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PLACE ll RETURN BOX to roman this chockout from your ncord.
TO AVOID FINES mum on Of befor- ddo duo.

DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

APR 1 8 2005

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CARCLIXE KIRKLAHD, P CHEER

’\

0}"
/ M
.‘\‘\l
Thesis for degre‘e‘pef 1.1. .8.
s ‘7‘“!
. ‘ rm 0
)3}; Lou‘se L. nnudsen
P“ .

r3: :.-v=-~.. a. i

1934

"I. - "-rv-a 11 7
ixtbm 02 CUKIL

Preface
Joseph Stansbury

Samuel Stansoury

The Xichigan Frontier
The Land Rush
Detroit

The Village Site
Roads and Inns

The Log House
Servants

building a Village
The Ague

Neighbors

Pioneer Food

The Squatters

Society in the Settlements
School and Church
"Depression"
13.21%

Return to flew York

Conclusion
Bibliography

3

g.

v\———f-u-‘ I fi-r-fi
swl‘ 5‘.

Half a century of literary oblivion has been
the fate of Caroline Ya tilda Kirkland, one of the most
successful and distin:M1 shed li terery figures of her day.
She was a recognized sutl critJ on frontier life, and, as
such, an honored member of the brilliant New fork "Liter sti
a group so chsrscterizeo by Poe, whic: incluceo William
Cullen Eryant, Targaret Fuller, irances Cseooc, William
Kirkland, and others. ; gov none, the book which won fame
for her in America and ebroso, was published in 183 ; from

that time until her 00, 3th in 1864 she enjoyed not only a

great measure of popular approval, but the high praise of
litera.r 3r critics such as Poe end Lryant.
From the time of her death to tie re .naicence 0’

interest in the Frontier, Caroline hirklano was eggerently
consigned to a place among worthy minor authors. The
realization that the Frontier has vsnishec brought about a
reco orn nitio n of the fact that it had nae an inportent in-
fluence on the literary, economic and political hist. or of
the United State es. From this percention grew some appreci3~

tion of the contribution Caroline Kirkleno had made Ly

-' z . ' 1 :w ...' ,.-' ,- :4, . ' , t m.-. '—,
writing Wltfl illuminitinb clar1.y of life on the Eththlo
‘f’ ‘- O r‘ 5-. 3 L (J— P ,_ ‘

It “1‘ recently leeche cleul in- u or: ter nie-

P‘P Er fiq-ur- ‘- A :‘Q {‘A (— : A
tJAe his lchb teen resnonsiole itr a misconce.

 

~' . "."-' 1. ‘ A 0 ° .- . . : 1‘ Tu, 1 .f .. 4"
Caroline hirnlsnc s flcmcsl lilo. in tne C;.l.nedie 3.
~ ° ~ ° ..- 1 -, . : .j , p 1- V." A, ,.‘ ‘
{trier}. CWT} .Lal t5: ;-. 3.136 , 21, fr; Gnu gnu COu'tEr gore: :1? ..L 1 ire ' ALE-T 313119.,

 

 

in. + ~-: 1 r n 4" + - ‘- r w . a " y“ . - -- P
Ill .L L; Pllu ~$J|X 7‘ A“ : 1n Uihe 1Y1 DEA-1C1 , :Ah 1:17 pillar; 'r est OJ.
T 1 ‘ ‘ 4' 1r— ” w ‘. " u - a L . ‘ V ' M . q
letioit. Actuallr, sq- S‘rfi, six ye-rt 1n tic xilcerne:o.

 

‘- “7‘: ‘v‘TF 'i '\ ~- lqu | ‘L 1 ‘ : Ivv ‘1 I: n‘ . - 9'
If the u-$bah€n ieccrc ne19. true, it fibula, puVlOdSlJ,

‘ a 1 c ‘ ‘ q ~ 0 u

7"" h V", ‘ r ‘ 1" e 3'4 (ntr r~ V1 w\ a .31 :- .:- x-rn my r v -'-v -
tMJ-Cb.) - “ACE. .Lii llel Ct”; CLlC-Ab' \- <20. A..k v.1 mlS-C'JEL‘IOS 5.8
(5 o 1 ‘ ‘ a ' ~ I D‘- o L

Y‘ JV‘Y‘ r . ‘ v V‘: " " Y‘ 't "' "
Ul-.C.L".Lr J—‘C 3*: Jig. 4“ U v.5 - LI Ll An uL ectnb J‘. 80.1.8 0

 

so far in advance of her do", that cnli a stuuv of her early
life and environment can ex lain m‘ch of it. Unfortunately,
in the published accounts of Carolire nirkland, little has

T‘

I
'n j . s - . v V
‘anL S ofiiQV'I

been said of her training and family background.

34

q ‘4‘ + ‘_,-. '0“ F n r 4' r: r- r 0" ,‘f‘ ‘ ' r 1% r~ 1
Le due to the fact thtt a great ceal of source nateiial has

)

teen unknnwn or unavailalle. Through the kindness of Louise

r o 1 I1 h ‘ 0' ‘ ‘r 7" . «fl - ' " '-' ‘ ~ ' mi,» ‘r r~ "-“r -
hirnlanc oanborn, hrs. nllfilanu 3 gr Lusaucnter, I have had

1

O

, cess to many sources: famil‘r records, old letters, books
long out of print, and so forth, which I nave used in an
effort to reconstruct the family traditions, traininf and
environment which made Caroline Kirkland the cultured, x-

quisitely witty, vivacious woman she was when she took up

zation in

F;
l...‘
FJ.

her resicence far teycnd the outposts of civ'
what was then the mysterious far western country — the great

hichigan forest.

(fl

Tr‘hv—“fi’ ofi'vvnrvvvng
UVUHL-‘ S‘ALA‘ DJ: 45;;

Caroline Xatilda hirkland was a descendant of

the S ansbury f mily, distinguished in Colonial nrterica for

1"

wit, ior ulture, and for independence of tnoug1t. Their
wit was soiolarl 1y; their culture was worldly ratner than

Puritan; their independence aas decidedly unoopuler during

‘

" 1' . I t‘ W“‘ \. a are q. 7 ,-‘
one trodblec devolut11nary years.

f’1§_

‘fl (.‘ r 1" ‘V V'OA 1 i". IV. ~: fl‘. . ‘ 4. r
The StanSLurys deie nntl1sn. ins family tree
‘3 . .
r ‘ v r‘.‘ 'r ‘ 'Q firs-:4 A 'V r\yflfi': (W T. V. r“. ’ C"‘
traces Leon to John Stansldry cf rec.1nster, ne1e1cruch1re,
{N r ~- ..‘ - r, ‘,- V“ v " , ‘ r -- _
w.hose second so n, Samuel Stanstu1y, went to London and be-

. Is A .— y. '4' fl. \ V ~ ‘ ‘.~ 1-
came a retail merchant the1e. his son Joseph, rein in 1712,

F’

married Sarah Cgier, a French Huguenot, in 1765 Two years

4. VA m ,4 rw r . a f‘ r‘ Y“ . 1‘“ 1 ,3 p ; vs-
later Joseph and Saran stonptu J encirgeu 1or nm,r ice on
'2
U

the Jane and Henry, landing in Philadelohia Octcoer ll, 176 7.

Joseph Stansbury4 Lecame a china merchant and im-

 

porter. His business prospered, and the vivacious, cultured

 

 

 

 

1. Fred H. Nines, Iozccrdints 3; John e+<nsrvry cf ICCtitster :
p.1. The family is believed to have descended from .illian, a
younger brother of the John Stante is who use Ccnfessor to King
henry the Sixth, and one of the no t

arned men in nngland.
c and his freehold,

r

. s

2. Ieid., p.2. John Stansbury was a n ,

t d by the Lnjlish

in Draper's Lane, leominster, is s
Star.sburys.
5. Iva-idly,

.2.

Chr‘

 

 

 

 

4. Joseph Sta scury, the poet laureate of a lost cause, has
nearly been forgotten. In hp nleton's Cyclopedia of “we‘iccn
Biograpiy there is a short, inaccurate account of his life
E.K;Jackson, in The Literary History of Colonial Pennsylvania,
mentions Stan stury and cue tee from his work. E.C.Tyler, in

The Literary History 9: the Arerio n Revolution, devotes a chap-

 

 

 

ter to Stansbury based on The Loyal Verses of Joseph Sta stur;
and Doctor Jonathan Odell, which were edited in 1860 by “inthrop
Sargent, with notes on the writers and the verses. This volume
was privately printed. Hrs. Sanborn, a descendant of Joseph
Stansbury, has a copy. From this, from letters of Josep oh Stans-
bury and his son Samuel, and from a booklet by F.H.Wines, lrs.
Sanborn's cousin, I have endeavored to present the chief events
of Stansbury's life and to quote from his verses in such manner
as to illustrate, as far as possible, the personality of this
genial but caustic Tory.

’—

 

 

 

b

were welcome in the literary and social activities

(‘a
‘0
U}

'01 U a I; 1 A 0 'q_ I w: "' r‘, f" 1.“ . ‘1’ Q " . . ‘7‘ “ o ‘ O
of 1n11ade1p11a, which "as then tne 1a1 est ame1ic n City.

{1"}

This success in the new world did

:3
g.)
C
(1
40

ct c-‘s. Stansbury to
forget his beloved England; in dignified verses he declared
appreciation of his adopted country, but "reverence" for his
native land.
"Lorne by Bolus o'er the Atlantic waves,
To Indian lands unknown I wayward stray,
Whose verdant bosom silver Schuyl'ill laves;

Stately and silent as th

(D

close of day
Where rears the lofty spire its gilded crest,
And thriving Commerce irives the busy Car,

In solemn pomp, by liberal Nature d est,

*1

Kajestio rolls the mighty Delaware.

Tho' Wealth, the lordly power by all ador’d,
Seems kindly to increase my little store;
And hardy Temperance with a frugal hoard
Forbids pale dreary Want to haunt my door;
Yet will a gentle race of kindred dear,
Like airy shades, conjurid by magic wand,
Arise in view, and force a briny tear,
A tear of reverence for my native land."
In the political unrest and dissension preceding

the war, Stansbury, although he did n t condone injustice,

O

felt that redress could be secured within the traditional

Allegiance to King and COuntry.6 From the first he aligned

 

5. Winthrop Sargent,The Loyal Verses, pp. 95-6.
60 Ibido’ p. 980

(IT

himself with the Loyalists, and, as a member of the Loyalist
society, he Sons of St. George, contributed for their meet-
ings many patriotic songs which declared again his allegiance
in unmistakable terms.
"Tho' plac'd at a distance from Britain's bold Shore,
From thence either We or our Fathers came o'er;
And in Will, Word and Leed, We are Englishmen all;
Still true to her Cause and awake to her call."
When, under the command of Sir William Howe,
British forces arrived off the coast of Few York in 1776,
Loyalist hearts were rejoiced and Stansbury wrote a poem of
welcome to Howe:
"He comes, he comes, the Hero comes:
Sound, sound your Trumpets, beat your Drums:
From port to port let Cannon roar

Y?

Howe's welcome to the testern Shore!"O

Rowe's conmand in Philadelphia was welcome to
Loyalists, at least, and Stansbury was rewarded for his devo-

tion to the cause by several appointments. He was a director

of the Library Company, a Hanager of Xowe's Lottery for the

relief of the poor, and one of a commission for governing

9

the city watch. From the autumn of 1777 to June, 1778:

h nds; business and social

:34

Philadelphia remained in Eritis

{3.3

g

affairs went on much as usual, as tne merchants enjoyed a
profitable trade with the army wnich was quartered there.
The fortunes of war changed suddenly and those of

.‘

1118

M
o
m
m

1h Stansburr changed with them. His property and

8
1L. U

life were .laced in jeepardy because of his beliefs. When

 

 

7. Ibido, p. 10
8. Ibid., p. 10.
9. IEI§., p.98-9.

the British left Philadelphia, Stansbury, well known to be
a Loyalist, was forced to le ve Philadelphia and to taxe
refuge behind the Iritish lines in new York. For the re-
mainder cf the war Joseph tensbury was an exile. His wife
and children remained at Iocrestown, Few Jersey until 1781,
when they joined him in the city of Ken York.

Staism'1ry, in New York with ther IOfl’LliS exiles,

1

anxiously awaited tne conclusion of the war and the resunp-
tion of normal living. The inaction of the Iritisl bitterly
1sappointed the Loyalists, and Joseph Jtanstury, writing

-* w r‘

1 .
1n HiVlnEtCn's hoyal gazette under the name of "hooerick

 

 

tandem", frequently pointed his wit at his own party. In
a pasquinade wnicn up eared in Ie' York in 1780, he wro
has the Karquis La Fayette

Taken off all u hay ye t?

Says Clintonllto the wise heads about him:

77
1

Yes, faith, great Sir arry,

And ifiewise the cattle -- confouno hint

 

If that be his project,
It is not an object

Worth a great man's attemptint to hinder.

 

 

lO. Wines, op. cit., p. 41. This was called Livinfion'e lyil
Gazette by the Yankees.
11. Sir IIenr" Clinton had succeeded here as commander— in- cliief.

"v3“ .p
A. .v'

I care not a louse;

For revenge let the loyalists tell
I srear I'll not 3‘ more,
To keep then in humour,

Then play on my viclcz ellc.

I can live a whole year on that fame, 81

Ride stout all the dev;

nt nieht, concert or play;

 

 

 

So a fig for the men that dfire blame, Si
If grc lers carplain
I inactive rema.n,
Will do nothin”, not let any others;
'Tis sure no new thing
To serve thus our King;
Witness Burgoyne and two f: m oue bro rs
Late in 1780, Joseph Stansbury Visit
probably to get his family, for a pass was fr"

Wife ,

their six children an d a servant,

s time he was imprisoned for a few

leased on condition that he leave the ci

osoohical:

as the war continued, Stanshury

on Jknwiary

days 9
ty.

r been

me

I“.

9
v "1"
0

but

"es re-

more phil-

 

19.
13.

argent, op. cit., p.
Hne , 33. cit., . 4.

 

9 0

"I've heard in old times that a Sage us'a to "ay

fi P
i

The seasons were nothing - December or r

re w
Fl. \f -
v‘.

v

The Heat or the Cold never entered his Play;

That all should be happy whenever they can.

' : L . s - .V ‘. ..,.~ ~
Time servlnf I have yet I see no goco leeson
r . u. ' 1 . . ' .P_ #1 4- ..4. “A”.
n lCaf from t.e1r boo; snoula e troutht om. cf selstn.

q

‘,“"‘ -\ " ' ‘7' I '1 ' ‘ c + .r- p v 4 ‘ ‘ t\ Tier
"43611 mien CL 4.1;.8 a. .LOCU'lzdll $780.3 Ollebu C .xc‘Ily

‘ s ‘u«' v p -1 L": ru“-- 1. a...
lne era Pf tne .2: folnt .o.etq o.snsu r reconc-Icu
.. J
4-K .. ~ 4 , ‘
to the :revlt.nle:
"*7 . J- "',. J. + , '

Len this .wr at len~.“ is C er;

T or. . l K

Let us tnine of it no more.

w V" i‘ “ "v" ‘V . I“ A

ever LCruJ L16 or iwme

m .,. w _ 4”... a “up“.

UBJJCEJ. (‘5 Our IrluuM-ttl U.§;.54-..e

‘7: ‘, .- ‘- .. .- ,: .1" ,. L ' 1

tie eeo; “owns or faction close
L
a.)

-' ~$ ‘1’. .3 r- t 1' *-' 9‘ . V‘ "
plubA tnat me here ever fees.

11-. x * fi‘ - ‘5 'q r "' 3' “V x ‘Vl‘ ‘ ’ J- -. —\ V uv- r; ‘5‘? .
by the SJCoesslul laflngebo JCJWLLSU prtrertf was cenils-

, :. ;' ,:.,,: ,. w r 5,. : . 4. ..;
cateo incisezinlnetely, ahu there mes little attempt to rencer

At the close of the war Joseph Stanslury was again

1' ‘ " v ‘ "7Q? ‘ “'f‘ ‘ 1 r- fv‘ Jh *‘ mmfi r- 1 . 1,. ‘- r. y.- u -‘
d. refugee. .Ll’. .L'~—‘~.J 18 usage 8. voyabe b0 bllyglaliflg L'UU lit: “not

Beded the old, for he returned to America she to

in 1785.

 

l4. Sargent, on. cit., n. 86-7.

—h —- .L.
15. Sargent, 92. c1t., p. 88.
16. He had been oraered to leave the state of flew Jersed
nine asys, having returned there from Yew York at toe cl

0
*1 «my _ fl _, T, -. :7 do ,
use "er. Letter from g.n.uines, 041; 2v, l~~4gto JOS.hilkl

If Joseph dtansbury was willing to forget the
late unpleasantneos, many good citizens of Philadelphia

were not. A contemporary, a lady of Philadelphia, wrote
in 1795: "Joseph Stansbury called on us the other day:

his spirits and vivactty are still the same. He pronoses

1‘,

living in this city in the spring: at :rcsent his familJ

are at Hcorestown in the Jerseys, where he ways anybody nay

live."l7

‘

From another letter, written December 22 cf tne

, ' h , ,l ”l 3,1. ‘-.‘q."4..‘ . . "n.1,: ,,.: . u‘r "
same year, it apfieula that condi tion-s in .nllddelo-.ia still

(D

O
0

did not warrant Stansbury's remaining ther
"JOSEPL Stanslury lives at Eccrestown; but intended to
have taken a store here and gone into the same line of busi-
ness as before. But a fortnight since, when he was in town,
a letter directed to him was thrown into a house where he was

supposed to lodge. The purport of it was that he rust im-

 

mediately leave the city as he would not be permitted _3 live
in ii: and Sibned mulberry Hard. his friend n. wells adVises

 

him to give up the idea cf coming here at oresent, and to go
to Wilmington as a place of trade. Some warm people met the

evening before the letter was sent and had set in Judgment

T “V" ' 'I' 7' O . mavuvya ." ‘- ‘ v . r rmc, '~
on aosegn s horns, his loin-noetlng and some other pericrmances

 

were read and did not tend to cool, but rather to warm; and
produced the hint to depart. I should not have mentioned this
affair but that I know such reports often go abroad with addi-
tions, and that it would be best to relate it as it is. He is

a very obnoxious character with some people."19

 

170 Sargent, 22'—£lt.’ p.101.

18. To Richard Wells was attributed the authorship of 5 Egg 2;;-
itical Reflections. Tyler, gg.glt.,Vol.I.,p.274.

19. Sargent, 92.§lt., p.101.

'71
.1

DJ

e verses referred to, The Town-Yeeting, had been

 

printed in hivinat n's Gazette,20and. were based upon incidents
which occurred durirg a militia parade and a t,wn nesting in
Philadelphia when ponular excitement was stimulated to a
fever-heat. With his gift of satire, Joseph Stansbury de-
picts the scene as ridiculous; personal comncr‘s as shrewdly
aimed as Indian arrows transfixed notables of the day with
shafts of ridicule not easily forgiven. People limned by
the tansourys seem to have had no trouble in recognizing

themselves!

The Opening verses of the first Canto run thus:

"1:1...

.'as on the twenty-fourth of Yay,
A pleasant, warm, sun-shiny day,

Mli ti a folks pa rade d
With colors spr ead, with cannon too;

Such loud huzzas, such martial show;

I thouqht the town invaded.

But when, on closer look, I spied

The Speaker march with gallant stride,
I knew ray vself mistaken;t

For he, on Trenton's well-fought day,

To Lurlingt on ni.t ooh his wa",

, . . , . 21
nno fairly sav'd his bacon.”

'1'“ C‘ an ,. .. Tin a ‘ '3‘)
ins enemas- referred to was John iayard,ee3¢oqkpr
AJyd-L .’-L

was an active Whig, and after the Eevolut

o
:1
0
e
R
(D
, 3
0‘
m
*1
o
H:
O
O
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I

gress. Kany other p ominent militia men

'1

 

 

20. Jbido, p0 15/10
21. lbid., p. 59.

. . n. 156.
0 E0: 301580

 

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cut weed 31:333 tgln llve ce..1.dllly uuuer .Je lash .- 1 “up
A — ~~ Q <" rv‘.‘ h 1v ‘a.‘ ‘. IL- .'I 1‘?‘

. Saguel LEICI gOt 310n5 .1.- £311 (11- els.er u..3,.

(A b!
C) (71
O

' a. v ”d0
Irooaul; live.

T \ 'I'r , . A 1" ‘ ‘: T ‘\ J . r" ~~ - l" r: "l: “" --' .
l never ”as us~o b0 it, i enoula L: also, are "ion JQJ

('1

9 . u 1 . ‘ 1 . \‘I' I '1' ‘r- l. *e. -'v vr~ 3‘ 4' . s 4' ‘ -
aoald seno me more to.or:ca, ne 3 a no” mast~r oat coes

.4 r‘ ‘a. '3 r . "“ . ‘fi r w .1 .‘ ' 1 v "‘ ’3‘" 7‘ .iu'l 1"
not oo as tne Clu sayinb is for all He s e ne” lrocm ne

- 4. -.,. r h ..- 'A 1-4. A“ ..._J, p,‘ FM,
ooes not sueep clean. 0 raga oo let me c.ne ever ior no
‘ffl ‘, : .,, L‘- ' ,‘ own"
.LcLCA .LS sore 0-1.0 lTlI’lpC-..o -
A “w TTI‘I
u lady raga,
DELIH
a t ‘
my love to ll
" .r" ‘fi ‘ It". V‘f‘t‘ ‘3 ““r. ~"‘ 11:.
uCt as a result oi tnis gatheuic flea, La no a

~ ' \ 'I v' ‘V‘ - "f. p‘ N. w L - (V,._ -,"Afi r“, ,—.
result of anotner turn in tne lall j fortunes, oanaei guano-

b \ "Jr'— . vlv . +i-s . '~ury f r‘Y-n C in, ,‘ ‘ 1 '-, Y‘ P: u‘ I‘- t f‘ t.» n 7, —. f. r: la;
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~ -.‘ 1 1,.,.- :0 ,-_: ‘~~'--.r-\ r l J. .,.
btanslury, wno nae ioun LJMQEIL not melc

(3

me in Pnilaoelpnia,

.
a

- - lb H,(: ., .4-
jring or ero ter

resolved upon another course, and in the

(I)
s

‘

J'r- \
you.»

to Nova Scotia, where the British were attempting to e-

f!)

7

(A

lish colonies of American Loyalists. He was unhapgy there
and returned to Philadelphia in the autumn.
Samuel was placed first with Kr. Rogers, a Quaker

friend of the Stansburys, as a clerk, and then apprenticed

to a hatter. It seems that Joseph otanshary a tengted to
restore his business in PLiladelghia soon after 1785; at any

\

and between the years 1788 and 1793 there are no letters.

 

37. From Joseph Stansbury's vers e, "To Cornelia":
"Believe me, Love, this vagrant life
O'er Nova Scotiais wilds to roam,
While far from children, frien‘s, or wife,
Or place that I can call a home
Delights not me; another way

‘lq

my treasures, pleasures, wishes lay." Sargent, O .Cit.,p.90

 

One letter from Samuel Stansbury, clerking in

0 1

Phil-delphia as a boy of fifteen, to his youngest brother,

:3

six years old, is interesting, as it shows soneth'ng of th
affectionate regard existing in tne fami v
To Arthur Stansbury Esq.

Captain of the Pack. Regt.

laying in Kocrestown.

Honor'd Captain

Believe me when I tell you that it is not
disaffection to the service, or disrespect to our 5a lant
Captain that keeps me so long from my station in our Regiment,
but indispensable Eusiness which has detain'd me hitherto, &
will I fear some time longer but I am very well assur'd that
your goodness will forgive me Especially when I tell you that
I shall very likely be of some service in buying Cloth for
the Men as I have a Friend here who buys chiefly at Vendue
& I believe will supply you on the best Terms.

That or any other Command you may please to
honor me with, shall be executed with the utmost fidelity of
dispatch by

Honor'd Sir your most obet.
humble servant.

Samuel Stansbury

Lieut. of the Pac. Regt.

19

Joseph Stansbury's return to business in Phi a-
delphia evidently did not meet with success, for in 1793
we find the family separated once more. Joseph Stansbury,
his wife and the younger children were in New York; matilda

- . . . . I38
was in England; Sarah (Sally) was married to John Stille

‘9
and living in Philadelphia; Joseph,” aged thirteen, seems
to have remained there with Sally; and Samuel, who had
finished his apprenticeship as a hatter, remained in Phila-
delphia in a store of his own.

However, 1793 was a black year for that city. The
dreaded and virulent yellow fever raged and put Philadelphia
into fear and mourning. Stores were closed, tar and turpen-
tine were burned on street corners, people held cloths wet
with vinegar to their nostrils as they walked along the
streets, and all the remedies of London plague year' were
tried?owithout avail, in an attempt to break the deadly course
of the epidemic.

Samuel, discouraged, gave up his store aid in 1794
went to Alexandria, Virginia, to engage in bisiness. He had
little success, for his letters from there are gloomy and
worried. The following efihrpt from one of them indicates
that the Stansbury financial outlook was dark indeed.

Alexandria October 28 h 1795
Dear Hother Tho I have written frequently to the family
since I have been here, I believe I have not address'd a

letter particularly to you. the reason has been a I may say

 

O

38. The Stillés were +he family of the Swedish consul in Phila-
delphia. They were prosperous, substantial peOple but not con-
genial to the Stansburys. . ‘
59. Joseph, Samuel's young brother, died of the fever in tne
summer of 1795.

