W l ‘i l‘ I I 131 868 HTHS ‘3. SHESTICAL STUDY CF WOMEN ENGAGED EN PROFESSONAL SERVICE THESIS 3'03 THE DEGREE OF M. A. Pae Tsi Yuan 1930 I" ““9." .\ w ‘ . 1 ‘ '-H.v'&. 1 *3e .V,“‘ 0.“ Va. C . Sb}, 1 5'. 5,‘ an :55- ',- I. .I . "' 3"? 1 rx’rITK-tt'; LE NIVERSITY LIBRARIES ,. Y";4 '99 {(9, (-7; I .1 ‘3— “1‘11 1‘.“ “1' “' H 31293 013943 ’J/LA'Q; a “ ‘l‘ . . 40" PM“ ilk; vamp fl . 1‘ .11 . mu, - .. r s . N. .. ... a r . .314. 1.93.1. . .r . ¥ . “a‘ v I v u .n. :1 \I c .. .. a. ‘. u ... . .4 .. ..u. 4 1 I .. . . w. .fi)! LB). 13. _ 0 . . ~ I . . I . . _ I. b u. . t... . . ~ L..- ,, ...(30. .. 3-. . o . . L. n .... . .u. . U . u .5.» - -.. L .. . ... . . .....f P . . .. .H - . . Li. ...... . . .y.»..\.. u.v ». .. .¢ . .. .. . NW; .. . v.n r: - . '2' .. .. .. .n a . . . n... ...... . \. ..w . ., 1W...“ . . 3g... .. .. ..\....\.. ”km... 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I. . .v u . .1 . . .. . ¢ . .- 1 . .. . .. . . . . . , . . i . .. .. . . . . . .. . . -.. .. . . - - .\ . . . - .. ...q i} . . . . . . . . .... _. . y , V . . .. .. . -. -é $.95 HIV IWVanM . . .. c n t .. ... .15 x 3. -.. a ...u .. v v ‘. Arlm‘k.. ”... .0 . ....vlov \ . ”I. .g ,V. .o. numtuflullu .\ k OUTSIDE OF THE BIG CITIES WHO WERE ENGAGED IN EACH SPECIFIED PROFESSION: 1920 : : :Outiide o? : :In the :the Big Profession : Total :31 Cities :Cities TotaI PemaIe Population : , 4 , : . , : . . A11 Occupations : 8,202,901: 3,191,006: 5,011,895 Professional Service : 1,015,012: 321,424: 693,588 Teachers (School) : 635,207: 143,961: 491,246 Trained Nurses : 143,664: 65,328: 78,336 Musicians and Teachers of : : : music : 72,431: 27,881: 44,550 Religious, Charity and : : y : Welfare Workers : 26,927: 14,873: 12,054 Artiste, Sculptors and : : : Teachers of Art : 14,566: 8,939: 5,627 Librarians : 13,502: 5,610: 7,892 Actresses : 13,114: (7) 10.254: 2,860 College Presidents and : : : Professors : 10,075: 2,268: 7,807 Per Cent Distribution TotaI FemaIe Papulation : . : 23.5 : 71.; : : : A11 Occupations : 100.0 : 38.9 : 61.1 Professional Service : 100.0 : 31.7 : 68.3 Teachers (School) : 100.0 : 22.3 : 77.7 Trained Nurses : 100.0 : 45.5 : 54.5 Musicians and Teachers of : : : Music : 100.0 : 38.5 : 51.5 Religious, Charity and : : : Welfare Workers : 100.0 : 55.2 : 44.8 Artists, Sculptors and : : : Teachers of Art : 100.0 : 51.2 : 38.8 Librarians : 100.0 : 41.5 : 58.5 Actresses : ‘lO0.0 : 78.2 : 21.8 College Presidents and : : : Professors : 100.0 : 22.5 : 77.5 (7) The number of actresses 16 years of age and over in the big cities is not explicitly given in the Census. In 1920 there were 10,898 actresses and.show-women 16 years of age and over in the big cities and 10,983 actresses and show-women 10 years of age and over in the big cities. The difference of these two numbers, 85, gives the number of actresses and show-women between 10 and 15 years of age. But since in 1920 there were only 11 show-women between 10 and 15 years of age, it may be assumed 51th but very little error that there were 85 actresses of this age period in the big cities. Subtracting 85 from 10,339 which is the number of actresses 10 years of age and over in the big cities we obtain 10,254, the total number of actresses 16 years of age and over in the big cities. -11- Census. The conventional classification of "urban and rural districts" is not followed in this study simply because it is not used in the Census of occupations. There were sixty-eight big cities in 1920. About 28.6 per cent of the 34,241,749 female population 16 years of ag and over resided in them. So the female population outside of the big cities was much larger than that in the big cities. Approximately 61.1 per cent of all gainfully employed women and 68.3 per cent of all professional women were outside of the big cities (Table .11). However, this was not true for all professions. Nearly 78.2 per cent of the actresses, 61.2 per cent of the artists, sculptors and teachers of art, and 55.2 per cent of the religious, charity and welfare workers were in the big cities. School teachers, college presidents and professors had rather low percentages in the big cities, 22.3 and 22.5 per cent respectively. TABLE III. NUNBER PER 1,000 WOMEN IN AND OUTSIDE OF THE BIG CITIES ENGAGED IN EACH SPECIFIED PROFESSION: 1920 : :Ti the :Outside the Profession :Total :Big_Cities :Big Cities : : : All Occupations : 239.6 : 325.5 : 205.1 Professional Service : 29.6 : 32.8 : 28.4 Teachers (School) : 18.6 : 14.7 : 20.1 Trained Nurses : 4.2 : 6.7 : 3.2 Musicians and Teachers of : : : Music : 2.1 : 2.8 a 1.8 Religious, Charity and Wel- : : : Care Workers : .8 : 1.5 : .5 Artists, Sculptors and : : : Teachers Of Art 3 e4 3 e9 3 e2 Librarians : .4 : .6 z .3 Actresses : .4 : 1.0 : .1 College Presidents and : : : Professors : .3 : .2 : .3 -12- Without taking the total female pepulation into consider- ation, the statements made in the last paragraph are rather misleading. While the per cent of professional women was com- paratively smaller in the big cities than outside of them, women in the big cities were engaged in professional service to a greater extent than those outside of them. In 1920, the chances were 32.8 out of 1,000 that a woman in the big cities was engaged in professional service (Table III). For a woman outside of the big cities, the chances were 28.4 out of 1,000 that she was engaged in professional service. But again the eight major professions for women vary in this respect. There were more school teachers, and college presidents and professors per 1,000 total female population outside of the big cities than in the big cities. on the other hand, there were about ten times as many actresses per 1,000 females in the big cities as outside of them. This differential char- acter is probably due to the difference in the intensity of demand for, and the ability of support of, several professions between the big cities and the areas outside of the big cities. Nativity and Race of Women in Professional_Service 3he classification of nativities and races in this thesis follows that of the Census, and hence the word "race" is not used in its anthropological sense. Professional service was mainly an occupation of the native white of native parentage who made up about 64.5 per cent of all professional women. Only 3.8 per cent of them were negro women (Table IV). -13- H. H. H. 6) CH [O 5) mm 533 men meo.ma ase.sm Hmnpo HHE a) to CC kDriri r4 . 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H Hialy MI All? -14- The number per 1,000 women of each race engaged in pro- fessional service in 1920 is given in Table 7. It is interest- ing to note that native white women of native parentage and native white women of foreign or mixed parentage were engaged in professional service to about the same extent, And also foreign born white females and negro women had about the same number per 1,000 of their respective totals engaged in pro- fessional service. However, there were about twice as many per 1,000 negro women as foreign born white women who were school teachers. And the number of trained nurses was nearly five times greater for foreign born white females than among negro women in comparison with the size of the female popu- lation of each race. TABLE V. NUIBER PER 1,000 WOMEN, BY NATIVETY AND RACE, ENGAGED IN EACH SPECIFIED PROFESSION: 1920 SHEEPFINafihe: 8Wh1303Wh1308 :of :01 : :Nan :Pcr- : O. O. .0 O. O. O. o. .0 so .0 so :tive :dguor:For- :Par- :Mixeduign : :ent- meant-:3 orn : :All Profession Total: age :age :Whiteafiegro:0thers : 239. 6: 200. 1: 292. 2:187. 8:436. 6:155. 9 29. 6: 56.4: 35.8. 12.0:11.8. 5. 6 18.6: 23.7: 22.0: 4.4: 8.8: 3.0 ‘.23 4.5: 5.5: aeVi e6: 1.0 All Occupations Professional ServiCe Teachers (School) Trained Nurses .0 me go we as so as as .0 me as .0 00 so we '0. O. 90 .0 O. 00 .0 .0 Musicians and Teachers of : : : : : Music 2.1: 2.6: 2.7: .7: 1.0: .4 Religious, Charity and : : : : : Welfare Workers .8: .8: .9: .8: .2: .2 Artists, Sculptors and : : : : : Teachers of Art .4: .5: .5: .2: * : .1 Librarians .4: .5: .4: .1: * : .1 Actresses .4: .4: .5: .3: .2: .2 College Presidents and : : : : : Professors .3: .4: l2: .1: .1: * "‘L§Es than .I -15- When the extent to which women of each race were engaged in professional service is examined in relation to the extent to which women of each race were engaged in all gainful occu- pations, a striking fact is brought out. While negro women, as shown above, were not engaged in professional service to an extent nearly as great as native white women, 436.6 per 1,000 of them were engaged in all gainful occupations. 0n the other hand, female native white of native parentage, the leading professional women, had only 200.1 per 1,000 engaged in all gainful occupations. What are the social factors which tend to create this situation? A Census report entitled "Statistics of Women at Work”, prepared under the supervision of Dr. Joseph A. Hill in 1907, suggests the economic status of different races as a possible explanaticntn a similar condition in 1900. The report states: "It would be expected that, in so far as economic status is the determining factor, the percentage of breadwinners (all gainfully employed women) would be greatest among negro wonn and least among native white women of native parentage; and this is shown to be the case'.‘8) Although in 1920 the number per 1,000 native white women of native parentage engaged in all gainful occupations was slightly larger than the number per 1,000 foreign born white women, this explanation may be amply Justified. If this being the case, the economic status apparently did not operate on professional women in the same (8) Hill, J. A. - Statistics of Women at Work, a Census re- port, page 10. -16- manner and to the same degree as on all gainfully employed women. It is suggested that professional service usually requires persons of greater skills and hence better training than all occupations as a whole, and also that the success of the former depends more on social standing and personal prestige. In these respects, naturally, female native white of native parentage had advantages over all other races. Being handicapped socially and economically as a class, negro women naturally could not occupy as prominent a place in pro- fessional service as they did in all occupations as a whole. Marital Condition of Women in Professional Service Of all women 16 years of age and over in 1920, 21,306,099 or 62.2 per cent were married. 