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"0 4 '\ \‘I': I’s .v :J"‘~;dl.fd V"! -‘ "\' !" ”n.4, ' .9 . LL9‘1J ‘g:—"‘ L h"-‘m V I ‘6” - “\WWUWWMW 3 1293 01106 PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove thb checkout from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or before date duo. MSU lo An Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution W ’THE mummy of the SILVER FOX. (Vulpes argentatus) THESIS Submitted to the faculty of the Michigan state College in partial fulfillment of the require- ments for the degree of’Master of science. Major Comparative Anatomy. I311 no r Sociology. by Reuben Nathaniel Kebler. P 1933. Sharla INTRODUCTION. This atlas should be considered as a supplement to a prospective text book on the anatomy of fur bearing animals,c0mmon to the State of Michigan. It is hOped that it will be helpful to the Department of Anatomy of the Michigan State College and the State Department of conservation,in increasing further research in anat- omy and the conservation of the wild life of Michigan. All illustrations are drawn to scale and colored in part or total,in order to increase detail and clarity. For showing muscles and viscera all of the material was carefully hardened in formalin before the dissec- tions and drawings were made. All illustrations on the osteology,myology and splanchnology were tahen from the male carcass. The transverse sections for the work on regional anatomy were made from the fro- zen carcass of the female. rphase sections were also hardened in formalin before the drawings were made. The right halves of the transverse body sections were given preference in labeling. 10 1 @173 if ACKNOWLEDGHENTS. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the Board of Education of the city of Jackson,for use of equip- ment and the privilege of working in the Junior College laboratories. Much credit is due Dr. F.W.Chamberlain for the inspiration given,helping to plan the work and the correction of the manuscript. Dr. E. w. Young gave me splendid c00peration together with many helpful suggestions. For the use of equipment,live animals and carcas- es,the author is greatly indebted to the Addison and Adams Fur Farms. Mention should be made of Mr. Johan Beetz.for courtesies extended and permission to use a c0py of one of his sketches,as a memento of my trip of investigation to his home at quebec,Quebec Prov- ince.Canada. My many thanks to three of my students for ser- vices rendered in securing carcases.live Specimens, and helping with preliminary sketches. CLASSIFICATION. The silver fox is not a true Species in the wild state,but was discovered by man as a mutation of the red fox,Vulpes fulva fulva. Through selection and breeding under domestication,man has fixed this color character and made it homozygous. Hr. Johan Beetz of Quebec,Canada,was one of the first to dis- cover silver foxes in their native environment and breed them under domestication. he should be given a great deal of the credit for the deve10pment of this mutant into a homozygous breed. Mr. Beetz be- lieves that this color mutation was brought about by the variable ferrous content of the food of the animal. Since this color character remains constant under varying climatic,food and ranch conditions in both.the United States and Canada, ”1 am inclined to think that his decision is erronehs. Phylum -------- Chordata. Sub-phylum----Vertebrata. Class --------- Mammalia. Order --------- Carnivora. Family -------- Canidae. Genus --------- vulpes. Species- ------ fulva. Sub-species---argentatus. Common name---silver fox. CONTENTS. A.OSTEOLOGY. Occipital ------- l Parietal -------- 2 Frontal --------- 2 Temporal -------- 2 Nasal ----------- 2 Lacrymal -------- 2 Caranium Maxillary ------- 2 Mandible -------- 2 Palatine -------- 2 Malar ----------- 2 Axil skeleton. Sphenoid -------- l 5 l 4 2 ----- 20 B 1' I 3' ----- 22 Cervical ‘Vertebra -------- 7 Vertebra ------- 13 Thoracic {fosta-----r----26 Sternabrae ------ 8 Lumbar Vertebra -------- 7 Vertebra ------- 21 Caudal {Cheveron bones--3 Total 147‘“ Stylohyal ------- 2 Epihyal --------- B Basihyal -------- l Visceral skeleton. 0s penis -------- 1 Ear bones ------- Total—T Clavicle -------- 2 Scapula --------- 2 Humerus --------- 2 Ulna ------------ 2 Radius ---------- 2 Appendicular skeleton. Carpals -------- 14 (Pastoral girdle) Metacarpals--~-10 Phalanges ------ 28 D.Sesamoides---10 V.Sesamoides---20 Total 92 Ilium ----------- 2 Ischium --------- 2 Pubes ----------- 2 Femur ----------- 2 Tibia ----------- 2 Appendicular skeleton. Fibula ---------- 2 (Pelvic girdle) Patella --------- 2 Tarsals ------- ~18 Metatarsals ----- 8 Phalanges ------ 28 F.Sesamoides-~--4 D.Sesamoidos----8 B;Sesamoides---16 Total 90 a.bsteolOgy;-List of illustrations. 1.3xternal bofiy parts. 2.Laborat01y Cireetions for calcification 5.fiiaht lateral as_nect oi calcified I7UL) at birth. éeLaterdl {tSDE‘Ct Cl. tile 8.11.1110 o.Lateral aspect of the skull with maniible remover. o.Lateral aspect 01 Skull naniible and zygomatic olocer” O .Dorsal as_oect of skull. 8.Lateral sa ;itCl asgect of snull,maudible removed. 0 9.Ventra as;- set of snull,mandible removed. lu.4elial and lateral asnect 01 mandible. ll.Dorsal ascect oi1ranCiole. 14.1Upiecal cervical and thoracic verteb1a lb,Dors al an} ventral aspect oi' sacrum. l-.13u1cal lu bar,sacral and caulal vertebrC 15.1entral asrect of sternum,lateral Ceiect 01 t" ical costa. lo.30nes of ri Jt pectoia li b,vcntral asyect. l7.Dones of ii ht pectoral limb ,dorsal asuect. lb.Dorsal sur1ace,distal part ,right pecto 1 li: 1b. 19.Volar suriace,distal part ,ri.}1t LCCtOI al limb. 2o.Lateral and medial aspects of right os coxae. 21.?utella. 22.rostcricr anl anterior as acts 01 xi ht i emur. 2a.:osterior ani anterior UQNCCtD 01 tioia ant iioula. ”fl..crsa surface,distal part 01 lci't pelvic limb. 25.;lanter surface,distal part of right pelvic limb. 51.3-fiuy study or the fox. 52.Thoracic,abdominal an3 pelvic skeleton,ventral asyect. 55,54,C5,L-1a; nhoto ra phs. B.fiyology. 2Q.LCteral a‘pect o: bo3* showing, superficial miscles. 27.3upeiiicie uuscles,d01sCl asoec t cl he: . Co.DuIC1'101~1 Wusclcs,laterul “meet 01 head. LU.Latcral vu‘eCU,UCC§ muscles oi‘ no 1: and thorax. bc.Latcral as;ect,dCegest muscles oi neck and thorax. Sl.Cross section oi caudal a,cn Cge. :2Cgiuscles cflf‘uie floor cu: mic thor€?3 “c.1uscle attachments,ri;nt IcctoiCl li b,venL1al C sect. 54.cu Cl'iicial rectoral Cni czivical muscles, ventrC C QC.Luscles of the left TOG tOl‘ al lin‘i,ventrC 55.2uscls attachments oi 1ight pee toral li . 57.latcral aspect of right pectoral lino. P (U (:1 ‘43: t [r EI O O "$1 ' xv,“ 1...... 2w. J- ' .1 ~ 1).-. 1111.4. . -'o011cl11u::.1. E4 36.;uscles o1 distal gsrt,11ght gectorsl lixb, sCl esyect. 53.;uscles of distal pert ri_1t pecto~sl linh,volur ngect. éc.3eey nus clcs ,C1istal part cf 11 ht Lecto1nl ll u ,voler surisce. 41.1-ateral Cspect of Hi it of ici< raw. e:.Lus cle tbuCu ents 01 11 ht os coxae. 4.5...-L‘LSClC-3 att1~.c111_v1ents 0'1" 11:11.1“, EC 0.1‘. 41.3uperficisl sni deep muscles oi right pelvic 1iub. 45.Ventrel Csject of nelvic IBTlOH. 46.1uscle attachments oi ri 1‘.t tiois an” fibula. 47.3uperiicisl muscles 01 le1t pelvic linb,letercl CSPect. 48.31stel part of leit yelvic limb,fiorsc surface. 49.5uperficiel muscles of fiistal fart oi right pelvic limb planter sur ace 5C.Ilenter surface,distel part of right pelvic limb showing int rossi. C.bplenchnology. 56.xuscles en? viscers,VentrDl surrL1ce oi heCG enfi neck. 57.2on:ue ,lary‘fi an: h;oid,vem1 cl ae ect. 0C)....ALAL 7114'; o 6U. lentrsl aspect of thoracic viscera. ob.vent1sl esuect of ebfioulnel viscera. c_.Ccctioval view 01 csccum. CC.Dee‘ disection 01' abdominal visc-ra. 66.2e ctions oi 1i5ht snfi leitl :icne5rs, Vent121' Cepect. 