor."

The use of 3 33311 non-random SCHQle of groups with
so is: members (three) requires thet ell conclusions be
consiCereC te 1muou at best. lhe results presem1u C previ-
ously c n be co 1siCer37 3s eviCenee for or against the

tr go: it ions enunerste‘ but there is too little evidence

W A _’_1 ..- -1 ‘l o o . _'_‘ ,
Jr use urouositions grove

+

CC) co: siC

ihe Eelstion of Status to Verbel Tertieigation

4.11

neroei “ltlwthJS rates Co not v13 ry secorCing to tn

T

.~v‘~‘ ’V '1‘. P‘J—rfi 4' W ~ 4‘ ~' .-, r‘ 1-- x .- 4—" 'q ,— / .‘
in oseC CC UUL riniisu. in Crouy 1, bots h 3nd 1

' 1
I

fl QV e C'Il

~ . n ~\ W." _p a- '3‘ v . . .1 . ~ -/I -'- .. . 3‘
e1CCl nunoer oi tuins, nhlie in Gioug 2, n in 1iti1tes tLe mos

tisris.

~ n 4- 3~. ~ 1 n. ‘ r - . TT 1 .‘3‘

1 consent on UJOQB 1 n.y serve to exslein thy n QO‘u
-1 J- ‘A ('1' r " . '~‘, \ 3 -_ T?‘ "fl 4"?“ r ‘ - - w — 3 p . \ 1 ,’ . J- 1 Q . ..V . f"
flOb n-1e 1 LquV: In CCCn L. Groag 1 llfliSfl‘S le oiscuss

E}

.L.

m, . - J- 't J- ‘t " r‘v V“ rx 1 3 ~— 4-‘ "a 3' A ‘3 ~' — VA ~-.-z-.
... v“. 3. l CCI‘J C C _'_Oilo 1.1...LI.C DJ CDC broufi I.-C'..lDCJ_"S ‘~.‘.- CI‘C COLL- u'
f“ (‘1‘/£ —L—‘-‘/ w r I v-A -1—- . ' 5-:- ‘1‘ ' . J‘ . 1 “" N‘ -‘— m‘~_
ch use they seen Co inCi c e at entios 3nC sxsyort. inere-

—" "\ -t"u. -’ ..- r~ ‘5 W. ‘3‘ ~ ‘ ‘- q r J -" ' - - 7-5 0 ‘ q 1
iore, they are _sre _nnel; Co cowe iron CiCC

- r‘ » c - ”.3 7‘ ~fi~ “ 1‘1 . «‘1 .‘1 L .w -‘.—“ f“ r r. T ' ‘r‘ ~ ~ " '. 1 1 f 1 r .“ 'w - ‘ r -
gore us tn-n iron Ci 1 su-tu. ones. in area) , n Cons LLHC

- ..L. -. .1. - ' 1:017 M1 Minn” -991- h 1 r .
‘0 r. fi A 'r\~ \_ ‘1‘? ‘l '77 - .. V - a. q -f\ (-
1101.» u -...Ll CV; J V C b-0111" J, - .C Cl, -1 04'.-.“ d 1.-.“--C C2 v-14. LA.- .1-C u” o

3.”, -.--£‘— 1- 2—1-7- .1 —. n 11-.\~\'1 4.1. AW '
3.2-- belore the till‘uy 1.11:-utes re us 31C Lee-IRAS bile re _.ini

*3 O].1 -'_O‘.'.-" L'C;..CC‘LS

t

‘37‘

~4 -'P\ vv _'- - .fi. ~ ‘ rq‘ .~ .~ an VA Nr\ -,- 7\ ..
1;;romi13 uld iive minatesj in iniornel CLCC er. Curino

317:7. Z, L ;;;¢M, : QIu;t :115anxgo int;:“\/c tions thz11'I_e
.. Q U

oth-rs; H makeo the leoct. Qittu in end Lie e1 yn ( C-CC)

1.1114; ‘1 {111... 4U. l..." \:~.i C) VAZJQ: 1 I‘V’O 0-2: 1...; L43 91.3.) x) L) ...:O t 0:11;; din? —- 3; CK;