37.8 per cent of them were either single, widowed or divorced. Since the Fourteenth Census classifies women engaged in any occupation only in two conjugal classes, namely, the married and the unmarried, it is hardly possible to observe the three unmarried classes separately. It is believed, however, that the great majority of the gainfully employed unmarried women must be single and the data for unmarried women mainly reflect the condition of (10) single women engaged in gainful occupations . (9) The unmarried class also includes women of unknown marital status. (10) This is undoubtedly the case. The special report on occu- pations at the Twelfth Census classifies females in four conjugal classes, namely: the single (including unknown), the married, the widowed and the divorced. Of all gainfully em- ployed women 10 years of age and over, 68.2 per cent were single 14.5 per cent married, 16.1 per cent widowed and 1.2 per cent -17- In 1920 only 12.2 per cent of all professional women were married (Table VI). This is a lower percentage than that for all gainfully occupied women, which was 23.4. For some pro- fessions like trained nurses, librarians and school teachers, the corresponding percentage was still lower. Comparatively, a larger proportion of actresses was married. TABLE VI. NUMBER AND PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF 'JONEN ENGHE ED IN EACH SPECIFIED PROFESSION BY MARITAL CONDITION: 1920 Piofession IUEEarried 08 OHIO :lfarri ed cpu athn A ' IF 0 ‘ ' C O : A11 Occupations 8,202,901: 1,920,281: 6,282,620 Professional Service : 1,015,012: 123,578: 891,434 Teachers (School) : 635,207: 61,483: 573,724 Trained Nurses : 143,664: 10,706: 132,958 lesicians and Teachers of : : : Music : 72,431: 17,830: 54,601 Religious, Charity and Wel- : 26,927: 2,995: 235932 fare Workers : : : Artists, Sculptors and : : : Teachers of Art : 14,566: 2,880: 11,686 Librarians : 13,502: 1,000: 12,502 Actresses : 13,114: 5,217: 7,897 College Presidents and Pro- : : : fessors : 10,075: 1,140: 8,935 Per Cent Distribution TotaI PemEIe Pcpulation : IO0.0 : 62.2 : 57.5 All Occupations : 100.0 : 23.4 : 76.6 Professional Service : 100.0 : 12.2 : 87.8 Teachers (School) : 100.0 : 9.7 : 90.3 Trained Nurses : 100.0 : 7.5 : 92. Musicians and Teachers of : : : Music : 100.0 : 24.6 : 75.4 Religious, Charity and Wel- : 100.0 : 11.1 : 88.9 fare Workers : : : Artists, Sculptors and : : : Teachers of Art : 100.0 : 16.8 : 83.2 Librarians : 100.0. : 7.4 : 92.6 Actresses : 100.0 : 39.8 : 60.2 College Presidents and Pro- : : : fessors : 100.0 : 11.3 88.7 00“ -13- With reference to the female pcpulation of each marital class, the contrast between the married and the unmarried is even greater. 5.8 per 1,000 married women and 68.9 per 1,000 unmarried women were engaged in professional service (Table VII). But the number per 1,000 unmarried women engaged in all gainful occupations was only five times greater than the number per 1,000 married women. 90.1 out of every 1,000 married women and 485.7 out of every 1,000 unmarried women were gain- fully employed. TABLE VII. NUNBER PER 1,000 WOMEN, BY MARITAL CONDITION, EN- GAGED IN EACH SPECIFIED PROFESSION: 1920 ~ Pfofession :TUTEI :Harried :UnmarrIed : : : All Occupations : 239.6 : 90.1 : 485.7 Professional Service : 29.6 : 5.8 : 68.9 Teachers (School) : 18.6 : 2.9 : 44.5 Trained Nurses : 4.2 : .5 : 10.3 Musicians and Teahhers of Music : 2.1 : .8 : 4.2 Religious, Charity and Welfare : : : Workers : .8 : .1 : 1.9 Artists, Sculptors, and Teachers : : : of Art : .4 : .1 : .9 Librarians : .4 : * : 1.0 Actresses 1 .4 : .2 : .6 College Presidents and Professors: .3 : .1 i .7 : : : I"Iieesfithan :I In this connection some speculations may be made to ex- plain the relationships between marriage and professional service. It is held that a woman usually discontinues her (10) Continued from page 16 divorced, in 1900. Also for eleven selected cities, the data of 1920 are classified in greater detail. Of 373,204 gainfully occupied women in these 11 cities, 60.1 per cent were single; 22.9 per cent married; and 16.9 per cent widowed or divorced. -19- pursuit after her marriage, either because she does not choose to or does not need to, or because conditions do not permit her to engage in a gainful occupation. That is why the pro- portion of mnmarried women engaged in all gainful pursuits as well as in professional service is larger than that of married women. But what accounts for the fact that this difference between these two connugal classes was greater for professional service than for occupations as a whole? One reason may be that professional women are more immune from economic pressure than other gainfully employed women and therefore more likely to drop their work after marriage. Another theory may be advanced that being a rather attractive road to great careers, professional service may discourage marriage. A woman's professional success or her desire for such success tends to keep her from being married as marriage is commonly thought to be unfavorable to a career. It may be added that a woman may take up professional work as a sort of compensation for her failure to meet an "ideal" mate. This, of course, also tends to increase the proportion of unmarried women engaged in professional service. Age of Women in Professional Service The coarse and irregular age classification of the Census makes the comparison among professional women of different age groups rather difficult. But it is readily seen that professional women as a whole were middle-aged women. Only -20.. 1.2 per cent of all professional women 10 years of age and over, in contrast to 11.2 per cent of all gainfully employed women, were between the ages of 10 and 18 years (Table VIII). And of all professional women there were merely 13.9 per cent above 45 years of age, while of all gainfully employed women there were 18.1 per cent. So 74.5 per cent of professional women were between 18 and 44 years of age. This was true almost for all of the eight women's major professions. We find no school teachers, trained nurses, religious, charity and welfare workers, and librarians under 16 years of age, and no college presidents and professors under 20. The otter three women's major professions consisted of comparatively young women. It seems that in general the per cent distri- bution of women in each profession by age periods depends a good deal upon the amount of training necessary for that profession. The more training needed, the smaller the per cent of young women. The number per 1,000 women engaged in professional ser- vice by age period is given in Table II. The oldest and the youngest groups had the smallest number per 1,000 of their respective totals engaged in pro- fessional service. This is again in contrast to the condition for all occupations. The number per 1,000 women engaged in all gainful pursuits was largest for women between 16 and 17 years of age. By far the most outstanding feature in regard to the VIII 7. .. L (J I k. L- .14 U. .- r..J (7‘ Z . J I“ f ) ‘3 h I 4 w I 7 p. Number and Ear Cunt Li :5 _L'.1. w _. g g 11‘} -61": agar: blind 132‘s: -; 1 x: (if .9. r: .9 .“i JO - Lit-kit Profession _ , LEO 1381. ~93 [fiat]- e L L) t? l .L C‘ - l (I: 1. L) "’ 1-7 A. : "" -.L (.37 .’. L "’ 3' - t ' ‘ t. .- ' 5" " '5” _§ If, .2 - _.‘"' PO frat-Lg 1; Lon (it‘d , 4": l" , 1.11: U U ’ LVL, /,thZ ..L , 4.41.2 3 {LL/".3 .L , ~ ' .= «.1 ’ x 1 1 t , s , ./ , .2 I a; r , . ,. , -..\ .-v 9 ,, I. , . L. . 3 7:, J _ ‘ , ,_ . . . _‘ , ,. .‘ ,.V ‘., I . ‘ . . ., . . ‘. - , . . ’ i . _‘ .— ‘. . j 1 ‘ ‘ . 5’ I 5 ’ '1' ( I ’ ’ " ' ' 5- \i ./l .. ‘ ' . ': ' I ’ ' - I . . - . . , v . .- _, -- 2 1 : 2 A L L O O (.3 31‘ )I- ' t .1- O 118 t) , ‘J If :7 ’ 'J .1. .1. (1‘1: ‘ ’ L) A ‘,J (u‘ (. a.) , 1 9' ‘r‘l L - k 'r~_J , hw-J { L. J D ‘ it? e; 3 \ ( K— ~ ’ :._ a .... ) ' . - 0 N A x. a: J ’ . _ \_ ”xw«‘r< 0.: i 3 a "7 won 1 mi “1 a u < way an ,1“ J,. ,~; ;;4 *2L ' ;,2 PTOstaLdual cc1vics i,OiO,s.o i,u-u i-,.eo ”V’"99 sw~, .3 :‘ ,1~5 ~1;,§.. ““9_jf "Pp ‘~ wcv . .~ - l -, v..- w r/ 2 7,22»; <_., a -. .1; -7 g; ...: 'v n , .2 .wx . .2 =,-,,~ ,- .-. Vacfle] O sch‘Jo (J‘UU , Cub k1 ‘./ , . ‘p-J(,.' .Z I.‘ ’ x- ,1 V tow-L ., ’ ’ .. 74.. -» - ‘. ,5 .. 7' -.- ~- ’ v .' .J ’ j k. ov Trained ;irses 14~,oo4 U 3g? 2,,43 4;,ene vé,--- 4 Etc? ¢bfi NUSiQiQNS & Teachers Of Insic Reliiivus, Charitv & '38 1 1.2”}. If x; ”‘0 rke 1:3 ArtiEWN4, Sculptors o; 7.1 3‘3 C: 5.30 :3 Of Art 1.4 , 01-7 ..1 (j 0 m) L;- L; , «1.2.53 2’ ’ K , {I 1;; ‘13: “((5 L :5 , CL: 2 C‘ L; ..J, g}; E; ‘ M. 7 , :L .1 ‘ {J L L; f t ’7 .- ‘vt r~ l r" 'f, .. ’3 ‘ ’,> .2 ‘ ‘Ll‘. ‘ ‘1 ‘ ‘ , \_ ' . [15“,] .: 3 .' - .L-LC 3 C 1.. (.5 ~21 8 L2 , 4w. u l’ .1- 5. u 1.14.1.2 -.. :7 U L. .x '2 U "' 3 '—’ - ’7' - 2‘ .'. ‘3 q \I {Y‘ W ,q k: s I. ‘O (V‘u ‘_ Ln. ‘ N ‘ J I... U n . 1 1"“ . ,2‘1 ‘. ’G x U ?\ L P-. d U .... p- A- U 1 r. I ‘6 L r .. U 5 T Y— ' ‘30 0 1C C \' i \g (P .\ 4" K, ’7’ , I - ~ I “ \ l O S-~I ,-_ v , , v 1’ I 'J z- u . - 1 - . ° : c'.‘ Colicg: wealuents m .PPOIILJSOPS lO,( /o (I U *- L,;~»1 ' ,-,V i2-:*4 »¥‘5 . w --,. __ ,3 “A.“ .. _ I)??? U'Vli‘.) LL»: ’~ L" J» — .. . 30 of} .L 3; .3118 --. ' ,. w r ; ,' ,w : 1 .‘7 ,n. ,- «. (I. ; . ._ PO 3’11]. 8‘: L‘Jn LLJU .0 iv e 2.1 ‘ e 3." ‘3' e 1' 2w " i‘ .‘l e ’ 1.. " e L " L: e 'r' _All.nyeonrwrtions The. Professiuial Service 15L. sacosre (school) 155- ) {W} s ("‘C‘ . z .r‘ O I '7'“ “-4 F-J J :C‘ .-.: '\.‘ .. ‘ J -\ ‘ l I «‘1 '— ' g 9 o i L g “r x a - .1. Q .(I I! (7" - -. . - - m . , .. g - .. .1w2inwo.-‘1rses lhu.k* .s .' a.” .g,., , 1,, (V., ,/ I(fifl).$3 alui ’PC: C Lclfs I I ‘_ ,- if} C U \ v ,gions, Charity N Workers ing.u .0 .5 l.n 72.4 to 1 LL 7 i O ‘5 Sculptors & e L...- i—. a. -1 I: C’ l I D H. "A v . A . ‘._ 4‘ . a ‘v : - ~~ - ’h .i '- .; . (1 A, t ; x 'o 2, ”'5 ‘ r 'I a :‘x ,1‘ C; if] L; .' 1L: 4.. L.) O I "‘1‘ .L k L «D L} . 1:: (,J ’ J t x . ’L ( ’1' . I _ r , . . . r I .. o i e,- . 5' . g j .l' ‘1 . l" ‘ (‘V U ' r‘ C: - f L" " I. i- ‘ ICAL 1'1 [5‘3 J"(\. J 03-." .L' Q 15-“ L m :1] «*v a) - ’ a » 5:9, .é 13> arm a w. fi-O'r‘jc'réfD )"JHD P: (D O) (f. . m P.) "D. r O ’3 O Kf r r"\ , N S\ ‘1 C ,- r i . e e . a C .- .\ fi 0 I y L A (1 College B esihcnts A f‘ - l ’ (5 .I 5‘ / " '1 A A '1 -'. C. Professors iO(.O ,U ,U ,g 13.5 ,jou 1-”, Q“ .U Table IX Number Per 1,000 Women, by Age Period, Engaged in Each Specified Profession - 1920 65 & Frofession Total 16-17 18-19 20-24 25-44 45-64 over Unknown All occupations 239.6 316.4 423.3 580.9 224.1 152.3 80.4 280.5 Professional Service 29.6 5.9 56.6 62.9 52.2 14.7 4.5 52.2 Peachers (sch.) I18.6 5.0 25.9 44.4 19.4 7.7 1.8 52.5 Prained Nurses 4.2 .5 5.1 9.1 4.8 1.6 .4 10.2 iusicians and Teachers of Music 2.1 .7 1.7 5.2 2.6 1.4 .5 2.1 Zeligious, Charity and Welfare Work .8 * .2 .7 1.0 .8 .4 1.7 krtists, Sculptors . 