40. Letters written in August, 1795,

now is, that I have had no ve ery
make, & I thought that a tediou
would not have a tendencv to ra
J- -
U

many mislor ans

(1)

think from present appearances,

.. : .5 ,_ ‘
-eneratior to generation, ihere

U’

.: : P- . A. 3-,- 1 sun'wfi, La”
nllninb, tile I SliCUla 0:1J-151L, vii—.1.

almost drain'd from your o‘“,

with Iilk & honey, when his sea.

member'd as a Dream, 1 when fro:

Prosperity you shall look back
assist, those disponding tre vel

vale. Often do I thin; of you

a)
O
O
:3
d.
(D
H
U)
Q
( +
H

you, a have a littl

now far separated, a whether we

q

is ~59

able comnun

tel of n" d

J. 1,. ‘ ‘7. rj‘O-q . 1A ‘. .r’. y~ . , A
throlun union yo; have to pass,

.vish I could ta

.On’ tilt tiLT—vt ern'}:

ications to

w 1

isagreea 5.2.18 8

inclination to

(a: A~ 4‘.» ’: r~ yfi‘r
ua.’ é L: #8 brutal“.

W, h .v.‘ ‘I' rs t
.51. e G. .t/ e C it C.

ot be, we ar

uncertain, you are surrounded ly contagion, d may CG removed

to a better state; I am in a ma

what may happen to me, the if I

had t e aLl lity m could place s

of doing well, but that is not

as of

uncertainty

; know not

had a friend on n.1rth, who

4-1
bile CF

SE, .L C‘El’l’r’lO‘

idea, the more

 

interest of anyone, & therefore must give up the

I become acquair ted with Xankind, the plainer I disc ver, that
independent of twoa Principle, Friendship is really but a

a mere creature of the imagination . . .

41. The fever 'xas rrevels t in Haw York at that time.

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.n her Coachee, Uncle & Aunt Wood

L-‘o

journey with are ”clean
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conversation, which is pretty good proof in favour of their
4

”toothache better & her appearance bet

J.
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least in cnncceu, u ”e ere no" in status cuo. reuse; is not

‘ r~ ' v‘ 'v- . 1‘ Q, Q ' 'r‘ l‘: 1 r. ".' 1" . L1-s .‘ Q r fi‘ r
noes not complain, I .irni ou nus reie to auvlse :lvu “e: auu
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T n 1! + .‘r-~w “'\ " fi‘ vi . A -‘ ‘1 -.
tne Loo: Jesters“; u tcuuy aces scout filtthb fear, tno nc.

without a becomin” nee 6e cf caution a attertlon to the Lighty
be ance, she is certainly L"Ch ingroved by the jaunt in the
country thc so short, Eetse” says she talks, tu to me ene
requires an inter,ret:r t: ersrything except when anvtning

is given to ner. . .

From a letter written June 1, 1304, to Sarah 3 32e-
bury, we fine that "Lies Cercline is hearty as usual and quite
as full of what some p-o;le would call mischief tut whet u
parent stiles life & spirits, she asks fi ty cuestions in a

b
((

breu h u is in twent* places in as mzn" minutes. . ."

In the same letter, San;uel Stanstur" records hat
"I my ncble self em as hearty es tossible and as busy us I
wish, and I believe a little tusier, I speak cautiously you
observe, becsrse I she“ld be puzzled to sav what part I would

° 1

willingly relinquish, every hirr as yet succeeds to my WISH

I, I: . I. ~v h 1A. - .n-w ,A' .- N: ‘T 4'“ 'I" . .‘..'..
oi anu cc neioer mgself as napty ab tnis onenainb chLOlllhé,

H

up & down scene of things will admit, feel quite old when

I survey three children, & quite in the cutters when I go to

market for fourteen 3 find work under 3; roof for twenty --

Betsey res just turnd the paper hanger out of the

Parlor, which looks I can assure you quite scruagtious, a

' v : “ r (N 9‘ 0‘ r‘ ‘ ‘r- 1‘ A V'v ' + r\;\ 1 ‘7

yellov ground with an cc, . leaf, u. a. neat soruer tion. neorlu
~ hv’,‘ w Pp ta ,: s .. .: "-;.-.~ ,_. r ’.
tne ease lea- on a olulsn green giounu - Glues, lictures inc

Elinds hung, curtains in operation, furniture, Ewe rth, sndiron

f‘

~'— A t . ‘I‘ h ‘- \RQV ,\ “» (I‘ . I... , ‘, .7 .~", L
deco as bright as tne sturs of or e spanish .vtnibnt. . .

At this time, 1804, Sauuel Stanshurv had ventured

L5

46

into tusiness for himself in a stationery and tool store i
Greenwich. The trouble he had mentioned

was not slow in
coming, for in letters in the years loOS to 1839 Samuel often

47 . .
refers to pressing creditors, and in J:

:3
$3
to
*1
tr!
F4
C3
')
o
«.4
'i
(D
SJ
U)

put on "Limits" whence he was discharged August 15 of that
‘453 i 1 + ° 4 t ' ' ¢~ L ' - +1“
year. Iron a letter written during one» periOQ we see the

He: York 2 npl 1809
Ky Dear Xother
Having understood from some of the In 111, that

you was dis soppointed in not receiving a letter from me I am

#4-

. -' :i". .- w, +1 ' .
ve ‘ a shillinbs erth, wits quS ufivlfltui,

I

set down to g

0
L

over common dealers, that yO' must pay beforehand however dear

L

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the English Sanuel Stanskury.

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which Samuel Stansbury, as well as his father, found
to endure. The divine right of free people to dictate to

others what they should think did not suit the character of

hey had had bitter experi nce with it.

Joseph Stansbury was never accused of anything more than Tory
sentiments, openly expressed, and of singing God Save the King
in his own house, but he was imprisoned, exiled and imaoverished

Independence of thought and expression was a cherished part of

Ho
5

Stansbury tradit o .
The children of Joseph Stanshury who had settled in
New York ventured into different fields of faith and activity
with that restless energy which was also characteristic of
the family. Arthur, Samuel's favorite brother, a graduate
of Columbia in 1799, has a Presbyterian clergyman, later a
teacher, then a Congressional reporter. A writer and artist
as well, talented, erratic and impulsive, Arthur Stanshury

was widely acquainted in literary and political circles of

the day.

 

55. Joseph, Samuel's oldest son, went to England and claimed
this property. He became a Pritish aihject and lived in
England.

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Abrahan Stansbury, who was also a Presh3teri

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clergyman and teacher, was quite a different type and far

less congenial to his brother Samuel. Ahrahan and his sister

*1

Kary, however, did noteworthy pioneer work as teach e s in
the New York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb.

Igdia Philadelphia Stansbury, Smiuel‘s favorite

. Wo- : 1 5 .' ‘ 'L I‘ a ‘ rr- ,.-. 55 n r ‘9 4‘.- V~' ‘9' “1’ A
Sister, marrLEQ hobeit hott, or hahai-nech, Hen roll, o1
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opposed by Rolert's father, James Mott, because of the
worldliness cf the l-.nn4nn,ole ULJT.Ler family. Lydia.

Joined th Quaker society and became well known as a teacher,

es staolishi nr vualvzre s shoo ls at Poughkeepsie, Utica, and
Skaneateles, New York.

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Caroline Katilda, born January 12, 1801, was the

‘

first cnild of Samuel and s11 abet 1 Stans bury and the first

N

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Stansbury grandchild in new Ycr K. She was a Lrilliant
lively child who gained much from the companionship of tho“

surrounding her, who, as a group, were decidedly stimulating

to the intelligence. Grandfather Joseph Stansbury, scholar,

classicist, wit and poet in the 18th century tradition,
kindly French Sarah Stansoury, who was always in denand by
her adoring children; Arthur, Just graduated from Columoia
and started on an intense, somevhat stormy career; Lydia
Hott, whose Quaker meekness did not prevent spirited argu-
ments with her brother, Abraham, aid Lary, intellectual and
religious - all these were frequently at Samuel Stansbury's
comfortable home.

There was much about New York in the early 1800's
to stir the imagination of a sensitive child. A great com-
mercial future was promised for the old Dutch town, but
shadows of the past hung around it still. Great men of the
Revolution were alive and Revolutionary hatreds were easily
stirred. Duels were yet in order - climaxed of course oy
that fata meeting of Aaron Burr and Alexander hamilton.

Not far from Rev York was the Iron ntie r. Enormous

patroon estates, extending for manv miles beyond t1 e city,

discour .age d settlement close to the city, except under the
paternal mu ices cf the progrietors. For many years isolate

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settlements in the territory west of new York and its strrouno—

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the box was opened at th Custon .
I thank you, my love, for your august letter - it
was all I could w'sh, and soothed my feelings most delight-
fully. I have been suffering much from a. apprehension that
your affection for me was declining - that you had made re-
putation your idol - and that your engagement was in fact a
burthen to ybu - but the eXpressions you use, coming as they
do from one who never speaks falsely or even hyperbolically,
have comforted me, and I feel once more assured of your en-
during affection. my health is much improved (and your
mother says she really believes she could cure me if she had
me here all the time.) Be this as it may, I am better now
at any rate, and shall take all reasonable pains to
Remember my injunctions to let nothing prevent your return
at the appointed time. I hope you will leave England the
first of August if possible. We shall be all impatience.

TE, did I say? Who will know what impatience is but your

In William Kirkland's letter, in marked contrast

to that from his vivacious fiancee and her charming style,

I

. W

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didactic; although he was cnl

my dear child." His concern over spiritual matters

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to be again in her presence

You still love me as much as ever. I know it - a if :y AARO—
est and most devoted attentions can Lake you hngpy in future
life, your lot will never be one of affliction.

You steak much of the college; 1 have written 3W
father fully on the subject, & given hin full power: to tender

my resignation, which he seems to thinc incisovnsnLle, C in

which opinion I coincide with him under present nogcnruncos.
But you will say & I too ed" to ivself, where does that place
us? In a worse state, it is true, than 7nving u gggl citun-
tion, but not worse than a place in the college he at chccnt
constituted. Lut I will not despond - a the I do not see at
the present moment exactly what is to be done, vet I shall

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not cease hoping that something may be done - somuthinc that

Shall enable us to join hands, as well as hearts, & no lonr‘r

 

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penoent upon his smell estate. ”11 uzn 's 3the1 “we 3 n n

of some property, but there were several smaller c

acme. The professorship at Hemiltcn seemed undesireble to

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cult to secure a teuclinp ;os sition suitable to iis undoubted
scholastic attainments.

Soon after their marriage, Caroline aid Yillinm
Kirklind opened a school, a seminary for young ladies, rt
Geneva, New York. Geneva at hat time was a thriving community.
honored b! visits of dignitaries of the country fro elrn_nfi,

en‘, in general, displzvin3 an active and vigorous social and

During theseven years in Geneva, four children were

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born to the Kirfilqnes: Elizeheth, born Octorer 27,

Joseph, Jaruiry 7, 1830; lydia FrilsdelfiFfa, born Segtember 1?,
1:31, LE0 died February 27, 1833; and Ser h, tern J3r1l“y ll,

WLetner the seminary at Geneva met with success or

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64. Samuel Stansoury died Jay 24, 1822.

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toox tneir place In 3 lino rusn to nichigw. union relcheo wu-

recedented nroportions in the years 1355 aid 1856.

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650 Sister :JBI‘y ROSttlitét, 331,133.

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p. 229.

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Villarua FD. --1l....‘.

1ere were a few years in the 1830's when the end

*9

of the rainbow rested in " ohig :n, coloring the dre .ms and

D
\-

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lives of thousands. For those years, Eichigan was t1

e itore of western advance. The virtues a.d the vices, the

Id

glamour and the squalor, the ideals and the crudities of the
Frontier were brought into sharp relief in Michigan by the
same circumstances which brought about its settlement.

When thousands of settlers followed wilderness
trails beyond the Alleghenies in the great wave of national
eXpansion after the Revolution, the way to michigqn was 1 okcd
by natural barriers, such as the great lake 3 and swamps and

forests at the landward approach of the peninsula. Settlement

A.

‘f' "

of michigan was also impeded by the fact that Western New Yarn
State, the natural source of supplies for settlers of the Lenin-
sular state, was an Indian-infested wilde ness 1:hich was not to
be brought under cultivation for many years. Since the only
safe approach to Kichigan at that tihe was by water from Western
New York, it is obvious why this lack of available supplies
should slow up the process of settlement.

The British and Indian alliance, which continued
after the Revolution, was a definite threat to American advanc:
in Western New York. There was purpose in the slowness with
which British representatives turned over forts in that terri-
tory. A letter from the English secre ary of state, Lord Sydney,

to Lord Dorchester, who was the governor of Quebec and the head

of Lritish interests in Ameri , is evidence upon this point.

56

"With regard to the_posts, to Which no. 10, marked
secret, particularly relates, it was, I believe, intimated
to your lordship, previous to your departure, that it was
the firm.0pinion of the king's servants that the retaining
the possession of the posts was a measure perfectly Justifi-
able, and, from.the conduct observed since that time on the
part of the American statesmen they have no reason to alter
their sentiments upon that point. It therefore becomes neces-
sary that steps should be taken by putting them into a tempo-
rary state of defence, to resist any attack Which the citi-
zens of the states may meditate, and the sooner it can be
done the better.}

This threatening attitude on the part of the British,
and the proximity of Canada, the distance from the American
seaboard, and indecision among the states - these seemed to
indicate that lichigan would eventually fall to Canada. As
late as 1792, an election was held in Detroit for the Canadian
Parliament although the boundary line fixed by the treaty of
1783 was the same then as now.2

In the war of 1812, through the humiliating surren-
der of Detroit, national attention was drawn to the insecure
position of Michigan. At the conclusion of the war, when
Michigan was again an American outpost, the necessity for a

closer connection between the territory and the United States

was recognized. The national government made an attempt to

 

 

1. A.B.Hsrt, ed. American_History Told bthontemporaries, vol.
III, p. 158.
2. C. M; Burton, ”Amusements in Detroit in Colonial Days,‘I

Michigan Bioneer anthistorical Collections, XXXVIII, p. 338.

57

encourage settlement in Michigan and to discharge its ob-
ligations to war veterans by giving them land grants in
Michigan. This plan resulted in a discouraging report from
the surveyor general of the North west. His report, in 1815,
stated that the country, between lakes and swamps, consisted
of barren, sandy soil which was covered with scrubby oak
trees, with scarcely one acre in a thousand fit for cultiva-
tion.3
This report delayed settlement still further. The
soldiers were given bounty lands in Illinois and Indiana;

.4

'Intermdnable Swamp was printed across the map of Michigan

in school geographies; the interior of the peninsula, so
beautiful that de Tocqueville compared it to Milton's Paradise,5
remained a hunting ground for the Indians.

There were parklike openings in the great forests,
which spring fires, set by Indians, kept clear of underbrush.
this left only the large timber standing. Great oaks, tall
and massive, centuries old, elms, whitewood, linden, beech,
giant sycamores, stood in beautiful green turf which was
watered by many springs and spread with a profusion of wild
flowers. Countless small lakes mirrored the sky from forest
depths; exquisitely graceful ferns and luxuriant vines flour-
ished in the moist forest soil.

An old historian of the state wrote: “The streams
rolled their liquid silver to the lake, broken only by the
fish that‘flashed in their current, or the swan that floated
u on their surface. Ve etation flourished alone. Roses

3. . Fuller, Econom.c and Soc al Beginn ngg o Mich gan, p.51.
‘0 Ibide, p. 51.

5. de Tocqueville made the Journey from Detroit to Sagimw in
1837. R.L.Rusk, The Literature of the Middle‘Western Fgontiez,

'01. I’.p030

     

      

bloomed and died, only to be t smpled Ly the deer or savage;

q

and strawberries studded the ground like rubies, Where the
ereen and sunny hillsides reposed amid the silence, like
sleeping infants in the lap of the forest."

The little settlement around the fort at Detroit
entered upon its second century as thoroughly irencn in ap-
pearance and language as when Cadillac was its commandant in
1701. The changing political fortunes of the Ereich in h.
apparently had affected them little; traditions of the Grand
Konarch flourished in a charming social life which British and
Arericun rule did not disturb.

Detroit was a center for the fur trade, and fine Lea-
ver shins were generally used as units of exchange in the carter

7
system made necessary by lacn of currency. There was little
manufacture and little trade, for the wants of the community
were simple. The habitants in their village of small whitewashed
cabins,palisaded with cedar picLets against marauding wolves an
Indians, remained content with the isolation of the settlement.

e world came the forces urich resulted

O ‘

From the outSi

’Jo

n the settlement of the peninsula. A national consciousness of
the Frontier, a new realization of its power and possibilities,
reached a high point with the election of Andrew Jackson to the
Presiden y. This, combined with great improvements in water
transportation, effected a sudden shift in population from

eastern_§tates to the new territory.

6. Lanman, Charles, Summer in the Wilderness.

7. Fuller, pp. cit., pp. 128-9.

8. "All the people here are generally poor wretches,a lazy idle
peOple, dependent chiefly upon the savages for their subsistence;
though the land, with little labor, produces plenty of grain they
scarcely raise as much as will satisfy their wants, in imitation
of the Indians,whose manners and customs they have adOpted and
cannot subsist without then." lpid., p.109-109.

59

TH! LAND 3383
When steam transportation began, the great lakes
lost their effectiveness as a barrier. In 1818 the ”walk-in-
the'Water' made the first steam voyage on Lake Erie. The

little wood-burning steamer was wrecked shortly after its
maiden voyage, but its successors grew steadily in numbers.
By 1856 there were fifty steamboats on the lake.9

In 1825 the Erie Canal was completed, largely
through the efforts of DeWitt Clinton,10 and a waterway was
available from eastern New York state to Detroit. At last
the New Englander had an outlet! In many cases it was his
second or third move. massachusettsu- Vermont - ”York State“ -
had been the direction of travel. Now that a way was open to
inchigan, and thousands of acres of richly timbered cheap
land were placed on the market by the government, one of the
greatest migrations of history was on. It was estimated that
in 1836, during the months that the lake was open to naviga-
tion, about 200,000 people passed through the port of Detroit
to the western lands.11

Freight rates were low in the lake and canal boats,
and so the traveler was not, like the overland immigrant,
limited by the size of his wagon. Boats were crowded with.the
new settlers and their possessions; they were warned to bring
implements and tools, furniture and cabinet work of all kinds,
"for these are dearer in the west than in the east, and.if such
are sold in the east by the immigrant, they are generally sold
Wetteergf urchi an, p. :65". ¢
10. Clinton's name appears frequently in Michigan of the '30's:
Clinton county, DeWitt village in that county, Clinton river

and the village of Clinton.
110 310189 220 Cite, p. 416.

60

12
at a great sacrifice."

Gazettes and maps of Michigan found a ready sale
in the East. There were difficulties to overcome in the case
of the careful writer, however. John Blois, whose Gazetteer
2; Michigan was popular in the late '30's, attempted to rest
his authority upon carefully collected facts. In correspon-
dence with authorities in different sections of Michigan he
found that there was "an apparent misapprehension of the ob-
Ject of correspondence." The answers were occupied with
“matter entirely extraneous, -- in descanting upon the 'ad-
mirable looation,’ 'Proposed improvements' of same village or
'city' in contemplation, which was represented as about to be-
come the great emporium — the centre of travel, - of the manu-
facturing and commercial interests of the State.'13

Colorful posters, displayed prominently in eastern
cities and in taverns on the way of travel, pictured the
glories of life in Michigan. That those glories belonged to
the future dismayed the artist and the promoter not a bit.

”When lots were to be sold, the whole fair dream was
splendidly emblazoned on a sheet of super-royal size; things
which only floated before the mind's eye of the most sanguine,
were portrayed with bewitching minuteness for the delectation
of the ordinary observer. Majestic steamers plied their
paddles to and fro upon the river; ladies crowding their decks
and streamers floating upon the wind. Sloops dotted the harbors,
while noble ships were seen in the offing. Mills, factories,“

 

120 Ble-‘, 220 Cite, p.416:
130 Ibide. Int., Dev. .

61

and lighthouses - canals, railroads and bridges, all took
their appropriate positions. Then came the advertisments,
choicely worded, and carefully vague, never setting forth
anything which might not come true at some time or other,
yet leaving the buyer without excuse if he chose to be taken

in."14

Typical of the many cities which never did exist,
was 'White Rock City,“ Magnificent harbors, with steamboats
entering the river, sawmills busily converting forests into
houses, a populous town of many buildings, all with a decided
air of prosperity, were painted in glowing colors on the pos-
ters which advertised the phantom city. The purchaser of this
valuable location found no buildings at all and a river so
small as barely to afford passage for a canoe. The land was
not even surveyed. The buyer named one of the trees the
”White Rock City Hotel” and carved his name thereon as the

5
first guest.1

Detroit was the center of this activity, the port16
where the immigrants landed and the gateway to the El Dorado
beyond. The narrow streets of old Detroit, so deep in mud at
most seasons of the year that only the high two-wheeled French
carts could get through, were crowded far beyond their capacity.
The blanketed Indians, woodsmen, furtraders, the coureur du
bois, the French.of the village, found themselves elbowed off
the narrow wooden sidewalks by acquisitive Yankee traders. The
trade in furs became insignificant compared with this sudden
craze for land. ‘

l4. Kirkland, A New Home, p7;§6.

15. Michigan PTO—neer'fio—llections, Vol.III, p. 200.
16. Immigrants could also enter Michigan at Monroe.

62

Taverns were full; sleeping space on floors sold
at a premiuml7 food was poor and expensive, but those with
the craze for land could spare little time to sleep and eat.
In a city surrounded by forests, firewood was from five to
seven dollars a card,18 as no one could spare the time to
cut and haul it. ‘Men suddenly lost interest in their normal
trades and occupations when the land fever gripped them, --
'The tradesman_forsook his shop; the farmer his plough; the
merchant his counter; the lawyer his office; the minister his
desk, to Join the general chase."19

It was estimated that bone fide settlers left De-
troit every five minutes during the daylight hours in hired
wagons drawn by horses or oxen.2° Land-looking expeditions
set out with a great deal of excitement and carefully stimu-
lated enthusiasm under the interested guidance of land specu-
lators. These expeditions, which were composed of well-toédo
men, went into the interior to inspect and purchase town sites
of great potential value.21

The equipment provided for such a Journey was most
‘elaborate; horses, knapsacks, stimulants, compasses, matches,
blankets, rubber boots, coats and hats were but a part of the
necessary outfit.22 Indian trails were followed through for-
ests and marshes to some spot which was solemnly pointed out
as possessing unlimited commercial possibilities. Rivers were
especially important in the light of enthusiasm over steam

.....

17. Kirkland. pp. cit., p.47. "Fifty cents was the price of 6
feet by ten of the bar-room floor."

18. fuller, pp. git., p.7

19. Kirkland, Western Clearings, p.4.

200 “1131‘, 22. £2.19, p.335.

21. These same methods, a little more elaborate, were used in
florida, Texas, and Detroit boom days of recent memory.

22. Kirkland, 5 Egg! Home, p.50.

 

 

boats, and also because they provided the power for the mill
so necessary to a pioneer community.

One of these river sites in its primitive state is
thus described:

“The morning sun showed the river and its adjunct
bright and beautiful, though a leetle marshy at the sides.
The dead silence, the utter loneliness, the impenetrable
shade, which covered the site of the future city, might well
call to mind the desolation which has settled on Balbec and
Palmyra; the anticipation of future life and splendor con-
trasting no less forcibly with the actual scene than would
the retrospect of departed grandeur. The guide, who had been
much employed in these matters, showed in the course of the
day six different points, each of which, the owners were fully
satisfied, would one day echo the busy tread of thousands,
and see reflected in the now glassy wave the towers and masts
of a great commercial town.'23

Under the instruction of speculators, it was easy
to see how marshes could be drained, rivers deepened, roads,
railroads and canals built which would contribute to the
growth of a great city and the wealth and fame of the buyer.
Sales of large tracts of land were concluded rapidly, to the
satisfaction of all concerned; the purchaser found his in
dreams of the golden future, the speculator in the more con-
crete realization of a huge profit.2‘

Lands which were sold by the government at $1.25
an acre were transferred again and again with no apparent_.

f

25:”Ib1d., p:*§5
24. LEE” p. so

64

limit to the rise in price. Public auctions stimulated the
feverish excitement, and many a man staked the savings of
years upon a blind purchase which might prove to be abso-
lutely worthless.

Unlimited speculation was encouraged by government
financial policy. In 1852, President Andrew Jackson had or-
dered public money to be withdrawn from the Bank of the United
States. In an effort to prove that banking functions could
be performed better by private banks, one state bank in each
of the principal cities of the Union was appointed a deposi-
tory for public revenue and disburser of public funds. These
banks were required to pay interest at two per cent and to be
ready to pay at sight the whole sum due to the government.