67.§enis Cnl adjacent Lurts also cross sections of jenis and 0s cozse. El 3.1n510l05y. 59.3ussl uni 1i ht ascects of heart. 01. Lun s,hee1t 11nd n1ajor Dlood vessels 01 thorax,vent*el. o2.nuhfls,hee1t eni major blood vessels oi thornx,leterul. 1.3egionsl Anatomy. F. oc.bod. 5r outline shovir; relative Lositions 01 t1 ansverse sections. 11.116; 10112.11 69.3runs verse 70.1‘1ansverse 71.3rensverse 730,.11‘0' HSVCISO 79.3ransverse 1.- nsverse 75.3rensverse 7Q.Iratnsverse 77.2rsn HVCI 70.111nsverse 7%.3rensveree 80.?rensverse 91.2ransvcrsc 12.3ransverse 80.2rensverse £/.£re nsverse 8U. *Lal’leCrse 86..”1‘L118VC‘I‘SG 87.11ensve1se section section section section section section section section section section section section section section section of orbi through t hi‘O‘ijl ‘t the 1111330 Ll Cat L2 '18 througlx 'ULroujh t11e through thr on :11 throu _;h throu 5:11 4.. E‘. L: at the at the at the thr ou :h 1311 ”'“U :151 throu:h Anston;;-ContinUed. tel re ion. brain. auditor] epistrspneus reggicni. (:‘y':(-‘ 0‘". C ._ - .__]-S. the seventh cervical vertebra. i:L1st tb01scic vertebra. the s econi thoracic vertebra. the third tho'ecie vertebra. fifth and s':-:th there cie verteer. the eigth thoracic verteore. the tenth thoracic vertebra. the twelfth thoracic vertebra. the iirst lumher verteera. seeonfl enfi third luJoar verte‘oin fifth lumber vertebra. S i:«:t;1 seventh lUleT verteore. the first seeial ve rte hr the aeetaoulum. the isehium eni El .71 CL recur. pamgm.xdfiflmp :0 ,HQ 394::.: m~.\: qflau.) m V 3sd».dn . lo .Eummmoa w “<4.‘.._‘(4l “£44 “1 . ) ..A T f - .- :3; - 1 a .Q.fi.3-ff , ...C,C4.rcH rH ..:;4w 4;.--_«...«. .. .J .4. . . . _ ._ o .. . m. I _ ;.rn_ . 04‘ H “3.4.x. ,ML ..; .unm ”.44wgwfiu MUMQaAA Hwy 0 na‘.1 “dung"..q Magudne; .. 1 )II Icl I \l‘i \ 1‘ .4 “I ! .. mH\HHO.Hn_su. m®\ Tun. m.n...,..n~q 0.54,..1nafw m13L_aC m......_._. UADFMAK .4 m...:J.44).HO...n :4 . II. .x l P. I. L. P . ._ 9' r1! Fl..- n a “11 a n4 G A A h n... A .pmu a .ucmco a .xooso o .xOOppSm 5m . pmmmam .nm T;oqu.qa .mm uxowm.m “QmSLm.¢ mhflamm Hmnmwml .Nom nabafim mo manna muop chuopxm Calcification of the silver fox pup at birth. Remove all skin and as much of the fascia as possible. care should be exercised not to remove the corinary area at the ends of the digits. The body wall and viscera should remain in-tact. The preparation will be made easier if a freshly killed specimen is used.. The specimen was prepared and placed into a 98% solut- ion of ethgl alcohol on May fifteenth and allowed to dehydr- ate until June sixteenth. It was then placed into a 2% solution of caustic potash.0n July twentieth the caustic solution near the bottom of the jar began to turn reddish brown. From this time on the Specimnnbegan to clear rapidly and by August thirtieth the red coloring matter had diffused into the solution to such an extent that it became Opaque, making it impossible to observe the calcification process further. Thus on August thirtieth the pup was carefully slipped not into a clean specimen jar. This was done by tips ing the container so that the specimen could be slid,not lifted with a forceps, onto a glass plate and then slid off into a shallow specimen jar. Extreme care should be exercised at this point,as the calcified pup is soft and easily torn. Care should also be exercised not to get much of the cgstic solution into the clean container. This can be dJne by allowing the calcified pup to drain on the glass plate for about fifteen minutes, before the transfer is made. The entire Specimen should then be covered with pure glycerine. A large air bubble formed within the body cavity within the first two weeks. This was removed by maxing a small incision through the body wall in the region of the bubble. Calcified silver fox pup,at birth. Right lateral aspect. ““3599 00/ . 6. '09» ' // 2., ”‘\ i“ % W300?“ ,3 3 ’1 fl _ \ \ ‘ \m 2;} {W&:?‘ 7 I” O '3 . 9} ’ 2% n - . Distal part of right pectoral limb,volar surface. Distal part of left pelvic limb,dorsal surface. Lateral View of s*u11 Wf si var for. Ap-Angular process,C-Canine,cm-Condyle of mandible,Cp-Coronoid pro— cess of malar bone ,F-Frontal, L-Lacramal, M-Naxilla, Na-I‘andible ,Mf- Mental foramen, mf- -masr eteric fossa ,N-Nasal, O- -Occipital, O'- Occipital. tu:)ercle, D-Pari~tal, Db- “alatine Pm-Premaxille, T -TemwnraL Ts- Temporalsphenoid; X.‘Halar;zm;3ygomatie process: ofhmelar bone; ZT. Zygomatic process of temporal bone. Lateral aspect of skull of silver fox with mandible lemoved. l-Incisors,C-Canine,PM-Premolar,Mo-Molars,Pm-Premaxilla,M- Maxilla,N-Nasal,L-Lacramal,F-Frontal,P-Parietal,0'-Occipita1 tubercle,O-Occipital,T-Tempors?,T'-Tempora1-Occipital,ZT-Zygomatic process of the temporal bonc,ZM-Zygomatic process of the malar bone,X-Malar,S-Temporal and orbital sphenoid. See lower figure for the followingz-Ts-Temporal sphenoid,Os-Orbital sphenoid,Sx-Section of root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone,Zm-Section of root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone,Zm-Section of root of zygomatic process of malar bone,Pc-Occipital crest. Pb-Palatine. Lateral aspect of the skull of the silver fox with mandible and Zugomatic process removed. Dorsal View of SPu‘l of silver fox with nunfiible removed. A. Interparietal bone; B, Parietal bone; C, Crest; D, Temporal zygomatic; E, Halar Zygomatic; F, Falar; G, Nasal bone; H, Canine; I. Palatine fissure; J, Incisorc; K, Body of premaxilla; L, Nasal process of Premaxilla; M, nterorbital foramen; N, Paxilla; 0. Lacromal bone; P, Supraorbital process; 4, Frontal crest. . f- - - -. .3 f : - 3..-... 3-. o3 3. H t. .rH I“; (fl «I- .V afi i. . \YJ» o . .I A'\ .(La .r\ r! "Irv n Irxk'rU_ : .oil'... . l.. v .I w. ,k .t. \ 5 r I a. II . I O 3 i It I a I. a I a 4.4 J . i .u K 3 . . - O .I . _ K .r- .x\ .r . , AV ”I. F. | Mr .x _ I» r _ . _ . r _ .I . x . r: _ r ~ , . L A - (IL K .r , u up r\ ... r . _ .. - h . 1 - a . I . I u a ” I ,. \ ... I i.‘ 3.. . .. L .‘Il - . (\er Jl . .1 .~ . . . l a . ml \ .1 r _ .l i/.\. ‘( a r. r n _ ,3; c l, : ,3 3. - «Quasi- . . o t ‘5 1 9| r. : >A . \ I vl v .. _ . . .4 ' _ t J! “14 .. .1) II I. —4 .. II . .I . .a (a . .k .V . JII . mifv (rv rak I\ vl r filliv . fH a 3—! .l r '4‘. r? \. r .nr/\.W r n s r n .L P: - a \F o J: F a C r In .4 I. 4 o... .. 0‘ H J1 _ It I- A we /_I H A rt. «ah \ i a r\ . y -m . r. C . T. (If «lap \ .. '\.n.i~1 1* P kit- \vlfl .\D," I. r I I \ VLF: . PI r x ( o I D ' - I I. A - . II. - u Itci R. .. \ 3 w < .J .¥ qlw . A 1 ax) \1 «I 1 . “ l1 (4.. 1 . .I.. J . r v! (H '3. C LII Pt ' Q .. ..’}\..| .r: l rr.\.O. IIML F .1» F. r........ .r .« .lO fr ML \.>r\. .1. (Hr 1* P. L \I \r .41 I v 1 a I . . .. “ ll . ‘i. 11.. J J; . PU 4' ‘l . 140 MW - n a at”. r. ' m 4r). l H: “In: f , . ale .. ;_ . .enl. . - :,.l .-_i n a. . a a .- - r .0 k r r p\ o .l “ II I a u 4i :4. I \is “ . - 3 a . -i ) - .-. ,- - J . . , ., . . . i r. a h ... In!» «W . x , .l ”NJ (.- lf _‘ .. r l .n A I} .U a “J .l .f.‘ .7 .l I “ .t r O “ A r o 3 v I. x . u . . l u - .J I. - I. n. “ 11. “ V “ l‘ 4 J c \ _\ I . “ \_ I4, ' a N _ I ll . _ . , 4. _ _ l t. . . f I a I. a.