4 Teachers of Art .4 .2 .3 .5 .5 .4 .2 .8 .ibrarians .4 .O .5 .5 .5 .4 .l .5 Letresses .4 .3 .6 .8 .4 .1 * .8 )ollege Presidents . & Professors .5 .O .O .4 .4 .2 .l .9 ‘ Less than .1 -22- age factor was the sudden decrease in number per 1,000 women of each age group from the 20-84 year age group to 25-44 year age group. From the 10-15 year age group to the 20-24 year age group there was a continuous increase. From the 25-44 year age group on there was a steady decrease. The continuous increase from younger age groups to the older age groups was only natural because fewer younger women are qualified to work. But what are the reasons which account for the decrease? Among other reasons, women above 25 years of age were of an older generation than those below that age. As will be pointed out in Chapter IV’women of the older generation did not take up professional service to as great an extent as those of the younger generation. But the main reason for the decrease from the 20-24 year age group to the 26-44 year age group in the extent of taking up professional service perhaps lies in the increase of the proportion of married women from the younger age group to the older one. Fbr convenience, we shall discuss this point in greater detail in a later section where the age factor and the marital condition will be taken up at the same time. It should be noted that a sharp difference also appears, in regard to this decrease, between professional women and all gainfully employed women. Although there was also a -23- drop for all occupied women, it occurred in a younger age period. This may be due to the fact that professional ser- vice. being more attractive than all occupations as a whole, is more likely to delay marriage. But again, it may be because young women cannot work in professional pursuits without a rather long period of training. Hence, the number per 1,000 women between 18 and 19 years of age engaged in professional service was smaller as compared with women be- tween 20 and 24 years of age. Thus the big decrease in the extent to which women of each age group were engaged in pro- fessional service started with the 20-24 year age group instead of the 18-19 year age group like the case of all gainfully employed women. Perhaps for the same reason we do not even find such a drop for women engaged in some im- portant professions such as college presidents and professors. -24- CHAPTER III PROPORTION‘O? WOMEN ENGAGED IN PROFESSIONAL SERVICE (Continued) It is fairly obvious from the discussions in the pre- ceding chapter that all the factors under consideration, namely: age, marital condition, nativity and race, and the big cities. are interrelated in such a way that the failure of studying them together would prevent us from understanding the real situations in regard to the proportion of women en- gaged in professional service. This is why this chapter is included in which the relationships among various factors will be discussed. narital Condition and Age Table II shows that unmarried professional women as a whole were younger than married professional women. About 40 per cent of the unmarried professional women were under 24 years of age while only 15 per cent of married professiaaal women were so classified. Although the proportion of pro- fessional women of each age group that was married increased as age advances. the vast majority of them were unmarried for every age group. This is indicated by Table III. -25- TABLE I. FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER BY MARITAL CONDITION AND AGE PERIOD: 1920 Tota I : Harriedf : -U5married ; Number Pct. :"Number :Pc 5. z—Number :Pct. O O O figs Period 0 3 320,995: 11.2: 553,705: 2.7; 3,237,290: 25.0 ee ee ee ee.ee ee 0 Q 0 ee ee ee 0 0 ee 15-19 20-24 4, 749, 975: 13.9: 2,453,597: 11.7: 2,255,279: 17.5 25-44 :15, 249, 502: 44.5:11, 915, 759: 55.9: 3,330,513: 25.7 45 and ov.r*:10, 421,173: 30.4: 5, 319, 905: 29.7: 4,101,255: 31.7 L_ 3 3 3 3 'Includea women STEunEfiown age TABLE XI. WOMEN 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER ENGAGED IN PROFESSION- AL SERVICE BY MARITAL CONDITION AND AGE PERIOD: 1980 : 1573.1: : Married : 55551-th age Period :‘Number :Pct : umber iPct. : Number :P05. 0 z .0 . z : , . a . : z z : z : 16-19 3 80.8993 8.0: 1,7713 1e‘3 79,1283 Beg 20-24 : 298,827: 29.4: 17.345: 14.0: 281,482: 51.6 25-44 : 490. 894: 48.4: 78.871: 53.8: 418,023: 45.2 45 and 0ver* : 144, 398: 14.8: 25,591: 80.7: 118,801: 13.3 x : : llIncludes women of unknown age TABLE XII. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF FEMALE POPULATION AND PROFESSIONAL WOMEN OF EACH AGE PERIOD BY MARITAL CONDITION: 1980 3555:: P0 uIation T053! mHarrie; :Uhmarriid PTofesaionaI Women 0 arrie nmarr e figs Period 0 ee .. 00 ee : : : a O : z : : : . z z : z x 15-19 : 100 : 15.3 : 84.7 i 100 z 8.2 : 97.8 20-24 : 100 : 53.3 : 47.7 x 100 : 5.8 : 94.2 25-44 : 100 : 78.2 8 21.8 a 100 : 15.1 a 83.9 ' 45 and over*: 100 : 50.5 a 39.4 : 100 . 17.7 : 52.3 : z : *Includes women of unknown age -25- When Table XIII is examined we find no big decrease in number per 1,000 women engaged in professional service from the 20-24 year age group to the 25-44 year age group for either married or unmarried women separately. Among women of each marital class the number per 1,000 women engaged in professional service was almost the same for these two particular age groups. This fact immediately suggests that the big drop must be due to the difference in marital condition between women of these two age groups. Table XII shows that the per cent of women between 20 and 24 years of age who were married was smaller than that of women between 25 and 44 years of age. This difference was bound to make the number per 1,000 women engaged in professional service smaller for the 25-44 year age group than for the 20-24 year age group, because married women of either age group were far behind unmarried women in regard to the extent of taking up professional vocations and because the number per 1,000 women of each marital class following professional pursuits remained almost unchanged from the younger age group to the older. TABLE XIII. NUMBER PER 1,000 WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER ENGAGED IN PROFESSIONAL SERVICE BY AGE PERIOD AND BY MARITAL CONDI TION: 19 20 e Period : TotaI : Married : IUEEarrIed 0 al' : 29.3 : . : ‘5 . 16-19 . 21.2 : 3.0 : 24.4 20-24 : 62.9 : 7.0 : 124.2 45 and over * : 13.9 : 4.0 : 29.0 no udee women OTIunknown age . This situation has been noted in the last chapter but was left unverified. Now, by simple statistical procedure, we find that had the marital distribution of women of the older age group been the same as that of women of the younger .age group, the number per 1,000 women between ages of 25 and 44 years engaged in professional service would have been 52.5, which differs but very little from the actual number per 1,000 women of 20-24 years age group engaged in pro- fessional service(11). Hence our explanation for this de- crease is very well grounded. Moreover, it is interesting to note here that this de- crease, which was true for women, did not exist at all for men. The number per 1,000 men of each age group engaged in (11) This statistical procedure is clearly explained in ”American Marriage and Family Relationships" by E. R. Groves and I. F. Ogburn (p. 142). To find.the number per 1,000 women 25 to 44 years of age who would have been engaged in professional service, if the marital condition of women of this age group had been the same as that of women 20 to 24 years of age the following indicated calculations were to be carried out: [?2,4e3,597).(5.5)+ (2,255,279).(123.7)] : 4,749,975 : 52.5, where 2,483,597 and 2,255,279 were the fiumbers of married and unmarried women 20 to 24 years of age respectively; 4,749,975 were the total number of women of this age group; 5.6 and 123.7 were the numbers per 1,000 women engaged in professional service for married and unmarried women of the same age group respectively; and 62.5 is the number required. -23- professional service in 1920 is given as follows: Age Group (in years) 16-17 3.0 18-19 9.5 20.24 25.5 25-44 37 e8 45-54 35.1 55 and over 23.5 Unknown 21.8 There was no sudden decrease from the 20-24 year age group to the 25-44 year age group for men, who perhaps worked even harder after marriage and retired only because of old age. This difference between women and men may be taman as another evidence to support our preceding discussion. Another point which should be noted here is that the per cent of women that were not married was greater for women 45 years of age and over than for women between the ages of 25 and 44 years (Table III): but this increase in percentage of unmarried was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in number per 1,000 women engaged in professional service (Table XIII). This fact requires explanation, for it has been mentioned and "proved” in the lastparagraph that the decrease in proportion of unmarried women from the 20-24 year age group to the 25-44 year age group accounted for the big decline in the extent of taking up professional service from the former age group to the latter. In the first place, the factor of old age, of course, tended to bring about the decrease.in number per 1,000 women -29- engaged in professional service from the 25-44 year age group to the older group. In fact, this was the case for all women as well as those of each marital class alone. In the second place, it should be recalled that the unmarried class includes three sub-classes, namely: the single, the divorced and the widowed. The percentages given below indicate that the last mentioned sub-class was chiefly re- sponsible for the increase in proportion of unmarried women from the 25-44 year age group to the older group: :Women 45 years Marital : :of age and over Class :wOmen 25 to 44:1ncluding élgégl : ears of a e :a e unknown 0 3 3 e0 Married : 78.2 : 50.5 unmarried : 21.8 : 39.4 Single : 15.7 : 8.7 Divorced : 1.0 : .8 Hidowed : 5.0 : 89.? Unknown : :5; z .3 Unfortunately, we cannot observe Just in what way the increase in pr0p0rtion of widows affected women in pro- fessional service, as the Fourteenth Census does not show such minute classification of professional women. According to the Census report, "Statistics of Women at Work'(12}, the data of 1890 show that widows of the older age groups were not engaged in all gainful occupations to as great an extent as single women. It may be reasonably inferred that the same was true for professional service in 1920. So this great (12) Ibid, p. 16 -30- increase in pr0p0rti0n of widows among the older group might be the main reason why the number per 1,000 women engaged in professional service was decreased from the 25-44 year age group to the older group. That this seems to be thecase is supported by :h. fact that this decrease was relatively greater among unmarried women than among the married. Marital Condition and the BiggCities Since unmarried women were engaged in professional service to a greater extent than married women, and women in the big cities were so engaged to a greater extent than those outside of the big cities, we might expect to find the unmarried women in the big cities engaged in professional service to the greatest extent among the four classes of women in Table XVII. But contrary to our expectation, it shows that the pro- portion of unmarried women in the big cities engaged in pro- fessional service was a little bit smaller than that of unmarried women outside of the big cities. . Both in and outside of the big cities, married women fall behind unmarried women in number per 1,000 women engaged in professional service. It is by virtue of this fact that the number per 1,000 women taking professional vocations was greater in the big cities than outside, for the per cent of women in the big cities who were married was only 57.8 as contrast- ed with 54.0 per cent for those outside of the big cities (Table XIV). -51 - Finally, we should note that the per cent of married professional women who were in the big cities was approxi- mately the same as that of unmarried professional women, be- ing 31.1 per cent and 31.8 per cent respectively {Table XVI). TABLE XIV. EMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE ANI>OVER IN AND OUTSIDE OF BIG CITIES BY MARITAL CONDITION: 1920 : : Ii:the : Outside of tEe Marital : Total : Big Cities : Big Cities : Hum er ° 0 .: Number : 1752—. Condition: Number : Po? Harried :21,305,099: 52.2: 5,557,010: 57. 5:15, 539, 059: 54.0 unmarried:12.g35,550: 37,8: 4 :135,808: 42. 