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THE EFFECTS 0? A PROGREEWE WHGHT TWMNG
fiROGRAAt ON COMPETETW‘E 3MKETBALL REBOUNDING
AND QN THE TIBIAL YUBEROSWY 01’ COLLEGEATE
BASKETEALE. PLAYERS

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MECHIGAR STATE UN’NERSKTY
Everast Paul Smith
1963

     
 
    

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ABSTRACT

THE EFFECTS OF A PROGRESSIVE WEIGHT TRAINING PROGRAM ON
COMPETITIVE BASKETBALL REBOUNDING AND ON THE TIBIAL
TUBEROSITY OF COLLEGIATE BASKETBALL PLAYERS

by Everest Paul Smith

Statement of the Problem

 

The study possessed a threefold purpose, namely:
(1) to establish a workable method to correlate
competitive basketball rebounding ability with the
improvement of vertical Jumping ability derived from
weight training; (2) to calculate said correlation for
active collegiate basketball players; and (3) to deter-
mine if there is any adaptive, calcification area change
at the tibial tuberosity when said insertion is exposed

to stresses between 1000 and 5000 poundals.

Methodology

 

In the rebounding study, four Michigan State
University varsity basketball players--two centers and
two forwards--were used as subjects. Two of these
athletes, one from each mentioned position, were
experimental candidates in a weight training program;
the other two athletes were controls. This program was

designed to increase vertical Jumping ability, and it

Everest Paul Smith
was conducted four days per week during the last two
months of the basketball season. All subJects were given
the Sargent Jump Test each Thursday; and their competitive
rebounds were Judged on a work per unit time basis.
During twenty-two basketball contests, both the number
of clean rebounds secured and the amount of time played
were recorded for all subJects. Individual weekly means
of rebounds per minute were compared with weekly Jumping
ability; and these data were analyzed by rank correl-
ation.

In the tibial tuberosity investigation, five
Michigan State University basketball players were used as
subJects. These athletes were on a sixteen week, weight
training program. Instead of control subJects, the
controlling factor was the progression of weight handled
in the three-quarter knee bend exercise. During the
training program, each subJect had four knee-lateral x-rays
of both legs. To limit the tibial tuberosity area for
each leg x-ray, two common reference points were located
on the anterior crest of the tibia and were situated
approximately a half inch above and below the tuberosity.
The area between these limiting points was measured with a
compensating planimeter. The variation of tuberosity area
was determined by comparing the four x-rays within the
same series; and because a subJect's tubercle area variation

was so minute, the group mean was calculated for an

Everest Paul Smith

individual‘s combined right and left tuberosity areas.
These data were statistically analyzed with the analysis

of variance.

Conclusions

 

SubJect to the usual limitations of sample, type
of training program and methodology, the following con-
clusions were drawn: (1) the improvement of vertical
Jumping ability and competitive rebounding ability can be
statistically correlated when the weight training program
is conducted during the basketball season, and when compet-
itive rebounds are considered on a work per unit of time
basis; (2) this study found no statistical correlation
between vertical Jumping improvement and competitive re-
bounding performance exhibited during the last eight weeks
of a collegiate basketball season; and (3) there is no
calcifiably, distinguishable area change at the tibial
tuberosity when said insertion is subJected to a six-
teen week, weight training program which featured a gradual
progression of stresses ranging from 1000 to over 4500

poundals.

THE EFFECTS OF A PROGRESSIVE WEIGHT TRAINING PROGRAM ON
COMPETITIVE BASKETBALL REBOUNDING AND ON THE TIBIAL
TUBEROSITY OF COLLEGIATE BASKETBALL PLAYERS

By

Everest Paul Smith

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTERS OF ARTS

Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation

1963

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‘j/'0U,/’2 41¢?

PREFACE

This researcher is indebted to many peOple for the
successful completion of his study. Thanks should be
extended both to Mr. Thomas Weede, M. A., for his expert
supervision of the sixteen week, weight training program,
and also to the athletes who worked under his charge.

Much credit for the findings of this investigation should go
to Coach Forrest ”Forddy" Anderson, Head Basketball Coach

of Michigan State University, for, when allowing the members
of his team to train with weights during the actual basket-
ball season, Mr. Anderson publically rendered a vote of
confidence to the system of progressive weight training.

Dr. James Feurig, M. D., Director of Michigan State
University Health Service, willingly gave his professional
advice concerning the x-ray study, and special thanks are
also in order to the members of the roentgenological
department of the Health Service HOSpital. Dr. Wayne
VanHuss, Ph.D., Director of the Human Energy Laboratory
at Michigan State University, acted as special advisor
for the bone study. Dr. Roy Niemeyer, Ph. D.,Associate
Professor of Health, Physical Education and Recreation,
was the official advisor for this author's graduate
program; Dr. Niemeyer, a friend as well as an advisor,

always made himself available when needed.

 

111

Many, many thanks and much credit for my Master's
Degree must go to Lorraine, my beloved wife; for without
her help, understanding and confidence, I surely could
not have achieved this academic goal. In addition to
homemaker, mother and registered nurse, she willing
accepted the added responsibility of expertly typing this

and all my graduate papers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page
I. INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Justification for the Rebound Study. . . . . 3
Justification for the Tibial Tuberosity ;
Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Limitations of the Rebounding Analysis . . . 6
Limitations of the Tibial Tuberosity
Investigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Statement of the Problem .
Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Review of the Literature for the
Rebounding Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . .12

Review of the Literature for the

Tibial Tuberosity Investigation. . . . . .15

III. METHODS OF RESEARCH . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Source of Data for Rebounding Study. . . . .21
SubJects for rebounding analysis . . . . .21

Experimental procedure for rebounding

analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

 

Chapter

IV.

V.

Statistical technique for rebounding

analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Source of Data for Tibial Tuberosity
Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SubJects for tibial tuberosity

investigation . . . . . . . . . . .
Special equipment used in tibial
tuberosity investigation. . . . . . .

Experimental procedure for tibial

investigation . . . . . . . . . . . .

Statistical technique for tibial
tuberosity analysis
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS OF DATA . . . . .
Analysis of Rebounding Data
Results of Rebounding Data.
Analysis of Tibial Tuberosity Data.
Results of Tibial Tuberosity Data
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
Summary of Research .
Conclusions for the Rebounding Analysis
Conclusions for the Tibial Tuberosity
Investigation .

Research Recommendations.

Page

. .24

.24

.24

.26

. .26

.35
.36
.37
.41
.45
.46
.47
.47
.49

.50

 

Chapter Page
BIBLIOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
APPENDIX A. A Description of Mr. Weede's

Progressive Weight Training

Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
APPENDIX B Determining the Amount of Stress

Sustained at the Tibial Tuberosity. 58
APPENDIX C Anatomical Diagram of the

Human Knee (Lateral View) . . . . . 52
APPENDIX D Supplementary Tables. . . . . . . . 64
APPENDIX E Rank Correlation of Vertical

Jumping Versus Competitive

Rebounding. . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

vi

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
I. Analysis of Variance Results: Vertical
Jumping Performance. . . . . . . . . . . 40
II. Analysis of Variance Results: Rebounding '
Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
III. Analysis of Variance Results: Tibial
Tuberosity Area Variation. . . . . . . . 46
IV. Individual and Group, Mean Vertical
Jump Performances Demonstrated During
an Eight Week Testing Period . . . . . . 65
V. Individual Work (Rebounds Per Minute)
Performed by the Experimental Group
During an Eight Week Period. . . . . . . 66
VI. Individual Work (Rebounds Per Minute)
Performed by the Control Group during
an Eight Week Period . . . . . . . . . . 68
VII. Individual Tibial Tuberosity Area
Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
VIII. Mean Measurements for Both Individual
and Groups, Combined Right-Left
Tibial Tuberosity Areas. . . . . . . . . 71
IX. Rank Correlation for Experimental
SubJect Chandler: Vertical Jumping

Versus Competitive Rebounding. . . . . . 73

viii

Table Page
X. Rank Correlation for Experimental

SubJect Thomann: Vertical Jumping

Versus Competitive Rebounding. . . . . 74
XI. Rank Correlation for Control

SubJect Berry: Vertical Jumping

Versus Competitive Rebounding. . . . . 75
XII. Rank Correlation for Control

SubJect Williams: Vertical Jumping

Versus Competitive Rebounding. . . . . 76

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

l.