‘/. u en: — I~ I. J r» ’L ~\ / ; I\ I .pommmm Hapfimmmm Hmnmpma.wo>oEoH capflcsms Spa; Mos Hobaflm Ho Hade Ventral View of skull of silver fox with mandible removed. A-Basilar part of occipatal bone; Ap-Anterior palatine foramen; B- Body of Sphenoid bone; C-Vomer; D-E-Perpendicular and horizontal parts of palatine bone; F-Frontal bone; Fi—Foramen incisivum; G—huchal crest; H-Foramen macnum; I-Occipital condyle; J-Paramlstoid process; K-Balla ossea; L-Tem oral canal; M-Postglenoid process; h-Temporal ZJEO. Iroc.; Q-Lolar Zygo. Proc.; P-Peterygoid bone; Pf-Palatine fiasure; Eg-Palatiue groove; Q-Palatiue process maxilla; R-Pre- maxilla; d-Iuciscrs; T-Temporal bone; Ts-Temgoral sphenoid; U-Canine; V-Pre molars; fl-MOlars; X-External auditory meatus; Y-Foramen lacerum posterius; Z-Foramen hypoglosli; l-Eustachean Opening; Z-External Carotid foramen; 3-F0ramen ovalis; 4-5-Posterior and anterior openin;s ?f alar canal; 6-Foramen orbatile; 7-Articular of temporal bone; t3“o‘ulpraorbi’cal process; 9-Meatus naso-pharyngeus. Medial view of mandible of silver fox. A,Angular process; B,Condyle; C,Mandibular notch; D,Coronoid process; E,Molars; F,Premolars; G,Canine; H,Incisors; I, Symphyseal surface; J,Mandible; K,Mandibu1ar foramen. Lateral aspect of mandible of silver fox. Aalenmal foramen; B,Mandib1e; C,Masseteric fossa; D,Coronoid Process; E,Mandibular notch; F,Condy1e; G,Angular process. Mandible of Silver Fox; Dorsal View. A,Canine tooth; B,Genioglosial muscle; C,Molard; D,Pterygoid; E,Condy1e; F,Mandibu1ar Notch; G,Coronoid process; H,Premolars; I,Incisors. vertebra of silver foxz-All anterior aspect except the tenth and eleventh which are lateral aspect. APArticular process ant. B-Centrum. ,. C-Articular process post. D—Dens. EvAlar notch. F-Intervertihral foramen. G-Fovea Articularis ant. H-Facies Articularis sup. I-Transeverss foramen. JéNeural spine. K'Archo L-Ventral spine M-Superior facet. N-Inferior facet. O-Nsural canal. P-Spinus process. Q-Transverse process. - ‘. .‘ .‘ -. ._‘- '_ ;“ 1 .q ‘1 CI L4. .. (11... JO.‘ 5: w. A a J. -..-'_‘.',1 - O-.. O A, gcro—illi'o .rt cal t1 u; L,Dorual sacral 10?.mafl; 9,30er: of first i oral v<;tcsri; D,5rcaes o: - o l v rL:sra; L, 'z'-\'-L 11,51 I‘OCL r: ‘; .. , II L41{J. -q.n1o Flor and corpu‘ Lin"t p.05al voltspra; 1,; v rtesra; ;,.rtlca;;r 31¢; - '4 .GLI‘C.-L 94.91;; forgnuimu; t rlor artlca_cr (rock: t ‘.Lnn;l v.rtsrgwx; l,inLJ1?VVITXL‘4TODG:., .4;Jin;. J: .O O H, nat'Lel‘gl (is: sect ': tn; . . fl. _‘__-—1~ a _ --' '. - 9—. _. . A.:,‘. ‘ A ..__r'- :,~ _. .r‘. ". 'f‘" 4.. ‘ . “*y-I‘Cbtal-uuiu-l U-Mltu, .;,.. anvil”, u,_u«mni El. bogufii,’ u,._eon_.1r..[,cr "' _,, o H" .‘1. fl : i-Ao ‘ ~.-— “.I ’ , fork‘von‘vn 3,; Il'Jlk— , L‘ , 4.].-- 1 Jun, .4‘, 1.4. CA Li-‘Lnl. VmWesra of silver fox: All anterior View with the exception of eleventh, nineteenth aid t entieth which are lateral. 4 First Caucal at Fifth caudal £9 peventh caud p 'f: ‘ -"pindo l_.I‘OCe~S- M-Articxl r vases PU~L- w-Ar‘ti iculir‘ 10‘”: J” “Ht” i;Tr‘aI‘5i verse T‘U 333' ~;u:i‘.cdral Ci;L1<:Llo -:eutrum. eacro- iliac W”t ’i- Chevron bane“ e-ial prOCctéo WZWing. Lateral aspect of eleventh caudal vertebra. Lateral aspect of 19th and 20th caudal vertebra. The Bath vertebra caitileginous. Ventral aspect of the sternum and lateral aspect of first,seconl,seventh and thirteenth costa of the silver fox. A, Angulus costs; B, Incisua seventh costs; C, Cartilagenous portion of sternum; D, Tuberole; E, Capitum; F, Cartilagenous disk; G, Incusia second costs; H, Manubrium; I, Fascia: J, Zyphoid process, 2-3-4-5-6-7-Corpas stern1;-p¢-l‘-2'- 5'-4'-5'-6'-7'-8'-9'-10'-ll'-12'a13' Incisue of first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, costa,K,Fascia. ventral aSpect of sternum and lateral aspect of first,second.seventh and thirteenth costs of silver fox. Third costa First costa Thirteenth costa Bones of ii ht Yoctorrl lirb of S; v*r For: Voxtral ngCCt. - <1. -‘V i '§+* ;",o" J‘. {I -14, A . 53s; 3"“. ‘I‘ o \A r4335: ~. n»; V; ’ ¢ fl 9 “ P Ar'. ,. ‘ ‘\ t... .'( . L . ‘ A0,. . " ' "“‘J-“db‘v'” . . h. . , ‘V"" ‘3’ .fi. Tr}: :4 “my )r‘ .V‘;‘,-’ "v i .2 A,Posterior fin:le;D,Posi"rior Border;C,Olccranon;0e,Glcnoid tuhnrcle;D,Rcfiisl rotch;m Dlnsr sheit;3,lncros sous space;G, Frcet ._4 9 for Ulna;H,fit“,oid ir0u~2s dial CO'WTfie;J,grticulur surface; 1- n ,_“ ' : -\ ,. - , H‘- '- . 1’ '4. '. L _ 3 '~' .'-1' ' .1. , \‘3 .1 .L-.. w {K’Qt .10'J- \ '100 C3" :I,L (‘irj- 1". (1-. L; A l f-Q.O_;_.,l \J.:"-'(.‘J. .'_.1. ‘Cl SJ-LJ.' ;K,’ ‘ . 3 I.Terrs iii incc;F,Ulrvr ‘roc l a: ,l* Lml co Jigc;J,Supra Condrloid fora Cb;3,:lflPW"l shaft:I,Intertuhc a1 éroovcgh 3 t‘ril O t - 3 tuh-vositT:V,TtbchC'ru_10;”,Gien01m Chv1 V;K,Icck;”,8uh-scrrul'r (‘1 (in . r ‘ - ' n. C.‘ ,- T ——. . ..!.. -— foss ;i,sorr tic Hrc~,lyic oula;?, u30:us;3,findins;4,elna. Bones of Right rectoral limb of Silver Fox; Jorsal 1 A-Olecranon notch; B-Processus anconaeous; C- hemilunnr notch; D-Fovea capituli; E-heck; F- Shaft of Radius; G-T.Ext. Carp obliquus; H- articul r face for Carpals; I-Styloid process; J-Shaft of Ulna; K-Olecranon; L-Scapular spine; M+Supra spinatus fossa; N-Neckflflcromion process; O-Greater Tuberosity; P-Deltoid Tubercle; Q- Olecranon Fossa; R-Lateral epicondile; S-Lateral condjle for r.cial articulation; T-heoial condyle; U-Lateral epicondyle; V—Humeral shaft; W-Head; X-Glenoid cavity; Y-Infra spinatus fossa; Z- Posterior angle. skeleton of distal part of right pectoral limb of silver fox. Dorsal aspect. The digits are agreed and the phalanges separated. B. Basis;Ca,Accessory carpal;Cr,Radio-intermediate carpal; Cu.U1nar carpal;C-l.C-2.0-5.C-4.First to the fourth carpal bones;Ds,Dorsal sesamoids;H.Capitum;K,Corpus; Mc-1,First metacarpal bone of digit one;2,3,4,3econd third and fourth metacarpal bones;Mc-5.Fifth metacarpal bone;P-l.P-2.P-3.Phalanges of the fifth digit;T, Trochlea;vS,volar sesamoidsgP-l-2,Fused first and second phalanges;P-x.Third phalanx of first digit. -1-20 ‘ U! /, . -1 C._« “‘Nul‘fif e 9/ ~ ‘l ,1>r ‘.' '1 0 .. I ‘3 c .1: ' *5 ‘3 V1,7 LJ “3 ‘4—(; 9:]t .11 l, (:0.5_ s diri+3 qua fawnqfl m _rn T"— ‘= 7’), ‘ h. , 1.. (-1”) ,)1 it, Tc-U-Fiptr UN ‘r‘hjcln j /;(1 is P 1‘13"?- ”-1‘5‘6-3 I)" f”! {fifty d.-. 7 " ‘3" ft l ‘3‘- A if. 1.(. ?’ 0. "7) TW ‘ I‘ A o _ ‘ 1 n 1 . _‘ ’ ' . A. , I ‘1 1‘ __ ' ~ M -d Fi~si QEU fbc7gfl j'qloi .s, P-x-Tvinm jwag 1 . m (w 1 0 \ ' n (A ‘T', T-f-i-SrcoIW, il“vw? “fir FWE“T* r +ew~ ”Ws‘fi, L CP-h'rv"! 07111 Vs-”v0]wr at Fif‘fif, fig t”: 5; CB'QCPQ TO‘f‘ir (firoal_ Wo'wzr, r7r“7r" (39*‘3‘11, C’i-’71%TQTM3~‘“0‘11, L‘I ‘7.§ I); "1737‘11 , -1-a- rhodief 2 Swank} s 1.; (3 h“) \' I __ I . . v“ ‘ t - ' h . . (3 ~ 7‘ s) ’ the P-l nx rfi“ firit ?-i— . '-:_. a: -: I 6, (_ ._ 9) L l‘, Lateral surface of right 03 coxae of silver fox. l-Gluteal surface of illium; 2-Crest of illium; S-Tuber sacrle; 4-Tuber coxae; 5-Shaft of the illium; 6-Nutrient foramen; 7- Greater sciatic notch; 8-Ventral gluteal line; 9-Tubercle rectus femoris; lO-Illio-pectoneal eminance; 11-Acetabular fossa; l4- lZ-Acetabular articular surface; lS-Obturator foramen; l4- Ischiatic spine; 15-Lesser sciatic notch; 16-Acetabular branch; lV-Tuber ischii; lB-Symphyseal branch; 19-illium; 20-Ischium; 21-Pubes; 22-Cranial border; 23-Medial section of ischial arch; 24-Sacro-illiac articular surface. Hedial surface of right 08 coxae of silver fox. Arabic numerals for this figure have same meaning as those above. Muscular attachments of patella of silver fox. Enlarged three times. Dorsal Medial surface ‘ ,, Lateral surface. Ventral A,Rectus femoris;B.Biceps and aponeurosis;C.Fascia;D.Ptellar ligament;E.Sartorius;F.Vastus medialis;G,vastus lateralis; H.Vastue intermedius. Right patella,ventral aspect. Dorsal Medial surface Lateral surface. Vent : e F.Pemoral.articular surface,convex dorsad. Aq+(w~%or vievu Post6¢fi§n° VlHW. (I: ”L1 < ‘v . .;.“,- _‘ -, ,' 3....7 . ‘ .2".- 1 j; W .. _ _’—po“1_a_a. .41‘ U V .f; a? 3’5- : {V . ‘ r. . .(v .y. A, Wroclqnfic hoses: Q 'mroc}awfer major: C, Nutrient for-among I), Lq‘. m1 ql 1"")13 1 316%: E, 30:3...oir? (3:3: F, L91 elm-)1 033 ° 3 redial condvle I, redial [—5 5". ‘ CU‘WHV’82 2’}, Il’lt’ET"Cr)Yldfr]-qid ’ ’ : rrn1rk. Wijlo: 2], "n(fl(: I? ‘JQQ(3: 1;, TJQQ(;3 Ti: "”7fi3 v! Twnvc}1?fltrqq 1' 1- -. ’ tuiunrt (3, §h95¥': P, 'rW?in1 (YvicoruVrlo: '1, ”(*7'17Q: T9, tfvijlnat 1’? S, Lpirrral enJiCOVIPrlo: W3 .Ntfectvwwfl’ “or trwvr' 7ifs writ: ‘5 T1")(-1 Wit 0.?