Lie: Lrt :1- 1":3;;;t 1 “cucou LJ the interjecter to be

Luclu c; ig JLL u1$ctoo7on. I; 1, in Grouo 1, I ecce go

7 ‘ — 1 ,. . . ~ .1- . .1. .. .1 " - ,, - ., _1--._ - _. -
_‘\t . ,~ ‘ 11;! r , ‘ f‘ (‘0 3 ,1. " . “ 5. ‘ fi‘fi
-- 3.) _.\.) u‘ 3..) U.-.UV.~ 9.11». («O ‘3.) 1.3 LI bus/bx. .4..LJ.L)_. LilUIl 4...]. 39-1.1. L~iqu1:/;)l\/1L

. -“ A 7‘ 4- r- r~ r- \ ‘-~ ‘. r.-
1o cor.unuu7 -cc111

-. ‘., .1 ° ‘ " ... ‘1-.- n ’ J. .. ,- \, H . .1- v - q 7- 7, ‘1'!
40 [A4 11c11nuw1. c-111o ( ,,o7: T£M31ure 1;, L 3n; u;@t ‘M1u-Atu;
'\ j ,va' " V r, ,- r‘ v ~’- ' 4- .“i-ql 1 7 L14- r‘ M '~ 4- .47 . —L‘ "" I\ .

1H1 Jco 31$ no reu11j in; be agreement m1t; kflut 18

O
|>-v)

$313 a: much a: they 1:510 etc att ention to the tig1n
_L

a 4-7. \ - v . ‘. r‘ 7 1. .1- " . 7 , . _.‘.L.‘! -
40 ot1cr'o LJCCCA. oucn Leems b0 00 tne cuse m1tn u 1n

fl..— '7 7‘. .rt -.-}, '1 .,..,,-,: _,--1-1 ._.7-,_t t1 4.1,...” n,
7J:: (1‘11) L. , 1-50 1L.) 41L) 1 («7.1.1 --- f C.Q..'...EIJ’J .LIl. Ll L);1 .4..le .318 O U;.}.C__‘L) 3.)-1.dr

« ‘ -~~ 1 \ 1 ‘ «a ~' P. r. . 1 r. "3‘ _‘fl . . ‘ ‘ t ‘-’

;e LdCfl so no 13 cuccuruuloo thel to 11n1sn so ne con ta1-.

‘2 1 fw 'r ‘- , f1 I “r. \ —!- 7‘ - A) t - 4') -.»‘ ,. J—~) s t1 4—1 -' ~' n ‘ a 1' ~ \ . .'w
-1. , o no. a .;o c7 r: e 01 ogeecn urea no OuflBfS one ceeno
J— ...,- .1.- —. A~~~‘, cl— . ~_A\ - ‘1' r Q <_’~ 4-1‘ #1. 1 #4 t -v-

to get -ugot1e1t occuuoe it t LLS the otgcro so 10rd 3 31¢

v v" 7-3 1 -’- \ -L- J-‘,‘ mr‘s 5! . -‘ ~ 1 I ,1 ' J-rx -L . . “'— . N i n ‘
”go ace: not ”cce V 1e L1u1gu1ute» ot.uus ranh1nu. IA uroug
n , , r - J- W :7: “1-4. 2-... n .1 . ‘1 .L‘: . 4.- '. .1—

1, u 1;*c1:o b0 3. 11w191u0 1or tutu“ inc, tuuo, u‘1oo U0

“Q ‘« -: I“! «.mwv .- \w - - ‘1‘ ‘A I .' ,- .1. ~ _ 4 0 o ’ 94,;— I 1“
Get L1o 31; 1o c-er; c131ce AC «Cbs. In Groug ., 1t 1: 1 V10

[,1 J-

'th K for control. Throughout the GCb

this study, these inl11viuuelo will be referred to no "status

—

,~ 4 ‘v—fi - ,'- >6 — J-‘ wp 1‘. ~- J— J-h w . V "'4- ~ w ' 1 w- 4‘ w . .a‘ A
cc31e71" 10“ View oxen b0 be bfflflu to grore t OJ ceoervc h1ugcr

status thgn phat they were ascribed. These status otruggleo

c r:‘:_;}11°_c::tz3 the relationship between (‘13:th and. non—verbol 0011:..V
iar inc make it yore fiifficult to draw conclusions fr 3 the

,1 , 4—,.