X-Ray View Box with a Visable Knee-
Lateral Film. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Technique for Knee-Lateral X—Ray. . . . .
Close-up of Leg Position for Knee-
Lateral X—Ray . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Otto Compensating Planimeter Positioned
with X-Ray Film . . . . . . . . . .
Working Arrangement for X—Ray Film,
Planimeter and Magnifying Glass . . . .
Group Mean Scores of Weekly Vertical
Jumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Group Mean Scores of Weekly Rebounds
Per Minute.

Relationship Between Individual
Rebounding Scores and Vertical Jump
Scores (Based on Data for Experimental
SubJect Chandler).

Relationship Between Individual
Rebounding Scores and Vertical Jump
Scores (Based on Data for Experimental

SubJect Thomann) . . . . . .

Page

39

42

, 42

Figure

10.

ll.

l2.

l3.

14.

Page
Relationship Between Individual

Rebounding Scores and Vertical Jump

Scores (Based on Data for Control

SubJect Berry). . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Relationship Between Individual

Rebounding Scores and Vertical Jump

Scores (Based on Data for Control

SubJect Williams) . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Individual Means of Combined, Right

and Left, Tibial Tuberosity Areas

as Compared with Weight Extended. . . . 44
Group Means of Combined, Right and

Left, Tibial Tuberosity Area

Variations as Compared with weight

Extended. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Anatomical Diagram of the Human Knee

(Lateral View). . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Research in the area of weight lifting is far from
exhausted. Besides improving muscular power perforamnce,
what are the other effects of a well planned, progressive
weight training program? What is the relationship between
a weight lifter‘s psychological and physiological limits?
Is there any correlation between the progression of
weight handled and the performance improvement rate? How
do the areas of muscle insertion and origin adapt to the
stress of overload? To what degree does the newly attained
muscular power improve specific athletic performance? What
effect does power training have on the speed of muscular
contraction, on motor coordination, on body flexibility,
on physical endurance? These and many other inquiries have
been asked, and are still being asked and solved by
investigators in the fields of physical therapy, education,
and athletics.

During the winter and spring of 1962, Mr. Thomas Weede,

M. A.,1 conducted a highly controlled, progressive weight

 

1

Thomas D. Weede, "The Effect of a Controlled Weight
Program on the Vertical Jump” (unpublished Master's thesis
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 1962),

p. 25.

training research program at Michigan State University.

The purpose of his training program was to stress specific
leg muscles so as to improve the vertical Jumping ability
of six collegiate basketball players. The first eight weeks
of the training occurred during the latter half of the
1961-62 Big Ten basketball season.

Mr. Weede's research plan demanded three specific
weight lifting exercises, as well as a progression of
weight which was gradually added with each exercise session
over a period of sixteen weeks; for a complete description
of the weight training syllablus, refer to Appendix A. So
as to detect the possible onset of pathology caused by
the tremendous amount of weight handled (over 300 pound),
the trainees were exposed to a series of four separate
knee x-rays, strategically spaced throughout the training
period.

Such a controlled weight program afforded the oppor-
tunity to investigate the following inquires: (1) What
effect would such training have on a basketball player's
competitive rebounding performance? (2) Would the tibial
tuberosity (area of insertion for the quadriceps femoris
muscles) become larger through calcification as a means
of adaptation to the tremendous stress of muscular over-
load? Obviously, the above two tOpical questions only have
the weight training program in common; and consequently
their explications shall be conducted on an individual basis

throughout the greater part of this thesis.

Justification for the Rebound Study

 

Weight programs as used in basketball today are
designed primarily to improve an athlete‘s vertical Jumping
potential, so that in getting this athlete higher in the
air, he would be afforded a better opportunity to control
Jump balls, as well as offensive and defensive rebounds.
Basketball coaches logically reason that if a player's
ability to Jump in a vertical direction is increased by
three or four inches, and if said player is conscious of
his preparatory rebounding position and take-off timing:
he should be able to secure more rebounds than he would
had he not improved in Jumping skill. Prior to this
investigation however, there had been no publication
of significant research supporting or reJecting such a
hypothesis, that is, there is no evidence of a statistical
correlation between increased Jumping ability and competitive
rebounding ability. The reason for this lack of statistical
evidence might be partially related to methodology, in
that the conditioning weight programs for basketball have
been employed mostly before, and sometimes after, the official
competitive season. When a study for such relationships
had been made,2 the Jumping data and the rebounding data
were not gathered during the same period of time, and con-

sequently the numerous variables introduced by the element

 

28. Burnham, "DevelOp Your Rebounders with Weight
Training," Scholastic Coach, XXX (December, 1960), pp. 16-26.

of time actually rendered the opinionated findings
unreliable. With these thoughts in mind, this study
features the twofold purpose of both establishing a workable
and reliable method of correlating vertical Jumping ability
with competitive rebounding ability, and also to determine

such a correlation for an eight week training program.

Justification for the Tibial Tuberosity_Study

 

Regarding the fracture of avulsion and how it is most
commonly seen at the tibial tuberosity, Dr. Stein, M. D.3
asserted: "The amount of stress sustained at the tibial
tubercle surpasses that of any other tendinous attachment
to bone." This quotation becomes practically an understate-
ment when one realizes that, as the tibia moves from a state
of flexion to extension, all the contractile force of the
quadriceps group is applied at the tibial tuberosity. The
force sustained at this attachment point is literally
phenominal. For purposes of illustration, assume than an
average adult, male patient is sitting on the edge of a
table so that both tibias are hanging downward toward the
floor, and that evenly strapped between the patient's feet
is a one hundred pound weight. In order for this subJect

to raise his lower legs out and up, the tibial tuber-

osities of both legs must sustain well over 1500 poundals

 

3I. Stein, R. 0. Stein, and M. L. Beller, Living
Bone in Health and Disease (Philadelphia: J. B.

Lippincott Co., 1955), p. 393.

of force (for the anatomical and trigometrical explanation
refer to Appendix B).

The three quarter knee bend executed with weights
produces exactly the same effect as mentioned above when
said exercise is performed with the feet in a parallel
stance and the weight load is resting evenly on the subJect'S
shoulders. This exercise was executed twelve times per
training session during Mr. Weede‘s weight training program.
At the commencement of this training, all subJects started
with the same weight load of one hundred—five pounds; their
poundage was gradually increased so that during the last
two weeks of the program the knee bend exercise was per—
formed with over three hundred pounds of resistance. This
means that toward the end of the training, all tibial
tuberosity areas resisted over 4500 poundals of force each
time the subJect straightened up from the modified squat
position.

How does the normal tibial tuberosity sustain such
a tremendous stress? The exact answer is still unknown.
However, it is commonly recognized by medical research
authorities that human organic tissue will react to inJury
and prolonged pressure by a deposition of calcium salts

on and around the affected area.br Some scientists theorize

 

7v T—v

a
F. C. McLean, and M. R. Urist, Bone (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1955), pp. ISO-181.

that continued strain at the origins and insertions of
muscles causes adaptive calcification with a consequent
thickening of these attachment areas.5
Since four serials of x-ray knee-laterals constituted
a safety feature in Mr. Weede's program, it was felt that
these films should be examined for tibial tuberosity area
change caused by adaptive calcification; and that if said
change were observed, then the subJects should be exposed

to a later series of x—rays to determine if such change

constitutes a longitudinal adaptive effect of exercise.

Limitationsof the Rebounding Analysis

The unavoidable limitations of this research were as
follows:

1. Due to the official termination of the basketball
season, this study covered only the first eight weeks of
a sixteen week, weight training program. At the end of
the playing season, the mean increase in vertical Jumping
ability for the experimental subJects was 1.95 inChes;
while at the completion of the weight training program, this
same mean had progressed to 5.75 inches.

2. The vertical Jump measurement data was derived

only from the Sargent Jump Test.

 

5Arthur H. Steinhause, "Chronic Effects of Exercise,"
PhysiologicalWReviews, XIII (January, 1933), pp. 146—147.

3. Previous experience in rebound testing and/or
weight training was not a factor in this study.

4. The competitive playing time was not equal for
each subJect, since Coach Anderson employed his team according
to the dictates of the game situation.

5. There was no control over the sleep, diet, nor
daily living habits of the subJects other than the basket—
ball team training rules.

6. The number of subJects was four.

Limitations of the Tibial Tuberosity Investigation

 

The unavoidable limitations of this study were as follows:
1. When positioning for an x-ray knee—lateral view,
the angle at which the knee is flexed is a close approximation
of thirty degrees. Because of the understandable variation
in length and especially width of individual bone formation,
this angle might vary slightly (one or two degrees) for
each subJect.
2. Even though this investigation covered a nineteen
week period, none of the experimental subJects had
experienced exercise with maximum weight load.
3. The individual body type was not a factor.
4. There was no control over the diet of the subJects;
calcium intake was assumed equal since all these athletes

ate at the same training table.