Two banks in Michigan were appointed as depositories:
the Farmers and Mechanics Bank and the Bank of Michigan. ‘When
government land sales were on in Michigan the sums deposited
were very large, and on recommendation of the Secretary of the
Treasury, this public money was lent to the peeple. This
policy, directed by banks who were in the center of the fever-
ish excitement over land and involved in it, mounted steadily
to the most reckless height.25

No less affected by this speculative fever than
their more prosperous fellow citizens, were the immigrants
of every trade and calling who came in a steady stream to
Michigan through the years of '35, '36 and '37. Their aim
was not so much the profit to be made from speculation as the

ownership of land itself, in quantities impossible to them in

__L._

25. Farmer, History 9: Detroit, p. 716.

65

the East. Most of them were farmers, and most of them were
from.New England, either directly or by way of New York

26
State.

The pioneer song, quoted below, is one of many
which set the feet tingling with its swinging rhythms and
cheered the spirits of those who had undertaken to make new
homes in the forests of Michigan. There might be any number
of verses to one of these songs; this particular one com-
pares the respective merits of New England and Michigan in
some detail. "Mich-i-gan-i-a" was in common use at the tins,
with the same accent as that given to the "Californiay" songs
of '49.

A Pioneer Song

-1-
Come, all you Yankee farmers who would like to change your lot,
Who have spunk enough to travel beyond your native spot,
And leave behind the country where pa and ma doth stay,
Then come and make your fortune in Michigania.

-2-

‘Q'Tis you that talk of Vermont; why, what a place is that?

Be sure the girls are pretty and the cattle very fat; 6
But who would like on mountains among the clouds and snow to

Stay 9
When you can buy parairies in Michigania?

 

26. New York state county and town names appear—frequently in
MUchigan; most of the "old settlers" whose deaths are recorded

in county papers were born in New York std;e or came from there
at an early age; many small towns in the lower peninsula which
have not been affected by industrialism are still almost entirely
of Yankee or ”York state" ancestry.

66

-3-
Then there is your Penobscot, way down in parts of Main,
Where timber grows in plenty, but darn the bit of grain;
And there is your Schoodic and your Piscataquay;
But these can't hold a candle to Michigania.

-4-
There is your land of blue laws, where deacons cut the hair,
For fear your locks and tenets will not exactly square;
For he that works on Sunday a penalty must pay,
While all is free and easy in Michigania.

-5-
Then there isMassachusetts, and good enough be sure,
But now she's good for nothing but taxes and manure;
she costs you peeks of trouble, but de'il the peck in pay;
0, what is such a country to Michigania?

-5- '
0, who would ever thought it, not many months is gone,
That Just as nothing of these back parts were known;
That such a sight of cities should rise in as nice array
As now appears all over this Michigania?

-7- I
Upon the river Huron, Just through the country back,
You will find the shire of Oakland, the town of Pontiac,
Which passing up thus sudden, hath scared the wolves away

That used to roam all over this Michigania.

67

-8-
And if you follow onward, meDonfl.ds town is there,
And further, shire Mount Clemens locks cit upon St. Clair.
These and other places within McCombia:
Which promise population to Michigania.

-9-
Then down along to Detroit, more wonders rise to view;
'Tis Michigan‘s metropolis; I think you'll say 'twill do.
Then Ypsi and Ann Arbor you'll see if west you stray,
Are pretty sample villages of Michigania.

-10-
Here is the city of Jackson, upon a rising hill,
And for to grind your wheat and corn there is a noble mill,
It has as fine a prospect I can with safety say,
As any other city in Michigania.

-11-
If you only follow the compass of your nose
It will lead you to a shire town, no matter where you go,
If it be up or down, or whichever be your way,
You will see them nicely laid out in Michigania.

'_-12-

The land about those villages is of a productive kind,
And if you travel far or near no better can You find;
Then come and pick your lots, and down the shiners pay,

You will soon have an interest in Michigania.

68

-13-
The blood-thirsty Indians you never need to fear,
If soldiers live upon your land they never will come near;
The memory of Harrison and Jackson stands array;
How bitterly they blasted them in MHchigania.
-14-
This land is quite productive and everything for use,
A plenty of good cider and also maple juice;
The grape, the plum, the cherry, and apples grow this way.
And quite delicious peaches in Michigaiia.
-15-
The rivers, creeks and lakes abound with excellent fish,
And in the woods wild turkeys, which make a dainty dish;
The bear, the elk, the buffalo, buck, doe and fawn doth stray,
And many other kinds of game in Michigania.
-15-
Come, all you Yankee farmers, who have muckle hearts like me,
And elbow grease in plenty, to bow the forest tree;
Come, take a quarter section, and I'll be bound to say,

27
You never'll regret your coming to Michigania.

 

27. Michigan Pioneer Coll ctio , Vol. VII., p. 555.

OH

DETROIT

If Detroit was, in the minds of the majority of
immigrants, only a gateway to the promised land, it was also
the center to which settlers looked for supplies. The com-
mercial possibilities of this port were not overlooked, and
its population increased steadily, but out of all proportion
to the supposedly richer possibilities of inland settlements.
In 1800, Detroit had but 770 inhabitants; by 1830 it had
2,222; in 1840, after the peak of the land rush, Detroit was
a small city of some 9,192 residents.

As pepulation and prosperity increased, attention
was drawn to the uncertain state of education in Detroit.
There were no public schools. Church schools had been estab-
lished for the French inhabitants; those who desired advanced
learning were sent to Montreal or Quebec.1 Other students
were at the mercy of itinerant private teachers.

Violence and disorder were not uncommon in these
private schools. One teacher, Isaac Danforth, received an
hour's notice to leave the Territory because he mistreated
his pupils;2 another, John Goff, who kept a ”regular" school
in Detroit for some years, was nearly killed by older pupils
on what proved to be his last day as a teacher in Michigan.§

In even the briefest resume'of early education in
Detroit, mention must be made of two distinguished men of dif-
ferent faiths who did mmch for education in the city. Father‘

 

1. Cadillac, in 1701, had attemptedfito found a scnool or n an
and French children to strengthen foundations of friendship be-
tween the races. lducation ighDetroit_before 1850 by Sr. Mary
Rosalita, p.17.

20 Ibids’ pe480

3o Ibidsp p.47.

70

Richard Gabriel, priest, educator, delegate to Congress,
whose picturesque career was closed with a tragic death in
the cholera epidemic of 1832; and Reverend John Monteith.
President of the University of Michigania, who left Detroit
in 1820 to take charge of the Department of Latin and Greek
Languages at Hamilton college.4

Among the deveIOpments in education fostered by
prominent private citizens was the Detroit Female Seminary.

A lot on Griswold Street which had been set aside for educa-

tional purposes in 1829 was granted to a Protestant religious
society formed for the advancement of female education.5 In

1834 the following notice appeared;

I'The stockholders of the Association for promoting
female education in the City of Detroit are requested to meet
at the building recently erected for the Seminary, on Thursday,
December 2nd, 1nst., at two o'clock, P.M3, for the purpose of
considering the constitution to be proposed for the government
of the Association, and for the transaction of other important
business to all concerned in this object. The importance of
the subject to be submitted induces the undersigned to hope for
a very general and punctual attendance of those whose munifi-
cence has enabled them to progress thus far, and of all who may
be willing to contribute further aid to the undertaking.

John Biddle, E.PgHastings, B.F¢H.Withere11, Thomas Palmer.
DeG. Jones3.Hfiggfi.Cgmpgel%;°§£r§§;gk36'W.L.Newberry,
’ a- --.
ZTffiav. Monteith was on the—faculty—Et—Hamilton 53113E3-??35-.
1820 to 1828. William.Kirkland was a tutor in his department
from.1820-1825 and a professor from 1825-1827.

5. The site was part of that now occupied by the City Hall.
6. Sister Mary Rosalita. 22. cit., pp.222-224.

 

 

71

The Articles of Agreement under which the new

school was established provided that the Baptist, Methodist,

til

'pisoopal and Protestant denominations should be equally re-
7 .
presented in the twelve directors.

"The teacher who wished to retain his position had
to steer between a veritable Scylla and Charybdis on the re-
ligious question, for while instruction in religion was made
a part of the curriculum, nothing could be introduced that
would give offence to any of the denominations represented

on the board. One historian sees in this a repetition of

'putting the spark and powder together and then making an
9

V

effort to prevent the eXplosion.'"

The school was ready for occupancy in June, 1835.
The eight-thousand-dollar building, according to the Circular,
was a substantial briok edifice, fifty-six by forty feet,
situated in a pleasant part of the city. It had three stories
above the basement. There were eighteen rooms in the building,
besides an ample hall in each story. 'The philosophical room
was furnished with a handsome apparatus, both Chemical and
Philosophical.”

William Kirkland was to be the first Principal of
this school, which opened June 5, 1855. The arrival of the

01

{D
(1-
"i
ci-

Kirklands, who came to D by the newly opened water route,

is noted in a Detroit paper of June 10, 1855.
"me-r.

rhanE A ADEM‘-- The arrival of Mr. and Mrs. Kirk-

land to take charge of this institution has been immediately

 

7. Sr. Mary Rosalita, 2p. cit., p. 226.
8. Ibid., p. 226.

~1
A)

followed by the reception of a large number of pupils, and
the prospects for the academy are cheering. The expense and
effort to establish this school have been great, and it is
hoped that a full and ample support will be found in this
city. The gentleman and lady at the head of it will be en-
abled by their own experience and talents, together with the
assistance of the assistant teachers, to afford instruction
to a very large number of pupils, and the accommodations of
the beautiful and spacious edifice erected for their use will
be amply sufficient for the comfort and health of all who may
avail themselves of this institution. ‘We doubt not that the
advantages of the Frmale Seminary in this city will be equal
to those of any similar institution in the west; and we hope
and believe they will be fully appreciated."9

The other teachers, the assistants referred to, were
Mfiss Euphemia Dudgeon, teacher of music, and Professor Louis
.Fasquelle, the teacher of modern languages.10

The Kirklands' first summer in Detroit was shadowed
by the fatal illness of Mrs. Kirkland's only and beloved sister,
Cordelia Agnes, who died August 29 in Sodus Bay, New York. Ten
days before this sad event, a daughter was born to the Kirklands.
She was named Cordelia for the young aunt she would never see.

Caroline Kirkland and her mother, Elizabeth Stans-
bury, wrote the inscription for Cordelia's tomb:

 

9. Detroit Journal andeourier.
100 31‘. Mary Rosalita, as 2.11 e, p. 230.

 

73

"Here what of late was youth.and beauty lies,
Inspired in life with all that angels prize,
Fond human love strove long to keep her here,
But love divine prepared a brighter sphere;
And beaming on her spirit, ere its flight,
A foretaste of the pure and perfect light,
Gave peace which passeth thought and grace to own,
Kind are thy chastenings, Lord; Thy will be alone.»11
After Cordelia's death, Mrs. Stansbury joined her
other daughter in Detroit.
The following stasement, published in the newspaper,
announced the opening of the second quarter at the Seminary:
”DETROIT FEMALE SEMINARY -- The second quarter of the
Detroit Seminary for female education will commence Thursday,
the 5d of September. It is the design of the principal to-
furnish the means for a thorough and liberal education, and
thus to fulfill every reasonable expectation of the citizens
who have contributed with such rare liberality to the noble
purpose ofadvancing female education. Selecting the best mo-
dels, procuring extensive and efficient aid and uniting to
those the results of fifteen years experience, he hopes to
establish an institution which shall rank with the first in

our country.'12

 

,11.‘Wines, The Stansbury family, p. 15:
12. Detrgit Journal and Courier, Sept. 1, 1855.

74

The course of study presented at the Female Semi-
nary under the Kirklands appears in the Detroitgggg ggggg
of February 17, 1856.

"First Grade of Studies: Algebra, Geometry, Phil-
osophy of the Mind, Latin, and popular Astronomy with the use
of the Globes. (This last branch is included for the present
year in the Second Class.)

“Second Grade of Studies: Natural Philosophy in-
cluding the elements of Chemistry, Moral PhilosOphy, Watts on
the Mind, Botany, Ancient History, Ancient Geography. National
and State Constitutions, Paley's Natural Theology.

“Third Grade of Studies: Spelling, Reading, Writing,
Arithmetic, English, Grammar, Modern Geography, Mbdern History,
and Composition.

”Terms. Ten Dollars per quarter entitles the pupil
to instruction in any part of the course. Seven Dollars and
Fifty cents, includes tuition in the second and third of the
above grades. Six dollars in those of the third. Parents
are requested to specify at the commencement of each Quarter,
the class of Studies into which the pupil is to be entered.

“Extra Branches: French, per quarter, four dollars.
Music, ten dollars.

"Use of the Piano, two dollars. Drawing and Orna-
mental Needlework, six dollars.“

"A few young ladies not under fourteen years of age

received as boarders.

75

“Payments to be made at the expiration of half a

quarter, and no pupil admitted for less than one quarter.
For further particulars, see circular.
Detroit, November 16, 1855. William.Kirigand"

Further description of the course gapears in the
seminary circular:

“In all the branches the inductive method is pursued;
and every facility given by familiar and extended illustra-
tions, recitations, and other exercises is made the occasion
for conveying various useful and entertaining instruction.
Correct pronunciation, and grammatical language are attended
to on all occasions, and a taste for English literature care-
fully cultivated.

“The Bible is daily read with explanatory observa-
tions, appeals to conscience, and a sense of duty are the
means chiefly relied on for moral improvement. Controversial _
tapics on religion, politics and morals are strictly excluded."l

An impression of the Kirklands as teachers in De-
troit may be gained from the Recollections and Reminiscences'

21 §§£§h.A;exandrine Sibley.

"The Seminary building, erected in 1854, was first
opened June 4, 1835. I was one of the first pupils in the
upper class, and was under the personal supervision of Hrs.

Kirkland .

 

 

13. Sister Mary_§osalita, pp. cit., p. 227-228.
14. Sister Mary Rosalita, 32. an... p. 228.

 

76

“Hun an d Mrs..Kirkland must have lived in Detroit
all of three years, but the school was not a financial suc-
cess. They had a child about three years of age that fell
out of the academy window and was killed. This had a very
bad effect on Hrs. Kirkland. . . . Hrs. Kirkland was a very
good teacher and was especially successful in teaching the
art of reading. Hr. Kirkland was a good teacher, but he was
very deaf and the girls used to take advantage of that when
they recited to him in Algebra. . ."15

It was in the spring of 1837, wednesday, March 8
at 4:30 in the afternoon, that little Sarah Kirkland was
killed. She was Just past her third birthday. It was a ter-
rible experience, andCaroline Kirkland's mother, Elizabeth
Btansbury, did not long survive this blow. She died May 24,
the same year, fifteen years to the day from.the death of

Samuel Stansbury.

15. Sarah Alexandrine Sibley was interviewed in 1916 as to

her recollections of early Detroit. These reminiscences are
from the Burton Historical Collection, Detroit.

77

THE VILLAGE SITE

The Kirklands had consented to take charge of
the Seminary in Detroit for one year only, as their main
purpose in coming to Michigan was to found a settlement
in the great forest. Probably conditions at the school
were such as to encourage them in their plan; fortune to .
be gained in the romantic depths of the forest was far more
attractive than the few dollars laboriously earned by teach-
ing under the suspicious gaze of twelve trustees of tour dif-
ferent denominations.

The land chosen for this purpose was in Livingston
County, sixty miles west of Detroit. Land records there show
that William Kirkland, or Kirtland, as the first entry is
spelled, bought land there first in January 1836. In that
month he bought 360 acres, all in Putnam township, but scat-
tered through different sections. In February of the same
year, he acquired eighty acres, and in may, two pieces of
eighty and forty acres respectively.

Joseph Kirkland, William's father, began buying land
in the same county and township in June. He bought two
pieces, one of 160 acres, the other of 240 acres. In August,
William Kirkland acquired three lots, of eighty, forty, and
one hundred twenty acres; on the same date, Elizabeth Stans-
bury bought forty acres. In September, Joseph Kirkland again
purchased land - this time an improved farm.

In a letter from Joseph Kirkland to his son in De-
troit something of the circumstances surrounding the new ven-

ture may be ascertained.

78

ILetter from.Gen. Joseph Kirkland of Utica to his Son William:
.Addressed "Mr. William.Kirkland
Detroit, Michigan" endorsed, "My Father"
“August 29 1836'
Utica August 24th 1836

My '03

Yours of the 18th was received last evening. I have
concluded to purchase another farm of 200, I do not, as a
general rule for Investments, think improved farms are so
likely to turn out profitable as wild lands, but from your
statement, as to this farm, and considering it in connection
with.your other objects, it may be well to make the purchase,
and for this purpose I send you a Draft on New York for 3600
being for the first payment. In relation to the loan you
speak of, it is not now .in my power, it may be soon. I lave
had to pay, or rather advance money in consequence of borrow-
ing for other use. This I may or may not soon receive back.
There is no money to be borrowed here. I have not known such
a state of things since the removal of the deposites. Gentle-
men in N.Y. who have wished to make Loans have applied at
Hartford, and also have made application to the U. S. Bank
at Philadelphia - but without success. There has been such a
desire to obtain money for the purpose of speculation in
Stocks toBonds that money has brought in New York from 12 to
14 percent-- and this has induced the Lenders to furnish it

to Brokers instead of lending at the usual interest and on

79

this account no money can be borrowed at the legal rate of
interest. I am sorry that Mr. D. was not able to go on with
you in the 31;; Concern - and I am of opiniOn that if you can
dispose of your privilege to someone who is able to build,
and who will engage, I mean become legally obligated, to
build, it will by all means be best for you to do it. I

have had experience and you may rest assured that, if you
undertake to build mills by the means of agents, you being

at 60 miles distant, that all will not go right. You had
better dispose of the privilege at a very lg! rice, than
attempt to build anyone a mill yourself. I would have said
much more to you on this subject, if I had not supposed your
friend D. was going on the ground and to make his part of the
advances and, to take the whole charge. my paper is covered,
and I can write no more, I may enlarge another time. In the
meanwhile I wish you would give a particular account of the
intended Nfill Opperations, that is, how much the Mill is to
cost; now, and who is to build it, and where are your funds
to go on with the concern- indeed your whole plan.

N.B. As to the wars and glass you can do as you
please, if you do not want them or only a part, dispose of
the residue on the best terms you can. I think they may be
sold on a credit without loss.

All are well. Your brother G. (Charles Pinckney)
will go South in about a month. Nary is now with us- your
mother has written fully by'Miss D. who I understand, leaves

80

tomorrow, but I send this by mail that it may reach you
sooner.

You will please give me further information about
the money concerns in your Banks and Town offices. Love to
all

Yours affectionately
J. Kirkland (signature is very like
that of his grandson Joseph Kirkland)
Addressed: Er.‘William Kirkland
Detroit, Nfichigan

The land purchased by William.Kirkland is Just
south of the Grand River Road, eleven miles from Howell.
The country there is decidedly rolling; oak trees cover
the hill and small reed-fringed lakes dot the valleys. In
a valley on Portage Creek, two miles from Portage Lake, the
village itself was to be located. The site was regarded as
particularly promising because of the water power to be ob-
tained from the stream.

Mrs. Kirkland describes her first view of the site
for her new home:

”The morning passed in viewing and reviewing the
village site and the 'mill privilege' under the condescending
guidance of a regular land speculator, into whose clutches- - -
but I anticipate.

"The public square, the water lots, the value 233
£223 of this undulating surface, clothed as it then was with

burr oak, and haunted by the red deer: these were almost too

81

much for my gravity. I gave my views, however, as to the
location of the grand esplanade, and particularly requested
that the fine oaks which now graced it might be spared
when the clearing process commenced.

”Oh, certainly, mem! said our Dousterswivel, 'a
place that's designed for a public promenade must not be
divested of shade trees!’ Yet I believe these very trees
were the first 'Banquos' at Montacute.1 The water lots,
which were too valuable to sell save by the foot, are still
in the market, and will probably remain there for the
present.”2

The land speculator, the "Dousterswivel" mentioned,
was perhaps a man named Davidson who is mentioned in the Liv-
ingston County History as having been with Hr. Kirkland when
he first came there in 1836. The convincing manner of"Mr.
Hazard", whoever he was, and his persuasiveness, were to
prove expensive to the Kirklands later on.

"His words sometimes flowed in measured softness,
and sometimes tumbled over each other, in his anxiety to
convince, to persuade, to inspire. His air of earnest convic-
tion, of sincere anxiety for your interest, and above all,
of entire forgetfulness of his own, was irresistible. People
who did not know him.always beléeved every word he said; at

least so I have been informed."

 

l. "MontacuteQ was the name used in A New Home for the village
of Pinckney.

2. Mrs. Kirkland was right. The village has, nearly a century
later, moved quite away from the water front. There are no

buildings along the "water lots". C.H}Kirkland, A_New Home,p.24.
3. Ibid., p. 25.

82

This agent was kindness itself. He would lay out
the village for the Kirklands and build a mill, a tavern,
a blacksmithfs shop, a store and the necessary houses. He
‘would purchase the land which would be required for the
inill pond. 'With his experience in buying land and building
he could save them money. The mill itself could be built
for twenty-five hundred dollars at the most.4

The village was planned; it needed a name. The
story behind the naming of Pinckney has been obscured by
time and circumstance. One of the first landholders in
the vicinity was John D. Pinckney, who is recorded as buy-
ing land in the township in 1833. His descendants claimed
the honor of the name. On the other hand, Hus. Kirkland
describes the way she named the village. In an attempt to
choose a name ”at once simple and dignified -- striking and

'5 she chose

euphonious -- recherche and yet unpretending
several names, wrote them on slips of paper, and drew one
from a hat.
A recent article in Th2 Pinckneprispatch for

Jan.l7, 1934,appears to settle the point, and to declare in
favor of the Kirklands. The village was named after Charles
Pinckney Kirkland, the older brother of‘William.Kirklando
who was at that time a lawyer of great distinction in New

York City.6

 

4e w—Tbide, p. 25.

be lit-dc, p. 260

6. Gene Mann, “A History of Early Pinckney" ,Vol. 49, Jan. 17,1934,
p. .

C. Charles Pinckney Kirkland was no doubt named for Charles

Pinckney who was prominent in Constitution and treaty making,

and who may have been a friend of the Kirklands.

83

In any case, "Pinckney" would seem to have been
a good choice; it was a family name and it made a concession
to the claim of the oldest resident.

The village planned aid the name chosen, the next
step was to plat the site. Lithographs of the village were
to be circulated through the country, particularly in De-
troit, to encourage settlement on that promising place.

William Kirkland and his family probably moved to
Pinckney in the summer of 1837. This date is not certain,
but from the fact that Joseph Kirkland, in his letter, speaks
of the “ware and glass," it would seem that their household
goods, which had been left behind in New York, were being
prepared for shipment.in August, 1836. This was rather late
in the summer for the best lake transportation. From.Duyck-
inck's statement, that two years were spent in Detroit, and
also from a notation by Cordelia Kirkland in 1915, that her
mother was in Detroit for two and a half years, it appears
that it must have been 1837 before the Kirklands finally
moved from.Detroit.

‘William Kirkland bought land for himself and re-
latives from January, 1836, through the following summer, so
that he owned, or had under his control, over 1300 acres.
The many business affairs to be arranged for the new settle- ,
ment and the beginning of construction there no doubt re-

quired his undivided attention, for in November, 1836, he

84

was succeeded as Principal of the Seminary by George Wilson.
To what extent he retained his connection with the school

is not known, but a tuition bill signed by William Kirkland
appears as late as 1839. Hr. and Hrs. George Wilson bought
land from William Kirkland and spent much time in Pinckney,
.while teaching at the'seminary, as did Professor Fasquelle
and Euphemia Dudgeon.68.

It was in the spring of 1837, march 8th, that the
child, Sarah Kirkland, fell from a window of the seminary.
It was also that spring, may 24th, that Elizabeth Stansbury
died in Detroit. So it seems that the Kirklands must still
have been making their home in Detroit at the time. In
A Np! 32mg, Hrs. Kirkland describes their removal as taking
place in the summer.

Their furniture had been shipped to them, and
William and Caroline Kirkland, their three children, Joseph,
Elizabeth, and baby Cordelia, left Detroit for their new home

in the Michigan forest.

 

6a. Pinckney letters of Joseph Kirkland, see below pp. 164-167.

85

ROADS AND INNS

At the time William and Caroline Kirkland left
Detroit for the wilderness there were five principal roads
to the interior:7 These territorial roads had been put
through the forest by the Federal government as possible
military routes and were marked as highways by a blazed "H"
at intervals on tree trunks. The marks were necessary, for
the roads, in most cases, were little better than Indian
trails hastily widened to permit wagon travel.

Two of these highways offered possible routes to
the southern part of Livingston county. The Chicago road
passed within twelve miles of the holdings of the Kirklands
and had been followed by them on an earlier journey when
the site of the village was located. A new road, called the
Grand River road, led to Howell through the settlements at
Redford, Farmington and Kensington.8 The Kirklands chose
the latter:

“'3 had taken dhewly opened and somewhat lonely route
this time, in deference to the Opinion of those who ought to
have known better, that this road from having been less tra-
veled would not be quite so $322 as the other."9

The ”depth“ of the road was a matter of grave concern.
Heavily loaded wagons, piled high with possessions essential
to the settler's lonely state, cut ever deepening ruts in

the soft forest floor. The ground, shaded for centuries, stored

in its depths water which seeped through into the ruts to form

 

7. Blois, 2p. cit., p. 96.
8. Ibid., p. 96
9. Kirkland, A New Home, p. 67

great pools of mud.

When the Kirklands moved to their new home a
large wagon was loaded with a toppling pile of furniture
and trunks, plants, and a basket of live fowls. The three
children and a dog were lively occupants and Mrs. Kirkland
was made as comfortable as possible in a rocking-chair.

A driver who was familiar with Michigan roads was hired
for the wagon. Mr. Kirkland accompanied the caravan on
horseback.