It must be “C“CMCC CC th1t fiOtle norm111y CCLCPXWQC

4.1 m .4... J— .17 r. 4—1", 1-.. .~ —.— u, .r‘ . r“ ,1 ', p.
C1" CC1Cus 01 C1oCCCr Cy 1Mx~1 e r 01 caeC 111 not Jdot

d
'1 -'-\ --~ 7 A :1 r‘ . . J—- r\ (a v1~ r vq : 1 . nu - ‘vr- w - _.-.‘ '1.‘ {-1
315303 C 1b111Cj 1 1 1C1. ”H118 tnese broups u~ne mCte1o;
‘ '1‘ fi’ l N r‘ — N V r I‘ ~ ' ‘1 '1
C” Co C91, age, r1oe $00111 e11CC, 111 regorteu verb11 gro—

m: .— - . 40A _ . :7 m .- ‘ —
ECHQLtv, oCuer 11etorC 01 Ct1tus do ,fiCo1r. Lor @113 16, L

. - F‘ -n ‘ 'v- 1’ "\ s‘, {j .7 -: — 1 1 '0 “I“ ’ ..." ”\-

11 CCOuQ 1 CCU 11ve Coca 00: 31C ere 1 low $11+CC DJ ULS otCCn

rw v- wn q 1 n ‘ . (‘4 7" "a r~“ 1“ V‘ :\ n- -‘ 1" f\"l (*1

b1 13 CemoerC beea 01 11C C001 021111: 111 111C1 vo1ec

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11C1e1u 01 Cue M¢11 u11th C 7 uC 1111115. Cven 11 Cue broup
q , C ,7. 1“ r\~‘ -l- 1 j g' f fl ‘\ 1". 1 :41’ r 1 . . ‘Lwr ’\ $‘n h “7' 1 I'-. '\ "‘- "‘
11C UGJH Co1C no 111 1161 dOlllbd, be 113 nCve, L01C+1 1oCC,
('11

Q' I" < 1 U ‘fifi ~-\ -. a (N PW ‘0 —1 (x ~ ya 1 2" \
uCen 101 111 oceCuCe 01 11088 111ition11 V1r1Cole. $19

a .3. -f" ’— ‘~‘ "\ c r ) VA -\ r: '-‘. "f T J— . r1 o _‘_. “tn -7" " . H. r :‘ ‘ .

/~-C CnoC ~1Ce Coowe to Che C111Crenee 1n 8 @GCZ'l 1.tC C 1n

KN “(‘5 ‘8‘ n f3 a". 1" I 'nc'\ . ‘ 1 J- A —,-'<‘u . a. . ,.. J—Ta 4—, n1_—‘~ ‘—
CCOLC C eou1C 1130 :o 1 11ctor 11 CeCC111nCCQ C18 Cugtus 111-

romp. 0bViOU31Y, status is 1 ve“v

— n7. '1 . 1 n -.- ' ) m C 1. _L r -
V1: 131o to contr01 111 m111gmu11t CC*3CCCCC1C1113.
m1” 7‘ ‘ \,T - ... L. C. _ .L .L.‘
11; 1ILL1 ion 01 lknv—TCCDC1 3&1? v10: b0 {11:
"1 7. m -1. 7.. -r . -. 'n..-
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‘:w1C'tion 2

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‘ A'9 ‘11 v r‘.‘ Q. ~-—\ h""‘ C A 1 hi - J- A
no DCCOCC, 111J CCCC11ng t r-C Cre 10C reClly

A .,._.L...'
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r\ V .v\ - —\ -L ”.1 ~ Pg 0 l‘ . -_L" ‘ 'v' 'L 1 Q? r ‘ ‘\ ‘ ‘~ ‘ T A I . . (‘I -n It
CC1C1CCCC but CrC 1nCcrr13CCu or Overld;30u, CC 1t 1C o1tCn
‘1". t’ "1 ‘1'" 1-“ r '1 V r 1 rs 1' . (N . - .s‘ 4—1 q - v_— .‘—.,— r“- -
C10 CCCe C11t no C11 1C 1re b11VCn i: C1e1t1nO C19 ne1t C;C11cr.
T A _.. .v «“4. --~ -<~ . q -. w. r'\ r. w 3‘ h v ‘ . I . v . M .5 al— 1 (w
35:; OCCCn 1 gerCon CCC11C 11C10ut reee1v1n- 1 cue Co Co Co