5. The number of subJects was five.

6. Because of the financial burden of x-ray costs,
no control subJects were utilized. Instead, the controlling
factor was the amount of weight pressed during the three

quarter knee bend exercise.

Statement of the Problem

This research was designed to study the effects of
a progressive weight training program on basketball
rebounding ability and on the calcification of the tibial
tuberosity area. The study had A threefold purpose, namely:
(1)to define a reliable research method which would permit
a statistical correlation between rebounding ability and
developed vertical Jumping ability; (2) to calculate the
correlation between vertical Jumping performance and
actual, competitive, rebounding performance exhibited
during an eight week period; and (3) to determine if there
is any adaptive area change from calcification of the tibial

tuberosity, when said insertion point is exposed to stresses

between 1000-4500 poundals of force.

Definitions

 

l. The term rebound denotes a basketball which bounces
from the basket rim and/or backboard when a goal is not
scored. Only "clean” rebounds——that is those FebOUHdS
secured by a player before said ball touched the court floor--

were considered in the correlation investigation.

2. The expression weight training as used in these

 

studies, denotes a routine of three specific exercises
performed with heavy barbells and dumbells. Progressive
weight training means that five pounds of weight is added
to the barbell each scheduled day that a subJect performs
said exercises. I

3. The term maximum weight load, as used in the
tuberosity study, denotes the amount of weight which
could be handled prOperly for a specific number of repe—
titional exercises. The weight training schedule demanded
two sets of the same exercise, and six repetitions per
set. When, during the second set, a subJect could only
perform five or less of the required six repetitions,
then he was said to be experiencing a maximum weight load.
All subJects started training with 105 pounds; the train-
ing schedule dictated that five pounds be added each
training session until maximum weight load would be a-
chieved. At this time, no more weight would be added
and the trainee would continue to work with that poundage
until he was able to perform the required two sets of six
repetitions during two successive training sessions. Then
five more pounds would be added thereby establishing a
higher and new maximum weight load. It is interesting to
note that throughout the entire sixteen week training

period, not one subJect ever reached a maximum weight load;

10

yet all subJects, on the last training day, had progressed
to the point where they were exercising with 330 pounds of
weight.

4. The tibia is the larger of the two leg bones,
commonly called the shinbone. The upper end of the tibia,
as referred to in this research, denotes the anterior Junc-

tion of the epiphysis and the tibial shaft. The tibial

 

tuberosity, or tubercle of the tibia, is a raised, roughened,
oblong prominence on the anterior surface of the tibia about
an inch below its upper end; this tuberosity gives attach-
ment to the ligamentum patellae, see Appendix C, Figure 14.

5. The word calcification as used in the bone inves-

 

tigation, denotes the process by which cartilagenous and
osseous tissue, located on or around the tibial tuberosity,
becomes hardened by the deposition of calcium salts within
its substance.

6. The term target, as utilized in the discussion
of roentgenological technique, denotes the positive terminal
of an x-ray tube which receives the impact of electrons in
the production of x-rays.

7. The target film distance is that interval be-
tween the target's focal spot and the film; this distance
was always forty inches when x—raying the knee-lateral for
the tuberosity study.

8. The term cassette indicates the container for an

x—ray film.

ll

9. The expression x—rgy series, as used in the
tuberosity study, denotes four separate knee lateral
films taken of the same leg. The first x—ray was taken
at the beginning of the study and the other three were
taken at intervals of six, seven, and six weeks. The

term serial refers to one of these said x-rays.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Review of the Literature for the_Rebounding Analysis

It is an established fact that vertical Jumping ability
can be improved through the employment of a supervised
weight training program, a program which stresses specific
primary mover muscles by means of gradual, progressive resist-
ance exercise.6 Such improvement was demonstrated by Wick—
strom who utilized a six week, post season, weight training
program for his basketball team. He obtained a mean
increase of 1.5 inches in Jumping height over the team per-
formance at the end of the season. The range of improvement
was from 0 to 3.5 inches with not a single athlete decreasing

in Jumping ability.7

The Sports College of Toronto, Ontario,
reported the results of a similar study wherein seventeen
basketball players were conditioned by progressive resist-

ance exercises applied to their gastronemius and quadriceps

muscles. The highest individual gain was 13 inches while

 

6James Murray, and Peter Karpovich, Weight Training
in Athletics (Anglewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall
Inc., 1961), p. 38.

 

7R. L. Wickstrom, ”Post Season Weight Training for
Basketball Players,” Athletic Journal, LIX (April, 1959),

p. 38.

13

the lowest was 5.5 inches; the mean attainment was 8.5
inches.8 Edward Steitz conducted a five week, pre-season,
weight conditioning program which produced a mean experi-
mental vertical Jump increase of 2.9 inches, while his
control group indicated an increase of only 0.6 inches.
The 2.9 gain featured a "t" value of 8.7 which is signifi-
cantly beyond the .01 level of confidence.9

While emphasizing the fundamentals of basketball
rebounding, John Friend of Pepperdine College, California,
casually mentioned: ". . . we feel that we can improve a
boy's Jumping ability while he's with us. The off-season
weight program is a valuable aid in improving the boy's

"10 Mr. Friend seems to reflect the opinion

vertical Jump.
of the maJority of basketball coaches when he affirmed that
an athlete's position, timing of Jump and inate Jumping
ability are three basic and equally important ingredients
in the rebounding technique. Many coaches reason that if

position and timing are constantly equal, then the athlete

who can Jump the highest will secure the most rebounds.

 

8"Improve Jumping Ability Eight Inches in Training,"
Sports College News, III (October, 1955), pp. 4-5.

9Edward S. Steitz, ”Increase the Explosive Power of
Your Athletes," Athletic Journal, LIX (February, 1959), p. 18.

 

loJohn Friend, "Rebounding ABC's," Scholastic Coach,
XXXI (November, 1961), pp. 28-30.

14

In 1955, the late Frank O'Connorll of the State
University of Iowa was one of the first basketball mentors
to place his team on a controlled weight training schedule.
The improvement mean for vertical Jump performance was 2.7
inches as measured by a standard Jump-and-reach test;
coach O'Connor felt that the program made his team ". . .
stronger physically for the rugged work under the basket".
The first Iowa team, which used planned weight training as
a group, was composed primarily of sephomores; and this
young team placed second in the Big Ten Conferences As
Juniors, still employing the weight exercises, this Iowa
team in 1956 won their conference championship. However,
since weight training for basketball players was then in
its infancy, there were unfortunately no computations made
to determine the statistical correlation between vertical
Jump performance and game rebound performance.

Three years later in 1959, Stan Burnham12 of the
University of Texas conducted a six week post season training
program. The final results of the Jump-and—reach test
indicated that all ten of the experimental athletes improved

their Jumping ability. The highest individual attainment

 

llFrank O’Connor, and F. D. Sills, "Heavy Resistance
Exercises for Basketball Players," Athletic Journal,
XXXVI (June, 1956), pp. 6-8.

12Burnham, loc. cit.

 

15

was almost six inches while the mean gain was 3.2 inches.
Perhaps the most significant aspect of this study is revealed
in the season statistics for 1958—1959. The year before,

the Texas team was out rebounded in twenty-three of twenty-
five games. The next year, after weight training had been
initiated, the statistic was reversed whereby Burnham's team
out rebounded twenty—three of twenty—five opponents. The

five top rebounders were among the ten players who partici—

oated in the exercise program; however, becuase this training
was conducted during the off—season, the increase in Jumping
ability could not be statistically correlated with competi-

tive rebound performance.

Review of the Literature for the Tibial TuberosityfiInvestigation
Dr. Baetznerl3 in 1927 reported changes in the

skeleton of highly specialized athletes. His findings were

primarily based on observations made during an extensive

x-ray research program on the elbows of Olympic prize fighters.

Dr. Baetzner observed bony processes marking the origins

and insertions of primary arm muscle groups (extension:

triceps and anoceneus; flexion: biceps, brochialis, brach-

ioradials, and pronator teres); these physiological changes

he emphasized, were not the result of a single inJury, but

 

l3W. Baetzner, "Uber Sportschaden am Bewegungsapparat,"
Medizinische Klinik, XXIII (February, 1927), pp. 173-76.

 

16

rather due to an accumulation of minor insults or
pressures caused by the incessant pounding of elbow Joint
surfaces. To further substantiate this minor inJury
theory, Dr. Baetzner cited surgical illustrations of torn
lemniscus commonly found in the knee Joints of soccer
players; he surmised that such a strain condition is also
predisposed by previous pressure inJury to the cartilage.