Other early accounts substantiate the following
description by Mrs. Kirkland:

“The roads near Detroit were inexpressibly bad.
many were the chances against our toppling load's preserv-
ing its equilibrium. To our inexperience, the risks seemed
nothing less than tremendous -- but the driver so often rs-
iterated, 'that a'n't nothing',‘ in reply to our despairing
exclamation, and, what was better, so constantly proved his
words by passing the most frightful inequalities (Michi-
ganice, 'sidlings') in safety, that we soon became more con-
fident, and ventured to think of something else besides the
ruts and mud-holes."1°

As the newly opened Grand River road wound into
the forest it abounded in mudholes of great size and depth:
the description of which should not be lost to posterity.
Hrs. Kirkland writes of it as follows:

"Since I have casually alluded to a Michigan Hud-

L

10. Ibide’ p0 64-5e

87

hole, I may as well enter into a detailed memoir on the
subject, for the benefit of future travellers, who, flying
over the soil on railroads, may look slightingly back upon
the achievements of their predecessors. In the 'settlements',
a mud-hole is considered as apt to occasion an unpleasant
Jolt -- a breaking of the thread of one‘s reverie -- or in
extreme cases, a temporary stand-still, or even an overturn
of the rash and unwary. Here, on approaching one of these
characteristic features of the 'West' --(how much does that
expression mean to include? I have never been able to dis-
cover its limits)-- the driver stops-- alights -- walks up

to the dark gulf -- and around it if he can get around it.

He then seeks a long pole and sounds it, measures it across
to ascertain whether its sides are perpendicular, as is
usually the case if the road is much used. If he finds it
not more than three feet deep, he remounts cheerfully, en-
courages his team, and in they go, with a plunge and a shock,
rather apt to damp the courage of the ineXperienced. If the
hole be narrow, the hinder wheels will be quite lifted off
the ground by the depression of their precedents, and so re-
main until by unwearied chirruping and some Judiclous touches
of 'the string' the horses are induced to struggle as for
their lives; and if the Fates are propitious they generally
emerge on the opposite side, dragging the vehicle, or, at
least, the forewheels, after them.'I1

The mudholes, which were all too frequent in forest

roads were unpleasant enough; extensive marshes, bridged not

 

li?‘lbid., pp. $3414

82:5

at all, or by rolling, slippery logs which formed what is
commonly known as a corduroy road, presented more difficul-
ties. Often the road wound so close to the edge of a
marsh that the two wheels of a wagon would begin sinking
in the long grass while the other two Jolted along over
irregularities which threatened at any moment to upset the
entire outfit. The "live lumber“,12 in such a case, would
have to dismount to spare the horses.

After they left the Grand River road, all trace
of a road disappeared. The driver became confused in a
swampy stretch of country and had come to a halt when one
of the horses unfortunately swerved aside into the marsh
and was mired. The horse, cut loose, extricated himself
and ran away. The occupants of the wagon were forced to
remain in the steamy swamp atmosphere under a broiling sun
for three hours while Mr. Kirkland rode on to find a farmer
who could spare some oxen to get the load to solid ground.

The children became restless and thirsty. From
cautious attempts it was established that the surrounding *
grass simply would not bear any weight but sank beneath
the lightest pressure. However, by carefully creeping
down the wagon tongue, a clear stream could be reached.
Napkins were dipped into the water by holding them by one
corner, and by this means the children were refreshed and
amused -- until one reached too far, fell in and received

12a.
a thorough wetting.

 

120 Ibid., P0 660
12a. Ibid., p. 69.

The Journey was slow and laborious, accompanied
by many discomforts. Sudden showers came up from which
there was no shelter, and there was little rest at night
in the rude accommodations offered by inns deep in the
timbered lands. In the older settlements, close to Detroit,
such as Wayne, Dearborn, and Ypsilanti, there were well
known taverns, which, though not exactly palatial, at least
afforded the tired traveler a meal, a bed, and rest for him-
self and his horses. Along a new road, such as the one the
Kirklands took when they moved to their new home, there
were, after the first night's stop, only log cabins which
would share their tiny space with night-bound travelers.
Such quarters were not for the overly delicate.

Numbers apparently far beyond the capacity of a
one-room cabin were granted sleeping space. In one where
the Kirklands stopped, a part of the room, six feet wide, was
partitioned off opposite the fireplace. In this space was
fitted a bed at either end, with a trundle bed for the chil-
dren. Mrs. Kirkland admired this ingenious arrangement, but
it presented a question to her mind.

"Here was my grand problem still unsolved! If 'me
and the old man', and the girls, and Sally and Jane, slept
in this strip, there certainly could not be room for.more,
and I thought with dismay of the low-browed roof, which had
seemed to me to rest on the tops of the window-frames. And,
to make a long story short, though manifold were the runnings

up and down, and close the whisperings, before all was ready:

90

I was at length ushered up a steep and narrow stick ladder
into the sleeping apartment. Here, surrounded by beds of
all sizes spread on the floor, was a bedstead, placed under
the peak of the roof in order to gain space for its height;
and round the state-bed, for such it evidently was, although
not supplied with pillows at each end, all the men and boys
I had seen below stairs were to repose. Sundry old quilts
were fastened by forks to the refters in such a way as to
serve as a partial screen, and with this I was obliged to
be content. Excessive fatigue is not fastidious. I called
to mind some canal-boat experiences, and resigned myself to
the 'honey-heavy dew of slumber."

Upon their arrival at the site which was to be
their village, the Kirklands were offered hospitality at the
cabin home of an earlier settler. This cabin, occupied by
a thrifty farmer who had settled in Michigan before the land~
rush, was typical of the home which contented the substantial
pioneer family.

Large broadsides, circus sheets with gaudy pictures,
were pasted on the log walls of a small room. At one end of
the room were two large beds, curtained in with cotton sheets
which were pinned to the rafters. A chest stood between the
beds, and over it hung the Sunday wardrobe of the whole family.

At the other end of the room, a great open hearth
was flanked on one side by a cupboard, and on the other by

the stick ladder which led to the loft.

 

15. Ibid., pp. 20-21

91

The loft, which was occupied by the Kirklands and
their children for a few days, was, Hrs. Kirkland says,
"rather portentous."14 Bedsteads with the bark yet on them
were provided for the Kirklands, while on the floor other
beds were spread. These were tenanted by men who had been
ploughing, breaking up forest soil, all day, and who snored
"incredibly."15 Sheets partitioned off the bedsteads, and
Mrs. Kirkland, who feared the night air, which seemed to her
“likely to bring death on its dewy wing“,16 covered with a
quilt the Opening which passed for a window. The resultant
airless atmosphere in the thickly tenanted loft must have
been anything but stimulating! No wonder the Kirklands
felt decidedly low in spirits in the morning.

The three Kirkland children probably resented the
change from comparative comfort in Detroit to the cramped
quarters of a cabin loft. Difficulties arising from the
situation may be imagined from.Mrs. Kirkland's description.

".....my troubles, when the Children were to be
washed and dressed, became real and tangible enough; for,
however philosophical grown people may sometimes be under
disagreeables consequent upon a change of habits, children
are very epicures, and will put up with nothing that is un-

pleasant to them, without at least making a noise, which I

do detest and dread; although I know that mothers ought to

110 iii-go. p. 5.1“.
15. 93.3., p. '72.
16. Ibid., pe 720

 

 

92

'get used to such things.‘ I have heard that eels get
used to being skinned, but I doubt that fact.“17

Only once did Hrs. Kirkland attempt to carry out
the ordinary nursery routine, with an iron skillet for a
wash basin. The children had dirty faces and hands more
than half the time, but Mrs. Kirkland was glad to encourage
the closest intimacy between them and the calves and chick-
ens, in order to gain peace within doors.

The Kirkland children and the children of their
host at times threatened a "Kilkenny-cat battle, ending in
mutual extermination.” To settle these battles, Mrs. Kirk-
land resorted to "an humble imitation of the plan of the
celestials in ancient times; to snatch away the combatant
in whom I was most interested, and then to secrete him for
awhile, using as a desert island one of the beds in the loft,
where the unfortunate had to dree a weary penance, and gen-

erally came down quite tame."18

 

17. Ibid., p. 73.
180 Ibid., p. 770

96

THE LOG HOUSE

Even a log house which would be a temporary home
‘until a framed one could be built seemed eminently desirable
to Caroline Kirkland after her sojourn in a cabin loft.

The log house made after the usual pioneer pattern
‘was twelve by fifteen, or fifteen by twenty feet, though oc-
casionally larger.lg Logs were piled up to the de51red
height on four sides. Poles were then put across for the
loft floor and the roof was made of oak or elm splints,
usually with the bark left on.

In the simplest form of this pioneer shelter, the
fire was made on the ground, or on a few stones, with a hole
in the roof to let the smoke out, Indian fashion. A door
was cut in the side, and a window; these openings were cov-
ered with whatever came to hand.

The settler with any enterprise at all added
various conveniences to his forest home. A door, with the
latchstring always out, when the family was at home, and
window glass, were the signs of backwoods affluence. Cre-
vices between the logs were chinked With sticks and clay;

a stick chimney, also plastered with clay, was provided for
the fire. A slab of stone split from a native boulder was
the hearth, and a floor of sorts was contrived from oak
planks, which warped and offered an uneven surface to the

20
careless foot.

 

 

19. That occupied by the Kirklands was 24 by 18. “Western y
Sketches", The Union Magazine, p. 274, Vol.II, June 1848.
20. Ibid., p. 275.

94

The loose floor boards offered interesting pos-
sibilities. Toads hopped around at twilight; these, of
course, were not dangerous, but were unpleasant to step on.
JRattlesnakes, perhaps attracted by the warmth, frequently
chose the space under the boards in which to hibernate, and
‘wound up between the planks in the spring time.21

Insect life was loath to desert the logs which
composed the walls and beams of the settler's home; the un-
plastered wood beams and rafters soon became worm eaten to
such an extent that it was wise not to have anyone walk in
the loft when the table was spread for a meal.22 Clay be-
tween the logs dried and crumbled into a fine white dust
which sifted into the room until it was quite gone, when a
new coat had to be applied to keep out the wind.23

Fire was a perpetual hazard in the log cabin. The
stick chimney was chinked and lined with clay which crumbled
and fell so that constant watchfulness was required, partic-
ularly in the evening. All too often the log cabin provided
a blazing pyre for its inhabitants.24

Cooking was managed by means of a crotched post
at one side of the fireplace which supported a wooden crane.
The hot breads so popular in pioneer days were baked by a
reflector in front of the fireplace.

3%: 1311., p. 235.

23 II I I
24. ” p. 274.

 

95

The end of the room Opposite the fire was par-
titioned Off, usually by sheets or quilts, into tiny spaces
for the beds; trundle beds, for the children were extremely
useful in the limited space. In many communities, the warm
jplace in front of the fire was accorded to Indian visitors
'who stalked in after the family was asleep, andfiolled up in
their blankets for the night. The loft, which was reached
by a stick ladder, afforded room for one bedstead under the
ridgepole and floor space for others.

Wooden pegs in the log walls supported a few rough
shelves; a very limited storage space, as the Kirklands found
when they attempted to transfer their wagon load Of furni-
ture and ”indispensables” to their log house. All out of
proportion to the size Of the one room, twenty-four by eight-
een, which must do for cooking, eating, sleeping and living,
part Of their belongings had to be returned to Detroit.

While Mr. Kirkland was gone to Detroit to arrange
storage for their furniture, Mrs. Kirkland, unable to endure
the close quarters Of the loft for another night, moved into
the cabin which.was to be their home until a more suitable one
could be built for the "Proprietor" of the new settlement.

It was in the summer, and the blazin. fire on the
hearth soon made the cabin tOO hot for comfort so that Hrs.
Kirkland and the children were forced to Open the door in
order to sleep at all. A storm came up and beat through the
Open door, drenching everything within reach, and affording

a most dismal spectable for the morning.

96

After two days of struggle with the limited
space and possibilities of the cabin, Caroline Kirkland
found herself, with some surprise, conforming to the ideas
of the settlements:

"my ideas Of comfort were by this time narrowed
down to a well-swept room with a bed in one corner, and
cooking apparatus in another -- and this in some fourteen
days from the city.”25

Their residence in the log house was intended to
be temporary, but the scarcity Of workmen lengthened the
time by months. Hrs. Kirkland remarks ruefully that she
had never happened to see any allusion, in romantic sketches
of forest life, to the circumstances attendant upon living
all summer in the same room with the cooking fire.

"I had. . . dwelt with delight on Chateaubriand's
Atala, where no such vulgar inconvenience is once hinted at;
and my floating visions of a home in the woods were full of
important omissions, and always in a Floridian clime, where
fruits serve for vivers.

"The inexorable dinner hour, which is always passed
pub silentio in imaginary forest, always recurs, in real woods,
with distressing iteration, once in twenty-four hours, as I
found to my cost. And the provoking people for whom I had
undertaken to provide seemed to me to get hungry Oftener than
ever before. There was no end to the bread that the children
ate from.morning till night -- at least it seemed so, while a
tin reflector was my only oven, and the fire required for baking

grove us all out of doors."26
011091). 5.

25. " p. 93.

 

97

SERVANTS

Upon arriving at the settlement, Mrs. Kirkland's
first care while still living in a loft had been to in-
qniire for a good domestic servant. Her friends had dissuaded
Inez-from bringing a maid with her, pointing out that the girl
Vvould inevitably be discontented and not apt to remain in
‘the wilderness, and had painted the advantages of the sturdy
:farmer's daughter, whom, presumably, Mrs. Kirkland would be
able to hire for very little. Caroline Kirkland found that
this view of the situation was quite mistaken:

"Good souls! How little did they know of Michigan!
I have since that day seen the interior Of many a wretched
dwelling, with almost literally nothing in it but a bed, a
chest, and a table; children ragged to the last degree, and
potatoes the only fare; but never yet saw I one where the
daughter was willing to own herself obliged to live out at
service. She would 'hire out' long enough to buy some article
Of dress perhaps, or 'because our folks have been sick and
want a little money to pay the doctor,‘ or for some such
special reason; but never as a regular calling, or with an
acknowledgement of inferior station.“27

When Mrs. Kirkland moved into the cabin she found

considerable difficulty in hiring a woman to clean the place.

No doubt this undermined Mrs. Kirkland's reputation in the__

 

270 Ibid., p. 74-750

ccmmunity immediately, for hiring ”help“ on the frontier,
unless one were absolutely helpless and 111, was regarded as
an affectation. A "Mrs. Jennings" was finally Obtained, and
Ike. Kirkland describes the situation thus:

”Behold me then seated on a box, in the midst Of
as anomalous a congregation of household goods as ever met
under one roof in the backwoods, engaged in the seemingly
hopeless task Of calling order out of chaos, attempting oc-
casionally to throw out a hint for the instruction of Mrs.
Jennings, who uniformly replied by requesting me not to fret,

28
as she knew what she was about"

This situation, asdescribed, was also a violation
Of backwoods "etiquette". If mrs. Kirkland had worked with
"Mrs. Jennings", rather than directed her labors from a box,
it would have been more suitable according to good democratic
standards.

Neighborhood ”girls" came and went; they worked out
for a few days for some special reason, but their fiery spirit
would not endure any assumption of superiority or even Of
authority. urn. Kirkland was obliged: to depend on "Mrs. Jen-
nings“, who 'chored around.” Her table manners, as well as
the fact that her husband and two children came sociably to
enjoy the meals she prepared, were inflictions which Hrs.

Kirkland learned to bear with fortitude. She drank tea from
the spout Of the tea-pot between meals; she dipped with her

own spoon into every dish; she grasped a boiled ham by the

 

28o Ibid., p. 81-

Hook and sliced it Off in mouthfuls with her knife, de-
clining all waiting on as a matter Of pride.29

Regarding Mrs. Jennings, Caroline Kirkland says:
“If 'grandeur hear with a disdainful smile' -- thinking it
would be far better to starve than to eat under such circum-
stances, I can only.say that such was not my hungry view Of
the case; and that I Often found rather amusing exercise for
my ingenuity in contriving excuses and plans to get the Old
lady to enjoy her meals alone. To have offered her outright
a separate table, though the board should groan with all the
delicacies Of the city, would have been to secure for myself
the unenvlable privilege of doing my own 'chores', at least
till I could procure a 'help' from.some distance beyond the
reach of my friend, Mrs. Jennings's tongue."50

The fOIIOWing description given by Mrs. Kirkland
Of an applicant for the position of "help" in her kitchen
is characteristic Of both the time and place.

”She was tastefully attired in a blue gingham dress,
with broad cuffs of black morocco, and a black cambric apron
edged with orange worsted lace. Her Oily black locks were
out quite short round the ears, and confined close to her
head by a black ribbon, from one side Of which depended, al-
most in her eye, two very long tassels Of black silk, intended
to do duty as curls. Prunelle slippers w1th high heels, and
a cotton handkerchief tied under the chin, finished the cos-

tume, which I have been thus particular in describing, because

I have Observed so many that were nearly similar.

 

59. Ibid., p.96.
30- Ibid., PO 970

”The lady greeted me in the usual style, with a
familiar nod, and seated herself at once in a chair near
the door.

"'Well, how do you like Michigap?‘

"This question received the most polite answer
which my conscience afforded; andI asked the lady in my
turn, if she was one of my neighbors?

"'Why, massy, yet!‘ she replied; 'don't you know
me? I thO't everybody know'd me. Why, I'm the schoolma'am,
Simeon Jenkins's sister, Cleory Jenkins.'

"Thus introduced, I put all my civility in requisi-
tion to entertain my guest, but she seemed quite independent,
finding amusement for herself, and asking questions on every
possible theme.

"'You're doing your own work now, a'n't ye,‘

"This might not be denied; and I asked if she
did not know of a girl whom I might be likely to get.

"'Well, I don't know, I'm looking for a place where
I can board and do chores myself. I have a good deal of time
before school, and after I get back; and I didn't know but I
might suit ye for awhile.‘

"I was pondering on this proffer, when the sallow
damsel arose from her seat, took a short pipe from.her bosom,
(not Pan's reedy pipe, reader) filled it with tobacco, which
she carried in her work pocxet, and reseating herself, began
tO smoke with the greatest gusto, turning ever and anon to

Spit at the hearth.

"Incredible again? alas, I would it were not true!
I have since known a girl of seventeen, who was attending a
neighbor's sick infant, smoke the livelong day, and take
snuff besides; and I can vouch for it, that a large propor-
tion Of the married women in the interior of Michigan use
tobacco in some form, usually that of the odious pipe.

"I took the earliest decent Opportunity to decline
the Offered help, telling the schoolma'am plainly, that an
inmate who smoked would make the house uncomfortable for me.

"'Why, law!‘ said she, laughing; 'that's nothing
but pride now; folks is Often tOO proud to take comfort. For

my part I couldn't do without my pipe to please nobody.""’51

 

:51. Ibid.,pp. 103-105.

BUILDING A VILLAGE

Caroline and William Kirkland faced not only
the problem Of making a home in the wilderness; they were
tO build a town. A great deal Of land belonged to them
and on it should arise a village which.would do the Kirk-
land family credit. TO attract people to the site to buy
lots from William Kirkland and Company, there must be cer-
tain improvements and Of these, a mill was the most expen-
sive aid the most essential to the new settlement.

Building in the wilderness was attended by many
difficulties. Good workmen were few. Carpenters were ap-
parently numerous, but a "plane, a chisel, and two dollars
a day'32 made a carpenter in Michigan during the days of
the land fever. Experience and skill were usually wanting.

The millwright, whom.Mrs. Kirkland names "Puffer,"
is described as follows:

"Our millwright was a little round-headed fellow
with a button nose, a very Adonis in his own eyes, and most
aptly named Puffer, since never did a more consequential
dignitary condescend to follow a base mechanical calling.
His statements, when he condescended to make any, were always
given with a most magisterial air; and no suggestion, however
skilfully insinuated or gently Offered, was ever received
without an air of insulted dignity, and a reiteration of his
own conviction that it was probable he understood his busi-

33
ness.“

 

Ego Ibid., p. 38:8.
as. thE., p. 89.

According to the Livingston County Histor , the
ndllwright employed by Mr. Kirkland was actually named
Seth A. Petteys. It seems probable that this was one of
Mrs. Kirkland's easily recognized characterizations not
enjoyed by those whom it concerned.

Mrs. Kirkland goes on to say:

"It is to be ascribed to this gentleman's care
and accuracy that Mr. Clavers has since had the satisfaction
of appearing as defendant in several suits at law, brought
by those of his neighbors whose property has been doubled in
value by the erection Of the mill, and who therefore thought
they might as well see what else they could get, tO recover
the value of sundry acres of wet marsh made wetter by the
flowing back Of the pond, while ur. Puffer's calculations
and levels prove most satisfactory (on paper) that the pond
(‘had no business to flow back so far, and that malice itself
could ascribe no fault to his management.'34

From.the records of Livingston county, it is appar-
ent that ur. Kirkland's troubles with the mill aid the rights
Of "flowing properties adjacent" were widespread. Many en-
tries similar tO the following are recorded:

”In consideration Of fifty Dollars received Of Wil-
liam Kirkland I bargain Tew asign release and quitclaim.to him
his heirs and asigns forever the right and privilege of flow-
ing a certain tract Of land now owned and occupied by me in
the township of Putnam County of Livingston State Of Michigan
3I7’1p19., p. 84. '

 

104

as related to the privilege now acquired for the mill con-
structed by William Kirkland and for the full use on his
premises Of the water power acquired by flowing said land.
Signed sealed and delivered the twenty ninth day of August
Eighteen Hundred and thirty Eight.

In presence of William White
his

William x ‘White Mary White "

7 mark _

A mill, a tavern, aid many smaller buildings were
planned, and.the construction begun with building materials
which must Of necessity be carried over mOst uncertain roads
for many miles. Delays and disappointments inevitably arose.

“'No brick come yet, sir! Dibble coultn't get no
white wood lumber at I----(thirty miles Off.) so he stopt and
got what lime there was at Jones's; but they hadn't only four
bushels, and they wouldn't burn again till week after next;
and that 'ere sash that came from ----- is all of three inches
too large for the window frames; and them doors was made of
such green stuff that they won't go together nowhow!'"35

Mrs. Kirkland says that she dreamed of the "pyramids
of Egypt and the great wall Of China". She thought Often of
the "tower on Shinar's plain'", and employed herself in
”conjectural comparisons between the confusion which punished
the projectors Of that edifice and the difficulties which
beset the builders of MOntacute."36

The difficulty Of keeping the independent, patriotic

American citizen at work was fully appreciated by the Kirklands,

 

33. C. Mi Kirkland, A New Home, p. 90.
36c Ibid., DO 900

who found that in spite Of bonuses offered for haste, the
workmen let their work go while they exercised their rights
as voters. Voting at a distance and the ensuing celebration
required at least two days.

The many minor vexations which beset the Kirklands
in their endeavors were climaxed by the disappearance Of
"Mr. Mazard", the speculator. Mr. Kirkland found himself in-
volved for a large amount, as "Mr. Mhzard” had acted as his
agent for land, and partner in some Of the building projects.
According to the Livingston County Histor , Mi. Kirkland took
over the mill from ”Davidson", and finished it in 1837.

From the Histo , also, we find that besides the
mill Mr. Kirkland built a store, a hotel, and a cOOper shop.
From the same source we learn that he sold lots rapidly for
a time. James W. Stansbury, Mrs. Kirkland's brother, replaced
Davidson, as agent for William Kirkland and Company in Pinckney.

August 9, 1837, the plat of the village of Pinckney
was recorded by William Kirkland, PrOprietor. In this plat
the situation of the village, and the progress Of building,
are described; and its future prospects are suggested:

"The village of Pinckney is situated in the southern
part of Livingston County on Portage Creek, 2 miles from its
entrance into Portage Lake. It is in the midst of one Of the
finest and best settled agricultural districts in the State,
and is already the natural center of business for not less
than 200 or 300 families. A Flouring-Mill is now in Operation,

which has just been constructed at a cost of from $7-8000, and

there is no mill nearer than 10 miles, and in some direc-
tions it will command the business for 20 miles. A good
Temperance Tavern and store have also been erected, and
other buildings are in progress. A healthier spot is not
to be found in Michigan. The State road from Saginaw to
the Chicago road at Clinton passes through this place; and
the Grand River and Allegan State Road is expected tO in-
tersect the former at this point. The lots are 66 front
by 132 feet deep. The streets are 4 rods in widthd and the
Public Square is 16 rOds square."$|7

The little settlement in the depths Of the great
forest was very active with building and with clearing the
soil to provide a means of subsistence for the community.
Trees were felled -- those giants Of the forest which some-
times measured thirty feet around. Many others, countless
thousands Of others, were girdled and left to die as leafless
ghosts. MHles Of fine hardwood timber were burned Over,
leaving acres of blackened stumps.

The forest was seemingly inexhaustible. The settler
regarded it as his enemy and attacked it viciously. In the
little settlements in the clearings, trees were not allowed
to remain, even to spread their shade on the streets or over
low-ceilinged cabins which broiled under a summer sun.

Caroline Kirkland, who loved the great oak trees
which were native tO the settlement, fought a losing battle.

Her protests were of no avail in saving trees for the public»

 

37. The Livingston County Histor , p. 274-275.

107

square which the Kirklands provided for the village. Even
the trees in their own yard were a source of irritation to
the neighbors.