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. C.-lDCI'S O1

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~ ,-~| f; c c- -. ~ _’- v ‘ rw L" r. ~ .5. ~ ‘1 A J— 1" - -‘ q r--\
101 uJJOflQ. 1t 113 o1tCn the 01Ce th1C 111 Lere

-!-.".~. (-.‘——‘/' - - ‘ ‘ rlfi‘fi .r) .1 ‘ 1. 7‘ F? .1 vflv-y‘ r“ J- -L‘,] I“ : - 7 . ,-«'\‘-'-1-,~,r‘u r1H1‘_C T" J- ‘N. r v-r‘
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CC“H 1 poa—v*“011 Ci;111 if one 1:1; given. 1130, the CuRjCetC
(lo 110%: $3111; ier (31;;1111; Cult "jLUT:! irfl’ zi;C:: 1210;“ hgfiie Cgorn:tlxi:¢;
to C13. 13121 3131 11 CflfiigjiVCH, th;g*;gx; glmost 113131; frog
1): “re“:J;:" C C:KCI. JC"LCrC of 11; '33: C 7011 1 C11 at

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m‘ '1 .L" "I n 71 - 1 I u L
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uuuy A: “;cy 'vsn v-“J 03 uo .10 :90 ‘rrfid ”'t ”L” ZOthLO
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LJUJ :1 JICCb A SitiOu A AC DCanS A tU”n. Ame LAAAACAAtJ
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LA ActugmAnan UAA A3“ BOQAulun 0A bJC J,'s f‘ODAULJ A 39

_.A 4~ ,~. I . -_ — _’i J—‘- t- . ~ v r“ i f ‘r -L-"'. . w r\'-1— A _. q —L‘- w u." 4-: , . ...
yuAAon Aor uAclr 10A SCOA‘ : AA AA L C b35023 AlunoaQA oAclr
~"‘ ~ L‘ "‘ - ("\ ‘ ,2 Ar\ r r " Q ' - " ,~ ‘ ‘ .

.csbaxes AAA Aylu—io-AAAA “0"“103uA CAn be seen.

”I. I. r .- "4 -“ "\ L v~. , - ‘ I r ‘ 1 - w 1 . "G 1‘. r - ‘ " f“: “‘ .A‘ j
A AAVA ALAUu; uLAt non—JC'A 0A1 Ll ngld occur berre A Vecn

k.) .‘-

be°i*s. Iknmhml (1)72) writpz fflAJt'tllis hift occuxm'acfinwmxi-

.L

I I 1

."’\ ~. - F‘ V d " .“ fl " fl "“ . r‘ ‘1 ‘f‘ u 1 5 PI! J— V -‘ '
mAtcly nAnA gucoqAL DOA01e g C~CA begins out th; bid“ ~Ber CA

(J

C; G to

1

I
H4
t.)

. J— . J41 r" (‘1, 4 L~~ rfi a- ~ -.. 'U 7-] . j . -’-— . s- rV . «L- -:
1” not VA: CAAC An buc groudg stuuleu. At plde An A

1 _,_ ..-.., 13 4-: . -. - , A cw- ‘
charming yflbbflbr v-6 nOA- roAl or cue JGIO‘l CAJO Airst.

(_4

‘ .’V --‘ "s '! _-" u . ,' '\ (1 _fi '-r 1~ ~v 'a
A fiOVCA”fltd as 31 “A13 AOJC” Enil

.LI" a._ ‘ . -—-\ A i V . C *- J—r -—‘/ ‘nr- (“\~ t 1 I u-L-. ~' I r‘
ogunzrs CL; a MC3C{OTJL‘.lntCH1ulOD.IA) sfieiu- OLA me a :33ollh18u.

\,l

"‘7 ("f1 . J34.” .7 . w" rCr rn r 17 A P1

iet, on11co do occur kltu . at re u1eritj end are cloeely
1. iernape en1ftinc and move—
V'I‘ ~. r‘ ’1 1 'fi?’ "9 -~ . A r‘ 1 " " '-‘~‘? “f. ‘ " ' ("‘
went 31c pets 01 ,ettinv otnere' attic ntion - miJS o: 5ctt1n~

J-“~ 11/ 3'. 'v q q p -‘—‘. r4 w 7r- A
one otner genoeis 01 on broug to 1001 et you.