“ rue 1'01“. Right tibia and fibula of silver fox. anterior View Posterior View A-Articulur surfices of tibia, Proximal end; B-megial COWdyle; u-Tibial Greet; D-Inter0eeeue space; L-Qheft of tibia; F- Leuial Aalleolus; G-Articular surface ankle bone; H-Lateral malleolue; I-Fibuler head; J-Sulcus muecularis; K-Lateral condyle; L-Facet; Q-Fibular head; N-Nutrient foreman; O-Lattral malleolus; P-Patellar ligament ineertion; Q-Hedial condyle; R~ Fibular sheft; o-Tibial Spine; T-Tibiel tuberosityyUyLinea paplitea. ' I'J. :‘I ‘ r) H \ v,‘_ '3 ~‘ c «_-ee, 0' w »w«° 10x. -4 .J. "x n‘ \ ‘J -6- \J .a “W 5;. J LJ J 8116.10th 0 f‘ 1‘: ”T. , .. .. . M. ‘ y .» 1. .; j) 3 -" ,, lulan es Qfie en) Peten, g-Hq»ia, The diiifs awn soneqd awe tie.) T-Trocblee, K-Corvus; P-l,P-3,P3-nve abqlwfizvs of the fiftb diqit 2-3-4-5-Qhe second, tbi*i, fouvtk fine fiftb metatarsels, Vs-Volar*syflynwvhies, Ds-Dnrsq].rwisajniden, ThJme?,'T-H-3-i- gecrrmi tr) Fanfifl“ tcn°snl ‘Vuwes ]?-x-””‘ivfl ffl‘nlrnix flibs+,(li:it, P-1*2-FUrVV3;Fi“3t raid Gfiirmui jfeliwut, Tc-(n\wt?a7 irrhsql, 7ft- Tihiel-tq“2al, Tf-Fibulqv—iahSQl. Skeleton of right hind foot, vole? surface, of $.lver fox. With tshssl bones colored. The digits are separated. T-Trochlea,K-Corpus,Vs-Volar sesamoides, 2~5-4-5-Second to the fifth metatarsals,P-l-P-B-P-E-are phalanges of the fifth disit,PX-Third phalanx fifth digit,P-l-2-Fused first and second phalanx,T-B-T-S-T-4-Second to the fourth tarsal bones, Tc-Central tarsal,Tt-Tibial-tsvsel-Tf-Fibulqv-tarsal. Filic‘ q4~ HOHHeHzm smHmHaHH H LJHOH.iH. w. a £0 .. .HHWIQHHMHom: m:l - wxecoopicaCnF HM ech mstto :o,o;+;cq mamomochJLoflHLomuflm..m5moconcOw Hiomupm wSHxOH emswm .mHmo£.H mglorgnuug Ho gm pomzo- iwuom,LH mHommk LemmeBuHr 22cc? mzw.5H¢uom HmHonHomom coopoH usmH mmH.;;oo mrc;:oooo opomouoH.mHH.cppco> moou.;oooo oeomw an .HHo.cH Hcmpoc 0H.E,H ,H. mongouxo m.osoHHw o m.DQHSo@anmHemHm,moomowsH wH mSQHE owmmopoopum HquH no-0op noeCJ cmooHQnHH HmHuomHCOHbmHonOH mo.~.Hm_HrJ H mmoOHHmam..5w40H moQOHHBum UHOHHmoOHHoHo£I> nHop Holo;H@nuH “Lo. rumoHHQH nmnoHampmeHoGHgnuw“moonwquHOHMoaofium m5 ti..:Ho:uHo mem.oom oH<::osH¢kuH .KDH habauo on» H0 modomdfi 059 HO maocmud Hdhoadfi Dorsal aspect of head muscles of the silver fox. (After Mr. Beetz) A-Levator nasolabiales; B-Malaris; C-Canine tooth; C-Orbicularls oculi; Ca-Cervioo-auricularis; D-Temporalis; E-Temporalls externe; F-Frontoscutalaris; G-Scutalarls; H-Oocipital muscle; I-Inoisors; J-Auricularls transversarium; K-Nbstril; L-Nasal membrane; H- Scutiform cartilage. £23033 . a 323353 o as Spam “32.33qu to“ 8.293 -ngafl§§£§6.3“%oo mggoanuoénoddhmeg HameaudHumHnfl. I . «mod3.§.ommm[0pd>oqna "HHnsH Looepmqnx umHLo msHsmcm Loaooupomnh "LoammmezuH umHoHHemnm "msonopHpcnn>neuoswmfi vuooommomm wlwnswmemw doom” oncomnoepn maeoswu . Uampnma oomwmw omdapwmmou unauovspmsnm anmusdnpcs mamas” bnvosmpmmpasu oowpesmm ruahosmpmmpacm scoop“ rouhobmpmmpssm canvases” wouwooasm oovpasuu mnmvwospsm” mo: moonwasm mommnwpu womaodpon. nhzk _ A 1;. .a spa Ho wcHzna mmmnmmoomm mmmm>mssaa|9 "Lows: mHHHmLoo mSHHomo mopovmlom mmHHaLmHmH mSHHmsc nSHoomIm “LoHLmHmo: ndems, morHHoOIDD WESLOHmso Lopm>mH|H mapaoo SHanum “seeps ESHL952H4uQ “my HHHmdo Hepaoo HmLHmlo “HHSXm Ho mcon HmHmHLcmum mammmmoocm LmHooHHLHHm no xomc mo anouSE Ho LozeH pmmmmmm Cross section or the tail of the silver fox. Section taken at proximal extremity of the second caudal vertebra. C-Corpus of vertebra; CF-Coccygeal fascia; F-Foramen; T-Trans- verse process. l-Recto-coccygeal muscle; 2-Sacno-coccygeus dorsalis muscle; 3-Sacro-coccygeus lateralis muscle; 4-Inter- transversales muscle; 5-Sacro-coccygeus ventralis muscle. 'Whe1*% t fir' :Cflfil tlva COS’fl. imiiihrsan‘ leJ‘ is)“; it ;fl3ins t —J' \.D }-—-' D 0 +5 0 r of the thorax of the silver fox; 9*; 9*rrr l Cthll‘VGC have 7) CF' . I) C t l 91).?f“C€3. O O. k .L. fi-COStfil ourt of diawhrw;m(0ut end): B-TPRPFV9TY“ thorsc1s; C- Internal thoracic VQCSQlS D—Storrwl liga chi; 3—flhnubrium storni; F-Sternal intorcostwls; G Internal intorcostwls: H-Csrti 3 s. " ’ l fiisk; I-Kinhoid orocess. l-E—Q—é-J—o-V-o-Q-lO—ll-lZ—lS-Costa. Bones of right pectoral limb or silver fox:dvontral aspect with.muscular attachments. A,Anconeus,superficial and deep digital flexors; B,Pronator teres and flexor carpi radialis;c,Deep digital flexor;C',Pronater and quadratus;E,Brachialis; .“ ,,W¢;-¢maw P,Anconeus;G,Triceps longwm; x”ffl,pg‘gj*bfflf 3 H;Modial triceps,I,Lateral a'rV’wI” wvfifiti,‘ tricops;I,Flcxor carpi ulnaris;K,Rhomboideus thorasales;L,Levator scapulae ;M,Rhomboideus cervicales;N,Coroco- brachiales;0,Biceps bracheii;P,Supraspinatus; Q,Annnlar ligament; R,Teres minor;S,Pector- alis major and minor; T,Latissimns dorsi and Teres major;U,Flexor P carpi ulnaris;l,Biceps bracheii;X,Subscapularis; z,8ubscapu1aris; Z ' , Serratus ma gnus . Ventral aspect of the pectoral and cervical regions of the silver fox. A, Superficial pectoralis; B, Deep pectoralis; C, Clavotrapesius; D, Brachiocephalicus; E, Sternomastoid; F, Sternothyroid; G, Sternohyoid; H, Sternocephalicus; I, Fascia; J, Trachea; K, Levator scapulae; L, Serratus magnus; M, External oblique; N, Internal oblique; O, Transversalis; P, Latissimus dorsi; Q, Subscapularis. ‘ Ill, Illlllrll AI I‘IIII‘ I. I‘ll '1 Ill ‘ .‘r u . .\‘!..|,n‘l a. 1.“.r.b . .w. loll . c n (I lien ventral aspect of the pectoral and cervical regions of the silver fox. .A.J L lo. kg 5 .ll'l ill I’lll'l! {if ’1- I h [9. \CI ll xi!!! , l Cl. ‘ . i . . :4; r w. . l LN; t \\; Left pectoral limb of silver fox, ventral aspect. i - .' . - ‘5. ' 'I ‘ ' ‘ . ‘- ' ---' 'h .511" ..., p. ,, v . ,“HH«,wmafiaHe~wM..-c p-~,. 139 - i. d. . \Ju‘ " -"'”T,'. '3‘ “.‘..‘ 'i-r".\o‘-‘*'- .. _ . -' _ _ _ . . -¢ ,1 ., 3. r '«. «V'qn' u. _. fl, ,_ 1.‘ . \‘- u " I'M“ ' '_ ' ..,= nee:ul§m,,- s55,» ._ _ _ ‘I‘w-la, ‘1‘.“ ,_‘ "‘ V... ' - "v""‘.":' _, . ~. I ‘ R! 0 A,Annu1ar 11 ament; B,Triceps med.; C,Tensor fasciae antibrachii, or (Epitrochlea ; D,Tr1ceps longus; E,Extensor Rad. brevis; F,F1exor carpi radiales; G,Deep Pectoralis; H,Clavio Brachialis; I,Superf1cia1 Pectoralis; J,Biceps. ‘4. i Bones of right pectoral limb or silver fox, lateral aspect with muscular attachments. A, Extensor brevis pollicis; B, Supinator; c, E:- tensor carpi ulnaris; D, Spino-trapezius; E, Spino-deltoid; F, Bhomboideus capitus; G, Rhom- boideus cervicales; H, Rhomboideus thoracales; I, Triceps longum; I, Teres minor; K, Triceps lateralis; L, Triceps medialis; M, Brachialis; N, Superficial pectoral; 0, Clavio brachial; P, Ex- tensor carpi rodialis longus, Extensor carpi rodialis brevis, Extensor digitorum communis, and Extensor digitorum lateralis; Q, Extensor indicus; R, Deep digital flexor; S, Acromio deltoid and Spine deltoid; SS, Supraspinatus; T, Infraspinatus; U, Deep pectoral; V, Acromio deltoid; W, Acromio trapezius; X, Coroco-brachalies. 1, Extensor carpi ulnaris; 2, Extensor digitormn lateralis; 8, Communis digitorum; 4, Extensor carpi radiales and Extensor indicis; 5, Extensor carpi radialis longus and Extensor carpi radialis brevis; 6, Abductor pollicis longus. , fr‘uul‘ ‘I Lateral Aspect of right pectoral limb of Silver Fox. . >. >' V 3‘ -; -’ j .r ‘ -- “a I‘ . .. . l-Annular ligament; 2-apl- ~?