"So inveterate was the prejudice that an angry
battle must be fought for every tree. Pretended blunders --
accidents -- all stratagems will be resorted to in order to
get rid of those marked for preservation; and the few that
one may succeed in retaining by dint Of watching and scold-
ing, become the frequent subject of wondering remaki: “Well!
I should think there was oak-trees enough without keeping 'em
in a body's door-yard.‘ Just like the woods!”38

When the timber was gone it was still necessary to
break the land for the plow. A "breaking up team" usually
consisted Of three or four yoke of oxen hitched to a great
plow. This was used to break up the matted roots of trees
and shrubs with which the forest soil had been laced for
centuries. Heaps of burning logs and flaming brush heaps
testified to the settlers' desire to rid the earth of all
traces of the forest.

It took usually two years Of hard, unremitting toil
to clear the ground for crops, and many more to grub out all
reminder Of its forest origin except for the stump or rail I
fences, but the true settler never rested, or allowed his
family to rest, until that was accomplished.

The desire for land - as much land as he could use,

or more -- was also an obsession With the pioneer, who Often

stretched his means to the breaking point or beyond to buy it,

 

38. Kirkland, Forest Life, Vol. I, p. 44.

108

leaving nothing for improvements, tools, conveniences,

or the comfort Of his household. Caroline Kirkland, who
saw much of this among her contemporaries, observed: "1
have sometimes thought that our neighbors forget that 'the
days of man's life are three score years and ten,‘ since

39
they spend all their lives in getting ready to begin."

 

59. Ce Me Kirkland, A New Home, Do 390

109

THE AGUE

The stout little cabin which sheltered the pio-
neer family against wolves and weather Offered no refuge
from a more insidious enemy. That mysterious menace of the
new land, the ague, was an unwelcome guest returning every
autumn.

Blois, in his Gazetteer, remarks hopefully that
the disease most prevalent in Michigan, the malaria or ague
and fever, being governed by a general haw which increased
their virulence in proportion to their nearness to the tro-
pics, necessarily must be less severe in Michigan than in
states farther south. It was true that the Michigan ague
was not, as a rule, deadly, but the rank marsh growth sur-
rounding lakes, rivers and swamps made ”the shakes" a factor
long to be reckoned with in early settlements.41

As the ague seemed inevitably associated with new
lands, for a long time it was regarded as the result of vapor
springing from newly broken soil, and the night air, rather
than the mosquitoes, was feared as the carrier. During their
first summer in the forest settlement, MI. and Mrs. Kirkland
walked out at night while the cabin cooled from the day's great
cooking fire, and it was to this "imprudent indulgence" that

2
they traced their agues.4

 

41. This extended to all sorts 5? activities. The first wedding
in Calhoun county very nearly had to be postponed, as it was

set for the pastor's “ague day." The Justice who was to perform
the ceremony attempted to fortify himself by taking klrge quan-
tities Of quinine. When the wedding party arrived he was delir-
ious. The day was saved by his wife, who drenched the judge with
cold well water and brought him to long enough to repeat the
service. ‘Michigan Pioneer Collections, Vol. II, p. 219.

42. Kirkland, g N§g_Home, p. 95.

Hrs. Kirkland's ague came on with a violent fever
and delirium. Her husband shook and shivered with his
chills until he ”confidently asserted, several times, that
the upper half of his head was taking leave of the lower".
The extreme prostration which was a part of the disease
left them thoroughly miserable while an unfortunate atten-
dant circumstance reduced them indeed to a pitiable state.45

The Kirklands had been misunderstood in the neigh-
borhood, and as a result had been left to themselves except
for business dealings. The other settlers felt that Caroline
Kirkland, particularly, considered herself above them. She
was the wife of the PrOprietor; she had attempted to hire
servants; she taught her children at home rather than send
them to the village school; she was unfamiliar with such
backwoods expedients as soap-making; she had more furniture
than she could use - these, and similar sources of irritation,
had resulted in misunderstanding most unfortunate for the
Kirklands when they were stricken with ague.

A landowner in a neighboring village came to call
while they were in this situation:

”It was on one of our superlatively doleful ague
days, when a cold drizzling rain had sent mildew into our
unfortunate bones; and I lay in bed burning with fever while
my stronger half sat by the fire, taking his chill with his

great-coat, hat, and boots on, that mr. Rivers came to intro:

 

‘43. Ibid., p. 112-115.

duce his young daughter-in-law. I shall never forget the
'utterly disconsolate air, which, in spite of the fair lady’s
politeness, would make itself visible in the pauses of our
conversation. She gig try not to cast a curious glance
round the room. She fixed her eyes on the fireplace -- but
there were the clay-filled sticks, instead of a chimney-
piece -- the half-consumed wooden Egagg, which had, more
than once, let our dinner fall -- the Rocky Mountain hearth,
and the reflector baking biscuits for tea -- so she thought
it hardly polite to dwell too long there. She turned towards
the window: there were the shelves with our remaining crock-
ery, a grotesque assortment, and, Just beneath, the unnameable
iron and tin affairs, that are reckoned among the indispen-
sables, even of the half-civilized state. She tried the
other side, but there was the ladder, the flour-barrel, and
a host of other things -- rather odd parlor furniture -- and
she cast her eyes on the floor, with its gaping cracks, wide
enough to admit a massassauga44from below, mid its inequalities,
which might trip any but a sylph."45

There was a capable physician available who obtained
help for the Kirklands from some distance, and when their ague
reached the intermittent stage they were quickly cured by a
Judicious use of quinine. Even then, the ague was in the sys-

tem and was sure to return with complete prostration after

any slight exertion.

 

44. Pioneer term for rattlesnake.
45. Kirkland, giNew Home, Pp. 117-118.

A great many of the early settlers, probably a
majority of them, preferred their recurring agues, enduring
them with stoic fortitude, to the quinine treatment. They
were stubbornly attached to some superstitions regarding
ague. It was held unlucky to ”break” an ague; "Doctor's
physic” was regarded with suspicion, and the notion pre-
vailed that each region produced the medicines its diseases
required, so that native plants and herbs were used with
reckless abandon.46

The ague was certainly anything but pleasant; it
was, however, something the whole settlement had in common.
It played no favorites, and those who had once felt its
withering touch were bound to sympathize with other victims.

Philosophizing somewhat about the ague, Caroline
Kirkland says;

"Moonlight and the ague are, however, the same
everywhere. At least I meet with no description in any of
the poets of my acquaintance which might not be applied,
without reservation, to Nfichigan moonlight; and as for the
sine, did not great Caesar shake when the fit was on him?

“'Tis true, this god did shake: '

His coward lips did from their color fly - -'”47

A boy whom Hrs. Kirkland calls ”Lorenzo Titmouse'
came to the Kirklands for help for his family. ”Hrs. Rivers"
and Caroline Kirkland accompanied him through a half mile of

forest to the cabin, carrying some frontier delicacies.

"And What does the gentle reader think we carried?

 

46.Forest Life, Vol. I, p. 67.
47. Ibid., p. 208.

A.custard or a glass of Jelly each perhaps, and a nice
spongecake, or something equally delicate and likely to

tempt the faint appetite of an invalid. No such thing!

‘We had learned better than to offer such nick-nacks to

people who 'an't used to sweetnin'. my companion was

doubly arm'd; a small tin pail of cranberry sauce in one
hand, a bottle of vinegar in the other. I carried a modicum
of 'hop 'east', and a little bag of crackers; a scrap of by-
son, and a box of quinine pills. Odd enough, but we had been
at such places before." 8

It was the ”well day" of the boy who had come to
ask their aid, but even so, he was forced to stop and rest
often as a fit of ague came upon him. 'When they reached the
old dilapidated log house they found its occupants quite
prostrated. In one bed were the father and the eldest son;
in the other, the mother and two little girls. The "untame-
able tongue” of Mrs. Titmouse was too much even for the ague.

”Mrs. Titmouse is one of those fortunate beings who
can talk all day without saying anything. She is the only
person whom I have met in these regions who appears to have
paid her devoirs to the Castle Blarney.

“'How d'ye do, ladies, -- how d'ye do? Bless my
soul! If ever I thought to be catched in sitcn a condition:
and by sitch grand ladies too! Not a chair for you to sit
down on. I often tell Titmouse that we live Jest like the
pigs; but he ha'n't no ambition. I'm sure I'm under a thou-

sand compliments to ye for coming to see me. We're expecting

 

{ST—Ibid., p.‘§bs-209.

114

a mother of his'n to come and stay with us, but die ha'n't
come yet -- and I in sitch a condition; can't show ye no
civility. Do set down, ladies, if ye 333 set upon a chest --
ladies like you. I'm sure I'm under a thousand compliments'--
and so the poor soul ran on till she was fairly out of breath,
in spite of our efforts to out-talk her with our assurances
that we could accommodate ourselves very well, and could stay
but a few minutes.

"'And now, Mrs. Titmouse,‘ said Mrs. Rivers, in her
sweet, pleasant voice, 'tell us what we can do for you."

"Do for me! O, massy! 0, nothing, I thank ye.
There a'n't nothing that ladies like you can 93 for me. We
make out very well, andfié'

”'What do you say so for!‘ growled her hustand from
the other bed. 'You know we ha'n't tasted a mouthful since
morning, nor hadn't it, and I sent Lorenzo myself- - -'

"Well, I never!' responded his help-mate; 'you're
always doing Just so: troubling pe0p1e. You never had no
ambition, Titmouse; you know I always said so. To be sure,
we ha'n't had no tea this good while, 81d tea gggg taste
dreadful good when a body's got the agur; and my bread is
gone, mad I ha'n't been able to set no emptins; butA--'

"Here we told What we had brought, aid prepared
at once to make some bread; but Mrs. Titmouse seemed quite

horrified and insisted upon getting out of bed, though she
staggered, and would have fallen, if we had not supported

her to a seat.

"'Now tell me where the water is, and I will get
it myself,‘ said Mrs. Rivers, 'and do you sit still and see
how soon I will make a loaf.'

"'Water!‘ said the poor soul; 'I'm afraid we have
not water enough to make a loaf. NU» Grimes brought us a
barrel day before yesterday, and we've been dreadful careful
of it, but the agur is so dreadful thirsty -- I'm afraid
there a'n't none.‘

"'Have you no spring?‘

"'No ma'am; but we have always got plenty of water
down by the mggh till this dry summer.’

"'I should think that was enough to give you the
ague. Don't you think the marsh water unwholesome?‘

"'Well, I don't know but it is; but you see hp was
always a-going to dig a well; but he ha'n't no ambition, nor
never had, and I always told him so. And as to the agur,

49
if you've got to have it, why you can't get clear of it.'"

 

49A Ibid., pp. 210-110

NEIGHBORS

On the Michigan Frontier, as in many rural com-
munities today, the ordinary civilities of neighborliness
were simply not for sale, as Mrs. Kirkland had found to her
dismay when she attempted to hire a servant. Money lost
much of its power under Frontier conditions. Those who
had sacrificed eastern homes for the independence of owned
land; who had cut down trees and broken up the thickly
matted soil to make it ready for the plow; who had left
friends and family to come to the forest; those were not
peOple to sell their time or labor.

An exchange of "neighboring" was quite a different
matter. The settlements in the great forest were isolated
during much of the year; as much so as if they had been sur-
rounded by the sea. Life in the forest clearings was based
upon certain dependencies different from those of the city.

Shelter and food were hard to get and easy to lose.
A fire in a stick chimney, all too frequent an occurrence,
and the settler's cabin was a charred ruin. A bad season, or
even an unusually long winter, and the food supply was gone.
Be it said to the credit of the pioneer, that the latchstring
was always out, and.that from his small stores he was willing
to share.

Building, in large part, depended upon neighbors.
Men who would not leave their own work for hire could be de-
pended upon to come many miles to help "raise" a barn or a
house. These became occasions of boisterous Jollity and were

accepted as standard forms of entertainment, as were the

kniaking-bees, the wood-sawing bees and the feminine quilt-
ing-bees.

An interesting, often amusing corollary to the
lieighborliness of the pioneer was the borrowing habit, caused
‘by the general poverty and the genuine scarcity of all manu-
‘factured articles. No one, in a pioneer community, was ex-
empt, but probably the Kirklands, being rather better supplied
‘with worldly goods than their neighbors, were honored by
many requests as acquaintance progressed. Caroline Kirkland
says, "This excellent reason, 'cause you've got plenty,‘ is
conclusive as to sharing with your neighbors."50

The extent to which the exchange of courtesy reacned
is evidenced by this list:

"Not only are all kitchen utenSils as much your
neighbor's as your own, but bedsteads, beds, blankets, sheets,
travel from house to house, a pleasant and effectual mode of
securing the perpetuity of certain efflorescent peculiarities
of the skin, for which Michigan is becoming almost as famous
as the land "twixt maidenkirk and John o'Groat's.‘

"For my own part, I have lent my broom, my thread,
my tape, my spoons, my cat, my thimble, my scissors, my shawl,
my shoes, and have been asked for my combs and brushes: and
my husband for his shaving apparatus and his pantaloons.“5l

"A girl came in to borrow a 'wash-dish', 'becsuse
we've got company'.' Presently she returned. 'MOther says
you've forgot to send a towel."52
50. gp;g., p. 124.

51. Ibid., p. 125.
52. ifiid., p. 126.

 

9 These, and many similar stories, Mrs. Kirkland
brings to a climax with that of ”Philo Double day” and his
vvife, ”Polly", who was possessed with a devil of neatness.
IIer floor was always scrubbed and clean, and her sharp tongue
vras the terror of those who inadvertently disturbed any of
'the shining surfaces of her spotless house.

Her first child, ”sole obJect of her thoughts and
dreams", was, of course, scrupulously cared for. One day a
‘very dirty and unkempt little girl arrived to borrow Mrs.
Doubleday's baby for awhile, "cause Benny's mouth's so sore
that- - -” but she had not time to finish her sentence.

”'LEND MY BABYilis?" and Mrs. Doubleday's utterance
failed, luckily for the girl, who disappeared before the
power of speech returned. Mrs. Kirkland concludes:

”The identical glass tube which I offered Mrs. How-
ard as a substitute for Mrs. Doubleday's baby, and which had
already, frail as it is, threaded the country for miles in
all directions, is, even as I write, in demand; a man on
horseback comes from somewhere near Danforth's, and asks in
mysterious whispers for - - - but I shall not tell what he

54
calls it. The reader must come to Michigan.”

 

530 Ibid., Po 1320
5‘. Ibid., p. 132.

PIONEER FOOD

So occupied were the thousands who came to Michigan,
in the first fever of the land rush, with.speculation in
the advancing prices of land, that little attention was
paid to food. A long arduous process of land clearing was
necessary before the forest land was ready for crops; the
roads leading from Detroit to the interior were frequently
all but impassable; Detroit itself was icebound for much of
the year. The result was that, during the years of 1855 and
1836, food was very scarce and very expensive, and,usually,
very ppor in quality.

”Neither milk, eggs, nor vegetables were to be.
lhad, and those who could not live on hard salt ham, stewed
dried apples, and bread raised with 'salt risin', would ne-
cessarily run some risk of starvation."55

Salt ham, of course, has always been a pioneer
staple because it will remain edible in all weather. Salt.
rising bread was also suited to the needs of the pioneer,
but its crumbly consistency, its fine grain, excellent toast-
ing qualities and peculiar odor are not always appreciated
by those unacquainted with its virtues. It was Mrs. Kirk-
land's opinion that "the sin of bewitching snow-white flour
by means of either of these abominations, 'salt risin',
'milk emptins,' 'bran east', or any of their odious compounds
ought to be classed with the turning of grain into whiskey,

56
and both made indictable offenses."

 

'5' 5".";__"mt_g_ . , p. 65 .
56. Ibid., p. 65.

 

These breads, made without yeast, were so impor-
tant to the pioneer in Michigan that perhaps the directions
given by Mrs. Kirkland, as well as her warnings, may be of
interest here:

”To make milk emptins. Takequantum suf. of good
sweet milk -- add a teaspoonful ofsalt, and some water, and,
set the mexture in a warm place till it ferments, then mix
your bread with it; and if you are lucky enough to catch it
Just in the right moment before the fermentation reaches
the putrescent stage, you make tolerably good rolls, but if
you are five minutes too late, you will have to open your
doors and Windows while your bread is baking.-- Verbum sap.

"'Salt risin' is made with water slightly salted
and fermented like the other; and becomes putrid rather
sooner, and 'bran east' is on the same plan. The consequences
of letting these mixtures stand too long will become known to
those whom it may concern, when they shall travel through the
remoter parts of Michigan; so I shall not dwell upon them here
-- but I offer my counsel to such of my friends as may be re-
moving westward, to bring with them some form of portable
yeast (the old fashioned dried cakes which mothers and aunts
can furnish, are as good as any) -- and also full instructions
for perpetuating the same; and to plant hOps as soon as they
get a corner to plant them in."5'7

The tin reflector in front of the fireplace was
used for baking bread, and as the diet was limited and hot

 

57. Ibid., pp. 65-660

breads were extremely popular, the reflector was generally
in use.

Tea was at once the luxury, the delight,and the
solace of the settlements. Light in weight and not bulky,
it could betransported overland rather easily and only the
very poorest settlers were without it.

Pork was, however, truly the crowning glory of
the settler's table. Salt pork, fresh pork, boiled pork,
fried pork appeared until Mrs. Kirkland entertained some
fear that the "Michigander" might take on a porcine appear-
ance. It was regarded as a preventgfiive of the ague and of
most fleshly ills, and as long as the "pork—barrel" was full,
the long winter could be resisted with good cheer.58

Johnny cake, transported by the settlers from
their New England origin, was a standby after crops were in,
and the golden Indian pudding and mush, fried or plain, were
savory additions to the diet. Potatoes could usually be de-
pended on after the first year or two, and many a family sub-
sisted for weeks upon Indian meal and potatoes.

Sweets, other than maple sugar, were very scarce
and a decided luxury, even an extravagant one. Maple sugar
was not very much esteemed for some time; elaborate home
bleaching processes were sometimes employed to give it the

appearance of white sugar. It was usually obtained from

 

58:7 There is little mention of beef in pioneer annals. Cattle
were probably harder to transport overland than pigs; milk was
decidedly a luxury for many years. Sheep seem to have been
brought to Michigan somewhat later. "Flocks are but newly in-
troduced among us, and all that pertains to them is in high
vogue.” Western Clearingsls 1845, p. 58.

122

Indian sellers, and a persistent rumor that papooses were
washed in the maple sap tended to discourage sales.59

White sugar was almost unknown, and brown sugar and molasses
were expensive. An old settler recalls that in Detroit, be-
fore going into the interior, his family purchased three
pounds of brown sugar for a dollar, and that this was their
sole supply for several years.60

The Michigan Indians were friendly and well-dis-
pdaed towards the settlers and sometimes literally saved
them from starvation; at all times they were ready to trade,
and the earliest settlers were dependent upon them for much
of their food. The Indians had a virtual monopoly of the
hunting and fishing, berrying and basket making.

Game was plentiful; deer, wild turkey, wild ducks,
pheasants, prairie hens. Rivers and lakes were teeming
with fish; sturgeon, weighing over a hundred pounds, were
caught in Michigan rivers. Many kinds of berries grew in
Mishigan -- the ground was covered with wild strawberries
in the summer; huckleberries, cranbesries, and elderberries
were also plentiful. Mrs. Kirkland tells of Indians bringing
great quantities of berries slung in panniers of bark on the
sides of their ponies:

"'Schwap? Nappanee?'” is the question of the queen
of the forest; which means, 'will you exchange, or swap, for

flour?'; and you take the whortleberries in whatever vessel

you choose, returning the same measured quantity of flour.

 

59. Michigan Pioneer Collections, Vol. III, p. 392.
60. Ibid., p. 597.

123

"The q>irit in which the Indians buy and sell is
much the same now as in the days of the renowned Wouter Van
Twiller, when the 'hand of a Dutchman weighed a pound, and
his foot two pounds!‘ The largest haunch of venison goes
for two fingers, viz., twenty-five cents, and an entire deer
for one hand, one dollar. Wild strawberries of rare size
and flavor, 'schwap-nappanee,‘ which always means equal

61
quantities."

 

61. C. M. Kirkland, A New Home, pp. 148-149.

 

124

THE SQUATTERS

Among the thousands of settlers whose chosen
Ibapon was the axe, and whose ambition was the destruction
of the forest, the clearing of the soil, the founding of
new homes, there were a despised few "white Indians." These
were men driven from the East by the encroachment of civil-
ization which followed hard upon the conversoion of forests
into frame houses, mills, and stores.

The "white Indian" belonged, usually, to the
loyal order of Hip van Winkle, and when the countryside no
longer afforded him a living, he shouldered his gun, packed
his few worldly possessions and his numerous family into a
wagon, and set off on the westward trail. Money was not
the object of his search, nor was the ownership of land.

He did not desire either for himself, and resented, parti-
cularly, the ownership of land by others. Rivers were not
potential mill sites to him; he did not see the forest as
an excrescenee cumbering good farming land. To him the
river promised long days of reflective fishing under a sum-
mer sun; the great forest held infinite possibilities of ,
"coon", "possum", and "b'ar".

The backbreaking, grubbing, endless work of clearing
land was not for him, yet his life was more improvident than
indolent. Days spent in hunting to provide food for his
family left little time for work; a "coon" hunt at night, and
it was necessary to sleep the next day; wading through cold

swamps in search of cranberries was apt to cripple him.with

125
62
rheumatism; fishing took a great deal of time.

When Michigan was but newly settled the woodsman
of this type did not fare too poorly; venison was so common
that it presented no problem; there were plenty of fish in
the rivers and lakes, and wild duck, quail, partridge and
wild turkey afforded a variety of fowl. The discovery of
a bee-tree, with its hundred pounds or so of honey was a
great occasion. Berries of many kinds were available for
the picking, as were Wlld grapes and plums for "ease".

With respect to living quarters, however, the
"white Indian" was little better situated than his redskinned
brother, hardly going beyond the most primitive requirements
for shelter. Mrs. Kirkland describes the place occupied by
one such family:

"They had been living through the summer in a
shanty, built in a sIOping bank, with a fireplace dug in the
hillside, and a hole pierced through the turf by way of
chimney. In this den of some twelve feet square, the whole
family had burrowed since April; but in October, a log-house
of the ordinary size was roéfed in, and though it had neither
door nor window, nor chimney, nor hearth, they removed, and
felt much elated with the change.'63

Most of these people harmed only themselves; there
were a few, however, whose resentment of their neighbors'
superior condition was bound to be carried into action. There

were stories of gypsyish prowling at night with savage dogs,

 

 

62. C. M. Kirkland, Western Clearings, pp. 87-95.
6:5. Ibid, p. 194. """

126

stealing chickens and melons, and of revenge for fancied
wrongs by putting dead pigs in wells, hanging dogs to gates,
and other savage tricks. The sober hardworking pioneer
communities felt it a matter for congratulation that these
people did not stay long in one place, but were ever moving

on to the free lands beyond the demands of civilization.

127

SOCIETY IN THE SETTLEMENTS

In the summer of 1857, when the plat was recorded,
Pinckney took its place among the promising villages of the
new state of Michigan. The dam, built under the direction
and with the money of William Kirkland, had transformed
Portage Creek first into a placid millpond in the green val-
ley, then a tumbling source of power for the mill with its
two stones and great rumbling waterwheel.64 There were
frame, unpainted stores, and a "temperance" tavern (Mrs.
Kirkland hated liquor and its attendant evils) and even a
park, on land provided by the Kirklands, which was graced
only by the stumps of departed forest giants. The building
which served for school, for church, and occasionally for
evening entertainments, was on land contributed for that
purpose by William Kirkland.

For some time William Kirkland and Company con-
tinued to sell land in and around Pinckney; almost every
summer day saw a loaded wagon Jolting over the deep-rutted
roads fiends] to the new settlement. The village grew rapid-
ly in population. People of different trades and professions;
idealistic peeple, practical peOple, people who were used
to leisure as the result of wealth, and people who managed
to live without work by the simple expedient of going without
everything but the most primitive accommodations - all, for

some purpose or some vague hope, sought this isolated western

clearing.

 

64. Henry Ford bought the mill built byfiWilliam Kirkland and
moved it to his early American village.

As the village grew, no longer was each family
a self-sustaining unit, as in the first days of settlement.
Life was becoming more complex, and the demands of older
social orders were slowly, very slowly, invading the commun-
ity. Work came to be parceled out to those tradesmen who
claimed to be qualified; rough Frontier practice in law and
medicine was slowly superseded by professional activity in
those fields. During the land fever, in 1855 and 1856, the
trades and professions were incidental to the craze for land,
but by 1857, when peOple were beginning to live on the lands
they had bought, as they were in the settlement at Pinckney,
there was a steadily increasing demand for the conveniently
exchangeable services of civilization.

Says Mrs. Kirkland: "BeSides the blacksmith, the
cooper, the chair maker, the collar maker, and sundry carpen-
ters and masons, and three stores, there is the mantua-maker
for your dresses, the milliner for your bonnets, not mine,
the 'henetailor' for your little boy's pantaloons; the plain
seamstress, plain enough sometimes, for all the sewing you
can't possibly get time for, and

'The spinners, and the knitters in the sun,‘
or in the chimney-corner, for all your needs in the winter
hosiery line."65

Feminine influence in the community, which had been
temporarily eclipsed by the masculine craze for buying and

clearing land, began to make itself apparent in many ways.