2: 8, 798, 842: 35.0 TABLE XV. WOMEN 15 YEARS OF AGE ANI>OVER IN AND OUTSIDE OF THE BIG CITIES ENGAGED IN PROFESSIONAL SERVICE BY MARITAL CONDITION: 1920 In the Outside of £55 Marital ; Total ; Big Cities ; Big Cities ConditioniINumber : .:'thber : c :“Number : c . 0 a1 : , .01 : .4 : ’ e ' : — : : : : : Married : 123,578: 12.2: 38, 380: 11.9: 85, 198: 12.3 Unmarriedzgf 891,434: 87.8: 803 944: 88. : 508 390: 87.1 TABLE XVI. PER CENT OF FEMALE POPULATION AND PROFESSIONAL WOMEN OF EACH MARITAL CLASS, 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, WHO WERE IN AND OUTSIDE OF THE BIG CITIES: 1920 Profe sTonal WéTnen : EemaIe Po EIatIon : Marital : : u s e : n the 30fitside Condition: :Big :the Big : :Big :the Big :Total :Cities :Cities :Total :Cities :Cities 0 3 O .0 3 8e 3 e4 3 3 e 3 e : : z : : : Married :100.0 : 25.5 : 73.4 :100.0 : 31.1 : 58.9 Unmarried:100.0 : 32.0 : 58.0 :100.0 : 31.8 : 58.2 TABLE XVII. NUMBER PER 1,000 WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN OR OUTSIDE THE BIG CITIES ENGAGED IN PROFESSIONAL SERVICE CLASSIFIED BY MARITAL CONDITION: 1920 BETTIEI : : In EEe Big :‘OutsIdeth6I Condition : Total :: Cities : Bi Cities_¢ o a : . : TEE}? : .4 : x : married : 5.8 : 5.8 : 5.4 unmarried : 58.9 : 58.4 : 59.1 Marital Condition and Race It is clearly shown in Table XXI that married women of any race were engaged in professional service to a much less extent than unmarried women of the same race. Was this dif- ference equally great for every race? No, it is the least for negro women and the greatest for native white women of native parentage. 5.4 out of every 1,000 married negro women and 20.4 out of every 1,000 unmarried negro women were en- gaged in professional service. Thus, the difference in number per 1,000 women engaged in professional service between the married and the unmarried for negro women was only 14.0. But this difference for native white women of native parentage was 77.3 (Table XXI). What is the reason for this great variation among the several racial groups in this respect? Again, the explanation is probably found in the fundamental difference in economic status among these groups. Negro women perhaps oftentimes find it economically necessary to work efen after marriage. The number per 1,000 unmarried women engaged in pro- fessional service for native white women of native parentage -33- was largest among all races. Then came the unmarried native white of foreign or mixed parentage, the unmarried foreign born white, and the unmarried negro women. This is exactly the order by which these races are rated in respect to the number per 1,000 of all women of each race engaged in pro- fessional service. But married women of each race did not follow the same order in this respect. Perhaps as a result of their better social status, married native white women of native parentage still led. Married negro woman came next. Then we have the married native white women of foreign or mixed parentage and the married foreign born white women. For the last mentioned group, only approximately 2 out of every 1,000 married women were engaged in professional service, TABLE 17111. FEMALE 5020519109 15 15155 09 152 AND OVER BY I MARITAL 005511105, 51117111 AND 5105:: 1920 Nativity : Toia I : Married Unmarridd‘ and Race : umber :Pci. :‘Nfimber :Pof. :‘Number :Pci. Tdtal : . . : : . 5. x 0.0: . . : : : z : : : Native- : x : : z : white Na-z : 1 : : : tive : z z : : parentage:l7, 959, 950: 52. 5 :11,187,355:52.5 : 5,782, 595: 52.4 Native- : : 3 : z : white For- : : : : : sign or : z : : : : Mixed : - : : x z : parentage: 5. 990, 585: 20.4 : 3,889,982:18.3 : 3,100,703: 24.0 . : : : FBSTAENEitd 5, 572, 355% 17.1 S 4,122,932:19.4 : 1,749,434: 13.5 Negro : 3, 312, 081: 9.7 : 2,035,419: 9.5 : 1,275,552: 9.9 All Others: 95.557: .3 : 59.411: .3 : 27.255: ..2 -54- !ABLE XIX. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER ENGAGED IN PROFESSIONAL SERVICE BY MARITAL CONDITION, NATIVITY AND RACE: 1920 Nitivity : 'TFEEI : married _: fihmarriid and Race : Number ‘ :-Number : o umber :Pct} fetal : . , : : , : : . ° Native-white : : : : : Native par- : : : : : entage‘ : 554,440: 54.5: 80.122: 54.8: 574,318::54.4 Native-white : : : : : Foreign or : : : : : Mixed Par- : : : : : entage : 250,529: 24.7: 21,435: 17.3: 229,094: 27.7 Foreign-born : : 8 z : White : 70.485: 5.9: 8.892: 7.2: 51,593: 5.9 Negro : 39,013: 3.8: 12,955: 10.5: 25,058: 2.9 All Others: 545: .1: 174: .1: 371:Less : : 1 : : :than .1 TABLE XX. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF FEMALE POIULATION AND PROFESSIONAL WOMEN OF EACH NATIVITY AND RACE 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER BY MARITAL CONDITION: 1980 9 Bativit and Race 50%;! FemaIe PopuIation : Professional Women :Mar- :Un-mar-: :Mar- 5 :ried :ried :Total :ried O O. .0 ...... 0-3 0 cf 9 H Native-white : : Native parentage :100.0 : 52.3 : 37.7 3100.0 12.2 87.8 native-white Foreign : : x : 8 or Mixed Parsntage:lO0.0 : 55.5 : 44.4 :100.0 a 8.5 : 91.4 Foreign-born White::100.0 : 70.2 : 29.8 :100.0 : 12.5 : 87.4 Negro :100.0 : 51.5 : 38.5 :100.0 : 33.2 : 55.8 All Others :1Q0.0 : 7138 : 28.2 :109.0 : 31,9 : 58,1 .‘ilulllllll -35- TABLE XXI. NUMBER PER 1,000 WOMEN 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER ENGAGED IN PROFESSIONAL SERVICE BY MARITAL CONDITION AND . NATIVITIES AND RACES: 1980 ‘ fiivifl and Race :TofaI :Karrief :Unmarried 0 8 3 59.5 3 5.8 3 33.5 Native-white : : : native parentage : 35.4 : 7.2 : 84.7 Native-white, Foreign or : : : mixed parentage : 35.8 : 5.5 : 73.9 Foreign-born white : 12.0 : 2.2 : 35.2 Negro : 11.8 : 5.4 : 20.4 All Others : 5.5 : 2.5 : 13.5 apparently because they did not have proper training in their old countries. A careful study of Tables XX and XXI at once helps us ex- plain the fact that the number per 1,000 women engaged in professional service for the two classes of native white women was almost identical, and the same was true for foreign born white women and negro women. In the first case, we note that although native white women of foreign or mixed parentage of either marital class did not follow professional pursuits to as great an extent as native white women of native parentage of the same marital class, the percentage of married women among the native white women of foreign or mixed parentage was much lower (Table XX). Since married women of every race were not engaged in professional service to as great an ex- tent as unmarried women of the same race, this naturally resulted in an approximate equal number per 1,000 women engaged in professional service among these two classes of female -36- population. moreover, we observe that the per cent of married women among foreign born white women was greater than among negro women (Table XX), and only 2 out of every 1,000 married foreign born white women were engaged in professional service. It is again only natural that this situation brought the number per 1,000 of all foreign born white women engaged in professional service about equal to that of all negro women, in spite of the fact that unmarried women of the former race were engaged in professional service to a much greater extent than those of the latter. Had the marital distribution of women of each race been the same as that of the total female population, the number per 1,000 women of each race engaged in professional service would have been that shown in Column 1 instead of the real number indicated in Column II of the following table. The figures in Column 1 have no such class similarity existing among the first two classes or among the second two classes of population as found in Column II. So, our preceding analysis seems correct. I. II. Native White of’Native Parentage 35.5 35.4 Native White of loreign or Mixed Parentage 31.3 35.8 foreign Born White 14.7 12.0 Negro 11.7 11.8 All Other 5.7 5.5 Age and the Big Cities Professional womdn in the big cities were as a whole younger than those outside of the big cities (Table XXIII). As a matter of fact, the percentage of professional women who were in the big cities became greater and greater with advancing age. For the 15-19 year age period, only 17.4 per cent of all professional women were in the big cities, while for the oldest group 42.9 per cent were in the big cities (Table XXIV). This situation is also reflected upon the figures in Table XXV. The number per 1,000 women of the two younger age groups engaged in professional service was smaller in the big cities. But women of the two older age groups followed professional service to a greater extent in the big cities that outside of the big cities. There was a big decline in the extent to which women were engaged in professional service from the 20-24 year age period to the 25-44 year age period both in and outside of the big cities. This drOp, as noted before, is due to the increase in prOportion of married women from the younger to the older group. It is considerably greater for women out- side of the big cities than in the big cities. This may be because women outside of the big cities are more likely to give up their professional practices for marriage. -53- TABLE XXII. FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN AND OUTSIDE OF THE BIG CITIES BY AGE PERIOD: 1920 : : In 556 Big : Outside the : Total : Cities : Big Cities .e Period : um er : c :‘Nimber : c . :‘Nfimber : c 'o a : 4, 24 ,*'9: 00.0: 9, 80 .= : 00.0: 4, ,' : 07.0 : : : : 15-19 : 3,820,998: 11.2: 919, 740: 9.4: 2,901,258: 11.9 20-24 : 4,749,975: 13.9: 1, 394, 575: 14. 2: 3,355,301: 13.7 25-44* :15, 505, 425: 44. 7: 4,559,077: 47.5:1o,515,549: 45.4 45 and over-10 555 549: 50.5: 2,599,525: 25.5:-7,555,025: 5L.o 'IncIudes women of unknown age TABLE XXIII. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN AND OUTSIDE OF THE BIG CITIES ENGAGED IN PROFESSIONAL SERVICE BY AGE PERIOD: 1920 : : In {Re Big : :fiutside the : Total : Cities : Big Cities A-e Period ‘Number : c ° umber : c -INumber : c . 0.3 g .0 .e ‘3 es 3 " ,4; D 9: ‘.,°.:: 00.4 15-19 I 50,599: 5.0: 14,111: 4. 4: 55,755: 9.5 20-24 . 298,827: 29.4: 59, 532: 21. 