.1.

a ‘5 .1. .1- '5 . - - 1 -
'eft1rv oflflt knob 13 ermed a "cause" 13 not

H
(+-
(f)
‘4.
L5
d-
p-

0 -.~ , 5 J ~ P‘- 'I _‘5‘ _J‘ ’ ‘ r ‘ r“ w _. ._ ..O J . ‘ N
re3lly a tlJC xne n nothinu n255ene. cone jge oi iloor-holdino
-v ' ('4. fl r1 q ‘ ,T (5 '1 ’51 fl 1 F‘ a ‘ q 1 . 4—,
Llpflmlp occuie dui inb dimoot all o: no Deuces recor1ed 1n oPC
4— 1 x r, m
U .\I k) .

rec is the most common wcy of "holding
the floor.” urpri sin 15, both lowered eyes and lowercC head

1‘ 1"} r‘\ r\ ‘1'". no r‘- -L-: ’1 . ‘ (“ f1..." fl‘ 1 1-“ v,-1,\ ' 1 r\
code ”‘1; cite; on the odio 0 "1“” end "Ru" nJlCfl ere common

in moot Jfiericen egeecn. The subjects are even more cgt to
gesture r use object or self-:11i5u ml tion t1 c;n they were to
use ”in."

no can be seen in Table 4, individuals dry in the degree

1 v‘-‘| I ‘-x J- 4‘! rx)7v '! n o i r1- 1\ q I".- o'. . - 4—1. s s -0 1 r‘
to LulCu busy uee iloor—holdi :1; c15ndle end in uncir greieience

01 sifnrlo For exnmgle, 53 in Groug 1 is tLe only person wno

(D

r'! . -, 1, I'\ 1 v I :1" -.KA ~-" - ~, -
c~tures t1.1 lonecc e5e oz . ireierence seems to

C31

( I

‘H -n —" -(\ -V I“ .1 .‘ 4"- . J. '1 '0
iconl also Very greetiy in o eir So51e 01

C)
(I)
F.)-
(‘1
im
0
C)

K:
5.
5.)
0
if;
5;
1,4
0
O

r-V ‘ ~13 o M '1 . ~~r\ ;\ - c-v‘ . r .1 r‘ -9 1 . A ‘r‘ 1 ' M
geotniinb. cigarettes are efiec1aliy ueeiui 1n lloor-noloinb.
~' "1 r‘ (N. “0"“ r- \ ‘ ‘ . '5‘, IN . 5* ‘
“llOCkin; tne :unes 011 cdn be a very iflu ec<1ve did tine con-
. «wr- . - '4 *1 ‘W . r31 r-x" . ‘, A. r ‘1 “1'. -‘ . r“ 'V, , \ . ‘ J- rx .1
SULlflQ 51roceee. ”1e11n5 n e115” is aloo a convenient spell.

nu "’\ (a . _ r " 15'1 * 1 '. ’1 + I - Q . (w 3‘. r‘
1 giusc s 31o :n occasion encn tne lieueners o1c313v

ch; wr cteristic movements If the listener hes been looking

r‘rf

,,
ct the cgoeher, it is roooojy th1t he will lo 0: coma during:

3 Lance. This 3133 “toiggnce me; “o 1 may of iniicatin; that
h“ ioC" not 331* 1 turn, but will unit for the speaker to
finish, ,r it coul1 cLow 1 desire not to store ot the stealer
3 ring 111 c oerrgcnin“ ijguoe. 3'th looking no end looki113
down soon to be functional to the turn- gkifig process.

s r 4 . m . '~~ -~ I“ -~ ~ 4- w 1' ‘53.? "*4- ‘ " .-\ “/1 ‘fl "‘ ‘3
corrJAJUion alxfilnlp o0 ruit occur we: cite n.. -tnxt oi tut

. r "\“ . I‘ —L" J‘ “ W. I" ."\"‘ ~‘ V “H “h ‘ . ~ r ‘ v'\ J— \ (1. H n - r J-"~‘ .
330011.411 1...; LI...'.-:?.LJ bought/‘33:, are OitGI’I ll’l CL‘l'LlL) otu 08; EC U-..C:)T