Two years later, in 1927, Dr. Heissll1L observed
accessory bony structures of the sesamoid type in the
olecranon region of the arms of Olympic wrestlers and on
the patella ligament of Olympic runners. X-ray disclosed
extraneous calcified material on the upper and lower
portions of the patella. However, only one x-ray picture
was taken of each knee, and therefore, without a means
for comparison, Dr. Heiss could not observe any increase
and/or decrease of tibial tuberosity size.

Then in 1931, Professor Knoll15 reported the results
of an x-ray examination on the dominant elbows of eleven
tennis players; six of these athletes showed minute calcium
deposits. In the discussion of his research findings, Pro—

fessor Knoll challenged the Baetzner concept (1. e. minor

 

14F. Heiss, "Rontgenologische Gelenkunterschugen an
Olympiakampferny Klinische Wochenschrift, VIII (April,
1929), pp. 648-51.

15W. Knoll, ”Ellenbogenbefunde Bei Hervorragenden
Tennissipielern," Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, LVIII
(January, 1932), pp. 8H4861

 

 

l7

inJuries cause calcification at origins and insertions)
by contending that in most cases the Joint and bone changes
may be traced to some actual accident to that Joint, and
when such an explanation is not to be found, then said
change is better interpreted as an adaptation rather than
an inJury. Professor Knoll16 also made x—ray observations
on the feet and ankles of fifty-four nonathletic subJects
and he disclosed that 43% of the people had bony growths
similar to those described by Baetzner. Again it was im-
possible to determine the amount of area increase due to
calcification, since serial x-rays were not taken.

Also in 1931, Dr. Heiss 17 reported that he had
observed, through a three year series of x—rays, the
feet, ankles, knees, and elbows of forty-nine physical
education students. He discovered that certain already
existing bony processes increased, and that new ones,
attributed to the student activity program, made their
appearance during this thirty-six month observational
period. However, nothing pertinent was offered in the Heiss
report concerning the tibial tuberosity, and a progressive
weight training program was not part of the physical

education curriculum.

 

l6W. Knoll, "Sportschadenlind sportverletzungen,"
ft, LXI (September,
1931), pp. 905-912.

17F. Heiss, "Ueber einige Veranderungen im Sprunggelenk
bei Sportsleuten," Deutsche Medizine Wochenschrift,
LVII (December, 1931), pp. 2138—39.

18

Referring Specifically to the calcification of tendon,
McLean and Urist18 maintain that bone formation normally
occurs in the substance of modified tendinous tissue at the
point of bony insertion; and of course, this contention is
directly related to the possible increase of tibial tuberosity
area. In 1940, McLean and Bloom19 conducted an extensive
histological research on the ligementum patellae to the tib-
ial tuberosity of three hundred alline rats. Exercise of
these animals was not a factor in the study. These researchers
found that at the age of seven weeks, the tubercle of the
tibial had not formed as a distinguishable protuberence, but
rather that it lay dormant as a center of ossification
consisting of calcified cartilage matrix, lying within the
patella tendon. McLean and Bloom further observed that as
the tendon passed into this cartilage from above, it
exhibited direct transformation of tendon cells into cart—
ilage cells. In the animals examined at ages six to seven
months, the anterior tuberosity was fused with the epiphysis,
but it was still calcified cartilage which had not undergone
replacement by bone. It was also discovered that the

patella tendon passed out of and below the tibial tuberosity

 

l8

19
F. C. McLean, and W. Bloom, "Calcification and
Ossification. Calcification in Normal Growing Bone,"
Anatomical Record, LXXVIII (March, 1940), pp. 333-60.

McLean, op. cit., p. 198.

 

19

in much the same fashion that it had passed into it from
above, exhibiting the reverse transition from cartilage
cells back to tendon cells. Furthermore, and of most
importance to this study, the patella tendon (again trans-
formed into cartilaginous tissue) became continuous with the
anterior portion of the tibia shaft, not at the tuberosity,
but rather below the tuberosity.

Lewis20 in 1958, while making observations on human
dry bones and human surgery cases, substantiated the
above animal observation when he reported that the ligamen—
tum patellae of human beings, would often, but not always,
pass into and through the tibial tuberosity making its
permanent attachment on the anterior shaft of the tibia
some three or four centimeters below the tubercle.

Supplemental to the above actual case studies, McLean
and Budy21 in 1959 stated that the remodeling of adult bone
was formerly believed to be caused by the pressures from
weight bearing; whereas now scientists theorize that such
a remodeling of bone is determined by a metabolic function.
They claim that this function maintains a continuous supply

of reactive bone by the transfer of calcium and phOSphate

between bone and blood.

 

20O. J. Lewis, "The Tubercle of the Tibia," Journal
cf_AnaI2mx. XCII. no. 4 (October. 1958). pp. 587-92.

21F. c. McLean, and A. M. Budy, "Connective and
Supportin Tissues: Bone, " Annual Review of Physiology,
XXI (1959 . pp. 69-90.

2O

McLean and Urist22 theorize that the general property
of calcification cannot be attributed to any single factor
It is felt that one must postulate a local mechanism for
calcification; and they therefore, contend that any calcified
condition is caused by both chemical and physical components
acting and reacting together within the living organism.
They further postulate that the chemical component is
chiefly that of an enzyme system, while the physical
component might easily be surface forces in and/or on the
colloidal matrix (1. e. the forming mold containing the
subdivision of matter in which individual particles are of
submicroscopic size). Steinhaus2 agrees with this theory
stating that in the remodeling of adult bone there are
constitutional factors which determine whether the changes
shall lead to mere thickening of the bone or to more defi-

nitely pathological changes.

 

22 McLean and Urist, op. cit., pp 66—67.

23Steinhaus, loc. cit.

 

CHAPTER III
METHODS OF RESEARCH

This research was designed to study the effects of a
weight training program on basketball rebounding ability and
on the calcification of the tibial tuberosity area. The
study featured a threefold purpose, namely: to define a
reliable research method so as to statistically correlate
basketball rebounding ability with increased vertical
Jumping ability; to calculate said correlation for members
of a collegiate basketball team; and to discover if there
is any adaptive calcification of the tibial tuberosity when
said insertion is stressed by 1000 to 4500 poundals of

force.

Source of Data for Rebounding Study

 

SubJects for rebounding analysis. The subJects used

 

in this research phase were varsity members of the 1961—
1962, Michigan State University, basketball team. Origin-
ally six athletes were planned for the investigation——
three experimentals and three controls. However, an early
inJury to one of the experimental subJects necessitated a
substitution, which was effected by Coach Anderson.

Said substitute proved to be an excellent candidate for Mr.

22

lkede's weight training program; but the athlete did not
participate in any basketball games, and therefore, he and
his control counterpart could not be utilized in the
rebound study. The four remaining subJects were paired

by Jumping ability and playing position. Both the experi-
mental and control groups consisted of one athlete who
played the center position and another who participated at
the forward position.

The experimentals were placed on a supervised weight
training program which was designed specifically to improve
basketball vertical Jumping ability. This program was
conducted during the last half of the basketball season.
These active players, in addition to their normal practice
and competitive schedule, trained with weights four days
a week and approximately four minutes a day. For a
description of the weight training syllabus, refer to
Appendix A.

The control subJects did not lift weights; their train-
ing consisted of regular basketball practice and scheduled
games.

Experimental procedure for the rebounding analysis.
Mr. Weede's weight training program commenced on January
11, 1962 which was the first school day after the Christ-
mas vacation; consequently the basketball season was nearly
half completed with only eight weeks remaining. Because

the weight program was designed for sixteen weeks, this

23

rebounding analysis was affected by only the first half
of the over-all weight training program.

Vertical Jumping ability was determined on a weekly
basis Just prior to every Thursday practice. Each of the
experimental and control athletes would execute the Sar-
gent Jump Test three successive times, and the mean Jumping
performance was recorded as the measure of the player's
vertical Jumping ability for that week. Refer to Appendix
D, Table IV for the individual and group Jumping perform—
ances.

Rebounding ability was considered only from the
standpoint of game competition. During the eight week
period allotted to the study, this researcher analyzed
twenty-two contests of which twelve were scheduled games
and ten were officiated gamescrimmages conducted during a
scheduled practice.