7: 229,195: 33.0 25-44* : 495, 810: 45.7: 177,059: 55.1: 515,771: 45.7 45 and over: 141 475: 13.9: 50.542: 18.9: 80,834: 11.7 *IncIudes women nginknown age TABLE XXIV. PER CENT OP FEMALE POPULATION AND PROFESSIONAL WOMEN OF EACH AGE PERIOD WHO WERE IN AND OUTSIDE OF THE BIG CITIES: 1920 : PemaIe Papulation : PESTEssional‘Wbmen : :In the :OutsIEe : :In the :Outside . :Big :the Big : :Big :the Big e Period :Cities :Cities . :Cities :Cities 3 3 e 3' 3 3 3 : : : : : x 16‘19 3100e0 3 84.1 3 75.9 :100.0 3 17e‘ 3 88.6 20-24 :100.0 : 29.4 : 70.5 :100.0 : 23.3 : 75.7 25-44* :100.0 : 30.5 : 59.4 :100.0 : 35.9 : 54.1 45 and : : : : : : over :100. O : 27.0 : 73.0 :100.0 : 42.9 : 57.1 ‘Inoludes women 5715555555 age -39- TABLE XXV. NUMBER PER 1,000 WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN AND'OUTSIDE THE BIG CITIES ENGAGED IN PROFESSIONAL SERVICE CLASSIFIED BY AGE PERIOD: 1930 : : In tEe EIg : Outside thi e Period : Total 1, Cities : Big Cities TotaI : 29.5 : 32.8 : 28.4 20-24 : 52.9 : 49.9 : 58.3 85'44‘ 3 38.3 3 57e8 3 29.8 45 and overm : 13.5 : 21.5 : <10.7 ncludes women oTunknown age Age and Race The general situation in regard to the factor of all 11'0- fessional women was more or less true for professional women of each particular race. The great majority of professional 'women of any race was between ages of 20 and 44 years. For every race, there was a big decrease in number per 1,000 women engaged in professional service from the 20-24 year age group to the 25-44 year age group. This decrease, as shown in Table XXIX, was not of the same magnitude among the several races. It is greater for those races that had greater dif- ference between the married and the unmarried women in the number per 1,000 of their respective totals engaged in pro- fessional service. For instance, native white women of native parentage who had the greatest difference in the extent of taking up professional vocations between the married and the unmarried (Table XXI) at the same time had the greatest de- crease. The situation for negro women was Just opposite to this. As marriage is associated with that decrease, what we have Just noted was to be expected. (J1 (.11 (.31 O (I) 03 Table 17 19 24 44* 54 0V6 I‘- Feznale 330111115 Li 2171 Total Kufiber Pct. 54,241,749 100.0 1,925,254 5.5 1,595,75 5.5 4,749,975 15.9 15,505,425 44.7 7,915,205 25.1 2,450,144 7.2 Hen-QNHH _1:;J-2J;111 Includes women of unknown age.' Table XXVII Women 16 years 'Service by ag :e Natix :ried Total Eatit Number P0 13 . Nmnbel )tal 1,015,012 100.0 654,44 5- 17 11,449 1.1 7,65 3 - 19 69,450 6.8 50,71 )- 24 298,827 29.4 208,44 5 - 44* 493,810 48.7 307,76 3- 64 130,500 12.9 73,68 55 over 10,976 1.1 6,1? mcludes women of Unknown age. 000000 HHH 41- e CQCQr—(NLOH HUGH (D NHOO‘C‘V‘ e O H H ['1' 0&0..me ommH I seem HmQOHmwmmoam SH dommmum o.mH opka waopnmemaom N.w O.Nm H.O¢ n.0O O.mm 0.0 .99 7... .L mmmpzmaam dmxHfl no mmHmaoh 00 opHrn *4 0.0 0.Hm 0.0H 0.00 00H *4 4.0 a.mH H.0m 0.00 00H H. 0.4 0.0 0.0m 0.00 00H H. 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 00H H. H.0 0.0 0.00 0.0- 00H H. 0.0 0.0 0.mm 0.00 00H H. 0.0 0.0 5.00 0.00 00H .5050 00002 mpHma .m.250.m .m.z H0000 HHH 5500 eszs spHsa qu0smm, 0>H000 0>Hm.z 20505 aQonmmmoam ommH I 0000 000 H5H>H000 an 00H50m 004 0000 Mo nose; HmsoHnmmuosm 025 QOHchdmom mngea Mo SOdepHHpmHQ pzoo Hem msHpsz camp-Hos 00 5.235: Mo 0pH£s o>Hp0m 0am HpHpHpmm 050 .00HH0m 0m< hp .00H>H0m Hope 020 0mm mo mamow OH E0203 ooo-H Hem Hmnadm O. n.w n.0N 0.0H H.0O m. 0.5 w.om m.mH m.me n. O.@ m.0H o.om N.Hu m. O.mH m.m n.mm .mm m. n.mH m.o 0.mm H.mm m. b.HH ¢.m ¢.mm N.mm n. b.@ H.0H 5.0m m.mm 50:0 05000 mpHmn .m.mao.m .m.z HH4 whom. opHma mpHss GmHoaom m>Hpmm m>Hpmz nemeHSQOM onaoh .mwm saosxafi mo 20303 mo0dHosH4 0.0 ao>o 0am on 0.0H 50 I we m.mm 400 I mm m.mo em I om c.0w mH I mH m.u 0H I 0H m Hmpoe Hmpoa ooHamm 0mm NHNM mHnme H. :00» 000944 OOH OOH OOH OOH OOH OOH OOH am>o 5 .000 qzonusd Mo :0:o$.mmwdHomH * my 00-00 400-00 00. ON mHImH bHIOH H0000 Hmpoe doHsmm 0mm HHH>HM mHnt So far as age distribution is concerned, foreign born white women were totally different from all other races. The percentage of young women of this group was rather low. That is why the percentage of professional women that were foreign born white became larger and larger as age advances (Table XXVIII). Only 3.3 per cent of all professional women between the ages of 20-24 years were foreign born white, while more than 12 per cent of professional women of the 45-64 year age group were of this racial group.’ Furthermore, probably due to the difficulties of social adaptation and the lack of proper training, the younger foreign born white women were engaged in professional service to a very limited extent. Only 80.8 out of every 1,000 foreign born white women between 20 and 24 years of age were so en- gaged. This was a smaller number in comparison with thme of all other races. In fact, it wasso small that it tended to minimize the drOp from the 20-24 year age group to 25-44 year age group of foreign born white women in number per 1,000 women engaged in professional service. And since the older groups and the younger groups of foreign born white women were engaged in professional service to about the same extent, it would be expected that the number per 1,000 of all women of this racial group following professional pursuits was not affected byits peculiar age distribution. Had its age distribution been the same as that of the total female population, the number per 1,000 foreign born white women engaged -43- in professional service would have been 12.8 which.differs only slightly from 12.0, the actual number derived from its own age composition. Race and the Big cities There was very great variation among the several racial groups in regard to the preportion of professional women in the big cities. The percentages of professional women of different races that were in the big cities are given in Table XXXII. These percentages, of course, depend to very great extent upon the proportion of the female population of each race in the big cities. dearly 51.7 per cent of all professional women in the big cities and 70.4 per cent of those outside of the big cities were native white women of native parentage, who thus again had the largest number of professional women in as well as outside of the big cities. TABLE XXX. FEMALE POPULATION 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN AND OUTSIDE OF THE BIG CITIES BY KATIVITY AND RACE: 1930 : ... Tthe I Outside 01'“— Rativity and I Total I Big Cities I Big Cities Race I, umber . o I-Humber IFct.I-Numher IFot. 0 3 4, , 00.3 9.80 g 00.3 4, g 3 000 Native White Na-. . tive Parentage :17, 969, 950: 52.5: 3,345,797:34.1I14,624,153I59.8 Native White For- I I I I I sigh or Mixed ' I I Parentage I 6,990,685I20.4I 2, 860, 668329. 2: 4,130,017I16.9 Foreign-born I I White I 5,872,35531701: 2, 927, 767°. 29.9I. 2, 944, 599: 12.0 Negro I 3,312,081: 9.7: 668,189: 6. 7: 2, 663, 892: 10.9 .éél Other 96,667: .3: 11,397: .1: 86,270: .3 TABLE XXXI. WOMEN 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN AND OUTSIDE OF THE BIG CITIES ENGAGED IN PROFESSIONAL SERVICE BY NATIVITY AND RACE; 1920 I I In the Big I Outside the Nativity and I Total I Cities I Bi Cities _ Race I um er I o . I um er . I I TotaI I .0 , I . I , 4 . I , I oft I I I I I I Native-white I I I I I I Native Parentags 654,440: 64.5: 166,106: 51.7: 488,334: 70.4 JJative-white For- I I I I I eign or Mixed I I I I I I Parentage I 250.529: 24.7: 105,362: 32.8: 145,167: 20.9 loreign-born I I I I I I White I 70,485: 6.9: 39,792: 12.4: 30,693: 4.4 Negro I 39,013: 3.8: 9,994: 3.1: 29,019: 4.2 All Others I 545: 4;}: 170: .1: 375: .l TABLE XXIII. PER CENT OF FEMALE POPULATION AND PROFESSIONAL WOMEN OF EACH NATIVITY AND>RACE 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER WHO WERE IN AND OUTSIDE OF THE BIG CITIES: 1920 FeEEIe Po uIEtIon IProIessIonEI Women TotEI IIn IEeIUut- TotEI I t5 6 t 6 e 6 -:n. 6:0.- I IBig Iside I IBig Iside I :CitiesIBig I :CitiesIBig Nativit and Race I I :Cities: I :Cities 08 30.9: e 3 e 3 e 3 e 3 e _ I I ~ I I I I Native-white Native I I I I I I parentage I100.0 I 18.6 I 81.4 I100.C I 25.4 II74.6 Native white Foreign: I I I I I or mixed parentage I100.0 I 40.9 I 59.1 I100.0 I 42.1 I 57.9 Foreign-born white I100.0 I 49.9 I 50.1 :100.0 I 56.5 I 43.5 Negro ’ I100.0 I 19.9 I 80.1 :100. I 25.6 I 74.4 All others :100,0 I 11.8 I 88. :100.0 I 31.2 I 68.8 (13) The Fourteenth Census gives only the figures for profession- al women 10 years of age and over in the big cities by nativity and race. The following adjustment has been made to get the data for professional women 16 years of age and over in and out- side of the big cities by nativity and race. To illustrate, let us take natife white women of native parentage. 51.7% of all professional women 10 years of age and over in the big cities were native white of native parentage. There were 506 ~45- From Table XXXIII we can readily see that for every race women were engaged in professional service to a greater extent in the big cities than outside. The two classes of native white women led all other races in the number per 1,000 women engaged in professional service both in and outside of the big cities. TABLE XXXIII. NUMBER PER 1,000 WOMEN IN AND OUTSIDE OF THE BIG CITIES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER ENGAGED IN PROFESSIONAL SERVICE BY NATIVITY AND RACE: 1920 {In the IOutside thé Total *IBig CitiesIBig Cities Nativit and Race TcEaI I 2976’ I "I3238 I . I I I Native White Native Parentage I 36.4 I 49.6 I 33.4 Native White Foreign or I I I Mixdd Parentage I 35.8 I 36.8 I 35.1 Ecreign Born White I 12.0 I 13.6 I 10.4 flagro 3 11.8 3 15.8 3 10.9 All Others I 5.6 I 14.9 I 4.4 (13) Continued from page 44 professional women in the big cities who were between the ages of 10 and 15 years. So 261 or 51.7% of 506 is subtracted from 166,367 which is the total number of native white women of na- tive parentage 10 years of age and over in the big cities en- gaged in professional service. The result gives 166,106 the figure used here for native white women of native parentage 16 years of age and over in the big cities engaged in professional service. The same adjustment has been made for every nativity and race. By so doing, the per cent distribution of profession- al women 16 years of’age and over in the big cities (whith is based on the computed data) by nativity and race remains the same as that of professional women 10 years of age and over in the)big cities (which is based on the data given by the Census . -45- In an earlier section of this chapter we have discussed the approximate equality in the extent to which each of the two classes of native white women was engaged in professional service, and found it as a result of the difference between their marital distributions. But it would be equally con- ceivable that this approximate equality might be due to the fact that the proportion of women in the big cities varies among different races (Table XXIII). Even though in the big cities native white women of native parentage were engaged in professional service to a much greater extent that native white women of foreign or mixed parentage, the percentage of the former racial group in the big cities was rather low. This, no doubt, tended to bring about the approximate equality noted above. To prove this point we use the same statistical procedure to hold the proportion of women of each race that was in the big ceties constant as that of the total female population. Under this assumed condition, the number per 1,000 women engaged in professional service for each race would have been: Native White of Native Parentage 38.0 Native White of Foreign or Mixed Parentage 35.6 Foreign Born White 11.3 Negro 12.1 All Other 7.4 These figures demonstrate the validity of our statemert quite conclusively. The approximate equality among the two classes of native white women no longer exists when the pro- portion of women of each race in the big cities is held con- stant and not allowed to vary. Similarly, the computed figures also reveal that had the percentage of women in the big cities been the same for each race as that of the total female population, there would not have been any approximate equality between negro women and foreign born white women in the number per 1,000 women engaged in professional service. Although the former group took up professional service to a greater extent than the latter either in our outside of the big cifies, it had but very small pro- portion of its total in the big cities (Table XXXII). Inas- much as there were more professional women out of every 1,000 