.---—\ 4— J—‘fi A . K- .L, ('1 -.‘w— . Vl’j A r‘ J-1~ - 1' --f‘ A- -.L-~-~
C' Aéfilc QC ULLU 1:. S v41 UC:-CE) 1.) . ...) ‘./ Cn ‘vvil'dl’l (... UJL‘B 65$qu 0; C3 ELI]. lelce ’
T m ‘ m. J-ImJ— M ., .. ...,“ . t . ~ 1* '1. , .n.
1 con; e unit SOmC oxenn so here no roe.1 J iin one(?. Lien -e
-‘ —)~—-L— r-V ~ ~ r\“'/‘ 1 b" (“'- i1 _.. ru ANN—‘fi‘ A) ‘6 .‘.[1h(‘ 1-» (‘1 W _..) "1'63" -~4 A1 (‘ 1‘ .1‘W
;:_L‘,-_L/ u.‘ICe.._._<.fl b33304. .Ln c1; Cut/1.4.1-9 OJ. Cumin; c1. Urugxc'gi 0;.“iiu Llu
~1r~ 14-3 wwnr‘t" 1' ‘t b '1 "i' ' ”To" “bah . 1 '1‘ n n . '~. 3‘1
.L‘ 1/. Lil-’ __-_I at.» v...‘. V... I0 L 4-..,1 Lu nbd lel \4.~LCC, ”11:41.1 yonlCOi’lC (rive
-.~\ LI”. .1 1" ‘ '4‘ n1" ”h . ’~ t "\ r"-1r ‘I Ct I v t1 . J—js
other Ln.) tr; _--ii 3. ine iirs s_._,vc.-.1.er coco no say any 111.113, so we

incident is not scored as on overlay.

There i“ anecdotal ougjort for the imgortance of cor: oletion
*ifnels. On one occasion in Group 1, the s>e1Ler does not give
etion oi3nol until a few seconds after he finislec

. . . - ,'~a *fi 4"“. . I" r l‘ '1",\ "4-‘ " ‘\ r.1'— “ -‘ V J— r‘v- . ‘ J— .
ofivc.in3. in U110 choc, tne ncut ooe.ncr uoeo not DUUln until

Lfifi“ J‘.‘ e-‘fif‘t V‘c—xr‘)1 q'n-‘fl ‘qf'f'fl ‘15-] 0“"f‘l'v1 1‘:.~ a“‘n.'} "‘ (W .J-. "
U.i-\;z 4.1.... k.) L.) v 1,..‘..'\J_x. .L.-.4.k.) J- 5.4-..‘514 C \J. ALLQ :..L~;.;.K ~1'Ox_.'l Ulog'l.

...-L- . r“ . ‘ J. h (N -L o A N - J- L: (x . ‘ ~ -1\ f‘ , ‘~ 1“ ~—
lb i lflb’rspulho to note .nnt in Grouo 1 .ne ireqncnc
'0 1 . r‘ A l m' ~ . ~,-‘~ - --.1 .’ HL- . ~ ~4fl . A_ N H . -L-1 'Y 0‘- . -—'-‘ J—‘ ,x‘
oi LiUniiiinu contietion oi 3 Mi n v: :rice cire ctir Lion tae

. J" ’ - I‘ ‘ "' '.' “‘ ,‘-' T.’ H r) \ . ‘ 'v‘ '1‘ I ‘," J‘ - “ . . fl : 1 K /s 1 x ‘\ 1 ‘ ’
status fiQQLLXLo A («4/ is MOSU &:U to raise nis fidmu one 1001

, < 4-! ’ -' h. ‘ rx "' I‘ J—‘~ 1 . N: t-tr J- V - - q ‘1 -A ‘r ,, - -L“~

at anotnor. oer; 1o, me one niLn 3 guns lJereoii, no his tne
, .1. " -. 1- -m, . ., - '-..x-. -1- - a- . , -, 1 ° .
n.ct b0 iooe, so he lu tie Loot intent u,on menin3 o‘re 11;

u‘

“w - - :,. . N n. . . ,..,.1 r“.‘ .. A ", . _ .1.
coiuunicwtion Lu beclVed un1 undo rstool. LflUu, Le io no b0

‘ “\‘w'c"‘ .6 M" _,n,_\,.\"" |"‘ _ '. (w »‘ (a I w‘ 1 ‘JL;{.-\ . ‘fi ... I.” J. 3-... ‘h ‘1‘“ —. '--‘ +.. "
0—1111. .. .l- .LDLLLJ-VC... A»; .1“; 00-1 ( \-|.) 41-1.LJ b11134. .- vi. 1 “mi‘u uCJQ,

r‘f‘

I ..1

he 18 tne most concerned filth abiding by
conversotion ind, hence, most careful to

(W

r1;
.LJ.