Rebounding ability was determined on the basis of
work per unit of time. This was achieved by observing
the number of minutes an athlete competed in a game and the
number of clean rebounds he secured during that game.
Rebounds per minute--or work per unit of time-~was deter-
mined'uydividing the individual's rebounds (work) by the
number of minutes (time) he played. Both the experimental
and control subJects were Judged in this manner. During
the ten practice scrimmages, this researcher, by using a

stOp watch, was able to record to the nearest second, the

l
l

24

time each subJect entered and left the contest; also
recorded was the number of clean rebounds made by each
subJect. In reference to scheduled games, the individual
rebounds and the individual competitive times were obtained
from the Michigan State University, 1961-1962, varsity
basketball, statistic book. Such information was gathered
at the scouting desk by a member of the university basket-
ball staff. Refer to Appendix D, Tables v and VI for the
individual rebounds per minute master charts.

Statistical technique for the rebounding analysis.
The analysis of varianceel4 was applied to rebounds per
minute versus time, and also to vertical Jump performance
versus time; this was done with the purpose of determining
the degree of variation between individuals as well as
between groups. Rank correlation25 was applied to individ-
ual rebounds per minute versus individual vertical Jump

performance with the purpose of determining statistical

significance for each athlete.

Source Of Data for Tibial Tuberosity Study
SubJects for tibial tuberosity investigation. The

subJects for this research phase consisted of five, Michigan

 

24Helen M. Walker, and Joseph Lev, Statistical
Inference (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1953), pp. 54—60.

 

25c. w. Odell, Introduction to Educational Statistics
(New York: Prentice—Hall Inc., 1946), pp. 35-38.

State University basketball players, two from the

varsity squad and three from the freshmen team. These
players were active candidates in a supervised, sixteen
week, weight training program which was designed to improve
vertical Jumping ability. During the last eight weeks of
the basketball season, these athletes trained with weights
four days a week, Monday through Thursday; and at the
completion of their competitive season, they continued for
an additional eight weeks of training by exercising three
days a week (Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday).

One of the safety features in the training program
consisted of four distinct knee x-rays taken over a nine-
teen week period. Originally six subJects were scheduled
for this bone investigation; however, an unfortunate yet
unavoidable situation arose in that one athlete was inJured,
and his substitute had missed two of the required four
serial x—rays; consequently, said substitute could obviously
not be included in this investigation.

All subJects were right handed, and were therefore
considered right leg dominant.

The controlling factor was the amount of weight
extended during the three-quarter knee bend exercise. Each
experimental basketball player started with the same amount
of weight (105 pounds) and all progressed at the identical

rate of 5 pounds per lifting session. Instead of comparing

26

the tibial tuberosity areas of weight-lifters with those
of nonlifters, this investigator compared each subJect's
tibial tuberosity size with the amount of weight he had
handled Just prior to the day his knee was x-rayed; and
in this way the added financial burden of x-ray costs
for control subJects was eliminated.

Special equipment used in the tibial tuberosity

investigation. A homemade, x-ray, view box was constructed

 

so as to observe the knee-lateral films. This box was a
hallow wooden structure measuring fourteen inches by
nineteen inches by eight inches high; a frosted thirteen
by nine inch glass plate was inserted in a cutout on tOp;
while within and on the base were mounted two, forty-five
watt, electric light bulbs which would direct light rays
through the glass plate. Several quarter inch diameter
ventilation holes were drilled into the sides of the box,
and a small electric blower was placed within so as to counter
any excessive heat which might damage the x-ray films. An
x-ray picture was made distinguishable by placing it on the
frosted glass when the bulbs were lighted; Figure I, page
27, shows a knee—lateral film made observable by the View
box method.

Experimental procedure for the tibial tuberosity

investigation. The methodological procedure for this

 

bone analysis should be considered in four subsequent steps,

namely: (1) the taking of x-rays;(2) the selection of constant

27

 

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28

reference points on the anterior tibia; (3) the outlining
of x-rayed tibial tuberosity areas; and(4) measuring the
tibial tuberosity areas. For ease of explanation, this
phase sequence will be adhered to.

Concerning the taking of x-rays, it was advised by
Dr. James S. Feurig, M. D., Director of Michigan State
University Health Service, that an x-ray lateral view of the
knee would best distinguish the tubercle area of the tibia.
The routine technique for photographing knee-laterals was
employed whereby the x-ray tube is centered to the
cassette allowing the principal ray to be perpendicular to
the film; the patient reclines on the x-ray table in such
a manner that the outside of the leg being photographed
is pressing against the table; the knee being x-rayed is
shifted into position on the film so that the principal
ray is centered over the midpoint of that Joint; this knee
is also flexed at an.approximate 30 degree angle and its
outer side is in contact with the cassette; the Opposite leg
is acutely flexed and drawned upward and forward out the
way.26 Figures 2 and 3 on page 29 diaplay this roentgeno-
logical position. Both knees were separately x-rayed in

this manner.

 

26L. R. Sante, Manual of Roentgenological Technique
(Ann Arbor, Michigan:"‘Edwards‘BFDEHEPS'Inc. ,‘19448I,'p. '123.

 

29

 

Technique for knee lateral

Figure 2.

x-ray

 

Close-up of leg position for

knee lateral x-ray

Figure 3.

30

The target film distance was maintained at a constant
forty inches, and the same x—ray technician took all the
photos.

During a nineteen week period, each subJect had both
his knees x-rayed four times; this happened within the time
intervals of six, seven, and six weeks respectively. The
first serial of two pictures (right and left knees) was
taken Just prior to the 1961 university Christmas vacation,
which was twenty days before the commencement of the weight
training program. These photographs established the size
of the tibial tuberosity before said insertion was exposed
to the strain of a knee bend exercise executed with weights.
The second serial of x-rays was taken four weeks after the
program had begun; the athletes were then extending one
hundred and fifty pounds, for a weight increase of forty-
five pounds over the initial training session. The third
set of x—rays was photographed seven weeks later; at that
time the athletes were extending two hundred and forty-five
pounds, or one hundred and thirty—five pounds above their
initial exercise load. The fourth and final serial of knee-
laterals was taken six weeks later, i. e. immediately fol-
lowing the completion of the training program; at that time,
the trainees had progressed to a tibia extention of three
hundred and thirty-five pounds which indicated the tremen-
dous over-all weight increase of two hundred and twenty-

five pounds.

31

In order to determine the tibial tuberosity area for
an individual leg, it was necessary to select two reference
points which were constant in each series of four x-rays.
Both these points were located on the anterior crest of
the tibial shaft; one point was located on the upper end of
the tibia about one-half inch above an estimated upper
tubercle extreme, while the second point was placed approx-
imately one-half inch below a lower tubercle extreme.

Since these points were above and below the tibial tuberos-
ity, it was believed that any variation in tuberosity area
would be due to an addition or deduction of extraneous
calcium salts between said points.

Concerning the actual selection of constant reference
points, one film was chosen from either the second or
third x—ray serial for a given leg. Selection criteria
was photographic clarity. It was to this selected x-ray
that the other three serial films were individually super—
imposed, and from which the identical reference points
were established.

An example of the selection process follows. When
we desired to select constant reference points for the right
leg of subJect Chandler, we first placed the second and
third x—rays of his right leg side by side on the box viewer.
We determined that the third photograph was the better x-ray
by trial superimposition of films one, two, and four; and

therefore the third film was fastened to the glass plate of

32

the view box. We then selected and marked the two above
mentioned reference points. These markings were in the
form of an arrow point sketched in black ink on the clear
bone section of the x-ray; and it was these arrow marks
that pointed to the constant reference points which would
be utilized for the other three right leg x-rays. Leaving
film three on the viewer, film one was superimposed over it,
and the identical reference arrow points of film three were
drawn by tracing them onto film one. Removing film one,
film two was then superimposed and the same reference
points were traced onto it. Finally, this same process

was repeated for film four. The point selection technique
was then re-employed for subJect Chandler's left leg.

Because the left and right tibias of each athlete
were studied, the distance between reference points often
varied for each subJect. These reference distances always
differed between the five subJects. Such variations did
not hinder the study since this researcher was interested
only in detecting area variation for individual bones,
and therefore, each tibia established its own constant
factor.

After marking the reference points for the right and
left knee series, the tibial tuberosity area was outlined
on each x-ray. Again the View box was utilized. With the
aid of a raised ruler, the reference points were connected

by a straight line. Then the curved portion (including the

33

tuberosity) of the anterior tibia crest located between
the two points was slowly sketched so that the edge of the
ink barely touched the outer edge of the bone shadow. A
fine pen point and white ink were employed. White ink
was chosen in order that the outlined tibial tuberosity
could then be readily distinguished without the use of a
view box,

The measuring of each tuberosity area was accomplished
with an Otto Compensating Planimeter (see Figure 4 page 34).
By slowly tracing the inner edge of the inked outline with
the tracer of the planimeter, the area for each figure was
determined to the nearest ten thousandths of a square inch.
A table magnifying glass was employed to facilitate both
the tracing of the outline and the reading of the venier
divisions. Figure 5 page 34 diSplays the working arrange-
ment for x-ray film, planimeter and magnifying glass.