women of each race in the big cities than outside, this ap- proximate equality was bound to appear. CHAPTER IV THE CHANGES FROM 1910 to 1920 A few words must be said about the nature of the data used in the discussions of this chapter: (1) Jhe trend in regard to women in professional service from an earlier date up to 1920 cannot be discovered, although it might be desirable to knowjon account of the fact that the data of the earlier censuses are not comparable with those of the 1920 Census. The classification of occupations has been changed frequently since 1870. Dr. J. Hill in his monograph, Wmmen in Gainfnl Occupations: 1870 to 1920, attempts to com- pile from the data of the earlier censuses a table showing the number of females engaged in some principal professional pur- suits for women from 1870 to 1920(14). This table tends to show that there has been a steady increase in professional women. But the data are in my Opinion so imperfect that no analysis of them is worth making. That is why the data of the time previous to 1910 are not used and discussed. (2) The original classification of occupations of the Thirteenth Census is different from that of the Fourteenth Census. But fortunately the data of the Thirteenth Census are re-classified to conform to the 1920 Census classification (14) Hill, J. - Women in Gainful Occupations: 1870 - 1920, p. 48 -49- of occupations. Thus we find in the Fourteenth Census comparable data of 1910 and 1920 in regard to males and females 10 years of age and over engaged in professional service. But there are no comparable figures for these two periods available for males 16 years of age and over engaged in pro- fessional service. For.females 16 years of age and over fol- lowing professional pursuits, the comparable data are given for 1910 and 1920 in a recent census monograph edited by Dr. Bill. But as mentioned above, in 1920 only a negligible number of professional women was under 16 years of age. 80 in case of need we may be justified to discuss persons 10 years of age and over instead of those 16 years of age and over. (3) No comparison can be made between all gainfully em- ployed women in 1910 and those in 1920 because of the change of the date of taking census from April for 1910 to January for 1920, and because of the changes in the instructions to the enumerators. This is true particularly for women engaged in agricultural pursuits(15,. Hence we cannot discover any new fact or explanation by contrasting the changes about all gainfully employed women with those about professional women. With this understanding of the data available we can discuss them much more intelligently and critically. (15) Ibid. pp. 15-28 -50- General Changes There were 732,381 professional women in 1910 and 1,015,012 in 1920. Thus the total number of professional women in 1920 exceeded that in 1910 by 282,631 or 38.6 per cent. This increase is compared favorably with that of women in manufacturing and mechanical industries during the same decade. The rate of increase of the latter is 8.1 per cent, But women engaged in clerical occupations, transportation and trade had a much greater rate of increase than professional women. Women in clerical occupations increasdd 142.1 per cent, those in transportation service 101.1 per cent, and those in trade 43.6 per cent. Among women engaged in the several professions, the rate of increase varies(16). During this decade, women school teachers increased 33.3 per cent, trained nurses increased 87.8 per cent, and actresses increased 11.6 per cent. Phe- nomenal and sensational growth is found in many professions. For instance, religious, charity and welfare workers increased 203.3 per cent, librarians 131.7 per cent, college presidents and professors 240.6 per cent, draftswomen 400.0 per cent, and lawyers, judges and Justices 211.5 per cent. Such great rate of increase is perhaps due, in part, to the fact that (16) The absolute increase from 1910 to 1920 in number of women engaged in each profession is given as follows: school teachers 158,546; trained nurses 67,183; religious, charity and welfare workers 18,057; librarians 7,674; college presidents and professors 7,117; draftswomen 1,594; and lawyers, judges and justices 1,180. women began to invade these pursuits only recently. On the other hand, the number of women engaged in some other professions declined(17,. Notable among them are "fortune tellers, hypnotists and spiritualists, etc.”and “keepers of pleasure resorts and race tracks, etc.“. The rate of decrease of the former is 43.5 per cent and that of the latter is 11.7 per cent. Curious enough, musicians and teachers of music, and artists, sculptors and teachers of art also suffered a loss of 13.3 per cent and 5.1 per cent re- spectively. Moreover, many professions were just adepted by women during this period. Mechanical engineers and veterinary sur- geons are two of them. The profession of mining engineer is the only one yet to be invaded by women. Some of these changes just noted, without doubt, repre- sent the definite trends in professional pursuits. For in- stance, the profession of religious, charity and welfare workers is undoubtedly a growing profession. The pursuit of fortune tellers, hypnotists and spiritualists, etc. is clearly a dying occupation. But some other changes such as the decrease in female musicians and teachers of music are more likely to be temporary. (17) The absolute decrease from 1910 to 1920 in number of women engaged in each profession is given as follows: fortune tellers, hypnotists and spiritualists, etc. 526: keepers of pleasure resorts and race tracks, etc. 26: musicians and tgachers of music 11,420: and artists, sculptors and teachers 0 art 788. -52- While the direction of the changes from 1910 to 1920 appears to be the same for both sexes, the rate of increase or decrease is different. As a rule, whenever we find an increase or a decrease in professional women we almost invaria- bly also find an increase or a decrease in professional men accordingly. But in general, females in each professional pursuit increased faster than males in the same pursuit(18,. Males 10 years of age and over engaged in professional service increased from 950,470 in 1910 to 1,127,391 in 1920, or only 17.5 per cent, whereas females of the same age period in professional service increased 38.5 per centtlg). As a consequence, the sex ratio of females to 100 males in pro- fessional service also increased.from 77.2 in 1910 to 90.2 in 1920. But this must not be interpreted as a result of the displacement of professional men by professional women. Rather it was because the greater proportion of the recent expansion of professional service has been taken care of by women. Men still hold their old positions in professional service, but the newly created positions, as an outgrowth of the greater demand for the various kinds of pralssional ser- vice are mostly taken by females rather than by males. (18) Dempsey, Mary 7. - The Occupational Progress of Women, pp. 26-29 (19) Note how close this rate of increase istthat of pro- fessional women 16 years of age and over which is given above as 38.6 per cent. Thus, we are justified to use the data for' persons 10 years of age and over in this part of our discussion on account of the lack of the data for persons 16 years of age and over in 1910. It is true that for some professions there was a tendency to displace men by women. For instance, while female school teachers increased 33.2 per cent, male school teachers de- creased 1.3 per cent. A complete displacement of men by women in these professions is, of course, rather unthinkable. Nevertheless, professional men still outnumbered pro- fessional women by some margin in 1920. But in view of the greater rate of increase of professional women an eventual parity of both sexes in professional service as a whole may be expected. No discussion of the changing conditions of professional women would be complete without reference to the changes of the female population. We shall see, first of all, whether the increase in professional women from 1910 to 1920 was merely a reflection of the increase in the size of the female popula- tion. During this decade, the total female pcpulation 16 years of age and over increased from 29,188,575 in 1910 to 34,241,749 in 1920 or about 17.3 per cent which was lower than the rate of increase of all professional women. In fact, in 1910 only 25.1 per 1,000 women were engaged in professional service, while tn 1920 29.6 per 1,000 women were so engaged. Thus ap- proximately there were four more women out of every 1,000 following professional pursuits in 1920 than in 1910. There- fore, there was an increase in professional women, even when the increase in the female pcpulation is taken into consideration, Now we shall attempt to study the changes of professional women of different age periods and marital classes, and also the effects of the changes in marital condition and age dis- tribution of the general female population upon the increase in professional women. The factors ”in and outside of the big cities" and “nativity and race" cannot be examined in relation to the changes of professional women because there are no data available. (20) Marital Condition The number and per cent distribution of female population by marital condition for 1910 and 1920 are given in the fol- lowing table: O . Married :1v,ev4,see§ eo.e§21,soe,099: 62.2 UnmarriedIlll514L179I 39.4:12L9351650: 37.8 .0 .0 O. .0 g g 0000 g 9‘ ; Thus the number of married women increased 20.5 per cent, and that of unmarried women increased 12.3 per cent. But professional women of each marital class increased at a greater (20) The data for women engaged in all kinds of gainful occu- pations 15 years of age and over by marital class in 1910 are tabulated in the Fourteenth Census according tothe 1920 Census classification of occupations. But in 1910 only 35 women 15 years of age engaged in all occupations were married. Among professional women there were perhaps noneor at mestL35 (or much less) married women. So we are safe here to take the given data as being for professional women 16 years of age and over. By treating the data in this way many misinterpretations grzithus avoided, particularly in relation to the female popu- a on. -55- rate than the female population of the same marital class. This is based on the data for professional women by marital condition in 1910 and 1920: I51? arr-‘9 Higher {PEI—I Numher ‘IP3f7—- O O . O O ’ C 0 W? I . . Married 76,287: 10.4: 123,578: 12.2 Unmarried: 656L094: 89.6: 891L434: 8L8 which shows that married professional women increased 62.0 per cent and unmarried women increased 36.9 per cent. So in 1910, 4.3 out of every 1,000 married women and 67.0 out of every 1,000 unmarried women were engaged in professional ser- vice. In 1920, the corresponding figures were, as shown be- fore, 5.8 and 68.9 for the married and unmarried women re- spectively. Although in 1920 unmarried women still followed professional pursuits to a greater extent than married women, the latter have taken up professional service quite rapidly and the percentage of married professional women became larger and larger. This may be taken to mean that gradually marriage would not offer as much interference to a