 

65. Kirkland, A,New Home, p. 146.

Log cabins were replaced by "framed houses", which might have
only one room and a lean-to kitchen, but at least provided
for the addition of future rooms in thrifty Yankee fashion.
Soon, only newcomers or the hopelessly thriftless settlers
occupied log houses.

In the second summer, gardens began to appear. The
soil had been cleared for planting, by much hard work; the
trees were cut, and stumps hauled out, but there still re-
mained the "grubs", or roots of small trees and shrubs which
formed an almost solid mass in the rich soil. When these were
loosened by the great "breaking up" plough, they were piled in
heaps and burned, but even so, for the first few years, the
ground appeared to be full of grubs, "troublesome proofs of
the fertility of your soil."66 The rich, newly cleared land
amply repaid any effort, and fresh garden vegetables were a
welcome addition to the restricted menu of the forest settle-
ment.

Not only the strictly useful was allowed to flourish;
sturdy flowers blossomed in the docryards, Sweet William, Mari-
golds, Four o'clocks, ind Poppies. Eglantine and wood-vine,
transplanted from the forest, shaded cottage windows, and
lilacs, berry-bushes and fruit trees promised future delight.

William and Caroline Kirkland, after some months
spent in a log cabin, moved into their new home, a "palace
of some twenty by thirty feet, flanked by a shanty kitchen,

67
and thatched with oak shingles." The little girls were

 

66. 122%., p. 144.
67. Ibid., p. 260.

 

 

150

thrilled with a "real" pantry and kitchen; a tiny bedroom
was to be used as a study and schoolroom for the older
children.68

Soon after the Kirklands moved, a neighbor took
them to task for introducing luxury to the settlement, in
the form of a worn parlor carpet. From this "bad example",
several of the neighbor women began to see that carpets were
excusable because they "saved trouble".69 These, and other
additions to simple households began to be made at the in-
sistence of the women. Looking-glasses, tables, and lamps
were bought with money from the sale of butter and eggs or
earned by sewing. ‘It was even noticed that tea from a silver
tea-pot tasted better! There were two pianofortes in the
settlement, one of them owned by the Kirklands. Mrs. Kirk-
land, as "dame de la seignurie", had secret thoughts of an
astral lamp, but was resolved to be properly modest about
it in the presence of those who still dipped candles;7o

After Caroline Kirkland had overcome her first sur-
prise and strangeness in a state of society where the custom
allowed "the maid and her mistress to do the honors in com-
plete equality, and to make the social tea visit in loving
con,;]unction',"71 her common sense and native humor enabled her
to call upon a comfortable philosophy and to live down the

impression that she "felt above" her neighbors.

"In fact, however we may Justify certain exclusive

 

68. Ibid., p. 120.
69. TET3., p. 260.
70. Ibid., p. 3520
31. Ibid., p. 10.

 

 

151

habits in populous places, they are strikingly and con-
fessedly ridiculous in the wilderness. What can be more
absurd than a feeling of proud distinction, where a stray
spark of fire, a sudden illness, or a day's centre-temps,
may throw you entirely upon the kindness of your humblest
neighbor? If I treat mrs. Timson with neglect today, can
I with any face borrow her broom tomorrow? And what should
become of me, if in revenge for my declining her invitation
to tea this afternoon, she should decline coming to do my
washing on Monday?"72

As more settlers, including some well-to-do Eng-
lish people, came to the settlement, Caroline Kirkland
watched with interest the struggle between those used to
accommodations quite different from those afforded by Fron-
tier conditions, and the sturdy backwoodsman, whose pride
was as great as their poverty. The unfortunate situation
of the former aroused one's sympathy. Caroline Kirkland
remembered well the miserable state in which they found
themselves when they were helpless With the ague and were
left alone by the neighbors whom they had inadvertently
offended. Concerning this situation, Mrs. Kirkland writes:

9N0 settlers are so uncomfortable as those, who,
coming with abundant means as they suppose, to be comfor-
table, set out with a determination to live as they have
been accustomed to live. They soon find that there are

places where the 'almighty dollar' is almost powerless; or

rather, powerful as it is, it meets with its conqueror inp_

 

720 Ibide, pe 121e

152

the Jealous pride of those whose services must be had in
75
order to live at all."

The touchy pride of the Frontiersman was a matter
for concern, and as Mrs. Kirkland became familiar with
conditions on the Frontier, she accorded this pride enough
respect to avoid criticism. To one accustomed, as Caroline
Kirkland was, to the cultivated society of eastern cities,
rigid, conventional, someWhat artificial as that society_
was,7‘ in the early nineteenth century, the manners and cus-
toms of Frontier society were apt to be shocking, irritating,
or amusing, as the case might be.

To Mrs. Kirkland, the whiskey drinking and tobacco
chewing of the Frontier were shocking; the table manners of
her neighbors, their inquisitiveness and narrow minds, were
sources of irritation; in most cases, however, of conflict
between eastern standards and those of the Frontier, she was
able to summon humor to her aid.

”Calling" customs were in great contrast to those
solemnly observed in the east, where "hours" were solemnly
observed for social calls, cards were carefully circulated,
social debts paid, and far more attention was given to the

"elegance" so admired by the time than to genuine hospitality.
On the Frontier, however, a neighbor might drop in after
breakfast to stay for three hours, and in the afternoon, the

invariable rule was to ask callers to stay for tea or supper,

no matter what the hour. The "help", who was distinctly not

 

730 Ibid., P0 980
74. Caroline Kirkland found it so when she returned to civil-
ization. See "The mystery of Visiting," The Evening Book,p.56-47.

a "maid" or "servant", went calling with her employer and
received with her when there were guests.

One of the points of Frontier pride was that of
dress. When Mrs. Kirkland and a friend, new to the settle-
ments, attended a country wedding, Mrs. Kirkland warned her
companion that they must go dressed in their best, absurd
as it might seem, and even though they might run the risk
of outshining the simple clothes of the other guests, be-
cause it was much worse to be accused of "dressing down"
to the company and giving rise to the complaint, "I s'pose
they didn't think it worth while to put on their best gowns

75
for country-folks.'"

So, dressed in their gayest dresses, with appro-
priate ornaments, Mrs. Kirkland and her friend reclined
"a la Lalla Rookh and Lady Mary Wortley Modzague" in an
ox-cart, on a cushion of straw over which a buffalo robe
had been spread, on their way to the wedding.

The bride, attired in the height of Frontier
fashion, wore a white cambric dress over pink glazed muslin,
which was corded and stiffened to make it stand out and to
make her waist, tightly bound with a blue sash, appear
smaller. Large puffs of hair over her ears were set off
by gilt combs, and a cap was set high on her head, behind
her ears. High-heeled prunella shoes and the aroma of a

liberal amount of lemon extract completed the bridal array.

After a very short ceremony, tea was served, and great plat-

ters of cake were handed around, of which "each piece would

 

75. C. M. Kirkland, A New Home, p. 122.

154

_ 76
have furnished a meal for a hungry school-boy."

It was a fortunate couple indeed who escaped the
"charivari" or "shivaree" ordained by Frontier custom for
those newly married.77 The night was made hideous by all
the noise-producing devices which ingenuity could provide -
bells, drums, tin pans, horns, whistles, guns,tortured pigs,
howling dogs. This frightful medley was kept up all night
or until the doors were cpened and the couple treated the
crowd to food and drink.

Frontier celebrations of special occasions were
characterized by vigor and exuberance, rather than by any
attempt at restraint or decorum. The Glorious Fourth was
among those events so celebrated. The Revolution was not
yet beyond the memory of living man, and on the Frontier
vigorously barbaric celebrations were the custom. There
was a liberal use of gunpowder in all the noisy ways known,
much drinking and shouting, and perhaps a turkey tied to a
post to have his head shoyéff. A ball, held usually the
night before Independence Day, was a grand occasion. The
hot weather and stuffy surroundings of the tavern were ens
dured with good will as the boisterous country square dances
shook the floor;78great heaps of food - turkey, pork, dough-
nuts, cakes and pies were consumed as party "refreshments."

Those whose taste ran to quieter entertainment found pic-

nics, usually at one of the many lakes, to their taste.

 

76i This was of French origin from old Detroit. It was usually
reserved for those whose wedding attracted some attention - a
widower, or widow, or an old maid or bachelor particularly -
but the custom remains in some Michigan towns.

77. Ibid. p. 125. .
78."The 5611 at Thram's Huddle? Western Clearingp, pp. 15-26.

Creams, borrowed for the occasion and decked with colored
ribbons, conveyed the party to the chosen spot. The Decla-
ration of Independence was solemnly read and a large din-
ner was enjoyed in which a few of the minor inconveniences
to be expected on picnics, mattered little:79

Often on New Year's Day, a grand hunt took place.
Two parties, under capable leaders, set out at break of
day in different directions to bring down as much game as
possible. At the place and time appointed for the return,
the game, according to rules and rates agreed Upon, was
evaluated, and the victory was awarded. The game secured
was then the foundation for a huge supper and a dance in
the evening. And then, in the country winter, the sleigh
rides should not be forgotten! Up hill and down, through
the great dark forest, black against the snow in the bright
moonlight, with as many strings of sleigh bells as could be
found for the occasion, runners slid smoothly over the snow

80
which remedied the road's deficiencies.

Perhaps the most significant mark of the progress
of the village toward civilization was the founding of the
"Female Beneficent Society." Mrs. Kirkland was probably
its founder,8:nd in the story of the aims, accomplishments,
and meetings of the society there is much to mark "Mbntacute"
as the ancestor of all the "Gopher Prairies" in the country.

To begin with, there was the unassailable social

prestige of the "Society".

 

79."A Forget Fate", Ibid., pp. 27-360

80. "Old Thoughts on the New Year", Ibid., pp. 150-151.
81. Gene mann, pp. cit., p. 4.

Mrs. Kirkland writes thus of the organization:

”This Association is the prime dissipation of
our village, the magic circle within which lies all our
cherished exclusiveness, the stronghold of paste, the test
of gentility, the temple of emulation, the hive of industry,
the mart of fashion, and I must add, though reluctantly,
the fountain of village scandal, the hot-bed from which
springs every root of bitterness among the petticoated
denizens of Montacute."82

Then there was one of its principal members and
moving spirits, "Mrs. Campaspe Rippers":

"Mrs. Campaspe Nippers is a widow lady of some
thirty-five, or thereabouts, who lives with her niece alone
in a small house, in the midst of a small garden, in the
heart of the village. I have never noticed anything peculiar
in the construction of the house. There are not, that I can
discover, any contrivances resembling ears; or those in-
genious funnels of sail cloth which are employed on board
ship to coax fresh air down between decks. Nor are there
large mirrors, nor a telescope within doors, nor yet a
camera obscura. I have never yet detected any telegraphic
signals from without. Yet no man sneezes at opening his
front door in the morning; no woman sweeps her steps after
breakfast; no child goes late to school; no damsel slips
into the store; no bottle out of it; no family has fried
onions for dinner; no hen lays an egg in the afternoon;
no horse slips his bridle; no cow is missing at milking-

time, and no young couple after tea; but Hus. Rippers, and

 

32. Kirkland, Effiew Home, p. 539.

137

her niece, Miss Artemisia Clinch, know all about it and
tell it to everybody who will listen to them."8:5

It is interesting to note that "Hrs. Nippers",
disappointed in her ambition to be elected President of
the Society, attempted to create dissension in the village
by spreading the report that Mrs. Kirkland and some of the
other women "despised" the villagers who still lived in log
houses.

The first meeting was to take place at Mrs. Kirk-
land's, and an hour before the appointed time, "Mrs. Nippers"
and her niece arrived, finding Mrs. Kirkland, who was still
in her gingham dress and kitchen apron, somewhat discom-
fited. The rest of the ”Society" quickly gathered - nineteen
women and thirteen babies and small children, who were kept
quiet by chunks of gingerbread of pieces of maple sugar tied
in rage. The company was in most festive attire.

”Mrs. Flyter was 'slicked up' for the occasion in
the snuff-colored silk she was married in, curiously en-
larged in the neck and not as voluminous in the floating
part as is the wasteful custom of the present day. Her
three immense children, white-haired and blubber-lipped
like their amiable parent, were in pink ginghams and blue
glass beads. hrs. Rippers wore her unfailing brown merino,
and black apron; Miss Clinch her inevitable scarlet calico;
Mrs. Skinner her red merino with baby of the same; Mrs.

Daker shone out in her very choicest city finery,(where else

 

 

53. Ibid., p. fi-z—fie

could she show it, poor thing?) and a dozen other Rhe-
tresses shone in their "tother gowns', and their tamboured
collars."84

Annual dues for the society were set at twenty
five cents, although “Mrs. Rippers" was sure that a shilling
was all she had paid "at the East". The worthy widow also
interposed some objections to the plan of making shirts, but
she was overruled in this case also and was forced to confine
her activities to sibillant whispers and discomfiting re-
marks.

Tea was served in due season; the toddling children
were sorted and distributed, and much grabbing ensued: "Cake
flew about at a great rate, and the milk and water which
ought to have gone quietly down sundry juvenile throats was
spirited without mercy into various wry faces."85 Those who
had, either from choice or necessity, worn simple washable
dresses.were not disturbed by such incidents, but those who
had worn silks had much cause to regret their gesture of
magnificence.

"Talk ran high upon all Montacutian themes. 'Do
you have any butter now?‘ 'When are you going to raise your
barn?‘ 'Is your man agoing to kill, this week?‘ 'I ha'n't
seen a bit of meat these six weeks.$ 'Was you to meetin'
last Sabbath?’ 'Has Miss White got any wool to sell?‘ 'Do

tell if you've been to Detroit!‘ 'Are you out o' candles?‘

'Well I should think Sarah Teal wanted a new gown!’ 'I hOpe

 

2....
84. Ibid., p. 243.

85. Ibid., p. 246.

 

139

we shall have milk in a week or two,‘ and so on; for, be

it known, that in a state of society like ours, the bare
necessities of life are subjects of sufficient interest

for a good deal of conversation. More than one truly reSpec-
table woman of our neighborhood has told me, that it is not
very many years since a moderate allowance of Indian meal

and potatoes was literally all that £511 to their share of

this rich world for weeks together."'

 

86. Ibid., p. 2470

SCHOOL AND CHURCH

The Pinckney temple of learning was small, a
shell of a school, built of unplaned oak boards with no
sort of plaster. The stove pipe leaned out of one window,
there were cracks through which the drifting snow might
sift unhindered, benches were formed by laying rough
boards on blocks; this was the building which served for
church and school in the new settlement.

During the summer months, from April to October,
the school was under the sway of a "schoolma'am." At that
time, the older, more troublesome pupils were supposed to
be in the fields and forests, helping to break the land
and making themselves generally useful. The loss of a sum-
mer term was probably not a grievous one, for it is to be
feared that all too nmnfly'of the schoolma'ams were much like
the "Cleory Jenkins" described elsewhere in this thesis.
Teachers might be in their early 'teens, of no particular
qualifications, and of ignorance surpassed only by those
worthies of the community who hired them.

There was, in truth, little to attract anyone to
the teaching profession; salaries were decidedly low -- about
a dollar a week was usual. Of course, board and room were
provided, but under such uncertain circumstances as to afford
little hope of comfort. The practice of "boarding around",
common enough in poverty-stricken rural communities, meant
that the teacher wound an unhappy course from week to week

and house to house through the community. Under any circum-

stances, this would be bad enough, but in a community of
one-room cabins and cottages, where large families were

huddled together in noiSe and confusion, the lot of the

teacher was far from a pleasant one.

The schoolmaster was by no means an honored guest;
he had evidently lost his New England prestige -- if the
story in"Snowbound" be true -- and occupied a position in
the household somewhat above that of the occasional Indian
who was permitted to sleep in front of the fire, but below
that of the wandering shoemaker or other craftsman, who might
bring news of the outside world. In crowded households, he
was, of course, in the way, and was usually forced to in-
gratiate himself with his hostess by making himself useful,
or at least as inconSpicuous as possible.

With this in mind, let a certain amount of sympathy
be spared for poor "Cyrus Whicher", whose fate is related by
Hrs. Kirkland.

"During the snowy, blowy, wheezy, and freezy months,
the chair has been taken -- not filled -- by Mr. Cyrus Whicher,
-- not Switcher, -- a dignitary who had 'boarded round' till
there was very little of him left. I have been told, that
when he first bore the birch, -- in his own hand, I mean, --
he was of a portly and rather solid exterior; had good teeth
and flowing looks; but he was, when I knew him, a mere
cuticle -- a 'skellintcn', as Mr. Weller would say -- shaped
like a starved greyhound in the collapsed stage, his very

eyes faded to the color of the skim-milk, which has doubtless

constituted his richest potation since he attained the
empty honors of a district school.

"When he came under my care, in the course of his
unhappy gyrations, I did my best to fatten him; and to do
him justice, his efforts were not lacking; but one cannot
make much progress in one week, even in cramming a turkey
poult, and he went as ethereal as he came."8'7

The poor schoolmaster, unfortunate enough in his
choice of a profession, had the further misfortune to attract
a moronic girl of nineteen, who had a child two years old.
She demanded admission to the school, and as her father was
a fierce and troublesome man, feared by the community, she
was admitted. The schoolmaster's life was made a torment
by her obvious devotion. When it became all too apparent
that she was to provide the village with another scandal,
the unhappy scnoolmaster fled the village in dismay. Later
events cleared him entirely, but he had gone across the river
to Canada, where he became involved in their "Patriot" up-
rising aid had the honor of being hanged in that lost cause.

The school building sufficed also for such church
services as were conducted when wandering preachers and mis-
sionaries came their way. These preachers, usually of sons
Protestant denomination, were extremely jealous. If a repre-
sentative of one denomination arrived and the schoolhouse had
been appointed to him, and if another preacher happened to

arrive the same Sunday, there must be no attempt to hold

 

87. Ibid., p, 319.

meetings at the same hour or trouble would arise.

Heetings, held in the uncomfortable building, were
informal to an extreme. People wandered in and out, par-
ticularly the young men of the village, as the spirit moved
them. Small children toddled around everywhere; babies
cried; deaf old men sat literally at the feet of the preacher,
almost on his toes.

Not infrequently, the congregation when assembled,
suffered from a preacher "with the dress and air of a horse
jocxey,Ӥ8 whose ranting and screaming lashed him and the
more excitable of his hearers into hysterics. Others pro-
vided plain and practical discourses, carefully avoiding any
danger of personal offense to the touchy price of the settlers.

If the preacher wishes to show the evils of breaking
the Sabbath, of profanity, of falsehood, of dishonesty, of
gossip or slander, he began by observing carefully that he
was an entire stranger to the community; once that point was
made clear he steered a cautious course between the moral of

his sermon and the tender sensibilities of his audience.

 

88. Ibid., p. 231.

144

"DEPRESSION"

By 1837 the village of Pinckney seemed in a
fair way to fulfill expectations. A home for the Kirklands,
a comfortable future for their family, and a good return
for those who had invested with them seemed assured. But
in 1837, the prosperous years in which the settlement of
Michigan had flourished were coming to an end. Now lean
days were at hand; the rainbow had faded, and thousands
who had come to Michigan to find wealth in western lands,
found disappointment and disillusion there instead.

As early as the spring of 1856, financial condi-
tions had tightened in the East. An uncertain currency was
flooding the country; merchants, as well as banks, had been
allowed to issue due bills or “shin plasters" to the extent
of their capital and beyond the relatively narrow boundaries
of the communities where these were issued; their value and
the credit behind them were, of course, dubious. A Presi-
dential order in 1836 directed all public officers to receive
and pay out coin only, and government funds were drawn from
depositories, in coin. Business in the East came to a stand-
still. On May 10, 1837, the banks of New York City refused
to redeem their notes, and a week later the Detroit banks
suSpended specie payment.

In Michigan the reaction was fearful. Confidence
was lost, values were unsettled. The streets were crowded
with unemployed, and land, the object of the immigrant's

dreams, was valueless.

It was said that a man would no sooner buy
real estate with its attendant taxes than he would fondle
a rattlesnake. The majority of the papulation were in debt
with no prospect of ever getting cut; interest and taxes
mounted, unpaid.

In an effort to afford some relief from what
seemed an unbearable situation and to establish a value
for Michigan lands, the legislature passed a law in 1857
which provided for a banking and currency system based on
land. This Act, the General Banking Law of 1857,891n brief,
provided that ten or more freeholders of any county might
organize themselves into a corporation for the transaction
of banking, on furnishing the required securities. The se-
curities, which had to pass the appraisal of three county
officers, were to be bonds and mortgages on real estate, and
thirty per cent of the stock was to be paid in specie. On-
this capital, each bank was allowed to issue circulating
notes to the extent of two and a half times its capital stock,
which notes should be paid on demand or within sixty days of
such demand.

Under these conditions, the opportunity for fraud
was only too quickly realized, and millions of dollars were
thus put into circulation in the state with most uncertain
security. Mrs. Kirkland's story of the rise and fall of the
"Tinkerville Bank" was based upon extraordinary conditions,

and her description of it, excusably bitter, is not exaggerated.

 

s9. Blois, Gazetteer g; Michi an, pp. 399-402.

”When our speculators in land found that the
glamour had departed, that the community had seen the
ridicule of the delusion which had so long made

'The cobwebs on a cottage wall

Seem tapestry in lordly hall;

A nutshell seem a gilded barge,

A sheeling seem a palace large,

And youth seem age, and age seem youth.‘
And poverty seem riches, and idleness industry, and fraud
enterprise; some of these cunning magicians set themselves
about concocting a new species of gramarye, by means of
which the millions of acres of wild land which were left on
their hands might be turned into bggg fig; cash - paper cash
at least, to meet certain times of payment of certain moneys
borrowed at certain rates of interest during the fervor of
the speculating mania. The 'General Banking Law' of enviabka
notoriety, which allowed any dozen of men who could pledge
real estate to a nominal amount, to assume the power of
making money of rage; this was the magic cauldron, whose
powers were destined to transmute these acres of wood and
meadow into splendid metropolitan residences, with equipages
of corresponding elegance. It was only 'bubblefbubble,i
and burr-oaks were turned into marble tables, tall tamaracks
into draperied bedsteads, lakes into looking-glasses, and
huge expanses of wet marsh into velvet couches, and carpets

90
from the looms of Agra and of Ind."

 

90. A New Home, pp. 218-219.

147

The banks established after this law increased
rapidly in numbers, and as long as they were not called
upon to redeem their notes, they flourished. To avoid re-
quests for specie, these banks much preferred to be inac-
cessible, and retreated far into the forest. Because of
this predilection for concealment, they were termed "wild-
cat" banks, and it was said that any hollow stump would do

91
for one.

The scattered and secluded locations of the "wild-
cat" banks gave them opportunity to outwit the bank examiners.
The bank commissioners appointed by the state were carefully
watched and the specie required by law generally reached the
bank to be examined just before them. Gold was transported
at night, by short cuts through the woods, and sometimes was
handed in the back door of a bank as the examiners came in at
the front. As the "wild cats" grew bolder, boxes and kegs
of broken glass and nails, which offered a convincing clink,
were covered at the top with a thin layer of coins and solemn-
ly offered for inspection. Some banks which seem to have re-
lied entirely updn their location for protection, had no coin
of any kind on hand. Two notorious cases were the Bank of
Sandstone, which had no assets of any kind and liabilities ex-
ceeding $38,000.00, and the Exchange Bank of Shiawassee, which
had seven coppers and a small amount of paper money against

92

which it had circulated bills to the amount of $22,261.00.

 

51. There was a law passed which legalized the temporary sus-
pension of specie payments until may,1sse. Cooley, Michigan,

pp. 266-269.

92. Michigan Pioneer Collections, Vol. XXI, pp. 118-123. The Gen-
eral public was apparently far more honest than the bankers, as
gold seems to have been carried with no particular precautions,
and there are no accounts of robbery.

No wonder Mrs. Kirkland exclaimed: "Here the
celebrated term, 'Wild Cat,‘ is justified fully by the
course of these cunning and stealthy bloodsuckers; more
fatal in their treacherous spring than ever was their forest
prototype. A stout farmer might hOpe to 'whip' a wild cat
or two; but once in the grasp of a 'wild cat' bank, his
struggles were unavailing. Hopeless ruin has been the con-
sequence in innumerable cases, and every day adds new names
to the list."gu

In 1859 the collapse of the "wild cat" banks com-
pleted the financial ruin of the state. The banks of Detroit
were forced to suspend again; the few strong banks went down.
with the weak like cardboard structures. There was an acute
shortage of coin in the state, a condition which was to last
for several years, but a great amount of the beautifully
lithographed paper money was in circulation. Everyone who
received any of this was, of course, justly dubious as to its
value; as a consequence it circulated with the greatest ra-
pidity.94

When the General Banking Law was declared uncon-
stitutional, the stOCKholders and bankers were released from
liability and their debts and obligations were declared void.95
This was cold comfort indeed to those who were reduced to

bitter hunger and want by the abuses which had existed under

the Law of 1857.

 

95. Kirkland, A New Home, p. 220.
94. Cooley, Michi an, p. 276.
95. Ibid., p. 272.

149

Mrs. Kirkland writes further in regard to the
situation:

"How many settlers who came in from the deep woods
many miles distant where no grain had yet grown, after tra-
veling perhaps two or three days and nights, with a half-
starved ox-team, and living on a few crusts by the way, were
told when they offered their splendid-looking bank-notes,
their hard-earned all, for the flour which was to be the
sole food of wife and babes through the long winter, that
these hoarded treasures were valueless as the ragged paper
which wrapped them?"96

Famine, never far from winter forests, came uncom-
fortably close to small cabin homes. Seed corn and potatoes,
on which the next year's crop depended, were cooked and eaten,
as were acorns; fish Speared from frozen rivers were cooked
and eaten without salt or fat of any kind.97 Distress and
suffering were widespread; the poverty and hardships which
had been endured bravely and cheerfully as long as there was

hope for the future were bitter indeed in the light of disil-

lusion.