¢"”3 pollicis longus; S-Bioeps; 4- . Acromio Deltoid; 5-Levator Scapula; 6-ecd-Extensor communis digitorum; 7-ecr-Extensor carpiradiales; 8-ecu-Ex. Carpi ulnaris; 9-ed1-Ext. digitorum lateralis; lO-epb-Extensor pollicis brevis; ll-epl-Extensor pollicis longus; lZ-fcu-Flexor carpi ulnaris; 13-Clavo-trapezius; l4- Acrmmio-trapezius; l5-Spinotrapezious; 16-Spino-Deltoid; 17- Latissimus Dorsi; lB-Triceps Longum; 19-Triceps Laterale; 20-meerus. Right front paw of silver fox,dorsal aspect. l,Extensor carpi ulnaria;2,Extensor digitorum lateralis; 3,Eltensor digitorum communis;4.Extensor carpi radiales; 5,Extensor indicis;6.Abductor pollicis longus;7,Extensor Carpi radiales longus and Extonsor carpi rariales brevis. ‘ insoles of volsr surface of riy“t fro t J . WC-IHWQ'IZIL‘IJUOUJII Tendon deep digital flcxor Tendon superficial digital flexor Flexor profundus digitor Annular ligarents 'Extensor carpi ulnaris Accessory carpal Reinforcing ligament Flexor sublimis digitor Tendon perferatius Fibrous tissue pads Distal pads foot of silver fox. av . a )b'ns-v ’15, Volsr muscles at extremity of right pectoral lirb of Silter Fox. A, Tend n of digital flexor; B, Abductor ;ollicis brevis; C, Flexor pollicis brevis; D, Adductor pollicis; L, Adductor digiti secundi; F, Interossei; G, hxtensor carpi ulnaris; H, Accessory Carpal; I, Inter csrpular ligament; J, Abductor digiti quinti; K, Flexor digiti cuinti brevis; L, Adductor digiti quinti; 1, Lateral Sesamoid. Litelal isms t of ei:it of lore raw of silver fox. - ‘v ,- i‘ a 2,, t "‘ . r .+ ““o ' , A-LAtCULOF COHJlHlm libsldlls xx - '- . T" , .,. , , ‘ , . - - ' ~ '- b-Jlan, u-nntUhLOF Cummdfllb c J. B-Flexor profunous digitorun; gitorun; no retractile appn gtus. H'uo Lateral sepect of the right 08 coxae of silver fox. Showing the muscle attachments. A,Adductor femoris;B.Gluteus medius;C,Sartorius;D,Tensor fascae latae;E.3ectus femoris;F.Biceps femoris;G,Gemellus; inferior;H.Gracilis;I,Acetabular fossa;J.?cctineus;K,semi- membrainosus;L,Semitendonosus;uifihuteus minimus;N,Quadratus femoris;0,0bturator externus;?,craniai border;Q,Psoas minor. Medial aspect of right 08 coxae of silver fox. A,0bturator internus;B.Ischio cavernosus;c.1nternal obliquu8;D.Sacro spinalis;E,Iliocaudalis;F.Sacro-illa articular surface;G.Abdominis transversus;H,Gracilis, J,Pectineus. Right femur of silver fox.showing'muscle attachments. ‘0 a, I" I _ / t») (1‘ Anterior aspect. Posterior aspect. A.Articnlsris genu;B,vastas internns;c.vlstas medialis;D. mores ligamsat;E.Pyri£ormes;F.Gluteus;G.Gastrocnemius; H,vastus lateralis;I.Extensor longus digitorum;J.Super- ficial digital flexor and Extensor digitorum longus;x, Biceps femoris;L.Gluteus maximus;M,Quadratus femoris; NuGluteus medics;o,0bturator internus;P.Bursa to biceps femoris. nuscles of right pelvic limb.latoral aspect of silver 10:. Biceps and tensor fascia latac have portions removed. / A.Bascia;B.Biceps;c.Sartorius;D.Tensor fascia latae;E.Gluteus minimus;F,Gluteus medius;G.Gluteus maximusfl. Pyriformis;1, Gemcllus superior;J,Os coxaesK.Gemellus inferior;L,Qnadratus femoris;u.81atic nerve;U.Vastus lateralis;0.Addnctor remoris; P.3emimembrainosus;Q,semitendinosus;R.0bturator internus;3, Sacra-coccygeus ventralis;T.Sacro-ooccygeus lateralis;U, Sacro-coccygeus dorsalis. ' 1‘ Ventral aspect of pelvic girdle of silver fox, with medial view ~ of left limb. -j_.‘-‘ - «i x .. , . e.- _ ”- .A-Tmuf~‘ ~ . .1 - ‘ ‘ ' ‘ , . a , ' A- i . _ l ‘_ . 1 .' . . " ~ .. a .- -. v . 3 -t... ad“ «.4!- - Jae-r- fi'v pr;- J I .3 i d . i.”- ' a :J‘ A-,Anguinal rins; B,Tensor fase latae; C,Corpus cavornosus; D, Saritorious; E,fliiposas; F,Compressor penis; G,Gracillus; II, Senimembrainosus; I,Spermatic cord; J,Transverse abdominus; K, Saritorious; L,Testis; M,Pectineus;.N,EXternal oblique;0.lnt- ornal oblique;P.Rectus femoris;Q.Vastas mediales;R.Adductor femo ris; S. semitondinosus; T,Erectus abdominustascia. ~10 V; Right tibia and fibula of silver fox,with muscle attachments. Anterior view. Posterior view. a..— A..... A.Annular ligament;B.Digitalis i pedis longus;C,Flexor hallucis longus;D.Deep digital flexor of, Flexor hallucis longus and Flexor digitalis pedis longus;E.Tibialis posterior;F.Popliteus;G.Tendon . f of extensor longus digitum; ," H,Ligament of tibialis " anterior;I,Ligament of eroneus longus;J,Tibialis anterior and EXtensorwhallucis .ongus;K.Patellarbligament;L,semitendenosus;M,sartorious; ”'33?¢°3 f3””ris y aPOfleur°818;O.Peroneus lon us: lateral digital extensor;P,Gracilis;Q.Peroneusgbreggg° R.Lateral digital extensor;S.Semimembranosus. ' I I I Superficial muscles,lateral aspect of left pelvic limb of silver fox. A.Tibial ligament;B.Extensor digitorum longus;0. Peroneus brevis;D.Deep digital flexor;E. Gastrocnemius laterales;F,Tendon biceps femoris;G,Deep fascia;H.Semitendinosus;I. Biceps femoris;J,Vastus lateralis;K.Rectus femoris;L.Tensor fascae latae;M,Tibialis anterior;N,Peroneus longus;O.Gastrocnemius medialis;P.Tendon of Achillies. \ ‘ J 1 l l 1 i l l i 1 . ; : qr ( .15. .0“ I. II— 7') 2 vg , 4;. J .L r I \ Jr. o O L. ' -.J. 4'1, . \ I ‘- ...- I} , .01).: ' 7 ~-\ ti n I) I x:- l/_ ”t ,. ‘1‘ ‘V‘ I want; . .‘ar OI‘ 1. . C) ~\J w' M U _ .5— 01‘ J- -.- U In (‘V (r I 1 a kJ. F .01“ -.t. '.'!‘| (‘1 KI /\ Muscles of the volar surface of the right hind foot of silver fox. X 4A-Digital pads; B-Annular ligaments; C-Lambricales; D-Superficial (digital flexor; E-Tendon of superficial digital flexor; F-Insertion of lateral gastroncnemius; G-Flexor digitorum longus; H-Flexor hallucis longus; I-Deep digital flexor; J-Tendon to large pad; K- Suspensory ligaments. Interossei on volar surface of right hind foot of silver fox. An X-ray study of the gastro-intestinal tract of the silver fox,to ascertain the size,form and location of parts of the viscera in relation to the skeleton. materials:and apparatus;-A living silver fox,twelve months old weighing twenty five oounds,one pair of neck tongs, one pair of head tongs,one metal gag,stomach tube.X-ray apparatus,photographers developing apparatus and a solution of barium sulphate. The barium sulphate solution was prepair- ed as follows;-Mix four ounces of barium sulphate meal.with enough water to form a paste. Then add enough water to bring the amount of liquid up to sixteen ounces. Procedurez-Remove the fox from his sennel by reaching through the top with a large pair of user or head tongs. Place the animal in a well constructed box having a removable cover. Transport the animal to the clinic or building where the X—ray is to be taken. Drenching;-1n order to taxe an X-ray of the intestinal tract,same must be filled with some dense material which is impervious to the X-rays. For this purpose use a solution of barium sulphate,prepared as previously explained. Remove the fox fron his box with the head tongs,place him on his back and force his mouth open with the metal gag. with the metal gag in position the animal will be unable to sever the rubber stomach tube. Place a small quantity of petrolium jelly on the end of the tube,as a lubricant and carefully insert same down the oes0phagus into the stomach. Give the animal eight ounces of the barium sulphate solution by pouring it into a funnel inserted into the tube. Return the animal to his box and allow him to relax for thirty minutes. The emptying of the stomach and probably peristalsis of the intes- tine is retarded by excitment. The fox is a very nervous animal and it might be well to leave the room where he is located. Some animals require a longer period than others to relax, A relaxation period of an hour may be required to empty the stomach and get the solution well down into the intestines. After the relaxation period the fox should be given a four ounce dose of barium sulphate solution,so that the stomach will be well filled but not extended too much. X-rayz-After the second dose remove the animal directly to the X-ray table. Hold hin motionless until the pictures are taxes. Be sure and leave the metal gag in tact. Pictures should be taxen from the ventral side. To develop and print the X-Iay'film,use the general procedure connon to photog- raphy. The barium sulphate solution has a slight laxative effect. . ~ “.