woman's career as before. All these facts seem to point out that the increase in all professional women was not due to the difference in marital distribution of the female pcpulation between 1910 and 1920. In view of the fact that in both years the number per 1,000 married women engaged in professional service was smaller than that of unmarried women, the increase in the percentage of married women among the general female popula- tion from 60.6 per cent in 1910 to 62.2 per cent in 1920 cer- tainly could not tend to increase the number of all profession- al women. Without the change in marital distribution of the female population the increase in professional women might have been even greater. In fact, had the marital distribution of all women in 1920 been the same as that in 1910 the number per 1,000 women engaged in professional service would have been 30,7 instead of the actual number 29.6. .492 For the purpose of comparison, we have to re-classify professional women of 1910 and 1920 into two broad age groups, namely: 16-44 year age group including the unknown and 45 and over age group. This is necessary because the age classifica- tions used for professional women in the Thirteenth and Four- teenth Censuses are entirely different from each other. Furthermore we have to use the data of these two years for women of each age group engaged in women's eight numerically most important professions in 1920 as a substitute for the data for all women of each age group engaged in professional service, which are not available for 1910. However, this sub- stitution is justifiable, inasmuch as 91.6 per cent of all professional women in 1920 and 93.0 per cent in 1910 were engaged in these eight professions. According to the figures given below for the number and per cent distribution of female pcpulation by age pried for i910 and 1920, the female population of the older age group grew faster than that of the younger age group, the rate of increase being 26.0 per cent for the former and 13.9 per cent for the latter: m5 ‘Nfimber 1925 Number Pct 4, 4 , Pct Tafal 16-44 and unknown I20,964,270I 71.8:23,876,400I 69.7 45 and over: 8‘224L505: 28.2:1QL365L349: 30.3 as as ee we as V I. .0 O. O. O. 00 ee ee we we 3 ‘ However, women of each age group in these eight professions increased more rapidly than the female population of the same age group. As shown by the following data for women engaged in the eight principal professions of women for these two years, women in these professions increased 38.2 per cent‘21): those of 16-44 year age group 33.4 per cent: and those of the older group 81.5 per cent. ége Period 0 ....”O. 00.. 16-44 and I . unknown 606,790: 90.2: 809,738: 87.1 45 and over: 65,970: 9,8: 119,748: 12,9 That is why the number per 1,000 women of the younger age group engaged in these eight professions increased from 28.9 in 1910 to 33.9 in 1920, and the number per 1,000 women of the older age group engaged in these same professions increased from 8.0 in 1910 to 11.6 in 1920. But in 1920 younger women still worked in professional vocations to a (21) Note the closeness between this figure and the rate of increase of all professional women from 1910 to 1920. greater extent than older women. It is a well known fact that the general population' is older at present than in former decades. In 1910, 28.2 per cent of all women were 45 years of age or over and in 1920, 30.3 per cent of women were of this age period. Did this situation help bring about the increase in women engaged in these professions or tend to make the increase smaller than it would otherwise have been? The answer is, it did tend to make the increase smaller, for had the age distribution of all women remained the same in 1920 as in 1910, the number per 1,000 women engaged in these eight profeadons in 1920 would have been 27.6 which is slightly greater than 27.1 the actual number per 1,000 women engaged in these eight professions in 1920. This would be anticipated because older women did not take up professional work to as great an extent as younger women in either year. CHAPTER V CONDITIONS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS Like many social phenomena, the condition in regard to women engaged in professional service is very similar in the same geographical section but different among the several different sections. It is of great importance and interest to consider the condition of professional women in different (32) 1.081038 e TABLE XXXIV. NUMBER PER 1,000 WOMEN IN EACH REGION ENGAGED IN PROFESSIOIIL SERVICE AND IN ALL GAINFUL OCCUPATIONS: 1920 INumber per I,550 INumber per I,OOO IWomen Engaged in IWomen Engaged in :Profeseional Ser- IGainful Occupations Region I;ice_ . INumber :Rank :Nufiher IRank The United States I . I I . I I I I I West I I I I Pacific I 42.3 I 1 I 230.3 I 5 Mountain I 38.0 I 2 I 179.3 I 9 North I I I I West North Central I 37.4 I 3 I 187.9 I 8 New England I 33.4 I 4 I 322.8 I 1 Middle Atlantic I 30.2 I 5 I 272.2 I 2 East North Central I 28.9 I 6 I 214.8 I 6 South I I I I West South Central I 23.9 I 7 I 201.3 I 7 South Atlantic I 23.4 I 8 I 269.0 I 3 East South Central I 19.1 I 9 I 234.2 I 4 (22) The Census classification of regions is used here. Their names indicate clearly the approximate locations of them, -60.. According to Table XXXIV, in 1920 women in the Pacific and the Mountain regions were engaged in professional service to a much greater extent than those in the three southern regions. The four Northern sections occupied an intermediate position in this respect. This is totally different from, if not opposite to, the ranking of the different sections with respect to the number per 1,000 women engaged in all gainful occupations. Some social factors must determine the extent to which women were engaged in all gainful occupations and the extent to which women were engaged in professional service in quite different ways. Just how the age distribution, marital condition, racial composition.and proportion in the big cities of the female pcpulation in different regions affected the number per 1,000 women in professional service will be discussed more thoroughly after a brief study of the extent to which women of each specific group (by age period, marital condition and so on) in each geographical section engaged in professionil service. A glance at Table XXXVII at once reveals that almost all the facts stated in Chapter II about all professional women in the United States are more or less true for profession- al women in each geographical section. lo state these facts once more: (1) Among women of different age groups, those of the 20-24 year age group were engaged in professional service to -..—111V ._ ' - --- J _ 1‘ . .... ‘- .1. ; .fi , .I - . , t J I" A 11 . 1- 3 . l . . , A ' ‘ r . ‘ 1‘ ‘ J I —’ . x' ‘ , . ~ . ¢ . _ . w _ “J _ ,1 h h - e K / I‘\J. 1‘ . t (y. \ , . .1 ,1 . J ‘ \ I r . ‘ ' x ' I . 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I- 3‘ I < “ ‘- I ' " I ""“c I ~"*"’ *3 “ ~31IN‘V “We: “r ““1“ ’ ' . , - -. / ' -/ " “ , ' ‘ , ' i - ' . ‘ _ . N" . , .‘ V _| I I'I ' I ‘I . , j ‘ _, \__ .- . . r L r s k . o I , I . . - l , ' , ...- I i . / ,, l I f 1 , I I f p e — - ’5 3 . y ,7 - 3 ‘ g r , t 7 , ; ' J . V . ; a 1‘- a, ’ -.. K 7., .- 5 a ’ .. ', I .. ..i.. . J 5 y (“A t- , .I. I, a. . I ‘— A A , . , , ,a '. . ,, ‘ '\ , 7 ‘ .‘ ' I "I 1;, " ' ,_ ‘ . ~ 1 , \ I - ' - . 1, l I n ' . ’ , I. - . ‘ _ | / . ’ J ‘ ‘ , 1'- 1 f ' 1 k: ‘_r . _ ', ‘. “ a 3 .e ‘ e :3 ‘ " } I 9 , . I \ r q H, 1 .. I v/ \- ’ . x .x) t~ , ‘ 9. _. ’ \ .1 .r 1. , n .. , , . 3 t I , e | ... . -. . 7 .. _ V y’— . 4 fl -— r Y -’ ' , )4 I ’* ‘5 ‘ ‘\ ,\ ‘y . i . .: ‘ . . ~ . , , ‘ ,' . A . . >.., . L‘ . I ' ~ - )z .' I I ‘- ' 'v , l I ; '3‘ ' ‘ 7 »—p ' jaw 'r I” 1.- - 2,. a -_ .ML. .,., . _:., ’1 I: ,"s '1‘ “I'd" I ‘ "1‘ '“ “ 2 " ‘ V ’V' "’ . . . ‘ ~ , . . .,. , 1‘ » .. . I r -\ / . 1 , , 1 ~ , ’ ‘ ' I . ‘ '/ '.2 . .N m _ A _ . ‘ . > . r h i - I - y 1' , ‘ / , ". I 4 f, 2 I | ~ s ' I u 3 _ . x ’ A e. 9 . -r_ v. Q ,I c ., ‘. ‘ , I. “1 L I‘. w- \ 4 4 l-- ‘L I _‘ -. x. , ‘.-’ A ..., '1 , , ( e-v , [1 v M ' r‘ ‘ I ' I ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ .. 7 ‘ r ~ _‘ ’ ’ /‘lv "1‘ r. 1 , ( 1. ,. I, r . '/ kl; _ . '. I , , A 4 — w , . i h 3 ' E ' - . .- .'—\.. ‘- 3 ‘ . ' ‘ I 9_ ’ , 4.1 \_ \V; ,L. ’ ‘J A, . ' s A I K) v ‘ e/ I ’ -. x.) U 1/ , 'v/ L B‘v’ ’ . Kn I .. .. _. _ _ _ I“ . . - . . . , l- “ P I - , I . A Jr ’ , I . ' -" I \ o '7 3 ‘— , S c _ s‘ _ _ ’ _ . . '1: I”- A , ' _ - ‘ 7 y L. I» 1.. I j 3 d I: L/ ,J , ‘3 ..fi». ‘, .14.) K. ,1 \e ’ \_) J .‘ I w . , 3 Q J J \7 (F7 1 ' ? 2 ‘0 r _ b J ) J 3 r FA 'Ji‘i C‘ - \‘z 0‘. U R" C‘ CH {‘6 0‘ r'? ‘ FI: t—v ICC. KO V 0'3 CF \O (1“ H C L.’ , ‘L 14‘ a1 l L 377 w 137 55 g4,457,951 Stable XXXVI Women Erlg - ‘ Classified Conditio} ace 0T Cities" ; 1 Service 3 hast’ —*_ Boecific Bcci- ~ South }rcu9 fic Cen- tral U. 8. Total 79,14 r - . 19.1 29.6 i"° Period -6’-‘19 5,64 ‘ ( .f . 14.3 21.2 30 - 24 17,58 : -‘ 42.6 62.9 35 - 44 % unfinown 45,2b . ‘ 19.3 32.3 $5 and over 14,85 u . .l , 7.8 13.6 'Crital Condition , Larried 15,08 ‘ < .3 . 4.8 5.8 Innarried 64,0d . ' 44.3 b8.9 Tativity & Race(25) {f‘tive "olurhite Ketive iarent. 48,12 ' = = . 22.2 36.4 Iative hhite Foreign or fiixed Parentage 23,3] . s ( 30.2 25.8 ?)reign-born unite 7,25 ' c 25.8 12.0 10.6 11.8 ’SQ‘I‘O 2h: ' 202 50 ' 111 other 15 In and Outside 30.5 32.8 if the Big Cities in the Big Cities 35,14 : . , 17.9 28.4 gitside of the Big Cities 43,9 ‘ ’ . , reatcst 1,000 {25) The number of V3 . each region is 0810 . That is why the swn . regions is not exec ice to as that race for the L essional cup. Table XXXVII According to Age Period, Marital Condition, Nativity and Race or - 65 - Number Per 1,000 Women of Each Specific Group, Classified "in and outside of the Big Cities", Engaged in Professional Service for the United States and Bach Geographica Section - 1920 Nest Kew East Lest Last ;pecific North Eng- Hiddle North South South Sout :roup Paci- Moun- Cen- land Atlan- Cen— Cen- Atlan- Cen- fic tain tral tic tral tral tic tral U. S. fetaI’ 42.5 58.0 157.4 55.4 50.2 28.9 25.9 25.4 19.1 29.6 age Period .6J19 22.2 24.9 57.1 17.4 17.6 25.2 19.7 16.6 14.5 21.2 LO-24 79.2 80.4 96.0 65.7 58.2 65.9 52.2 48.7 42.6 62.9 35-44 5 unknown 49.5 40.2 57.4 59.7 54.9 51.5 25.1 24.5 19.5 52.5 .5 & over 24.2 17.5 11.5 18.4 15.6 12.6 9.1 10.5 7.8 15.6 hrital Class. ' Larried 12.7 10.0 5.8 5.4 5.0 4.7 6.5 5.5 4.8 5. mmarried 94.2 95.7 92.0 69.9 67.5 71.2 57.8 52.6 44.5 68.9 Iativity & Race Mtive White of Native Parent. 