The outlined area of each x-ray was measured ten
separate times; the measurement deviation never exceeded,
and rarely reached, three thousands of a square inch.

The arithmetic mean of each serial's ten readings was
considered the tibial tuberosity area measurement for that
particular x-ray. This measuring process was repeated for
each of the four x-rays in both the right and left leg
series; refer to Appendix D, Table VII forthese individual

tibial tuberosity area measurements.

34

 

Otto compensating planimeter

positioned with x-ray film

Figure 4.

 

Working arrangement for x-ray
film, planimeter and magnifying glass

Figure 5.

35

The tibial tuberosity area variation for each tibia
was calculated as the largest, area measurement difference
existing within an x-ray series. Because this area vari-
ation was so minute (0.1 to 0.3 square inches), the mean
of a combined right and left tubercle area was determined
for each individual subJect, and for the entire experi-
mental group; refer to Appendix D. Table VIII for these
calculations.

Statistical technique for tibial tuberosity investi-

gation. An analysis of varience27

was employed to determine
if there was any significant difference between x-ray

pictures, as well as between individual subJects.

 

27Walker, loc. cit.

CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS OF DATA

This research presented a two phase proJect, namely:
(1)a basketball rebounding analysis; and Uz)a tibial
tuberosity area investigation. The purpose of the first
proJect was to define a reliable research method that
could statistically correlate a player's rebounding per-
formance with his increased vertical Jumping ability
which was derived through weight training. The subJects
used in the correlation were four varsity members of the
1961-1962 Michigan State University, basketball team; and
the study was conducted during the last two months of
their competitive season. Individual rebounds were placed
on a work per unit of time basis, and both the experimental
and control groups were tested on vertical Jumping ability
once per week by means of the Sargent Jump Test.

The purpose of the second research proJect was to
determine if any adaptive calcification occurred on the
tibial tuberosity because of tendon stresses of 1000 to
4500 poundals. A weight program featured the knee bend .
exercise with a load graduation of 105 to 330 pounds pro-

gressively applied over a sixteen week training period.

37

Five collegiate basketball players participated in the
program, and their knees were exposed to a series of four
x-rays spaced throughout nineteen weeks. Individual x-ray

serials were compared for calcium deposits.

Analysis of Rebounding Data

 

The statistics employed in this study were twofold;
namely: the analysis of variance and the rank correlation.
The application of these statistical methods will be dis-
cussed separately.

The analysis of variance was applied to both vertical
Jumping ability and rebounding performance. The data used
for these computations were all of the individual, weekly
vertical Jump performances and all of the weekly means for
individual rebounds per minute. In addition to the group
comparison, the variances which were attributable both to
the differences in individuals and to the changes in per-
formance throughout the eight week testing period, were
computed. Figure 6 displays the group mean score of
vertical Jump performance for each week of this eight week
study, and Figure 7, page 39, graphs the group mean scores
for rebounds per minute. Table I, page 40, shows conclusive
evidence that the experimental group advanced a great deal
more in vertical Jumping ability than did the control group;
while Table II page 40, displays that the same experimental
subJects as a group did not advance in rebounding ability

during the first eight weeks of their weight training.

38

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TABLE I

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE RESULTS:
----- VERTICAL JUMPING PERFORMANCE

 

SS DF M. S. . F.
Total 248.29 31 8.01 '
Groups 8.40 1 8.4 13.0**
Individuals 202.95 3 67.65 10,5**
Tests 24.07 7 3.44 5,3*.
Error 12.87 20 .644 -

 

**p = .01 *p = .05

TABLE II

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE RESULTS:
REBOUNDING PERFORMANCE

m

 

SS DF M. S. F
Total 0.357 31 0.012
Groups .003 l .003 1.214
Individuals .015 3 ..005 .357
Tests .061 7 .008 .571
Error .278 20 .014

 

**p = .01 *p = .05

Note: None of the F values in Table II are significant at
the .05 level of confidence.

41

The other statistic of rank correlation was applied
to Jumping and rebounding performances. Again the data
used were weekly Jump scores and mean weekly rebounding
performances. The relationship between vertical Jump
performance and rebounding ability was computed for each in-
dividual and for the group. Figures 8, 9, 10, and 11 pages
42-43 graph for each subJect, the relationship between his
individual rebounding scores and his vertical Jump scores
attained throughout the eight week period of this study.
Tables IX, X, XI, and KUIin Appendix E, exhibit conclusive
evidence that there was no significant correlation between
a subJect's Jumping ability and his competitive rebounding

performance.

Results of Rebounding Data

 

The results of the analysis of variance may be seen in
Tables I and II. The following material is an explanatory
synthesis of the various parts of said Tables:

1. Groups. The over—all differences between groups
in Jumping performances was significant at the .01 level,
but there was no significant difference between these same
groups in rebounding ability.

2. Individuals. The response of individuals to the

 

eight week training program diSplayed a significant differ-
ence at the .01 level, however, the rebounding performance

for these same subJects was nonsignificant.

42

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3. Egggp, The test results showed that there were
significant differences between testing periods at the .05
level indicating significant improvement in all subJects;
weekly rebounding displayed no significant differences.

As evidenced by Tables IX, X, XI, and XII, the cor-
relation of rebounds per minute and vertical Jump increase
showed no statistical significance for individuals. The
experimental subJects had individual correlation coeffici-
ents of zero and minus .05, while the control subJects had
coefficients of minus .23 and plus .25; all these figures
are extremely low. The geometric mean of average individual
correlation was .017 which again was not statistically

significant.

Analysis of Tibial Tuberosity Data

 

The statistic employed in this x-ray study was the
analysis of variance. The data used were the mean area
variations for the combined right and left tuberosities of
each individual subJect. The items computed were the area
changes effected during the nineteen week investigation and
also the variance attributable to differences in individuals.
Figure 12 page 45, graphs the individual means of the combined
right and left tuberosity areas for each x-ray serial and the
amount of weight extended by that individual one day prior to
his x-ray. Figure 13 page 45 shows the group mean area
variations for the combined right and left tuberosities.

Table III page 46, renders conclusive evidence that the

45

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46

tuberosities had not undergone permanent change in area

size during the period of weight training.

Results of Tibial Tuberosity Data

 

The results of this analysis of variance may be seen
in Table III. The following material is an explanation of
the various parts:

1. Tgppp, There were no significant differences of
tibial tuberosity areas found within the four individual
serials of x-rays.

2. Individuals. The tibial tuberosity areas sig-

 

nificantly differed between individual subJects throughout
the entire nineteen week period. This was expected since

the individuals were different-

TABLE III

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE RESULTS: TIBIAL
TUBEROSITY AREA VARIATION

 

 

SS DF M. S. F
Total 0.2047 19 0.0108
Individuals 0.1612 4 0.0403 ll.l944**
Tests 0.0000 3 0.0000 0.0000.
Error 0.0435 12 0.0036

 

**p = .01

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summarygof Research

 

This research possessed a threefold purpose, namely
(1) to establish a reliable and workable method to
correlate competitive basketball rebounding ability with
the improvement of vertical Jumping ability derived from
progressive weight training; (2) to determine the
correlation between vertical Jumping improvement and com-
petitive, basketball rebounding performance exhibited
during the last eight weeks of a collegiate Big Ten,
basketball season; and (3) to determine if there is any
adaptive area change due to calcification at the tibial
tuberosity when said point of insertion is exposed to
the stresses of progressive weight training.