 

96. Kirkland, A New Home, p. 228.
97. 'Wm. A. Clark, Address to Livingston County Pioneers,
Michigan Pioneer Collect:Lons, Vol. I, 1874-1876,

 

‘The period, 1855 and 1856, had been one of land
fever, of high prices and even higher hopes; 1857 saw ar-
tificial stimulation and frantic efforts to avert the im-
pending calamity. For several years to come, the all too
familiar phenomena of "hard times" were to prevail in
Michigan; unemployment, low prices and few buyers, uncertain
currency, starvation, fear and gloom. The alarming state of
commercial credit and the concern felt by the Kirkland
family over the heavy investment in Pinckney are shown in
the following letter written in 1858 by General Joseph Kirk-
land to his son, William:

"Mr. William Kirkland

Pinckney
Livingston County

Michigan
endorsed 'My Father Apr.16 1858"

Utica April 16 1858

my dear Son

I should have written you before this, but have
been waiting to hear from Mr. Dwight in regard to the Bank
debts. He has not however yet made any communication. I shall
write him soon if I don't receive something from him. You
have ere this got my letter in answer to yours, upon the sub-
ject of the sale of the mill, and.in relation to money con-
cerns, The latter remain much as when I wrote, we are all
waiting to see what the great Bank Convention now sitting in

New York will do, and what our Legislature will do in aid of

our Banks which are doing little or nothing, as they will
have in a few days, to resume payment in specie, or forfeit
their Charters.

There is a project before our Legislature, to al-
low the Banks to issue Ppst Notes, payable in a year, bearing
an interest of three per cent. The Governor has sent a mes-
sage recommending, that a £2! should be passed directing
The Stock, which is to be created by the State in aid of
Internal Improvements, to be sold to the Banks, or rather
loaned to them - to be paid for as the money may be wanted
for the public objects. This may amount to $8,000,000 or
$10,000,000. It is supposed this will give essential relief.

Some suppose, if the United States Bank and the
Banks in the neighboring States do not resume Specie payments,
it will be very difficult for the Banks of this State to do
any business - if so, money will be more scarce than ever -
a few weeks will let us know more, as to our monetary con-
cerns, I fear however it will be hard enough at best.

Your Banks seem most of them, if we are to judge
from the newspapers, to be entirely out of Credit, how you
manage to do anything I dont see, confidence must be des-
troyed - you must be under the necessity of giving your own
notes, or Bartering in all commercial transactions, you must
depend for your currency, upon the money brought in by emi-
grants and travellers. You have nothing to send abroad

from which to receive much, if any cash. The monies paid

for Public Lands must all be returned to the Treasury, it
can not circulate among the pe0ple and I presume there
will be but few sales by individuals, except on credit.

You shall hear from me again, as soon as I learn
anything of interest to communicate in relation to money,
in the meantime you must manage as you think best in regard
to sales, should an Opportunity offer. I have no doubt a
ngg pp pimp would be preferable, to any sale you could at
this time make. If our Banks do not discount more than they
have done the payment of debts will stop -- as there will
be no money in circulation -- indeed I don't know that we
.can get sufficient to pay travelling expenses ’5 this may
prevent our coming to Michigan. But we-intend coming, and
you may look for us between the 5th and 10th of June, if
our health permits - which is now good, your mother‘s better
than it has been since last July.

You have not answered my questions, how we were
to get from Ypsilanti to Pinckney; whether by stage or by
waggons, and if there would be any difficulty in procuring
the latter. I also in one of my letters inquired if you
could procure me a good Saddle horse which I would either
hire, or buy, for the purpose of going to view our lands;
these questions you will please, when you write again.

I shall probably send on in the course of next
week a Box & some articles for you, directed to the care of
C. Newberry & Co. at Detroit. The ware will be forwarded

to the same direction pretty early in May. You can write

155

to Doctor Porter, or some other of your friends in Detroit,
to make inquiry and give you information, if anything ar-
rives for you. I will send the Invoice to Dr. Porter for
you, that he or you may have them to call and see if all

is right. You may want to get the things on as soon as
may be after they are at Detroit.

Tell Carry Sarah got her letter yesterday, which
gave us information of the health of you all -- we were glad
to know that you were all well, and hope Carry will not have
any thing more of the ague.

All are well and send much love, nothing new to
interest you, our weather, on some days has been very cold
for April.

You will please accept of our best Love for your-
self and all

Yours affectionately

Kr. wm; Kirkland j, Kirkland"

Caroline and William Kirkland were particularly
hard hit by the sudden decline in land values, for not only
had they bought heavily of kind, but through their company
as agents, their relatives and friends had also invested in
Michigan lands. Also, theirs was the unenviable position
of liv1ng in a community among people to whom they had sold
the land, in good faith, under conditions and at prices
quite different from those which now prevailed.

In 1859 the future must have looked dark indeed

to the Kirklands. Their new home in the wilderness, upon

which so much money, so much thought,and so many years had
been eXpended, was no longer prosperous, no longer promis-
ing. But it was in 1859 that the book appeared which was

to change the course of their lives -- A New Home, Who'll

Follow? or, Glimpses gf'flggpggp Lifg.

Just how Mrs. Kirkland came to write g NEE Hgmg,
we do not know. Writing, of course, was a tradition in her
family. Through the poems from Joseph Stansbury's vivid
pen, we see his vivacious and cynical personality as well
as, from his point of view, Revolutionary times. Samuel
Stansbury, in his charming letters, also had the faculty
of presenting clear, intimate pictures of himself no less
than of the life around him. In Caroline Stansbury's let-
ters to her fiance, one finds the same easy, conversational
style. An exuberance of feeling, of conveying vivid impres-
sions, a genius for self-expression, was Caroline Kirkland's
by inheritance.

That she was in the habit of jotting down ideas
and incidents that interested her, we know from an old note-
book which has been preserved since Pinckney days.98 From
her explanation in the preface to A $33 Hpmg, we get the
impression that she kept a journal:

"I felt somewhat tempted to set forth my little

book as being entirely, what it is very nearly — a veritable

history; an unimpeachable transcript of reality; a rough

 

98. This notebook is in the possession of Louise Kirkland
Sanborn.

picture, in detached parts, but pentagraphed from the life;
a sort of "Emigrant's Guide": - considering with myself
that these adventurous journeyings and tarryings beyond the
confines of civilization might fairly be held to confer the
traveler's privilege. But conscience prevailed, and I must
honestly confess, that there be glosses, and colorings, and
lights, if not shadows, fo which the author is alone ac-
countable. Journals published entire and unaltered, should
be Parthian darts, sent abroad only when one's back is
turned. To throw them in the teeth of one's every-day as-
sociates might diminish one's popularity rather inconveniently."

The last statement gives one a picture of the im-
petuous Caroline Kirkland, witty, and with a decided bent
for satire, finding it safer to confide her whims and fancies,
criticism and amusement, to paper than to conversation. In
the narrow limits of the society such as that of a backwoods
community, Caroline Kirkland must have been often lonely,
and being a woman of discretion, she found it best to confine
her comments within the limits appreciated by her neighbors.
In the topics of conversation recorded in her account of the
meeting of the Female Beneficent Society, there would not be
much to interest Caroline Kirkland.

She also found Opportunity for expression in her
letters to friends in the cast, and it was perhaps from the
east that the suggestion came to put her experience into a
book. The opening sentences of g §23_§2g§‘ would suggest as

much.

"Our friends in the 'settlement' have eXpressed
so much interest in such of our letters to them, as happened
to convey an account of the peculiar features of western
life, and have asked so many curious questions, touching
particulars which we had not thought worthy of mention, that
I have been for some time past contemplating the possibility
of something like a detailed account of our experiences. And
I have determined to give them to the world, in a form not
very different from that in which they were originally re-
corded for our private delectation; nothing doubting, that
a veracious history of actual occurrences, an unvarnished
transcript of real characters, and an impartial record of
every-day forms of speech (taken down in many cases from
the lips of the speaker) will be pronounced 'graphic', by
at least a fair proportion of the journalists of the day."
The form of E Egg Eggg, as Hrs. Kirkland says in
the preface, is directly suggeSted by "Tiss Mitford's charm-
ing sketches of village life." Even more informal and ram-
bling in style than 93; Villa e, E Egg Eggg is a series of
sketches, of impressions and incidents such as might be
contained in letters from one traveling in a strange new
country to a friend totally unacquainted with conditions
there. In the book a few life stories of settlers are em-
bodied, but these appear to be concessions to sentiment,
and are quite apart from the main trend of the book.
Financial returns from the publication of E Egg

Home, which went through five editions in ten years, must

 

 

157

have been most acceptable to the Kirklands. In that black
year, 1839, the acceptance and popularity of her book
undoubtedly meant a great deal to Caroline Kirkland.

The reception accorded A New Home in the east,
where it "wrought an undoubted sensation", 99 was undefistand-
able from its interesting style and fresh subject matter,
and from the fact that the East was avid for all informa-
tion pertaining to the great western country. The wilder-
ness of the great continent appealed to imaginations which
had been stimulated by Rousseau, Chateaubriand, and more
recently by Emerson.loo

Enthusiastic comments appeared in journals of

101
the day:

"This is a work of striking merit, such as we do
not often meet with in these days of repetition and imita-
tion. The real enjoyments of forest life are set forth in
their true colors; but the real inconveniences, and an-
noyances, and sacrifices which belong to it, are not exten-
uated. . . . . . . . .It is one of the most spirited and
original works which have yet been produced in this coun-
try." - North American Review.

"This work shows evidence of a genius for descrip-

tion very uncommon, even in these days of clever narrative.

Done with a verve, an elegance of quotation and allusion,

 

99. Poe, Literati, p. 518.

100. Emerson‘s volume Nature appeared in 1856.

101. These journalistic praises are given in an advertisement
for the third edition of A New Home, appearing in Vol. II of
Forest Life. These quotations not only praise A New Home;
they form an interesting sidelight on criticism of the time.

a playfulness of style, and a pure and Christian-like
spirit of resignation and good humour, which warrant us
in pronounc1ng it one of the first productions of the day.
More eminently readable matter has not fallen under our
notice for a long time." - Grant's London Journal.

Here are two slightly condescending notices from
London periodicals:

"hrs. Clavers's sketches are lively, fresh-colored,
and characteristic. We recommend the book to all who have
any appetite for what is humorous and graphic in the light

literature of America." - London Atheneum.

 

"This book is agreeable as a whole; valuable as a
picture of daily household life, and of village society in
a new Western settlement, and curious for its glimpses of
love and marriage, of a more sentimental kind, in the United
States." - London Spectator.

g Egngggg was the subject of much discussion and
dissension which contributed to its fame. It presented an
Opposing side to romantic pictures of forest life which had
been fostered by the rush of enthusiasm for the "perfecti-
bility of man," stimulated by the opening to iumigration of
a great wilderness territory, and fanned by speculative in-
terests. Religious colonies, socialist colonies, eXperimen-
tal Communities, idealistic individuals, thought of the
Frontier as a place where the dross would inevitably disap-
pear from human nature. Away from worldly temptations, all

things good were possible. Now Hrs. Kirkland's book appeared -

with the authority of six years' actual residence on the
Frontier -- and not only were the actual everyday unavoid-
able discomforts of pioneer life described, but the pio-
neers, many of them, were pictured as stupid, malicious,
shiftless and even vicious.

Hrs. Kirkland, in her book, did not empha31ze
unduly the unpleasant side of pioneer life. She did, however,
claim the truthfulness of these portrayals.

"I would desire the courteous reader to bear in
mind, however, that whatever is quite unnatural, or absolutely
incredible, in the few incidents which diversity the follow-
ing pages is to be received as literally true. It is only
in the most common-place parts (if there be comparisons) that

102
I have any leasing-making to answer for."

After all, the east was now well into the swing of
an age of elegance, of codes in manners and morals, of elabo-
ration in ornamentation, decoration and architecture. Caro-
line Kirkland's book afforded to those in the east a pleasantly
shocking contrast; a feeling of superiority. And if, as in
Joseph Stansbury's verses, the barbed wit rather than the good
humor and philosophy was remefl>ercd, this was appreciated and
enjoyed - in the east.

The western country in general, at the time g New

 

home was published, had little time to spend on books of any

kind. To Pinckney in pcrticular, however, this one book was

bound to be important. Published under the pseudonim of "Hrs.

 

 

 

102. 5 New Home, Preface, p. iv.

Mary Clavers, An Actual Settler," places, events, and
characters were jumbled and disguised in E Egg Eggg, and
unfortunately there is no record as to how and when Pinckney
found out that it had attained the dignity of a history.

The village did find out, however, and there are a few in-
dications of the manner in which it was received.

Here is one from a speech made by 31 early settler
in Livingston County:

"Pinckney then I knew not, but it iad a printed
history shortly after called 'A Home in the West, Who'll
Follow,’ written by a former resident, hrs. Kirkland. But
as her contemporaries called it a lie, and never owned the

105
corn as to lending babies, I will not quote from the book."

The Livingston County History assumes an impartial
attitude:

"Ir. Kirkland's wife was a lady possessed of much
literary ability, and is well-remem3ered by those acquainted
with her during her residence here. Under the 'nom de p ume'
of 'mary Clavers' she at one time wrote a volume entitled
'A New home - Who'll Follow? or a History of Hon acute.‘ The

104
book has been both commended and severely criticized."

In a series of articles on the early history of
Pinckney appearing in the Pinckney DiSpatch is the following:

"The Kirkland family, accustomed to city life and

the society of educated people, found the radical change to

 

103. Address of the Hon.Wm.A.Clark of Saginaw at the annual
meeting of the Livingston County Pioneers, January 19,1876.
Michigan Pioneer lelections, Vol.1, 1874-1876.

104. Livingston County Histogy, p. 275. '

161

the hardships of a pioneer's life rather irksome, but they
soon adjusted their lives so as to live in harmony with
their neighbors, and for three years were very popular.
Mr. Kirkland was the good Samaritan to the new settlers.
'Mrs. Kirkland was also prominent in charitable work among
her own sex and was the founder of the Ladies Beneficent
Society.‘ In 1839 she wrote a book under the nom de plume
of Mary Clavers, entitled 'A New Home - Who'll Follow?’ or
a History of MOntacute,‘ One chapter was devoted to’a
meeting of the Ladies Beneficent Society and the pen pic-
ture of some of the members was not very flattering. Mrs.
Kirkland was mistaken in her belief that the book would not
be read by anyone in Pinckney. Indignation meetings were
held and one woman even asked that Mrs. Kirkland be put
under bonds.

"So great was the ill feeling caused by the novel,
they decided to dispose of their holdings and return to New
York City, which they did in 1845."105

The reasons why A Egg Eggg might cause some dis-
sension in Pinckney are obvious. That touchy pride which was
so much a part of the early settler, would be quick to take
offence at both general and particular characterizations.
The quotations given above concerning the Female Beneficent
Society, the Visit-to the ague-stricken Titmouse family, and
the schoolma'am, Cleory Jenkins, would not please or flatter

those portrayed.

 

105. Gene mann, "A History of Early Pinckney," Pinckney Eispatch,
Vol. 49, January 17, 1954.

162

Clarence Burton, in Egg £332 g; Detroit, says
that many of the neighbors recognized themselves.106A
century later, it is of course impossible to identify
those described in g Egg Eggg, with the possible exception
of "Puffer" the millwright, who was "most aptly named";
this certainly might apply to the Seth Petteys who was the
millwright on the Kirkland building.

In 1842, when Forest Life appeared, Mrs. Kirkland
eXplained in the preface that she had intended to relieve
the tediousness of mere narrative by the introduction of
characters who were to act as illustrations of her subject;
these characters, however, seem to have taken on an "angry
reality."

"I am credibly informed that ingenious malice
has been busy in finding substance for the shadows which
were called up to give variety to the pages of 'A New Home'
- in short, that I have been accused of substituting per-
sonality for impersonation. This I utterly deny; and I am
sincerely sorry that any one has been persuaded to regard
as unkind what was announced merely as a playful sketch,
and not as a serious history."107

In the pages of Forest Life Caroline Kirkland says:

"....I take this opportunity to declare that all
the naughty and unpleasant people - all the tattlers and mis-

chief makers, - all the litigious, - all the quarrelsome, -

all the unneat, - all the unhandsome, - have emigrated to

 

106. C.M.Burton, Egg Citg 2: Detroit, p. 1497. "Characters were
so faithfully painted that they were easily discerned and
neighborhood gossip laid bare."

107. Kirkland, Forest Life, pp. 5-4.

Iowa, Wiskonsan, or Texas, or some other far distant land,

to this deponent unknown; and that there is not - mgg

periculo - one single specimen of any of these classes re-
108

maining in this wide peninsula."

The position of the Kirklands in Pinckney, follow-
ing the publication of 5 Egg figgg, is probably best left to
the imaginations of those who have had experience with the
fury of a small town scorned. There is, however, little
doubt that they still made their home there, although John
Farmer, in his History g2 Detroit, says that Mrs. Kirkland

9
lived in Detroit from 1840 to 1843.10 It is probable that
with increasing literary activity and success she Spent more
time in Detroit; in Forest Life there is an indication that
the publication of g Egg 32mg was followed by an eastern visit;

"One solitary incident - a momentary glimpse of
the busy world, where I was so much out of place, so rustic,
so brusoue, so oblivious of the bienseances, that I had the
satisfaction of being called 'Mrs. Rip Van Winkle' more than
once - this and this alone gave a ripple to 'life's dull

llO
stream'"

There are four letters dating from the latter part
of their residence in Pinckney - two from Joseph Kirkland,
the seven-year-bld son of Caroline and William Kirkland, and

two from his mother to Elizabeth, the oldest girl, who was

then in Utica. It is to these letters that we must turn for

 

108. Ibid., p. 34.
109. Farmer, History g: Detroit, p. 704.
110. Forest Life, p. 60.

a final glimpse into the Pinckney years.

Joseph, who came to Pinckney at the age of seven,
'had been educated chiefly at home, and these two letters
which he wrote when he was twelve, not only give promise
of the literary figure he was to become, but show the high

standards of study insisted upon by his parents.

Pinckney, November, 1842
"my dear Lizzy:

How glad I should be to see you at home again,
and I think it very probable that, although you have very
pleasant times in Utica, you would'kinder like' to see home
yourself. At least I judge so from your letter; which we

received on Friday last. The new wagon arrived about an

9

hour ago, and a very nice wagon it is, the box is green with
large black figures on it. The wheels and under part ar
red. John thinks it a very good one. ohn has had the ague
a good deal lately, and pretty hard too, but we hope he will
not have it any more. hamma is at Detroit at present, she
has been gone two weeks tomorrow. We expect Mamma on Thurs-
111

day. Our school began today. It is taught by Kr. Wilson
who is going to move into the house Mr. Cook lived in, and
hr. C. is going into the house hr. Stephens lived in.

I should like to come to Utica very much, but I
do not know vhen I can come again. I do not wish to have

this letter shown, Lizzie, because it is a very bad one. I

have had no time to write a first copy because Olive is going

 

11m. Hr. George Wilson, a teacher in the Female Seminary in
Detroit.

away early in the morning and she is to carry the letter.
But I must bid you good night for it is far past my bed hour.
Believe me forever your affectionate brother,

Joseph Kirkland"

Pinckney, Feb. 24, 1843
"my dear Lizzy:

I have so many times endeavored in vain to
write a letter to you in earnest, having filled the sheet
that I took for a first copy about the last of Jan. which
I began the last day of Dec., having written at it at four
different periods. The second was begun about one week af-
ter the first copy was ended, and one page finished at the
same sitting; and then it was all wed to remain unfinished
until now; and I thought it would be better to take a new
sheet, as the first bega with 'I received your letter
yesterday' and the second with 'I received your letter
about one month ago' aid this should have begun with 'I
received your letter about two months ago'. All I think being
taken into consideration I thought it most eXpedient to take
a fresh sheet; and now I will begin g1 letter.

We are all well at present except hamma's 163
which I believe is better than it used to be. I believe the
country all around is uncommonly healthy as I hope it is
around Utica. Hay is getting so scarce around here with the
long winter that there is much danger of many cattle starvinfi

112
if spring does not come on soon, indeed Hr. Fasquelle says

 

ll2. A teacher in the Female Seminary.

that many have almost starved gp north. Heat and flour are
still extremely cheap and are likely to be so, Papa says.
Hrs. Wilson had a present of a barrel of flour, since Ir.

W. went to Detroit, from 1 . John Porter.

Papa got 23 a wood-bee for hrs. W. and got there-
by seven loads of wood; which William and I are trying how

7 after I have

.—
v

long it will take us to out it up. I am goin
learnt my Latin lesson, for Papa always makes KB learn my
lesson first and I have two lessons to learn in the day, so
I rake them into one long one; and what with bringing in
wood making fires eating my meals and many other things I
do not generally get off till half after two o'clock and
then I 'put in' till sundown.

Mr. W. I believe is 'gitting along' pretty well
in Detroit, having when he wrote his letter before the last,
seven class scholars, at six dollars a quarter, each; one
private scholar (poor Eddie Larned, who they are afraid is
a cripple for life.) for ten dollars a quarter; and three
writing scholars at three dollars a quarter. In his last
letter he did not mention how many scholars he had, but said
that he had a good many promise . We made out most miser-
ably with our school this winter chiefly through the in-
fluence of one bad boy (George Judd) who argued with Mr.
Wilson about the pronunciation of the french word 'Fort
due quence'; and at another time hr. Wilson said he wrote
a'miserable stick' and then when Mr. Wilson corrected him

or rather tried to make him write properly, he said very

coolly 'everybuddy's got a way of their own, I han't got

167

your way nor you han't mine.‘ As hevvas too old for Mr.
W. to think of chastising (being a young gentleman of five
feet altitude and 'stumpy' entirely 331 of proportion) so
Mr. Wilson gave him a 'talkin' to' and he 'got mad' and
went off and persuaded all the other 'big scholars' to. We
had a ballh.ere not long since, andI heard the same young
gentleman asking another young gentleman of the same stamp
if he had ‘sent for his pumps yet', to which the aforesaid
young gentleman replied that he had not but he was 'agwine to.‘
As I think I shall try to write a little to my
giggg cousins I shall conclude, but not without telling you
how Papa and Mamma, but I have not time, were in great danger
about the time I received your last letter -- when I read to
them about your telling Edd that the horses were 23232, for
they nearly split their sides; but as to that tell Edd that
the horses are sorrel.
I hope to receive another letter soon from you.
Please give bushels of love to all (keeping always
a few for your own special use.)
Your affectionate brother,

Joseph Kirkland"

. The two letters which follow -- written by Caroline
Kirkland from Pinckney in the last winter there -- are full
of maternal admonitions in quite a professional style. Only
in the postscript to the second letter is there a touch of
the vivacious Caroline Kirkland of earlier letters and of

g New Home.