“iiii..h‘J' E N A,Ischial arcn;5,0bturator foramen;C,Tuber ischii;D, Symphyseal branch of ischium;EIDuodenum;E,symphyseal branch of pubis;F,Acetabular branch of pubis;c,2elvic surface of sacrum;H,Acetabulum;1,Testicle;1:1ntestine; J,Nutrient foreman;K,Femur L Head of femur;u,Trochanter major;N,Trochanter minor;O,Necx of femur;B,Transverse process;BIPyloric stomach;Q,Lineae transversae;3,0ut- line of heart;5,Tubercle of ilium;T,Ilio-pectineal line; U,Shaft of the ilium;V,sacro-iliac articular surface; w,Eundus stomach;x,wing of sacrum;Y.Crest of ilium;z, hardiac stomachg70,3eventn cervical vertebra;lt,2t,5t,et, 9t,lOt,llt,12t,and 13t,First three and last Six thoracic vertebra;53,41,5L,6L,7L,Third to the seventh lumbar vertebra;ls,23,5s,First to the third sacral vertebra; lc,20,3c,6c,7c.80,9c,First to the third and sixth to the ninth caudal vertebra;lr,2r,3r,4r,5r,6r,7r,8r,9r, lOr,llr,12r, and 15r,First to the thorteenth costa. I’ 3 r 1; a. ..1 J”? u l.u.. . . .I‘ .uil..- . unnu, .L in o .7 v, .. v. . Litrtluehfrfio. l. .3 - .‘ww .ino“ 7 Ill i n.1IOl-Htugun . ..1~ zylmi£jijh.ruhnv“w.slb n . Unfihfl” 33. .4m.n”+-#3th.>.r1» . s u ... p, . . . .....I.3.:vuboo‘.Uu0‘ooflho.n». .u.un.-..v. i I lllllllll'..,-rtl|‘||lllx 1...: ‘J‘ h~u MR ‘1'; ~sU 11'11 - Ventral aspect of head and neck of the silver fox. A,Thyroid gland; B,Sternohyoideus; C,Canine; D,Crico thyroideus muscle; E,Crico-arytenoideus lateral; F,Fur; G,mylohyoid muscle; H, -Hyloglossus; I,Incisors; J,Jugular vein; K,Masseter; LWHyOglossns muscle; M,Mandible; N,Occ1pito mandibularis; O,Genio-hyoid muscle; P,Parotid gland; Q,Cricoid cartilage; R,Rings of cartilage; 5, Submaxillary; T,Thyroid cartilage; U,Styloglossus. « Ventral aspect of tongue, larynx and hyoid bones of silver fox. Larynx split longitudinally. A,Genio—fiyomdeus; B,Basihyal; C,Ceratohyal; D,Thyrohyal; E, Epiglottis; F,Epihya1; G,Genio-glossus; H,Hyloglossus muscle; I, Lingual nerve; J,Thyroid cartilage; K,Thyroid gland; L,Lingula; M, Stylohyal; N,Tympanohyal; 0,0pening in trachea; P,Cricoid cartilage; Q,Styloglossus; R,Rings of cartilage; S,Sublingua1 vein. Iarynx of silver for, exooscd by reuovirg esonnugus and Opening lerynx.]1nujitudinalfljr. Ar tlrnv*il Curtilrxge'nartly'lwnhoved. Lr~chinl cartilage: B,Cricoid cartilage; C,Thvroid : D,Taterwl ventricle: V."'loirgo-nh~rrrfiwnl fold; P, cal te: G,Root of torgie: H,---Ji iforw papillae: I,Vellnte oaoillae; J,Torsil: K,Eoiglottit L,Arytvno—eniglottic fold; L, Vocal cord; ’,Glottis; O,In£i”e of tr Chen. }_J H Heart of silver fox;basal view.hardened in situ. weight one ounce. A.Pulmonary artery;B,Right ventricle;C.Right pulmonary vein; D.8uperior vena cava;E,B.tght atrium;l'.Aorta;G.Le£t pulmonary artery;H.Left atriun;I.Left ventricle;J.Pulmonary veins;K. Inferior vena cava. Right aspect of heart of silver fox, hardened in situ. Weight 1% oz. 'A .I;. ...—.. . -4 NR? (3" A.Right corinary artery;B.Right ventricle;C.Right pulmonary artery;D,Right pulmonary veins;E.Branch.of right pulmonary arteIY;F.Vena azygos,G.Superior vena cava;H.Braohial arteries;I,Aorta;J.Left pulmonary artery;K.Le£t auricle; L,Le£t pulmonary vein;M.Left ventricle;N.In£erior vena cava; 0.Corinary'vein. Ventral aspect of thoracic viscera of silver fox. ‘4' I A J ‘ I- I ‘- \ I. V f i! . “, . \ . ‘ .‘ a. g a? ' . . ‘ . ‘ i ::v.l :(‘9 ‘1 '5" J'wb.‘ ‘:L“ ‘. _ I ,- _ .- :"_,.-¢lv: "'a~ .- a} ‘ ' . ‘ ~ ,1". . ' " ' ' J . _ i -, \ ‘ - ‘ a up? (“of _,' W l." f—J‘ - ' - A,Adapose tissue;B,Brachial vein;c,1nferior vena cava;D, Diaphragmatic lobe; E. Pericardial membrane; F, Thirteenth costs; G, Intercostal muscle; H,Azygos; 1. Intermediate lobe of lung; J, Left brachial arteryifi fiBraohioce halic artery L. Left common carotid artery; u Brae dlymph no e;N Innomina e vein ,0. Braohial vein; P. Pulmonary veins; Q. Jugular vein; R. Trachea; S. Jugular vein; T,Apical lobe of lung;'U. Right Braohial artery; ‘! Anterior vena cava; w, cardiac lobe of lung;.x. Right ventricle; Y, Le£t~ventricle;z. Dinaphragm;z',First costs. Lungs.heart and major blood vessels of silver fox. ventral view. l,Apical lobe;2,Le£t brachial artery;3,norso cervical artery; 4.Vertebra1 artery;5,Left common carotid artery;6,1nternsl thoracic artery;7,Brachio cephalic artery;8,Ductus ligamentum; 9,Dorso cervical trunk;lO.Right brachial vein;ll.Great oorinary vein;12.Azygos vein;13.3uperior vena cava;14.oesOpha- gus;15.Aortic arch;16,0ardiac notoh;l7,cardiac impression; 18.Groove of superior vena cava;l9,Left corniary artery;20, Right cordnary artery;21,1nferior cervical artery;22.PuLmono ary vein;83,2ulmonary artery;24,3ight atrium;25.Le£t atrimm; 86.night ventricle;27.Left ventricle;28,3uperior lobe;89, Medial lobe;30.Inferior lobea31.3asal border;32,Trachea;33. Right common carotid artery. .mpuo«.munswenaomeo.mue>ee snob newqueH.an%Hopue owameaoonoanoanm.m mesa Mo cnoa opmacosacpaH.onwceH Mo oped capesweungean.z“odefiupsop pmoH.2 "seamed pcwdm.nnnopos omaunmo.Mmm:Ho> zumcosaam.nuwcaa Ho oped oefioumo.H monoraa.mnsfio> Hmanoenp pnwfim.wnadsnp Heoabhoonomuon.mnmowhum mso>.mnm>mo use» noanops<.nnwsea Ho oped amofim«.omeaownpse> unwam.mnpueen Ho Nomd.< .Now nobawm Ho pumps and amend Mo pecans Hemopea pnwam A dissection of the abdominal viscera or a male silver fox, superficial layer showing the great masses of adipose tissue that form around the intestinal tract during the late fall. The approximate length of the small intestine is sixty inches and the length of the large intestine includ- ing the rectum is nine inches. A, Diaphragm; B, Chalccyst; c, Bight central lobe of liver; D, Left central lobe; E, Left lateral lobe; F, Adapose tissue; G, Stomach; B, Interoostal muscle; 1, Thirteenth costs; I, Doudenal end of small intestine; K, Spleen; L, Abdominus obliquus externue; ll, Abdominus obliquus internus; N, Abdominus trans- versus; 0, ureter; P, Spermatic cord; Q, Testicle; R, Inguinal canal; S, Rectus abdominus muscle; 81, Small intestines; T,‘Uroeyst; U, Tensor fascia late; V, Vastas mediales; W, Frmoral vein and artery; I, Saritorious;‘Y, Semitendinosus; Z, Seninenbrainosus; Z4, Graoilis. Sectional view of Ileum,Caecum and Colon of silver fox. A.Ileal end of small intestine;B,Colon;C.Ostium ileocolicum;D.Ostium caecocolicum;E.Apex of caecum. 13L— Deep disection of abdominal viscera of the silver fox. A, Anal opening; B, Urocyst; C, nectum; D, Uterus; E, Decending colon; F, Posterior Vena Cava; G, Renal Artery; H, Spleen; I, Stomach; J, Liver; K, Diaphragm; L, Doudenal end of small Int.; M, Ovary; N, Falopian tube; 0, Ureter; P, Left Kidney; Q, Adrenal gland; R, Cut end of great omentnm. peep diseation of abdominal viscera of silver fox. .5) - ... . IIW. I..\ . . 11.. N A (W! fl 1);.1. ilk: . ‘ ventral half of right Kidney of silver fox.3enal vein and ureter removed,showing renal arteries. weight ten grams. A.Renal artery;B,Branches of renal artery;C,Cortical substance;D,Medullary substance. Ventral half of left kidney of silver fez. Weight eleven grams. A,Renal vein;B,3enal artery;C.uedullary substance;D, Cortical substance;E,End of renal vein;F,Ureter;G, denal pelvis;H,0pening from renal pelvis to ureter. Penis of Cross section of penis. 3X Taken ant. to os penis. Cross section of penis. Taken post, to es penis. A.Ureter. B,Ductus diferens. O,Corpus cavernosum. D.Tunica albuginea. E.Ventral penis. F.Ischio cavernosus m. G.Trabeculae. H.Prostate gland. J.Musole of urethra. K.Bulb of urethra. L.Bulbus glandis. M.Pars longs glandis. N.Foramen. O.Urinary bladder. !,Retractor muscle. U.Urethra. . ‘4 . . e 1'- I k . , " .‘ . , a. - . . _ , I ’0 " f‘ -' '. . ._. .i - . it. . .‘2 | . V ,' I I < 1 ‘ "4"‘1-3 I 'm .u ‘ -" ' E II ‘ ' ' ' . I ., . -.- ,p . . '.' . t . | ,.. ,1 , , : .' \ I -,. I ‘ " .5 u . a . r x v; . ' \ silver‘fox. Os penis. ‘ Ventral Posterior Posterior- .. I N’«- r . ,_. .. ./ .5511: ‘ ‘§."(I_;y,'. qrcm’ [:7 .. a a8 Ania aw reminisce met a... 1: a. 1‘.--——-.."r . 