In the rebounding study, four Michingan State
University, varsity basketball players--two centers and
two forwards--were used as subJects. Two of these
athletes, one from each mentioned position, were experi-
mental candidates in a weight training program; the othe
two athletes were controls . The training program was

designed to increase vertical Jumping ability, and it

48

was conducted four days per week during the latter half
of the basketball season. On Thursday of each week, both
the experimental and control subJects were given the
Sargent Jump Test. Their competitive rebounds were Judged
on a work per unit of time basis. During twenty—two
basketball contests—-twelve scheduled games and ten
officiated scrimmages-—both the number of clean rebounds
secured and the amount of time played were recorded for
all subJects. Each subJect's weekly mean of rebounds per
minute was compared with his weekly Jumping ability; and
these data were analyzed by rank correlation. The
analysis of variance was applied both to the group means
of weekly Jumping ability and weekly rebounding performance.
In the tibial tuberosity investigation, five
Michigan State University basketball players--two from
the variety and three from the freshmen team-—were used
as experimental subJects. These athletes were on a
progressive weight training program which
was conducted four days per week during the basketball
season, and three days per week thereafter for a total
of sixteen training weeks. Instead of control subJects,
the controlling factor was the progression of weight
handled in the three-quarter knee bend exercise. During
the training program, each subJect had both knees x-rayed
at four different times; the knee lateral view was

utilized. To limit the tibial tuberosity area for each

49

leg, two constant limiting points were used for a subJect's
series of four knee x-rays. These common reference points
were located on the anterior crest of the tibia and were
situated approximately a half inch above and below the
tuberosity. The area between these limiting points was
measured with a compensating planimeter, which featured a
venier unit range of ten thousandths of a square inch. The
variation of tuberosity area was determined by comparing
the four x-rays within the same series, and because a sub—
Ject's ubercle area variation was so minute, the group mean
was determined for an individual‘s combined right and left
tuberosity areas. These data were statistically analyzed

with the analysis of variance.

Conclusions for the Reboundinngnalysis

SubJect to the usual limitations of sample and type
of training program, the following conclusions may be drawn:
(1) the improvement of vertical Jumping ability and com-
petitive rebounding ability can be statistically correlated
when the weight training program is conducted during the
basketball season, and when the competitive rebounds are
considered on a work per unit of time basis; (2) in this
study there was no statistical correlation between vertical
Jumping improvement and competitive rebounding performance
exhibited during the last eight weeks of a collegiate basket—
ball season. However, it should be noted that when this

study was conducted, the subJects were active players on the

50

second highest rebounding team in.the Big Ten Conference

during the 1961-1962 basketball season.

Conclusion for the Tibial Tuberosity Investigation

SubJect to the usual limitations of sample and type of
methodology, the following conclusion seems Justifible:
there was no calcifiably, distinguishable area change at the
tibial tuberosity when said insertion was subJect to a six-
teen week, weight training program which featured a gradual
progression of stresses ranging from 1000 to over 4500

poundals.

Research Recommendations

 

Upon conclusion of this study, it is recommended that
some thought be given to the following problems:

1. An extensive statistical correlation should be made
between improved vertical Jumping ability and competitive re-
bounding performance. Six to eight subJects should be used
and the supervised, progressive weight training program should
commence four weeks preseason and continue throughout the
entire competitive season. Weight progression should be in the
amount of five pounds and a four or more series of knee
x—rays is mandatory.

2. It is strongly suggested that further study--roent—
genography, surgery, and clinical observation-—be conducted to
determine the effect of stressful leg exercise to the tibial
tuberosity. Because this insertion is capable of withstanding
a phenominal degree of stress, a longitudinal adaptive effect

of exercise may be discovered.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

Jung, Frederic T. Anatomy and Physiology. Philadelphia:
F. A. Davis Company, 1955.

McLean, F. C., and M. R. Urist. Bone. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1955.

 

Millard, Nellie D. Human Anatomy and Physiolo .
Philadelphia: W. B. Sanders Company, 19 .

 

Murray, James and Peter Karpovich. Weight Training in
Athletics. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-
Hall Company, Inc., 1961.

 

 

Odell, C. W. An Introduction to Educational Statistics.
New York: Prentice-Hall Company, Inc., 1946.

 

Sante, L. R. Manual of Roentgenologgcal Technique. Ann

Arfigr, Michigan: Edwards Brothers Company, Inc.,
19 .

 

Stein, 1., R. O. Stein, and M. L. Beller. LivingBone
in Health and Disease. Philadelphia: J. B.
Lippincott Company, 1955.

 

 

Walker, Helen M., and Joseph Lev. Statistical Inference.
New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1953.

 

PERIODICAL ARTICLES

Baetzner, W. "Uber Sportschaden am Bewegunsapparat,"
Medizinische Klinik (Berlin), XXIII (February,

1927). pp. 173-76.

Burnham, S. "DevelOp Your Rebounders with Weight Training,"
Scholastic Coach, XXX (December, 1960), pp. 16-26.

 

 

Fell, H. B., and R. Robinson. "The Development of the
Calcifying Mechanism in Avian Cartila e and Osteoid
Tissue "Biochemical Journal, XXVIII %April, 1934)
pp. 22A3-2253.

 

53

Francis, 0. C. "The appearance of Centers of Ossification
from Six to Fifteen Years," American Journal of
Physical Anthr0pology, XXVII (January, 1940),
pp;_l27-138}‘I

 

Friend, John. "Rebounding ABC's," Scholastic Coach,
XXXT (November, 1961), pp. 28-30.

 

Haines, R. W. "Note on the Independence of Sesamoid and
Epiphysial Centers of Ossification," Journal
of Anatomy (London), LXXV. '

 

Heiss, F. "Rontgenologische Gelenkuntersuchugen an
Olympiakampfern," Klinische Wochenschrift, VIII
(April, 1929), pp. 648-5I. '—

 

. "Ueber Einige Veranderungen im Sprunggelenk bei
Sportslenten, Deutsche Medizine Wochenschift
(Stuttgart), LVII (December, 1931), pp. 2138-2139.

"Improve Jumping Ability Eight Inches in Training,"
Sports College News, III (October, 1955), pp. 4-5.
Knoll, W. "Ellenbogenbefunde Bei Hevorragenden Tennissielern,"
Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (Stuttgart),
LVIIIP(January, 1932), pp. 84-86.

. "Sportschaden und Sportverletzungen," Schweizerische
Medizinische Wochenschrift, LXI (September, 1931),
PP- 905-912.

Lewis, 0. J. "The Tubercle of the Tibia," Journal of
Anatomy (London), XCII, No. 4 (October, 1958),

Pp. 587-92.

McLean, F. C., and W. Bloom "Calcification and Ossification.
Calcification in Normal Growing Bone,” Anatomical
Record, LXXXVIII (March, 1940), pp. 333-360.

 

 

 

, and A. M. Budy. "Connective and Supporting Tissues:
““"Bone," Annual Review of Physiology, XXI (1959),

pp. 69-90.

O'Connor, R., and F. D. Sills. "Heavy Resistance Exercise
for Basketball Players," Athletic Journal, XXXVI
(June, 1956), pp. 6-8.

 

 

Steinhaus, Arthur H. "Chronic Effects of Exercise,"
Physiological Reviews, (January, 1933), pp. 103-47.

 

54

Steitz, Edward S. "Increase the Explosive Power of Your '
Athletes," Athletic Journal, LIX (February, 1959),

p. 18.

 

Weidmann, S. M. "Review of Modern Concepts on Ca1cification,’
Archives of Oral Biology (London), I (January,
1960), pp. 259‘640

Wickstrom, R. L. "Post Season Weight Training for Basket-
ball Players," Athletic Journal, LIX (April, 1959),

p. 38.

 

UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL

Weede, Thomas D. "The Effect of a Controlled Weight
Program on the Vertical Jump." Unpublished Master's
Thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing,
Michigan, 1962.

APPENDIX A

A DESCRIPTION OF MR. WEEDE'S PROGRESSIVE
WEIGHT TRAINING PROGRAM

The weight lifting exercises in this program were
those which stressed, through the overload principle,
the primary mover muscles used in basketball Jumping.
There were three exercises employed, namely: (1) the
three-quarter knee bend stressing the quadriceps femoris;
(2) the heel raise emphasizing the gastronemius; and
(3) the arm thrust stressing the deltoid and pectoral
muscles.

The three-quarter squat and heel raise exercises
were initiated with a load of one hundred five pounds
for every subJect. This was approximately one-half of
each individual's body weight. The weight was increased
by five pounds each training period, and the final mean
load was three hundred and thirty pounds. The arm
thrust exercise was started with ten pound dumbells held
in each hand, and the weight progressed six times by two
and one-half pounds for a final arm thrust load of twenty-
five pounds.

The over-all length of the program was sixteen weeks.
The subJects trained four days a week, Monday through
Thursday, during the last two months of their collegiate

basketball season, and three days thereafter (Monday,

57

Tuesday, and Wednesday). A training session consisted
of two sets of six repetitions for each exercise. A
subJect's average "workout" time was four minutes, and
this training COuld be done in street clothes.