:1

the norms

O
Siggidl

of informel

his

intentions

s reidtioqsiio of c0231 etion sigrm is to s stus 'oes
no nold in Gr us 2. L (#1) signals the most. ;erhsps in
this grou , he is the one most desiring feedback. nfte all,
he is the one seeking stetus and he neel." to know he he is
doing. 30th l0"er status members of Group 2 (f1 anl f2)

r" firm-Lam ".
bfL94UVJ.

t

V

 

ndency to si”n:l comoletion t

nan the other

ubject Tne sgeeific signrl is often tne re'sing of the
head end looking st eneth r, uni ch sugses s that these members
ere seeking feedoscr from E. It is WOl tn noting that H ver3
seldom ooh ud on} often lees not give any feedback.
lhe Relation of Status to the
“co dinetion 0'5 speaking Turns
-‘ - ru. --: (
irerosition en
The finding that the suggosedly high status person receives

tne nest loo-« is particulerlJ signiiicent considering tne
number of turis each initiatec In Croug 1, H initiates the
same number of turns as U wiile in reu 2, fl nitiducs l s“
turns teen 1. In both "rougs the nenbers eggeer to fee thst
the Tigh status gerson has tLe right to the r st turns, uhC‘hCI
he ts:e“ the most or not. In both groups, H receives more then
405 of the looks and heed orientatiozs.

Results in stle 3, showing that the Ks receive loo;s
oei‘ore (3.10335 el‘ of mi turns, while the ”s stus seekers"
(f1s) recei"e leeks before only ng end 41$ of their turns,

, . -... 1.1. 4.1.1-1. -L‘. h

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‘1‘. - :1.....J__. — _’_. - . 7v, _ _ I -“. WT,— “ _.- q

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U113 VQJ. L) .1...L'...'- Ul'... le)-1 .L 2,. V) 0 1131.13 ‘ "1_) $111, 1.1:“) -1...) a- C3121; L10 .11: 1].:

. -, .- n- : Hutu .1. -.. .3. j 4."... --., ., - ..-..f - _ r11- - .
10:9 :1. ' no 313,1 tgin OUMEr U: up us1ours. .1ej are more

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1-1 10 3 100101 a», Jer11:s DOC use tae 1omEr E oatus DCLQ“£S

: 4...; 1. .11}- -..] ‘ ‘ . ° . ... . _,.‘-.. , , .1. fi,,,.,-..
'Eu1uup gce1crp’ mo ECCQlVC cuou to S; 11 1nd are no» a1¢EJE

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' v . J“ “ fk 4- ‘. (”V _f‘l 1‘ ' 461 i“ ‘ 4 “r . 1|- r .1 . ~ ‘Q ~ I ‘ r“ -
lefl act tin turns 1or u1m'Cl 1 1 13 s 911111111Q turns 1or

 

The find‘ngs do not sujgort the groyosition that the hi“‘

L)

“ltus gerson “11.1 use the mos C1o or-wol11n" sienels. But,

U

I
4.1., -r‘ 1.1

..1 -.-- _..—L r. .1 -+' ”.1 . J :. 1.
tne 1 1einO co su 01tt1e 1131 mentio11ee above concern1n¢

..
x
1
\.

.:l

‘ f‘<-Lr~-L V q 7"” -~ ~ v a H \ - - ~
s1e st1tus see1ers.” T9ese Jersons ( 11) seem 1nore concerne-
”49" v- —‘- 1: '« ~ ‘. ’ n , 1:7 1 1.11.1, ,1 ~
1.11111 1.-.'1.1nt-1111111g t11e1r turns 11.1.11 the 1.. :3 no. 1ern11i1s tncy

-n 1 J—‘ -- ‘A ru - v‘ . r41 J'- ‘- r- 1- r 4", T 1 1 , ,
not 1_ee1 UHCJ nave as much riont b0 snee1 as t1e 1s, so teey

use more no1-reree1 methods to retein their turns. 15 one

1s1_ficetion 01 iloor-holding si

0

{_.J
‘
1

I

found in Table 41, these "status seekers" show some tvoe of
signalling during Qqfi of their ea ses.