1% "V LL/ 0533c o». wcsmpe 9543. was muoswsm scwmdwde momugosm on. a we assumeeamc meodwosmw asam.pppsmdsmaca we swede Hpmsscm.wnpo. Transverse section of orbital region of the silver fox, anterior aspect. Plate l:-l,Nasal bone;2,Interscutularis;3,Nasal septum; 4.Nasoturbinal cartilage;5.Maxilloturbina1;6,Na olacrimal duct;7,First molar;B,Sublingual vein;9,Lingual artery; lO.Tongue;ll,Leiator palpebrae superoris muscle;12,Rectus medialis muscle;13,Cornea;l4,Inferior oblique muscle;15, Retina;l6,Fronto scutularis muscle;17,viterous body;18, zygomatic arch;19,Lens;20,Anterior chamber;21,Buccinator muscle;22,Geniohyoideus;23.Digastricus muscle;24,mandible; £5.Pharynx;26,External maxillary artery and vein;27.0ral oavity;28,Platysma muscle;29,Pterygoid muscle;30,Nasio- lacrimal duct;3l,3ectus inferior muscle;52,Maxilla;33, Lavator labii muscle;34;0rbicularis oculi. Transeverse section of head of silver fox,taxen one inch anterior to the external auditory meatus,anterior aspect. Plate 2:1,Zygomatic process;2.Parietal crest;3,Frontal bone;4,Pterygoid hone;5,Sphenoid bone;6,Coronoid process; 7,Masseter muscle;8,Entomarginal fissure;lO,Pterygoideus lateralis muscle;ll,Thyrohyoideus muscle;12,1nterscutul- aris muscle;15,Buccinator muscle;l4.Nasal tract.(chona); 15,Facial vein;16,Thyroid cornu;l7,Fronto-scutularis muscle;18,Temporalis muscle;19,Kerato-hyoideus muscle; 20,Tonsil;21,Pterygoid muscle;22,00cipito-mandibularis muscle;23,Ventral cerebral vein;24,Hippocampus;25,Long- itudinal fissure;26,Cortex cerebri;27,small cornu;28, Larynx;29,iaxillary artery;30,Base of tongue;31,Arytenoid cartilage;32,Tonsil;33,Fornix. Transverse section through the auditory region of the silver fox,anterior aspect. Plate 3;-l,Medulla;2,Ventral cerebral vein;5,Tympanic membrane;4,Cerebellum;5.Crico pharyngeus muscle;6.0ccipito- mandibularis muscle;7,Vestibule of larynx.(810ttis);8, Arytenoid cartilage;9,Fourth ventricle;lO,Transverse sinus;ll,Bu11a ossea,(tympanum);12,aectus capitus ventralis major muscle;13,External auditory meatus;l4,Temporalis muscle;15,Scutularis muscle;16,Scutiform cartilage;l7, Conchal cartilage;18,Auditory canal;19.Parotid gland;20, Kerato pharyngeus muscle;2l.Submaxilary gland;22,Voca1 muscle;23,0ricohycideus;24,Thyroid cartilage;25.3terno- hyoideus muscle;26.Ventricularis muscle;27,Large cornu; 28,Pharynx;29,Interscutularis muscle. Transverse section of the neck region of the silver fax,taken at the articular processes of the epistrOpheus and axis,posterior aspect. Plate 4:-1.Rhomboideus capitis muscle;2,01avotrapezious muscle;3,3p1enius muscle;4.eempdexus;muscleefisaectus capitusudorsalis major muscle;6,0bliqus capitis post- erior muscle;7,8pinus process of epistrOpheus,(axis); 8,Atlas;9,0bliqus capitis anterior muscle;10.Longissi- mus capitus muscle;ll,Bpina1 cord;12,Longissimus atlantis muscle;13,cOmmon carotid artery;14,Trachea;15,sterno- thyroideus mole;16.Longus colli muscle;l7.Rectus capitus'uentsalifimajor muscle;18.3ternohyoideus muscle; l9,sternomastoideus muscle;20,Sternocephalicus;21, OesOphagus;22,Arch of axis;25.Thyroid gland;24.Externa1 Jugular vein;25.1nternal Jugular vein. Transverse section of the silver fox,taken through the seventh cervical vertebra,anterior sapect. Plate 5;-1,Acromiotrapezious muscle;2,Serratus magnus muscle;3,1nfraspinatus muscle;4,8ubscapularis muscle; 5,scapula;6,3upraspinatus muscle;7,Clavioo brachialis muscle;8.Brachialis muscle;9.Deltoid muscle;lO,Humerus; ll.Biventer cervicis muscle;12,Complexus major muscle; 13.Multifideus cervicis muscle;l4,0arotid artery;15, Spinus process of seventh cervical vertebra;16.Spinsl cord;17,0entrum;18.Ligamentum nuchae;19,1ntertransever- sealis muscle;20,aectus capitus ventralis major muscle; 21,Acromion process;22,0esophagus;23.30alenius muscle; 24,Lateral head of triceps muscle;25,Long head of triceps muscle;26,Medial head of triceps muscle;27.Pectoralis muscle;28,sternomastoid muscel;29,Sternothyroid muscle; 50.Trachea;5l.Fat;32,3rachiocephalic trunk;33,Deep pectoral muscle;34.Longus colli muscle; . ; Transverse section through the pectoral girdle of the silver fox.taken at the first thoracic vertebra,posterior aspect. Plate 6;-l,Spinotrapezious;2,8erratus ventralis;3,supra- Spinatus muscle;4,Subscapu1aris;5,3capula;6,1nfra8pinatus; 7,major teres;8,Triceps longus;9,Deltoid;10,Lateral triceps; 11,Levator costorum;12,Spina1 nerve trunk;13,Multifidius dorsi;l4,Sternal part of moraciOflL5,First thoracic vertebra; 16.Spinal cord;l7,sternohyoid muscle;18,sternothyroid muscle; l9,Right common carotid artery;20,ahomboideus muscle;21, Scapular spine;22.0esOphagus;23,First corpus sternus;24, complexus;25,superficial pectoralis;26,First eternal cartil- age,27,Deep pectoralis;28,Superficial pectoralis;29,gight ‘bradhial artery;50,Trachea;31,Fat;52,Right brachial vein;33, First costa;34,Longus colli;55,1nferior cervical artery;36, Dorso-cervical trunn;37,Left common carotid arteries;3b, Transverse process;59,Vertebral vessels;40,External thoracis. Transverse section through the pectoral girdle of the silver fox,taken at the second thoracic vertebra,poster- ior aspect. Plate 7;-l,Centrum;2,Thoracic cavity;3,0esOphagus;4, Trachea;5,second corpus sternus;6,superior apical lobe of left 1ung;7,8pinus process;8,Spinal cord;9,spino- trapezious;10,scapu1ar spine;ll,scapula;12.Ascending vena cava;13,Rhomboideus muscle;l4,Complexus;15,Serratus ventralis;16.supraspinatus;17,Levator costa;18,1nfra- spinatus;19.Subscapularis;20,Spinales;21.Multifidius dorsi;22,Longus costorum;23.Longus colli;24.Second costa; 25,1ntereostalis;26,8uperior apical lobe of right lung; 27,Fascia and fat;28,major teres;29,Latera1 triceps;50, Transversus thoracis;31,Deep pectoral muscle;32,Rectus thoracis;35,Vagus nerve and fascia;34,Longissimus dorsi; 55,3rachio-cephalic trunk,56,1eft common carotid artery; 37,Thoracic duct;5b.Azygos vein;39,Internal thoracic vein; 40-4l,Internal thoracic arteries;42,1atissimus dorsi. Transverse section through the thorax of the silver fox, taken through the base of the heart,anterior aspect. Plate 8;-l,Right middle lobe of lung;2,0es0phagus;5, Spinal cord;4,Centrum of fourth thoracic vertebra;5,Trans- verse process;6,spinus process of third thoracic vertebra; 7,Spinotrapezious;b,spinalis;9,Latissimus dorsi;lO,serratus ventralis;ll,Right pulmonary vein;12,Pectoralis major;l$. Fifth costa;l4,Fourth costa;l5,1ntercostalis interni;16717, Intereostalis externi;18,Rectus abdominus;19,1nternal thor- acic vessel;20,Transversus muscle;21.Longissimus dorsi;22, Longissimue costorum;25.1evator costa;24,Supportive tissue; 20,8erratus dorsalis;26,Third corpus sternus;27,Third eternal cartilage;28,31ural membrane;29,1nterior of right atrium;30,0pening to right ventricle;3land32,Aortic arch; 53,Entranoe of superior vena cava;34,Entrance of azygos vein;55,Branches of pulmonary artery;36,Trachea;3b,Cardiac lobe of lung;59,Multifidius dorsi. Transverse section of the thorax of the silver fox, taken through the fifth and sixth thoracic vertebra, posterior aspect. Plate 9;-1,Spinotrapezious;2,3pinalis;3,Longissimus dorsi; 4,Longissimus costorum;5,Latissimus dorsi;6,Left ventricle; 7,1ntercostalis externi;8,1ntercostalis interni;9,3erratus ventralhs;10.Transversus thoracic;ll,Left atrium;12,aight atrium;13,Intercostalis externus;l4,Sixth costal cartilage; l5,Between the fifth and sixth corpus sterni;16,Intercos- talis internus;l7,Pectoralis;18,0esOphagus;19,Middle lobe of lung;20,Pulmonary artery;21,Intercostalis;22,Fifth costs; 23,Fourth costa;24,Serratus ventralis;25.Serratus dorsalis; 26.1ntercostalis internus;27,Spinus process of fifth thorac- ic vertebra;28,Sixth thoracic vertebra;29,Tubercle of sixth costa;30,Bronchi;31,Spinal cord;32,Centrum;33,uultifideus dorsi;34,Levator costa;35.Aorta;56,Muscular part of left ventricle;8 ,Muscular part of right ventricle;38,Pulmonary vein;59,Corinary artery;40,1nterspinales muscle. Transverse section through the thorax of the silver fox, taken