On the last training day of each week, the athletes
were tested in vertical Jumping ability. Each subJect
executed the Sargent Jump three successive times, and
a mean score was recorded as his week's Jumping performance.
At the termination of the program, all experimental
athletes increased their vertical Jumping ability by
over five inches with the range of tabulation being
between five and one-quarter to seven inches gained; this
was statistically significant at the .05 level of

confidence.

APPENDIX B

DETERMINING THE AMOUNT OF STRESS SUSTAINED
AT THE TIBIAL TUBEROSITY

Textbook anatomy states that the quadriceps femoris,
which form insertion to the tibia by way of the liga-
mentum patellae at the tibial tuberosity, constitute the
maJor extensor muscles Of the leg,28 and that for the
average male adult, the angle Of attachment formed by the
patella ligament and the tibial tuberosity varies between
ten and fifteen degrees.2

Because the femur, knee Joint and tibia establish a
third class lever system, the amount of force sustained
at the tibial tuberosity varies with individuals according
to tibia length and the size of attachment angle.
Nevertheless, one can Obtain an understanding of the
stress intensity experienced at the tibial tuberosity by
using the set of mean figures which were acquired from
experimental subJects during the 1961-1962 Michigan State

University, varsity basketball season. With this in mind

 

28Frederic T. Jung, Anatomy and Physiology
(Philadelphia: F. A. Davis 00., 1955l, p. 183.

29Nellie D. Millard, Human Anatomy and Physiology
(Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1951), pp. 105 and 173.

 

 

60

I

imagine the "average' collegiate basketball player
sitting on the edge of a table and completely extending
a one hundred pound weight which is fastened to his right
foot; assume further that the angle of insertion for his
patella ligament into the tibial tuberosity is three
inches, and that the length of the tibia is twenty inches-
The problem to be resolved is: how much force is exerted
at the athlete's right tibial tuberosity during the act
of extension.

By using the formula FORCE times FORCE ARM equals
LOAD times LOAD ARM (Fa=Lb), one first determines the

amount of force required to extend one hundred pounds at

the Optimal level angel of ninety degrees (90°):

LOAD (L). . . . . . . . 100 pounds

LOAD ARM Eb). . . . . . 20 inches

LOAD ARM a . . . . . . 3 inches

FORCE . . . . . . . . . unknown

Fa = Lb

F3 = 100 x 20

F = 2000 f 3

F = 666 + poundals required to extend 100 lbs.

at a 90° attachment angle.
By employing the Pythagorean theorem, the force sustained
at the player's fifteen degree (15°) angle attachment can

now be calculated:

sin 0 = a E c
sin 15°= 666 r c
.2588 = 666 + c
c = 2575 poundals required to extend 100 lbs.

at a 150 attachment angle.

61

This 2575 poundals is the amount Of force sustained
by the above "average" collegiate basketball player when
the quadriceps femoris of one Of his legs perform all the
work of extending a one hundred pound resistance. If
the one hundred weight were fastened evenly between both
feet, thereby requiring the two tibias to extend
simultaneously, then both quadriceps femoris would share
approximately half the work of extension, and therefore
each tibial tuberosity would sustain half of 2575 poundals
or about 1787 poundals of force. When both legs equally
extend three hundred pounds of weight, then it follows
that the amount of stress supported at both tibial tuber-
osities would be 1787 poundals threefold, or approximately
5360 poundals of force. Since the athletes in Mr. Weede's
weight training program performed knee bends with three
hundred and thirty pounds resting evenly on their
shoulders, then each tibial tuberosity area was sustaining

a stress well over five thousand poundals.

APPENDIX C

63

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70

TABLE VII

INDIVIDUAL TIBIAL TUBEROSITY AREA MEASUREMENTS

 

RIGHT TUBEROSITY AREAS

 

Subject X-ray #1 X-ray‘#2 X-ray #3 X-ray #4

 

Vanderjagt .519 sq. in. 370 sq.in. 527 sq. in 595 sq.in.

Floberg .464 .432 44 5 .501
Lytle .269 .321.297 .342
Thomann .112 .103 .061 .081
Chandler .154 .139 .105 .133
Mean .3036 sq.1n..2730 sq.1n..2870 sq.1n..3304 sq.in.

 

LEFT TUBEROSITY AREAS

Subject X-ray #1 X—ray #2 x—ray #3 X-ray #4

 

Vanderjagt.113 sq.in .124 sq.1n .137 sq.1n. .152 sq.in.

Floberg .295 .305 .341 .278
Lytle .201 .254 .201 .200
Thomann .136 .215 .144 .065
Chandler .203 .260 .272 .222

Mean .1896 sq.in..2316 sq.in..2190 sq.in..1836 sq.in.

 

TABLE VIII

71

MEAN MEASUREMENTS FOR BOTH INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP
COMBINED RIGHT-LEFT TIBIAL TUBEROSITY AREAS

 

 

Subject X-ray #1 X-ray #2 X-ray‘#3 X-ray #4
VanderJagt .3160 sq.1n..2470 sq.in..3320 sq.1n..3735 sq.1n.
Floberg .3795 .3685 .3930 .3895

Lytle .2350 .2875 .2395 .2710
Thomann .1240 .1590 .1025 .0730
Chandler .1785 .3780 .1885 .1775

Group Mean

.2466 sq.in..2880 sq.in..2511 sq.

in..2569 sq.in.

 

APPENDIX E

73

TABLE IX

RANK CORRELATION FOR EXPERIMENTAL SUBJECT CHANDLER:
VERTICAL JUMPING VERSUS COMPETITIVE REBOUNDING

W

 

 

Rebounds Rank‘ Rank
Per Vertical 0f 0f 2
Minute Jumps Rebounds Jumps Differences Difference
0.18 22.5 inches 5 7 -2 4
.26 23.5 3 5 -2 4
.16 23.0 6 6 0 0
.15, 27.2 7 1 6 36
.31 24.8 2 4 -2 4
L20 26.2 4 2 2 fi
.37 25. l 3 -2
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74

TABLE X

RANK 0F CORREALTION FOR EXPERIMENTAL SUBJECT THOMANN:
VERTICAL JUMPING VERSUS COMPETITIVE REBOUNDING

 

 

 

 

 

Rebounds Rank Rank
Per Vertical 0f 0f 2
Minute Jumps Rebounds Jumps Difference Difference
0.37 21.5 inches 2 8 -6 36
.30 21.8 3 7 -4 16
.28 22.5 4.5 4.5 0 0
.24 22.3 8 6 2 4
.25 22.8 7 3 4 16
.27 22.9 6 2 4 16
.4g 23.6 4 4 0 0
.2 22.5 .5 .5 0 O
55' 88 (5.132)
+10
p==1--6£D2
N(N2-1)
p = 1 — 6X88
8 (54-1) = l - 528 = 1-1.0476
p - —.048 therefore r = -.05

 

75

TABLE XI

RANK CORRELATION FOR CONTROL SUBJECT BERRY:
VERTICAL JUMPING VERSUS COMPETITIVE REBOUNDING

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rebounds Vertical Rank Rank
Per Jumps of of 2
Minute (inches) Rebounds Jumps Difference Difference
0.14 24.8 7 7.5 -0.5 0.25
.23 25.8 4 5.5 -1.5 2.25
.39 24.8 2.5 7.5 -5 25
.18 26.4 6 2 4 16
.39 25.8 2.5 5.5 -3 9
.41 26.1 1 4 -3 9
.19 27.9 5 1 4 16
.12 26.2 8 3 5 25
-13 102.5(£D2)
+13
2
p = 1 _ 6.2 D
N (N2 - 1)
p = 1 - 6 X 102°5 = 1 -.§12 e. 1-1.22
8 (64-1) 504
p = -.22 therefore r = -.23

 

76

TABLE XII

RANK CORRELATION FOR CONTROL SUBJECT WILLIAMS:
VERTICAL JUMPING VERSUS COMPETITIVE REBOUNDING

 

 

 

Rebounds Vertical Rank Rank
Per Jumps 0f 0f
Minute (inches) Rebounds Jumps Difference Difference2

 

 

0.12 18.5 7 6 1 1

.44 18.5 1 6 -5 25

.18 18.5 5.5 6 -0 5 0.25

.27 20.1 3 2 1 1

.19 20.8 4 l 3

.23 19.3 2 3.5 -1.5 $.25

.1 19. 5.5 3.5 2 ‘
-7 7l"“"2.5 (£132)
+7

 

p=1-6£D2
N(N2-1)

 

p = 1 — 6X42.5 = 1 - 255 = 1-,7589

7(49—1) 336

+.24l therefore r = +.252

'0
ll

 

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