50.7 45.5 45.9 49.6 41.8 55.7 28.6 28.5 22.2 56.4 htive White of Foreign or Nixed . Parentage 48.5 45.1 40.6 58.2 54.5 51.0 25.9 55.8 50.2 55.8 breign Born White 18.6 15.0 10.4 12.2 11.5 9.8 17.2 19.2 25.8 12.0 Egro 15.2 12.8 16.5 11.6 10.5 15.0 11.0 12.6 10.6 11.8 .11 other 5.5 2.1 2.9 15.7 18.7 10.0 8.8 11.6 2.2 5.6 In and Outside of’the Big Cities in the Big Cities 47.8 45.2 55.1 55.1 51.6 28.7 52.1 50.8 50.5 52.8 )utside of the Big Cities 58.8 56.8 58.0 52.7 28.9 29.1 22.9 22.1 17.9 26.4 50-24 year age this are period, professional service. group were engaged in professional service to the greatest there was a decline in number oer 1 OCO .5 ’ (2) Iarried women were not engaged in professional service to as :Xtént. After gonen in great 211 (3) Jursuits extent as unmarried women. in a far greater extent than toxen of any other racial group. The two classes of native white wowen followed orofessional - s4 - (4) The number per 1,CCU uonen engaved in oroieosional T. C 4.1 .g .L. service was greater in the big cities than outside of the big "I Lhile these "general rules" hold more or less true ior any geographical section, they mere not without exceptions. In the Last South Central region, the number per 1,066 nonen engaged in ororessionel service mas greater for foreign-born white than for native white of native parentage. In the Vest Horth Central and the Bee Horth Central sections, negro women were engaged in irofessional oursuits to a greater extent than foreign born white women. And in these same sections, women in the big cities did not take up orofessional vocations to as great an e;tcnt as those outside of the big cities. 51 But it should be noted that some regions had a greater difference in the extent to which women of various groups were engaged in professional service than others. For instance, in the Pacific region, the number per 1,000 women following professional pursuits was only eight times greater for the un- married than for the married, while in the East South Central -55- section and in the East North Central section it was some fifteen times greater for the unmarried than for the married. Now we shall study the relationship between the female population composition of different regions and the extent to which women in each section were engaged in professional ser- vice. That is, we shall attempt to see whether the female population composition had anything to do with the ranking of different sections with respect to the number per 1,000 women engaged in professional service. To do this, we use the sta- tistical procedure to find how this ranking would have been if the composition or distribution of female population of each region with respect to a certain specific factor (such as age, marital condition and so on) had been the same as that of the female pcpulation of the United States as a whole. By so doing, the difference in the female population compo- sition is eliminated. If the resulting ranking is entirely different from the actual ranking, then the female population momposition must have something to do with the actual ranking. If not, the actual ranking stood as it did regardless of the difference in the female population composition among dif- ferent sections. The result of this computation is given in Table XXXVIII. It shows that the composition of female pcpulation of each region had very little to do with the regional difference in the number per 1,000 women engaged in professional service, because the computed ranking is almost the same as the actual -55- TABLEXXXVIII. NUMBER PER 1, COO WOMEN WOULD HAVE 3“ EN ENGAGED IN PROFESSIONAL SERVICE HAD THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FEMALE POPULATION BY AGE PERIOD, MARITAL CONDITION, NATIVITY AND RACE OR "IN AND OUTSIDE OF THE BIG CITIES” BEEN THE SAME IN EACH GEOGRAPHICAL SECTION AS IN THE UNITED STATES AS A WHOLE: 1920 :ActuaI :Number per 1,660 Women engaged—in :Humber :professional service, had each gec- :per :graphical section had the same dis- :1, 000 :tribution of the femakapOpulation by :Women in:each of the following specified fac- :Pro£ese-:tors as the United States as a Whole: :ional : 1920 :Service :Age :MaritaI'TNEtivitinn and Geograohical : :Period :Condition and :Outside of Section 3 :Race :81 Cities :NBT—REEE$H6.Rank$ Ho.+chE; Ho. EanE:No, RanE‘ Pacific $42.5 1 $40.7 1 $45.5 1 $41.2 1 $41.4 1 : : z : 2 Mountain :38.0 2 :37.2 3 :48.4 2 :36.0 3 :39.2 2 West North Central $57.4 a $57.7 2 $58.4 5 $54.7 4 $57.2 5 : : : : 7 New England :33.4 4 :34.4 4 :29.8 4 337.1 2 :33.4 4 Middle Atlantic $50.2 5 $50.4 5 $23.5 e $52.0 5 $29.7 5 : : : : : East North Central :88.9 6 :29.5 6 :29.8 4 :28.0 6 :29.0 6 west South Central $25.9 7 $22.5 a $25.8 7 $24.5 a $25.5 7 z z : z ‘ : South Atlantic :23.4 8 :28.7 7 :23.3 8 :25.3 7 :84.6 8 East South Central $19.1 9 $18.5 9 $19.7 9 $25.3 9 $21.5 9 *In case of a tie, the bracket rank method is used here. : ‘4 e u o o v. a. a n u .. .. u I o. a. u a a o . .u .. -67- ranking. This result agrees with the figures in Table XXXVII which indicate that these sections with high rating in number per 1,000 women engaged in professional service also ranks high in the extent to which women of each specific group (classi- fied according to age period, marital condition and so on) took up professional pursuits. In other words, women in cer- tain regions (such as the Pacific seaboard )actually worked in professional vocations to a greater extent than those in sow other sections (such as the East South Central section) re- gardless of the female pcpulation composition of each regiaz. Although no definite reasons can be given for the regional difference in the number per 1,000 women engaged in profession- al service, some probable reasons may be suggested. The fact that opportunity for women to take up professions is not equal among different regions may be one of the reasons. The Southern sections are perhaps more conservative and women do not have as great an opportunity to engage in professional service as those in other sections. Furthermore, a region may rank very high in one profession and yet rather low in anchher profession. According to Table XXXIX the Pacific seaboard did not have as many school teachers per 1,000 women as the North East Central section. But it ranks first with respect to the number per 1,000 women who were trained nurses, and musicians and teachers of music. Table XXXIX also tends to show that more religious, charity and welfare workers are - 68 - Table XXXIX number Per 1,000 Women Engaged in Each Specified* Profession for Each Geographical Section - 1920 Religious Profes- Kusicians Charity & All sional Teachers Trained & teachers Welfare Other Service (school) Nurses of Iusic Workers Professions }eogra- )hical ** action No. Rank No. Rank Io. Rank Ho. Rank Ho. Rank Ho. Rank hcific 42.3 1 20.7 3 7.2 l 4.0 l 1.1 1 9.3 l wuntain 38.0 2 25.5 2 4.9 4 2.4 3 .7 5 4.5 4 I'eSt North Central 37.4 3 26.4 1 4.2 5 2.2 5 .7 5 3.9 5 kw England 33.4 4 18.6 4 6.1 2 2.7 2 1.1 l 4.9 3 ladle Atlantic 30.2 5 16.7 7 5.1 3 2.2 5 1.1 1 5.1 2 hst North Central 26.2 6. 18.1 5 3.8 6 2.3 4 .8 4 3.9 5 est South Central 23.9 7 17.6 6 2.1 8 1.6 7 .4 8 2.2 7 outh Atlantic 23.4 8 16.1 8 3.5 7 1.2 8 .5 7 2.1 8 ast South Central 19.1 9 14.1 9 1.8 9 1.2 8 .3 9 1.6 9 4- ;In the Census Monograph No. IX, the data for women engaged in specified professions by geographical section are given only for four professional pursuits shown in this table. *In case of a tie, the bracket rank method is used here. -59- found in the more industrialized sections. The localization of industries also seems to have something to do with the extent to which women of each region were engaged in professional pursuits. For instance, in California, 2.6 out of every 1,000 women were actressesf24). No doubt this is due to the localized industry of motion picture production. In fact, this largely accounts for the high ranking of the Pacific seaboard in the number per 1,000 women engaged in professional service. (24) In 1920 there were 2,048 actresses in California who were 10 years of’age and over. Because there are no data for actresses 16 years of age and over by region and state, this figure is taken as being for actresses 16 years of age and over. But since in the United States as a whole, there were only .9 per cent of all actresses between the ages of 10 and 15, there is little error involved in treating the given figure this way. .70- CHLAPTER VI GENERAL SUMMARY Women 16 years of age and over in the United States who were engaged in professional service in 1920 constitute the universe of the present study. The data were taken almost exclusively from the Fourteenth or 1920 Census, Volume IV. The nature and classification of the original data limit the scope of the analysis somewhat. Professional service is shown to be very important as a woman's occupation. It is important not only numerically but also in that it offers hhe main road to a career for woman. An analysis of the proportion of women engaged in pro- fessional service is made. The following facts are found.and explained: (1) Women in the cities with 100,000 inhabitants or more were engaged in professional service to a greater extent than those outside of them. (2) Native white women led all other racial groups in the number per 1,000 women of each group engaged in professional service. (3) Married women did not take up professional pursuits to an extent nearly as great as unmarried women. (4) The number per 1,000 women of the 20-24 year age group engaged in professional service was greater than that of any other age group. ~71- The deviations of women engaged in eight principal pro- fessions from these general rules are also noted. It is revealed that professional women increased from 1910 to 1920 more rapidly than the female population. This is true for women of any marital class and any age period. Different professions had different rates of increase or decrease which seem to point out the general "professional trend". Professional men fell behind professional women in the rate of increase. Women in some sections actually took up professional pursuits to a greater extent than those in some other sec- tions regardless of the female pcpulation composition of each region. This situation is probably due to the regional difference in opportunity for women to take up professional service, the localization of industries, and some other social factors. -72- BIBLIOGRAPHY Dempsey, Mary V. - Occupational Progress of Women, An Inter- pretation of Census Statistics of Women in Gainful Occupations, Bulletin of Women's Bureau, No. 27, 1922 Groves, E. R. and Ogburn, W. P. - American Marriage and Family Relationships, Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1928 Hill, Joseph A. - Statistics of Women at Work, Based on Unpublished Information Derived from the Schedules of the Twelfth Census, Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce and Labor, 1907 Hill, Joseph A. - Women in Gainful Occupations: 1870 to 1920, Census Monograph IX, Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, 1929 Smith, Florence P. - Facts about Working Women, A Graphic Presentation Based on Census Statistics and Studies of the Women's Bureau, Bulletin of Women's Bureau No. 46, 1925 Census of the United States: Statistics of the POpulation of the United States Tenth Census, Tables of Occupations XXIX - XXXVI, Census Office, Department of the Interior, 1883 Report of POpulation of the United States at the Eleventh Census, Part II, Tables 77 - 122, Census Office, De- partment of the Interior, 1897 Special Report, Occupations at the Twelfth Census, Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce and Labor, 1904 Thirteenth Eensus of the United States, Volume IV, Population: 1910, Occupational Statistics, Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, 1914 Fourteenth Census of the United States, Volume IV, Papulation: 1920, Occupations, Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce, 1923 t/ I*.: ‘ ..- LU‘I . r Elli. 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