Pinckney, Feb. 25, '43

"my dear Daughter:

Yours of Jan 28 received a fortnight ago
via Washington, gave us much pleasure - being written with
a freedom and amplitude which your letters do not always
evince. I hope you will cultivate a habit of eXpressing
your thoughts frankly and gracefully on paper - few things
will be more improving to yourself or more agreeable to
your friends. To be a really good and satisfactory corres-
pondent requires not only a warm heart and a well-stored
head, but a considerable amount of effort and self-command -
since a good correspondent does not only write by fits and
starts, but whenever the time comes and as much as the oc-
casion requires. This is not always pleasant in itself -
but the habit on the whole is one which contributes in no
small degree to the general happiness, sympathy and good will.
My health is much better than when I wrote you last. my leg
being rather better, I have ventured on more exercise, and
feel the benefit of it. From what you say of your own condi-
tion and especially of the diminution of your waist, Pa and
I have been led to fear that you may have fallen into the
prevalent error of dressing tight. Now I shall not waste a
line in declaiming against a practice which your own good
sense as well as our incessant cautions must have taught you
to avoid. But I must caution you that the power of habit and
example are greater than you may be aware. 'Tlggg' is a re-

lative term. What is really quite tight enough to be injurious,

169

may not be called so in Utica - yet you must none the less
avoid it, even at the sacrifice of having a waist some

inches larger than your neighbors. Do not deceive yourself
into the belief that pride will be any consolation for loss
of health and strength. If you can remember how little in-
terest dress and company possessed in your eyes during the
long year you suffered from ague, you may judge whether

they would atone for a weak chest - an aching side - an

acid stomach - failing limbs, and that dull heaviness of
heart and head which are the unfailing indications of con-
sumption, so frequently brought on by the contemptible ef-
fort to squeeze the ribs into a shape for which nature never
intended them. The practice of the Flat-Head Indians, who
tie their infants' heads between two boards to produce the
admired pyramidal form, is neither more absurd nor more un-
graceful. Let me beg of you not to allow yourself to speak
as if a mere glgnder waitt were an object of ambition and
effort. You cannot prize more highly than I do that vigorous
elasticity of figure which is the result of exercise, proper
diet, and a well-balanced system of mental and bodily effort.
But tightening yourself, whether with a silk string or a row
of hooks and eyes, is not the way to acquire this; but the
contrary, as witness the poor, dull, stiff, constrained, red-
handed, pale—faced things who sacrifice themselves in this
way. I do not object to a flushed face because it does not

look well, but because it is not a sign of good hea th. I use

170

means to reduce it because it is to be treated as a symptom.
- like a coated tongue or a quick pulse.' I wish you to take
medicine that you may gg better - not that you may only lggk
prettier. I should not dare tamper with your constitution
for any such purpose. I think your peculiar constitution,
being scrofulous in its tendency, requires a generous but

not a heavy diet - and then, to avoid accumulations, laxative
medicines repeated more frequently than would be necessary for
a spare and pale habit. That lump remaining there is a gygp-
3g; - and requires great care on your part. It would be well
to wash it daily with very strong salt and water - and to put
on at bed-time a flannel bandage into which salt has been
quilted - and never to eXpose the part to the immediate ac-
tion of cold air, but have your bonnet or cap always cover

it - or your hair perhaps, when in the street - and always
put on a hood or something when you step out of doors in cold
or damp weather. Do not neglect these precautions. They may
save you very serious trouble - such things are no trifles,
though they may be a long time dormant. They are always
liable to increase and break out in running sores. I trust
you take good care of your teeth - not violent but regular
cleaning, and frequent rinsing of the mouth is necessary to
preserve them. Your hair also requires constant attention -
not only for outward appearances but for cleansing, preserva-
tion and cultivation. More may be done in this way than most
persons imagine - and though you need not make these subjects

themes of discussion and conversation, I wish you to attend

 

constantly to them. Keglect nothing which may be necessary

171

to improve you in these minor particulars. To make a young
lady all she should be, she must watch her air, her gait,
her mode of sitting, of speaking, of entering a room, of

ressing persons of different ages and stations - all are

i).

ad
necessary to perfect good breeding, and manners whicn will
speak for her in any company. You remenber I told you at

Cleveland that you were lacking in tact in your manner of

 

addressing people older than yourself. You were apt to be
rather familiar and vulgar in your attempts to be friendly -
not that you did not feel preper respect, but that you had
not studied the true art of making your manner express your
real feelings. This was to be eXpected as the consequence
of associating so long with people whose manners are very

incorrect -- but I hope you have amended this long ago. A

flippant and forward air is one of the most disgusting to
well bred people. Too much reserve is far preferable. You

must not set down these things as trifles. They are all
worthy of attention and effort; and far from detracting

from the solid excellence which must be your highest aim,
they aid in recommending worth, and increasing its irfluence.
It has been said that 'mhoever makes goodness disagreeab e
commits high treason against virtue.‘ Agreeable manners with
a pious and benevolent heart, make the perfection of human

ature. Indeed, the full and true influence of enlightened

:3
)

religious feeling produces the only truly consistent grace of
manner - for it includes everything tiat can add to the happi-

ness of mankind.

Ue all svmpathize most truly with poor Aunt

Fanny in the loss of the piano - such a blow would almost

q

un-woman me. Tell Aunt Iary sun to ive my best love to

C"!

Fanny when she writes - and giv mine to Auntles all - and

(D

Uncles too - and cousins - and pray be a good kind girl to
them - and don't be sharp upon your cousins as I fear you
are a little inclined to be. A sharp, satirical tongue!
Ch what a blemish in the character of a young woman whose
gentle influences should contribute only to peace and good
will!

Give our love to Mrs. LothrOp and tell her we felt
truly sorry to hear of her fall. I hope she is better by
this time, - knowing too well how to feel for her lame back
and jarred frame. I have suffered enough of that sort this
winter.

Willie sends love - he insists upon having your

and

:3

letters read agai ‘ain to him. He says now 'Read me

d5
otter! hot that one that had about Uncle bam's

...J

Lizzie's new
sending Aunt Fanny that piano that got lost in the water,
but that other one just as big but not so mucn in it,‘ --
meaning yours of - I can't find it - but it came last week -
By Washington — giving an account of a day with you. Uncle
and Aunt mean to write you. They are well and so are tne
babies. I write to-day to Aunt Bacon, direct; so I have not
thought it necessary to repeat family matters in this as you
will have had later intelligence of us. On Thursday we had

a sleigh load from A.A. Caroline Cuming and hrs. boot. Den-

:L‘. 'r .. i .. ° A t ' so . ' ‘
ton, Wlbll 1.8V QIE‘HG Ill. Cllrtls crib. LII‘. 4135,.Cker. Their arrlvea

about noon, and Latthen laid violent hands upon a fat tur—

$1.

" r '3; 1" . n
n he oven, and with the ai

w-

key and Mary put a spare rib
of tea and sweetmeats we got up a tolerable dinner. They
returned about 5. C.Cuming has recovered after having been
very ill this winter. She is scrcfulous and he spine is
very much affect ed. She lookspa Is and bloated and is quite
feeble an d susceptible of the least cold.

I must refer you to Jcsy's letter for news.

We are going in the sleigh to Dexter to carry the
mail tc-day. Aunt Phemie, Sam, Yrs. Wilson, Pa and myself,

with Willie e.nd Lary Considine who has an aunt living at

Dexter.
Your aifect icnat e mother
C - 1:1”. Kirkland"

For

Kiss Elizabeth S Kirkland
Utica

flew York

Pinckney, Larch 17, 1845
"my dear Daugl ter:
Papa being rather sleepy this evening,
I take the pen again, though I wrote you a thre epage scrawl
only last week. We all continue much in the old way. The
weather is still wintry cold - more like January than the

middle of march. On the 15th we went to Dexter, and found

ti e road so drifted between our corner and Sykes that we had

some difficulty in getting through. The drifts are in
many places as high as the fences - a thing not reccllected
in Xi nigan. Within these few evenings we have been startled
by the appearance of a splendid comet which shows itself
just after sunset, like a brilliant dart, extending from
the horizon just where the sun sets, almost to the zenith.
When the boys called our attention to it first, Papa thought
it was only a streak of cloud, illuminated by th- sun's rays.
We cannot see the nucleus, though I understand Judd says he
has seen it. This will doubtless be hailed by the Hillerites
as a confirmation of their theory; and when we consider the
stupendous nature of comets and the irregularity of their
movements, it hardly becomes us to feel confident that this
very one is not destined to produce great changes in our
earth. We need not, however, be solicitous about it, or seek
to pry into the designs of Omnipotence. We are in the hands
of a God of infinite love, and He has made the path of duty
plain before us in whatever circunstances He shall see fit
to place us. To render ourselves unfit for the business of
to-day through undue anxiety about the events of tomorrow,
cannot be acceptable service to Him.

Since I last wrote you I have had a letter from my

115

brother Joseph. The letter has been some time in New York.

He was well - and is married again - to the sister of his

 

115. Joseph Stansbury, who went to England to oppose the
"Deceased Wife's Sister bill".

175

first wife - and has a little daughter who is called
Catherine Elizabeth.114 He sends nine newspapers containing
notices of Forest Life, and mentions as many more - but a
little cash would be more acceptable than a great deal of
praise. I am busy penning some very dull stories for
several publications. my money comes but slowly, and is
wanted long before I get it. Neverthel ss, when it dggg
come, it is most acceptable, and I know not what we should
do without this resource.

To-day we were to have a plain calve's head soup,
and I asked Uncle and Aunt S to come over and partake with
us as there are few calves' heads cooked in Pinckney. In
the midst of our preparations, Er. Fasquelle dropped in -
then Hr. Cornell - then Kr. Wilson - so we sat down a Jolly
company, to the soup and a piece of cold roast pork and some
potatoes.

115

The remaining page is for Aunt and Uncle Tracy.

Write often and very fully. I want to know what
you wear to school and what for dress - that I may know how
to imagine you - and what pieces you are practising - and
whether you sing. Pa's love and mine.

Your a ffectionate

Mother

 

 

114. Now Hus. Kate Millett - still living in 1933.
115. Charles and Louisa Kirkland Tracy, parents of Mrs. Pier-
pont Morgan, Frances Tracy. Louisa was sister-in-law of Mrs.
Kirkland.

”Dear Charles and Lois:

Your very welcome joint epistle
came duly to hand - via Washington. I shall not attempt
to reply to it properly on this remnant of paper - but only
notice a few points. First - as of primary importance -
the said shawl - I begin to be frightened at the thought
of asking anybody to buy a shawl for me - delighted to hear
a shawl may be bought for less than $10 - a shawl which
costs $5 will be the shawl for me probably. The magnitude
of the difficulty inherent in the commission never struck
me until I read the question 'Do you like the embroidered
Thibets?‘ This was a poser - and.from the circumstances
that I did not know what an embroidered Thibet was, I began
to reflect how next to impossible it would be to put on
paper in intelligible language my idea of a shawl. The shawl
which some old lady (probably a Michiganian) sent to New York
for - which was to be 'warm for winter - cool for summer, and
suitable for spring and fall' - would just answer my purpose -
and if said shawl could be bought for 10/, so much the better.
But the gist of this lecture on shawls, dear L - is that if
they have become so cheap, I had better wait till the Detroit
merchants get their spring supplies, and buy one for myself -
snot being able to describe to you precisely what I want. I
shall probably pay my spring visit there in about a month if
all things should prove favorable. If this comet should come
as near us as did that of 1680 - and if the earth should run
against it - as she came so very near doing then - why, I

really think we shall want but little in the way of perishable

177

gear afterwards. But if the Miller theory be true I
cannot the more perceive what can be the advantage of keep-
ing one's mind in that most painful attitude of suspense.
I should be completely useless if I allowed my mind to
wander in conjectures, or to dwell on ideas which after
all must partake largely of delusion - in particular at
least, I do not wonder that so many people are becoming
maniacs under such impressions. Our weather is most remark-
able. This thh Karch is cold as January - and deeper snow
than is usually seen at any season, is still locking up the
earth. Cattle are dying about us for want of fodder - a
great number of kids have been brought in even in our little
centre. The distress is still greater toward the north.

Give my love to Father and Hother - and to each
and every member of the circle and kiss the little folks for
Aunt Cary. We hear that Billy is well - all others too I
believe.

For Elizabeth S. Kirkland
Hon. Jno. G. Floyd H.C.
Utica

1:. Y. "

 

_g‘ It,

 

178

Forest Life, mentioned by Hrs. Kirkland in her
letter as being favorably rev1ewed in England, was a con-
tinuation of g Egg Ham; in style and subject. Testern
Clearings, first published in 1843, was simply a collection
of essays and stories of Li chi gan life; in style it differs
from her earlier books much as the letters of 1843 from those
of 1826. The giontaneity is gone; impressions are no longer
fresh and vivid and new. Not only has Caroline Kirkland
cnanges ; that portion of the "Great West" had become "middle
West". The Frontier had moved on and away from Pinckney.

In 1845 the Kirklands left the western country
forever. Their dreams of success in the new home were gone;
the west had brought them sorrow, disappointment, and
struggle - and fame. How a well known liter'ry name, success
in her chosen profession awaited Caroline Kirkland in the

‘

east; William iirk la.nd shared in the reflected glory of his
wife and found his carefully prepared, scholarly articles,
chiefly on western subjects in demand for magazines.

It is from an old notebook, in William Kirkland's
handwriting, that a fine 1 glimpse into Pinckney do ye is given
us.

"Jacob Sigler, a fair representative of the Penn.
Germ an (Dutchman, our countryr nan will say) lingered about
the door for some minutes, but finally plzcked up coure go to
tell his errand, tho' seemingly ha.lfe tsr1amed of it. He heard
I was going, & felt as if he must come & say Good Eye, and

wish me well, which he did very cordially, & I doubt not

sincerely..... The old man is a shrewd bargainer, and coming

 

_4\

‘ 1

___‘_

 

“Rf

 

‘_

t

0

1’27

ud &'36 to buy good land a

Li chigan long enough before the extravagant times of

get a part of it under culti-

vation to reap the prices of the two following years, he

is bet

the best house in

the town, but the gudewife

ter off than most of his neighbors.

He has built

says

she don't

take nigh so much comfort there as she used to in the log
cott ge The old people were nluch displeased at the accur-
ate description of this in A few Home, considering some

parts as defamatory which the author considere‘ comp111entery.
'The book' .as not the thing at all, said tb e old man to me.
'I mean to talk to T”rs. Kirkland about it, she hasn't done

the fair thin:.'"

Whether Carolin e Kirkland was fair to Pinckney or
not, it is certain that she was honest in presenting her
View of the Frontier village as she sav it with the merciless
clarity which w 3 her heritage as a Stansbury.

Time has revenged Pinckney, however. The "new home"
of t: e Hirklan nds is gone - their Inill is gone. Nothing hat
was theirs remains. Pinckney has forgotten them; it has for—
gotten even to be angry at the echsure of its peculiarities
as a pioneer settlement. For the winds of nlnety years, blow-
ing unhindered the crumol ing clay from cabin walls, have left
only a few heaps of veathered 10:1 end scattered he'rthetones

r, m‘- ‘
or dust, "here can
. “ r‘ "‘ "w 5
1n the p.geo of g

"r: 1 'N, .t‘ ,1
”iCfllban 1erest, o

q

I ‘I 7
INS- SL-OOC.’

 

 

ne with the

O
“3
L1.
03
H
(D
3.),

wvv

 

 

 

RETURY TO LT” YORK

’Jo

... ‘ .
It was some time

1_m n 1845, after Larch and b
1st the Kiri ml1nds returre d to He? York. Eight

years n; be;n s ent in Michigan: two in Letroit at the

it“

very n=ight of the gr ezt laid fever, when the old Franc

he primeval forest,
ic crests, becozne an ugly stretch of
charred and rosxed stumps, log cabins give way to framed
s, and trades and prozessions follow the cleared lands

-.,1. . ' r L 1 +1w _. 1. 1.... 1 ' .
3 Lane 8103 10T€Su EPbuLQMELL ? HLHFI, CTUG 8T replica 01

H.
I—J
Ho
cf
t-‘o
(t
(J
U

S

‘ .. ..J-xu1 4. ' 1- , : -1 17 .1
ne great west, its mean1ng and possib

F ‘-
C)
p
(D
(4'
’D
‘1
I
r
f

‘ : 1 - p . ~ 1‘ .-, 7'. ”-1 fi 'vv-
still 31 interest to the east. noraoe uree1 y,
4». ‘ . +11... - .‘ : 1 a“ 1'1 4' 7 ‘
.o the gr ee u; paternalist1c exploiters c1 the

- fl . 4~ ' v 1‘ (N ‘ ‘! “~ . v s v y - ‘fi . 1 p '. —.1 ~
puclic domain, was arrinr ereig man to vote himse11 a fa m.

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erner.

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Caroline Kirkland, then she returned

‘1)

in L 43, was a recognized authority on western life, and as

 

1. Caroline Kirkland's letter, dated L; ch 1843, aid written
from Pinckney, makes no mention of an impenling move. The old
notebook in which the hirklan ds, both William and Caroline,
jetted d wn t1ioudhts and impressions, has a page headed "Hew
York, Nov. 18‘3" on which William Kirkland has begun a few

reminiscences 0: Michigan.

 

 

 

 

such, found a ready market for her sketches in periodicals

of the day. The careful, scholarly articles of William
Kirkland won additional renown for the family, and the Kirk-
lands tecame definitely established in a literary and profes-
sional way. Financial retu ns from these endeavors did not

set the Kirklands beyond the reach of financial cares. Caro-

elect school for young ladies

U)

line Kirkland established a
in her home at 145 Greene Street, and Tilliam Kirkland, with

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his friend, Reverend C. H. Bellows, edited a Unitaria weekly,
2
The Christian Inouirer.

The three years from 1843 to 1845 must have been
busy and happy ones for the Kirklands. Certainly their sur-
roundings vere far more congenial than in the west; their
interests in liberal education and religion brought them into
contact with brilliant leaders and thinkers of the day, such
as William Cullen Bryant, Horace Greeley, and Evart Duyckinck.
Their literary talents and their charm made them welcome among
that brilliant group of H w York literary professionals of
the 1840‘s which included Edgar Allen Poe, Anna Mowatt, Frances
Sargent Osgood, H. P. Willis, FitzGreene Hallack, Catherine
Sedgnick, Largaret Fuller, as well as many others whose writ-
ings remain buried in annuals of the day.

It is as members of this literary group that Edgar

Allen Poe describes William and Caroline Kirkland in his series

"The Literati of Ken York," w ich was inaugurated in 1846 in

 

846 William hirkland became editor of the N w York Even-
ing hews, a position held in 1844 by E. A. Poe.

Godey’s Lady's Fook. One of the first of these articles
is devoted to William Kirkland, who raidentified as "husband
of the author of g Egg figme",and it is no mean tribute to
the sincerity and integrity of William Kirkland's character
that Poe deals gently with him.

In estimating William Kirkland's work, Poe says:
"It will be seen that he has written little, but that little
is entitled to respect for its simplicit‘, and the evidence
which it affords of scholarship and diligent research. That-
ever Kr. Kirkland does he does carefully. His style is

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ments, free from idiomatic peculiarities."
In conclusion, as is Poe's custom in this series

of articles, he describes the personal appearance of his

"Hr. Zirkland is beloved by all who know him; in
$

character mild, unassuming, benevolent, yet not Without be-

coming energy at times; in person rather short and slight;

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his hearing is defective."

tlc e appeared, William Kirk-

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In 1846, when Poe's a

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land was very near the end of his life. It is to be

P

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that thkspublic praise, this recognition of his work 1 per—
sonality, seemed good to him.

The thoughtless student prank which damaged William
iirkland's hearing when he was an instructor at hamiltcn,
and which probably was an important factor in cau ing him to

-ive up his profession of teaching for the western experiment,

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land contributed to the magazine, The Prai ie Chicken, which -

 

 

5. Edgar Allen Poe, "Caroline M. Kirk land", The Literati, p.128.

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the benefit of a fund for the Union soldiers.

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ihe comi rg of the civil Tar meant a gr eat d :1

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to Caroline Kirkland. In the Betroit years, the Ki klands
had seen muo1 so rly aboliti nist actiVity, and Yillia
hirhland he d been one of the aids in tre very active Under-

a-o ‘ __34— . 1 r“ 1 vv VW vv'1‘ . . A17 - ‘f‘r 'vvr-" 1 r fl
bround .ailroad systeh which conVoyeo runaw.J slaves to

been living at the outbreak of the war. his rise from the
ranks was rapid, and Caroline Kirkland had every reason to
L6 proud of her son when he Encame Xajor Josenh Kirkland.
She was no , however, destined to hhow min in another light,
as a novelist and a realist. His important novel, Zurv:
the heanes K"n in grrin; county, was not to es publisned
for more than twenty years after her death, which occurre .d
in 1864 when She was sixty t.ree years old.

Caroline hirkland's death occured suddenly and was

for this reason a snock to nor friends. To the last she had

been vital and active, and pernaps ib was only fitting that
her end was probably due to the excitement of sponsoring and
managing a great Sanitary Fair, held in Iew York during the
first week of April, 1864, for the benefit of Uhion soldiers
and sailors. When the fair opened she was in the receiving
line, conversingzamong her friends with her usual brilliancy;
duri.g the day she was absorbed with the many details of
managing a department. To these trying demands on her energy
may be ascribed her death during the night of April 6, 1864.

Thus was Ca aroline Kirkla nd' 3 life closed as it ha been lived,

in action.'

'1 ‘rn‘c‘rT T ‘T
vb?» v.1.) U10.

Ihat, it remains t ask, is the literary impor-

tance of Ira. hirkland's writings? Have they not a signi-

O

ficance gre ater than has been gezser ally re gnized? That
place should they cccu y in the story of the gradually

developing literature of the American frontier? These are

To begin with, it should be clearly understood
that in spite of tne unmistakeable wit, intelligence and
verve with which they are written, the later DCOdS and ar-
ticles have nothing of th ie permanent interest or of the

broad human appeal whicn makes A New Home ; Who'll Follow?

.

 

a significant work of art. It was the first sharp impact

of the rough and unroma ntic wilderness on the acute and
sep.isticated lacy from New York which stimulated her more
intensely than anything she was to eXperience after her re-
turn to flew York. As an interpreter of the frontier, hrs.
Kirkland was in a fortunate position. She was compelled

by hard circumstance to be of it, to submit to its hardships,
its dangers, its monotony. She ha.d to enter into the corpor-
ate life of the new community and to become herself a frontier
woman, struggling as bravely as Carol Kennicot was later to
do against the narrowing and deadly absence of all the graces
and amenities of life. But Mrs. Kirkland was armed with
surer weapons than Sinclair Lewis's heroine. She was in-

telligent, ironic, courageous and self-reliant, combining

in her own feminine personality a curious mixture of the
characteristic qualities of the pioneer and the blue-stock-
ing. In addition, she was observant, and she was sympathetic.
Pinckney settlers, reading with astonishment the humorous
or ironic pictures with which she enlivened the story of
their village lives, were unable to understand that she had
paid them the supreme compliment of treating them as frankly
and honestly as she did her own fandly and her own friends.
Mrs. Kirkland, indeed, was a social satirist as well as a
realist, and in her account of western Michigan village life
she introduced more of the feminine subtlety of analysis
which heightened the realistic study of manners in maria
Edgeworth, Jane Austen, than in Mrs. Kirkland's avowed master,
Mary Russel Hitford. "It is difficult to avoid completely,"
she writes in the preface to Forest Life, "an idea that we
suppose the present aspect of society in the new country is
susceptible of improvement; that we may be in favor of adding
some finishing touches to our present degree of civilization
and refinement".1

It was, however, largely by a realistic and sympa-
thetic interpretation of the "present degree of civilization
and refinement" on the Michigan frontier that hrs. Kirkland
was to achieve her most significant success. From the very
outset of her career as a writer, she conceived her duty to
be the recording of a plain, unvarnished transcript of reality,

enlivened only by intelligence, and sometimes by a critical

 

1. Forest fife, p.'l§.

188

irony. Sympathy is not absent. "People write because they
cannot help it. The heart longs for sympathy. . .". These

words from the apologia with which she prefaced Forest Life

 

.re strangely moving, all the more so because the sympathy
which is found in Mrs. Kirkland's novels was never allowed

to degenerate into sentimentality or romance. Consciously

a realist and definitely unromantic at a time when Cooper's
cult of the noble red man was at the height of its popularity,
she saw her purpose as very definitely a different one. Her
realism is apparent in the course of her three Michigan nar-
ratives both in detail and in plan, and in the preface she

‘

outlined briefly out specifically her artistic creed. A
Egg Egg; may justly be claimed as the first realistic novel
of the American frontier. hrs. Kirkland's claim was more
modest. "I claim for these struggling and cloudy sketches
of life and manners in the remoter parts of Michigan, the
merit of general truth of outline." The book, she said,
was "very nearly, - a veritable history; an unimpeachable
transcript of reality." The novel, however, was a novel,
not a travel book; a work of art, not a mggg transcript of
reality, and firs. Kirkland continues, "I must honestly con-
fess that there be glosses, and colorings, and lights, if
not shadows, for which the author is alone responsible."
These, however, are virtues, not vices. They never falsify
or romanticize the subject. They make it more real. The
"courteous reader" is asked to bear in mind "that whatever
is quite unnatural, or absolutely incredible, in the few
incidents which diversify the following pages is to be re-

ceived as literally true".

189
I

The sym apathy and clarity of its delineation of
everyday life in a small frontier village, the rejection
of sent i mntality and romance, and tr e faithfulness and
intensity with which the picture has been pain ted are all
factors in the literary i.portance of A le.v Home. In this
first book, as in its sequel, there are none of the stock
in trade of the western novelist - "no wild adventures, -
no blood- our dlir g hazards, - no romantic incidents - could
occur within my limited the sober sphere. Commonolace all -"
Further, Hrs. Kirklan‘ was well aware tiat there
is no virtue in the half truth. She was a conscious realist,
and she reco'nized her artistic dutv to paint a picture of
life as it actually was, with nothing harsh or unpleasant
concealed. "A portrait, however showily painted, is worth
noth inn, if it be not a res nblarce. A painter woui show
his skill but poorly who, in his zeal for beautifying his

sulj set should ive

‘3

ut a tart, even if it grew on the tip

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of one's nose."

Equally unwise, however, Hrs. hirkland realizes,

is "he who elm erates a wrink le." Insight, sympathy, ex-
actness - these are the qua litie of the realism of A Her

Home and Forest Life. Their author is a reelist and anti-
romantic, a social historian, som-th’ng of a satirist. "I

have, iowever," she writes, "judged it neces ary to be very

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Autumn Hours and Fireside Refining. Yew York, Scribners 1834.
g Eook for the Home Circle; or, Familiar Thomt ‘ts on Various
Tonics, L‘tere v, Iorel and Social. A companion for
The Evenin, Iook. New York, Scribner, 1855.
The Evening Pook; or, Fireside Télk _n Herfls 21d Tanners,
with Sketches 9: Western Life. Few York, Scribner, 1852.
Forest Life. New York, C. S. Francis & Co., 1842.

Garden Walks with the Poets. New York, Putnam a co., 185

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The Lo; -Cakin; g_, The Terld P,f
Yemoirs of Woshin gton. New York, Appleton, 1857.
New Home - Who'll Follow? or, Glimpses of Western Life.

Boston, J. H. Francis, 1839.

 

The School-girl's Garland. New York, Scribner, 1864.

Wgst ern Clearings. New York, Wiley & Putnan, 1845.

London, J.S.Pratt, 1841.