at the apex of the heart and the eigth thoracic vertebra,posterior aspect; Plate lO;-1,Latissimus dorsi;2,3pinus process of the eigth thoracic vertebra;3,8pinalis;4,nultifidius dorsi; 5,Eigth thoracic vertebra;6,Spinal cord;7,Longissimus dorsi;8,Longissimus costormm;9,Levator oosta;lO,Inter- costaJJs internus;ll,Intercostalis externus;12,Right middle lobe of lung;13,Left middle lobe of lung;14,oes- Ophagus;15,Descending vena cava;16.Apex of heart;17,Peri- oardial membrane;18,Articular process of eigth costa;19, Seventh costa;20,sixth costa;21,Fifth costa;22.rourth costal cartilage;23,Transversus thoracis;24,1ntercostal; 25,Pifth.costa1 cartilage;26.1ntercostalis internus;27, Pectoralis;Zb,Seventh corpus sternus;29,Aorta;30,Branches of pulmonary artery;31,1ntermediate lobe of lung;32. Plural membrane;35,Thoracic cavity;34,Diaphragm;35,0ut portion of left central lobe of liver;36,Pat and fascia. Transverse section through the abdomen of silver fox, taken at tenth thoracic vertebrs,posterior aspect. Plate ll:-l,Colocyst(Gall bladder).2,spinal cord;3, Tenth thoracic vertebra;4,0esophagus;5,Descending vena cava;6,Aorta;7,Diaphragm;8.Multifideus dorsi;9,Disph- ragmatic lobe of lung;lO.Small omentum;ll.Abdominal cavity;12,Peritoneum;13,Eigth corpus sternum;l4.Eigth ninth and tenth eternal cartilages;15,Left lateral lobe of liver;16.1mpression of cardiac stomach;l7.Caudate lobe of liver;18,Duodenal flexure;l9,aight lateral lobe of liver;20,Levator costs;21.Lumbo-dorsal fascia;22, Intercostslis internus;23.Inteccostalis externus;24, Pectoralis major;25,External obiique;26Lstissimus dorsi; 28,3ternal intercostals;29,Transverse thoracic;30.spleen; 31,0es0phageal notch;32.Left central lobe of liver;33, Longissimus dorsi;34.Ninth costs;3:'>,Seventh costa;36, Sixth costs;37,Eigth costa;38,Psoas minor;39,Articular process of tenth costs. Transverse section through the abdomen of silver fox, taken at the twelfth thoracic vertebra.poster ior aspect. Plate 12;-l,Interspinalbs;2,Aponeurosis;5.Articular process of twelfth thoracic vertebra;4.Spinal cord;5. Centrum; 6.Longissimm dor si ; 7 . Twelfth costs; 8,Exta nal oblique;9,Latissimus dorsi;lO,Fat and fascia;ll,1nter- costalis;12.Body<3avity;13,Diaphragm;l4.Juncture of dia- phragm with twelfth costa;l5.Wall of cardiac stomach;16, Wall of fundus stomach;17,Transverse colon;18.Mesen- taries;19,Pancreas;20,Ninth costa;21,Rectus abdominus; 22,Eleventh and twelfth costal cartilages;23,Sternal intercostals;24,Fat;25,Psoas minor;26,Min0r omentum; 27,0ut ends of Jugunum;28,Left lateral lobe of liver; 29,0e80phagus at entrance to cardiac stomach;30,Aorta; 31,Descending vena cava;32,Pancreatic duct;33,Portal vein;34,1mpression of right kidney;55.Caudate lobe of liver;36,Internal oblique;37,Eleventh costa;59,Tenth costa. Transverse section of tin abdomen of silver fox, taken at first lumbar vertebra,posterior aspect. Plate 13;-l.Aponeurosis;2,Spinus process of first lumbar vertebra;3,8pinal cord;4,Centrum;5.Longissimus dorsi;6,Psoas major and minor;7,External oblique;8, Intercostalis;9.1nternal oblique;lO,Transversalus abdominus;ll,Rectus abdominus;l2.Aorta;18.3uprarenal body;l4,Medullary substance of right kidney;15.ued- ullary substaa3e of left kidney;16.Liver;17,Duodenum; 18,Mesentaries;l9,Descending vena cava;20,Mesentaric vein;21,Mesentaric arteries;22,Cortex of right kidney; 25,Renal vein;24,Renal artery;25.Thirteenth costal cartilage;26.Twelfth costa;27.Fascia and fat;28,cortex of in ft kidney;29,Ureter;30,Descending colon;31,small intestines;32.Vertebral canal;53,Latissimus dorsi;34. Abdominal cavity. Transverse section through abdomen of the silver fox, taken at second ani third lumbar vertebra,posterior aspect. Plate l4:-l,Articular process of third lumbar vertebra; 2,Spinal cord;3,Centrum;4,Transverse process;5.Lumbo— dorsal aponeurosis;6,Longissimus dorsi;7.Psoas major and minor;8,Fat;9.Latissimus dorsi;lO.External oblique;ll. Mesentaric vessels;12.Transverse abdominus;13,aectus abdominus;14,Posterior articular process of second lum- bar vertebra;15,Right ovary;16,Descending vena cava;17, Lunen of cut ends of small intestines;18,Visceral perit- oneum;19,Descending colon;20,Body cavity;Zl,Caecum;22, Aorta;23.Left ovary;24,Ureter. Transverse section through abdomen of the silver fox, taKen at the fifth lumbar vertebra,posterior aspect. Plate l5;-1,Spinus process of fifth lumbar vertebra; 2,Fifth lumbar vertebra;3,Spinal cord;4,Transverse pro- cess;5,Leh§isSimusdomsi;6,?soas major and minor;7,Aorta; 8,1atissimus dorsi;9,Fallopian tube;lO,Ureter;ll.Fat;12, Descending colon;13,1unen of caecum;l4,visceral perito- neum;15,Descending vena cava;16,Aponeurosis;17,External oblique;18.Internal oblique;l9.Transverse abdominus;20, Umbilical fold;2l,Small intestines;22,3ectus abdominus; 23,Body cavity. Transverse section through abdomen.of the silver fox,1 taken at the fibrous cartilage pad between the sixth and seventh lumbar vertebra,poaterior aspect. Plate 16;-l,Descending colon;2,Spinal cord;3,sixth lumbar vertebra;4,Fibrous cartilage;5,Articular pro- of seventh lumbar vertebra;6,Ureter;7.Visceral perit- oneum;8,Aorta;9,Descending vena cava;lO,Interspinalis muscle;ll,Latissimus dorsi;12,Psoas major and minor;l3. Inter-transversales muscle;14,External oblique;15,1nt- ernal oblique;16,Transverse abdominus;17,Umbilica1 fold; 18,Aponeurosis;19,Rectus abdominus;20,Uterus. Transverse section through abdomen of the silver fox, taken at the first sacral vertebra,posterior aspect. Plate 17;-1,Longissimus dorsi;2,Gluteal muscle(mine- mus and medias):3,Sartorious;4,Abdominal tunic;5,Ext- ernal oblique,6,Transverse abdominal;7,Rectus abdominus; 8,11iacus;9,Psoas minor;lO,Sacral plexus nerve;ll.Rectum 12,Centrum of first sacral vertebra;13,Dorso sacro-iliac ligament;14,Ilium;15.w1ng of sacrum;16,Common iliac vessels;17,vagina;18.Ureter;19,Visceral peritoneum;20, Bladder(urocyst);21.Aponeurosis;22,Sacro-iliac articular surface;23,Tensor fascia latae;24,sacral nerves. Transverse section of silver fox,tamen at the acetabulum,posterior aspect. Plate 18;-l,Urethra;2,Internal obturator;3,Biceps femoris;4,Lateral sacral artery and vein;5,Gluteus medius;6,Pyrif0rmis;7,Tensor fascia 1atae;8,vastas lateralis;9,3ectus femoris;lO,Gracilis;ll,Saritorious; 12,sciatic nerve and ligament;13,Rectum;l4,Vagina;l5, Head of femur;16.Trochanter major;l7,Fat;18,1nnominate bone at acetabulum;l9,Acetabulum;20,Rectus abdominus Inuscle;21,Longitudinal muscle of’rectum;22,vaginal wall;23,Second caudal vertebra;24,Fibrous cartilage; 25,?yriformis;26,sacro-coccygeus ventralis;27,3ecto coccygeus;26,Sacro-coccygeus lateralis;29,Femoral artery and vein. Transverse section of the sliver fox,taxen through ischium and femur,posterior aSpect. . . ~ I’I‘ - ‘ Plate 19:-l,saritorious;2,Sciatic nerve;3,3ectus femoris;4,Gracelis;5,Saphenous vein;6,Femoral artery; 7,Pectineua muscle ;8,Adductor femoris;9,Semirnembran- osus;lO,Ischium;ll,Ischial arch;l2,Femur;15,vastas lateralis;l4,Vastas medialis;15,Biceps femoris;l6, Vastas intermedius;17,0bturator externus;18,semi- tendinosus;l9,Labia vulvae;20,sphincter ani exter- nus;21,Retractor ani;22.Sacro-coccygeus lateralis; 23,Sacro-coccygeus ventralis;24,Recto coccygeus;25, Anus. BIBLIOGRAPHY. "The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals? Second Edition,by Septimus sisson. Published by.W. B. Saunders Company,Philade1phia,Pa., 1927. "Davison's mammalian Anatomy? Fifth Edition, by Alvin Davison and Frank Stromsten. Publish- ed by P. Blakiston's Son Company. Philadelphia, Pa., 1931. "Practical Anatomy of the Rabbit? Fourth Edit- ion, by B. A. Beasley. Published by, P. BlaKis- ton's Son Company, Philadelphia,Pa. 1926. .v. av A'A ‘ ‘ v- ‘ A- If." .w’ "4"“. ($28“ w W "0 ROOM USE ONLY as HICHIGQN STQTE UNIV. LIBRRRIES 31293011062175