1s for the 1ew floor-1011 in; signals of the low V13 noon
and the iew floor-1101C ing s'gnsls m1 en they do pause, it is
my conjecture th1t t9cse individ uels who speak tne 1e :z. feel

they hive little ri~ht to sp~ek, hence, little right to ”hold

Simultaneous Speech

 

Inconsistent signalling of intentions by the sgeeker
:1yeers to be related to overlap in sneech. However, the
sample is 'F11 and the conclusions based- on on1y29 cases

of overleo.

1

 

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occasion in Grou; 1, while B is pausing bObh of th3 others
ct ;* to 3:33P. 1 53': his statofient in between the words of

fl

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7
‘

rujter's turn

next. Thus, the interruyter lees get his chence eventually.
'hie study 1i; find that interruptions tend to occur

in 3 series
a r .- -’I I 1
is ljlgihj to oe

"

for exemtl

his utter3n e-. + e,
I, I i" i11erru mt d by L. A

rru t L but neVer

.
an L1.

is interrupted occu: 14 tine? in wrouo 2 en? orten i1 Group 1.
In Groug 1 there is 3 time then the Lroug members 3re all metin
c r”en s to tl1e exue rime nte r saying they are finishei. Ho one

4" , r J- . 1 T (x V I VP ‘ "-‘
tn,» it noes. nueically an“
‘ “ -— ‘V A 7 '1‘, -‘ "l r‘ P. {-4 V "I

reermxni 311 lo kmurCL’fli‘O

o _ fl" A _f‘ ' .‘l _1_ n _ _1‘ f)“

in tge iient ior the -ioor.

(_j

7 firx‘.’r_\4'~n in
S :JV5V‘._V_L_ k.)

original _ likely t

4.2, n V 4.-., .1.
the c-ee with interru: ions

fl 0 fi fi_ W '~' ' fl
eii-~r~nce oet een ”cutting

and ”cutt

“I ,._:-- 1.-., ,_ A‘ _t w
. ' .' '"1 1 .f". 1._ (“X
it”, 3i .'Qt.-...L~.J 0 De

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“-1-.an-
L;

-L *‘L‘.

‘1
L“
L

1 Q .
I ‘\ ‘ '1 ‘ r.
--LJ 0"”‘1‘1‘0

interrupts

r?
O
O
C’)

enough to

3n unintenee 3

words, ee who interrugts

7" .3

enoteer before h finishes

intorrugts

I
1»
(D

in Groug 2 after

1-»4

s l: attemsts

4.3 ".
our, I

p31

few secon

3 comglete s nte nce in. Row-

L again before the 13

th e interrugter

t3lhing to another, cons ecuentlg,

tine :11-2;,s s.
somlwhet to status enl VIE but

very strong suggort

. 4.3,.

' 1 4—7 ,-‘ _
lg) Ulla). UA1_

interrupt vill usually w in

4.1-3 -. r
“Alle at tin s oi
o reg‘
the syeuncr is

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on their elh0”' For some, thi yes i ion Hey be a relaxed
pos ition out it is not coded as such in this svstem. People

. .1“ (“v 1 .- ..‘ - 1 1 - _.. o W“ .°

one shone disrlsred more hand —to—he d and ooJect-meniyuletion
‘ ‘\ A 1 .- "r‘ 1 H :51 A . W . —- “‘ v I‘\ ‘1’“ I"\ ."

than non-en he s. Does thi reletionsnig nesn bflmt smoners

ere more nervous end recs tles. than non-szokers neturelldr

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does smoking itself not them nervous and restless? One
subject cou :hs occasionally and then he does so he cove s his
Izouth with his hand. Iould he display as me ny he nu—to-neuu
movements if he did not have a cou 5h? Hand and arm movements

convey a greet deal sued mv coding system does not capture much

these movements. I have no way of

H)

of the significance 0

l

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dis inguishing a stre c , shrug of the shoulders, or

demons' tretive gestures sue} as those showing size or shape
ms One factor that makes seeple so interesting to

,
A,» 0 - . _

ther hand and arm move-

0

1 ‘ 7- ~ , ' 4—- .f‘ . n .
n is the varietr oi gestur)s and

all of these movements

G)

ments thev disgley. T1 ying to plsc
into four or five categories results in a loss of most of whet
is meaningful. However, some way of classification seems

a coding

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of meesurint end recordiis not only the occurrence but sls o the

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lflbenpltJ and curstion oi yOSlthflS end movenents.
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